i 
 
OUAKTHR-CliNTliNNIAL HISTORY 
 
 University of Kansas, ^ 
 
 1H66 — IHQl. 
 
 [VITH PORTRAITS OF CHANCELLORS. 
 
 EDITED I'.Y 
 
 WILSON STERLING.^ 
 
 J 
 
 TOPKKA, KANSAS: 
 
 GEO. W. CHANE <fe CO. 
 
 1«91. 
 

 Erdiuige 
 
 Univ. of Mick. 
 FEB 2 1934 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 POHTItAIT OF FKAXf'IS llUXTINCiTOX SnOW, CHANrr^L- 
 
 Loii. (Frontispiece.) 
 TiiK Develoi'ment of State Univeksities. J. B. 
 
 AxoELL, J.. L. D., 5 
 
 POKTKAIT OF R. W. OlJVEH, ClIANCELEOR FROM 1S65 
 
 TO 1867. ( Facing page 41.) 
 
 HlSTOUY OF THE UnI VEIiSITY OF KANSAS. WiLSON 
 
 iSTERLINCJ, 41 
 
 PoiiTKAiT OF John Fkasek, Ciiancellok fkom 1868 
 TO 1874. (Facing page 108.) 
 
 HlSTOl'vY OF THE UnIVEKSITV LiKKAKY. CaRKIE M. 
 
 Watson, 103 
 
 Poktkait of James Marvin, Chancellok fkom 
 
 1874 TO 1883. (Facing page 129.) 
 Student Life at the UNiVEiisriY of Kansas. 
 
 Arthur (1. Canfieia), 129 
 
 Portrait of J. A. Liim'incott, Chancellor from 
 
 1883 to 1889. (Facing page 159.) 
 Reminiscences. D. II. Robinson, 159 
 
 337824 
 
F. H. Snow. 
 
THE 
 
 DEVhXOPMENT OF STATE UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 Address delivered in University Hall June gth, 
 
 KY J. li. ANGELL, 
 ^RKSIDE^T OF MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This day makes a landmark in the liistory of 
 this University. Her sons and her daugliters 
 have gathered from far and from near to cele- 
 brate the twenty-fifth anniversary of her birth. 
 A quarter of a century has elapsed since she 
 first opened her hospitable doors and invited the 
 youth from all parts of this broad State to enter 
 and receive a college education almost without 
 money and without price. The marvel is that 
 so early in the hard and troubled life of this 
 State the institution was prepared to make this 
 generous offer. Kansas had been born into 
 statehood five years before, only after throes of 
 violence which shook the whole nation to its 
 extremities. 
 
 At its very birth, the storms of the great Civil 
 War broke upon its head, and deluged all this bor- 
 
6 Devclopnicut of State Universities. 
 
 der, including this fair town itself, with blood. 
 But in the very midst of the war, more than a 
 year before the surrender of Lee at Appomattox, 
 the Legislature, by the act of March 1, 18(U, 
 laid the foundations of this University. They 
 thus showed at once their interest in sound learn- 
 ing and their faith in the future of tlie State and 
 of the nation. What a flash of liglit is thrown 
 back on the days in which this institution sprang 
 into life by those significant words of the stat- 
 ute, providing that free admission to its privi- 
 leges should be granted to "the orphans of 
 deceased soldiers and those made so by the 
 Quantrell raid." This University was thus in 
 its very cradle baptized into the spirit of })atri- 
 otism and devotion to the Union. 
 
 It was by no mere accident that, in spite of 
 the dreadful contests which ravaged this region 
 from 1855, vigorous efforts were from early days 
 repeatedly made to provide for common schools 
 and for schools of collegiate rank. For a large 
 proportion of the settlers had come from States 
 where the common school flourished. Not a 
 few of them had received academic or even col- 
 legiate training. The best blood of New En- 
 gland coursed in the veins of many of them. 
 Come peace or come war, they were determined 
 
Devclopmoit of State Universities. 7 
 
 tluit their children slioiild be educated. If their 
 zeal for education at times outran tlieir wisdom, 
 as would seem to be indicated by the statement 
 of the historian that eighteen nniv^ersities and 
 ten colleges were incorporated in the Teri'itory 
 between 1855 and 1860, yet this fact enables us 
 to understand how the conception of the plan 
 of this University was possible even in the very 
 agonies of war. There is something pathetic 
 in this eager desire for the planting of colleges 
 and universities, even when, fortunately as we 
 must believe, circumstances made it impossible 
 for more than three of the twenty-eight which 
 were planted to secure existence. 
 
 Compared with the present, the days of the 
 founding of this institution were the days of 
 small things. This new, prosperous and beau- 
 tiful city had then only about 4,000 inhabitants. 
 A large portion of the territory of this State was 
 entirely unsettled. In 1865 the population of 
 the State was only 135,807. By the census of 
 1890, it is reported to be 1,427,000. In 1866 
 the taxable property of the State was ^50,000,- 
 000. Now it is more than ^848,000,000. 
 
 The heavy burden of establishing all the char- 
 itable, penal and educational institutions, which 
 an American State with its broad ideas of civiliza- 
 
8 Development of State Universities. 
 
 tion deems essential, was resting on tlie citizens, 
 many of whom had hardly built for themselves 
 comfortable homes. Not a few were yet living 
 in huts of sods. 
 
 But, while thus engaged in the hard struggles 
 which have always come to those who have the 
 glory of founding and building new States, they 
 bated not one jot of hope for the future. With 
 an enthusiasm which was contagious and inspir- 
 ing, they fired every newcomer with their own 
 unquenchable faith in the coming glory of Kan- 
 sas. They sounded its praises from the Kaw to 
 the Atlantic. The fact that the Territory after 
 a fearful contest had been won as the prize of 
 freedom drew to this soil the high-spirited, brave- 
 hearted men and women in whose souls the Civil 
 War had kindled a passion for freedom. They 
 flocked hither by thousands, feeling that here 
 they stood on holy ground, consecrated by the 
 blood of those who had fallen as martyrs in the 
 cause of liberty. 
 
 When we consider what sort of men were liv- 
 ing here twenty-five years ago, we are not sur- 
 prised that they gladly availed themselves of the 
 aid proffered them by tlie Government of the 
 United States in seventy-two sections of land to- 
 wards building a university. They were men 
 
Development of State U?iiversittes. 
 
 of high intelligence and character. They longed 
 for the advantages of the best education for their 
 children. They were firm believers in the neccs~ 
 sity of education to the prosperity of the State. 
 But they had not the means of endowing col- 
 leges. They could not afford to send their 
 children to the remote institutions in the East. 
 Unless the State with the aid of the national 
 endowment should build up a college or univer- 
 sity, a generation or two might be deprived of 
 the blessings of such an education as many of 
 these settlers had received in the East. But the 
 State, by imposing so slight a burden upon the 
 taxpayers as scarcely to be felt, might make pro- 
 vision for imparting to their children an educa- 
 tion comparable to that in the colleges in the 
 older States. 
 
 So, in spite of all the turmoil and excitement 
 of those early years in the life of the State, the 
 foundations of the University were securely laid. 
 The generosity of the General Government, 
 which, acting in accordance with the spirit of 
 the great Ordinance of 1787, had set aside two 
 townships of land as a university endowment, 
 and the generosity of the State, which out of its 
 poverty undertook to do what it could for the 
 nascent institution, were most liberally supple- 
 
10 Dcvelopmoit of State Universities. 
 
 mented by the generosity of this city, which has 
 repeatedly shown its deep interest in the Uni- 
 versity by its large contributions for ground and 
 buildings. 
 
 Like QiY^Y^ similar institution, this University 
 met with its share of delays and difficulties and 
 disappointments. But under the leadership of 
 courageous and energetic men it has pushed its 
 way to the point where it has become the pride 
 of the State, and where its future, we trust, is 
 secure. When the commencement exercises of 
 to-morrow are ended, it will have graduated in 
 its twenty-five years of existence about 300 from 
 its collegiate department, and about 600 from 
 all departments. More than 1,600 others who 
 could not remain to graduate have pursued liberal 
 studies here for some years. What a reinforce- 
 ment are these hundreds of men and women, 
 who are occupying various positions of useful- 
 ness and honor, to the intellectual and moral 
 strength of the State. The Uruversity has now 
 an income of $84, 000 a year. It has more than 
 thirty teachers, and among them are men of na- 
 tional reputation, whom some of the older and 
 lai'ger universities would be very glad to bor- 
 row from you. It has a large outfit of the ap- 
 pliances for teaching the sciences according to 
 
Development of State Universities. 11 
 
 the modern methods. In a word, it is furnishing 
 excellent instruction in that variety of work now 
 expected of good classical and scientific colleges, 
 schools of pharmacy and schools of law. Nor 
 is there any good reason why you may not easily 
 add a school of medicine and, perhaps, a school 
 of dentistry. I applaud your courage and your 
 wisdom in relegathig to your high schools the 
 preparatory work. Your new arrangement will 
 prove better for you and better for the schools, 
 provided you and they keep in close touch with 
 each other. It is no exaggeration to say, that 
 in its twenty-five years of existence this Univer- 
 sity has made more progress than Harvard Col- 
 lege made in two centuries from its foundation. 
 Rather than be impatient tliat the development 
 of this youthful institution has not been more 
 rapid, you should give thanks that it has gone 
 forward at so swift a pace. No doubt you can 
 see where mistakes have been made in the con- 
 duct of its affairs. But after all you have very 
 much to be grateful for in what has been accom- 
 plished, and you are looking forward with well- 
 grounded hopes to larger successes in the future. 
 It is with peculiar pleasure that I come to 
 bring you the salutation of a sister university, 
 and to assure 3m:)u that she most heartily rejoices 
 
12 Dcvelop})icnt of State Universities. 
 
 with joii in all your rejoicing over what has been 
 achieved, and in all yonr bright hopes of triumph 
 in the future. There is so much that is similar 
 in the history and the situation of all the state 
 universities, that each is profoundly concerned in 
 the prosperity of all the rest. The failure of any 
 one weakens, the success of any one strengthens, 
 all the others. I have come to you from afar 
 rather to testify by my presence on this your 
 festal day to this deep interest, which we in 
 Michigan feel in your welfare, than from the ex- 
 pectation tliat any words of mine can add much 
 to your knowledge or inspiration. 
 
 As we assemble here to-day for this significant 
 celebration, we must reflect with gratitude upon 
 this fact, that state universities have so much 
 stronger a hold upon public regard than they had 
 when this University was established. There is 
 perhaps no more conspicuous feature in the his- 
 tory of American education of late years than 
 the rapid and brilliant development of state uni- 
 versities. From Ohio to the Pacific, from North 
 Dakota to Texas, nearly every State has estab- 
 lished or is preparing to establish a university on 
 the foundation of the United States land grants 
 of two townships to each State. During the last 
 quarter of a century some of these have grown 
 
Development of State Universities. 13 
 
 with extraordinary rapidity in resources, number 
 of teachers, and attendance of students, and in 
 excellence and variety of instruction. A few of 
 tliem need fear no comparison with the strongest 
 and oldest and most richly endowed universities 
 in tlie East. They are so firmly established in 
 public favor, the advantages of maintaining them 
 have become so obvious to the taxpayers, that 
 while they may not always secure so large legis- 
 lative appropriations as they desire, the question 
 of giving them what is deemed a fair support is 
 in few or no States longer open to discussion. 
 Indeed, when we remember how^ many educa- 
 tional, charitable and penal institutions a new 
 State must provide, how much the construction 
 of roads and drains must cost, how much toil 
 tlie earning of a dollar in ready money in a new 
 region involves, and how many of the taxpayers 
 never see the state university, and have no very 
 accurate conception of its life and work, the won- 
 der is, not that the appropriations for the state 
 universities have been so moderate, but that they 
 have been so large. Five or six States follow 
 the wise plan of providing by statute for levying 
 a tax of a mill or some fraction of a mill upon 
 all the taxable property of the state for the aid 
 of the university. Michigan thus raises a tax 
 
14: Development of State Universities. 
 
 of one-twentieth of a mill, Wisconsin of nine- 
 foi'tietlis, Colorado of one-fifth, Nebraska of 
 three-eighths, California the generous sum of 
 one mill, and Oliio, which has some forty or more 
 colleges, most of them older than her state uni- 
 versity, has just passed an act providing for a 
 tax of one-twentieth of a mill upon the property 
 of that wealthy State, yielding the sum of about 
 $88,500 annually, for the support of the state 
 university. When we consider these facts, when 
 we remember how large a material plant each 
 State now has in the buildings, libraries, appara- 
 tus and grounds of its university, when we 
 observe that the States, without exception, ap- 
 parently assume in all their action that the uni- 
 versities are to be cared for as certainly as their 
 asylums and prisons and normal schools and 
 agricultural colleges, we must accept it as settled 
 that henceforth they have an assured future, and 
 are to form an important part of the educational 
 system of the country. 
 
 It is worthy of note that the development of 
 the state universities has been natural, not arti- 
 ficial, and that because this is still true we may 
 expect their continuous growth. They were 
 founded because they met a real and serious 
 need. It was clearly seen by wise and thought- 
 
Development of State Universities. 15 
 
 fill men that in the new States, still struggling 
 with poverty, private endowments adequate to 
 build strong colleges could not be obtained until 
 tliej and their children were dead and gone. 
 They also saw clearly that if a State ever needed 
 men and women of high intelligence and char- 
 acter, it was in its plastic and formative years, 
 when it was giving shape to its permanent insti- 
 tutions. Why not, then, they asked, seize upon 
 the lands which by the munificence of the Na- 
 tional Governerment we have received for the 
 purpose, and secure to this generation, to our 
 own children, the blessings of higher education? 
 Objections enough were indeed raised. Colleges 
 had in this country generally been founded and 
 conducted by religious denominations. Would 
 not the life in the state university be unfriendly 
 to the development of religious character in the 
 students, it was asked ? Would not the institution 
 be wrecked in political controversies? Would 
 legislatures not fatally meddle with it? Would 
 the people bear ta-xation for its aid ? These and 
 other questions were proposed sometimes by 
 those who seriously doubted whether a state 
 university could be successfully administered, 
 and sometimes by those who in their devotion 
 to other colleges earnestly hoped that it could 
 
16 Development of State Universities. 
 
 not long survive. Mismanagement occurred too 
 often in the administration of the affairs of these 
 state universities. The lands were sold at a 
 sacrifice. Buildings were unwisely planned. 
 Mistakes were inevitable. Still, in spite of all 
 these discouragements, the universities continued 
 to live, and in most cases to grow, because they 
 did with more or less success meet a real want 
 of the people. Yery early in their history they 
 began to show a broader and more liberal spirit 
 in the arrangement of their curricula of study 
 than the colleges which were modeled on the 
 New England type. They made ample provis- 
 ions for instruction in science and in the appli- 
 cation of science to the arts. They established, 
 in addition to the traditional classical course, 
 other courses of which scientific studies formed 
 a large part, and they conferred suitable degrees 
 on those who completed such courses. They 
 founded schools of engineering, pharmacy, med- 
 icine, dentistry and law. They opened their 
 doors at an early day to both sexes. Students 
 flocked to their halls, in some cases in such 
 numbers as to be somewhat embarrassing. The 
 attendance on the university in each of several 
 States soon exceeded that at any other institution 
 in the State. The very attacks on these univer- 
 
Developmetit of State Universities. 17 
 
 sities seemed to advertise them rather than harm 
 thein. Thej liave in hirge degree grown witli 
 the growth and strengthened with the strength 
 of their respective States, and have attained a 
 development almost unprecedented in the history 
 of colleges and universities. 
 
 And now as we contemplate the blessings they 
 have already conferred upon the West, and look 
 forward to the yet greater usefulness which they 
 promise for the future, must we not say with 
 grateful hearts, that the wisdom of the founders 
 has been fully demonstrated? 
 
 From a pecuniary point of view what a saving 
 has the establishment of its university been to 
 each State I At a cost so small as to be hardly 
 worth mentioning, education of a high grade has 
 been brought within reach of the young men and 
 young women who could have procured it, if at 
 all, only by expending large sums in repairing to 
 remote colleges. Probably not until many years 
 hence would private endowments have sufficed 
 to build up here a university with so large an 
 outfit as this now possesses. And who in the 
 State has felt the burden of taxation for the sup- 
 port of the University to be burdensome in the 
 leasts The average annual appropriation by 
 —3 
 
18 Developme7it of State Universities. 
 
 your Legislature from 1866 to 1890 has been 
 less than |27,000. The sum total of legislative 
 gifts to you from the beginning until now is 
 1641,000. The property in your possession, 
 exclusive of the national endowment, your build- 
 ings, grounds, apparatus and library, are esti- 
 mated by the Regents in tlieir last report at 
 1519,000. That leaves the total cost of the 
 University to the State, not represented by tlie 
 property on hand, |122,000, or less than |5,000 
 a year for its twenty-five years of existence. 
 Surely that is not a very heavy load for this 
 great State. 
 
 What a blessing the state universities have 
 conferred by spreading educated men and women 
 throughout these new commonwealths, when in- 
 telligence was so needed in wisely laying the 
 foundations of the States and in shaphig public 
 opinion! Nothing can be further from the truth 
 than the belief cherished by some, that those 
 who have received the blessing of higher educa- 
 tion do or can wholly appropriate to themselves 
 the fruits of that education. On the contrary, 
 they share these fruits with all around them. 
 Indeed others often reap more advantage from 
 them than they themselves. The teacher who 
 
Development of State Universities. 19 
 
 imparts of his learning to the generations of 
 children that pass under his influence gives to 
 them more of the benefits of his learning than 
 he can retain for himself. Does the faithful 
 pli jsician, who willingly robs himself of his sleep 
 that he may drive miles in the stormy night to 
 reach your bedside and bring you relief, bless 
 himself or bless you more by his learning and 
 skill? To whom has the ethical and religious 
 training of the faithful pastor been most service- 
 able, to himself or to the parish or town which 
 has for years been lifted by his stirring appeals 
 to the highest levels of truthful, honorable and 
 devout living? The university is, through its 
 students, diffusing its blessings through every 
 hamlet and town in the State. If our republi- 
 can institutions are to stand, it will be because 
 there are found in every part of the land, in the 
 smallest vilhige and on the farms as well as in 
 the great centers of population, men and women 
 of sufficient intellio-ence and education to make 
 the triumph of charlatans in medicine and in 
 theology and of demagogues in politics impos- 
 sible. This diffusion of intelligence is possible 
 only where higher education is brought within 
 the reach of a large number of the young men 
 and young women who are to find their homes 
 
20 Drvclof^mcnt of State Univnsitit 
 
 ill (^viM'v i>ni'l of it Sliili' like this. Tlic slnlc 
 iiiii\'(M'sil y vvilli ils niiipU^ public ('iKlowiiicnts 
 (Iocs thus mjikc U'Mniiiii;' acccssihlc 1<> alinosl 
 nii\' one wlio li:is siitliciciil iiitcllit;"cucc and I'oi'cc^ 
 of cliai-actcr to make it worth while to attempt 
 to l"iiniish him an advanced education, and these 
 graduates shares tlu^ henetits of their leai'iniii;' 
 with all the citizens of tlu^ Stato. 
 
 The State which |)i*oll"ei-s t'ducat ion at a nonn- 
 nal cost to its pi-omisini;' childi-en, whether they 
 are rich or j>oor, remlei's a most im|>ortant sor- 
 \'ici^ in the harmoni/.iiii;" ami consolidat ini;" of so- 
 ciety. It is of comj)aratively litthM'onseijuence 
 to the children id' tlu^ rich wdietluM" von inivi^ a 
 state uin\iM-sitv, oi" anv uni\ ci'sit v here in Kan- 
 sas. Theii* parents can send tluMn to the b]ast, 
 oi- to iMU'ope, if iK'cd he, to i-t'cei\'e thcii" educa- 
 tion. Hut what woidd become of the (ddldren 
 of the poor^ Ami in t liesi' davs when there arc^ 
 so many contlicts between the rich ami the poor, 
 wdieii the contests bt'tween them seem at times 
 to shakt' the \ cry foundations ^^{ society, who 
 can contemj>late without a shudder tlu' awful 
 conse(|uence <'>\. wideiuni;' the «;"ulf between the 
 rich and the pooi- by i;"ivini;' the power of higher 
 i'ducatii)!! to the fornuM- and dcnyini;' it to the 
 latter^ Think ^^i di\ idini;' (Uir pojtulation into 
 
Dei^elopment of State Universities. 21 
 
 two chisscs, the one rich and educated, the other 
 poor and ignorant ! Who can imagine the dread- 
 ful collisions between them ^ Who wcndd cher- 
 ish any liope of tiie continuance of our regulated, 
 democratic institutions ? 
 
 A careful enumeration made in two of tlie 
 state universities sliows that a much larger pro- 
 ])ortion of students come from the homes of 
 farmers and meclianics than from those of any 
 otiier class. In the University of Michigan, 
 fifty -six per cent, of the students were found to 
 be the children of men who earn tlieir living by 
 manual labor. I think it probable that the pro- 
 portion in this University is higher still. Noth- 
 ing is more erroneous than the impression which 
 some have received, that the university students 
 come mainly from cities and from rich families. 
 The great mass of them, especially in the West, 
 are poor. In order to obtain an education, 
 many of them have for years practiced self- 
 denial and suffered privations, the description 
 of which would stir your hearts with admiration 
 and fill your eyes with tears of sympathy. 
 
 There is really no more democratic institution 
 in our country than the college or university. 
 All distinctions of family and of wealth disap- 
 pear here more than anywhere else in the world. 
 
22 Development of State Universities. 
 
 The son of the hod-carrier and the son of the 
 millionaire there sit side by side on the same 
 hard bench. Whichever of them lias the brains 
 and the character is there the king. And it is 
 quite as often the son of the hod-carrier as the 
 son of the millionaire who wins the regal honor 
 in the friendly competitions of the chiss room. 
 It is an experience of untold value to this Na- 
 tion, that in the colleges and universities thou- 
 sands of our young men and young women are 
 living in a community in which, beyond all other 
 communities on the face of the earth, every one 
 of them is judged by his intrinsic worth and tal- 
 ent, reo:ardless of the accidents- of birth and for- 
 tune. That is a great object lesson in the ])urest 
 democracy, and can never be forgotten by one 
 who has learned it by four years of companion- 
 ship in the student world. 
 
 The state university has more than justified 
 the expectations of the fathers in the service it 
 has rendered to the public schools. In spite of 
 all the criticisms to which our school system has 
 lately been exposed in some parts of the West, 
 I believe that if there is anything in our demo- 
 cratic system which we shall never let go it is 
 the common school. So long as anything stands 
 in the Kepublic, that will stand. Now what I 
 
Developine7it of State Universities. 23 
 
 affirm is, tliat the state university has been of 
 the greatest aid to tlie public schools, and is to 
 be of still greater assistance to them in the fu- 
 ture. You are well aware that historically it has 
 been true in all lands that the universities and 
 colleges have sprung up before the common 
 schools, and have helped kindle them into life. 
 Though any college may be helpful to the com. 
 mon schools, yet the state university by its 
 \ery organization comes into the most natural 
 and most helpful relations to them. Even if 
 the constitution or laws (jf the State establish 
 no formal connection between them, yet it has 
 been found that they soon tend to form a quasi- 
 organic connection. Not limiting themselves 
 to the old classical curriculum of the New Eng- 
 land type of college, they establish collegiate 
 courses which easily link themselves to the dif- 
 ferent courses that the high schools desire to 
 carry on. They not only furnish a large force 
 of competent teachers for the high schools, but, 
 by cultivating intimate relations with those 
 schools, they exert a lifting power upon them, 
 and attract a large number of students from 
 them. The elevating influence of this Univer- 
 sity, I venture to say, is already felt running 
 down through tlie high schools to the grammar 
 
24 Dcvcloptiicut of State Universities. 
 
 and primary schools, so that in all of them bright 
 boys and girls are already looking forward to a 
 course in the University, and are by that vision 
 inspired day by day to nobler aiid better work. 
 lia])py the State in which every child plodding 
 over the mysteries of the nndtiplication table in 
 the rudest and most secluded country school 
 house sees the path open clear and wide before 
 him through the district school and the high 
 school straight up to and through the university, 
 and is stimulated and thrilled day by day with 
 the bright hopes of treading that path to the 
 end, and of enriching his mind with all the 
 scholarly training needed for the best work in 
 life. Wise is the State which by timely gener- 
 osity to its university has touched with such an 
 uplifting power the mind and heart of every 
 child within its borders. Kich with a wealth 
 transcending that of forests and mines, of flocks 
 and herds, is a State filled with noble men and 
 noble women thoroughly furnished by a sound 
 and generous education for all the demands and 
 opportunities of our Christian civilization of the 
 nineteenth century. 
 
 I trust that my commendation of the work of 
 the state university will not be construed as 
 evincing any lack of appreciation on my part of 
 
Development of State Universities. 25 
 
 the good work wliicli the colleges under control 
 of various religious denominations have accom- 
 plished. Even in the West, where the state 
 universities are most flourishing, a limited num- 
 ber of them may and do discharge a useful 
 function. They can reach some students whom 
 the universities would not reach. They can 
 draw into the service of education money which 
 would not be given to tlie university. They and 
 the universities ouglit with the generous temper 
 of the goodly fellowship of scholars to cultivate 
 friendly relations. A great danger to them and 
 to the cause of sound learning lies in the tend- 
 ency to multiply them unnecessarily, either 
 
 through a denominational zeal which is not ac- 
 es 
 
 cording to knowledge, or through the less praise- 
 worthy zeal of real estate speculators who found 
 a so-called college in order to make a sale for 
 corner lots. My own conviction is that it would 
 be better for higher education if not another col- 
 lege were established east of the Rocky Mount- 
 ains for at least a generation to come. Let no 
 weakling be started, but let all benefactions 
 available for colleges be employed in strength- 
 ening and developing those which are already 
 well started, and which deserve to exist. It 
 would doubtless be a distinct gain, if several of 
 
26 Droclopnient of State U7iivcrsitics. 
 
 those alroiidj begun slioulcl consent to become 
 good preparatory academies. 
 
 I think our friends who conduct tlie denom- 
 inational colleges in the West must be ready to 
 admit that the state universities, by their vigor- 
 ous development, have stinnilated those colleges 
 to attempt highei- and better work than they 
 would have essayed but for this incitement. The 
 universities have not onl}^ lifted the schools but 
 have also lifted all the colleges throughout the 
 Western States. 
 
 If now it is apparent that the founders of the 
 state universities acted wisely in establishing 
 them, if the results thus far attained under diffi- 
 culties which cannot continue give abundant 
 promise of larger usefulness in the future, we 
 may well inquire: What are some of the most 
 important conditions of their success? What 
 can readily be done to make them most pros- 
 perous and efficient? 
 
 The state university needs wise and vigor- 
 ous administration by its regents and its faculties. 
 It is a much more complicated organization than 
 the old-fashioned New England college. Its 
 wants are more varied; its relations to the peo- 
 ple and to the legislature are at once more close 
 and more delicate. In most eastern colleges 
 
Developvicjit of State Universities. 27 
 
 the duties of the trustees are to a considerable 
 extent nominal, and the discharge of them is 
 often perfunctory. The number of trustees is 
 usually large. Many of them live far away from 
 the college. Tliey rarely meet more than once 
 or twice a year. A few of them, residing near 
 the college, generally prepare the business and 
 the others readily assent to their suggestions. 
 Matters go on from year to year by such routine 
 methods that perhaps that kind of administration 
 does fairly well for them. But it will not answer 
 at all for our state universities. The number of 
 regents is usually small. A heavy responsibility 
 rests on each. They should make a careful study 
 of the problems which are submitted to them. 
 They should have meetings with frequency. 
 They may wisely leave the details of internal 
 administration largely to the president and fac- 
 ulties. But they should be so familiar with the 
 grounds of the general policy of their univer- 
 sity, and especially with its financial condition, 
 as to be able to vindicate them everywhere. 
 Tliey should not allow political or partisan con- 
 siderations to have weight in determining ap- 
 pointments. They should strive to cherish the 
 broadest and most generous views of the func- 
 tions of the university and large plans for its 
 
28 Development of State Ufik'ei'sities. 
 
 future development. Tliey sliould remember 
 that these institutions, which are playing so large 
 a part in our western life, are yet but in their 
 infancy, as indeed are these Western States which 
 are almost rivalling European kingdoms in mag- 
 nitude and importance. 
 
 The president and the faculties should also 
 have the same large conception of the nature 
 and work of the state universities. They should 
 not confine their sympathies, their thoughts and 
 tlieir activities to the walls of their class rooms. 
 
 There indeed their chief energy is to be ex- 
 pended in bringing the fruits of the largest and 
 finest scholarship to the aid of their pupils, in 
 firing them with the highest enthusiasm for cul- 
 ture of mind and of cliaracter. But they should 
 remember that their field, their legitimate do- 
 main, is not bounded by the limits of the campus 
 or even by tlie boundaries of the State. 
 
 It is of the first importance that the life and 
 work of the university should so far as possible 
 be understood and appreciated by the people of 
 the State, who are called to support it, and who 
 are invited to profit by it. It is not so easy a 
 task as might be thought to make the university 
 thoroughly known even to its own State. So 
 many have no accurate conception of wliat a 
 
Development of State Uriiversities. 29 
 
 university is, from the extent of territory in a 
 western State so many never even look upon 
 tlie walls of the university, that it requires much 
 effort to enable the great mass of people to com- 
 prehend exactly what it is doing and how it per- 
 forms its work. There should be therefore the 
 utmost publicity in its life. The details of its 
 work, and especially the details of its financial 
 management, should be made public year by 
 year. Inspection and manly criticism of its 
 methods should be invited. It should live with 
 open doors. The professors should do what 
 they can to maintain close relations with the 
 schools and the teachers of the State. So far 
 as is compatible with fidelity to their immediate 
 duties, they should embrace opportunities to ad- 
 dress the public on educational theories or upon 
 any topics appropriate for them to discuss. They 
 should make it clear that the university authori- 
 ties desire to identify themselves with the people 
 of the State and to contribute to their good in 
 any proper manner. They should strive to con- 
 vince the citizens that the university is their uni- 
 versity, that it is sustained for the benefit of 
 their children, and through their children for the 
 benefit of the state and of the nation. They 
 may thus do much to awaken through the State 
 
30 Development of State U7iiversities. 
 
 a feeling of pride in the university, which will 
 conduce greatly to its strength. 
 
 Nor should the students of the university for- 
 get that they can often do as much as regents 
 and faculties to make the institution known and 
 appreciated. They are as much a part, in some 
 respects quite as important a part, of the univer- 
 sity as the board of regents and the faculties. 
 Perhaps they do not need to be told this. They 
 are generally aware of it. But they do not al- 
 ways reflect that this fact confers on them a 
 privilege and lays on them a duty — the privilege 
 and the duty of making a good name for the 
 university, and of promoting its growth. Not 
 that they are deliberately neglectful in this re- 
 gard. If at times the exuberance of their youth- 
 ful spirits convinces us that matriculation in a 
 university does not in every case insure the ob- 
 servance of all the proprieties of life, or if with 
 the ripening of the down on the cheek there is 
 occasionally developed a sharper perception of 
 what they deem the deficiencies than of the 
 merits of us, their teachers, yet with few excep- 
 tions they are loyal to their college, and in the 
 long run give us teachers quite as much praise 
 as we deserve, especially if we are criticised by 
 any other college. But they nuiy not fully real- 
 
Development of State Universities. 31 
 
 ize that, numbered as tliej are by hundreds, and 
 going sooner or later into every part of the 
 State, and meeting men in every pursuit and 
 condition, they can perhaps do more than regents 
 and faculties combined to commend the univer- 
 sity to all. No wealth of endowment is so val- 
 uable to a university as the devotion of her 
 children. If the graduates who have gone from 
 these halls and those who are to go in the years 
 to come will stand by their Alma Mater, will 
 make known to the communities in which they 
 dwell the nature and scope of the training given 
 here, the free, generous, democratic, elevating 
 spirit of the life of the University, the ennobling 
 and inspiring influence which it is already wield- 
 ing, and which in yet larger measure it is destined 
 to wield, upon this rapidly developing State, they 
 can win for the University the hearty and sym- 
 pathetic support of the public, and pay in part 
 the debt they owe to the dear mother of them 
 all. 
 
