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 -BUFFALO to CHICAGO tl Si Loi, feS u^ 
 
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 ST. l.OOiS, f,1V;. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 NlCKELj^ATE. 
 
 TfieNeWl/ork.Chicago^ Stlouis RH 
 
 LOWEST RATES 
 
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 Fort Wayne, Chicago, 
 
 AND ALL POINTS WEST. 
 
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 General Superintendent. General Passenger Agent, 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
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Schools of Buffalo 
 
 •ECOND COPY, 
 
 lewa. 
 
 HENRY P. EMERSON, 
 1899. 
 
SCHOOLS OF BUFFALO, 
 
 A Souvenir History and Description of the Public 
 Schools of Buffalo. 
 
 Edited by J. HENRY WOOD, 
 
 Editor of ■■Municipality and County." ■■Municipal Buffalo," "Municipal Year Bool< of the United States." etc. 
 
 Published by MRS. IDA C. WOOD, 
 31 Church Street. Buffalo. N. Y. 
 
 Contents .. 
 
 Historical (1S07 to 1899), and Department of Public Instruction, pages 1 to 13. 
 
 Superintendent of education, grade supervisors, principals, teachers, and special departments, pages 65 to 74. 
 
 TllUStrStiOnS, comprising halftone engravings from 226 special photographs, and including portraits of Oliver G. Steele (first 
 
 city superintendent ), Jesse Ketchum, former superintendents, the first Board of School Examiners, and a group of former graduates 
 
 now prominent business men; photographs of Superintendent Emerson, Superintendent of German Chemnitz, supervisors Ida C. 
 
 Bender and C. Norman Millard, high school principals Vogt, Fosdick, and Detmers, and of seventy-five other principal and special 
 
 instructors; also portraits of Mayor Diehl and the Schools Committee of the Common Council, of the 
 
 present Board of School Examiners, antl of the fifteen officers and tru>tees of the Women Teachers' 
 
 Association; also views of every public school in llie cily, of Manual Training School and Vacation 
 
 School classes, of the new schools to be erected in 1S99, a map of Buffalo showing the boundary lines 
 
 of the si.ity school districts and location of all schoolhouses, the "living shield," the schoolhouses of 
 
 1852, the Chapter House, and many other views. 
 
 On the last pages are a few selected advertisements of reliable concerns. On inside back cover is 
 .-,^ the card of the Et|uitable IJfe Assurance Society. 
 
 ' ' Prices, " Melton" cover, 25 cents ; " Princess" cover, 50 cents; cloth-bound, gilt edges, $1.00. 
 
 PUBLISHER. 
 
 ^nnva CKja^.'^^.ota 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 O , \ 
 
 '^pt-e^^/ 
 
 
 
 (7 
 
 Facsimile of pledge made in iSo; by inhaljilanls of Buffalo to contribule towards 
 building the first public schoolhouse. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 INTRODUCTlOn 
 
 IN what is now the northwest corner of Pearl and Swan streets, the building of Buffalo's first 
 schoolhouse was commenced in 1807 and completed in 1808, being built by public 
 subscription of money, material, and labor. The subscription list was a pocket memo- 
 randum book, the pledge covering the first page, and the subscription, with credits for 
 payments, extended through the book. A full-sized facsimile of the subscription pledge, 
 reproduced by courtesy of the Buffalo Historical Society, is given on page 4. During 
 the War of 1812 almost all the buildings in Buffalo, including the schoolhouse, were 
 burned. After the war a first enterprise was the formation of a school district, in 1815, with Frederick 
 Miller, William Hodge, and Alvin Dodge as trustees. They repaired the old schoolhouse, hired a teacher 
 — S. Fuller, — and in December of 1S16 secured an appropriation of sixty dollars to secure a site and hire 
 the teacher another quarter. In 181S a school tax was levied on real and personal property, valued at 
 §275, 677, which yielded a fund of $554- The district at that time was coextensive with the limits of the 
 village, and in order to make the one small schoolhouse accommodate the entire community, it was moved 
 about from place to place. Thus the system started and grew under the district organization (the township 
 being the main political division), and continued until 1838. The history of the present system of public 
 schools begins at this point, its three stages of development being the establishment of the city system in 
 1838, the making of the office of superintendent elective in 1854, and the changes of 1892, one of which 
 was the establishing of the Board of School Examiners. 
 
 The village of Buffalo, which had been incorporated as such in 1813, was changed to a city in 1832. 
 The city was divided into five wards, and was authorized to elect annually two aldermen and one assessor 
 from each ward. These aldermen, together with the mayor, constituted the Common Council. The 
 mayor and all other city officers were chosen by the aldermen, and not, as now, by the people at general 
 election. This was changed in 1840, and the office of mayor was made elective. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 HI5T0RY-I838T0I8^!) 
 
 In 1837 the township system was abolished and the control of its own schools placed in the hands of 
 Buffalo's municipal government, making it the first city in the state to support its own schools entirely by 
 taxation. The office of city superintendent of schools was created, this being the first such office in the 
 United States. As in the case of the mayor and other officers, the superintendent was selected by the alder- 
 men. At the time this change went into effect, there were six school districts. 
 
 The first city superintendent of schools for Buffalo was Oliver Gray Steele, whose portrait (obtained 
 through the courtesy of the Buffalo Historical Society), is coupled with that of Superintendent Emerson in 
 the frontispiece. Two prior appointments were made, but the appointees refused the office. Mr. Steele was 
 born in New Haven, Connecticut, in December, 1805. He located in Buffalo in 1827, and became promi- 
 nently identified with the growth of this community. In addition to being superintendent of schools, he 
 was an active member of the Common Council, secretary and president of the Buffalo Waterworks, and for 
 thirty years secretary and manager of the Buffalo Gaslight Company. His first term commenced in 1838, 
 terminating in 1840; his second terra covered 1845 '^° 1846, and his third term 1851. His earnest work for 
 the schools, reorganizing and extending the districts and building new schoolhouses, earned for him the title 
 of "The Father of the Public Schools of Buffalo." From 1838 to 1S52 the schoolhouses increased, mainly 
 through Mr. Steele's efforts, from six to sixteen. The picture on page 7 shows the schoolhouses of 1852 
 complete, most of which were built under Mr. Steele's superin tendency. 
 
 In 1838 there were in the six districts one hundred and seventy-nine pupils; each school had but one 
 department; and the total amount of teachers' salaries was but ^7,839. Today there are over sixty school 
 buildings in the sixty districts as now laid out; the number of pupils enrolled is 56,726; each school has 
 from seven to nine grades, or departments; there are over twelve hundred teachers; and the pay roll per 
 annum for the teaching and administrative staff is $787,000. 
 
 In the order of their appointment by the aldermen were the following superintendents of schools for 
 Buffalo; viz.: Oliver Gray Steele, 1S38; Daniel Bowen, 1840; Silas Kingsley, 1S40; Samuel Caldwell, 1842; 
 

 ' A~.- ~,.f '^ ' ** ^ 
 
 '« 
 
 
 
 
 ">^ 
 
 ^ « 
 
 Z' 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 FORMER SUPERINTENDENTS. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 SILAS KIN3SLEY, 
 1840. 
 
 JOSEPHUS N. LARNED, 
 
 HENRY K. VIELE, 
 
 FORMER SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 Elias Hawley, 1844; Oliver Gray Steele, 1845; Daniel Bowen. 1846 ; Elias Hawley, 1847 ; Henry K. Viele, 
 1850; Oliver Gray Steele, 1S51; and Victor M. Rice, 1852. In 1S54 the office of superintendent was 
 changed from appointive to elective. 
 
 The Buffalo of 1899 was, in re.-.pect to territory and many of its present features of municipal govern- 
 ment, created in 1854, the city limits being extended to permit the inclusion of Black Rock. The city was 
 divided into thirteen wards, and many offices theretofore appointive were made elective, including the office 
 of superintendent of schools. Two aldermen from each ward, a mayor, recorder, comptroller, treasurer, street 
 commissioner, attorney, chief of police, and three assessors, were in the list of elective officers. 
 
 The first superintendent of schools to be elected by |)opular vole in Buffalo was E|)hraim F. Cook, in 
 1854. Then followed Joseph Warren, 1S58; Sandford B. Hunt, i860; John B. Sackett, 1862; Henry D. 
 Garvin, 1864; John S. Fosdick, 1866: Samuel Slade, 1868; and 'I'homas Lothrop, 1870. In 1872 the title 
 of superintendent of schools was changed to that of superintendent of education. Josephus N. Larned was 
 the first to hold the new title, in 1872. After him came William S. Rice, 1S74; Christojjhcr G. Fox, 1878; 
 James F. Crooker, 1882; William H. Love, 1892; and Henry P. Emerson, 1S93 ^'•' '^'^'^ iir<sent time. On 
 pages 8 and 9 are portraits of several of these former superintendents. 
 
 princi 
 office 
 
 UPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS were elected by the aldermen under the system which 
 existed from 1838 to 1854. I'he schools seemed during this period to be satisfactory, 
 according to the standards then existing. But it could not be expected, as the city grew in 
 size and the government became so complex that the people could not understand its inner 
 workings, that the superintendent who had been elected by the aldermen, who were them- 
 selves looking for reelection, would furnish a model of independent action, especially in the 
 matter of appointing teachers. At any rate, the people became more and more dissatisfied 
 with this system, and, as a result, the office, in 1854, was made elective by the people. This 
 system lasted without further modification for thirty-eight years, or from 1854 to 1892. There 
 was a superintendent elected by popular vote for a term of two years. Each of the leading 
 parties nominated a candidate in its citv convention, generally, as before, one of the school 
 pals. Some of these were men of ability, integrity, and organizing power. But the idea of rotation in 
 seemed, unfortunately, to have been generally accepted, as it was rare, until within recent years, for 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 a superintendent to be reelected. The superintendent had power to appoint and dismiss teachers and to 
 recommend to the Common Council such measures, both educational and material, as he deemed to be best 
 for the schools. The best feature about this system was the superintendent's power of appointment and 
 dismissal, but as time passed the intelligent people became convinced that the good effects of this feature were 
 largely destroyed because there was no established standard as to the necessary qualifications of teachers to be 
 appointed. The evils of such a system were mainly two: first, that with the power of appointment in the 
 hands of an elective officer the temptations of favoritism were greater than most men could resist; second, 
 the superintendent was loaded down with responsibility growing out of the business affairs of the schools. It 
 was not possible to repair a furnace or mend a lock without an order from the superintendent. These demands 
 on his time made any real supervision of educational work of the city impossible. 
 