 I think it is especially desirable that the re- 
 ligious men and women of the State cherish a 
 warm interest in the university. Not unfre- 
 quently many of them have held themselves 
 aloof from the state university, under the im- 
 pression that life in such institutions is not con- 
 
32 Development of State Universities. 
 
 clucive to the growth of religious character in 
 tlie students, perhaps that it is injurious to such 
 character. I believe that this impression, if it 
 still exists, is not justified by the present condi- 
 tion of the state universities. The regents do, 
 in fact, generally represent fairly the moral and 
 religious sentiment of the people, and know NidY^ 
 well that our citizens, with almost no exception, 
 desire that the conditions of college life should 
 be helpful, rather than harmful, to the religious 
 development of their children. The faculties 
 are made up of men who, w^ith almost no excep- 
 tion, are earnest, reverent. God-fearing men. 
 Persons with different views and different spirit 
 do not, as a rule, take up the profession of col- 
 lege teaching. So in our university towns you 
 do, as a matter of fact, find the professors tak- 
 ing an active part in the work of the churches 
 and in relis-ious societies organized amono- the 
 students. There is not a single one of the state 
 universities in which there is not a Christian so- 
 ciety of students. I know of none in which 
 Christian teachers are not at liberty in proper 
 and becoming methods to exert, and in which 
 they are not exerting, a positive religious influ- 
 ence over students. I may say in passing, that 
 the state university with which I am most fa- 
 
Develop7nent of State Universities. 33 
 
 miliar has sent out about twenty-five missionaries 
 to tlie foreign field, and that about thirty of the 
 students now within her walls have announced 
 their willingness to enter on such service, if 
 Providence opens the way. The real danger, 
 if there is any, to the religious life in the state 
 universities, is in the failure of Christian men to 
 take an interest in them and to use their legiti- 
 mate influence as citizens in shaping their policy. 
 If such men take no interest in these institu- 
 tions, it is possible under our system of govern- 
 ment that they may fall into bad hands. Now 
 that it is settled that these universities are here 
 to stay, for good or for ill, it is not only the 
 privilege, it is the Christian duty, of every good 
 man to use his lawful power to make them the 
 best possible for developing not only the largest 
 intelligence, but the highest type of character in 
 the students. 
 
 Again, if the University is to prosper, it must 
 have the financial help needed for its proper de- 
 velopment. The mere growth of the population 
 of this State, which goes on at so extraordinary 
 a pace, is going to make larger and larger de- 
 nuxnds upon this institution. The day is close 
 at hand when you will have a thousand students 
 —3 
 
3-4: Development of State Universities. 
 
 to provide for. But besides this, there must be 
 a constant enhirgement of facilities for teaching 
 and a constant improvement of methods of in- 
 struction. New apparatus, new hiboratories, and 
 especially new books, must be furnished. The 
 modern and approved modes of teaching science 
 are very expensive. You desire, I am sure, to 
 keep abreast of the best universities in the grade 
 and quality of your training. You should here 
 and now bravely face the fact that an endow- 
 ment sufficient for to-day is not going to suffice 
 for to-morrow. You can never say with com- 
 placency, ''There, the provision for the Univer- 
 sity is now complete; we are never to go any 
 further in enlarging its income." The Univer- 
 sity is never to be finished. If it has any gen- 
 uine life, that life is a growth. It must continue 
 to go forward. The moment the University 
 stops growing, I do not say in number of stu- 
 dents, but in intellectual development, that mo- 
 ment it has begun to die. If it stands still, it 
 is retrograding, not alone relatively to other 
 universities, but absolutely. Yuu cannot expect 
 scholars of energy and aspiration to remain long 
 in the faculty of a university which is forbidden 
 to grow and to improve. If the authorities are 
 to administer such an institution wisely and effi- 
 
Development of State Universities. 35 
 
 cieiitly, they must have some such assurance of 
 support for the future as will enable them to 
 lay plans with forecast. They should not be 
 compelled to tear down to-day what they builded 
 yesterday. A university is not developed by 
 cataclysms. It must have a certain steadiness 
 of life. Legislatures may fairly be asked to be 
 mindful of this. Such salaries should be pro- 
 vided for the teachers as will enable them, if 
 reasonable, to work with a fair degree of con- 
 tentment. The value of their work is greatly 
 impaired, if they are compelled to give much 
 thought to outside work in order to gain a decent 
 livelihood, or if they are constrained to be scan- 
 ning the horizon all the while in quest of a 
 position which ])romises decent remuneration. 
 Their terms of office should be such as to save 
 them from disquietude, if they are really meri- 
 torious instructors. It should not be forgotten 
 that it is not bricks and mortar, even if moulded 
 into the finest architecture, but the men in the 
 teachers' chairs, that above all make a univer- 
 sity. Gather the great teachers here, and students 
 will tiock to receive their instructions, even 
 though the lectures are given in huts of sods or 
 on the open prairie. Especially is it fortunate 
 when o'ifted instructors are so devoted to a school 
 
3G Development of State Universities. 
 
 lliut, ill s])ite of ciills to more rcinuiierative 
 clwiirs elsowhore, tliej toil on yeur iiftcr jeiir to 
 cjiny tli(j school through its period of ])overty 
 jind tri;il and make their lives a ])art of its life. 
 No gift of money can furnish so rich an endow- 
 ment as such self-sacrificing devotion. Nearly 
 every college has such heroic men in its faculty. 
 I congratulate you that you have more than one 
 sucli, and especially that you have at the head 
 of this University one who was present at its 
 hirth, and who lias, witli a devotion unsurpassed in 
 the history of such institutions, literally budded 
 his life into its life. When you are fortunate 
 enough to secure such men, of tried ability and 
 of unswerving loyalty to the ITniversity, let them 
 know that they are a])i)reciate(l; leave them their 
 intellectual inde})endence; let no whirlwind of 
 excitement begotten of sectarian prejudices in 
 religion or in politics be allowed to imperil their 
 position or even to disturb their serenity. 
 
 There is ample room in this State, and in each 
 of the Western States, for one large and })ros- 
 perons university. Germany has one for each 
 two millions of inhabitants. At the close of 
 this decade, if the ])rosperity of this State is not 
 checked, you will ha\'e about that ])opulati()n 
 within the boi'ders of Kansas. The area of 
 
Dci^elopnicnt of State Universities. 37 
 
 jour Stiite exceeds by four thousand S(|uare miles 
 that of England and Wales combined, is more 
 than four times hirger than the king(h)m of 
 (xreece, more than fivx' times larger than Swit- 
 zerland, nearly six times larger than Denmark, 
 and nearly seven times larger than Holland. 
 You can lay down seven kingdoms of the size 
 of Belgium within the boundaries of Kansas 
 and still have more than four thousand square 
 miles unoccupied. This State, im})erial in size 
 and imperial in resources, should plan for a 
 great and proud future. The heroic struggles 
 of her early life drew hither men of the noblest 
 strain of blood from all the States between here 
 and the Atlantic. Others like them, seeking 
 congenial companionship, have followed them. 
 Of such a stock something more than a mere 
 commonplace career must be expected. Here 
 you are in the very heart of the continent, with 
 an abounding wealth of agricultural resources 
 which you cannot yet measure, with most com- 
 ])lete railway communication east, west, north, 
 and south, to all the markets of this country, and 
 to all the ports of exi)ortation u})on the Atlantic 
 coast from Galveston to Montreal. But one 
 tiling is absolutely indispensable even to this 
 people of so noble lineage and high character 
 
38 J^i'Vclopnic7Jt of State Universities. 
 
 .•111(1 iiii(l:iiiiil(ul ontcM'j)rlso, witli ;ill tlic ni:ii;iiili- 
 (;oiit resources of Kunsjis in their luiiuls, if they 
 jire to i»;{iin jiiul rct;iiii for tlie State tluit conspicu- 
 ous position wliich you are lioj)ini2^ and predict- 
 iui;- for hei'; thai one thini;" is a sullicient nuiiiher 
 of men trained by tlie best education which can 
 be furnislied to lit tlieni for leadership in all de- 
 })ai'tnients of Ininian activity, for eminence in all 
 branches of industrial, of professional, and of 
 ci\MC life. In tlie fierce com})etitions of these 
 <lays, those comnuinities and those States which 
 l)roduce the lai'iicst intellii2,'ence, the most ener- 
 <»"etic and noble character, will push to the front. 
 It is generally conceded that the West, with its 
 rapidly-increasing population and its illimitable 
 resources, is to have the decisive word in guid- 
 ing the destinies of this nation. I>ut she does 
 not deserve to wield such a })ower, and she ought 
 not to desire to w^ield such a power, unless she 
 can rear generations of broad-minded, large- 
 souled men, fitted not only to develop the re- 
 sources of the West, but to bring a virile energy 
 and consummate wisdom and ripe statesmanshij) 
 to the administration of our national affairs. If 
 this great State aspires to do her part in secur- 
 ing for the AVest the high trust of leadership, 
 she must see to it that the best training of the 
 
Di'i'clopincnt of State Universities. 89 
 
 Jiij^c is scciired for licr cliildrcui. L(^t no ])eiiiiy- 
 vvise cconoiiiy roh tliciii of tlic facilities for inak- 
 iiiijj tlieinselves tlie peers of the cliildreii of any 
 of tlie sister States. May all the educatioiuil 
 institutions of this State be generously sn])- 
 ])orted. May this University he a ])er})etual 
 fountain of intellectual life, whose streams, in- 
 ci-easing year by year in volume and in strength, 
 shall make glad this ])i-oud coimnonwealth and 
 diffuse its blessings throughout 1h(^ nation and 
 over the wide woi'ld. 
 
•R \/\r Pit tvpt? 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF TUB 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS 
 
 WILSON STP:iiLIXG. 
 
 I. THE PREPARATION. 
 The people who settled Lawrence were very 
 far from being firmly established in their new 
 homes when they began to turn their attention to 
 the question of education. They had no means 
 for the support of schools and no laws governing 
 educational matters. Under these circumstances 
 they naturally had recourse to their friends and 
 supporters in the East. The peculiar circum- 
 stances attending the settlement of Lawrence 
 gave the people a special claim to the friendship 
 and generosity of a Boston gentleman of cul- 
 ture and means, Amos A. Lawrence, one of the 
 founders of the New England Emigrant Aid 
 Company, and a personal acquaintance and 
 friend of many of the first settlers of the city 
 
42 History of tJie UniTcrsiiy. 
 
 wliicli bears liis luiiue. lie hocunie interested 
 very early in the (jiiestion of good schools for 
 Kuiisjis Territory, and piii'ticuhirlj' for Lawrence, 
 and gave substantial expression of his interest 
 by setting in operation a plan for the founding 
 of a preparatory school in the city. 
 
 As early as 1856, he requested Chas. Robin- 
 son to spend some money for him in laying the 
 foundation of a school building on the northern 
 ])art of Mt. Oread, at the site of North College. 
 Work on this building was actually begun, but 
 as the title to the land was imperfect, the work 
 was soon suspended. In a ])ri\^ate letter to the 
 Ilev. E. Nute, of Lawrence, dated l)ec. 16, 1856, 
 Mr. Lawrence explains his plans and desires on 
 this subject. He says: 
 
 "You shall liavo a collei?e which shall be a school of 
 learning and at the same time a monument to perpetuate 
 the memory of those martyrs of liberty who fell during the 
 recent struggles. Beneath it their dust shall rest. In it 
 shall burn the light of liberty, whicli shall never be extin- 
 guished until it illumines the whole continent. It shall be 
 called tlu' ' Free-State College,' and all the friends of free- 
 dom shall be invited to lend it a helping hand. ... I 
 cannot furnish casli for l)uilding, but 1 can give what will 
 be as good for paying expenses after it is up. For instance, 
 having advanced ten tlunisand dollars to the university at 
 Appleton, Wisconsin, last year, 1 hold their notes on interest. 
 This is a good institution and it owes little or nothing except 
 this. They have about two hundred thousand dollars' worth 
 
, Jfisiory of tJic Uni%'crsity. 4-3 
 
 ol' i»r<>|K'i-ty, and lour liuiidrcd and (illy sdidcnts on llicii- 
 catalofj^iu'. I wisli I had money, but I tear tlic tiiiio is far 
 distant wlu'ii 1 sliall iiave more than enough to carry on my 
 phius lK\!:;un loui; ai^o." 
 
 lie was evidoiitlj (lee])ly interested in this 
 matter, for in another letter to the lvev\ Mr. 
 Nnte, written only five days later than the pre- 
 ceding, he says: 
 
 "1 am very desirous not to lead in this matter of tiie 
 college, but only to be one of many subscribers to the fund, 
 which ouglit to be as much as one hundred thousand dollars 
 at starting. They are now raising a sum of money in Con- 
 necticut (a dollar for every Fremont vote), they say forty- 
 three thousand dollars, for relief. This would be the best 
 relief they can give, to employ labor next spring, at the same 
 time creating a permanent benefit and perpetuating the 
 memory of a struggle which must exercise a vast influence 
 on this continent. Pardon my troubling you, but the more 
 I consider this matter of a 'Free-State College,' the more I 
 like it, and hope God will pat it into the hearts of the people 
 to carry it out. The clergy could do it if they would not be 
 jealous of each other's influence." 
 
 Naturally the majority of the settlers in their 
 struggle with untamed nature, as it appeared in 
 the unbroken prairie and the border ruffian, had 
 little thought for this subject, but the friends of 
 the enterprise here found time to discuss and 
 investigate the questions of means and location 
 for the proposed college. Some advocated the 
 location of the site at a point more remote from 
 
44 History of the Ihiivcrsity. 
 
 tlic lowii. 'i'liis (|iK'sli()ii was also sul)niitt(.Ml to 
 Mr. Lavvi'oncc, and liis \\'\>\y doubtless had inuch 
 wcM'i>lit in dotenninino- the location not only of 
 Noi'tli (^)lloi;-(', l)iit also of the later University 
 biiildino-s. In another letter to Rev. Mr. Nute, 
 dated Feb. 1 Ith, lsr)T, he says: 
 
 " 1 slioiild suppose I Ihc pi-oposcd site] is not, coinpiuaMc 
 with tiic hiuli lands above the town. Trade will not uo up 
 the hills except to t;-et- prospect, of a i;-ood l)ar,uain, and theic^ 
 is no risk in locatinu' a colle,i;-e or a chnrcii on a hill, t'ven in 
 a lai'ii'e city. 'I'he Komanists have understood this, and we 
 s«'e in Kui-op(> their institutions on the i)innac!es over the 
 cities, unless occupied by a foilress, always. It insures a 
 li'ood view and seclusion. Tlie spot origimdly selected in 
 Lawrence is the rii;ht one." 
 
 In aeeordanee with his previous sui»'i>;estion, 
 he forwarded to the local trustees of the New Eni>«. 
 land K!nii;rant Aid ('Oin])any the notes ai;"ainst 
 Lawrence University, Wisconsin, and his letter 
 of directions to the trustees regarding the dis- 
 j)osal of the income is worthy of ({notation in 
 full, both as more fully revealing his ])lans and 
 as giving an insight into the ])olitical creed and 
 the character of the man. 
 
 '• HosTON, Feb. 14, 1857. 
 ''7'<> Mcasru.C/ttirlcti Jiohinsofi (tnd *s'. C. /^oNurot/, 7'n/fif('(s — 
 
 "(Jknti.knmon : Enclosed with this ar(> two notes of live 
 thousand dollars each, of the Lawrence rniviMsity. of Wis- 
 consin, which, with the interest added, aiuoinit to eleven 
 thousand six hundit'd and ninel\-six and ,'„',, dollars, as of 
 
History of the University. 45 
 
 l(»-(liiy: also a ccrlilicaU' ol' stock in the New Kiii^Iaiid Kiiii- 
 i^iaiit Aid (Company (par. 1^2, 000), worlli one tliousaiid dollars 
 Ol" iiiori! at tlio i)r{'S('iil liiiic; in all twelve llioiisand six him- 
 dre(l and iiiiiety-six dollars and I'oiirteeii cents, wliicli has 
 been 1 1 ansl'en«'(l to yourselves lo be iield by you in trust, and 
 the income to be used Cor the advancement of the relij^ious 
 and inlellectiial ediicalion of tlie yountj: in Kansas Territory. 
 lliilil I sliall i,Mve directions to tiie contrary, I wish one-half 
 of the income l,o be applied to the listabJishment of the best 
 system of common seiiools, by organizinj^ in every settlement 
 tliose who shall be in favor of its adoption, as so(m as the 
 school funds shall bt; received from the Unitetl States (»ov- 
 ernment; also by giving aid to a school in Lawrence which 
 shall serve as a model to others. The other half of the in- 
 come t(» be used for the estal)lisliment of Siniday schools and 
 furnishing them with the bo(»ksof the Smiday .School Union, 
 of Philadelphia. In tlieevent of my decease without giving 
 any other directions than tlu; above, 1 wish the fund to be 
 used in th(! manner desigmited by me in a letter wiMtten to 
 ]{ev. E. Nute, Dec. 1(5, 1856. 
 
 "The state of your laws i)revents me from making a 
 fornuil instrument of trust at this time, and 1 have only to 
 say that by accepting tlu; ofTice of trustees >-ou will confer a 
 favor on me, while you will be serving the interest of the 
 Territory in which we all have taken so nuich interest, and 
 for w liicli _\ ou luiM' endured and risked so much. 1 rely im- 
 plicitly on your hoiu)r to retain the pro[)erty in your safe 
 keei)ing, and to carry out the plan herein specified. In the 
 event of your resigmition of the oflHce of trustee at any time 
 or your removal from the Territory, I wish for the privilege 
 of appointing your successors. Hereafter, 1 may give my 
 views nu)re in detail. You can draw on the treasurer of the 
 Lawrence University at anytime for a year's interest, in any 
 oiu' Near. I have refrained from drawing because tlie\ have 
 recpiired all tJieir funds for their new building. Kecently 
 
46 History oj the University. 
 
 one building lias been burnt, and on this account, as well as 
 from my liesire to prevent all embarrassment to the institu- 
 tion, I wish that the payment of the principal sum may not 
 be urged, so long as the interest is received. If Kansas 
 should not become a 'Free State' as soon as admitted to the 
 Union, I wish the property returned to me or my heirs. 
 "Your obedient servant, 
 
 "Amos A. Lawrence. " 
 The poverty of the West and the unusual 
 financial depression in the East prevented rapid 
 additions to this generous gift, and the plans for 
 the '^ Free-State College" could not be carried 
 into execution at once. However, this magnifi- 
 cent sum, as it was then regarded, was supposed 
 by many to be immediately available for any 
 respectable proposition for the establishment of 
 a college, and the following year saw the initia- 
 tory steps taken for the establishment of a school 
 of high grade, to be under the immediate con- 
 trol of the Presbyterian Church of the United 
 States of America. The active agent of this 
 enterprise was a physician of Lawrence named 
 Chas. E. Miner, a member of the Presbyterian 
 Church and an energetic and aggressive business 
 man. The directors were: Kev. Wm. Wilson, 
 Rev. Ilichard Cord ley, Hon. Chas. Kobinson, 
 John M. Coe, Chas." E. Miner, Eev. G. w! 
 Hutchinson, James A. Finley, C. L. Edwards, 
 all of Lawrence; Eev. F. P. Montfort,of Browns- 
 
History of the University. 47 
 
 ville; T. E. Thomas, D. D., of New Albany, 
 Iiid.; N. L. Kice, D. D., of Chicago; C. Yan 
 Keiissalaer, D. D., of Philadclpliia; K. J. Breck- 
 eiiridge, D. D., of Kentucky, Kev. H. I. Coe, 
 of St. Louis; and M. W. Jacobs, D. D., of Al- 
 leglieny City, Pa. Appropriate committees were 
 appointed, and plans were made for the erection 
 of a building forthwith, to be thirty-six by sixty 
 feet, two stories high. This building^ was de- 
 signed only as a wing of the main buildings, 
 which were expected to cost not less than '"^50,- 
 000.00. 
 
 A committee was appointed to solicit contri- 
 butions in the Territory in money and lands. 
 The hope was expressed that the citizens of 
 Lawrence and vicinity would not allow them- 
 selves to be surpassed by other portions of the 
 Territory in their subscriptions for an enterprise 
 that would add so much to the attractions and 
 advantages of Lawrence. This project is scarcely 
 to be compared with the "real-estate colleges" 
 of more recent times, but its agents did not fail 
 to note that "in a pecuniary point of view, 
 holders of real estate in this vicinity will greatly 
 enhance the value of their own property by up- 
 building such an institution in our midst.'' It 
 
 *Tlje dimensions were afterwards ciiauged to lifty feet square. 
 
48 History of tJic University. 
 
 was also announced that a lady of boundless en- 
 ergy, Mrs. Emily P. Burke, was already at work 
 in the East raising funds for the cause, and her 
 rej)orts of successful operations gave great en- 
 couragement to the local committees. Several 
 gentlemen of influence and means in the East 
 were also actively interested."^ Assurances were 
 given that the Amos Lawrence fund would be 
 available, provided the enterprise coidd be placed 
 on a safe and permanent financial basis. 
 
 In Territorial days charters were granted oidy 
 by legislative enactment. A bill was introduced 
 and passed in the Legislature of 1851) which gave 
 legal sanction to Lawrence University, with the 
 following board of trustees: C. E. Miner, AVm. 
 Bishop, G. W. Hutchinson, J. M. Coe, A. W. 
 Bitzer, E. Nute, Chas. Robinson, S. C. Bomeroy, 
 C. IL Branscomb, Wm. Wilson, J. A. Finley, C. 
 L. Edwards, T. D. Thacher, Charles Reynolds, 
 Robert Morrow, Jas. Blood, R. S. Symington, 
 Josiah Miller, Lyman Allen, Thos. Ewing, F. B. 
 Montfort. By a supplemental act the name of 
 William Brindle was added to this list, f 
 
 Under this law, the trustees met on Jan. 22, 
 185t), and proceeded to the organization of Law- 
 
 ■^ Laivrencc Republican, July 8, 1858. 
 ■\ Private Laws, 1859, pp- 81-80. 
 
History of the University. 49 
 
 rencc Uiiivorsity. Their meeting was lield at 
 the Kl(li-i(l<;-e House, and a tenii)oniry organiza- 
 tion was made by the election (^f Gov. Mechuy 
 as chairman, and T. Dwiglit Thacher as secre- 
 tary. After a prayer by the Kev. Wm. Bisho]^, 
 a committee was appointed to nominate perma- 
 nent officers of the board of trustees. All the 
 persons named in their report were duly elected 
 by ballot, as follows: For president, Chas. E. 
 Miner; vice president, Lyman Allen; recording 
 secretary, C. L. Edwards; corresponding secre- 
 tary, Wm. Bishop; treasurer, James Blood; ex- 
 ecutive committee, ('has. E. Miner, T. Dwight 
 Thacher, Wm. Bishop, Chas. Reynolds, G. W. 
 Hutchinson, C. II. Branscomb, James Blood and 
 Itobert Morrow. 
 
 '^The following chairs were then established: 
 ]>iblical literature and moral ])hilosoi)hy, Greek 
 language and literature, Latin language and lit- 
 erature, English literature, natural sciences, 
 mathematics, modern languages, j)rincipal of 
 preparatory department, principal of female de- 
 partment. Dr. C. E. Miner was appointed the 
 agent of the board to obtain donations at the 
 East for the University." 
 
 "A committee duly ap])ointed nominated the 
 -4 
 
50 
 
 1 1 isfory of f/ir I '/lirrrsi/y. 
 
 I'ollowiiii!,' candiilates for llic^ sc'Ncral clmii's, wlio 
 wcM'c all I'K'ctod 1)V ballot: Pi-ofossor of hihlical 
 lilcraliirc and moral |>liilosoj)liv, \\v\ . Tlios. 1^'. 
 'riioiuas, K)^ Pavton, O. ; ])i-of(.'ssor of (ircck 
 laui;uai;x' and litoraturo, Kev. William IJisliop, 
 formorlv of Hanover (^)llo^•l^ Ind.; pi-ofossor 
 K^{ iMiii'lisli lit oral lire, Kov. (Mias. Kovnolds, for- 
 morlv of Columbus, (). ; ]>riiu'ii>al of ])ro])ara- 
 tory dopartmont, C'has. L. K<l\vards, present 
 ])riiKMj>al of Quincv llii»'li Seliool, of tbis city; 
 ])riiuM|)al o'i female department, Mrs. Kmily V. 
 l>urke, I of C^bestnut Level, Pa. | 
 
 '^•V medical department was tben estal)lisbed, 
 consistinn' of tlie followiiio- cbairs, and tbe fol- 
 lowing- ineumbeiits elected: Suri^ery and surgi- 
 eal anatomy, (unlilled V, tbeoi'y and ])raeti(*e and 
 elinieal medicine, 0. K. Miner, JM. D. ; pbysi- 
 ology and patboloo-y, A. M. (larke, M. D., of 
 New \ ov\k city; materia medica and medical 
 botany, ,1. \\ Root, AI. D., of Wyandotte; ob- 
 stetrics and diseases of women and cbildren, 
 Alon/.o Fuller, M. D. ; cluMnistry and medical 
 jurisprudence, Jolin M. C\)(.', Ks(|., (){ Law- 
 rence." 
 
 (\)mmittees on by-laws and curriculum were 
 appointcnl, and aiiotlier committee was iMnpow- 
 I'red to confer witli tbe Leii'islature in regard \o 
 
Ifisiory of the University. 51 
 
 tlie cfstablisliirKMit (^f a rioniKil school in coiinec- 
 \\i)\\ willi tli(i university. The bond of the treas- 
 ni-er was fixed at ten thousand dollars. Chas. E. 
 Miner was also phiced on two rn(;re committees 
 whose functions were to attend to the erection 
 of the proposed buildiiig and to procure a seal for 
 the university, and then the meeting adjourned 
 to meet again in five days."^ 
 
 During the month of January, 1859, the trus- 
 tees of the city of Lawrence gave to the trustees 
 of Lawrence L'niversity a "quitclaim deed with 
 bond for the execution of further deed whenever 
 ]>atent shall issue for town site of Lawrence" to 
 the ]>resent North (Jcdlege campus, ''on condi- 
 tion that said university is ])ermanently located 
 at LawrciK^e, Kansas Territoi-y, that a brick build- 
 ing not less than thirty-six feet in width and sixty 
 feet in length, two stories high, be erected and 
 completed within one year from this date, and 
 that a school be (commenced within six months 
 from this date, and that, failing t(j coni])ly with 
 the above conditions, said Ljiwrence University 
 shall forfeit all right to said lot of ground, and 
 it shall again }>ecome the ])r()perty of the city of 
 Lawrence." f 
 
 * Laivrence Republican, Jun. 27, 1859. 
 
 |R<-[K)rt of coiuinittc.M; on city proinrty. ( S(,'(; council record of 
 Marc 1 1 let, ltOr>. ) 
 
62 History of the University. 
 
 In accordances willi the terms of tliis (jiiitclaim 
 deed, an alteni])t was made to o])en a ])rej)aratoi"y 
 scliool. The trustees were unal)ks to coni|»ly 
 with the letter of the ai;-reement, hut they hit 
 uj)on a ])hin for fullillini;- its spirit. The ''six 
 monlhs'' s])eciried in tlie ai>'i'eement liad ehi])sod, 
 and no school was in o])eration. Mr. V. L. Ed- 
 wards, who li;id conducted the (^uincy IIii;h 
 School and other schools in Lawrence, had ad- 
 vertised the oj)eiiini»; of an institute'^' in Septem- 
 ber of 185J). Almost all the ])ui)ils of suitable 
 ai;e and attainments in the \icinit_v were ])ledged 
 to attend liis institute. The mana<»'ement of 
 Lawrence Uni\'ersity, accord ini>"ly, ])roposed to 
 make his institute the ''Preparatoi'v Department 
 of Lawrence University.'' With a very slight 
 chani»;e of j)rograni this was accomplished. The 
 })lace of the school was the basement of the 
 Unitai'ian (^hurch, which had been already secured 
 for the institute. The fees were to remain the 
 same. Two more members of the university 
 faculty were added to the teaching force. lve\-. 
 Wm. Hisho]), ])rofessor-elect of (ireek literatuiv, 
 came each moriung and opened the school with 
 devotional exercises and conducted a beginners' 
 class in Latin; lu>v. ('has. lu>ynoIds, j)rofessor- 
 
 */.»«('/•(•//.(• Ktpiihlican^ Sept. 1, lj!5y. 
 
History of /he University. 53 
 
 elect of Ki)<;lisli literature, came each day and 
 heai-d a class in reading. The rest of the teach- 
 ing and management was done by Mr. Edwards, 
 who also received all the fees. This ])re])aratoi7 
 depai-tment was o])ene(l 8ei)tenil)ei' IDth, 1859, 
 and continued about three months, when its ])at- 
 ronage ceased and it ceased.* 
 
 The difficulty of securing funds for the insti- 
 tution somewhat retarded the progress of the 
 work of building, but, about the mi(hlle of the 
 summer of 1859, Dr. Chester, of rhiladelphia, 
 and others, representing the Presbyterian Educa- 
 tional Board, visited Lawrence f and examined 
 the situation. They were satisfied with the out- 
 look, and accordingly the Board gave pledges of 
 sufficient money to erect a building suitable for 
 the purpose, on condition that an endowment 
 coukl be secured from other parties, if The trus- 
 tees voted to name their new building "Chester 
 Hall," in honor of Dr. Chester, and set about 
 the work with great earnestness and enthusiasm. 
 
 A similar enterprise was set on foot about this 
 
 * statement of O L. Edwards. Compare erroiieoup BtatementB in 
 various State Un.versity catalojrues, Kansas " Uerd Book," and o.her 
 places, with true date of openinj,', as shown \\yj I .aivrc lue Rc/>iil>licu>i, Sept. 
 '^i, 1859. 
 
 t l.awrcttce Rr publican, Aui,'. 11, 1859. 
 
 t History of Lawrence Presl)yterian Cliurch, t)y Dr. Osmond, 11-88, 
 p. 11. 
 
54 History of tJie. University. 
 
 time by the Coiigregatioiial Cliurcli of Kansas. 
 The "Association of Congregational Ministers 
 of Kansas'' at an early day"^' cleterniined upon 
 the establishment of a college in Kansas Ter- 
 ritory. Topeka made the first pro])osition to 
 secure the location of their college but evidently 
 promised more by way of inducement than she 
 could fulfill. Accordingly, at a meeting held at 
 Lawrence in elune, 1859, a proposition was nuxde 
 to secure for Lawrence the establishment of an 
 e(bicational institution to be called "Monumental 
 (College,'' •)■ designed to commemorate the tri- 
 umph of liberty over slavery in Kansas, and to 
 serve as a memorial of those who assisted in 
 achieving that victory. The trustees of the 
 Amos Lawrence fund, with the consent of Mr. 
 Lawrence, signified their willingness to make 
 over that fund to ^^ Monumental College,'' % on 
 condition that the Congregationalists should 
 have control of the institution. By a subscrip- 
 tion the incorpcu'ators had obtained donations 
 of a large amount of land, numerous town lots 
 and money ]>ledges, all t(~)gether estimated vari- 
 ously at from ^40,000 to )f^TO,00(>. -The 
 interest of the i)eoi>le of Lawrence in this move- 
 
 * Minutes of moeting, April 25-S7, 1857. 
 i Cons^nxiif/ona/ AWor,/. p. 45. 
 X Coni^rcgationiti Keror,/. p. K). 
 
History of the University. 55 
 
 inc'iit may Ix; seen froin tlie fuct tliiit tliis wliole 
 SHIM was secured in ji little over three days. 
 The ])a|)er on which the names of the donors 
 are signed makes a roll some eight feet long. ""' 
 
 The Association almost unanimously acceptc^d 
 the ])ro])()sition of the incorporators, and Mr. S. 
 N. Simpson, of Lawrence, went to Massachu- 
 setts, where he presented tlie cause to ])roniinent 
 men of the denomination. The undertaking re- 
 ceived the attention of many j)roniinent men of 
 the Congi'egationjil f and other churches. But 
 in spite of these fair promises, the drought of 
 1860 and the consequent hard times prostrated 
 the enterprise, and nothing substantial was ac- 
 com])lished. The association of ministers again 
 took up the (juestion in 1803 and h)cated their 
 college at To])eka, :j: and Washburn College is the 
 result of their efforts. 
 
 The claim of the Congregationalistsg that they 
 were likely to secure the Amos Lawrence fund 
 for their proposed college caused uneasiness 
 among the l*resbyterians, but the latter had the 
 lead, and pushed forward the work of building 
 
 * Lawrence Republican, June 5i, 18r)9. 
 
 tSee Springfield ( Masd ) Republican and Hoston Journal, as quoted 
 in La-ivrcnce Republican and Congregational Record. 
 X Congregational Record, Vol. V, p. 79. 
 g Congregational Record, p. 40. 
 
50 History of the UniviTsity. 
 
 us riipidly Jis possible. Luri^c (nuintitic^s ol' brick, 
 sloiu^ jind biinbcu" \\<\\\\ \\\\\\\(>\\ to llie liill and 
 ninsoiis wcM-c (Miij)b)V('d in biyiiii;' a foimdnlioii 
 for Hu' biiildiiii;-. ( )ii the tMi;ii!cH'iit h of ( )('l()bc>r, 
 IS.M>, Ihc VvvK' Masons, (Ikmi in session in ibe 
 cil V, pnblicly \\\\k\ jlio corner slone, and Sob>n ( ). 
 'riiaclier and otbers (b'li\(M-ed speeclies appro- 
 ])ria(e lo Ibe occasion." Work was pnsbed on 
 nidil cobl wealliiM- coinj)elUMl tbc> woi-knien to 
 cease. MeanwbiU' (UMioniinal ionid jeab)usv was 
 (b)ini;- its work,]- and tbeiH> was a ii,'eneral rei^lini;- 
 ol" dissatisfaction witli tlie financial nianai;'enient 
 of Dr. Minei", ;]: win) bad i;-one to r>ost,on, wbere 
 1k^ bad made an nid'a\'orable inij»ression on 
 Amos Lawrence.)^ Work could not be i-esumed 
 tbe t'oUowiiii;" sprinj;' because* ot" ditllcultv in se- 
 curins;' casb to ])ay e\]>enses, Tbe worknuMi and 
 contractors bad Ixhmi paid but littb\ and tbe 
 l^]ducational l*»oard was unwillinii," to sink money 
 in a failini;' causi>, Tbe bard times conse([uent 
 n|>on Ibe droui^bt ol" iS(l() dcH'ided tbe fate of 
 tbe cause. it could not be carried to comple- 
 tion. Dr. Miner, bowever, insisted on tbe ful- 
 iillnuMit of tbe j)led<>v of tlio Educational Hoard, 
 
 *f.nn>rtfnce Rf/>HHfca», Oct. 90, 1H59. 
 
 I T,t'M«>r of Ki'v. Win. Bishop. Siilinn. Kns. 
 
 I Stntoiui'iits of Sjiiii. Itoynohls, C. Kobiiisoii mihI oIIums. 
 S SlMtoimiil ol' C Kol>iiisoii. 
 
Ifistory of tJic (JniTcrsily. 57 
 
 l)iit liiijill}' iiiadci a conij)i-(>iiiis(; ))i'oj)(>siti(jii, 
 wliirli. oil mot ion of I)i'. ( 'liestoi', ''^' Wiis adopted, 
 v/li(!i'eby tlio boai'd ])aid tlie Hurri of Jt^l,52'>.50 
 to tlio tiMistecis of J.avvrence KnivorHity, and tlio 
 ])jii*ti(3H mutually j'el(.'a.s(;d "(;acli otli(!j' from all 
 oblif^atiori lliat tli(;y may liavc Ixsen inidci- or that 
 tliey may have been coiisirlcrcid to 1x3 imdor. " 
 'J'liiH payiMcnt was made in the fall of ISfJO. A 
 ]))'(!vious payiiKiut of oik; hundred dollars had 
 been made in Januai-y, 1S5'J, an<l this sum of 
 '^I,0'J'>.50 i'ep-(3S(;nts substantiidly the amount 
 actually in vest (3d by the J*i'es}>yterians in Law- 
 i'(3nee University. They had, however, a con- 
 sidei'able amount of matei-ial on tlie ground and 
 de])ts of a})out equal ainount. Liens a<^<i;i-(;^'atini^ 
 ^*->,00() or ^4,000 were made by sub-(;ontj"actors 
 n])on the property. TIk; ^-enei-al fe(;Iin^ was 
 that the project had failerl. f 
 
 Many, liowever, were unwillin<^ to see the jjlan 
 of a college for Lawrence given uj). A new board 
 of ti'ustees was, tlierefore, formed and a ikjw 
 institution chartei'ed by the Tei'j'itorial Legisla- 
 ture; r)f 1 sn 1 , undci- 1 Ik; aus]>i(3es of th(; Lpiscoj)al 
 (yhui-ch. The name of the new organization was 
 "J^awrence University of Kansas." The trus- 
 
 * Record of Educational IJoard, Hiippliod by Dr. D. W. Poor, Phila- 
 (lcl|)liia 
 
 t SUitciiiciil^^ of K. (;. Elliott iiihI ollicrs. 
 
58 
 
 History of tJie University. 
 
 tees njinied in tlie charter were: ('lias, Keyiiolds,' 
 Clias. Jvobinsoii, Cluis. E. Miner, II. J. ('amiiff, 
 0. W. l^>abc()ck, Geo.W. Deitzler, Wni. II. Iliek- 
 eox, Geo. W. Sinitli, J. M. J^odiiie, Gale]) S. 
 Pratt, Samuel Reynolds, (leo. Ford, flas. lilood, 
 N. (). Preston, John Foreman, \l. (t. Flliott, L. 
 Bullene and S. A. Rii>;gs."^* 
 
 Rev. ('has. Reynolds, rector of the K|)isco])al 
 ('hurch, of Lawrence, was the principal ai;-ent of 
 the enterprise, (-ontributions were again sought 
 in the Fast, and liberal res])onses were received. 
 Among the most li])eral contributoi's were flohn 
 David Woolfe, of New ^'ork, and Amos A. Law- 
 rence, of J Boston, f 
 
 By arrangement with the Presbyterians, a 
 boai'd of appraisers:]: was chosen and the founda- 
 tion and materials collected on Mt. Oi-ead were 
 appraised. Liens to the amount of ^3,000 or 
 J^4, ()()(> wei'e held against this ])i"o])ei'ty by mechan- 
 ics and sub-conti'actors. The value of the ])ro])- 
 erty as determined by the apjn'aisers was about 
 etjual to tlie sum of such claims, and on condition 
 that the Fpiscopalian board would satisfy these 
 creditors the Presbyterians surrendered their 
 
 *rriv!it,(> Liuv8, isin. , 
 
 1 lA'ttcr from Itcv li. W. Oliver, MmitIi ;5(), ISUl. 
 
 t. For !i (lilVcri'iit juul crroiicoiis sljitciiu'iil of this nijittor, soe " Uis- 
 toricnl Skclcli ol' First Pri'shyliTiim Cliiirch, of hiiwri'iic*-. Kas.. 1SS8." 
 p 12. 
 
History of tJie University. 59 
 
 claims. I>y furtliei' arrangement with tlie cred- 
 itors, their chiims v/ere all paid on the basis of 
 sixty-five cents on the dollar."^" 
 
 In consequence of some adverse criticism of 
 the management of Chas. Keynolds, the Amer- 
 ican (Church Missionary Society, through whose 
 agency support for the undertaking was secured, 
 withdrew its support. 
 
 Mr. Keynolds afterwards resigned, and en- 
 tered the United States army as a cha])Iain. 
 Rev. K. W. Oliver, wdio was sent out as his suc- 
 cessor, was commissioned by the society to in- 
 vestigate the charges of mismanagement and 
 decide as to the advisability of continuing the 
 work. lie found the charges groundless, but 
 decided that it was not best to continue the work 
 immediately, f The war interfered, and practi- 
 cally nothing more was done. 
 
 About two years later the propositi(jn to buikl 
 a city school on Mt. Oread was revived. On 
 the 12th of August, 1863, the city council ap- 
 pointed a committee "to enter upon and take 
 posession of the city property on Oread Hill, 
 and the foundation erected there for college })ur- 
 
 * Statement of R. (J. Elliott, who paid the money in Bettlenient of 
 these claims 
 
 I Letter from R. W. Oliver, who adds: " lie ( Rev. Chas. Reynolds) 
 had i>ai(l the I'resi)yteriaiis in full for all their claims, and I got their 
 receipt in full for all demands.'' 
 
()() ffistory of thr Uuiiwrsity. 
 
 ])()S('s, till' sc'vci'.'il societies to wlioiii il had hcu'ii 
 Iciisocl li;i\iiii;" lailiMl lo (•(>iiij»lv with IhcK'ascoi' 
 (•out i-acl cmiUmhmI into with the cilv, thiM'c'hy 
 roi-rcitiiii;- said jtropcrl v."'" KiirlhiM-mori', a mo- 
 tion was iikkU' lo issue bonds to the amount of 
 $10, ()()() ^M'oi' the })ur|)osc of {*om])loting tlie 
 scliool building" on l\It. Oread/' On Ant!;ust 
 ItMh, the mayor i\'|)orlod that formal ])oss('ssion 
 of the propcM'lv liad been takcMi in tlie name of 
 the eilv. (^),uantreir;^ raid, wliich oecurred two 
 (hivs aft CM- this re])ort, decided tlie fate of tliis 
 movement for the time; but a year hiter the city 
 jiii'jiin asserted its ehiim to Mt. Oi'c^acL Rev. Iv. 
 W. Oliver protested aii,'ainst the eitv's action, as 
 the followini;' signiticaiit letter of renioiistraiicc 
 will show : f 
 
 '■'To the lion. Maijor hruJintiton and Citji Council of Lair- 
 rence — 
 " (Ii;n rs : Your rcplN lo my last coinimmioatioii is biMon^ 
 \\\K\ ir the ntVair stood ii'sitcctiiiu' tlie i>ro|)('rl\ on collcuc 
 hill as yon hoiu'slly siijijxiso, your i)roi)osal to lay hold upon 
 tin' hiiildinu- for citN- nrop(Mt> without nnnuncration would 
 not in ni\ Judi;nuMit ln' iicucrous. But wlicn. on tluu'xpross 
 antiu)ri(y of Kvv. Mi-. Hc.Miolds, 1 am Jnstiliod in boliovini;' 
 thai a considiM-ation I'or the afoivnuMilionod work was j)ro- 
 y)os(Ml and acct'ptcd h\ a lornu'r mayor of ><)ur cit). 1 am 
 jnsliruMl in askini^- >()u to rrconsidor ><)ur juilii'incnt. 1 ha\(' 
 no mind to stand in the \\a\ of public iuipitncmcuts. and 
 
 •= Council i)roc«.'odin,i;s, Au>;'. liJtIi, lSt'>;?. 
 
 I Quoted froui rouuc'il procoodini^s. Sept. 7. IStil. 
 
History of the University. 1 
 
 iiior*! (!S))('cialIy wlicii the iininovcinciits look lowards Hk^ 
 • •(liicalioii of tli(; lisiiiK y^ciicialioii. Had your jiuIkhicjiIs 
 Ix'cii of a fiiciidly aii«l (:oiitiaiy characU;!-, 1 would now be 
 l»iisliiiiic lorward, on a small but, ellicient scale, ii public iiii- 
 pi-ovcMiieiit for (;diicatio)ial j)Ui|)os('s. 
 
 "1 lay no claim to any lands or lots: but simply as in 
 my .judj<m(;nt neither a former mayor of Lawrence nor Kev. 
 Mr. Jieynolds bad the individual rij^ht to conv(;y away the 
 rij^hts of others without their expressly havinj^ authorized 
 them so to do. tliat tlu; case prescjnts itself to your lionest in- 
 stincts and judf^menls foi' such action in the case as will 
 place all parties ri^ht b(;fore a just ijublic sentiment. Jlon. 
 Judf^e O. W. Smith is otticially appointed to enter into any 
 ananj<(;mcnt wilh you on tlu; pait of the vestry of 'J'rinily 
 
 (Jhurch. 
 
 ''1 am, x<'"ts, yours faithfully, 
 
 "Pv. W. Olivku.'' 
 
 A few iiiontlis later Mi*. Olivei* was ekicted 
 Cliauccllor oi tlie State Uiiivensity and secured 
 the donation of the claims of the Episcopal 
 Church to the State. '^^ 
 
 il. 'IlIK KIJLF1LL.MKN'1\ 
 TIkj first constitution of Kansas Tei-i'itory, 
 adopted at Topeka in December, 1855, in the 
 third section of its seventh article provided tluit 
 '^The (leneral AssemVjly may take measures for 
 the estahlisliment of a university, with such 
 l)ranclies as the public convenience may hereaf- 
 ter demand, for the promotion of literature, the 
 
 ♦ Regents' record, p. 13. 
 
C)^ Ifistory of the University. 
 
 ai'ls, scicMKH's, iiK'diciil .'iiid ;ii;i"i(Milliii-aI iiisli-uc- 
 lioii.'' A year and a lialf lalor IIk; Krcci-Slale 
 Lri;islaliiiH' winch met at Topcka, ,\\\\w \\ iSf)?, 
 ciiactt'd li\i' laws, oiiuol" winch was ^'Koi* cstab- 
 lishiiii;' a State lIni\cM'sit y, at Lawrence/'""'" 
 
 The iVaniei's of the Leconipton constitution, 
 in Septeniher, iSf)?, althoui;h possibly outdone 
 by their 1^'ree-State brethi-en in /eal for the 
 I'oundini;' of a university, nevertheless in the 
 foui-th section of the ordinance appended to the 
 constitution enacted — 
 
 "Tliiil s('V('iil->-l\v() sections, oi- two ciiliic lowiisliips, 
 shall be (U'sii;ii:»l('(| by tlic I'rcsidciil i.t llic I'liilcd Slalcs, 
 which shall l»c icscrM'd lor llu' iis(> of a scmiiiai\ oi' Icaiii- 
 iiii;, and approprialcd l»_\ llic L(\i;islal lire ot said Slate solely 
 lo I he use of said seiiiiiiar> ." 
 
 Ai;ain, the Lea\cMiwortli constitution, adoj)ted 
 by the I^'ree-State men in April, lsr)S, in the 
 sescMith section of its se\'e!ith articles j»rovides 
 that - 
 
 "As I lie means of the Stale will aduiili, ediicalional insti- 
 liiliitiis oi' a hiiihcr i;rade shall be established !►> law, so as 
 to form a coiiiplele s\stem of puldic instruct ion, enil)iacini;: 
 (he primary, normal, preparaloi\ . colleiiiate and university 
 deitarliiieiils." 
 
 And, linally, the Wyaiidottc> constitution, 
 adoj>ted in fluly, IST)',), proxided in tlu' se\-enth 
 section of the sixth article that 
 
 WildiT's Annals ..f Kansas, p. 1(V 
 
History <>/ lite Lhiivcrsily 
 
 iV,\ 
 
 '> I'lovision sliiill he wvmW by l:iw ior I lie cslMblisliinciii. 
 ill soiiii' »'li;;il»l(' Mild cciili;!! |M»iiit, ol ;i sl.ilc uiii vcrsily, lor 
 IIm' proiiiolioii (»r lilci:itiii(' :iii<l the :irts mim! sciences, iii- 
 cliidiii^ :i iioi'iiial and ilKriciilliiral depailiiieiit. All I'liiids 
 aiisiiii; lioiii llie sale or reiils (»r lands yraiited l)\ llie I'niled 
 Stales to the Slate Tor the sii|i|iort, ol' a stale iiiii veisily. and 
 all other uiaiits, donations or beijnests, either l»y the Stale 
 or hy iiidi\ idiials, lor such |im|»oses, shall remain a perpetual 
 (iind, to be called the 'university riiiid,' the interest (d' wlii.-h 
 sliall b(i a|>proprial('(l to llu^ snpi»ort of a, state university. 
 
 "Skc. H. No reii/j^ions scud, or seels shall (!V(!r conlro! any 
 l)ar(< of thccoiMiiion scliool or iin I veisily I'linds of llic Stale." 
 
 l>y tlK3 Jict of llic .'idiiiissioii of Kaiisjis into 
 tlic; I'liion, ;i|»|)rov('(l hy Prcsidciil I >iicli;iii;iii 
 JainiJiry i^l), 1<S()I, IIki WyjiiidolU; const il iil ion 
 
 Ix'CJIIIK! tll(M;onstillllio!l of tll(^ StjltC! of KailSHK, 
 
 and, t licrcfoi'c, tlic last sections al)o\(' ()iiol('<I 
 f<i!-ni tlic constitutional |)i-o\isioii foi- a Static 
 |i!ii\('rsity of Kansas. I>y an act of ( 'on^rcss, 
 a|>j»i-o\('(| on the day of the a<l!nission of Kan- 
 sas to statcliood, it was oi'dcuxid - 
 
 ''Tiial se\ ('nt.N-lvvo sections of land sliall be set apart 
 and reseiNcd lor llu^ ns(! and snppoit (d a stale iiniscrsily, 
 lo be selected by the (Joveriior of saiil State, subject lo Hie 
 approval oi the < 'oinniissioner of tlu; (l<Mieral I. and ()nic(\ 
 and to be appropriated ;iiid applied in such iiianiier as the 
 liCHislaliire of said Slate iiniy picscribe, I'oi Hie piirp(»ses 
 atoresaid, but lor no other purpose." 
 
 The city of Lawfcuicc Iiad loiii;' Ix-cn !-('oar<l('<| 
 as tlic litcfary met rojiolis of Kansas, hy her own 
 
64 Ifistory of tJic U)iiversity. 
 
 cili/LMis, at least, and wlicii the (jucstion of loca- 
 tion of state iiistitiitioiis came up foi- considera- 
 tion, the |)eoj)kM)f Lawrence ])refen'ed to secure 
 the State University to any other institution, even 
 the capital. They based their preference on the 
 belief that Jjavvrence was too far east to be able 
 to hold the capital; that the State University 
 would be a i;"reater attraction to ])opulation, and 
 that, even if greater nund)ers should not be at- 
 tracted by it, the literary inlluence of the Uni- 
 versity would at any rate compensate for the 
 ditfei-ence in material advantau,'e. In the loca- 
 tion of the ca]>ital, therefore, the ])eo})le of Tt)- 
 peka had theii* desire, and it is claimed that, by 
 tacit understandini;', at least, Lawrence was to 
 ha\(' the rniversity."'" l>ut as enterprisini;' towns 
 wert'. moi'e numerous than desirable state institu- 
 tions, the Ijawrence ]>eople were given to under- 
 stand that the Lni\'ei*sity, with its grant of 
 seventy-two sections of land, would not be yielded 
 to ihem without a sti'uggle. However, as the 
 vai'ious denominational enterprises for the found- 
 ing of a college at I^tiwrence had failed, thc^ 
 ^' Amos Lawi'ence fund'' was still intact, and, at 
 the re(|uest of the trustees of the fund. All'. Law- 
 rence had expressed a willingness that it should 
 
 *Statoments of Iticluuil Cordlcy, J. G. Haskell Jiiul otliors. 
 
History of tJic University. 05 
 
 he t'lnploycd as an ('IkIowiiiciiI fiiiid for a Stale; 
 Uiiivc3)-sily, if its loc'alioii could Ix; secured for 
 the (Mty of Lawrence. Jntei'est on the original 
 notes had been accriiin<i; for some time, and the 
 fund now amounted to al)out $15,00(1, which 
 was still in llu; hands of Lawi-encc; llnivcu'sil y, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Thi! lirst attempt to locate the State Univer- 
 sity under the; constitution was a |)ro])osition 
 imide in iSfU in favor of Manhattan, where the 
 M(;thodists jdready had a school in o})eration, 
 uiid(;r the nauie of HI ueinont (^ol U;<i,-e. The bill 
 foi' this locjition passed ])oth houses of the; 
 L{;<;'islatui'e, l)ut was ])ronn)tly vetoed ])y (iov- 
 ei'iior Robinson,''' who thou<i'ht the movenient 
 ]»ri'niatui'e. TIk; (piestion did not come uj) 
 a_L';ain until ls(;:;. In the meantime (Jongress 
 had made a magnilicent <:,'rant of land for an 
 aij:i"i(adtural (M)lleg(;. Maidiattan waived hei- 
 (claims to the I ' nivcu'sit y and without acontestf 
 secured the location of the A<z;i'icultural College. 
 
 To secure the Um' versify, the city of Law- 
 renc^e offered an (Midowment of $15,000, and 
 forty acres of ground adjoining the city for a 
 campus. At that time the city of Emporia 
 
 *t'ee article of Prof. Walters, in The Industrialist, April IKtb, 1891. 
 I House 1111(1 Seimic Joiirn.'ils, lHt>:{ 
 
 — 5 
 
C)C} IJistory of tJic University. 
 
 was tlie c'liicf ('()ni])otitc)r in tlio race, and lior 
 re])rcsentativo, V. \ . Kskridge, came forward 
 with tliat city's ])i-()])()siti()ii to i»;ive eiglity acres 
 of n'rouiid adjoiiiini; Ein])oria as a site. Kiu- 
 ])oria's representative had come to tlie Lci]^- 
 ishitnre bound by a promise to secure for his 
 constituents the State University. '■'■ He evidently 
 had the ochls against him. A fair majority of 
 the legishitors were, doubtless, in favor of Law- 
 rence at the opening of the session, f but by 
 the diligence and ready promises of Emporia's 
 re])resentative many were inclined to sup])ort 
 Em])oria. ALr. Eskridge introduced House 
 l^ill No. 1^2, -To establish the State Univer- 
 sity at Emporia,'' which finally became the law, 
 but not until its text had been radically changed 
 and its title shorn of the fond words ''at Em- 
 ]K)ria. '' The tight was one of the most earnest 
 and memoi-able ever fought in a Kansas Legis- 
 lature, :{: and was watched with interest by the 
 whole State. The Topeka correspondent of the 
 Leavenworth C(>nserrntivt\ PY'b. 6, 1863, says: 
 "Todaj', in the discussion in the House upon the bills 
 for locating the Uuiversity, Mr. Eskridge made a pointed and 
 telling speech in support of Emporia. 
 
 * Stutemoiit of J. S. Emery. 
 tStatonient of Edward Rus^sell 
 iLottor of C. V. Eskridi,'c. Msir. 30. 1S91. 
 
History of the University. 67 
 
 "Tlicrc have been a liost of l<)l)by ineiiilxMs here from 
 Iiawr('iic(% working to secure the supremacy of that place in 
 this contest. To-day Judge Miller, the postmaster, and Mr. 
 U. S. Assessor Legate, and Messrs. Blood, Ilortou and others, 
 were around the halls and hotels, anxious and diligent." 
 
 The correspondent of the same paper again 
 writes, Feb. 11: 
 
 "The result of tiie great university contest is already 
 known to you. Tin; discussion was conducted in the feudal 
 manner, by cliauipions. The first tilt occurred ou Friday, 
 the (jth, when Mr. Eskridge, of Emporia, met the speech of 
 Mr. Emery, of Lawrence, at all points, and bore away the 
 palm of victory and the plaudits of the assembly. Again 
 the battle joined, (m Monday, the i)th, and at evening neither 
 foe was unhorsed nor out of breath. Till late in the night 
 the contest raged, here and there a follower of the chiefs 
 getting involved, and one of the clan Douglas, one Foster by 
 name, was so buffeted, splashed and rudely upset in attempt- 
 ing a side attack on Eskridge, that he was taken off the field 
 well nigh dead. 
 
 "Tlie decision finally came. A vote was taken — it was 
 a tie. Mr. [Ed.] Russell, of Doniphan, being in the chair, 
 and an ally of Lawrence, the result was in favor of the city 
 known as the literary metropolis — not the hub, bnt as one 
 may say, the linch-pin of Kansas. 
 
 "Upon this (luestion, with which it w^as sui)posed rail- 
 road interests had become involved, thrcmgh the diligent log 
 rolling of the entire session, the IIenders{m amendment men 
 and the entire Douglas tier of counties, including the neigh- 
 boring county of Jefferson, north of the Kansas, were early 
 combined. This made twenty-five votes for Lawrence. The 
 jealousy, which is ancient, and in the nature of things ine- 
 radicable, between the first and second tiers of counties would 
 
QS History of the University. 
 
 ordinarily i)revent any combination of tlieir forces in a ques- 
 tion upon which depends tlie great north and south raih'oad 
 Hue. Yet, strani^e to say, by some enchantment every mem- 
 ber for Jolmson, Miami and Linn counties (except Mr. Ciiris- 
 tle, who lies dangerously ill, and Mr. Campbell) was induced 
 t ) support Lawrence, Besides whom four of the Leaven- 
 wortli delegation, animated solely by conscientious consider- 
 ations, according to the declarations of Mr. Brown, went on 
 this side, the other four passing by on that. Thus were 
 secured thirty-eight votes; and so far as the House is con- 
 cerned, thus was located the University, near the commercial 
 center, the military depot, denominated Lawrence." 
 
 In the Conservative of March 3cl, the same 
 correspondent speaks of one Jefferson county 
 member ^^who stood nobly aloof from the Hen- 
 derson-amendment - Lawrence- University- Osa- 
 watomie-Insane-Asylum coalition. The sad fact 
 remains to be confessed that two members from 
 that county were drawn into the vortex of that 
 engulfing nnielstrom, and were carried away hy 
 the undertow." There was probably much less 
 of a combination in favor of Lawrence than this 
 account alleges, "^^ and reference is made to it 
 chiefly to show the fervor of local feeling in the 
 contest. The bill came up for decision in the 
 Senate on Feb. llth,t and passed without a 
 contest, and received the approval of Gov. Car- 
 ney Feb. 20th, and so became a law. 
 
 *StatemLMit of Ed. Russell, i Lea^'cmuorth Conservative, Feb. 22, 
 
History of the University. (Jl) 
 
 The hill ])i'()vi(le(l for the appoiiitnient b)' the 
 Governor of three commissioners, whose <hitj 
 it shonUl be to locate the State University. Tlie 
 specific duty of the commission was to examine 
 proposed sites, make proper selection, recpiire a 
 good and sufficient title for the location without 
 cost to the State, and make a full and impartial 
 rej^ort to the Governor on or before the first day 
 of May, 1863.'^ In case of the failure of Law- 
 rence to secure a site of forty acres adjacent to 
 the city and to deposit an endowment fund of 
 $15,000 with the State Treasurer within six 
 months after location by the commissioners, the 
 provisions of the act should be null and void. 
 And in that event, the proposition of Emporia 
 to grant an eligible site w^ithin or adjacent to 
 that city should be accepted by the State as the 
 location of the University, and the Governor 
 should issue his proclamation accordingly. 
 
 The commissioners appointed were S. M. 
 Thorp, Josiah Miller and I. T. Goodnow, who 
 met at Lawrence in March, and spent some days 
 in examining grounds adjacent to the city,-f and 
 adjourned to hold a final meeting at Lawrence 
 on April 25th, wlien the city council met in 
 
 * General Laws 18G3, p. 115. 
 t Commissioners' report, 18G3. 
 
70 Histo?'y of tJie Urm^crsity. 
 
 special session to consider a proposition to pur- 
 chase a tract of land for the University site. 
 The commissioners were present and ^'made 
 some very interesting remarks in reference to 
 the location of the sanie.""^ Chas. Kobinson 
 came forward with a proposition to furnish the 
 required forty acres from his land above the 
 city, on condition that the council would deed 
 to him a half block of hind lying south of the 
 school foundation, on Mt. Oread. 
 
 A committee of the council was appointed to 
 confer with Robinson and report two days later. 
 In their report they recommended the accept- 
 ance of the proposition, provided Eobinson 
 would give bond to allow the city the privilege 
 of redeeming the half block within six months 
 for the sum of |1,000. The mayor was, ac- 
 cordingly, ordered to sign a deed of conveyance, 
 and Robinson secured to the State the transfer 
 of the University campus, f 
 
 Greater difficulties were encountered in secur- 
 ing the endowment fund of $15,000. It had 
 been supposed that the notes, with the accrued 
 interest, against Lawrence University, Wiscon- 
 
 ••^ Council proceedings, p. 403. 
 
 t About half the campus was the property of Mrs. Robinson, who 
 received for her share something over ifditO from the citizens of Law- 
 rence. ( Statements of C. Robinson and Fred. Rend. ) 
 
History of the University. 71 
 
 sin, could be collected without difficulty, Amos 
 A. Lawrence generously offered to assist in the 
 collection ''" and conferred with that institution 
 in regard to settlement of the claim. The offi- 
 cers expressed a willingness to do all in their 
 power, but were unable to pay the princi|)al. 
 They offered, however, to pay the interest, 
 which then amounted to Jt>tl:,-i:00. Thereupon, 
 Mr. Lawrence, with the same spirit of generos- 
 ity which had prompted his original gift, agreed, 
 upon surrender of the notes by the trustees, to 
 giv^e the State ^10,0')0 in cash. It was ex- 
 pected to make up the required fifteen thousand 
 by the collection of the interest above alluded 
 to and a note held by Chas. Robinson against 
 the Congregational Society, of Lawrence, for 
 ^000, which was unappropriated interest belong- 
 ing to the fund. It finally proved impossible 
 to collect either of these sums in time to meet 
 the requirements of the legislative act, and the 
 citizens of Lawrence were obliged to bestir 
 themselves to make up the sum from their own 
 resources. They had no ready money, but 
 many men in business had credit. They, there- 
 fore, gave a personal note amply signed and 
 
 * Correspondence with Chas. Robinson. 
 
72 History of the University. 
 
 limply secured for tlie sum of ^5,000.''" In the 
 meantime tlie city of Lawrence was laid in ruins, 
 August 21st, by QuantrelFs raid, and the re- 
 sources of the people were gone. All interests 
 for the time were prostrated, but the friends of 
 the University did not fail to rally in time to 
 save the institution for Lawrence. One of these 
 friends. Gov. Carney, of Leavenworth, came to 
 the rescue, and cashed the citizens' note of ^5,- 
 000. The city was thus enabled to deposit the 
 necessary sum with the State Treasurer f on 
 October 29th. The Governor's proclamation 
 declaring the institution permanently located at 
 Lawrence was made November 2d, 18()3.:J; 
 
 Gov. Carney's message to the Legislature, in 
 January, 186tl:, contained the following reference 
 to this matter: 
 
 "I submit the report (with accompanying papers) of the 
 commissioners appointed to locate the State University. 
 This institution is located at Lawrence. I obeyed the act 
 of the Legislature, approved Feb. 20th, and made proc- 
 lamation of the fact on Monday, the 2d day of Novem- 
 ber, 1863. The requirements of the act were all complied 
 with. A generous and earnest friend of education and 
 Kansas, Amos Lawrence, of Boston, Mass., gave .1?10,000 
 to it; the citizens of Lawrence advanced ^^5,000, making 
 
 * statement of Chas. Eobinson. 
 1 Treasurer's Report, lcS(j3, p. 8. 
 :{: Public Documents, 1S63, report of commissioners. 
 