 Thus a system which worked well enough in a small city and under favorable conditions, began to show 
 poorer results as the city increased in size. Thoughtful people saw that things were going wrong; that the 
 schools of the city were, to say the least, not improving; and that they were not regarded with respect by 
 educators in other parts of the state and country. Nearly every winter saw an effort to get bills providing 
 for needed changes through the Legislature, but to no purpose. Finally there came a nonpartisan effort to 
 make an entirely new charter. A coinniission was appointed by the inayor for this purpose. When, in 
 framing the new charter, the school department was reached, a wide difference of opinion became manifest, 
 some advocating a school board with the power to appoint the superintendent, and some favoring no change 
 at all. These differences of opinion led to a compromise. The superintendent's office, with a term of three 
 years (since changed to four), was continued as elective, and the purely business matters of the schools, such 
 as the care, repair, and erection of schoolhouses, were transferred to the newly created Board of Public 
 Works. As the power of absolute appointment was judged to be unsafe in the hands of an elective super- 
 intendent, the Board of School E.xaminers was provided, consisting of five members appointed by the mayor 
 for a term of five years, whose chief duty was to examine and certify to the qualifications of candidates. 
 The mayor appointed to this board four men and one woman. They understood the damage which had 
 already been done, and were in sympathy with better methods, and the principle of open and honest compe- 
 tition was inaugurated. On page 17 is a group photograph of this first Board of School Examiners. 
 
 -snr TT -rr -wr- tt 
 
Schools 01 Buffalo 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 ^■^ UNICIPAL affairs in Buffalo are governed in accordance with plans outlined in the amended 
 charter of 1892; viz., by a Common Council composed of one alderman from each of the 
 [MW' R twenty-five wards, and nine councilmen at large, assisted by nine executive departments. To a 
 Ife^'^J School Committee of seven aldermen (see page 22) is delegated the duty imposed by the charter 
 ™^™ upon the Common Council to "maintain and regulate public schools," this committee's actions being 
 subject to approval by the Common Council. In this way are school districts outlined, new buildings 
 ordered, funds appropriated, duties of superintendent and teachers defined, courses of study authorized, and, 
 in fact, the general management of the schools set forth — /. e., by ordinance passed by the Common Council. 
 The administrative head of the Department of Public Instruction is the superintendent of education, who 
 is elected by vote of the people every four years. Subject to approval of the Common Council and certain restric- 
 tions imposed by the charter, his jurisdiction extends over the entire administration of the system of public 
 schools, and public opinion holds him responsible for the success of the department. He is, however, 
 relieved of much detail in regard to buildings, etc., these and other business matters being in charge of the 
 Department of Public Works, and also in regard to examinations of candidates for positions as principals and 
 teachers, these being conducted by the Board of School Examiners. Otherwise, however, the multitudinous 
 duties connected with the department rest with the superintendent, and whatever degree of success is attained 
 must largely be credited to his ability, judgment, experience, energy, and tact. Under the present superinten- 
 dency the public schools of Buffalo have steadily improved in efficiency, have kept well in advance of develop- 
 ments in approved methods of teaching, and taken high rank among the leading public school systems of this 
 country. The weak point in this system is the uncertainty of tenure on the part of the superintendent of 
 education. Principals and teachers are sure of holding their positions so long as their work is properly 
 done. A superintendent is also secure so long as there is an aroused public interest, but there will always 
 be danger that in some political upheaval a superintendent who has instituted reforms and whose presence 
 is needed to continue them will be succeeded by another with little practical knowledge of the important 
 interests in\olved in the school department. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 |UFFALO is divided into sixty school districts, or units, each district being provided with a primary 
 or grammar scliool, and placed in charge of a principal. There are now sixty such districts, as 
 shown by the map on pages 20 and 21. As districts grow in population they are again subdivided 
 and new buildings provided. Besides sixty regular district schoolhouses, the city now maintains the 
 Kensington, the Truant, the Central, Hasten Park, and West high schools, the school of Practice, 
 and twelve kindergartens. Photographs of the school buildings will be found on pages 50 to 64. Primary 
 schools are those where only the first seven or less grades are taught, while in grammar schools there are 
 eight or more grades. As an organization, the department is composed as follows: superintendent, secretary 
 and superintendent of German, four clerks, five truant officers, two supervisors of grades, sixty-four prin- 
 cipals, and twelve hundred assistant principals and teachers, including special instructors in kindergartens, 
 music, penmanship, drawing, manual training, sewing, and physical culture. The total cost of the department 
 yearly is 1908,028, which does not include the cost of buildings, etc. Tliese latter amounted last year to 
 $400,000. The department is well organized, there being easily traceable connection between all parts, from 
 teacher to superintendent. Each has an important part to carry out, and all work in harmony according to 
 carefully arranged plans. These plans are made by the superintendent, and in their execution he is directly 
 assisted by the secretary, the supervisor of grammar and primary grades, the principals, and the special 
 instructors. 
 
 It is not possible for the superintendent to meet twelve hundred teachers and forty or fifty thousand 
 children often enough to exert a sufficient influence upon the instruction given or the progress made. This 
 fact has led to the appointment of two special supervisors or assistant superintendents, whose work is to direct, 
 instruct, and inspire the work of the regular teachers. Thus the grammar-grade and primary-grade super- 
 visors (see page 14) assist the superintendent in having his instructions carried out with the greatest 
 benefit to the pupils and the most satisfaction to the teacher. This is accomplished by personal visits to the 
 classrooms, where the supervisor observes how the teaching is carried on, and, if necessary, takes charge of 
 the class, gives a model recitation, and makes kindly suggestions to the teacher as to improved methods of 
 teaching. Another means of bringing life and interest into the class work is found in the grade meetings, 
 where teachers doing the same kind of work assemble once a month for mutual conference ancl assistance, led 
 by the supervisor, the whole being under the direction of the superintendent. 
 
 { Conliiim-d on page 6s.) 
 13 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 MATTHEW J. CHEMNITZ. 
 
 ■GORMAN MILLARD. 
 
 DR. IDA C. BENDER. 
 
 ARTHUR DETMERS. 
 
 Matthew J. Chemnitz, superintendent of German and secretary to the superintendent of education. Also in charge of the 
 accounts and statistical records of the department. 
 
 C. Norman Millard, supervisor of grammar grades. 
 
 Doctor Ida C. Bender, supervisor of primary grades. Miss Bender graduated from the Buffalo State Normal School in 1S78, 
 and taught there and in other Buffalo schools. Became principal of the School of Practice in 1887. In i8go she received the degree 
 of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Buffalo. Is president of the Women Teachers' Association. 
 
 Arthur Detmers, principal of West High School. Born in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from Buffalo Central High School in 
 1883, and from the University of Rochester (A. B.) in 1S89. Principal of School Number Forty-six, iSSg-'go; in.'-truclor in physics, 
 Buffalo Central High School, i890-'9i ; headmaster of Classical Department, same school, iSgi-'gS; principal of West High School, 
 1898. 
 
 14 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 FREDERICK A. VOGT. 
 
 FRANK SHELDON FOSDICK. 
 
 Frederick A. Vogt, principal of Central High School. Born in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from Central High School, 
 l88l. Principal of School Number Nine, l88l-'S3; School Number Twenty six, l8S3-'92; teacher of English literature and 
 English history at Central High School, 1S92. Appointed principal of Central High School, January, 1893. 
 
 Frank Sheldon Fosdick, principal of Masten Park High School. Born in Buffalo. New York. Graduated from Central High 
 School 1868, and from Rochester University 1872 (A. B.), and 1884 (A.M.). Principal School Number Twenty-five, i873-'78; 
 Number Thirty-three, i878-'8i; Number Thirty-si.\, i88i-'84; head of classical department, Central High School, i884-'9l; 
 principal of High School Annex, iS9i-'97; principal of Masten Park High School since September, 1897. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 FIRST BOARD OF SCHOOL EXAMINERS, IS92. 
 
 Doctor Conrad Diehl, Henry Altman, William 1!. Iloyt, Timothy J. Mahoney, Lily Lord Tifll. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES OF THE WOMEN TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION. 
 
CHAPTER HOUSE. 
 r)wned by 
 Women 
 Teachers' 
 Association. 
 
 Schools of Buffalo 
 

 ^Tly 1 1^ iiiiiiinTii.ii.\i nil i| 
 
 
X \ 
 
 MAP OF 
 
 Buffalo,n.V. 
 
 Showing boundary lines and 
 locations of school buildings in the 
 
 SIXTY SCHOOL DISTRICTS 
 
 y the Sup 
 Education 
 
 ,, Schools of Buffalo .. 
 
 J. HENRY WOOD, Editor. 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 MAYOR DIEHL AND THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE, 
 Composed of Aldermen Butler, Striker, Cwiklinski, Smeeding, Schnellbacli, While, and Zoeller 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 VACATION SCHOOL VIEWS. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 JOHN J. WALSH. 
 
 CHARLES L. RYAt< 
 
 J'enlon H. Dimmicl;, principal of School Number One. Born at Balli, New York. Graduated from Haverling Union School, 
 1889; attended Cornell University, iSSg-'gi. Principal of Machias School, iSgi-'gz; principal School Number Forty-nine, Buffalo, 
 i892-'97. 
 
 John J. Walsh, principal of School Number Two. 
 
 Charles L. Ryan, principal of School Number Three, Graduated from Normal School. Has been principal of School Number 
 Twenty-nine, and of Number Seven. 
 
 34 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 JAMES P. MCDONOUGH. 
 
 WILLIAM D. FISHER. 
 
 James P. McDonougli, principal of School Number Four. Born in Buffalo, New York. Educaled in the public schools. 
 Graduated from Buffalo State Normal .School. Has been principal of School Number Twenty-eight and School Number Three. 
 
 John F. McGee, principal of School Number Five. Born in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from .School Number One and 
 Central High School. Appointed principal of School Number Thirty-four in iSSg, and transferred to Number Five in 1S91. 
 
 William D. Fisher, principal of School Number Six. Born in Clarence, New York. Graduated from Parker Union High 
 School, Clarence, 1875. Taught in various public schools in Erie and Niagara counties; secretary Board of School Examiners, 
 l892-'g6; appointed principal of School Number Six, iSg6. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 FREDERICK HOUGHTON. 
 
 D. F. WALBRIDGE. 
 
 liDOLF DUSCHAK. 
 
 Frederick Houghton, principal of School Number Seven. Born in Buffalo. Graduated from Buffalo High School, 1SS7. 
 Appointed principal of School Number Twenty-nine, 1892; Number Twenty-eight, 1S95, and Number Seven, 1898. 
 
 D. F. Walbridge, principal School Number Eight. 
 
 Adolf Duschak, principal School Number Nine. Born in Hungary. Graduated from Lutheran College, Presburg, 1865; 
 attended Vienna University. Came to the United States in 1867. Teacher of Latin, Greek, and German, Williamsville and East 
 Aurora; principal School Number Nine, Buffalo, 1S83. Is president of the Principals' A.ssociation. 
 
Schools of Buflalc 
 
 KATHERINE M- HURLBURT. 
 
 GEORGE C. STOWITS. 
 
 EMMA C- FULLERTON. 
 
 Katherine M, Hurllatrt, principal of City Training School and of School Number Ten. Graduate of Hartford, Connecticut, 
 High School, iSSo, and of Smith College, 1886, Teacher of mathematics, State Normal School, New Britain, Connecticut, 
 l886-'87; of languages, Hillhouse High School, New Haven, Connecticut, i887-'S9; head of Department of Pedagogy, Normal 
 University, Princeton, Indiana, iSSg-'gi; principal of Normal Training School, Holyoke, Massachusetts, i89i-'96. 
 
 George C. Stowits, principal of School Number Eleven. Was first appointed principal, of School Number Ten, in iS6j. 
 
 Mrs. Emma C. FuUerton, high school teacher, and assistant principal of School Number Eleven. Commenced teachini; in 
 Buffalo schools under Oliver G. Steele's superintendency. Was appointed principal of Number Eleven by J. N. Lamed, and held 
 ihat position twenty years until consolidation of schools. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 MARGARET A. BRENNAN. 
 
 ELIZA C. HEACOCK. 
 
 AOELBERT G. BUGBEE. 
 
 Margaret A. Brennan, principal of School Number Thirteen. Born in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from Bufialo State 
 Normal School. Appomted teacher by Superintendent Fox, in School Number Twelve; appointed assistant principal of School 
 JNumber Ihirteen by bupermtendent Crooker; principal of School Number Thirteen, 1S92. 
 
 Eliza C. Heacock, principal of School Number Fourteen. Teacher in Buffalo schools, iSSy-'gs; Central High School 
 1S93- 96; prmcipal of School Number Twenty-three and School Number Fourteen, iSge-'gg. 
 
 ^<^^'''^" G. Bugbee, principal of School Number Fifteen. Born in Fabius, New York. Graduated from Cortland Normal 
 School, iJ>83. Principal of Cazenovia Union School, iSiS4--87; Central Square High School. i887-'94, appointed principal of 
 Number Fifteen, 1894. . / ^t. rr ft 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 HENRY F. FULLERTON. 
 
 BYRON H. HEATH. 
 
 JOHN A. GAR1 
 
 Henry ¥. FuUerton, principal of School Number Sixteen. Has been principal of this scliool since March, 1S64. Conies of 
 New England stock, his ancestors having moved from Vermont to Alden, New York 
 
 Byron H. Heath, principal of School Number Seventeen. Born at East Hamburg, New York. Graduated from Hamburg Union 
 School and Academy, 1887; Cornell University, 1891; at Wolfenbiittel, Germany, 1891. Instructor in Cascadilla School, Iiliaca, 
 New York, 1S92; principal of Hamburg High School, l892-'96; appointed principal of School Number Seventeen, Buffalo, 1896. 
 
 John A. Gary, principal of School Number Eighteen. Born at Alden, New York. Graduated from Albion Academy, Orleans 
 County, New York, in l86g. Taught country schools until 1877; principal of various Buffalo schools since 1877. 
 
 29 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 ALVIN W. SHEPARD. 
 
 SOPHIE C. BECKER. 
 
 M. A. ROOT. 
 
 Alvin W. Shepard, principal of School Number Twenty. Born at Evans, New York. Graduated from Angola Union School, 
 1884; Cornell University (B.S.), 1891. Principal of Plattsburg School, l89i-'92; assistant professorof physics, University ol Kansas, 
 l892'94; principal of Clifton Springs Union School, 1895; principal School Number Fourteen, Buffalo, i895-'97. 
 
 Sophie C. Becker, principal of .School Number Twenty-one. Born in Buffalo. Attended Buffalo schools; holds academic 
 diploma, University of New York. Taught in Buffalo schools fourteen years; appointed principal, 1898. 
 
 M. A. Root, principal of School Number Nineteen since 1865. Commenced teaching in country school, 1857; also taught 
 at Albion and served as county school commissioner; ex-president Buffalo Principals' Association. New Number Nineteen is to be 
 a very large and costly building (see page 64). 
 
 30 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 /kda m. qates. 
 
 CHANNING E. BEACH. 
 
 M. W. SMITH. 
 
 Ada M. Gates, principal of School Number Twenty-two. Teaching in Buffalo public schools since 1S83, in all grades, including 
 three years of High School work. Appointed principal of School Number Twenty-two, 1896. 
 
 Channing E. Beach, principal of School Number Twenty-three. Graduated from Central High School in 1890, and from the 
 Buffalo State Normal School in 1892. Appointed principal of School Number Twentv-one in 1S92, and of Number Twenty-three in 
 1897. 
 
 M. W. Smith, principal of School Number Twenly-four. Born in Germany. Has taught in Amherst, Lockport, Lancaster, 
 Tonawanda, and Buffalo. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 PRESTON J. HARRIS. 
 
 C. P. ALVORD. 
 
 JOSEPH KENNEDY. 
 
 Preston J. Harris, principal of Scliool Number TweiUy-live. Born in I.e Roy, New Vorl:. Educated at Le Roy Academic 
 Institute. Principal in Buffalo schools since 1888. 
 
 C. P. Alvord, principal of School Number Twenty-six. 
 
 Joseph Kennedy, principal of School Number Twenty-seven. Born in Buffalo, New York. Educated in Buffalo public 
 schools. Graduated from Central High School, 1892. Appointed principal of .School Number Twenty-seven, 1893. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 MILFORD KLEIS. 
 
 ANNA M. DONOVAN. 
 
 THOMAS W. CONNORS. 
 
 Milford Kleis, principal of Scliool Number Twenty-eight. Born in Hamburg, New York. Attended Hamburg Union School; 
 graduated from Buffalo State Normal School, 1893. Principal of School Number Two, East Hamburg, i893-'95, and of West 
 Seneca School, iSg5-'gS. 
 
 Anna M. Donovan, principal of School Number Thirty. 
 
 Thomas W. Connors, principal of School Number Twenty-nine. Born in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from Buffalo High 
 School, 1S95, and Buffalo State Normal School, 189S. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 HERMAN C. DE GROAT. DR. CHARLES H. SANGSTER. HENRY E. CHAMBERS. 
 
 Herman C. De Groat, principal of School Number Thirty-one. Born at Owego, New York. Graduated from New York 
 State Normal College, Albany, 1868. Principal of Castile Union School, i868-'7o; Parker Union School, l870-'8o; School Number 
 Thirty-five, Buffalo, i88o-'98; ex-president of Principals' Association; succeeded the late De Forest Baker as principal of School 
 Number Thirty-one, May, 1898. 
 
 Doctor Charles li. Sangster, principal of School Number Thirty-two. 
 
 Henry E. Chambers, principal of School Number Thirty-three. Born in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from Buffalo High 
 School, 1885. Appointed principal of School Number Thirty-four, February, 1S90, and of Number Thirty-three, December, 1S92. 
 
 3-1 
 
Scbools of Buffalo 
 
 WILLIAM J. CANDEE. WILLIAM A. MACKEY. CHARLES GOLDSMITH. 
 
 William T- Candee, principal of School Number Thirty-four. Horn in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from Saint Joseph's Col- 
 lege, Buffalo, iSSo. Principal of School Number Tweiityeitjht, 1S91 ; Number 'Ihree, 1892 ; and Number Thirty-four since 1S93. 
 
 \¥illiam A. Mackey, principal of School Number Thirty-five. Born in Vineland, New Jersey. Attended Buffalo public 
 schools; graduated from Albany State Normal College, 1890. Principal at Floral Park, New York, lS92-'93, and of Millbrook 
 Union Free School, i893-'97; principal of Buffalo Schools Number Twenty-one and Number Fifty-three, i897-'98. 
 
 Charles Goldsmith, principal of School Number Thirty-six. Born in Geneseo, New York. Graduated from Geneseo Stale 
 Normal School, iSSo. Principal of Arcade Union School, i88o-'S4; East Aurora High School, iS84-'98. 
 
 35 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 WARREN 
 
 ZURBRICK 
 
 THOMAS MCQREEVY. 
 
 Warren W. Zurbrick, principal of School Number Thirty-seven. Born at Lancaster, New York. Graduated from Buffalo 
 High School, 1883. Teacher in district schools, l883-'87; principal of Number Twenty-one, 1887, also Number Twenty-eight and 
 Number Forty-seven; appointed principal of School Number Thirty-seven in 1892. 
 
 N. P. Browning, principal of School Number Thirty-eight. Born at Pendleton, New York. Attended Lockport Union School. 
 Taught in Akron, Williamsville, and Tonawanda Union Scliools; superintendent Indian schools, Tuscarora Reservation; principal 
 Suspension Bridge Union School, iS70-'86; appointed principal of School Number Thirty-eight, Buffalo, 1887. 
 
 Thomas McGreevy, principal of School Number Thirty-nine. Born at Honeoye, New York. Graduated from Honeoye Union 
 School, 18S3; taught, i8S4-'85; attended Canandaigua Academy, i8S6-'87; graduated from Buffalo Normal School, 1890. Substitute 
 principal of School of Practice, 1S90; principal of Lancaster Union School, 1891 ; appointed to School Number One, Buffalo, 1S93. 
 