History of the University. 73 
 
 tlie amount icMniiied, which suiii has been deposited with 
 tlie Treasurer of State. I am loth to recommend tlie ex- 
 penditure of money devoted bj' law to specific objects; but 
 1 think this case so clearly exceptional that 1 do not hesitate 
 to urge the Legislature to return to the citizens of Lawrence 
 the amount contributed by them. Their gift we know was 
 a generous one; it was noble as well as generous. In a fell 
 hour they lost, as it were, their all. Kebel assassins did 
 the fatal work. Where, then, the patriot heart in the State 
 that would not say promptly, ' Return to those public- 
 S]iirited men the generous gift which when wealthy they 
 promised, and which promise when poor they fulfilled?' 
 Where the legislator, knowing these facts so honorable to 
 them and to humanity itself, who would hesitate in meeting 
 this wish of the people, and of doing a duty which the State 
 owes to herself ? " 
 
 111 accordance with this suggestion, an act was 
 passed by tlie Legislature refunding the money 
 nominally to the mayor of the city of Lawrence, - 
 and thus was accomplished the first unconsti- 
 tutional measure relating to the funds of the 
 University; for the act locating the University 
 required an endowment of $15,000, and the con- 
 stitutional provision relating to a university pro- 
 vides "that all funds arising from the sale or 
 rents of land granted by the United States to the 
 State for the support of a state university, and 
 all other grants, donations or bequests, either by 
 the State or by individuals, for such purpose, 
 
 * General Laws 1864, p. 194. 
 
74 History of tlic University. 
 
 sliall roniaiii a perpetual fund." Not content 
 with (liniinisliing the university endowment by 
 $5,000, the Legishiture took away from the 
 $10,000 contributed by Amos Lawrence tlie 
 sum of 1167 to pay the interest on the loan of 
 Gov. Carney.''^' The remaining |9,833 were in- 
 vested by the State Treasurer in State bonds to 
 the amount of $10, 300, -j- which then constituted 
 the University fund. 
 
 The Legislature of ISO-l passed a law to or- 
 ganize the University. Two young ladies of 
 Lawrence, the Misses (Jhapin, who had a private 
 school, particularly urged the nuitter of organi- 
 zation of the University at that time, if During 
 the Legislative session Clias. Chadwick, of Law- 
 rence, visited Topeka to urge the matter with 
 the representatives from Lawrence, and was by 
 them instructed to draft a suitable bill for the 
 organization. He withdrew to a library, found 
 a copy of the charter of the State University of 
 Michigan, and, with this as his model, drafted a 
 bill which, with slight modifications, became the 
 charter of the University of Kansas. § 
 
 * General Laws 1864, p. 194. 
 
 t Treasurer's Report, ]S(i4, \\. (i. 
 
 X Slatenieiits of K. G. Elliott and Clias. Cliadwick. 
 
 § Statement of Chas. Chadwick. 
 
History of the University. 75 
 
 The charter dedares the object of the State 
 University to be, ^'To provide the irdiabitaiits 
 of this State with the means of acquiring a 
 thorough knowledge of tlie various brandies of 
 literature, science and the arts.'' The govern- 
 ment of the University was vested in a Board of 
 Regents, to consist of a president and twelve 
 members, to be appointed by the Governor, 
 with the State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion and the Secretary of State as ex officio 
 members of the board. 
 
 The University was declared to consist of 
 six departments, as follows: The department of 
 science, literature and the arts; the department 
 of law; the department of medicine; the depart- 
 ment of theory and practice of elementary in- 
 struction; the department of agriculture, and the 
 normal department. 
 
 The fee of admission to the University must 
 never exceed $10, and to residents of the State 
 the tuition for one year in the departments of 
 science, literature and the arts, and elementary 
 instruction, must never exceed Jt^30; and all tui- 
 tion in these departments was to be free to resi- 
 dents of the State as soon as the increase of the 
 University fund would permit. 
 
 The Regents were given the ordinary powers 
 
7(1 
 
 llishny (>/ /he I ' nivci si/v 
 
 iistijilly lK'l(>iii;iiii;' lo siicli hodics. 'X\\v \\\\\- 
 V(M-sil_y \v:is (Icchircil lo consisl of l\v<> l»r:iii('li(*s, 
 ;i iii.'ilc ;iii(l ;i rciiinlc hr;i!icli. ^^Tlic fciii.-ilc 
 l»r;iiicli niiiT he t;iii<j,lit i'\cliisi\ el v l»v women, 
 :iii(l lniil(liiii;s for lli;i( ln-;iiicli slinll he cut ircl y 
 S('|>;ir;il(' IVoiii llic l)iiil(liiii;'s of the iii;ih' hr.Miieh. 
 And to esl.-ihlish niid iii:iiiit:iiii the snid feiiiide 
 hrniicli, th(> lvei;'ents shidl niiimally a|)j)ro])ri;ile 
 a snilicieiit anioiiiit out of the ruiids of the Hiii- 
 N'ei'sit \/ ' ■' 
 
 The hist |>ro\isioii was not a pai't of the oi-ii;-- 
 iii:d (h-at't hvChas. Chadwiek. At t he siii;'i;'(»st ion 
 ol many citi/eiisof j>roi;T(>ssi\'e i(h'as, he had in- 
 serted a |>i-o\ isioii I'oi- e(|nal e(hieal ioiial |>i-i\i- 
 h'i;'es ol' hot h sexes in the I ' iii\'ersit \', hiit this 
 raihcal |>rojtosit ion was on the point ol" (h'l'eat- 
 ini;' the hill, whereupon the eonci'ssion was made 
 t(» tln> eons(M-\ ati\-e (dement in the Lei;islat ure, 
 and the pi-ovision I'or the two hraneiies became 
 llie hiw. Ilowe\tM', this j)rovision has hcuui jxm'- 
 sist(Mitly and eonstanlly o\ cri'iddcMi iVom the 
 opcuini;- (d" the institution, and the day ol" the 
 |)ossil)h> (MirorecMneiit ol" this d(>ad letter has lono- 
 since passed awa\. 
 
 The act ol" ori2,ani/,ation was ap]>ro\(>d Mai-ch 
 1st, iSdl, ;md (Ml tln> next day the t'ollowini;' 
 
 *U«MH'r;il l.MWs ISf.l. pp. llir. S. 
 
History of the University. 77 
 
 i^'ciitlcnicii were {ippoiiitcMl K(j<i,'ents: (yluis. Uol)- 
 
 insoii, J. \). Li<r<]jett, K. J. Mitchell, Geo. A.Cniw- 
 
 ford, J. S. Emory, A. 11. llorton, C. B. Liiiew, 
 
 S. (). Tliiiclier, Goo. A. Moore, John II. Wutwon, 
 
 Siiiiiuel A. Kini;iujiii jind John A. Steele. ''■'' The 
 
 I>oar(l jis thus constituted never held ii meeting". 
 
 There is no record of futile ;itttein])ts to hold 
 
 meetings, hut the follovvinui; resolution passed at 
 
 the tii'st nieetin*;- is si^nilicant: 
 
 ''Itcfiolved, Tliat, in tlu; ()[)iiii<)ii of llii; llcij^ciits present, 
 in (illin^ vacancies in tin; Board of Regents, tlie State execu- 
 tive should liave reference to tlu^ appointment of siicli per- 
 sons as will attend the nie(^tin,i^s of the Board." f 
 
 The first meeting was held in the city council 
 rooins of Lawrence, Mai'ch i^lst, 1865. By res- 
 ignations of severid members and the decease 
 of John A. Steele, the per^on/iid of the Board 
 was materially changed by this time. The l>oard 
 then consisted of Chas. Robinson, eJ. 1). Liggett, 
 E. M. Bartliolow, Theo. (1 Sears, J. S. Emery, 
 C. K. Ilolliday, C. P>. Lines, S. O. Thacher, G. 
 W. Paddock, W. A. Starrett, D. P. Mitchell, J. S. 
 Wever, with Isaac T. Goodnow, Superintendent 
 
 *List furnished from records of the Secretary of State, Topeka. 
 Hy hiiicihIiihiiI lo the Inivcrsity charter in IKTM, tlie numberof Jtegents 
 was ri'thiccd fioni turl\ c to six, ex('hisiv(! of the Chancellor, and the 
 Secretary of Stutt; and SuperinteiKh-nt of Piililic InsI ruction were no 
 longer included as ex ojjfuio ujcmbers. 
 
 tRewnts' record. 
 
78 History of the University. 
 
 of Public Iiistructioii, {iiul R. A. Barker, Secrc- 
 tiirj of Stiite, iis o,r ojficfo members of the l)()ai'(l.^'^' 
 Only seven of the fourteen wei'c ])reseiit, but 
 tliey (lechired themselves x\ mujorit\', and after 
 an infornuil discussion a pernmnent orij^anization 
 was effected by the election of Rev. R.W.Oliver, 
 rector of the l*rotestant K])iscopal (Miurcli, of 
 Lawrence, as Chancellor and cv officio President 
 of the Poard of Regents; Rev. G. W. Paddock, 
 of the Methodist E])iscopal Church, as Secretary; 
 (ien. (i. AV. Deitzler, as Treasurer, and J. S. Em- 
 ery, as Librarian, f 
 
 On motion of State Su})erintendent (lood- 
 now, it was decided to oj^en a ])reparatory 
 de])artment as soon as the citizens of Lawrence 
 should provide suitable rooms free of expense 
 to the State. It was deemed impracticable to 
 attem]>t to erect a building on the ground al- 
 ready belonging to the University. The founda- 
 tion erected hy the Presbyterians was still 
 standing in good condition on North College 
 hill. The grounds and building had reverted to 
 the city. Some of the citizens were in favor of 
 the erection upon this foundation of a city high 
 school buildinii', but the altitude of the hill led 
 
 * I- irst catalogue, 
 t Regents' record 
 
History of tJic Utiivcrsity. 79 
 
 tli(; autliorities to decide against it/'- The Re- 
 gents, accordingly, tliouglit it desirable to secure 
 the ground for a preparatory school biiihling, 
 and expressed themselves as ready to accept a 
 title to the ground whenever the city would ])ut 
 the foundation in such shape that i|^5,000 to 
 be supplied by the Regents would complete the 
 building. The resources of the Regents then 
 consisted of the Congregational note f- of ^GOO, 
 before alluded to; over ir^l,0()0 interest on Uni- 
 versity endowment fund, and $4,720:}: in cash, 
 which Chas. Robinson had finally (collected as 
 interest from Lawrence I'niversity, Wisconsin. 
 This sum was not sufficient to erect a building, 
 so it was ])ro])osed to secure possession of a cer- 
 tain fund originally intended for another ])ur- 
 pose. 
 
 Soon after (^uantrelFs i-aid, in iSO:], the 
 Union Merchants' Exchange, of St. Louis, sent 
 a relief fund to the citizens of Lawi'ence to ena- 
 ble them to rebuild their dwellings and business 
 houses. This fund, amounting to about $0, 500, 
 passed into the hands of James B. Laing, Ben- 
 
 * Interview with G Groveiior. 
 
 tThii? note was not paid until 1878. (Treasurer h report. ) 
 tThis sum. as well as the %\i)SU) previously given to the endow- 
 ment fund, should be eredite i to Amos Lawrence An undetermimd 
 portion of the Boston Lawrence reliel' fund was also his Lrift. 
 
80 History of tJie University. 
 
 janiiii L. Baldriclge and Wesley H. Dniicaii,'^ 
 trustees, by whom it was loaned in sums of not 
 more than five Imndred dolhirs to some of the 
 leading business men of the city. The notes, 
 secured by real estate, were to run five years, 
 witli interest at six per cent., and when paid the 
 money was to be used to found and nuiintain a 
 home for the orphans of the victims of the raid. 
 Long before the maturity of these notes the 
 necessity of an oi-phans' home for the persons 
 intended by the donors had ceased to exist; 
 besides, the sum was regarded as wholly inade- 
 quate to the object, f There was, however, a 
 considerable number of the orphans of the raid 
 who would ghidly be recipients of a free educa- 
 tion. Therefore, the Regents proposed to the 
 city council of Lawrence the transfer of this 
 fund to them for the erection of a University 
 building, on condition that the University should 
 furnish a free education to all the orphans of the 
 raid who were willing to avail themselves of the 
 opportunity. The council was willing on its 
 part to accept the proposition, but felt some re- 
 luctance on account of the desire of the donors 
 of the fund. Chancellor Oliver was, therefore, 
 
 *City council minutes, June 25, 1H65. 
 t Regents' record. 
 
History of the University. 81 
 
 appointed on beluilf of the city council and the 
 Regents of the University to represent the mat- 
 ter to the Union Merchants' Exchange, from 
 wliom he received tlie foUowing communication:'^ 
 
 Barton Able, President. I 
 Geo. II. MoKGAN, Secretary, f 
 
 Union Merchants' Exchange. 
 Secketaky's Office, 
 St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 28, 1865. 
 11. W. Oliver, Esq., Lawrence, Kansas — I enclose here- 
 with the consent of the Union Merchants' Exchange, 
 through Barton Able, president, for the proposed use of the 
 Lawrence relief funds. Yours truly, 
 
 Geo. 1L Morgan, Secretary. 
 
 Tiie notes were, accordingly, turned over to 
 tlie Regents, and by discounting them, some 
 fifteen and others twenty per cent., about ^9,- 
 000 was realized. 
 
 A similar fund had been collected in Boston 
 to relieve the Quantrell raid sufferers by Amos 
 A. Lawrence f and others. This fund originally 
 amounted to about |5,000, of which ^2,500 had 
 been distributed immediately after the raid. 
 The remaining Jt^2,500 had been loaned in sums 
 of ff500 each to business men. Rev. J. S. 
 Brown was trustee of this fund, and negotiations 
 were entered into by Chancellor Oliver which 
 led to the donation of this Boston Lawrence re- 
 
 *Kegeiits' record. t Statement of J. S. Brown. 
 
82 History of the Utiiversity. 
 
 lief fund to the building fund of the Kegents. 
 Immediate payment of these notes was secured 
 by discounting some twenty and some twenty- 
 five per cent. " 
 
 Still another relief fund, of which Gov. Car- 
 ney was trustee, amounting to f^l,00(), f was 
 a])plied to the building fund, after a discount of 
 ten per cent, to secure immediate payment. 
 
 Thus a sufficient sum was secured to erect a 
 building of suitable dimensions and appoint- 
 ments. 
 
 On the 6th of September, 1S65, Chancellor 
 Oliver made formal application to the city coun- 
 cil for a transfer of the ground on Mt. Oread. 
 The request was granted on condition that the 
 llegents have a building completed and a school 
 in operation by the 1st of January, 18()7. The 
 conditions were accepted, and work was imme- 
 diately begun to enclose a building before the 
 setting in of winter, if possible. It was neces- 
 sary, however, to suspend work on account of 
 cold weather when the building was about half 
 erected.:}: Work was resumed again in the 
 spring and pushed rapidly forward, and North 
 
 *Reiiont8' record, pp. 40, 41. 
 t Regents' record, p. 40. 
 X Reu^eiits' record, 
 
History of the University. 83 
 
 C()llei;e, ])nictically as it stands now, was com- 
 pleted by the middle of September, 1866, at an 
 expense of somewhat less than twenty thousand 
 dollars.''^ 
 
 The nortli campus was not yet in satisfactory 
 form. Gen. James II. Lane owned two and 
 three-fourths acres necessary to complete the 
 scpiare of ten acres, and the good offices of 
 Chancellor Oliver were again called into requi- 
 sition. He conferred with Gen. Lane and se- 
 cured bond for title by giving his personal note 
 for $100. Gen. Lane, however, was afterwards 
 pleased to return the note and donate the land 
 to the State, t 
 
 The several funds supplied by outside ])arties 
 were exhausted in building, and in order to o})en 
 the ITniversity the State was called upon for 
 aid. The first appropriation asked for by tlie 
 Regents was secured without opposition. The 
 Legislature of 1866 appropriated i|^l-,000 to be 
 em])loyed as compensation of teachers, and 
 $o,00() for the purchase of scientific and i)hilo- 
 S()j)hical a])])aratus, library and furniture. ;{; 
 
 On the 19th of July, 1866, the liegents elected 
 
 *It will be observed that no part of this expense was paid by the 
 State, nor by the eity of Lawrence, directly. 
 
 t Chancellor Oliver's report, in Regents' record. 
 :}; Regents' record, p. 10. 
 
84: History of the Unii'crsity. 
 
 tlie first faculty of the University. In order to 
 keep the control of the institution out of the 
 hands of any one denomination, it was under- 
 stood that two ])r()fessors should not be chosen 
 from the same denomination until all the leading 
 denominations should have at least one repi'e- 
 sentative in the faculty.'^' It is to be observed 
 that the Chancellor was not at first regarded a 
 member of the faculty, but as an officer of the 
 Board of Regents, f It was decided to elect 
 three professors: A professor of belles lettres 
 and mental and moral science; a i)rofessor of 
 languages, and a professor of mathematics and 
 natural science. 
 
 For the first position three candidates were 
 named: Dr. Alden, F. H. Snow and E. J. Rice. 
 The last-named gentleman, a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, was elected. For 
 the second position, D. H. Robinson, of the Ba})- 
 tist Church, and (tradition says) F. II. Snow were 
 nominated. D. II. Robinson received a major- 
 ity of the votes, and was elected. For the third 
 and last position, F. II. Snow, of the Congrega- 
 tional Church, received a majority of the votes 
 cast, and was declared elected.:): In considera- 
 
 *LetteiofR.W. Oliver. 
 + Regents' record, p. 38. 
 X Regents' record, i). 27. 
 
History of the University. 85 
 
 tioii (jf tlicj o-reater experience of Prof. Itice in 
 educational w(>rk, lie was cliosen Actin<< Presi- 
 dent of the Faculty. 
 
 The first session o])ened at Nortli College, 
 which was just on the i)oint of (completion, on 
 the twelfth of Se])teniber, 18(U). Twenty-six 
 young ladies and twenty-nine young gentlemen 
 ap])lied and were admitted to the prei)aratory 
 department during the first term." 
 
 At the close of the year 1^1,200 had been 
 drawn from the state treasury to pay teachers f 
 and >^l,001).10 to sui)])ly the institution with ap- 
 ])aratus, furniture and books. It is not ditticult 
 to understand why so little of the ir^-i-,000 i)re- 
 viously appropriated by the Legislature to ])ay 
 teachers was unexpended, but that more than 
 %\,?M) that might have been employed in the 
 ])urchase of books or apparatus should have been 
 allowed to revert to the State is inexplicable. 
 
 The Legislature of 1867 granted an appro])ri- 
 ation of ^13,004.94, and of this amount again 
 5t^3,666.6T reverted to the State. :{: 
 
 During the summer of ISOT, E. J. Kice re- 
 signed his position as Professor of Belles Lettres, 
 
 t First catal()<,'uc. 
 
 *Th(! fiscal year Ihcii coincided wiUi the calendar year. 
 
 tllejrents' report for ISfiH, p. 7. Here miiy be observed one of many 
 discrepancies of this jjcriod between the University Treasurer's rep(.rt 
 and the State Auditor's books. 
 
86 History of the University. 
 
 Mentiil {iiul Monil Science, and Acting rresident 
 of tlie Faculty, and to perform his duties as in- 
 structor John W. Horner, formerly of J^aker 
 University, was chosen. The faculty was, more- 
 over, increased by the election of Mrs. Cynthia 
 A. Smith as Professor of French, T. J. Cook as 
 Professor of Music, and Albert Newman-'" as 
 Lecturer upon Hygiene. Dr. Newman had vol- 
 unteered his services the previous year without 
 pay, and was not the first year considered a 
 member of the faculty, f 
 
 The attendance the second year was almost 
 100 per cent, greater than that of the first yeai-, 
 the names of 125 students api)earing in the cat- 
 alogue, of wliojn two were in the collegiate de- 
 partment. 
 
 The faculty had e.\])ressed the hope in the 
 first catalogue that the i)reparatory de])artnKMit 
 might be dispensed with at the end of the second 
 year,:}; but the high schools of the State had not 
 increased in numbers and efficiency as they had 
 hoped, and the realization of their hope was in- 
 definitely postponed. The pre})aratory de])art- 
 ment was more thoroughly organized, a third 
 
 * Second catalojiue, p. 5. 
 
 t Rt'j^cnts' rccoid, p 27. 
 
 tin view of tin- lacl that the hist work of the preparatory depart- 
 ment closed witli tliis (luarter-centenuial year, this hope appears pre- 
 posterous and anmsiny. 
 
History of the University. 87 
 
 year was added to it, and it became the settled 
 purpose of the University to maintain tliis de- 
 partment, only so long, however, as the want of 
 suitable prej)arat()ry schools should make its 
 maintenance necessary. 
 
 Near the close of the year 18()7, Chancellor 
 Oliver resigned his position and removed from 
 Lawrence to Kearney, Nebraska, to take chai-ge 
 of thedivinity chair in the diocese of Nebraska.''^' 
 His services had been given from the first with- 
 out remuneration, and in order to retain him in 
 the position of Chancellor the Regents voted 
 him a salary of Jf>50() for the ensuing year, but 
 his resignation was made before he received any 
 ])art of it. His relation to the University had 
 been of a business nature and he had nothing 
 to do with instruction. Ilis duties had been 
 specified by the Regents as folhjws: First, to act 
 as general financial agent for the University; 
 second, to preside at all the meetings of the Re- 
 gents; third, to preside at all the meetings of 
 the executive connnittee, when ])resent.t Al- 
 though his services were wholly gratuitous, he 
 rendered very valuable aid to the institution, as 
 his success in raising funds for the erection of 
 
 *Tbi9 position he still holds, a loyal Irieiid of the University for 
 which he iHbored so well. 
 
 1 Re,i?entB' record, pp. 38, 39. 
 
88 History of the University. 
 
 North College iiiuply testifies. \\<i luul also 
 been coiuinissioiied by the Regents to visit east- 
 ern colleges to find and recommend snitable per- 
 sons for the offices of military instructor and 
 ])ernianent President. In his report for the lat- 
 ter position, he reconnnended the following gen- 
 tlemen: Hev. Dr. Tappan, late president of the 
 University of Michican; Kev. Dr. l^onans, ])resi- 
 dent of the university at Northfield, Vt. ; Ed- 
 ward V. Evans, L*h. I)., professor of modern 
 languages and literature, University of Michi- 
 gan; Rev. J as. R. Boise, A. M., professor of 
 (ireek language and literature in the University 
 oi" Michigan; IleniT S. Frie/e, A. M., ])rofessor 
 of Latin language and literature in the Uni\'er- 
 sity of Michigan.-' 
 
 The dual headship of the institution was re- 
 garded as unsatisfactory, and as both (lian- 
 cellorand President of the Faculty had resigned, 
 the lioard of liegents resolved ^^that it is the 
 judii-ment of the l)oard that under the hiw the 
 Chancellor of the University is the President of 
 the Faculty. ''f 
 
 After much discussion and serious considera- 
 tion of the (pudifications of various educators 
 
 * Rodents' record, p. 47. 
 I Regents' rect>r(l, p. 52. 
 
History of the University. 89 
 
 for tlie position, a vote was taken at the annual 
 meeting lield Dec. 4tli, 1807, by which Gen. 
 John Frasei','"'' president of tlie Agricultural 
 College of Pennsylvania, was elected Chancellor 
 and President of the Faculty. Gen, Fraser 
 entered upon his otHcial duties in the University 
 on the 17th day of June, 1868. f The academic 
 year 1867-8 had been successfully passed under 
 the combined management of the senior mem- 
 bers of the faculty. Professors Robinson and 
 Snow. The catalogue of this year stated that 
 ''by the munificence of the State, tuition in 
 the University has been made free in all de])art- 
 ments. No charges are made, except an an- 
 nual contingent fee of ten dollars,'' which was 
 collected from all students except orphans of 
 the victims of Quantrell's raid and honorably 
 discharged Union soldiers. The resources of 
 the institution for many years consisted of these 
 contingent fees, the interest on the endowment 
 fund, which was then generally referi'cd to as 
 the Amos I.avvrence fund, and the annual ap- 
 pro])riations made by the Legislature. 
 
 At the opening in September, 1868, the 
 faculty had been considerably changed. Pro- 
 
 * Regents' record, j) 5?. 
 
 I Ket^'onls' report for ISfV.I. 
 
90 Jfistory of tJir l-nivcrsity. 
 
 fossors IIoriKU' Jiiid Cook liiul resiijjiiod. (^iiiui- 
 collor Fi'jiscr becjinie rrofessor of Mi'iifjil jind 
 Moral Pliilos()i)liy and IJollcs Lottros, and S. IVl. 
 Novvljall was elected instructor in vocal music, 
 W. 11. Saunders insti'uctor in chemistry, and 
 flolin Folkmann, Ph. 1)., instructor in the (Tcr- 
 man lann-iiai;-e and literatui'e and drawing-. Di*. 
 NewnKiu's title was changed from '^Lecturer 
 upon Hygiene'' to ^^ Instructor in Human Anat- 
 omy and Physiology and Hygiene." 
 
 The unusually large pro])ortion of instructors 
 in the faculty was j)rinci})ally due to tlie inability 
 of the Regents to ])ay full ])rofessors' salaries 
 lo more than the three senior members of the 
 faculty. The first ditficulty in securing sutKcic^nt 
 a])])ropriations was experienced with the Legis- 
 latiii-e of lS(>,s. The Regents' estinnite of neces- 
 saiT a])i)i-opriations was ^lr'-),S()(). This included 
 the item of ){>;>, 000 for a (chancellor and President 
 of the Faculty, wliich hatl been ap])ro])riated ])y 
 the two ]>rece(ling Legislatures but had remained 
 undrawn in the State treasury. This item was 
 now refused and the sum asked for wjis otherwise 
 reduced to f^7,5()0. The Regents felt tliat tliey 
 must keep their contracts with the instructoi's, 
 so no reduction of salaries was made, but at the 
 close of the year 1S<kS an indebtedness of neai'ly 
 
History of tJic University. Dl 
 
 .^2,0(M) luul l)eeii coiitnicted.'"' Yet, strano-e to 
 say, a<;'aiii an undrawn balance of ^533.34 was 
 left in the State treasury. f 
 
 The attendance of the year ISOS^l) was 122, 
 of which number six young hidies were in colle- 
 giate classes.:}: 
 
 The year 1860-70 is memorable in tlie liistory 
 of the institution both because of im])()i-tant in- 
 ternal changes affecting instruction and because 
 of the orighi of a movement to provide a new 
 and more ample domicile for the school. 
 
 Prof. Snow had already shown a ])redilection 
 for scientific studies and work, and, when an 
 opportunity came to increase the faculty, he 
 asked to be relieved of mathematics and to be 
 allowed to devote himself to work in natural 
 science. II A divisi(m of his work was made in 
 accordance with his desires, and F. W. Bardwell 
 was elected Professor of Mathematics and As- 
 tronomy. TTpon the resignation of Mrs. ('. A. 
 Smith and John Folkman, Kllen P. Leonard was 
 made Professor of Modern Languages, Drawing 
 and Painting. 
 
 The North College building, which was at first 
 
 *R('i,^'Tit,s' report, 18fi!». 
 
 I Sfc report of CommissionerH on Pnl)lic Institutions rorlST4,p 32. 
 t Catalogue oIlKCS-n. 
 
 II Regeuts' record, pj). (IS iind C5, 
 
1)2 History of t)ic University. 
 
 regarded as very coininodious, and sufficient for 
 years, was full to overflowing. Tlie attendance 
 was now 152, with seventeen in the collegiate 
 classes. In his annual report to the Regents, 
 December 1st, 1869, Chancellor Fraser brought 
 forward the question of new buildings, and it 
 was voted by the Regents that the executive com- 
 mittee should confer w^ith the authorities of the 
 city of Lawrence to procure the issuance of bonds 
 to ei'ect additional buildings. ''"' 
 
 A ready response was given to their appeal 
 and an election ordered. A vigorous canvass was 
 made, in which resident Regents and Chancellor 
 Fraser took an active part. On the 3(1 of Feb- 
 ruary, 1870, the citizens of Lawrence with great 
 unanimity voted bonds to the amount of ^100, 000 
 to erect a new University building. f 
 
 Chas. Robinson, Chancellor Fraser and G. 
 Grovenor, mayor of l^awrence, were chosen a 
 building committee. J Plans and specifications 
 of buildings were immediately asked for, and at 
 a special Regents' meeting, held June IJr, plans 
 offered by J. G. Ihiskell, architect, were unani- 
 mously adopted. 
 
 * Regents' record, pp. (",2 iind 65. 
 
 M.tnvrencc Rcpithl ran, nm{ Reyciits' report for ISTO. After the city 
 had paid interest on tliese l)()nds to tiie amount of al)ont ifilO.OUO, tiic 
 State assumed tlie di'bt. The le,<,'islation on the matter of these bonds 
 foims an interest iiiij; chapter. 
 
 + l{ei^ents' record, p. 71. 
 
History of the Uftivcrstty. 03 
 
 According to the i)luns mlopted, the building 
 was made 240 feet in leiigtli, ninety-eight feet 
 in width of widest part, and ninety-live feet in 
 heidit, containini]^ lifty-fonr rooms, all to be de- 
 voted to the work of instruction. '^For every 
 branch of instruction that requires special fix- 
 tures and apparatus, a suitable room or suite of 
 rooms is provided, so that everything belonging 
 to that branch may be l^ept in its place, free 
 from the vexations and hurtful disturbances 
 which are unavoidable when one room is used 
 for various branches." '^ Work was begun al- 
 most immediately, and in about one year the 
 building was enclosed. It was the intention 
 of the Regents from the outset to use the pro- 
 ceeds of the sale of the city bonds in enclosing 
 a building, and to ask the Legislature for a suffi- 
 cient amount to carry the work to completion. f 
 Ninety thousand five Inmdred dollars were real- 
 ized from the bonds, and the State was requested 
 in 1871 to appropriate J^50, 000. This legislative 
 appropriation was made in 1872, and with it the 
 work was continued until, December 2, 1872, 
 the building was occui)ied by University classes. 
 And this did not come a day too soon, for the 
 
 * Rc't^'cnts' record, p. 05. 
 tKi-.Uciits' record, j) 70. 
 
94 History of tJic Unroersity. 
 
 Noi'tli College biiikliiig was no longer sufficient 
 to uccoinniodate the numerous classes. For 
 some time the btisement of the Unitariim Church 
 had been rented, and occupied by classes which 
 could not find room in North College, and in 
 inclement weather much discomfort and incon- 
 venience was experienced in going to and from 
 classes. 
 