 36 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 EDWARD M. ADAMS, 
 
 IDA G. McCALL. 
 
 Edward M. Adams, principal of School Number Forty. Born in Buft'alo, New York. Graduated from Buffalo High School, 
 1892, and Harvard University (A. B.), 1S95. Teacher and sub principal Buffalo schools, lSg$-'gT, Principal of Number Forty, 1897. 
 
 Eli A. Rhodes, principal of School Number Forty-one. Born in Clarence Center, New York. Attended Parker Union School and 
 Buffalo State Normal School; graduated from University of Rochester (B. A.), 18S6. Principal of Webster Classical Union School 
 i886-'S7; Cattaraugus Union School, iSSy-'go; Hammondsport Union School, i89i-'96; and School Number r)ne, Buffalo, i896-'97. 
 
 Ida G. McCall, principal of .School Number Forty-two. Born in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from School Number Twenty; 
 attended Central High School. Appointed assistant teacher in 1S73, and principal of School Number Forty-two in 1883. 
 
 37 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 FREDERICK W. FISHER. 
 
 LOUIS J. KNELL. 
 
 DELMER E. BATCHELLER. 
 
 Frederick W. Fisher, principal of School Number Forty-three. Born at Soiitli Newslead, New York. Graduated from Parker 
 Union School, Clarence, New York, 1883, and from the Geneseo Slate Normal School, 1S90. Principal of Rushville Union School, 
 i890-'92; principal of School Number Twenty-eight, Buffalo, l892-'95. 
 
 Louis f. Knell, principal of School Number Forty four. Born in Buffalo. Graduated from Buffalo High School, 1891; post- 
 graduate, 1S92; School of Pedagogy, i895-'98. Principal of School Number Forty three, Buffalo, iS92-'95, and of Vacation School 
 at Number Forty four, 1898. 
 
 Delmer E. Batcheller, principal of School Number Forty-five. Born at Stockton, New York. Graduated from Fredonia State 
 Normal School, 1881; postgraduate, Illinois Wesleyan University (Ph. B.). Principal at Gerry, New York, 1881; Perrysburg, New 
 York, 1882; Stockton, New York, i882-'83; Ripley, New York, i883-'84; Mayville Academy, i884-'86; Number Thirty-nine, 
 Buffalo, i886-'89. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 ADELAIDE GRAYBIEL. 
 
 HEWSON 
 
 CAROLINE SMITH. 
 
 Adelaide Graylriel, principal of School Number Forty six. First president of the Women Teachers' Association. ; 
 
 Hewson H. Moyer, principal of School Number Forty-seven. Attended Saint Catharine's Collegiate Institute, Ottawa Normal 
 
 School, University of Toronto, and University of Buffalo, 
 Number Forty-seven, 1892. 
 
 Caroline Smith, principal of Kensington School. Born in Buffalo, New York 
 Teacher in Buffalo public scliools, and principal of Kensington School since 1S92. 
 
 Ex-president of Principals' Association. Appointed principal of School 
 Graduated from Bufialo State Normal School. 
 
 39 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 WILLIAM C. WHITE. 
 
 NELLIE GROSVENOR SMALL. 
 
 GEORGE E. SMITH. 
 
 William C. While, principal of Scliool Number Fifty one. Born in Elmira, New ^'ork. Graduated from Elmira Free 
 Academy, 1888, and Cornell University (A. B.), 1S93. Principal of Rushford Union School, 1S93 '94, and of School Number 
 Fifty-one, Buffalo, since 1895. 
 
 Nellie Grosvenor Small, principal of School Number Fifty since 1S95. Born in Buffalo, New York. Graduated from Buffalo 
 High School, 1S84. Teacher in School Number Seventeen, i8S6-'95. 
 
 George E. Smith, principal of School Number Forty-nine. Born at Middleport, New York. Graduated from Brockport 
 Normal School, 1886. Principal at Middleport, Tonawanda, and Williamsville, i886-'94; principal of School Number Six, Buffalo, 
 i894-'96; Number Ten, i896-'97; Number Forty-nine, i897-'99. 
 
 40 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 EUGENE G. HUGHEY. 
 
 FRANKLIN D. LOVE. 
 
 CLARA E. SWARTZ. 
 
 Eugene G. Hughey, principal of School Number Fifty-two. Born at Ashford, N. V. Graduated from Chamberlain Institute, 
 i8S6. Principal of East Otto Graded School, iS86 '87. Graduated from Geneseo State Normal School, 1891. Principal of Canase- 
 raga Union School, i89i-'g2; Middleport Union School, l893-'94; appointed to Number Fifty two in 1895. 
 
 Franklin D. Love, principal of School Number Fifty three. Born at Albion, N. Y. Educated in Albion High School. Prin- 
 cipal in Buffalo schools since fall of 1863. Died April 3d, 1899. 
 
 Clara E. Swartz, principal of School Number Fifty-four. Born in Buffalo, New Yorl;. Graduated from Buffalo schools, 1878; 
 Normal School, 1882. Teacher of all grades in Number Twenty for eleven years; also teacher of physical culture and vocal music 
 in all grades; appointed to Number Fifty-four in 1895. 
 
 41 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 HENRY W. ADAMS. 
 
 ORRIN C. BUQBEE. 
 
 FRANCIS J. SMITH. 
 
 Henry W. Adams, principal of School Number Fifiy-five. Born in the town of Marilla, New Vork. Attended East Aurora 
 Union School; graduated from Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, Lima, New York, 1S90. Principal of Alden Union School four years; 
 organized and was appointed principal of School Number Fifty-five. 
 
 Orrin C. Bugbee, principal of School Number Fifty-six. Born at .Vpulia, New York. Graduated from Cortland Normal 
 School, 1S84. Principal of Wiliiamsville Union School, l8S4-'S7; Lancaster Union School, iSSy-'So; School Number Thirty-nine, 
 Buffalo, lSS9-'y6. 
 
 Francis J. Smith, principal of School Number Fifty-seven. Commenced teaching in Buffalo in 1S59 and has taught here almost 
 constantly ever since. 
 
 42 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 CHARLES HILL DESHON. CHARLES C. MOREY. ELMER J. COBB 
 
 Charles Hill De Slion, principal of School Numlier Fifty-eight. Born at South Limington, Maine. Graduated from Nichols 
 
 Latin School and Bates College, Lewiston, Maine. Principal of .School Number Twenty-two, Buffalo, iSSo: Number Twenty-five, 
 
 1S84; Number Seven, 1SS9; 'Number Eleven, 1891; Number Fifty-eight, 1897. 
 
 Charles C. Morey, principal of School Number Fifty-nine. Born in Ashtabula, Ohio. Graduated from Buffalo High School. 
 
 Taught district school; attended Teachers' College; served as secretary to Board of School Examiners. 
 
 Elmer T. Cobb, principal of School Number Si,\ty. Born at Cherry Creek, New York. Graduated from Cherry Creek Graded 
 
 School in iSSi. Taught district school. Graduated from Fredonia Normal School in 18SS. Principal of Brocton Union School, 1888; 
 
 Carrolton Graded School, 1894; Dayton Union School; principal of School Number Twenty-nine, Buffalo, 1S97 ; NumberSixty, 1898. 
 
 43 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MUSIC. 
 
 Charles F. Hager, Assistant. Joseph Mischka, Principal. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 G. K. DEMARY. 
 
 FRED HAMILTON DANIELS. 
 
 DANIEL UPTON. 
 
 G. K. Demary, principal of the Department of Penmanship. Director ot writins; and bool;keeping, Medina, l88l-'84; 
 teacher in Bryant & Stratton's Business College, Providence, Rhode Island, i884-'85; Rochester Business University, i885-'85; 
 Buffalo Business University, i886-'9o: Buffalo public schools since 1890. 
 
 Fred Hamilton Daniels, principal of the Department of Drawing. Born in Worcester, Massachusetts. Graduated from Mas- 
 sachusetts Normal Art School, 1894. Supervisor drawing, Warren, Danvers, and Chicopee, Massachusetts, 1895 to 1897; director 
 Department of Drawing, Martha's Vineyard Summer Institute, i897-'98. 
 
 Daniel Upton, principal of the Department of Manual Training. Born in Lawrence, Michigan, (iraduated from (Jlivet College 
 (B.S.); Cornell (M.E.), 1890. Instructor of drawing, and supervisor of trade schools. New York State Reformatory, lS9I-'92; 
 draughting and machinery, 1893; appointed, Buffalo, 1S94. 
 
 45 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 W. C. KRUSE- 
 
 EDITH L. HUSON. 
 
 JAMES M. CASSETY. 
 
 W. C. Kruse, principal Truant School. Born at East Hamburg. Graduated from Hamilton College (A. Pi.), 1S85. Principal 
 Moravia Union School, I SSe'Sg: Ogdensburg, iSSg-'gi; Ridgeville College, iSgi-'gj: instructor Greek and German, Heathcote 
 School, Buffalo, iSgj-'g?; principal of Truant School, 1897. 
 
 Edith L. Huson, principal of School of Practice. Born at Brant, New York. Graduated from Buffalo State Normal School, 
 1882. Teacher School of Practice, in all grades, 1S86 to 1895, i^^" appointed principal. 
 
 James M. Cassety, principal of Buffalo State Normal and Training School. Born near Dunkirk, New York. Graduated from 
 Harvard {A. B. and A. M.), 1856; degree of Ph. D. from Rochester University, 1884. Has been principal of the Normal School for 
 ten years. 
 
 46 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 ASSISTANT AND DEPARTMENT PRINCIPALS, SCHOOL NUMBER THIRTY-ONE. 
 
 Sara M. Hinson. Mary E. Spellman. 
 
 Ella A. Ilarvie, Assistant Principal. 
 Anna McDonald. Elizabeth A. Nelson. 
 
 47 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 JAV £ STAGG. 
 
 LOUISE A. WEBB. 
 
 CHARLES R- SKINNER. 
 
 Dr. C. W COLYER. 
 
 Jay E. Stagg, teacher of civics, economics, English history, and English literature, Masten Park High School. 
 Louise A. Webb, pupil Central High School. Designer of cover for Schools of Buffalo. 
 Charles R. Skinner, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 Doctor C. W. Colyer, former principal. Early in the fifties he was appointed by Superintendent E. F. Cook to teach in 
 District Eighteen, formerly Pilack Rock. 
 
Schools ot Buffalo 
 
 •LiviNc; Shikld"— .Sixteen Inindred pupils representing a national shield in red. white 
 G. A. R. parade, 1S97. Arranged by Department of Music. 
 
 and blue on line of 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 Central High School. 
 SO 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 Masten Park High School. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 Central High School — Interior views 
 
 52 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 ^^^[^msp-m:j^^^^^:^^^^ v^^^^g^^^fei^gigs^g^g 
 
 Maslen Park High School — Interior views. 
 53 
 
1, i! 
 
 iiLWiiij- Iff ' ' 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 New Schools. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 HENRY P. EMERSON, the present superintendent (see frontispiece), was born in Lynnfield, Massa- 
 chusetts, January nth, 1847. He attended Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts; graduated 
 from the University of Rochester in 1871, taking first-prize senior essay; was appointed teacher of 
 Latin and Greek in Buffalo Central High School in 1874. In 1883 Mr. Emerson succeeded Ray T. Spencer 
 as principal of the High School, continuing in that position until 1S92, when he was elected superintendent. 
 
 PRINCIPALS, being each in charge of school districts which are well defined and distinct, are really 
 sub-superintendents. They are responsible for the work of their schools, and in the eyes of parents 
 are at the head of affairs so far as concerns the pupils in their districts. To select a superior corps 
 of principals is one of the important duties of the superintendent, in which he is largely assisted by the 
 Board of School Examiners, who subject applicants for principalships to a special examination, making 
 up an eligible list from which the superintendent selects principals. Upon principals devolves the duty of 
 executing the superintendent's plans, and to the intelligence displayed by them individually in carrying out 
 these ideas must be ascribed much of the success of the schools. So much dei)ends upon principals that 
 any falling off in their personal efforts to produce the best results would soon be followed by marked deterio- 
 ration in the schools. The principals and superintendent meet once a month to discuss methods, receive 
 suggestions, and exchange ideas and experiences, and this meeting is effective in connecting the various 
 parts of the system and permitting the superintendent to make his views and desires known to the entire 
 department. 
 
 The Principals' Association is an important factor in producing uniform work and harmonious action 
 throughout the department. It has also been a useful institution in accomplishing certain purposes which 
 needed just such influence as they wield. This association was organized six years ago. Its purpose is 
 the cultivation of a spirit of fellowship among principals, the promotion of popular interest in the schools, 
 and the advancement of the standard of the profession of teaching in Buffalo. To further this purpose 
 monthly meetings are held, public lectures by prominent men arranged, and other social features adopted. 
 The first president was the late De Forest Baker, followed by Principals De Groat, Moyer, Root, and the 
 present president, Duschak. 
 
 65 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 
 
 =1 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 MILLARD FILLMORE, 
 her in Buffalo schools, i8: 
 
 PORTRAITS OF TEN GRADUATES FROM CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL. 
 Cenrfie D. Emerson (1863), George Clinton (1S65), William C. CornwelI;(iS66), 
 Louis II. Knapp (1866), Arthur W. Hickman (1S68), Millington Lockwood (1S69), 
 Martin Clark (1874), Ernest Wende (1874), William L. Marcy (1876), and Loran L. 
 Lewis, Jr. (1884). 
 
 66 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 TEACHERS. "As is the teacher, so is the school." The city maintains a training school for teachers, 
 located at School Number Ten, in charge of Katherine M. Hurlburt. To secure a position as teacher, 
 the candidate must have already taught for three years, or, in lieu of such experience, have graduated 
 from a city training school after a thirty-eight weeks' course, or from a state normal school. Admittance to 
 the training school must be preceded by a three years' course and graduation from a high school or academy 
 approved by the state superintendent. After this, applicants are subjected to e.xamination by the Board of 
 Sch )ol Examiners, and the names of those who qualify are submitted to the superintendent of education. 
 It then remains for the superintendent to select from this list those who have the best teaching power. This 
 can be determined in part by ascertaining the record which the applicant made in the normal school (see 
 page 70) or in the high school and in the training school, or as a teacher where previously employed. 
 Tliere is also a record made while the applicant has acted as substitute, submitted by the principal, the 
 supervisor, or as personally observed by the superintendent. After appointment the teacher is still under 
 training, receiving instruction at grade meetings and suggestions from the superintendent and supervisors, as 
 well as special instruction from the special teachers. This careful selection and training must necessarily tend 
 to produce successful teaching. 
 
 Special Instructoks. The special studies that are being added to the public school course require the 
 empUjvment of special teachers. These, in Buffalo, are as follows: nine kindergarten teachers, four music 
 teachers, one teacher of penmanship, three drawing teachers, seven sewing teachers, one physical culture 
 teacher, and one manual training teacher. These teachers are not restricted to one class or school, but are 
 rc'qiiired to cover the entire department. In .some instances they do not very often come into personal contact 
 with pupils, but impart instruction to teachers, who, in turn, transmit it to the classes. In such cases the 
 sptcial teacher maintains general supervision over the work, visiting each school and testing the work of the 
 teachers as demonstrated by the proficiency of the pupils. 
 
 Having provided schoolhouses and teachers, the city's next duty was to furnish necessary books and 
 supplies. If pupils were obliged to jjrovide themselves with the complete outfit now necessary, the burden 
 would be heavy. Foreseeing this, ti;e present superintendent early induced the Common Council to furnish 
 free text-books and other supplies. This permits more prompt organization of the schools at the beginning 
 
 67 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 of terms, saving at least two weeks' time in a year, which delay cost the city forty thousand dollars, or more 
 than the amount now expended for free books. Books are now bought at wholesale prices, reducing the cost 
 per book and enabling each book to serve several successive pupils. Children are no longer kept from 
 school by inability to procure books, and doubtless the increase of eighteen thousand in school registration 
 since 1893 's> 'o ^ considerable degree, due to this change in the system. 
 
 IN 1891 well-known citizens formed the Buffalo Free Kindergarten Association, the purposes in view being 
 to emphasize the necessity of systematic early training of children and the value of the kindergarten as 
 an agent in that direction. The supreme importance of such training is recognized, as is the danger of 
 beginning too early the formal work of the school. It is the work of the kindergartens to provide such 
 training for children between the ages of three and six years, the aim being to supply conditions favorable for 
 free development of all the child's powers, at the same time cultivating habits of self-reliance, self-control, 
 obedience, and consideration for the rights of others. This association established kindergartens, and, with 
 slight monetary assistance from the city, maintained a corps of teachers until 1898, when the ten schools so 
 established were formally taken over by the Department of Public Instruction, thus relieving the association 
 of their management and expense. There are now twelve kindergartens operated by the department, under 
 the supervision of Miss Ella C. Elder, who is assisted by a corps of selected teachers. 
 
 PHYSICAL TRAINING has been a part of the school work since 1892. It consists of movements ot 
 gymnastic value, graded to suit the ages of pupils and arranged to meet the conditions in the schools. 
 These exercises are taught, by a special instructor, to the regular teachers, who take the exercises them- 
 selves that they may be prepared to teach them in their own classrooms. All movements are taken to words of 
 command or to counts. In the first and second grades gymnastic stories and games are used, bringing into 
 action the head, arms, trunk, and legs, and combining play with bodily exercise. Systematic physical 
 training begins in the third grade, and is carried through the nine grades. The work of each teacher is 
 supervised and judged from results as displayed by the proficiency of pupils. " Systematic physical exercise 
 has its sufficient reason in its aid to a graceful use of the limbs, its development of muscles which are left 
 unused or rudimentary unless called forth by special training, and for the help it gives to the teacher in the 
 way of school discipline." 
 
 68 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 OTE singing, or tlie learning of songs by imitation, has been changed during the past few years 
 to note singing, and pupils are now taught to read and sing a musical composition scien- 
 tifically. Singing is taught by the regular teacher under supervision of a special teacher, who, 
 with three assistants, imparts instruction to the regular teacher, and periodically inspects the 
 results of such teacher's work in the classroom. The teacher sings the major scale to the 
 children, which they sing in turn. No other aid is invoked but the pitch pipe and the voices 
 of the teacher and pupils. When mastered, the seven steps of the scale are shown in their 
 relation to the fundamental step and to each other, by simply singing these steps from a clev- 
 erly designed chart. This makes that which the child already knows more attractive, and 
 expands the thought he has in mind until it reaches the one the teacher would convey. This 
 
 chart is supplemented by readers, allowing theory to be absorbed inductively. After an experience of five 
 
 years the results are satisfactory. 
 
 JESSE KETCHUM MEMORIAL FUND. The memory of Jesse Ketchum is honored by a memorial 
 fund, established in 1871, by the conveyance to the city of Buffalo of a fund of ten thousand dollars. 
 This fund is managed by a board of trustees co!n])osed of James M. Smith, Doctor Horace Briggs, 
 and J. N. Earned. Under careful management the fund has grown to sixteen thousand dollars. In his later 
 years Jesse Ketchum became much interested in the public schools of Buffalo and one of their most generous 
 patrons. On his frequent visits he would leave substantial tokens of his interest to stimulate pupils to do good 
 work. In this same line the trustees award and distribute annually gold and silver medals to meritorious 
 pupils. These medals are intended as incentives to diligent study, correct deportment, and good behavior, 
 thus promoting faithful application to studies, cheerful obedience to teachers, and careful observance of the 
 rules of the schools. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 K 
 
 lOWEVER much may have been the opposition to the teaching of sewing prior to its introduc- 
 tion in the public schools of Buffalo in i8g6, it has now disappeared. The method of teaching 
 sewing is to present to the child, on a demonstration frame, each of the eight stitches in plain 
 sewing, in the order of their strength, beginning at the weakest, basting. These the child 
 practices on a small piece of cloth. When the stitches have been learned, the course pro- 
 gresses with the French seam, patches, gussets, the hemming of table linen, the making of 
 buttonholes, etc. Each child has an individual workbox, and is supplied with printed rules, 
 needles, thread, pins, a measure, thimble, and cloth. To these some add, at their own 
 expense, cushion, emery, and scissors. Talks are given by the teachers on the growing of cotton, thread 
 making, and the manufacture of the various articles used by the pupils, and specimens are shown to illustrate 
 these talks. Every moment of the course is consumed in giving the correct idea of the work, and special 
 effort made to stimulate the desire to continue and perfect their work at home. Sewing is now taught, by 
 seven special teachers, in the fifth and sixth grades, and the teachers recommend that it be extended to the 
 seventh grade, making a three years' course. 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOL TRAINING is furnished in Buffalo at the State Normal and Training School, 
 Normal Avenue, with Doctor Cassety in charge as principal. The school was established in 1867, and 
 is built upon ground donated for that purpose by Jesse Ketchuni. The principal building was erected 
 in i869-'7o by the city of Buffalo and the county of Erie, jointly, at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars. 
 The ground and building were then transferred to the state of New York, the consideration being that the 
 state thereafter should maintain upon the property a normal school. Tuition and use of text-books are free. 
 The design of normal schools is to furnish trained teachers for the public schools of the state. Candidates 
 for admission to the school must be at least sixteen years of age. They are admitted by appointment of the 
 state superintendent of public instruction, subject to examination, upon the recommendation of school 
 commissioners and city superintendents of schools. 
 