 In pushing the work of building, a debt of 
 nearly $S, ()()() had been incurred. ''■ However 
 the new l)uihling still lacked a good deal of 
 comj)letion. With two hundred and twentj-six 
 windows which had no interior casings, and 
 twenty-two windows which were covered with 
 slats, it is easy to believe the statement of Chan- 
 cellor Fraser, that ''the cold air of winter linds 
 free ingress into the building." Most of the 
 rooms were insufficiently e(]uip])ed with furniture 
 and apparatus, yet the authorities found reasons 
 for congratulating themselves on the improve- 
 ment of the surroundings. 
 
 in the meantime the increase in the numbers 
 and efficiency of the faculty, in the number of 
 students and in the amount of appr()])riations 
 for current ex])enses, was very gratifying. In 
 1870 the faculty was increased by the election 
 
 *Jicycjils' report, ItSTo, i)p. 11 and i;j. 
 
History of the University. 95 
 
 of 1). O. Kellogg as Professor of History and 
 English and J. E. Bartlett as instructor in music; 
 the attendance was 227, of whom nineteen were 
 in the collegiate work; the amount of State aid 
 was nearly 5^15,000. In 1871 the faculty was 
 further increased by the addition of Fred. E. 
 Stimpson as Professor of Cliemistry and Phys- 
 ics, and of A. J. S. Molinard as Professor of 
 Engineering and Drawing; the attendance was 
 265, twenty-nine in collegiate work, and the ap- 
 propriations were nearly >^18,000, of which sum 
 $750 remained in the State treasury undrawn. ■^• 
 
 In 1872 S. W. Y. Schimonsky had taken the 
 place of Prof. Molinard, and Byron C. Smith 
 was elected Professor of Greek Language and 
 Literature; the attendance was 272, with seventy- 
 three in the collegiate classes, and the appropria- 
 tions, exclusive of the $50,000 for building 
 already mentioned, were $18,200. 
 
 The years 1873 and 187-1 were years of un- 
 usual trials and discouraging circumstances. 
 The Regents estimated the amount necessary to 
 finish the new building at $35,000, nnd respect- 
 fully asked the Legislature for that sum. Not 
 only did they entirely fail to get this ai)i)r()pria- 
 
 *Auditor's report, as (juoted in report on public institutions, 1874, 
 p. 3;^: 
 
96 History of tJie University. 
 
 tioii, but even of tlic f^oG, 000 asked to pay 
 riiniihig expenses and make good a deficit of 
 over i^7,000 incurred in building tbej received 
 only 124,600 in 1873. Tbe impoverisbed con- 
 dition of tbe State, and tbe uncertainty of getting 
 an appropriation to cover deficits, made it neces- 
 sary for tbe liegents to reorganize tbe faculty 
 on a lower scale of expenditure tban before. In 
 tbe reorganization, wbicli took place in 1874, tbe 
 number of instructors was only reduced from 
 eleven to ten, but tbe number of regular pro- 
 fessors was reduced fi-om nine to six, and tbree 
 assistants were employed at a lower rate of com- 
 pensation. Professors Stimpson, Kellogg, Leon- 
 ard, Scbimonsky and Bartlett resigned tbeir 
 places, and Geo.E. Patrick, Wm. T.Gage, Frances 
 Scblegel and E. Miller were cliosen to take cbarge 
 of cbemistry and pbysics, bistory and Englisb, 
 modern languages and drawing, and matbemat- 
 ics, respectively. Professor Bardwell took cbarge 
 of tbe woi'k in civil engineering left by Professor 
 Scbimonsky, and, in tbe retrencbment wbicb was 
 carried into tbe following year, be even became 
 superintendent of grounds and buildings. Tin's 
 sweeping cbange was to some extent tbe result 
 of internal strife among members of tbe faculty, 
 occasioned cbiefiv by a feelinc: of dissatisfaction 
 
History of the University. 
 
 97 
 
 witli the iidiiiiiiistration of Cliancellor Fniser. 
 llis work of six years as head of the University 
 had shown that he possessed executive ability 
 in no mean degree, but he hicked the power of 
 controlling men and harmonizing discordant 
 interests. He accordingly resigned the chan- 
 cellorship on the 15th of April, 1874, and his 
 resignation was accepted on condition that he 
 remain in charge until the appointment of his 
 successor. 
 
 On the 15th of July, 1S7-1:, S. H. Carpenter, 
 professor of logic in the University of Wisconsin, 
 was elected Chancellor. It is reported tliat he 
 came to the city, but withdrew without visiting 
 any one officially connected with the University, 
 and sent word to the Kegents that he could not 
 accept the position.'" 
 
 On the 19th of November, 1874, James Mar- 
 vin, of Meadville, Pa., was elected Chancellor. 
 He accepted the position and assumed control 
 early in the winter. Under his administration 
 the institution nuide very considerable progress, 
 notwithstanding adverse conditions. During 
 his first year the salaries of regular professors 
 and the ChanceUor himself were considerably 
 
 * Regents' rerord, p. 183. See report of comnli!^^^ioners ou public 
 inslitutious for 1874, p 31, for different statement of the case. 
 
98 History of tJic Ufiivcrsity. 
 
 r(3(luc*ed because of insufficient {i])|)r()])riations 
 by tlie Lei^-ishiture to niaiutain them. 
 
 Tlie institution was managed on a })urely eco- 
 nomical basis, and, with the return of prosperous 
 financial conditions in the State, the University 
 won tlie confidence of all classes. The $35,- 
 000 asked for to comph^te the new buihling 
 was not received in a lump sum, but by the 
 strictest economy and careful use of small ap- 
 ])ropriations made from time to time for the 
 purpose the building was completed. 
 
 In October, 1ST8, the J^aw School was opened, 
 with a class of thirteen students, under the 
 charge of J. W. Green. ■^' 
 
 During this period the seventy-two sections 
 of hind granted by Congi'ess as an endowment 
 were sold and a sum of considerably over )|^100,- 
 000 was realized. 
 
 The faculty was increased from ten to nine- 
 teen and the attendance of students advanced 
 from 272 at the close of the foi-mer administra- 
 tion to 582 at the close of J)r. Marvin's adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 The chemistry building was erected, at a cost 
 
 *Tii view of the fact that the records are much fuller, and informa- 
 tion much more accessible, as well as in consideration of the class (if 
 readers for vvliom this account is intended, this sketch is made much 
 briefer from the accession of Dr iMarvin. 
 
History of the University. 99 
 
 of ^12,00(1. Tlie University grounds were 
 changed from a rougli and treeless common to 
 a well-graded enclosure covered with joung 
 ornamental and shade trees. On the scholas- 
 tic si<le a |>i-()|)<>rti<)nate progress was attained. 
 Plans looking to the early discontinuance of the 
 preparatory de})artment were inaugurated, by 
 the recognition of the best high schools of the 
 State as schools ]>rei)aratory to the University. 
 By legislative recpiirement of 1876, a normal 
 department was o|)ened and maintained for sev- 
 eral years with success. When Chancellor Phra- 
 ser retired, in 1874, seven collegiate students had 
 graduated, and at the close of Chancellor Mar- 
 vin's administration the aggregate of collegiate, 
 normal and law graduates was 139. Chancellor 
 Marvin resigned his office in 1883, and the effort 
 was innnediately made to secure a well-known 
 educator from the East to succeed him. At the 
 solicitation of the Regents, Prof. C. K. Adams, 
 of Michigan University, visited Lawrence, but 
 declined further consideration of the question 
 of accepting the chancellorship. Later in the 
 summer Joshua Allan Li])pincott, professor of 
 mathematics in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., 
 accepted the office, and entered upon his duties 
 in September of the same year. 
 
loo History of tlic Ufiroersity. 
 
 Under tlic new adniinii^tration hii'gor {ippro- 
 priations were denumded and received from the 
 State, and several new enter])rises were conse- 
 (jiiently carried out successfully. The most im- 
 j)ortant of these wjis the huildini;- of Snow Hall, 
 at a cost of over ^50,000, which sum was ap- 
 pi-o]>i-iated for the ])Ui'pose by the Legislature of 
 LSST). This building is 110 feet in length, 100 
 feet wide, three stories high, exchisive of an at- 
 tic twelve feet high, and is wholly devoted to 
 the Department of Natural History. A new en- 
 gine house was also built by means of an a])])ro- 
 ])riation of $10,000. \\y legislative enactment 
 in KSS5, the Regents were directed to o})en a 
 School of Pharmacy. This wjis done in the au- 
 tumn of the same year, and Lucius E. Sayi-e, of 
 Philadelphia, was ])laced in charge. The de- 
 ])artments of Music and Art were more com- 
 ])letely organized, and material advancement was 
 nnide in all lines of collegiate and departmental 
 work. 
 
 The nund)ei" of recognized pre])aratory high 
 schools was greatly increased and their relations 
 to the Uiuversity were more fully and satisfac- 
 torily determined. Tilt! Normal l)ei)artnient jind 
 one year of the ])reparatory work were discon- 
 tinued. This occasioned some diminution of the 
 
History of the University. KH 
 
 aggregate Jitteii(hiiice, but this loss wiis more 
 than compensated by the relief of the force of 
 instruction from the necessity of doing a low 
 <n'ade of teaching, and the consequent elevation 
 of the standard of scholarship. 
 
 The annual appropriations for current ex- 
 penses during this period increased from some- 
 thing over 130,000 to Jt^T5,000." The faculty 
 at the close of the administration numbered over 
 thirty, against nineteen at the beginning, and 
 the number of graduates in all departments now 
 amounted to 401. 
 
 Chancelhu- Lippincott resigned in 1889, and 
 an interim of one year followed, in which Re- 
 (••entW. 0. Spanglerwas Acting Chancellor and 
 Professor Snow was President of the Faculty. 
 In the spring of 1800, Chas. F. Thwing, of 
 Minneapolis, Minn., visited the University at the 
 solicitation of the Regents, and was elected 
 to the chancellorship. After considering the 
 matter for some time, he declined to accept the 
 office. A short time afterwards Professor Snow 
 accepted the headship of the institution, to whose 
 interests his life has been devoted, and a new 
 administration and a new era were opened for 
 the University. 
 
 *The Moody bill, passed by the Legislature of 1889, provides for the 
 levy of a State tax for the University sufficient to raise the sum of !h.5,- 
 OOU annually. 
 
John Fraser. 
 
HISTORY OF THE LIBRARY 
 
 CAIIRIE M. WATSON. 
 
 A UNIVERSITY and its in)rjiiy are closely allied. 
 The present methods of conductinii; nniversitj 
 work make the library a very essential part of a 
 university. These methods which have obtained 
 acceptance throughout the land may perhaps be 
 best designated as German methods, since the 
 impetus came from the German universities. 
 The professor recommends his students to rely 
 upon the library; to ascertain the original sources 
 of materials used; to search for all authorities 
 and opinions upon matters under discussion, and 
 to verify statements made in the class room. 
 The library thus gives vitality to the university. 
 It has therefore become a truism that the growth 
 of an institution is measured largely by its li- 
 brary. A very natural question to ask when 
 judging of the strength of a university is, "How 
 strong is its library T' 
 
 (103) 
 
104 History of the Library. 
 
 The University of Kansas has now been es- 
 tablished twenty-five years. Let us, tlien, tal^e a 
 glance backwards and see whence the library 
 came, that we may know the history of its strug- 
 gles, trials and successes. 
 
 It is with gratification that we find that the 
 library was a part of the original plan of the 
 University of Kansas. On March 21, 1805, the 
 first Board of Regents elected one of its mem- 
 bers, J. S. Emery, librarian. He was reelected 
 on December 6, 1805, and again on July 18, 18G0. 
 These elections, as a matter of fact, occurred be- 
 fore the opening of the University, as the first 
 faculty and students did not meet for work until 
 September 12, 1800. J. S. Emery was librarian 
 until 1808. Another Regent, W. 0. Tenney, re- 
 ceived the appointment from 180S to 1809. The 
 charge of the lil)rary then passed from the Re- 
 gents to the Faculty. Fraidv II. Snow, Professor 
 of Natural History, was elected librarian De- 
 cember 1, 1809, and reelected December 7, 1870. 
 He resigned Septembers, 1873. Byron C. Smith, 
 Professor of Greek, was made librarian for the 
 next year. January 1, 1875, E. Miller, Profes- 
 sor of Mathematics, accepted the position, and 
 discharged the duties for twelve years. He re- 
 signed April 1, 1887. Inasmuch as the libra- 
 
History of tJie Librai-y. 105 
 
 riaiis u]) to this diite were professsors in the 
 University, the amount of time tliey could devote 
 to library work was of necessity limited, but, 
 with the resignation of Prof. IVIiller, a new state 
 of affairs was inaugurated. Carrie M. Watson 
 was then elected to devote her whole time and 
 attention to the work. It seems the natural 
 order of things, when writing the history of this 
 library, to give the history of the librarians first, 
 because the library had librarians before it had 
 books. 
 
 The library may be said to have started from 
 nothing but a hope — a hope that an aj^propria- 
 tion for books would be made, or that some 
 fund might be set aside for library pui-poses, or 
 that some generous friend would endow or be- 
 (jueath a library; but tlie early historical facts 
 show us that it was for some time a forlorn hope. 
 A definite idea of the condition of the library 
 at the opening of the University may be found 
 by an extract from a letter. The day after the 
 formal opening of the University, Prof. Snow, 
 in describing the building, wrote to a friend in 
 the East as follows: 
 
 " Tlui southwest aiul soullioast rooms on llic second Hooi- 
 are intended for a library and mnscnni. Tlicy arc now 
 enijtty, save a few Con2;ressional l>ooks in tlic lil)iar> room 
 
106 History of tJic Library. 
 
 and tliree or four u'colo^ical spcciinciis of my own in tlie 
 cabinet room." 
 
 Tlie United States Government was tlie first 
 liberal donor. We find in the minutes of the 
 Keg-ents, December 5, 18(>(>, the adoption of the 
 following resolution: 
 
 "Tliat our Senators and Representatives in Coni^ress be 
 requested to furnish for the library of the State University, 
 from the departments at Wasliington and other sources, as 
 many books as possible, and that the Secretary be reciuested 
 to furnish them a copy of this resolution." 
 
 The duties of the librai'ians, until 1873, were 
 little more than to represent the department and 
 to be custodians of public documents and ]^i'ivate 
 gifts. The growth of the library, for the first 
 seven years of its nominal existence, was so slow 
 as to be almost imperceptible. This fact is clearly 
 demonstrated by the following quotation, which 
 appeared regularly in the annual university cata- 
 logues for six years, from 18()7 to 1873: ''The 
 nucleus of a library has been secured, to which 
 additions will be made. At present the students 
 are ])ermitted to avail themselves of the private 
 libraries of the Faculty." It is somewhat diffi- 
 cult to understand why this condition existed so 
 long, but it was probably due to a combination 
 of circumstances — chiefly to the fact that the in- 
 stitution did not start "with a heavy endowment. 
 
History of tJie Libi-ary. 107 
 
 but with siiiall {iiiiiiKil {i})]M'()})i'i{itH)ns from tlie 
 State Legislature of a comparatively new West- 
 ern State. At first the funds were necessarily 
 used to provide buildings and instruction. Thus, 
 year by year, these demands exhausted the 
 money to be expended, and as a result there 
 could be no books purchased. There is one 
 strange bit of history connected with the early 
 struggles of the library that puzzles one, when 
 reading the annals of the University. The li- 
 brary was mentioned in the first appr()])riation 
 along with scientific and ])hilosopliic apparatus, 
 for all of which $*^, 000 was apj)ropriated by the 
 Legislature of 18()(), but over Ji>l,300 of the 
 Jt^3, 000 reverted to the State treasury. Why 
 Jt>l,300 was not used to establish the library is 
 the mystery. 
 
 August 7, 1807, Chancellor Oliver recom- 
 mended, in his annual re])ort: 
 
 "The coUecLioii of a library deinands some attention. 
 The large and well-assorted library of President Tai)i)an is 
 left with the trustees at Ann Arbor to be disposed of. It 
 affords a rare opportunity for purohasinii: al a low rate one 
 of th(^ best assorted libraries in the land. Tlie catalogue of 
 his library is herewith submitted." 
 
 Nothing was ever done with this recommenda- 
 tion. We learn from the minutes of the Boai'd 
 of Regents for August 2o, 1871, that the com- 
 
108 History of the Library. 
 
 mittee reported tlie pnrcluise from John Speer, 
 of Lawrence, of thirteen volumes of the United 
 States Pacific Survey. These vohimes cost ^50. 
 This was the first addition to tlie library by pur- 
 chase. In 1873, the expenditures were 1220.30 
 for books of reference. 
 
 Such deliberation did not produce a library. 
 The inconvenience to the members of the fac- 
 ulty from the lack of library facilities is vividly 
 represented in Chancellor Fraser's report of the 
 Department of Mental and Moral Philosophy, 
 dated 1873. He says: 
 
 "The books needed by the students are at present fur- 
 nished out of my private library. Other professors in the 
 institution likewise give to their students the use of books 
 wliich are not to be found in the very limited and defective 
 library belonging to the University. Without an adequate 
 snpply of good books, bearing on the subjects of text books, 
 the student cannot be trained to habits and methoils of crit- 
 ical literary and philosophical research. Narrowness, su- 
 perficiality and dogmatism are almost sure to l)e results of 
 the method of instruction that limits the student's knowl- 
 edge of a sul)ject to the contents of a single book. In com- 
 mon with the other members of the Faculty, 1 feel that my 
 instructions are narrowed in their range and impaired in 
 their usefulness from lack of books by the best authors on 
 the subjects taught in my department. A library is as es- 
 sential to thorougli instruction in literature and philosopliy 
 as apparatus is to the laboratory work in chemistry and 
 physics.'' 
 
 Chancellor Snow, in his inaugural address, 
 
History of the Library. 109 
 
 cliaracterized tliis period, the first six years in 
 the history of the University, as the ''higli scliool 
 period, with some premonitions of an approach- 
 ing collegiate character/' But this high school 
 was not as well supplied with a lihrary as are at 
 present many of the high schools throughout 
 Kansas. It was a discouraging state of affairs, 
 but perseverance and untiring efforts were finally 
 successful. Those who were interested in the 
 welfare of the University saw their hopes and 
 plans begin to take material shape. In 1873, 
 the Faculty and Regents asked for ^3,000 for 
 books. The Legislature, while not granting the 
 request, made what was for the time a large ap- 
 propriation. One thousand and five hundred 
 dollars was to be devoted exclusively to the pur- 
 chase of books. This is an important epoch in 
 the history of the library, for it was the first de- 
 cided effort made towards the accumulation of 
 books otherwise than by gift. 
 
 Prof. Byron C. Smith reported as librarian 
 in 1874 that there were less than one thousand 
 volumes. But from that time the growth of the 
 library was more apparent. Sums of money, 
 though snuill, were regularly expended, so that 
 the long-derided nucleus was enabled to develop. 
 From 1875 to 1889, with the exce])tion of four 
 
110 
 
 History of tlic FJbrary. 
 
 years, ^1,000 was annually spent for new books; 
 for these four years hut $500 was granted. In 
 1876, it was entirely withheld. For the year 
 1880-90, $5,000 was appropriated for additions 
 to the library; for 1890-91, $2,500; $3,500 has 
 been set aside for books for 1891-92. The fol- 
 lowino- table shows the money appropriated and 
 the number of volumes in the library from year 
 to year: 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Pl'RPOSK. 
 
 APPRO- 
 PKIATION. 
 
 NO. VOL- 
 UMES. 
 
 1871 
 
 13 volumes of U S. Pacific Survey ... 
 
 3^50 00 
 
 ::.'30 80 
 
 79 70 
 
 1,5(K) 00 
 
 2\ 90 
 1,030 09 
 
 
 1874 
 
 Hooks of ri'ftTi'iKH' 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 1S74 
 
 Appropriation for lihi-arv hooivs 
 
 lt'i«s than 
 
 1875 
 
 Books of rcfert'iu'c 
 
 Additions tolibrar}' 
 
 1,000 
 
 1875 
 
 ],7(;0 
 
 1871) 
 
 
 a,5i9 
 
 1877 
 
 Additions to library 
 
 500 00 
 
 500 (10 
 
 l,(IOl» 00 
 
 I.OIK) 00 
 
 1,000 00 
 
 1,000 (10 
 
 500 00 
 
 500 00 
 
 1,(MK) 00 
 
 1,0(X) 00 
 
 1.000 00 
 
 1,000 00 
 
 5,000 00 
 
 ^,500 00 
 
 ::i,519 
 
 1878 
 
 
 ^,7.^)0 
 
 1875) 
 
 Additions to iil)rai'y 
 
 3,100 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 Additions to lil)rary 
 
 Additions to library 
 
 3 844 
 4.500 
 
 1883 
 
 Additions to lil)rary 
 
 5.481 
 
 1883 
 
 Additions to lil)rary 
 
 0,300 
 
 1884 
 
 
 0..5(I0 
 
 1885 
 
 Additions to iii)rai'y 
 
 7,000 
 
 1886 
 
 Ad<litions to library 
 
 7 700 
 
 1887 
 
 Additions to libra it 
 
 8,0.'?5 
 
 1888 
 
 Additions to library ... 
 
 9 307 
 
 1889 
 
 
 11. 0.50 
 
 1890 
 
 Additions to library 
 
 13,538 
 
 1891 
 
 Additions to library 
 
 14,820 
 
 
 
 
 
 To be sure these figures do not always tell 
 the story one expects; as, for instance, in 1889, 
 when the amount expended was five times the 
 
History of the Library. Ill 
 
 aiiKMiiit of any otlier year, it did not secure five 
 times tlie nuniber of books. The reason for 
 this will be evident, when it is known tliat many 
 of the complete sets of magazines, treatises and 
 works of reference which were procured were 
 out of print and expensive. It was deemed ad- 
 visable to purchase these books as soon as pos- 
 sible, as each year they are becoming rarer and 
 more difficult to obtain. Then, too, the inci'ease 
 in the number of volumes does not always show 
 in the corres})onding year of the appropriation. 
 The volumes are not counted until placed on the 
 shelves, and there are often delays in ordering 
 and receiving books, especially those out of 
 print and those that have to be imported. 
 
 We have just traced the origin of the library 
 and the efforts made to ])rocure books for it. 
 Now let us follow it in its different locations, 
 and notice the use n:iade of it. 
 
 As has before been stated, the library had its 
 location at the outset in the first building, on the 
 second floor in the southwest room. It was a 
 small room and made but a slight im])ression on 
 the students. One of the alumni, wdio was then 
 a student in the advanced classes, remembers 
 using some of the few books in the library, but 
 more es])ecially books placed there by Chancel- 
 
112 History of tJic Library. 
 
 lor Fraser for tlie use of stodeiits. Tlie ud- 
 vaiiced students and facnlty knew of this small 
 collection of books, but tlie nucleus of a library 
 was a nijth to the majority of the students. 
 
 When the removal of the entire University 
 from the old building to the new one took place, 
 in 1872, the mythical nucleus was arranged on 
 shelves in room No. 4, which is now the uni- 
 versity reception room. The use of this room 
 was given to the senior classes. Further than 
 adding to tlieii- ])ride, the members of the class 
 gained little else from the advantage. The li- 
 brary exi)erience of the students of this time was 
 mostly conlined to the city library and the libra- 
 ries of the ])rofessors. 
 
 It was not until Septend)er, 1S77, that the books 
 were transferred to a room which had been fitted 
 up with alcoves for the books and tables for the 
 readers. The library was now for the first time 
 thrown open to all the students. Here the li- 
 brary started out in a library fashion, although 
 u})on a ludicrously small scale. It was in the west 
 room of the south wing, on the first floor. No. 14 
 — the room now used by the English Department. 
 There were then 2,510 volumes. The room 
 was o])en from 1) a. m. to 1 v. m. The librarian 
 was occui)ied with his classes, so the first year 
 
History of the Lit>rary. 113 
 
 the room was iiiMlcr tlie care of four inonitors, 
 one stiideiit for each lioiir. But tlie next year 
 it was found desirable to have one person to take 
 charge of the room, to keep order, and to issue 
 books. Carrie M. Watson was selected to assist 
 Prof. Miller in this matter. Students couhl use 
 this room as a reading room. They had access 
 to the shelves, and they were permitted to draw 
 one volume at a time for home use. The book 
 could not be kept longer than three weeks with- 
 out renewal. This was the beginning of the 
 ])resent practice. 
 
 The libi-ary remained in this one room until 
 there were S, Uoo volumes. It became so crowded 
 that it was necessary to move to the north end 
 of the main building, wliei"e more rooms and 
 better facilities could be obtained. One room, 
 at the extreme north end of the main building, 
 on the first floor, was tilled with alcoves to hold 
 the liljrary ]»ro))er. Part of the corridor was 
 closed off and shelved for the better arrange- 
 ment of the jjublic documents. A third room. 
 No. 1), which seemed adapted for the ])urpose in 
 its direct light from the east and its cheerfulness, 
 was set aside for the general reading room. It 
 was connected with the book room, but the de- 
 
 —8 
 
114 History of the Library. 
 
 livery desk was placed at the doorway between 
 the rooms. Only members of the senior and jun- 
 ior classes were allowed to enter the room where 
 the books were kept. Library permits were is- 
 sued to them. The other students were handed 
 the books upon request. In the fall of 1889 a 
 great need was felt for another book room, so a 
 compromise was made with the Law Department 
 by which room No. 8 was procured. Alcoves 
 to hold the general library books were placed in 
 this room on these conditions: That part of the 
 alcoves should be reserved for the law books, 
 the law books cared for, and the law students 
 granted library permits. This arrangement lasted 
 only one year, for in 1800 the Law Department 
 was moved to the North College. The law library 
 in its new location is very conveniently situated 
 for work. There are three rooms, not very large, 
 but well arranged. The University now owns 
 789 law books, to which J. W. Green, Dean of 
 the Law Department, has added his own law 
 library, 1,000 volumes, for the use of students. 
 Some one from the general library examines the 
 books with the shelf list two or three times a 
 year. W. H. Starkey, a law student, has charge 
 of the books. 
 
History of the Library. 115 
 
 At ])reseiit tlie general library occupies all of 
 the rooms on the first Hoor of the north wing of 
 the main building and one room in the base- 
 ment. It includes the reading room, with the 
 librarian's office adjoining it, and the two book 
 rooms, besides the hall way between these rooms, 
 which makes a separate room for the public docu- 
 ments. The basement room is used for stor- 
 age, for un])acking new books and for packing- 
 books for binding. 
 
 All students have good library facilities for 
 work in the reading room. This room is supplied 
 with 140 American and foreign periodicals, and 
 sixty {State newspapers. There is a go(Kl collec- 
 tion of cyclo])a^dias, books of reference and dic- 
 tionaries. When the lower classes are studying 
 special topics, certjiin volumes may be placed 
 upon reserve shelves for class use. These vol- 
 umes are in no case to be removed from the 
 reading room, as they are for the entire class. 
 These students find what they want from the 
 card catalogue, and are referi-ed to books by the 
 professors. Indeed, we use whatever means we 
 can to create a taste for reading among those 
 who have never enjoyed the use of a library and 
 to extend the taste for reading among those who 
 already have the habit, so that when they reach 
 
116 History of the Library. 
 
 the junior and senior years tliey will understand 
 better the nature of tlieir privilege of free access 
 to the shelves. Under no circumstances should 
 any one be allowed access to a library shelf who 
 has not learned by personal experience what 
 books are. 
 
 In the two book rooms the books are placed 
 in alcoves arranged by subjects. Small tables are 
 placed in the vacant spaces in these rooms, where 
 the advanced students can work conveniently. 
 
 The library is available more hours than here- 
 tofore. It was open from 9 a. m. to 1 p. m. , from 
 1877 to 1885. Two hours in the afternoon were 
 added in 1885. Then, in 1887, the hours were 
 extended from 8 a. m. until chapel time, and from 
 9 A. M. to 6 p. M., except on Saturdays, when it 
 was open only from nine until twelve o'clock. 
 It was decided, in 1888, to open the library Fri- 
 day evenings from half past seven until ten 
 o'clock. The desire on the part of a number of 
 students for the past tliree years to work in the 
 library during vacations which occur in the 
 school year has made it seem advisable not to 
 close the library at such times, but to give the 
 opportunity for working mornings, except on 
 legal holidays. Even during the Christmas re- 
 cess many of the students do good work in the 
 
History of the Library. 117 
 
 library. This habit of researcli, whicli is devel- 
 oping among the students, cannot fail to be con- 
 sidered a good sign. 
 
 The library administration has developed grad- 
 ually in the same manner that has charactei'ized 
 the growth of the libi-ary. 
 
 To trace the details of the growth would only 
 interest librarians and be extremely prosaic to 
 the general reader. Suffice it to say, that the 
 result of this growth has produced or caused to 
 be adopted methods which are practical and sys- 
 tematic, the strongest emphasis being laid u])on 
 accuracy and simplicity. 
 
 So, rather than siiow the development of the 
 machinery by which the library runs, we will de- 
 scribe the methods as we find them in use at 
 present. 
 
 The annual appropriations for new books are 
 divided among the professors at the head of 
 the several departments. In this way the books 
 are chosen directly in the lines of w^ork pursued. 
 
 The Board of Regents has made the following 
 distribution of the book fund available for the 
 coming year (July 1st is the beginning of our 
 fiscal year): 
 
 Law 8500 00 
 
 American history and civics 225 00 
 
J 18 History of Hie f.ihrary. 
 
 IMiilosopliy SIT.") 00 
 
 (Jciiiiaii 175 00 
 
 I'^iciicli 175 00 
 
 JMiitlicniiil.ics iiiid iislroiioin^ 125 00 
 
 (!lieiMis|,iy 125 00 
 
 riiJinniicy 125 00 
 
 JSliisic 50 00 
 
 IMiNsics iind clccl rical cii^iiiccriiii;- 100 00 
 
 I'Jmlisli 4 00 00 
 
 llisl(>i\ and s(»('i(>l<»uy 225 00 
 
 l;atiii 175 00 
 
 (;icck 175 00 
 
 ]J()l;iii>, ciitoiiioloiiw and niclcoioloi!:^ 125 00 
 
 (livil ('Mj;in(M'iin.iz: 125 00 
 
 /()ol( )!;•>■, anaioniy and pli.N si<>l(»i;y 125 00 
 
 (J(M>l(Hi> and pal('()nl(>l(»u\\ 125 00 
 
 Miscellaneous 250 00 
 
 Tlic |)i'()t'(jss<)i"s ju'Ci fiii'iiislKMl will) )»riiil(Ml or- 
 (l('i- slips upon wliicli ai'(^ writlcii llic aiitlior's 
 ii;Mii(\lill(%(Mlil ion, j)la(H', |Mil)Iisli(M\<lal(', iiiiiiilK'r 
 of N'olimics, size and jtricc of llic hook wanU'd. 
 Wci use tlic form of llic Ilai'NJinl ordci' siij). 
 After tlicst' blanks arc lillcd ont tliey arc liandcd 
 to llic lihi-ai'ian. (\-ii'c is llicn i^'ivcn to tlic piir- 
 cliasc of llic hooks. When in (hic time ihc new 
 hooks ari'i\-e thev ai'c cntci-cd in the aectession 
 hook, i'eeoi'(h'<l in the shelf list, classified uccoi'd- 
 ini;- lo l)c\vey's '^System of Decimal Chissiti- 
 calion,'' and catalogued accordinii,- to ('Utter's 
 '^liules foi' a Dictionary ( 'ataloi;iie/' Tliey 
 are then placed nj)on exhiititioii shelves in the 
 
History of the Library. 119 
 
 reading room until the lower classes become fa- 
 miliar with the latest additions. 
 
 The accession book was begun in 1885. Pre- 
 viously the records of the books were kept quite 
 crudely. The accession book prepared by the 
 Library Bureau is the most approved method of 
 keeping library records. The history of each 
 book is accurately kept. Its classification, num- 
 ber, author, title, ])ublisher, place, date, number 
 of pages, size, binding, of whom purchased or 
 donated and price are recorded. 
 
 A shelf list for each department has been 
 made. These shelf lists are invaluable in many 
 ways. They are lists of the books made in the 
 exact order in which the books stand upon the 
 shelf when each book is in its place. They are 
 especially useful when taking an inventory of 
 the library. 
 
 The scheme for issuing books was planned by 
 L. I. Blake, Professor of Physics. It is arranged 
 so as to answer quite readily three questions: 
 Who has a certain book? AVhat book a certain 
 person has? When a certain book is due? The 
 students have the privilege of taking books home, 
 although the privilege is much restricted. A 
 university library is more useful as a reference 
 library than as a circulating one, especially in 
 
120 History of the Library. 
 
 certain departments and at different times of the 
 year wlien classes are stndjing certain subjects. 
 Therefore tlie ])rofessor has the right to reserve 
 books for his chiss work. When students, as in 
 our library, do a large part of their work wliere 
 the books are, it is to their adv^antagc^ to find a 
 book in the buihling rather than have to seek it 
 at some student's home. Experience has tauglit 
 us that, otherwise, when the professor refers the 
 class to a cha})ter in a certain vohime, one stu- 
 dent will take the book home and the rest of the 
 class will have to do w^ithout it, while, if reserved, 
 the whole class will have an ojiportunity to read 
 it some time dui'ing tlie day. 
 
 The first list of books was made in 187-1-, in 
 manuscript form, by Charles S. Gleed, now a Ue- 
 gent of the University, but at that time ;i student. 
 He made it for Prof. Byron C. Smith, who was 
 the librarian. It is indeed an interesting I'elic. 
 In ISSO the first })rinted list of books was issued, 
 by Prof. E. Miller, librarian. It was called a 
 '^ Catalogue of Books in the State University of 
 Kansas, January 1, ISSO, ^- and there were ap- 
 pended the additions from «Ianu;iry 1, 1S80, to 
 January 1, 1S82. It was in pamphlet form, and 
 consisted of the short titles of 5,o03 volumes. 
 A Library J]ulletin No. 1 was published July, 
 
History of the Library. 121 
 
 1890. It contained the accessions to the Uni- 
 versity libraiT from July 1, 1889, to Jnne 30, 
 1890. It gave tlie full titles of the volumes, and 
 they were arranged a]j)ha])etically by the anthor, 
 under the ten main subject classes of the Dewey 
 system. 
 
 The assistant librarians have always been 
 students of the University. Carrie M. Watson, 
 from 1878 to 1887, was a graduate; W. II. John- 
 son, 1884-85, H. F. Graham, 1885-86, AV. S. 
 Allen, 1886-88, E. G. Allen, 1888-91, were stu- 
 dents carrying their regular collegiate work, and 
 Helen B. Sutlitf, 1890-91, was a post-graduate 
 student. 
 
 The library has received two loan libi-aries. The 
 first one was placed in the library in 1878 by 
 Prof. F. E. Stimpson. It contains 113 volumes. 
 It is known as the '^ Stimpson Loan Library." 
 The second is the "Haskell Loan Library." In 
 1887, Mrs. D. C. Haskell placed 142 volumes in 
 the library for the use of the students. 
 
 The library has been fortunate in having many 
 generous friends. While wx^ have not as yet re- 
 ceived the gift of a library from any scientific 
 or literary scholar, we have received a few choice 
 volumes from a large number of persons. The 
 largest ])rivate gift has come from Dr. L. Chase, 
 
122 History of the Library. 
 
 of Irving, Kansas. He has given 230 volumes 
 of valuable miscellaneous books. Tlie present 
 has been made at several different times; in fact, 
 it was only recently that we had the pleasure of 
 opening one box which contained forty volumes. 
 Among them was a set of Reclus' Nouvelle Ge- 
 ographie Universelle, in nine handsome octavo 
 volumes, and Farrow's Military Encyclopaedia, 
 in three volumes, which were particularly valua- 
 ble to us. The first most noteworthy gift the 
 library ever received was from Hon. W. A. Phil- 
 lips, of Salina. It is one of our oldest books 
 in two ways. It is among the first books of the 
 library, and its date of publication, 1518, makes 
 it the oldest book we have. A portion of the 
 title page is as follows: "C. Plynii Secvndi 
 Natvrae Historiarvm Libri XXXVII. E Casti- 
 gationibvs Hermolai Barbari, Quam Emendatis- 
 sime Editi;'' and the colophon reads, ''Excusum, 
 Hagenoae, typis ac formulis Thomae Anshelmi 
 Badensis, Ductu & auspicio, Prouidiviri Lvcae 
 Alantseae Viennensis incolae. Anno a Christi 
 natali M. D. XYIII. Mense Nouembri. Cae- 
 sare Maxaemiliano habenas moderante. '' It is 
 a folio bound in vellum. It is exceedingly inter- 
 esting from an antiquarian point of view. Two 
 o^raduate students each ffave useful books to the 
 
Histo}-y of the Library. 123 
 
 library: Miss Etliel B. Allen, tliirtj-eight vol- 
 iirnes of periodical literature, and Mr. ICllis V>. 
 Nojes, nineteen volumes of Jlumboldt's works. 
 Rev. C. G. llowland has given ninety volumes 
 of periodiciUs. lie has completed our sets of 
 The Nation and The Century^ and now gives at 
 the end of each year his two volumes of each 
 of these two periodicals for us to bind, as our 
 current numbers are worn out by use in the read- 
 ing room. Mr. Frank R. Cordley, l^oston, Mass., 
 presented a set of the Ilarleian Miscellany. In 
 1888 Hon. P. B. Plumb, Hon. Geo. R. Peck and 
 Hon. T. Hwight Thacher gave a set of the Early 
 English Text Society publications as far as pub- 
 lished. Hon. Geo. R. Peck, of Topeka, has 
 since given us the ''Works of Jonathan Swift; 
 with notes, and a life of the author by Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott,'' limited American Edition of 1883, 
 in nineteen volumes, and the "Works of Pope; 
 with introductions and notes by Elwin and 
 Courthope,'' London, 1871-80, in ten volumes. 
 Col. Wm. II. Rossington, of Topeka, in 188J), 
 gave the new edition of Dryden, revised by 
 George Saintsbury, and published at Edinburgh. 
 When completed it will consist of eighteen vol- 
 umes. And a few days ago he kindly informed 
 us that he would give us all the books, which 
 
124: Histo7'y of tJic Libra?-}'. 
 
 we (lid not already possess, in the standard and 
 classical libraries of the Bohn Series. Jud<»;e 
 U. M. Valentine, of Topeka, has been extremely 
 generous to the library foi* the Law Department. 
 A few months ago he gave sixty volumes of 
 valuable law periodicals. Mrs. C. W. Babcock 
 has just donated 157 law books, which is a fine 
 acquisition to the Law Department. Last year 
 Mr. D. J. Bossier, of riiiladelphia, and Mr. C. 
 L. Becker, of Ottawa, each gave a collection of 
 pharmaceutical journals, which will be valuable 
 to the PhaiMnaceuticjd De])artment. Members 
 of the faculty have been very liberal to the li- 
 brary. They have given both books and current 
 periodicals. 
 
 The endeavor of the LTniversity of Kansas has 
 been to secure a useful collection of books — 
 books which serve a purpose in the prosecution 
 of investigation rather than those books which 
 serve merely an ornamental and an aesthetic pur- 
 pose. We readily allow the value of such books, 
 but they have little place in academic training, 
 and such books should be secured last. Knowl- 
 edge in these days has become so divided that 
 a university library is judged by its ability to 
 furnish the best, most comj)reliensive and in 
 some cases the rarest w^orks upon the subjects 
 
History of the Library. 125 
 
 under diwciissioii or iiivestij^^iition — rare not in 
 the bibliographical tsense of the word, fm- such 
 books possess interest merely to the book col- 
 lector, but rare from the fact that many valuable 
 and exceedin.i^ly useful books have been allowed 
 to go out of print. No ])ains or expense should 
 be counted in i)rocuring such books for students. 
 The books have been i)urchased with great 
 care, but it is difficult to give a good idea of the 
 collection in a short si)ace. We are glad to 
 possess a comi)lete set of the Congressional Rec- 
 ord and its predecessors, as far back as the Con- 
 tinental C(;ngress: 
 
 1. .lounial of Congress, Scpli'iiibcr, 1774, to 
 
 November, 1788 ^'^ vol.iuies. 
 
 2. l)el)ates and ProeeediiiKs in the Congress 
 
 of Ihe United .States, 1789-1824 42 
 
 8. Uegisterof Debates in Congress, 1821-18:^7, 29 
 
 4. Congressional (Ilol)e 1'*'^ 
 
 .5. Congressional lieeord '-^^ 
 
 Another set that we were fortunate enough to 
 be able to buy is a com])lete set of the Niles' 
 Weekly Register, in 7() volumes. 
 
 The following list will show something of the 
 character of the books ])urcliase(l; they are sim- 
 ply chosen at random from the books bought 
 within the last two years: 
 
 l)u Cange, C, Glossarium Mediie et Infinue 
 
126 History of the Libi-ary. 
 
 Latiiiitatis, 7 vols.; Godefroy, F., Dictioiiiniire 
 de rAncienne Langiie Fran^aise et de tons ses 
 Dialects, du IXe an XYe Siocle, 6 vols. ; Jamie- 
 son, J., Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish 
 Language, 5 vols. 
 
 Complete sets of the following philological 
 journals: Anglia, 12 vols. ; Archiv, 81: vols. ; En- 
 glische Stndien, 14 vols. ; Germania, 33 vols. ; 
 Journal of Philology (London), 17 vols.; and 
 Romania, 19 vols. 
 
 Lagrange, J. L. , Oeuvres, 13 vols. ; Marie, Max- 
 imilien, Histoire des Sciences Mathematiques et 
 Physiques, 12 vols. ; Bentham, G., et Hooker, J. 
 D., Genera Plantarum, 3 vols.; Heurck, Henri 
 van, Synopsis des Diatomies de Belgique, 3 vols. ; 
 Lamarck, J. de, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux 
 sans Yertebres, 11 vols. 
 
 Chaucer Society publications, 50 vols. ; Shake- 
 speare Society publications, 32 vols. 
 
 Ternaux-Compans, II., Voyages, 10 volumes; 
 Goethe, J. W. von, AVerke, Weimar, 27 vols. ; 
 Tieck, L., Schriften, 28 vols. ; Herder, J. G. von, 
 Werke, 24 vols.; Gautier, T., 28 vols.; Sainte- 
 Beuve, C, 31 vols.; Societe des Anciens Textes 
 Fran^'ais, 45 vols.; Penrose, F. C. , Principles of 
 Athenian Architecture. 
 
 It is evident from reading the sketch of this 
 
History of tJie Library. 127 
 
 library tliiit its past has been a struggle. In 
 fact, the library's history for the last two or three 
 years is all that deserves mention from the stand- 
 point of actual growth. We have every reason 
 to expect that henceforth its strength and size 
 will increase rapidly. 
 
 As members of the University, we look upon 
 its present success with pride, for we know with 
 what it has had to contend. In the report for 
 the year ending January 5, 1891, of the New- 
 berry Library, in Chicago, we find that this li- 
 brary, whicii is only three and one-half years 
 old, has added an average of 17,315 volumes 
 each year — ^more in one year than we have in 
 twenty-five years. This thouglit fills us with a 
 longing desire to be able to furnish the young 
 people of Kansas with more of the rich literary 
 treasures of the past and ])resent, that they may 
 not be deprived of intellectual stimulus. They 
 now have the use of about 15,()(M) volumes. 
 While this collection makes only a beginning 
 and is much smaller than we wish, what may 
 we not expect in the future, since we have ac- 
 complished good results in the i)i<)neer years? 
 Our ambition is mainly directed towards making 
 a strong and useful support for each department 
 in the University, especially to the optional 
 
128 History of the Library. 
 
 courses. Ezra Cornell defined a university as 
 "an institution wliere any person can find in- 
 struction in any study." It therefore becomes 
 the business of a university library to supply any 
 person with the literature of any study. We 
 have proved the importance of the library by a 
 practical demonstration — by the good it is doing 
 every day; we have won the confidence and 
 aroused the pride of many interested friends. 
 With the united efforts of tliese friends, and the 
 avaihible resources of the State, grand improve- 
 ments may be expected before the next twenty- 
 fifth milestone is reached. May we not have a 
 high ideal, and liope to make this library the 
 literary center of this portion of the country ? 
 Let us fulfill a mission. Let us supply the want 
 to which the weakness of the western writers 
 was attributed by Mr. B.AV. Woodward; he said, 
 in his address before the Kansas Academy of 
 Language and Literature, April 9, 1801: 
 
 "Who shall deny that our eastern writers, like those of 
 Europe, succeed largely because they enjoy advantages denied 
 to us — the access to great libraries, the association with men 
 of liigh culture, the constant inbreathing of an atmospheie 
 of literary thinking and doing? Of all this the western 
 writer has been in a measure deprived, and especially has it 
 been forbidden to the dwellers upon these Kansas prairies, 
 remote from literary centers." 
 
STUDENT LIFE IN K. S. U. 
 
 AKTHUII G. CANFIELD. 
 
 Student life at each of onr older colleges and 
 universities has a certain cliaracter of its own. 
 It is made up of a large body of forms and cer- 
 emonies consecrated by long observance, and 
 rests upon a mass of traditions that have hard- 
 ened through long years about the institution. 
 The history of student life at the University of 
 Kansas during the first quarter century of its 
 existence must be, like the history of the Univer- 
 sity itself, a story of beginnings. Twenty-five 
 years do not create such a body of peculiar forms 
 and ceremonies and such a mass of traditions as 
 are necessary to give its student life a very dis- 
 tinct individuality. Nor have the conditions 
 surrounding student life been favorable to the 
 rapid growth of such an individuality. For years 
 the numbers in the regular collegiate classes 
 were very small, and they have never been large 
 —9 (129) 
 
130 Student Life. 
 
 pro[)oi'tioii{itely to tlie size of tlie coinniunity in 
 in wliicli they have lived. The life of the stu- 
 dents has never dominated that of the town, as 
 it has often done when institutions are located 
 in little country villages. Furthermoi'e, the stu- 
 dents have never been separated from the larger 
 community, as in colleges where the dormitory 
 system prevails. They have not lived by them- 
 selves apart, but have been scattered and swal- 
 lowed up in the homes of the city. The student 
 body, therefore, has never felt itself to be a 
 wholly separate world, quite outside of the op- 
 eration of the civil and social laws that govern 
 people, and free to evolve laws and forms of 
 life of its own. Its life, political, social, literary, 
 moral and religious, has been largely that of the 
 city and the State. 
 
 Bat although the growth of a distinct college 
 community, with its peculiar organs and life, 
 has been slow, it has nevertheless gone steadily 
 forward. Certain general features of this com- 
 nmnity declared themselves early, and were the 
 necessary result of the constitution of the Uni- 
 versity or of circumstances of the time. Fore- 
 most among these is the presence of women on 
 a perfect equality w^itli men, and their associa- 
 tion with them in all college relations. This is 
 
Student Life. 131 
 
 the key to most, perliaps, of the differences tluit 
 distinguish college life here from that in the older 
 eastern institutions. The far larger devotion 
 to the claims of '^society," the large measure 
 of freedom fi-om certain boisterous sorts of fun 
 making, the more uncertain hold of athletic 
 sports, are some of the more obvious results of 
 the co-educational constitution of the University. 
 Among the circumstances of the time that 
 shaped college life I am inclined to put first the 
 poverty, maturity and earnestness of the greater 
 number of collegiate students in the early classes. 
 They seem to have set a serious and self-reliant 
 tone to college life which has been an influence 
 ever since and has done more than any official 
 watchfulness or discipline could have done to 
 keep the history of the institution free from 
 scandal and disorders. During the first ten 
 years of its life, while the students were almost 
 all in the preparatory classes, there appear in 
 its catalogue under the head of discipline several 
 specific rules for their government. They must 
 not, for instance, leave town without the con- 
 sent of the Chancellor. But after 1873 the 
 single requirement of "unexceptional deport- 
 ment'' has stood unchanged. There have been 
 of course from time to time those pranks that 
 
132 Student Life. 
 
 boys, and especially college boys, will play upon 
 each other, upon the faculty or upon the towns- 
 people. Once or twice they have overstepped 
 the bounds of good judgment and right feeling. 
 But in all the twenty-five years the student 
 body has been exceptioiially free from any- 
 thing that has brought real disgrace upon any 
 of its members. 
 
 Hazing has been practically unknown. That 
 is a natural result of the absence of class spirit, 
 which is the almost necessary consequence of 
 the very mixed class relations of most students 
 in the earlier years and of the diversity of 
 courses and wide range of electives in later 
 times. The tie of class, such a strong one in 
 all of the older colleges, lias seldom been 
 strong here, and has often failed to be consciously 
 felt at all. The fraternity tie, strengthened by 
 the intensity of fniternity rivalries, has cut 
 across the class feeling and tended further to 
 lessen it. Class relations have been compara- 
 tively little felt in society. No well recognized 
 social event, I think, has grown out of the class 
 organization or follows class lines. The ex- 
 ercises of class day are the only ones for which 
 a class is held responsible by college tradition 
 so far as it is at present established. A formal 
 
Student Life. 133 
 
 class organization has usual ]j been kept op by 
 classes, thouo-h the great irregularity of students 
 has often made it impossible to draw the lines 
 of membership sharply. Usually also some 
 further attempt is made during the course to de- 
 velop the class consciousness, either by a class 
 supper, or a class party, or by some distinction 
 of dress. Thus the class of '84, in their Sopho- 
 more year adopted the mortar board as the class 
 hat. Within the last few years class hats have 
 been adopted by several classes, usually in their 
 Senior year, but also sometimes in the Sopho- 
 more year. Class parties liave hardly ever been 
 given before the Junior year, though tlie ladies 
 of '84 entertained the gentlemen of the class 
 during their Sophomore year, and '88 had a 
 party when they were still Freshmen. But 
 these seem to be only sporadic exhibitions of 
 class consciousness. Only in the class of '81 
 does the class tie seem to have been much more 
 than nominal and to have outlived the chilling 
 contact of the world. Still tliere have been in- 
 dications in the past three years that Seniors, 
 as the day of their separation approaches, ap- 
 preciate the value of the class relation more than 
 used to be the case; and the greater regularity 
 of the students in their courses and the increased 
 
13-i Student Life. 
 
 miinber of those who can pursue their course to 
 the end without interruption give a basis for class 
 spirit which has hitherto been absent. 
 
 It is the fraternity whicli has been by far tlie 
 most important unit within the University, botli 
 in society and in politics. Almost all those so- 
 cial events which liave a well marked university 
 character have been due to some one or other of 
 the fraternities. The receptions and parties that 
 belong specifically to the student world and are 
 regularly recurring features of the social year 
 are fraternity parties and receptions. There 
 have been nine fraternities in the University, 
 six belonging to the young men and three to 
 the young women. About 100 of the 221 colle- 
 giate undergraduates at the present time are 
 members of fraternities. This proportion has 
 been quite constant for a number of years. 
 
 The first of the fraternities to enter the Uni- 
 versity was Beta Theta Pi. It was founded 
 through the efforts of Major W. C Ransom on 
 the 9th of January, 1873. The University at 
 this time contained less than fifty students in the 
 regular college classes. Its charter members 
 were: F. C. Bassett, Jas. A. Wickersham, L. D. 
 L. Tosh, E. B. Noyes, E. H. Bancroft, Ralph 
 Collins, Frank MacLennan and J. 1). Lambert. 
 
Student Life. 135 
 
 Many if not all of these were members of the 
 '^Degree of Oread Society," a sort of secret so- 
 ciety existing within the Oread Literary Society, 
 and containins: also a nnniber of vouno; ladies. 
 Some of these young ladies had already been in 
 conference with representatives of the I. C. So- 
 rosis in the spring and summer of 1872, and 
 when they were sure that the Chapter of Beta 
 Theta Pi had been founded they secured a char- 
 ter for tlie Kappa Chapter of I. C, and the I. 
 C/s' pins appeared at the University almost as 
 soon as the Betas'. Their charter was granted 
 April 1st, 1873; the charter members were: 
 Hannah Oliver, May Richardson, Lizzie Yeag- 
 ley, Flora Richardson, A. Gertrude Boughton, 
 Alma Richardson and Vina Lambert. The num- 
 ber of regular collegiate undergraduates then 
 was thirty-nine, twenty-two of whom were in the 
 Freshman class, and of this number the two 
 young fraternities took in sixteen. An Alumni 
 Chapter was established by the I. C. 's in Law- 
 rence in 1882. In 1888 the fraternity elected 
 to be called by its Greek letter name, Pi Beta 
 Phi. 
 
 By 1876 the number of collegiate students 
 had grown to between seventy and eighty, and 
 in the beginning of that year a charter was 
 
136 Student Life. 
 
 granted for the Kansas Alpha Chapter of Phi 
 Kappa Psi. The Chapter was established Feb- 
 ruary 19th, the charter members being: F. O. 
 Marvin, through whose efforts largely the charter 
 was secured, Charles S. Gleed, G. W. Hapgood, 
 H. H. Jenkins, Valorous F. Brown, Harry W. 
 Berks, J. W. Gleed, H. D.Crandall, G. T. Nichol- 
 son. The Phi Psis became at once the stubborn 
 rivals of the Betas, and both have continued to 
 play a prominent part in University society and 
 politics ever since. 
 
 Kappa Alpha Theta was the fourth fraternity 
 to found a Chapter here. In the beginning of 
 ISSl it granted a charter to M. Lizzie Wilder, 
 Julia M. Watson, Maggie R. Eidemiller, Alice 
 E. Bartell, Grace Houghtelin, Cora E. Pierson, 
 Kate L. Ridenour, Lizzie Y. Caldwell, Carrie E. 
 Heyward, Jo Brown, Roberta Neisley, Clara 
 Gillham and Ida E. Bay, and on the ITth of 
 March they were initiated and the Chapter estab- 
 lished. 
 
 During the summer of the same year a charter 
 was secured from Phi Gamma Delta, and on the 
 17th of December the Pi Deuteron Chapter of 
 that fraternity was established here with the fol- 
 lowing as charter members: Glen L. Miller, J. 
 T. Harlow, Samuel Seaton, John D. McLaren, 
 
Student Life. 137 
 
 W. C. Stevens. In this year, out of an enroll- 
 ment of 132 in collegiate classes the five frater- 
 nities contained 5-1. 
 
 The members of Phi Gamma Delta began at 
 once to mingle prominently in the affairs of the 
 college world. Tliey especially antagonized Phi 
 Kappa Psi, and had a considerable share in the 
 revival of the Courier in 1882 as a rival of the 
 Review, which was then controlled by Phi Kappa 
 Psi. They have continued to maintain their 
 connection with the Courier ever since, but the 
 fortunes of college politics have changed their 
 old antagonists in journalism into their allies. 
 
 The following year added Phi Delta Theta to 
 the fraternities already established. The Chap- 
 ter was founded Oct. 20th, 1882, having the fol- 
 lowing charter members: E. F. Caldwell, W. 
 T. Findley, B. T. Chase, T. Jack Schall, S. A. 
 Detwiler, J. A. Fowler, Justin P. Jacke and 
 Stanley Williams. The Chapter ran sul rosa 
 for several months; the pins were first publicly 
 donned March 20th, 1883. 
 
 As early as March, 1882, there were rumors 
 afloat in the University that a Chapter of 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma was about to be 
 founded here, due perhaps to the fact that 
 a member of that fratornitv had become a 
 
138 Student Life. 
 
 student liei'c. The rumor continued to be 
 revived from time to time during tlie next 
 two years, but it was not till the fall of 1888 
 that the Chapter was really established, Evelyn 
 Smith, Laura Leach, Rose Wagner, Mabel 
 Gore, Mabel Weniple, Bertha Starr, Sallie Love- 
 land and Eva Howe being the charter members. 
 The first public appearance of the fraternity was 
 on Monday, February ith, 188L 
 
 The spring of 1884 saw also the advent of 
 Sigma (^'hi, which had also been heralded by ru- 
 mor the previous November. The Alpha Chi 
 Chapter of that fraternity was established May 
 16th of that year, and the charter members were 
 B. C. Preston, C. L. Smith, C. S. Metcalfe, R. 
 L. McAlpine, Guy Schultz, Will Schultz, D. C. 
 Kennedy, H. F. Albert and Geo. Metcalfe. 
 
 The latest comer among the Greek letter socie- 
 ties is Sigma Nu. The date of its establishment 
 was June, 1884, and its charter members were 
 J. T. Howard, H. B. Martin, P. R. Bennett, G. 
 W. Harrington, F. A. Marshall, A. C. Markley. 
 Several of these charter members had been 
 prominent in University politics, often in com- 
 binations against the fraternities, and the new 
 fraternity met at first with some opposition from 
 the other Greeks. 
 
Student Life. 139 
 
 All of these fraternities coiitiiuie to exist in a 
 flourishing condition, exce])t Sigma Chi, whicli 
 suffered in 1889-90 from internal discords whicli 
 it barelj weathered, and lost its standing in tlie 
 first part of the present year with the withdrawal 
 of its best men. 
 
 The social life of the University cannot well 
 be considered apart from the fraternities, for it 
 has centered in them. The intensity of tliis so- 
 cial life has varied from year to year and from 
 fraternity to fraternity. As a rule each fra- 
 ternity has planned to have two considerable 
 social events during the year. These have 
 usually taken the form of evening parties, with 
 dancing and refreshments. More rarely have 
 these events taken the shape of formal dinners 
 or suppers with toasts and perhaps some musical 
 or literary features. Unusual activity in social 
 life is indicated by the frequency of informal 
 hops or other parties. Only rarely and among 
 a small circle of students has this social activity 
 amounted to dissipation or invaded the precincts 
 of the University building. There were times 
 in 188i and 1885, however, when Oread Hall 
 was invaded by some light-headed and light- 
 footed devotees of society for whom the even- 
 ings were not enough. 
 
140 Student Life. 
 
 During the years when Beta Tlieta Pi and Phi 
 Kappa Psi were the sole fraternities among the 
 young men, the keenness of the rivah-y between 
 them seems to have drawn the fraternity lines 
 pretty tight, and I have found little reference 
 during those years to interchanges of social 
 courtesies between the tvvo. But in 1881 an 
 era of c^ood feel in 2^ seems to have been inaue^u- 
 rated by a banquet given by Beta Theta Pi to 
 its rival. From that time to the end of 1885 
 parties given by one fraternity to another were 
 a favorite form of social life. Since then it has 
 been more customary for a fraternity to choose 
 its guests from all the other fraternities. (3nce 
 the male fraternities have put aside their rival- 
 ries and united in a celebration of their common 
 aims, in the Pan-Hellenic, March 8th, 1880."^ 
 The Sigma Nus however did not participate. 
 On the same evening the three fraternities of the 
 young ladies also united in a celebration. The 
 faculty has done little to influence or direct the 
 social life of the students. It has often been 
 represented at tlie social gatherings of the stu- 
 dents, but has not often brought students to- 
 gether in the homes of its members. An attempt 
 
 * About two j'cars before this, and perhaps still earlier, there had 
 been a more informal meeting of several fraternities. 
 
Student Life. 141 
 
 to briiii;- tlie wliole University together socially 
 was made in what nsed to be called the faculty 
 reception. This was a reception given at the 
 University shortly after the opening of the 
 college year to all students, with the desire of in- 
 troducing the new students to the old, making 
 them feel more at home, and strengthening the 
 feeling of solidarity among all students. These 
 receptions were inaugurated in 1877 and were 
 continued until 1S85. The custom was revived 
 by Cliancellor Snow in the reception to the Uni- 
 versity at large given at the beginning of last 
 December. The University ball, as an occasion 
 to unite all members of the University without 
 reference to fraternity or other distinctions, has 
 never established itself as a regular social event 
 of the year. University balls have been given 
 in 1881, 1882, 1883, 1890, and in the first half 
 of the j)resent year. 
 
 The literary life of the students has had two 
 nuiin channels of expression, the literary society 
 and the college journals. Both have revealed 
 a considerable activity, and both have been 
 closely connected with college politics and often 
 not to their advantage. The life of the various 
 literary societies and of the numerous journals 
 that have been founded here has been marked by 
 
U2 SfuJrnt Life, 
 
 the struggle between rival factions for tlie con- 
 trol of those societies and journals; and these 
 factions have usual Iv been separated on frater- 
 nity lines. No combination between different 
 fraternities has been stable for a long term of 
 years, and they have generally shifted from year 
 to year. Every fraternity has had its turn in a 
 winning alliance. 
 
 The first paper"^^ published by undergraduates 
 of the University was the Observer of Xature. 
 This was the organ of the Natural History Soci- 
 ety, and was edited by William Osburn,* 77. The 
 iirst number appeared with the date of the 1st 
 of April, 1874. Four numbers came out before 
 commencement, and made up the first volume. 
 The second volume was published at irregular 
 intervals during the second half of the next year, 
 and consisted of five numbers. 
 
 The next year a iiew paper, called the Kansn^ 
 CoUeglate, appeared. This was really an ex]nin- 
 sion of the (>hi<ei'ver of Xatun\ for both papers 
 were issued to the same subscribers and under 
 the same management; the Observer limited itself 
 to scientific articles, and the Collegiate devoted 
 
 * Journalism is tlio only field of our oolU-iro life of which any his- 
 torieal aecount lias been preiijired. Vov a fuller notioi' of tills suliject 
 the ri"a(U r is refenetl to an artieU' by Mr. P. R. Bennett, for the years 
 before IS^^'4, in the /v<r'/V<e for June, 18S4. and for the later vears' to a 
 siveteli by Mr. H. E. Copper in the Kevtciv for April. 1891. 
 
Student Life. 143 
 
 itself to litertiry articles, editorials and news. 
 Charles S. Gleed, who had assisted in the second 
 volume of the Ohserve)\ edited the Collegiate and 
 William Osburn the Ohsercer. 
 
 After the spring of 1876, the Ohserver ceased 
 to appear. The Collegiate continued to hold the 
 field alone until 1878. In that year two rivals 
 appeared, the University Courier and the Univer- 
 sity Pastime, The Courier seems to have been 
 a revolt asrainst an alleo'ed exclusiveness in the 
 management of the Revieiv. The Pastime was 
 a private venture, devoted particularly to news 
 and inclined to sensation, and was published 
 fortnightly. It lived only till April 16th, 1879. 
 
 The Courier issued but eight numbers of its 
 first volume, but began its second volume regu- 
 larly in September, 1879. It did not survive 
 the year, however. An effort to consolidate it 
 with the Collegiate failed, but led to the secession 
 of a part of its supporters, and it ceased publi- 
 cation for lack of support in the beginning of 
 1880. Those wdio had withdraw^n from the 
 Courier went over to the Collegiate., and were 
 given representation on it, and under the new 
 control it appeared in November, 1879, as the 
 Kansas Bevievj. 
 
 For two years, 1880-81 and 1881-82, the Be- 
 
144 Student Life. 
 
 rictr had iu> rival. lUit in the fall of 1882 tlie 
 C<>uri< I' was revived, ai»aiii as a revolt against 
 the exclusiveiiess of the iiianageiiieiit of the Re- 
 view^ and continued to ap])ear every fortnight 
 till coninienceuient, 1884, when there was again 
 a dissension in its ranks. Its directors voted to 
 consolidate with the Bevieir under the name of 
 the UnirifKify Rcrieu^ but a inu-ty refused to 
 accept the conclusion, and began in the fall of 
 1884 to continue the |)ublication of the CoHricr 
 as a weekly. Since that time the Reriev: has 
 remained the only monthly published by the 
 students. 
 