 The School ok PRAcriCE is maintained by the city at the Normal School, for the purpose of giving the 
 graduating classes of that institution an opportunity to practice the methods and theories of teaching which 
 they acquire in the Normal School. It is essentially a city school, different from the other public schools only 
 in that pupils come from various parts of the city instead of from a specified district. In results it ranks with 
 other grammar schools. 
 
 70 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 [IKE other special subjects, penmanship is taught under the supervision of one instructor, who at 
 grade meetings assigns to the teachers the work for their classes and carefully explains the method 
 of instruction. Vertical writing is taught, lessons being given three times a week. The pupils 
 receive their instruction from the grade teachers, who teach according to the directions given 
 them by the supervisor. The improvement in the work of this department has been marked, during 
 the last two years. This is due largely to the interest and painstaking care of the principals and teachers and 
 to the important fact that they exact from their pupils the same care in the preparation of all written exercises 
 that they require in the regular writing lesson. The improvement under this teaching is shown by the accom- 
 panying facsimile of an average test. The first two lines were written by a fourth-grade pupil in September, 
 1897, and the last two lines by the same pupil in June, 1898. 
 
 
 y(r\JJ\y 
 
 
 
 Ar<Ui/ 
 
 K^. 
 
 Manual Training. On pages 72 and 73 are five views of manual training classes and work as carried on 
 in the schools. The younger children in the primary grades are constructing scenes and articles about which 
 they read in class. Clay modeling and cardboard exercises are given in connection with regular reading les- 
 sons. Above the fifth grade, boys advance to construction in thin wood, or jackknife work, cutting out useful 
 articles from their own designs. In the eighth and ninth grades and high-school classes, the boys are taught 
 bench work. Though boys taking this course lose one and one half hours of regular school work per week, 
 they do not fall behind in their studies. On the contrary, they show improvement in their application to regular 
 class work, and acquire a confidence and self-reliance which is of material assistance in mastering their lessons. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL CLASS IN 
 MANUAL TRAINING. 
 
 MAKING INDIAN VILLAGES AT SCHOOL No. SEVEN. 7 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 INDIAN WORK AT 
 SCHOOL NO SEVEN. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL CLASS 
 MANUAL TRAINING 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 OW to cure truancy is the problem solved at the Truant School (see picture of building on 
 page 73) by Principal Kruse. To this school are sent truant pupils, and there they are 
 kept until the "going to school" habit is cultivated. The school was opened in 1897, and 
 has so far had two hundred "patients," most of whom have proved its efficiency by their 
 regular attendance at school after being released. Upon entering the school, each boy is 
 given a bath, hair-cut, and an entire outfit of clean clothes. Under careful supervision, 
 and subject to strict rules, the boy is taught useful habits, correct manners, and regular school 
 lessons. A daily routine is laid out, comprising the care of his own person, kitchen and 
 dormitory work, school exercises, recreation, and evening study and entertainment. The 
 institution is a complete home, and for the time being the boys are maintained at public 
 expense. The state inspectors, upon their official visits to the institution, expressed themselves as highly 
 pleased with the management and work of the school, it approaching their ideal more nearly than any other 
 institution of its kind in the state, because of the homelike life and relations brought about by having the 
 principal and his family, together with all the other employees of the institution, live with the boys. From 
 the first, care is taken and efforts made to secure the good will of the unfortunate boy, that, once thoroughly 
 secured, means good results. He is under the watchful eye and wholesome influence of some attendant 
 in his play as well as his work, thus giving him little or no opportunity for mischief or foul language, yet the 
 boy is never given the idea that the institution is a prison with bolts and bars, but rather that it is a home 
 with kind but firm discipline. Corporal punishment is rarely resorted to, as it is found that much more can 
 be accomplished in some other way. 
 
 The Vacation School idea is still a new one in the system of public instruction, but the Buffalo depart- 
 ment is alive to its importance. At Schools Number Two and Number Forty-four some self-sacrificing teachers 
 opened and maintained vacation schools for the benefit of children who otherwise would not fare well during 
 the summer days when the regular school is closed. Time, labor, and money were thus contributed, and a sys- 
 tem put into operation whereby children received attention and leaching. The work of the schools is largely 
 manual, and is varied by excursion trips, the popularity aad usefulness of which is attested by photographs 
 shown on page 23. The funds necessary to conduct this work come from private subscription, and are procured 
 through the combined efforts of the Principals' Association and the Women Teachers' Association. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 THE WOMEN TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION OF BUFFALO was organized in September, 1889. It is 
 tlie o'hject of the association to promote the welfare of the public schools, to cultivate a spirit of sym- 
 pathy and good will among teachers, to improve the character of the work done in the schools, to 
 develop the abilities and resources of individual members, to create in the community at large a deeper sense 
 of the dignity of the teacher's profession and the importance of the interests which teachers represent. In 
 June, 1893, the association was incorporated, and in 1895 it purchased the Chapter House in Johnson's Park 
 and so provided itself with a permanent home (see views on page 19). Active membership is confined to the 
 women who teach in the Buffalo public schools, the annual dues being two dollars. Life membership, through 
 which teachers secure permanent interest, even after marriage or retirement from active service, requires 
 payment of fifty dollars. There are at present six hundred and twenty-five active, thirty-two life, and eight 
 honorary members. Its officers for the current year (with corresponding number in photograph on page 18) 
 are as follows: Doctor Ida C. Bender (i), president; Doctor Amelia Earle Trant (2), first vice-president; 
 Mary Navagh (3), second vice-president; Agnes M. Baldwin (4), Harriet E. Bull (5), and Martha M. J. 
 Unholz (6), secretaries; Harriet A. Gies (7), treasurer. The board of trustees is composed as follows: Kate 
 Letterman (8), Anna S. McGowan (9), Adelaide Graybiel (10), Sara M. Hinson (11), Ada M. Kenyon (12), 
 Lucy F. Lander (13), Isabel McKenna (14), Isabel Ryan (15). 
 
 The Women Teachers' Mutual Benefit Association was organized in 1891. Any woman actively 
 engaged as a teacher in the schools of Buffalo may become a member upon the payment of an initiation fee 
 of two dollars. The annual dues are one dollar, and an assessment of one dollar is paid upon the death of a 
 member. At the death of a member the beneficiary receives a sum equal to one dollar for every member of 
 the association. There are at present three hundred and sixty members. The bank account is over thirteen hun- 
 dred dollars, and more than two thousand dollars has been paid out to the beneficiaries of deceased members. 
 The following-named are the officers for the year 1899: board of directors, Isabella M. Ryan (president), 
 Harriet Given, Elizabeth Edge, Nellie Coughlin, May McKee, Nellie R. Benedict, Margaret Carr, Anna B. 
 Schamel, Kate Letterman, Kate E. Porter (financial secretary). 
 
 Drawing is taught as a special department, and with what successful results is evidenced by the cover 
 design and decorative initials used in this book, all of which were made from drawings furnished by pupils 
 receiving instruction under the supervision of this department. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 SOCIETif OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Incorporated 1863. Maintains a free public museum covering 
 the field indicated by its name, and further seeks to interest and instruct the people through the media 
 of lectures and publications. The collections of the society, some of which are pictured on page 77, 
 are valuable adjuncts to school work, and have been designated by Superintendent Emerson a part of the 
 school department. It is allowed five hundred dollars yearly from the school department appropriation, 
 and this permits the arrangement of special courses of popular science lectures, and also enables the 
 mineralogy classes of the high schools to use the collection of mineral specimens owned by the society. 
 The society is located in the basement of the public library building, but hopes to possess a more suitable 
 home. Doctor Roswell Park is president. Teachers and pupils are invited to join the society. 
 
 Libraries in Schools. An experiment full of promise of great success is being tried in the schools. 
 The appropriation allowed by the state for the accumulation of libraries in schools is, in ten Buffalo schools, 
 turned over to the Buffalo Public Library, and the latter in return furnishes an ample supply of books to such 
 schools. This enables the use of a vast selection of books at a very small expense, and is proving popular in 
 the schools where the plan is in operation. 
 
 A Retirement Fund is being accumulated from a levy of one per cent per annum of all salaries to the 
 teaching staff, and such contributors become entitled to support from such fund as follows: Female teachers 
 who have taught in the public schools twenty-five years, and male teachers for thirty years, may draw from 
 this fund an amount not to exceed half their salary at time of retirement, the maximum sum being six hun- 
 dred dollars. The fund and its administration is in charge of a board of trustees composed of the mayor, 
 superintendent, the chairman of the Board of Examiners, the president of the Women Teachers' Association, 
 and the president of the Principals' Association. 
 
 Education of Deaf-mute Children is carried on in Buffalo at the Le Couteulx Saint Mary's Institu- 
 tion, which is under state control. This institution has a splendid home (see page ii.), and is conducted by 
 Sister Mary Anne Burke, principal, under supervision of a board of trustees, presided over by the Reverend 
 P. S. Gilmore. The course of education embraces all branches, from kindergarten to oil painting, and is 
 productive of gratifying results. 
 