 The Coiu'ici' continued to have a checkered 
 career. At first the Rrietr opi)osed it with a 
 weekly of its own called the Xeif\^, but the 
 Courur i)roved to have the most vitality, and the 
 j^etrK soon suspended. In the following year a 
 ([uarrel in the Cotd'ier company led to a split 
 and the ])ublication for a considerable ])()rti()n 
 of the year of two Courier.^, one controlled by 
 the llii Ganuna Delta fraternity and the other 
 principally by Mr. flohn Sullivan. About the 
 middle of the year J\lr. Sullivan sold out his 
 Courier to his rival and left it in possession of 
 the field. Its ])Ossessi«.)n was undisputed for the 
 next two vears, but in 1888 the fraternities 
 
Student Life. 145 
 
 wliich were iinre])i'eseiited on tlie Courier^ with 
 the <ii(l of iioii-frateruity students, founded the 
 Times. It was published as a weekly rival of 
 the Courier throughout the year, but did not 
 reach a second volume. But it had a successor 
 in the Ualverslty Kansan^ which was the Cou- 
 rier'^ s rival through the year 1889-90. At the 
 beginning of the present year the two companies 
 came to an agreement, and but one weekly pa- 
 per has been published, still under the name of 
 the Courier. 
 
 Besides these monthlies and weeklies five an- 
 nuals have been issued from the University. 
 The first was in the year 1873, and was called 
 tlie llleropharites. The next was in the year 
 1882, and was the KlkJmhe. It was intended 
 that the Klkl'ahe should be issued every year, and 
 for the two following years annuals were regu- 
 larly published, though each year under a differ- 
 ent name. In '83 it was the Cyclone, and in '81: 
 the Cicala. Since then but one annual has been 
 published, in '89. under the name of the Ilell- 
 anthus. These annuals, like similar publica- 
 tions at other colleges, contain a very full 
 account of the various student organizations, 
 and nuicli vahiable matter which does not find 
 its way into other publications of the Ihiiversity. 
 —10 
 
14G Student Life! 
 
 The first literary society founded at the Uni- 
 versity was called the ^'Acropolis Society." Its 
 objects were the ordinary ones of college debat- 
 inir societies, and its exercises were of the usual 
 kind. Founded in 1866, it was successful at 
 first, and then afterwards languished, so that in 
 1870 a new departure was taken; the name was 
 changed to Orophilian, and the young women 
 were excluded, or at least discouraged from at- 
 tending. This, with other elements of disaffec- 
 tion, led to a secession from the society and the 
 foundation of a new one, to which the name 
 Oread was given. The existence of a rival seems 
 to have contributed to the vigor and prosperity 
 of both societies, and for many years they con- 
 tinued in active and fruitful operation. Some 
 time about 1875 they began to give public exhi- 
 bitions on evenings of commencement week, or 
 those just preceding. In 1880 an annual con- 
 test between the two societies was inaugurated. 
 These contests were held during the month of 
 December and were among the great events of 
 the year. The first contest was won by Oread, 
 who also won in \S3 and '81. Orophilian won 
 in '81, '82, '85, '86. In 1881 the commence- 
 ment exhibitions of the two societies were 
 changed to a joint exhibition. By this time. 
 
S/ndent Life. 147 
 
 however, the prime of the societies was passed. 
 Oread was the first to cease to hold meetings, in 
 the fall of 1886. Her place and hall were taken 
 by a new society, the Athenaeum, w^hich had de- 
 veloped out of an offshoot of Orophilian. Oro- 
 philian, too, was living a precarious sort of life. 
 Several of its members had formed an independ- 
 ent and smaller debating chib that met in Oro- 
 philian hall on Saturday afternoons. This club 
 later took the name of ''Moot Senate," and 
 after Oread ceased to meet, it transferred its 
 sessions to her hall and became the Athenaium 
 Literary Society, March 18, 1887. But that these 
 societies were no longer satisfying the wants of 
 the students in the direction of practice in debate 
 is shown by the formation in this same year, 
 1886-7, of two other debating clubs — the Dick- 
 son Debating Club and the Lime Kiln Debating 
 Club. But Orophilian and Athenaeum contin- 
 ued to exist dowm to 1889. Athenaeum then dis- 
 ai)i)eared from sight. Orophilian made several 
 attempts to get back her old energies, but in 
 vain. Athenaeum's place had been taken by 
 a purely non-fraternity society, the Adelphic, 
 which seemed to be doing good work. The 
 fragments of Oro])hilian made a last effort to 
 live, and formed themselves into the "Univer- 
 
148 Student Life. 
 
 sity Literary Club," and an arrangement was 
 made whereby, under certain conditions, the 
 work done in the chib shoukl be credited on tlie 
 English work of the student in class. But the 
 club lasted only to the end of the year, and 
 failed to show itself at the beginning of 1890-91. 
 Adelphic remains the only general literary so- 
 ciety among the students. 
 
 There are two reasons for this decay of the 
 literary societies. One is to be found in the in- 
 jurious entrance of politics into them in the at- 
 tempts to control the election of the contest and 
 June programs. These elections came to be 
 very stormy affairs and the spirit often ran very 
 high. The real aims of the society were buried 
 beneath struggle for honors and place; voting 
 and getting elected became of more importance 
 than literary work and practice in debate. The 
 other reason is to be found in the change that 
 has been coming over the whole University, 
 and not over this university alone but over 
 many others. I mean the change in the meth- 
 ods and range of study and the growing speciali- 
 zation of students, and their larger interest in 
 investigation. As this change has gone on the 
 special club or society has taken the place of the 
 general literary society. The first movement in 
 
Student Life. 149 
 
 this direction liere was an outgrowtli of tlie in- 
 terest in natural liistorj. A Natural History 
 Society was formed in 1S73 and continued to 
 exist until 1S77. During the same time little 
 clubs with no special organization were formed 
 among their students by the professors of Greek, 
 History and Modern Languages. It is in part 
 an expression of the same tendency that the 
 normal students formed in 1881 a separate Nor- 
 mal Society wliicli continued until the abandon- 
 ment of the Normal Department, and tliat the 
 preparatory students in 1882 also banded them- 
 selves together in a separate organization. The 
 law students organized Nov. 29th, 1880, a Kent 
 Club for the holding of moot courts and for 
 practice in debating. Nov. 24th, 1882, the stu- 
 dents of civil engineering founded an Engi- 
 neering Society. On September 15th, 1882, a 
 Social Science Club was formed, to hold its 
 meetings every Friday, but this club had but a 
 short life, having ceased to be by the new year. 
 February 8th, 1884, a inedical society was formed 
 under the name of the latrikos. This was consoli- 
 dated in January of the following year with the 
 Civil Engineering Society to form the Science 
 Club, which has had a healthy life ever since, and 
 still continues to hold fortnio-htlv meetings. In 
 
150 Student Life. 
 
 1883 a Gernuxn Club was formed, which throuo-h 
 various changes of form lias continued to exist, 
 and took on during the past year the form of a 
 Modern Language Chib, holding weekly meet- 
 ings alternately in French and German. A 
 Pharmacy Association was established in Janu- 
 ary, 1887; it met at first every Thursday, but 
 now holds its meetings every other Friday even- 
 ing. In the fall of 188G a Philological (Jlub 
 was added to the others, and now holds its meet- 
 ings every other Friday evening, alternating with 
 the Science Club. The Seminary of Histoi'ical 
 and Political Science, nnder the direction of the 
 professors of History and Political Economy, 
 was founded in 1887, and holds meetings on al- 
 ternate Friday afternoons. It has just begun 
 the publication of its papers or abstracts of them, 
 under the title of "Seminary Notes." 
 
 Another organization which has a close con- 
 nection with the literary life of the students is 
 the Oratorical Association, whose business is to 
 arrange for the contest in oratory, by wdiich the 
 orator is chosen wdio is to represent the Univer- 
 sity in the annual inter-collegiate contest. The 
 Inter-Collegiate Association was lirst suggested 
 by the University in 1881. The suggestion was 
 repeated in the following year, and in 1883 a 
 
Student Life. 151 
 
 committee was appointed to draft a constitution 
 and work up the movement in the other colleges 
 of tlie State, The efforts of this committee were 
 successful ; the other colleges gave their ap- 
 proval, and the first contest was held February 
 22(1, ISSl. The first State contest was held at 
 Lawrence April ISth, and resulted in a victory 
 for the representative from the Normal School, 
 at Emporia. He was, however, convicted of 
 plagiarism and throw^n out and a new contest 
 ordered at Baldwin, at wdiich our representative, 
 Mr. L. H. Leach, w^as the winner. In the 
 series of State contests thus far the University 
 has won first place three times. 
 
 The part which music has played in the col- 
 lege life of our University is very small. Tlie 
 Department of Music has done mnch for mu- 
 sical education, but it has apparently made lit- 
 tle impression upon collegiate students. The 
 lack of college singing has been a fruitful topic 
 of lamentation in the college press ever since 
 its beginning. Various means have been sug- 
 gested and tried to stimulate the production of 
 university songs, but the one or two that have 
 been produced have never had the experience 
 of being sung by a chorus of the whole student 
 body. And there have been few musical or- 
 
152 Student Life. 
 
 ganizations among the students. Of those that 
 have existed tlie Arion quartette was by far tlie 
 most famous. The members were C. F. Scott, 
 J. W. Gleed, G. 0. Smith and Scott Hopldns. 
 There was a University Musical Union in ^>^^K\ 
 working under tlie direction of Prof. F. (). 
 Marvin at choruses. It died in the following- 
 year, but was revived again in 18S3 and lived 
 for two years longer. The only orchestra of 
 which there is record is the Phi Kappa Psi Or- 
 chestra of 1885. The past year has seen the 
 organization of a Glee Club and a Mandolin 
 Chib. 
 
 In another field which in most colleges absorbs 
 a goodly share of the free activities of the stu- 
 dent body, that of athletic sports, the University 
 has also comparatively little to offer. Not that 
 there lias ever been a time when they have been 
 totally neglected, for even from the first years 
 of its history there is the record of the visit of 
 a nine from the University to Topeka, and their 
 defeat by a Topeka nine by the close score of 
 ninety-six to fifty-seven. But the number of 
 those feeling a keen interest in these sports has 
 always been few, there has been no regular ri- 
 valry between the University and other colleges, 
 and contests with other colleges have been few 
 
Student Life. 153 
 
 and far between. This apatliy in athletics has 
 been remarked very frequently in the University 
 papers. 
 
 The first organized effort in connection with 
 athletics was the formation of a companj^ of 
 cadets in 1878. In May the roll of the company 
 numbered seventy-five men, with Scott Hopkins 
 as captain. A band was in practice under the 
 leadership of Stuart O. Henry. Enthusiasm was 
 great, and it was expected that a regular army 
 officer would be detailed to instruct them the 
 next year. The next fall they began the college 
 year by ordering uniforms of light and dark 
 blue, much like the uniforms of the regular 
 army, but the paper of February 28th, 1879, 
 contains the obituary notice of this short-lived 
 company. In 1885 the papers agitated the re- 
 vival of the military company, but without effect. 
 
 One athletic feature of the older college life 
 that disappeared long ago is the annual rope 
 pull between the Freshmen and Sophomores. 
 When this was instituted I do not know. In 
 1879 it was already an old institution. It oc- 
 curred sometime during the fall term, and en- 
 gaged the whole of the two lower classes. It 
 occurred for the last time in 1880. 
 
 Naturally all our contests with other colleges 
 
154 Student Life. 
 
 have been in biise bull, until hist full, but I do 
 not iind u record of any contest at all before 
 1880. That year seems to have seen a revival 
 of interest in base baU. The faculty is reported 
 to have given the nine its apjn-oval, and the Can- 
 tield silver ball was given as a prize to stimulate 
 effort. Washburn was challenged and a series 
 of three games played. The first, played at To- 
 ])eka, w^as lost, but the other two were won. 
 The next time the Univei'sity ])layed Washburn 
 was in 1885, wdien Washburn was victorious. 
 k3he was again victorious in 1880, and in two 
 games in the spring of 1887. In 1888 Washbui'n 
 was twice defeated. The University met Baker 
 twice in 1886, one game being drawn and the 
 other being w(ni by the University. In 1888 we 
 met Baker once and won, and in 1889 Baker 
 was defeated by us again. 
 
 Foot ball as a scientific game was never in- 
 troduced in the University till last fall, when it 
 created a great deal of enthusiasm and did much 
 to stimulate a general interest in out-door s})orts. 
 
 Tennis was introduced at the University as 
 early as 1884, but was never played much until 
 1887-88. In the spring of 1888 the University 
 })layed two nnitches with Washburn, winning tlie 
 doubles and drawinii: the sino-les. 
 
Studefit Life. 155 
 
 The management and control of athletic sports 
 have been for the most part in temporary and 
 shifting organizations. This lias entailed great 
 loss of cc^herence and concentration upon tlieir 
 management. Various attempts have been made 
 to dve the different athletic interests a united 
 and consistent direction tlirough one organiza- 
 tion. The most elaborate was in 1884, when an 
 Athletic Association was formed with carefully 
 drawn constitution and by-laws. But it did not 
 last out a year, and the unnatural activity which 
 it created was followed by a greater apathy than 
 had existed before. Another attempt was made 
 in December, 1889, and the association then 
 formed is still in existence. Besides supplying 
 a central management for the various sports, it 
 set itself to the task of raising money to procure 
 and fit up suitable grounds for an athletic field. 
 The need of such a field entirely under the con- 
 trol of the University has long been felt by the 
 students and frequently been pointed out by the 
 college papers. A subscription was begun among 
 the students and faculty, and about §200 raised. 
 Colonel McCook, of New York, interested him- 
 self in the plans of the association and gave 
 $1,500 towards its object, with the promise of 
 doubling whatever it should raise up to $10,000. 
 
156 Studcfit Life. 
 
 Tlie associcitioii has prosecuted its work during 
 the present year and raised about ^800, and has 
 received a further gift from Col. McCook of 
 ^1,000, so that there is available for its purpose 
 about ^3,500. 
 
 A gymnasium has also long been called for by 
 the students and urged by the officers of the 
 University. Chancellor Fraser recommended 
 in his day the erection of an inexpensive building 
 to serve the temporary needs of the students, 
 but met with no response. In the absence of 
 all ])rovision for a building, the students have 
 set about helping themselves as best they 
 could. In the winter of 1882 the authori- 
 ties granted the use of one of the rooms in 
 the basement of the main building, and a 
 gymnasium association was formed to equip 
 it with the simplest and most necessary ap- 
 paratus. Tills association went to pieces in 
 the course of a year, and the apparatus, not 
 being carefully handled, was broken or lost. 
 The present Athletic Association revived the 
 gymnasium movement and purchased sufficient 
 machinery to equip one of the large rooms in 
 the dome of the mam building. 
 
 Soon after the formation of the State Ora- 
 torical Association the college papers agitated the 
 
Student Life. 157 
 
 formation of a State Athletic Association. 
 Nothing came of it, although the suggestion was 
 repeated from time to time. Tlie past year, 
 however, has seen the formation of a triangular 
 league between Washburn. Baker and the Ilni- 
 versity; and this has been mainly due to the ef- 
 forts of the students of the University. 
 
 Various voices have lamented hi the past the 
 lack among the students of the University of 
 that enthusiasm for their institution which is 
 known as college spirit. There seem to have 
 been few vigorous demonstrations of it in the 
 early years of the college; and that is not 
 strano:e considerino- the few occasions on which 
 this enthusiasm was sharpened by competition 
 with rival colleges. The oratorical contests 
 proved that it was not wanting by giving it 
 a chance for expression, and greatly stimu- 
 lated it. The athletic contests do the same thing. 
 No one can well doubt the vigorous loyalty of 
 the student body to the University when he 
 hears the thunder of the college yell sent up 
 from tlie foot-ball or base-ball field. The ex- 
 istence of the yell itself is a proof of that spirit; 
 one common sentiment of love and pride and 
 exultation seeks expression in one common 
 form of words — ' ' Rock Chalk, Jay Hawk, 
 K. U." 
 
J. A. LiPPINCOTT. 
 
REMINISCENCES. 
 
 D. H. ROBINSON. 
 
 THE OPENING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. 
 
 Twenty-five years ago I was elected to a pro- 
 fessorship in the University of Kansas. In no 
 other State would a similar election have pleased 
 nie as well; for I thought then, and hold the 
 same opinion still, that the superior intelligence 
 and moral purpose of the early settlers must 
 soon show itself in better schools and brighter 
 pupils than are found in other western States, 
 and eventually equal the best to be found in the 
 older parts of the country. 
 
 Soon after my appointment I received a let- 
 ter from Chancellor Kev. E. W. Oliver, D. D., 
 asking: me to make out a course of study for the 
 new University. This I proceeded to do, 
 modeling it after the classical course in an 
 eastern college thirty years ago, with no pro- 
 vision for work below the P^'eshnuin class. All 
 (159) 
 
160 Reminiscences. 
 
 preparatory work was left to the liigli schools, 
 for it seemed to me a fair presumption, that 
 since the State University would fall heir to the 
 pupils of the ''Lawrence University,'^ and the 
 public schools had already been in successful 
 operation for several years, there were, prob- 
 ably, a few college students and a great many 
 graduates of the high schools eagerly waiting 
 an opportunity to secure that higher education 
 which the State was in duty bound to give them, 
 and which it could only offer in the University. 
 To njeet tliis clamorous demand the University 
 was now about to be opened. 
 
 Coming to Lawrence early in September of 
 1866, I first met my colleagues. Professors 
 Frank Huntington Snow and Elial J. Rice. 
 Professor Snow and I were young men but re- 
 cently out of college, and therefore with very lit- 
 tle experience as educators; while our colleague 
 was a gray-haired man of much experience, 
 having been principal, and perhaps superin- 
 tendent of schools, of some town in Indiana. 
 In deference to his gray hair, I presume, and 
 wider experience, the Regents wisely made him 
 the "Acting President ''of the new University. 
 
 Having established ourselves in an excellent 
 boarding house on Kentucky street, conveniently 
 
Reminiscences. 161 
 
 near tlic University, Professor Snow and I started 
 out to call upon our worthy Cliancellor. We 
 desired from the official head of the University 
 definite instructions in relation to opening the 
 instituti(m the coining week. Greeting us very 
 kindly the (/hancellor invited us to his study. 
 The air was thick with tobacco smoke. Regent 
 Starrett was present, smoking a pipe with a stem 
 about six feet long. Six or eight similar pipes 
 and a large .pouch of tobacco w'ere lying on the 
 table. Tlie men were evidently "hail fellows 
 well met, "^ and were having the jolliest kind of 
 a time. Our coming had broken off one of Star- 
 rett^ s best stories — and he could tell good ones. 
 Politely declining to join in the smoking, farther 
 than was absolutely necessary, we tried to state 
 our business. But no; that interrupted story 
 must first be finished. It was a good story, and 
 so w^ell told that w^e had to have another to 
 match it. The fun then grew fast, if not furious, 
 one story provoking another in rapid succession, 
 and the air all the time growing thicker and 
 bluer, until we, poor fellows, half sick, finally in- 
 sisted that we could stay no longer, and asked 
 what pre])arations we should make for the open- 
 ing of the University. I think we expected, in 
 —11 
 
ir>2 j^ 
 
 t/jii/iisi-e?iccs. 
 
 ratlier a vau'iio way, some general instruetions 
 about the reception of students from liigh schools 
 upon examination, and from other institutions 
 upon certificates. Our genial Chancellor, after 
 considering a moment, kindly gave us our in- 
 structions — the most unique, I presume, ever 
 given bv the head of a great institution to his 
 colleagues. Speaking with a strong Scotch ac- 
 cent, which I shall not try to indicate, he said: 
 ^^I would advise you, young gentlemen, to no 
 to Mr. Jaedicke's gun shop and hire some guns, 
 and to jMr. O' Conner's livery stable and hire 
 some saddle horses, and go a\yay back on the hills 
 and hunt prairie chickens. You may begone two 
 or three days. This will be as good preparation 
 for your work next week as yvni can make." 
 Saying this he dismissed us. We were some- 
 what surprised, to say the least. This advice, 
 though somewhat congenial to our inclinations, 
 seemed, however, scarcely to lit the question. 
 We were not yet sufficiently experienced in Uni- 
 versity work to see the relation between hunting- 
 prairie chickens and preparing questions for en- 
 trance examinations. Bowing to our Chancel- 
 lor's \yider experience we took our dejnirture, 
 none the wiser. 
 
Reminiscences. 103 
 
 After talking the matter over we concluded 
 to defer the hunt for a few days, and consult 
 with our '-Acting President.'" This consulta- 
 tion, however, did not result in any very definite 
 line of action. We found our President's inind 
 preoccupied with a poem he was preparing, and 
 whicli he lio])ed to be invited to read at the 
 formal dedication of the University the day be- 
 fore we opened for students. As the poem was 
 yet unfinished, and its reading might soon be 
 called for, we could not think of interrupting its 
 laborious construction with less important busi- 
 ness, and therefore proposed to withdraw at 
 once. But no; we must sit down and he would 
 read it to us. It concerned the University, and 
 he wanted our opinion of its merits. So we sat 
 down and he read as far as he had written. Its 
 general subject seemed to be the progress of 
 education, with particular reference to the found- 
 ing of the University of Kansas, and QuantrelTs 
 raid. I do not remember what opinion we ex- 
 pressed of its merits, but it made quite an im- 
 pression upon us, and we often talked about it 
 afterwards. It seemed to us quite a unique pro- 
 duction. And yet, strange as it may apjx'ar, 
 only one of all those linked couplets still lingers 
 
1 04 Rciiiiniscenccs. 
 
 ill my iiieiuury. S[)eakiiig of the murderous 
 
 niid, tlie poet said, 
 
 "Then ran the streets with patriots" blood. 
 Not drop by drop, but in a tlood." 
 
 This gem I shall always cherish as a fitting 
 memento of our ''Acting President." As the 
 program for the dedication was already full, the 
 poem was not read, and hence, I fear, has not 
 been preserved. 
 
 At last the expected morning came, Sept. 12th, 
 1860. The faculty were all present early. No 
 one else, however, came for some time, except 
 two or three noisy carpenters, who were at work 
 on the stairs. Soon a few boys and girls from 
 town came straggling in, and after a while a few 
 more. Later still came those from greater dis- 
 tances — from Grant, Wakarusa, Kanwaka, and 
 some, I think, from far-off Palmyra ! After the 
 devotional exercises, which were led that morn- 
 ing by Chancellor Oliver, the students were sent 
 around to the several professors for examination. 
 Then began our search for those college classes. 
 Seniors and Juniors were given up at the first 
 glance. If any were present, they were surely 
 in deep disguise. For the student look, which 
 comes only from years of work over books, was 
 
Remiuisccuces. 1 C) 5 
 
 not there. We might possibly have a few Soph- 
 omores and P^reshmen, but appearances were 
 against even tliis. I bearan my examination. 
 None liad studied Greek. Six, however, wnshed 
 to begin. So that subject was soon disposed of. 
 In Latin I fared somewliat better. Six or eight 
 had a slight knowledge of the Latin grammar 
 and reader, and were indifferently prepared to 
 begin the study of Caesar. Fifteen or twenty 
 wished to begin Latin. The examinations in 
 other branches showed similar lack of knowl- 
 edge. We had examined, in all, forty students. 
 As the net result, instead of the expected college 
 classes, we had a few candidates for the lower 
 forms of a rather indifferent high school. What 
 a fall from our high expectations ! Still some 
 of the material seemed fairly good, and we hoped 
 for better results in the future. We now saw 
 the wisdom, the true inwardness, as it were, of 
 our Chancellor's advice about hunting. It w^as 
 now clear that he knew the kind of university 
 we were about to open far better than we, and 
 that hunting chickens was quite as useful a prep- 
 aration for it as making long lists of examination 
 questions which would not be needed for years. 
 
 ALMOST A PANIC. 
 Work began promptly and ran on smoothly 
 until near the end of the year, when a strange 
 
106 ReDiinisccnces. 
 
 and, to us, iiiiacconiitcible dropping off of stu- 
 dents began. They gradually disappeared, one 
 after another, without sign or warning, until by 
 the middle of April more than half of our entire 
 number was gone. Becoming alarmed lest they 
 should all leave us, and we be reduced to the 
 shameful necessity of closing the school before 
 the end of the year, Professor Snow and I began 
 to investigate the cause of this strange hegira. 
 We found that, spring work having opened, most 
 of our brawny students had gone home to assist on 
 the farms, and that several in the city, suffering 
 from the unusual strain of head-work, were down 
 with the ^'spring-fever," almost hopeless cases. 
 
 It was evident that something must be done 
 or the University would be disgraced. A con- 
 sultation was held, the result of which was that, 
 by much visiting and earnest missionary work 
 among our patrons, and strong personal appeals 
 to our pupils, we finally averted the threatened 
 disgrace of abandonment, and closed our first 
 year triumphantly with twenty-two students ! 
 
 Had our University yell been then invented, I 
 have no doubt that Professor Snow and I would 
 have shouted loud and long "Rock Chalk, Jay 
 Hawk, K. U.!'' 
 
Rcuiiniscences. 167 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY IN EARLY LECUSLATURES. 
 
 From our first year's experience we were ])re- 
 pared, and, indeed, rather expected, to hear peo- 
 ple say that the University was only a '^Law- 
 rence high scliool,"' but tiiis, of course, w^e 
 stoutly denied. To the superficial observei", it 
 might, indeed, appear so ; but not to the man 
 who w^as accustomed to look beneath the sur- 
 face of things. To see the real University, with 
 its many departments, of literature, science and 
 the arts, its extensive cabinets, museums, labora- 
 tories, libraries and work shops, its hundreds of 
 professors and thousands of students, one must 
 take a deep esoteric view. It seemed complete 
 in all its parts, but in somewhat embryonic form. 
 As the most perfect forms of animate life now 
 in existence doubtless once lay dormant in the 
 rudest germs, so to us the University then lay 
 dormant in the creative act of the Legislature, 
 scarcely yet in the first stage of its endless de- 
 velopment. Closing our eyes to the meager 
 present, and looking far down the glorious future, 
 we had a dim vision of the real University, with 
 a few of its many possibilities partially unfolded. 
 Thus seen it was a great institution, just as the 
 few patent office reports then on our shelves 
 
168 Rem in iscen ccs. 
 
 were the "nucleus of a large aud valuiil)le li- 
 brary/' 
 
 Thus did we easily prove, to ourselves at least, 
 the existence of the University; but it was not 
 so easy to prove this to our enemies, who refused 
 to look at the matter from our j^oint of view. 
 Even our high courses of study did not convince 
 them. At these they only laughed, and said 
 that they knew a high school when they saw 
 one, and we had nothing more. Convinced that 
 we were right, we should not have cared much 
 for the opinions of these men had not some of 
 them soon turned up as members of the Legis- 
 lature. Here they soon became very annoying. 
 This was especially ti'ue for the first seven or 
 eight years. Every winter some economic Solon, 
 raised to influence by brief otHce only, used to 
 assail and sometimes even endanger our meager 
 appropriation by calling the University a "little 
 Lawrence high school." Such attacks were 
 numerous, and of varying degrees of virulence. 
 The most outrageous of all, however, was prob- . 
 ably the one made by a member from Johnson 
 county, who wound up a long and abusive tirade 
 against the needless expense of maintaining so 
 useless an institution by the astounding assertion 
 that it had eight or ten times as many professors 
 
Reminiscences. 169 
 
 as were necessary, and tliat be knew "one man, 
 a friend of liis, who, with the aid of his wife, 
 would undertake to teach everything now tauglit 
 there, and do it better than at present, for the 
 small sum of five hundred dollars a year!" 
 This was cheap enough, surely, but, sti-ange as 
 it may appear, the offer was not accepted. Per- 
 liaps the rest of the members thought it too cheap. 
 But even this man afterwards repented, and did 
 us valiant service in succeeding Legislatures. 
 
 In the same Legislature, I think, another 
 member, in a similar spirit of economy, but in a 
 somewhat more jocular vein, declared that the 
 University, with its large corps of professors and 
 small body of college students, reminded him of 
 a "six-mule team hitched to a buggy." 
 
 During the third winter, in a spasm of great 
 ecouomy, the Legislature threatened to reduce 
 greatly, or even to cut off our appropriations 
 altogether. Disaster, on this occasion, was only 
 averted by inviting the entire Legislature to visit 
 us in a body, and tendering them a generous 
 feed at the Eldridge House. This was managed 
 by the citizens of Lawrence. Many of the mem- 
 bers came, inspected the University, ate our 
 supper, returned mollified, and gave us what we 
 needed. 
 
170 R, 
 
 cmiuiscoices. 
 
 On another occasion of financial stress, tlie 
 Legislature closed all the normal schools of the 
 State, three in number, but, for some reason, 
 spared the University. Tliis, if I remember, was 
 in the winter of 1874-75, the rear of the great 
 grasshopper invasion. The University was prob- 
 ably then spared only because it had already be- 
 gun in large measure to prove its usefulness. 
 Since then it has generally been very kindly 
 treated. The people, as a whole, appear to take 
 an increasing interest in the institution, and seem 
 disposed cheerfully to grant all needed facilities 
 for the better education of their children. 
 
 GENERAL JOHN ERASER. A. M. 
 
 At the end of the first year the University 
 lost its otticial head by the resignation of our 
 "Acting President." Professor John W. Hor- 
 ner was appointed to the vacant chair, but not 
 to the oflicial position of the retiring officer. 
 
 The University was quite as active in its 
 acephalous condition as it had been before, for, 
 aided by our worthy Chancellor, who had now 
 given up his long pipes, but n(^t his funny stories, 
 the several professors, each feeling a deeper 
 sense of responsibility, worked harder for the 
 success of the institution. Thus we ran on 
 
Reminisccjiccs. 171 
 
 smoothly without a head to the middle of the 
 academic year; but this condition was not nor- 
 mal. The Regents began to realize it, and, 
 uniting the offices of Chancellor and President, 
 resolved to give the University a real, substan- 
 tial head — perhaps a big head. After much 
 careful canvassing, General John Fraser, A. M. , 
 was selected for this responsible position. The 
 wisdom of this selection was fully justified by 
 the results. 
 
 General Fraser was a man of unusual ability 
 and force of character. Educated in the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, he naturally brought with 
 liim the methods of teaching which he had seen 
 so successfully practiced there. But the condi- 
 tions here were so entirely different from those 
 to which he had been accustomed that his suc- 
 cess as a teacher in the University of Kansas 
 was very small. Yet this made very little differ- 
 ence, for he was not expected to do much teach- 
 ing. In fact, he was not employed for this. His 
 great strength lay in planning, organizing and 
 building. To conceive the purpose, organize 
 the plan, and persuade a little city like ours to 
 vote 5^100,000 for a University building, and 
 carr}^ all through to a successful conclusion, show 
 wisdom, courage and energy of the very highest 
 
172 Rcjuiuiscences. 
 
 order. In this work he was most successful, 
 and our Main Buikling is his fitting monument. 
 All honor to the noble work of General John 
 Fraser, the first Chancellor and President of 
 
 Kansas University ! 
 
 DISCIPLINE. 
 
 l)isci])line, during our higli sclux^l days, was 
 maintained with a vigorous hand. Knowing 
 that eternal vigilance prevents a multitude of 
 sins, we resolved that the sly student should 
 never catch us napping, nor the remiss and lazy 
 find us over indulgent. We guarded our weak 
 points, therefore, with great strictness. For in- 
 stance, having been nearly disgraced the first 
 year by the sudden withdrawal of our students, 
 we cunningly guarded that point for the future 
 by placing in our catalogue the following severe 
 enactment: '•'Students must be prompt in attend- 
 ance at the opening of the term, and continue to 
 the end of the sanie^ and must not absent them- 
 selves from town without permission from the 
 President." Having once secured them, we 
 fenced them in by law, and did not propose to 
 let them even get out of town without express 
 permission. AVe should thus be able to keep a 
 few in sight, at least, until the end of the year. 
 
r 
 
 Reminiscences. 173 
 
 And tlie event seemed to jutstify the rule, for we 
 never tliereaftei' liad [iny trouble about keepni^j 
 a part of oui* students to the end of the second 
 term. 
 
 Again, see how the fi^llowiug rule puts to 
 shame all our modern legislation on the same 
 subject: ^^ Students must present satisfactory 
 excuses for every absence from any class or duty, 
 before they will be permitted to resume their 
 places in the college." There is strictness for 
 you ! A student was sent out of college for a 
 single absence, and a professor might keep him 
 out forever by not accepting his excuse ! Per- 
 haps, however, this was intended to be understoop 
 in a somewhat Pickwickian sense, inasmuch as 
 we added another rule just below, stating that 
 ''any student having ten nnexcused absences 
 ceased to be a member of the University." Just 
 wdjat peculiar construction we placed upon these 
 rules, that both should seem necessary in the 
 same catalogue, I do not now remember. For 
 if a student was out of college for one absence 
 and 'Miot permitted to return," it is difficult to 
 see how ten absences could do more. Or would 
 they put him out ten times as far'^ But I give 
 it up, and leave the explanation to some old 
 student on whom it was tried. Who will answer? 
 
iT-i Remifiiscences. 
 
 These are sam])les of our rules. There were 
 several others of similar strictness. One illus- 
 tration of the vigor with which thej were applied 
 to practice will probably be sufficient. 
 
 One morning at chapel, after Professsr Snow 
 had called the roll, which required every student 
 to be present every morning and respond to the 
 call — the professors were then always present — 
 Professor Horner read off the names of the delin- 
 quents who had failed to hand in their essays at 
 the appointed date, and commanded each delin- 
 quent, as his name was read, to leave the cliapel 
 and go down to a certain room and there wait 
 to be sentenced. Several names had been 
 read, and tlie culprits had gone, but pretty soon 
 one was called who refused to obey. The pro- 
 fessor looked stern, turned red in the face, rose 
 up and shouted, "Leave the room." The 
 young man looked defiant, and sat still. Down 
 from the platform rushed the irate professor, 
 seized the refractory youth by the collar, jerked 
 him from his seat, and pushing with hands 
 and knees, was forcibly ejecting him from the 
 room, when Professor Snow, starting up, called 
 out sharply, ''Stop, Professor Horner! That is 
 not the way to administer discipline!" The 
 professor desisted, we returned to our places, 
 
Refuinisccnces. 175 
 
 and quiet wiis tsooii restored. Devotional ex- 
 ercises now being ended, we retired to onr class 
 rooms. 
 
 Such was discipline in the early days. We 
 have nothing now to compare with it. Now, 
 thirty to forty professors will often deliberate 
 weeks over some worthless fellow and probably 
 not do as much in all that time as one man then 
 would do in five minutes. 
 
 Is not some of that masculine vigor desir- 
 able^ 
 
 COLLEGE JOKES. 
 
 From time immemorial college students every- 
 where have occasionally been inclined to practi- 
 cal jokes. Our University has had its share ; 
 but of the many that might be told, I have space 
 for but few. 
 
 Jokes in which skeletons are made to play a 
 prominent part have always been great favorites 
 with students. The best one of this kind ever 
 tried here was furbished up for use on the oc- 
 casion of onr first commencement, at the close 
 of General Fraser's administration. This w^as 
 in the summer of 1873. We had moved over 
 into our new building the previous autumn. 
 The south wing and main hall were yet unfin- 
 ished, The hall was a great barn-like place, 
 
176 Reminiscoices. 
 
 with roughly plastered walls, windows mostly 
 closed with old boards, floor level and unseated, 
 and a round hole about eight feet across in the 
 center of the ceiling. It was a very unattract- 
 ive place, and yet the best we had in which to 
 hold commencement exei'cises. A temporary 
 platform was erected on the south side of the 
 hall, and gaily decollated with flags, flowers and 
 evergreens. The place was crowded with peo- 
 ple, and even standing room was at a premium. 
 In the midst of the exercises, just after some 
 very impressive performance, while the full band 
 was playing, there slowly descended from the 
 dark hole in the ceiling a ghastly, grinning skele- 
 ton, shaking his clattering bones, and executing 
 a sort of ghost dance just over the heads of the 
 people, wearing on his big toe a paper inscribed 
 with the legend "Prex" — only this and nothing 
 more ! Then for a time there was great commo- 
 tion, and a rush was made by several of the pro- 
 fessors to discover the perpetrators of the joke. 
 But no one was caught. The only clew ever 
 found was a rope hanging in an air shaft, and a- 
 blue necktie at the foot of the shaft. The tie 
 was kept a long time in the oflice waiting for an 
 owner, but no one ever came to claim it; and so, 
 whether it belonged to some student, or whether 
 
Reminiscences. 177 
 
 the skeleton lost it while climbing the rope, will 
 jn'obiibly always remain a mystery — unless, in- 
 deed, a certain student now living in Kansas City 
 shall consent to give us further information. As 
 soon as quiet was partially restored, the Presi- 
 dent's young wife, turning to her husband, asked, 
 ^^What does ^Prex' mean?"" ''The faculty," 
 he quickly answered. 
 
 Thus was played w^ith us the skeleton act, 
 which, with some slight variation perhaps, is still 
 traveling on its dreary round. 
 
 Other jokes equally gray have also often 
 shaken our students' sides with laughter. Toss- 
 ing victims in blankets, and breaking their bones 
 by the fall; sliding them down inclined planes 
 into water tanks; suspending them from win- 
 dows, sending them on snipe hunts at night, 
 pelting them with eggs, ripe and unripe, and 
 then washing them clean under the pump; — 
 these, and many other practical jokes equally 
 hoary, still furnish nuiterial for many an initia- 
 tion, mock or real, from year to year. 
 
 Some jokes, however, were quite local in 
 many of their features, and, for this reason, may 
 perhaps be worth the telling. This, I think, is 
 true of the following: 
 —12 
 
178 Reminiscences. 
 
 Soon after tlio first Greek letter society was 
 establislied liere, and the boys were flourishing 
 their new badges quite conspicuously, suddenly 
 another society seemed to ^' break out'' with 
 much larger and nu)re cons])icuous badges, con- 
 sisting of the mysterious device, ^'T. C," 
 wrought out of bright new tin. These letters 
 were about two inches long. There was much 
 speculation as to the meaning of this strange 
 device. Some thought it was intended only to 
 ridicule the Greeks; others thought the letters 
 concealed mysteries of dark and fearful import. 
 
 But of the real meaning of the device, when 
 or where the society met, or what was done at 
 the meetings, no one, for a long time, seemed 
 to have the least conception. Curiosity being 
 deeply aroused, a close watch was kept upon the 
 movements of tlie members. It was at last as- 
 certained that the society had no regular time 
 nor ]>]ace for meeting, but assembled usually on 
 dark nights at no inconvenient distance from 
 some nice turkey roost. Feathers, broken bot- 
 tles, paper bags, scattered ar:und a few tire 
 brands, sometimes gave a slight clue to the na- 
 ture of the festivities. Turkeys were missed in 
 various localities, but no one seemed to know 
 where they had i;"one. Thus the matter ran on, 
 
Reminiscc?ices. 179 
 
 until, in an unlucky hour, the bojs raided the 
 ])oultry yard of Judge Xelson Stephens. But 
 the judge was no man to be trifled with. Pos- 
 sessing a rare knowledge of human nature, and 
 great skill in detecting the wily ways of crooked 
 men, lie soon found out who the rogues were, 
 and resolv^ed to punish them in his own peculiar 
 way. 
 
 Without mentioning his discovery to any one 
 but the members of his ow^n family, he politely 
 invited all the '^T. C.'s" to supper. 
 
 They were delighted at the invitation. The 
 judge received them with unusual kindness, if 
 that were possible, and kept them in a roar with 
 funny stories until supper was announced. The 
 boys had never had so good a time before in all 
 their lives. Still shaking with laughter they 
 were shown into the dining room, and assigned 
 their places. On the plate of each "T. C." was 
 a huge turkey. Asking his guests to help them- 
 selves, the judge w^ent on with his funny stories, 
 as if he was always accustomed to give each 
 guest a whole turkey. The boys could neither 
 eat nor listen. They were in torture. But the 
 judge, too polite to notice their embarrassment, 
 sim])ly urged them to eat, now and then, and kept 
 on with his stories. Thus did he roast those boys 
 
180 Roniniscences. 
 
 as th(>r()iii;-lily as ever they had roasted his tui'- 
 keys. At 1 ist, wlieii he thou^i^^lit the roasting 
 done, he politely dismissed them, the most dis- 
 consolate set of fellows that e\"er raided a turkey 
 roost. This hroke u]) the society, and the ^^ Tur- 
 key Catchers'' dishanded, and their badges were 
 seen no more. 
 
 By this little e\])erience the boys had been 
 severely scorched, but their love foi' })ractical 
 joking had by no means been eradicated. A 
 new temptation for them came as follows: 
 
 The women's temperance crusade was being 
 prosecuted in the city with great vigor. The 
 crusaders held all-day meetings in nearly every 
 drinking place in the city. The saloons were 
 literally ''sat down u])on,'' and their owners 
 urged and implored to give uj) their nefarious 
 business and sign the pledge. The University 
 was also invaded, and the pledge passed around. 
 Many signed as re(|uested, and among others 
 several professors. One of these professors hap- 
 pened to luive in his cellar at the time a few 
 bottles of home-made wine, for use in sickness. 
 This fact became known, in some nuinner, to 
 these practical jokers. Their old ardor seized 
 them at once, and they fairly burned to get hold 
 of those bottles. It would be the best joke of 
 
Ron iti iscen ccs. 181 
 
 their lives. Tims thiTilviiig, tliej formed tlieir 
 plan. 
 
 A few evenings later two of tliem called at 
 the professor's house. They seemed in espe- 
 cially happy mood, telling stories, joking, and 
 langhing almost immoderately. Finally one of 
 them, producing some music, offered to play it. 
 With a big crash, he began, and such playing I 
 He ran, and galloped, and cantered, and jumped 
 up and down the keyboard until the old house 
 fairly rattled from chimney top to cellar — espe- 
 cially the cellai". Then college songs wx're roared 
 with equal force and energy. This went on an 
 hour or two, when the guests withdrew, with 
 many expressions of pleasure at the delightful 
 evening they had passed, promising to call soon 
 again. The professor and his wife were a little 
 surprised at the call of these young men, who 
 had never called before, and especially at their 
 rather long stay and boisterous conduct. But 
 still they were glad to have received the visit, 
 and retired greatly pleased to think that these 
 "T. C.'s," lately so wild, were now disposed to 
 give up their disreputable practices, and culti- 
 vate the graces and amenities of social life. 
 
 In the morning, on opening the house, many 
 evidences of burglary were plaiidy visible — in 
 
182 Reminiscences. 
 
 fact, too plainly visible. The hoe and ax and 
 pieces of candles were left near the cellar win- 
 dows, in plain sight, as if courting an investiga- 
 tion. It was soon found that the cellar had 
 been entered, the wine taken, and the following 
 note left in its place: 
 
 "■Dear Professor — luasmiich as you have signed the 
 pledge, and therefore can neither drink this wine yourself, 
 nor sell it, nor give it away, as that would be abetting the 
 great evil, we have concluded to take it, and thus relieve you 
 from all temptation. Yours truly, Ckusadeus." 
 
 The professor, for obvious reasons, never men- 
 tioned his loss, but the boys thought it too good 
 a joke to keep, and so, whispering it around 
 among their friends, it soon became a well-known 
 story. 
 
 THE FORGED TELEGRAM. 
 
 If any of the participants in this joke still 
 feel sensitive over it, I shall beg their pardon in 
 advance, and then go on with my story. For a 
 sketch of University jokes with this one omitted 
 would be like "Hamlet^' witli Hamlet left out. 
 
 One morning, about ten years ago, when Dr. 
 Marvin was on his way to the University, a mes- 
 senger boy gave him a telegram containing the 
 startling information that Regent F. T. Ingalls, 
 of Atchison, had suddenly died the day before, 
 of heart disease, and would be buried on the 
 
Remi?iiscenccs. 183 
 
 following day. The dispatch purported to be 
 sent bv John A. Martin. Greatly shocked, the 
 d(jct(n- hurried to the Universit}^ and told the 
 sad news to the faculty. All were equally 
 shocked. After prayers the doctor, in a few 
 very feeling words, communicated our sad loss 
 to the assembled students, and informed them 
 that ceremonies appropriate to the occasion 
 would be held in chapel on the follow^ing morn- 
 ing. Two members of the faculty, who had 
 been in college with the departed Regent, were 
 selected to deliver memorial addresses. Further 
 information by letter or telegram was ex])ected 
 that day, confirming or denying the report, but 
 as nothing came it was accepted as true, and 
 the professors appointed spent a large part of 
 the night preparing for the ceremonies of the 
 morning. 
 
 In the meantime Dr. Marvin and Regents B. 
 W. Woodward and Rev. A. Beatty, impelled by 
 a deep sense of duty, and with saddened hearts, 
 had gone to Atchison to attend the funeral, 
 which was to be conducted next morning. Ar- 
 riving in town, they began to inquire the par- 
 ticulars concerning the sad event. As bad luck 
 would have it, they chanced upon the one man 
 of all others best calculated to deceive them — 
 
184 Rem in is ecu ces. 
 
 tlie fellow found in nearly every town who will 
 never admit that thei-e is aiiythiiii>; which he 
 does not know ! He knew everything they 
 asked, of course. 
 
 "The death of Ingalls? Oh, yes; it was very 
 sudden. The Senator was" — " But we don't 
 mean the Senator; w^e mean his brother, F. T. 
 Ingalls," said they. "Of course,*" said he, ''a 
 very fine man, too, and one who will be greatly 
 missed; died suddenly in the street, of heart 
 disease; funeral to-morrow at 11 o'clock, under 
 direction of John A. Martin. YouMl find Mar- 
 tin jit his office. Go and see him; heMl tell 
 all about it." So they went to see Mr. Martin. 
 Feeling sure now that he will understand them, 
 they in(|uire at once what arrangements have 
 been made for the funeral. "Funeral!" said 
 he, "what funeral^ There is nobody dead, as 
 far as I know. What are you talking about?" 
 "Rev. F. T. Ingalls' funeral,'' they re])lied; 
 "did you not send us a telegram this morning 
 announcing his sudden death yesterday? We 
 liave come to attend his funeral." "No," he 
 replied; "I sent no such telegram; somebody 
 has fooled you. Ingalls is as well as ever, and 
 is at a church social now." 
 
 Greatly surprised, and scarcely knowing what 
 
Remi)iisc€nces. 185 
 
 to do next, they finally concluded to send a tele- 
 gram to the University immediatelj^, in order to 
 prevent the delivery of those memorial addresses 
 in the morning, and return home as quietly as 
 possible on the first freight train. They sent the 
 telegram, and then sat down to wait for the train. 
 Though sent at nine o'clock in the evening, this 
 telegram, through some strange mishap, was not 
 delivered until after nine o'clock the next morn- 
 ing. It was then too late. The chapel door 
 was closed and the addresses were being deliv- 
 ered. A solemn silence pervaded the room, 
 broken only by the eloquent pathos of the speak- 
 ers, as they portrayed in glowing language the 
 noble life and character of the departed. 
 
 At last, when all was over, and we were slowly 
 leaving the hall, the belated telegram was handed 
 us, announcing that the whole matter had been 
 a hoax from beginning to end. What a sudden 
 revulsion of feeling I How quick the change 
 from grief to indignation at finding ourselves 
 the victims of so cruel a hoax. It was immedi- 
 ately decided that the perpetrators must not be 
 allowed to go unpunished. They were soon 
 souglit out and punished with suspension for the 
 remainder of the year. One of these young 
 men returned to the Univ^ersity and finished his 
 
186 Reminiscences. 
 
 course. The other ne\'er returned. J>otli are 
 now successful hiwyers, one in Kcinsas City, the 
 other in New York. 
 
 EVIDENCES OF (MJOWTII. 
 
 The second catalogue of tlie University gives 
 evidence of considerable growth. We had two 
 college classes that year, Henrietta P. Beach, 
 of Olatlie, constituting the Junior chiss, and 
 Lucie A. Carruth, of Lawrence, the Freslnnan 
 class. ILiving gained these two chisses, we felt 
 so ehited that we informed the public of our 
 purpose '^not to make the preparatory course 
 a pernument feature of the University!" Yet 
 one of the ])r()fessors, having, after all, but little 
 confidence in the rapid increase of high-class 
 scholars, thought it wise policy to attach this 
 junior class as firmly to the institution as possible, 
 at least until she became a senior. This was 
 finally done, and the junior class of 18G7-S is 
 still strongly attached to the University, and 
 slowly becoming a senior. 
 
 J>y the addition of several new instructors 
 we were now prepared not only to offer French 
 in our course, but also to teach it. The first 
 year, instead of teaching this language, we starred 
 Greek, calling attention to the following foot 
 
Reminiscences. 187 
 
 note: ' ' Young ladies wlio desire can take French 
 instead of Greek, although it is earnestly recom- 
 mended that all should pursue the Greek. * ' This 
 was our first French course. German was only 
 offered in advanced courses in which we knew 
 there would be no students. No course in mu- 
 sic was offered or organized. The instructor 
 was simply endorsed by the Regents as compe- 
 tent, and given permission to teach such students 
 as desired and would pay for his services. He 
 was always a sort of free lance, doing about as 
 he pleased, and making whatever he could. And 
 yet he was expected, and sometimes required, to 
 grade the work of his pupils, and hand in reports 
 to the Secretary for permanent record. Profes- 
 sor J. E. Bartlett once handed in his report, with 
 the following explanation: "I grade on the basis 
 of 100. You will observe that two pupils are 
 each marked 125. They were so very good that 
 I had to give them that high grade I " This will 
 indicate the "happy-go-lucky" character of the 
 Music Department before the appointment of 
 Professor \ym. MacDonald. It was organized 
 by this professor, and placed somewhat in touch 
 with the rest of the institution. 
 
188 Ri'iniuiscences. 
 
 A VV\N INCIDENTS IN THE WOIJK OF A NATUK- 
 ALIST. 
 
 Our learned Pi'ofcssor of Natural History, 
 wlio lias now achieved more than a national rep- 
 ntiition in his special lines of work, came to the 
 University with the ex])ressod desire of teachin<>; 
 the (xreek langua^'e and literature. To this end, 
 inorc^ ])erhaps than to any other, had tended all 
 his pi-evious trainini»;. A severe classical course 
 in college, with special attention to (Ireek, and 
 a three years' course in Andover Theological Seni- 
 inai'v, with critical study of Greek and Hebrew, 
 liad given him especial fondness and capacity for 
 linguistic studies. 
 
 His knowledge of the natural s(;iences, on the 
 other luind, was mostly negative — oidy the 
 smattering that was then taught in the New 
 England classical college — just enough to make 
 the "darkness visible.'' Tie brought to tlie 
 duties of Ids professorship, therefore, no special 
 training in science, but only the natural endow- 
 ments of a sound, vigorous mind, sharpened bj 
 classical studies, keen powers of observation, a 
 ])assion for knowledge, untiring energy, and 
 boundU\ss ca])a(Mtv for hard work. 
 
 Thus e(jui|>j)e(l he was elected ])rofessor, and 
 
Reminiscences. 189 
 
 spread over tlie already broad, and constantly 
 widening: chair of • • Mathematics and the Natural 
 Sciences'' — a place now occupied by seventeen 
 instructors, and which will soon require several 
 more. No wonder Professor Snow is a very 
 broad man. The necessity of trying to cover 
 an ever-expanding chair like that would be a]>t 
 to broaden even a less elastic man. 
 
 Soon after his appointment the })rofessor pre- 
 pared for the catalogue and future students a full 
 scientific course. This was to be, as far as ]>os- 
 sible, a practical course, t<j be w^rought out 
 rather in the field and laboratory, than from 
 books. The statements of authors w^ere to be 
 proved, wherever practicable, by experimental 
 observations. It was also hoped that, by this 
 ])ractical work in so fresh a field, a few addi- 
 tions, at least, might be made to the knowledge 
 of natural history. Having thus laid out his 
 plans, lie set about their realization with charac- 
 teristic energy. 
 
 The first scientific excursion ever undertaken 
 by the University of Kansas w\as n^ade on Fri- 
 day afternoon, September 14. 1800. The entire 
 faculty went in a body on horseback — not on 
 one horse — up the river to Cameron's blutf. to 
 see some petrified turtles which somebody had 
 
190 Rem ifi is ecu ccs . 
 
 told us wero to be found there! I do not re- 
 nieniber whether Professor Snow brought back 
 jiiiy of tliose turtles or not; but I do remember 
 tluit lie and I rode so hard, and acted so much 
 like boys, that we (juite shocked our venerable 
 l*i'esident, who never thereafter could be in- 
 duced to ride with us. 
 
 This excursion is a fair indication of the con- 
 dition of science in the institution at that ])eriod. 
 
 Peculiar accidents sometimes occurred to 
 mar the most perfect success. Once, after the 
 ])rof'essor had crawled a long distance over a 
 muddy sand-bar, and had come within easy 
 range of some fine specimens, taking deliberate 
 aim, he fired and blew off the end of his gun 
 barrel. He had filled it with sand while stalk- 
 ing his game. 
 
 On another occasion, while walkinij: alon«>: the 
 river bank with some farmer friends, and famil- 
 iarly discussing the destructive habits of Calopte- 
 iiKfi s2>n'tm, IJllssu)^ lacoj^ferus^ and Cecidonnjla 
 destr((cto)% wholly absorbed in these interesting 
 to])ics, he casually noticed a big bunch of 
 feathers washed u]) on the shore, and step])ed 
 u]) to ti]) it over with his gun. All at once the 
 bunch became animated, and, much to his sui'- 
 ])rise, a long desired s])ecinien of An)<cr Odui- 
 
Reminiscences. 101 
 
 delists slowly withdrew his sleepy heiul from 
 under his wing, and, winking his left eye lazily 
 at the professor, deliberately flew away, cheered 
 by a parting sahite from all the astonished com- 
 pany ! 
 
 Again, one cold day in the early springtime, 
 while apparently absorbed in schenies to de- 
 stroy the chinch bug, or possibly in thoughts of 
 "Bonny Jean,'' he rode his pony into a swollen 
 ford of the Wakarusa, and, almost before he 
 knew it, was floating^ down the stream. Aroused 
 from his reverie by the cold bath, he quickly 
 turned his pony around, and by good luck [ind 
 the strength of his animal, finally gained the 
 ford, and made his way to the bank. 
 
 Having secured a great many specimens by 
 these excursions in the field, much labor was ex- 
 pended upon them in the study and laboratory. 
 Of course I only helped in the field, but we both 
 worked hard and long. The lamps in our room 
 in North College were almost the last in the 
 city to be extinguished. 
 
 One very dark, rainy night about twelve 
 o'clock, we started down to our boarding place 
 on Kentucky street, near the Central School build- 
 ing. Guided by an occasional flash of lightning, 
 we had safely made our way down to Tennessee 
 
192 Rem ill iscen ces. 
 
 street, stniyiiig, however, on account of tlie dark- 
 ness, considerably tVoni our usual course. Ten- 
 nessee street was at this time impassible for 
 teams, being gullied in places to the depth of 
 seven or eight feet by recent rains. Just as we 
 were about to cross the street it began to rain 
 hard, and we started to run, when, lighted by a 
 flash, 1 saw my comrade disa])pear in one of the 
 deepest gullies. Stopping short on the brink, 
 I waited developments. Hearing notliing, I 
 called. No answer. Then came a sort of muf- 
 fled, splashing, spluttering noise, follow^ed by a 
 call for help. Reaching down as far as I could, 
 and catching hold of a muddy hand, I drew out 
 the most forlorn, woe-begone, bedraggled-ap- 
 pearing professor ever seen in Lawrence. By 
 making a long detour around the gullies, we 
 reached our boarding place without further mis- 
 hap, but firmly resolved to call the attention of 
 the street commissioner to some needed repairs 
 on Tennessee street. 
 
 In the course of three or four years nearly all 
 departments of natural history represented in" 
 the field around the city had been pretty thor- 
 oughly examined, and it became necessary to 
 try newer fields. Western Kansas and Colorado 
 were repeatedly visited, and many valuable speci- 
 
Reniitiiscences. 193 
 
 mens obtained, some of which were quite imique. 
 For instance, the professor found, among otlier 
 rare specimens, several skeletons of the Megalo- 
 saorus, and tlie only piece of fossilized shark skin 
 ever discovered. He also ''got a corner," as it 
 were, on a sort of double -jointed, back-action 
 beetle, familiarly known as AinMycJdla cyUiulrl- 
 forniis^ rated among naturalists at ^^15 to '^20 
 each. The few obtained by early naturalists had 
 died early, without issue, and no one knew where 
 to find any more. Hence their high price. Pro- 
 fessor Snow, with characteristic skill and energy, 
 soon learning their habits and habitat, secured 
 enough in a few days to ''bear" all the bug 
 markets of the world ! One of the professor** s 
 pupils then took up the business, and, in less 
 than a year, ran the price down to half a dollar 
 a bug, with no takers at that, and plenty of bugs 
 left over ! The price has never recovered, and 
 the once silver-mounted Amhlychila cylindri- 
 formis is now but a drug (or bug) in the market. 
 One day, while collecting in the western part 
 of the State, the professor found a beautiful 
 specimen — a fine young rattlesnake. Wishing 
 to preserve him without bruising, lie grasped the 
 reptile firmly but gently around the neck close 
 
 —13 
 
104 Reminiscences. 
 
 to the liead, and tenderly carried him to camp. 
 Havina' no chh^roform or other an^i^sthetic at 
 hand with wliich to put him to sleep, he brouglit 
 out a bottle of alcohol in which to let him die in 
 a drunken stupor. But when the professor, for- 
 getting the proverbial wisdom of the serpent, 
 attempted to make him drink by thrusting his 
 tail in the liquor, the intelligent creature resented 
 the indignity by a sharp reminder of the end 
 with which he was accustomed to take his drinks. 
 The professor took the hint, and after cording 
 his finger and sucking out the poison, put him 
 in right end first, and Ci'otuJus horrldas was 
 satisfied. 
 
 WATEK-dAP CANON AND THE APACHES. 
 
 After our naturalist had tlioroughly searched 
 the rich fields of Kansas and C/olorado with bug 
 net, pick, and Jiammer, he began to make long 
 summer excursions into the wild. Apache-haunted 
 regions of New Mexico. 
 
 One summer, taking with him his little boy. 
 Professor II. S. S. Smith and several student as- 
 sistants, he located his camp twenty-five miles 
 from Socorro, in Water-gap Canon, a very 
 picturesque place and abounding in specimens. 
 All were ha])py, and the work was progress- 
 
Remijiiscciices. 195 
 
 ing finely, when, one afternoon, two cowboys 
 came riding furiously into camp on foaming 
 horses, and announced that the A])aches were 
 on the war path and had killed several teamsters 
 between the camp and Socorro, Tanned faces 
 blanched with fear, and the cold perspiration 
 started. The collectors and neighboring miners 
 were called in, and a council held. It was de- 
 cided to guard the camp and wait for assistance. 
 For three days the camp was in a state of siege, 
 expecting an attack at any moment. All w^ere 
 constantly on the alert, with guns always ready. 
 Even the cooking is said to have been done with 
 a skillet in one hand and a rifle in the other. 
 At last, worn out with watching and waiting for 
 help, they resolved to start for town the next 
 morning. This was a fearful thing to do, for 
 the road was lined with fit places for ambus- 
 cades; but they must go. The best possible 
 preparation was made, and they moved out of 
 camp. The line of march placed those with 
 guns in front. Professor Snow leading. Those 
 with baggage brought up the rear, under com- 
 nuind of Professor Smith. Thus they made 
 their fearful march, passing broken wagons and 
 murdered drivers, and at last arrived safe in 
 
196 Reminiscences. 
 
 Socorro, tlie most thorouii'lily frightened bug 
 liunters ever seen in the mountains. 
 
 By means of tliese and many otlier excur- 
 sions, the professor had long ago not only 
 mastered many departments of natural history, 
 but also discovered a number of new species, 
 and become a recognized authority on ento- 
 mology. Long may he flourish, and never may 
 his shadow grow less ! 
 
 PROFESSOK F. W. BARDWELL. 
 
 The ap])ointment of Professor F. W. Bard- 
 well at the end of the third year to the chair of 
 Mathematics and Engineering was a great relief 
 to Professor Snow, and also a great gain to the 
 University. Professor Bard well was a man of 
 superior ability, a hard student, a successful 
 teacher, and popular with his pupils. 
 
 He was also of quite an inventive turn of 
 mind. On several inventions he obtained pat- 
 ents. His last was a water wheel, by means of 
 which he was sure that ships could cross the 
 ocean in from one to two days less time than is 
 now requii'ed. This invention he died without 
 perfecting. 
 
 He also published an arithmetic, which is said 
 
Rfjninisccnces. 197 
 
 to have had considerable merit, but owing to 
 his death soon after, it was never revised nor 
 pushed into notice. 
 
 His last work for the University was a sum- 
 mer trip to Colorado in 1878, to take obser- 
 vations on the total solar eclipse that year. 
 Professor Frank O. Marvin and I went as his 
 assistants. He was in ill health before starting, 
 but in that bracing atmosphere expected soon to 
 recover. Leaving him at Manitou we made a 
 ten days' trip in the mountains. On our return, 
 instead of finding him better, as we expected, 
 we found that, growing rapidly worse, he had 
 packed up his instruments and gone home sev- 
 ei-al days before our arrival. A few days later 
 he died. In his death the University lost an 
 able professor and a most excellent man. 
 
 PROFESSOR BYRON C. SMITH. 
 
 Byron C. Smith, the first Professor of Greek, 
 began work in the University in the fall of 1872. 
 He was undoubtedly one of the brightest men 
 ever connected with this institution. To a quick, 
 clear, strong intellect were joined an enthusias- 
 tic temperament, a sound judgment, and broad 
 scholarship, unusually mature in one so young. 
 While he took especial delight in the work of his 
 
198 Reminiscences. 
 
 own departmeiit, he found great pleasure also in 
 gleaning from many other fields. For instance, 
 he used to read geometry as a recreation, mem- 
 orize Latin poems as a pleasure, and fairly revel 
 in the works of German nietapliysicians. I have 
 known him to memorize thirty lines of Ovid in 
 twenty-five minutes, and be able to repeat them 
 weeks afterwards. Often in camp, though tired 
 and hungry, I have known him almost forget to 
 eat, in his eagerness to prove some proposition 
 in mental philosophy. His enthusiasm was con- 
 tagious. His scholars all caught it, and were 
 ready to do anything that he suggested. 
 
 On one occasion he planned a picnic to cele- 
 brate the birthday of Plato. Each pupil taking 
 part was to assume the name and character of 
 some friend of the philosopher, and respond to 
 an appropriate toast with a fitting sentiment. 
 Owing to the sickness of the professor, the picnic 
 never came off. I am very sorry it failed, for it 
 must have been a long time since Plato's birth- 
 day was celebrated, and I should like to have 
 had the last celebration made by the students of 
 the University of Kansas. 
 
 JUN2 5 1919 
 
h^-^^£.