 76 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 VIEWS OF COLLECTIONS OF THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 77 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 Headquarters for Educational .. 
 
 Books and Stationery 
 
 LARGEST STOCK OF MISCELLA- 
 NEOUS BOOKS FOR SCHOOL 
 AND PRIVATE LIBRARIES IN 
 WESTERN NEW YORK. -v -v 
 
 Prices the Lowest. Correspondence Solicited. 
 
 OTTO ULBRICH, 
 
 Bookseller and Stationer, 
 
 386 Main Street, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 .. FINE STATIONERY .. 
 CARD AND WEDDING ENGRAVING A SPECIALTY. 
 
 WILD & PCHELLAS, 
 
 Pboto engrdvittg and 
 Cbrec-color Process. 
 
 HALFTONE, 
 
 ZINC ETCHING, 
 
 .. DESIGNING. 
 
 "Schools of Buffalo" is illus- 
 trated fay us throughout. 
 
 WOOD AND WAX 
 
 .. ENGRAVING. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 ity>- N. B. Alter June ist our plant and office will be moved from 
 14 EllicoU Street to our own building, now being completed, at 
 
 n3 OAK STREET. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 A large number of 
 the schools of Buf- 
 falo are equipped 
 with .. 
 
 C. D. BRYANT 
 
 495 Ellicott Square, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 electrical Contractor. 
 
 A SPECIALTY 
 
 Buffalo fll!en=Russey System °%'.r^^H'§S, 
 
 Hdjustable 
 Ullndou) 
 
 ^ ELECTRIC BELLS, 
 
 >ndUv ANNUNCIATORS, 
 
 fixtures ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTING, 
 SPEAKING TUBES, 
 
 -?* 
 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 STOCKMAN & MOORE, 
 
 97 Erie County Bank Building, 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 ETC., ETC. 
 
Schools of 'Buffalo 
 
 Buffalo School furniture €o. 
 
 manufacturers of 
 
 Bank, School, and eburcb Turtiiture, 
 
 Tine Interior uioodworh a Specialty, 
 
 no. $24 Seneca Street, 
 Buffalo, n. V. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 THE OLDEST MUSIC HOUSE IN THE UNITED STATES. ESTABLISHED 1827. 
 
 .. DENTON, COTTIER c^ DANIELS .. 
 
 lost music business in Buffalo, the result o 
 it the lowest prices. We have the largest 
 
 * Pianos -R 
 
 Today doing the foremost music business in Buffalo, the result of always selling the best 
 goods at the lowest prices. We have the largest stock of 
 
 We sell reliable makes only, and with a guarantee that holds the purchaser absolutely safe. 
 Among the different makes v^e handle are 
 
 KRAKAUER, ^A^X^..^^.. li FISCHER, 
 
 Steinway 
 
 SHAW, !j ••(^•VlllVVMy "- CHASE. 
 
 BARGAINS IN SECONDHAND PIANOS. .. PIANOS SOLD ON MONTHLY PAYMENTS. 
 
 Uiolins, 0uitars, Banjos, mandolins. Drums. Hutobarps, Itlusic Boxes, Zithers, eornets, eiarinets, 
 and all kinds of musical Instruments. 
 
 SOKET iVIUSIC AND MUSIC BOOKS. 
 
 269-271 Main Street, . BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 LE COUTEULX SAINT MARY'S INSTITUTION FOR THE IMPROVED INSTRUCTION OF DEAF-MUTES 
 UNDER THE CHARGE OF THE SISTERS OF SAINT JOSEPH. SISTER MARY ANNE BURKE, PRINCIPAL. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS POWER IN BUFFALO. 
 
 Electric power, or energy, is now successfully transmitted to Buffalo from Niagara Falls, a distance of 
 twenty-two miles. So far as it is used in Buffalo, this transmitted power is distributed by the Cataract Power 
 and Conduit Company, of Buffalo, whose officers are as follows: George Urban, Jr., president; W. B. Rankine, 
 secretary and treasurer; Charles R. Huntley, vice-president and general manager. It is brought from the 
 power house at Niagara Falls to the city line of Buffalo on overhead wires, but at that point is transferred 
 underground in conduits and connected with the power house of the Buffalo Street Railway Company, and 
 the transformer houses of the Conduit Company, where the latter breaks the heavy current of eleven thou- 
 sand volts into smaller currents that are made available for various commercial uses. 
 
 Buffalo has reserved about eight thousand horse power of this new power, as follows: 
 
 Street railway service, . . . 2,000 Electric lighting, ..... 3,000 
 Grain elevators operation, . . . 1,500 Flour mills, dry docks, and malthouses, 1,100 
 
 The distributing company operates under a notable charter from the city of Buffalo, and has reduced 
 its charges for power to a practical schedule. For instance : 
 
 An eighty horse-power motor running ten hours per day, taking an average of sixty horse po\\er per da)-, 
 would in twenty-five days per month consume current as follows : 60x10x25 equals 15,000 horse-power 
 hours, or, reduced to units, 11,200 units. On this basis the charge per month would be as follows: 
 
 Charge for service, demand of 80 horse power, at 75c., .... |;6o 
 
 Charge for power, 10,000 units, at .008c, ....... So 
 
 1,200 units in excess of 10,000, at .0075c, ....... 9 
 
 Total, I149 
 
 which is equivalent to ^22. 35 per rated horse power per annum. 
 
 The company delivers a two thousand two hundred volt alternating current to the customer. The unit 
 is the kilowatt hour, equivalent to one and one third horse-power hour. The service charge is for the maxi- 
 mum power called for per month, one dollar per unit of kilowatt equaling seventy-five cents per horse power, 
 and in addition to this there is a meter charge per unit for actual amount of power consumed. This ranges 
 from two cents to .0064 cents per unit, according to quantity. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 The Electric Lights of Buffalo 
 
 There is probably no city better lighted, as a whole, than Buffalo, and certainly not many streets 
 in any city are as well and artistically illuminated as is Main Street. From the docks to Virginia Street, 
 double arc lights of handsome style are erected every two hundred feet, alternately on each side of the 
 street. 
 
 As a lesson in practical municipal government, pupils may obtain a great deal of interesting infor- 
 mation from a careful study of the electric lighting system, its cost and operation. These arc lights 
 are furnished to the city by the BUFFALO GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, at the rate of $ioo 
 per annum, and there are now one hundred and eighty-three of these lamps in operation. Each lamp is 
 rated at two thousand candle power capacity, requiring four hundred and fifty watts of electrical energy 
 to produce the required brilliancy. The)' are lighted and extinguished on schedule time, the hours lighted 
 per night varying with the seasons. The total number of hours lighted per year per lamp is four 
 thousand. The power which generates the electric current for the lamps is now transmitted from Niagara 
 Falls, the current being conveyed to the lamps by underground cables laid in conduits. 
 
 Electric lighting demands a steady, never failing source of power. Heretofore, the company has 
 depended on its steam plants; it now has also electrical power from the falls, and, as a further precaution, 
 will install a mammoth storage battery, capable of storing power (two thousand horse power) sufficient 
 to run the city lights for several hours in case of trouble with the power plants. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 What is Home Without a Good Bed ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 n. p. Cbaney, « « si$ main Street, 
 
 iS all kinds of feather and hair mattresses. Every variety 
 Brass and iron bedsteads, hair mattresses, and best feathers a specialty. 
 
 C t-/^ /^ examination of your 
 1^ I t^vJ eyes by my oculist, 
 
 DR. MOORS. 
 
 
 ULLENBRUCH 
 
 LEADING 
 OPTICIAN- 
 
 ■pENOVATES all kinds of feather and hair mattresses. Every variety of bedding for sale. 286 MAIN STREET. 
 
 TELEPHONE, TUPPER 229. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 BARND & GEIGER Why iiot get a Camera? 
 
 Heating- 
 .^r^Plumbing 
 
 No. II East Moliciwli Street, 
 
 ^ BUFFALO. N. Y. 
 
 TELEPHONE 1441. 
 
 .. CONTRACTORS . 
 FOR THE FOLLOWING SCHOOL BUILDINGS: 
 
 PLUMBING .. 
 
 Nos. 4, 7, 12, 22, 27, 28, 33, 40, 45, 53, 59. 
 
 HEATING .. 
 
 Nos. 22, 25. 
 
 And if you do, why not go where 
 you find the largest stock and 
 greatest variety ? Ours are not 
 toys — we positively guarantee 
 every one of them. We carry 
 the largest stock of cameras and 
 photo supplies in western New 
 York 
 
 THE ONLY EXCLUSIVE PHOTO SUPPLY 
 HOUSE IN BUFFALO. 
 
 BUTTS & ADAMS, 
 
 459 Washington Street, 
 ONE. SENEc. 940 BUFFALO, N.Y. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 ** Greater Buffalo's Greatest BooKstore" -« 
 
 A globe should be in every home, and since ^ve have the prices so reasonable 
 there's no excuse for not having one. 
 
 We carry Rand, McNally & Co.'s latest globes exclusively : 
 
 1 2-inch globe, oak base, . . $4.00 
 
 J 2-inch globe, bronze base, . . 5.00 
 
 8-inch globe, oak base, . . . 1.90 
 
 8-inch globe, bronze base, . . . 2.75 
 
 6-inch globe, oak base, . . . .90 
 
 SENT ON APPROVAL TO ANY ONE RESPONSIBLE . 
 
 lUall BIdCkbOdrdS are equally invaluable to help advance education in the home. We 
 have in stock Roll Wall Blackboards 20x28, $1; 28x40, $1.50; 40x52, $2. Guaranteed good 
 quality and lasting. 
 
 All mail orders receive prompt attention, and we mean to be of help to out-of-town corre- 
 spondents in any way they may ask of us. Let us have your mail orders. 
 
 THE PETER PAUL BOOK COMPANY, 
 
 257 Pearl Street. <i 
 
 » 44$ main Street. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 BARND & GEIGER Why not oet a Camera? 
 
 Heating ' 
 
 i::^ Plumbing 
 
 No. II East MoHciw'k Street, 
 
 ^ BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 And if you do, why not go where 
 you find the largest stock and 
 greatest variety? Ours are not 
 toys — we positively guarantee 
 every one of them. We carry 
 the largest stock of cameras and 
 photo supplies in western New 
 York 
 
 TELEPHONE 1441. 
 
 .. CONTRACTORS . 
 FOR THE FOLLOWING SCHOOL BUILDINGS: 
 
 PLUMBING .. 
 
 Nos. 4, 7, 12, 22, 27, 25, 33, 40, 48, 53, 59. 
 
 THE ONLY EXCLUSIVE PHOTO SUPPLY 
 HOUSE IN BUFFALO. 
 
 HEATING .. 
 
 Nos. 22, 25. 
 
 BUTTS 6i AI3AMS, 
 
 459 Washington street. 
 
 DNE. Seneca 940 BUFFALO, N.Y. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 ^* greater Buffaloes Greatest Bookstore"^— ^ 
 
 A globe should be in every home, and since we have the prices so reasonable 
 there's no excuse for not having one. 
 
 We carry Rand, McNally & Co.'s latest globes exclusively : 
 
 12-inch globe, oak base, . . $4.00 
 
 12-inch globe, bronze base, . . 5.00 
 
 8-inch globe, oak base, . . . t.90 
 
 8-inch globe, bronze base, . . . 2.75 
 
 6-inch globe, oak base, ... .90 
 
 SENT ON APPROVAL TO ANY ONE RESPONSIBLE 
 
 ^all Blackboards are equally invaluable to help advance education in the home. We 
 have in stock Roll Wall Blackboards 20x28,$!; 28x40, $1.50; 40x52, $2. Guaranteed good 
 quality and lasting. 
 
 All mail orders receive prompt attention, and we mean to be of help to out-of-town corre- 
 spondents in any way they may ask of us. Let us have your mail orders. 
 
 THE PETER PAUL BOOK COMPANY, 
 
 257 Pearl Street. « 
 
 « 44$ main Street. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 In typewriters and SUPPLIES , WE SELL! 
 
 An education is more complete with a thor- 
 ough knowledge of the art of typewriting. 
 
 WRITE OR CALL AT 
 
 UNITED TYPEWRITER AND SUPPLIES CO. 
 
 21 Niagara Street, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Quality 
 Rather 
 Than 
 Quantity .. 
 
 President Eliot, of Harvard, says : "The International i 
 wonderfnlly compact storehouse of accurate informatioi 
 
 .. Best for Teachers and Schools 
 
 Words are easily found. Pronunciation is easily 
 ascertained. IVIeanings are easily learned. The 
 growth of words is easily traced, and excellence 
 of quality rather than superfluity of quantity 
 characterizes its every department. 
 
 Specimen pages sent on application to 
 
 G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 
 
 PUBLISHERS, 
 
 SPKINGKIELD, MASS. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 WAUL. PAPER 
 
 Is a most effective article in interior decoration, 
 designs and colorings, and includes the cheaper 
 
 Olt-CI-OTHS AND LINOLEUMS 
 
 Also play an important part in household reno\ 
 goods in every variety of design and coloring. 
 
 WINDOW SHADES. 
 
 No home is complete until the windows are ado 
 hangings wiih fringes and insertions to match. 
 
 WE INVITE 
 
 I line of Straw and Cocoa Mattings, Roo 
 
 with all I 
 ■ grades. 
 
 latest novelties in shade 
 
 Moldings, Curtain 
 
 JOHN C. LUTZ & BRO. 
 
 483, 485, 487 WASHINGTON STREET (near mohawk), BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 Manufacturers of Window Shades, all sizes, for Stores, Offices, and Dwellings, 
 
 TELEPHONE, SENECA 1073 
 
 SEVIN^S ART STORE .^ .. MEVIUS & SON 
 
 WATER COLORS, BRAUN'S 
 PHOTOGRAPHS, FINE EN- 
 GRAVINGS AND ETCHINGS, 
 ART PLATINUM PRINTS. . 
 
 SPECIALTY OF FRAMING PICTURES. 
 
 STYLES CORRECT. GOODS GOOD. 
 
 PRICES RIGHT. 
 
 mercbatit 
 Catlors « 
 
 C. THEO. SEVIN, Prof 
 
 571 MAIN STREET 
 
 J. H. MEVIUS, 
 CHARLES MEVIUS. 
 
 18 West Chippewa Street, 
 
 ,^^ BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 ^f^~r Established 1857. 
 
 SI M SON & BEACH, 
 
 Pho tographers. 
 BUFFALO. .. NEW YORK. 
 
 Gallery. 456 Main Street. 
 Framing a Specialty. telephone, senega 1553. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 RANDOLPH McNUTT 
 
 45 SWAN STREET 
 BUFFALO .. NEW YORK 
 
 SCHOOL DESKS 
 OPERA CHAIRS 
 CHDRCH PE^VS 
 SCHOOL SUPPLIES 
 ROLLING PARTITIONS 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 Pierce Cycles,, 
 
 Jill *'Cricd and Cruc. 
 
 A 
 
 Are the equals of any, and are made in Buffalo 
 by old Public School Boys. ^ Every good 
 Buffalonian should see these superb wheels 
 before buying elsewhere. CHAINLESS (bev- 
 eled gear pattern), CUSHION FRAME (the 
 most comfortable wheel on earth), RACERS 
 (built for speed and safety), Men's and 
 Women's Specials. cM- z^ ^ ^ 
 
 Salesroom : 
 
 566 main Street. 
 
 Factorv : 
 
 6 to 22 l^anover Street. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 SATISFACTION AND SQUARE 
 DEALING GO WITH THIS. 
 
 ♦ ♦ 
 
 Cleveland Bicycles 
 
 WHAT IS QUALITY? 
 
 Quality is an element of goodness which all desire and few attain. 
 
 WHY THE FEW? 
 
 Because quality means the use of the best of everything. For instance, in 
 bicycles, it takes good material, good men, good thought, good time to 
 produce quality. If you have a bicycle of quality like the Cleveland, it is 
 "right and proper" to pay for what you get. 
 
 SO QUALITY COSTS? 
 
 The best of anything is of more value than the ordinary or common things 
 of the same class. Only a few attain perfection, and these few are of higher 
 value. The manufacturer who uses the best of materials, the best of machinery, 
 and the best men will produce the best of quality. 
 
 THE CLEVELAND BICYCLE IS THE BEST QUALITY. 
 
 $35.00 i - . $5000 
 
 40 00 ' <-H'^"^ : 75 00 
 
 $75.00, CHAINLESS 
 
 $100.00, Tan DEM 
 
 B. B. Cozier $ Co*, 
 
 615 main Street, 
 Buffalo, n. V. 
 
 C. C. HILDEBRAND, MANAGER. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 SWEET & JOHONNOT 
 
 ,, Outfitters for Euery Known Pastime ,, 
 
 BICYCLES AND BICYCLE SUNDRIES, 
 
 CAMERAS AND CAMERA SUPPLIES, 
 
 BABY CARRIAGES AND GO-CARTS, 
 
 GYMNASIUM AND ATHLETIC CLOTHING, 
 
 GOLF CLUBS AND ACCESSORIES, 
 
 BASEBALL, FOOTBALL, AND BASKET BALL, 
 
 LAWN TENNIS, FENCING, BOXING, ETC., ETC. 
 
 6U Main Street, .. Buffalo, New York. 
 
Schools of Buffalo 
 
 A PRACTICAL BUSINBSS BDUCATION .. 
 
 and the opportunities it affords Young Men and Women for 
 getting a successful start in business life. 
 
 YOUNG PEOPLE who have not a hterary or professional career in view will find 
 that their greatest opportunities for success in life lie in the direction of a tJioyoitgh 
 />//si;u'ss /raitii/tgfor coiamema] affairs. Every year hundreds of ambitious boys 
 and girls, who have completed their public school work and are anxious to get a 
 good start in some kind of business, conclude to enter the well known Bryant & 
 Stratton Business College and prepare themselves thoroughly for business life. 
 
 The great attraction in this school is the fact that its course of study is com- 
 paratively short, and its graduates are generally successful in securing positions 
 where the opportunities are good for advancement and steady employment. There 
 is no other way in which bright young people can, in so short a time, prepare them- 
 selves to become bread-winners and at once enter upon a useful, honorable career. 
 The Bryant & Stratton Business College has had forty-five years' successful 
 experience in fitting young men and women for important office positions. It is 
 the only business school in this section that is "re,^istered" with the State Board of 
 Business College," and to issue the full state business Diploma. 
 This school is located on West Genesee Street, near Niagara Square, and has a fine new building of its own, planned and 
 equipped throughout specially for this purpose, afibrding many advantages not to be found elsewhere. For nearly /in// a ceiitary the 
 school has been under the same successful management, and has gained a high standing in the 
 commercial world for the thoroughness and practical character of its course of business training. 
 
 The Bryant & Stratton College has fitted thousands for prosperous business careers, and is 
 known as a reliable, practical, up-to-date business school. The results to be gained from attending 
 a high-grade modern business college of this kind is not to be compared with cheap, inefficient 
 schools. 
 
 Students may enter the Day or Night School at any time for a Business, Shorthand, or English 
 course. Visitors are always cordially welcome. A large illustrated catalogue, giving full particu- 
 lars, may be secured upon application. 
 
 Regents, is authorized to use the 
 
$cl)ool$ of Buffalo 
 
 MAY IS 1899 
 
 
 ^QnUFflCTUf^EH. sa OF ■ 
 
 OPEN ALL NIGHT .. .. TERMS REASONABLE 
 
 "THE EFNER" 
 
 ,. Coach, Limy, and Boarding Stables ,. 
 
 COACHES, VICTORIAS, VIS-A-VIS, 
 BROUGHAMS, COUPES, ETC. 
 
 Buffalo t& ^ 
 School of music 
 
 44 Irving Place, 
 BUFFALO .. NEW YORK 
 
 MISS MARY M. HOWARD, Director. 
 
 250 Franklin Street, 
 
 Charles J. Slada, 
 
 Buffalo, n. V. 
 
 Departments of instruction are 
 PIANO ,. 
 VIOLIN .. 
 
 VOICE CULTURE ,. 
 ORGAN .. 
 
 THEORY and COMPOSITION 
 AND GERMAN .. 
 
 Diplomas given to graduates. 
 For circular address the secretary.