PC 2109 
 .B57 
 Copy 1 
 
PC 2109 
 .B57 
 Copy 1 
 
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 TIN'S THEORETICAL FRENCH SERIES. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPLES 
 
 OF 
 
 FRENCH GRAMMAR AND FRENCH IDIOM, 
 
 BY MEANS OF 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 By F. BERTIN, 
 
 GRADUATE AT POITIERS AND PARIS OF THE FRENCH UNIVERSITY, 
 
 AND MEMBER OF THE FRENCH BAR ; PROFESSOR 
 
 OF FRENCH, GREEK, AND LATIN. 
 
 CINCINNATI: 
 
 1863. 
 
 graP** 
 
^u^n^ZZio (O&J-J-a, 
 
 BEBTIN'S THEORETICAL FRENCH SERIES. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPLES 
 
 OF 
 
 FRENCH GRAMMAR AND FRENCH IDIOM, 
 
 
 BY MEANS OF 
 
 
 EXERCI8] 
 
 CX s 
 
 
 
 By F. BERTIN, 
 
 GRADUATE AT POITIERS AND PARIS OP THE FRENCH UNIVERSITY, 
 
 AND MEMBER OF THE FRENCH BAR ; PROFESSOR 
 
 OF FRENCH, GREEK, AND LATIN. 
 
 CINCINNATI: 
 
 1863. 
 
?Cz/o<? 
 .Bsy 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by 
 
 F. BERTIN, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 Southern District of Ohio. 
 
 2 4 1] 
 
To consider memory as a main» faculty of the mind, while it 
 acts only as an auxiliary, is a great mistake which pervades all 
 the departments of Instruction. Jt is not in memory's nature to 
 play the first part, and the frequent barren results of teaching and 
 learning, must be attributed to the fact, that memory is improp- 
 erly given the first rank. How often have we pitied those mar- 
 tyrs, girls or boys, who, with gentle little taps on their forehead 
 or the heart, the two supposed dwellings of the goddess, were ask- 
 ing admission for the lesson in geography, history, mathematics or 
 grammar, etc. — they were learning by heart. And thus is explained 
 how, in countries where that system is generally diffused, self- 
 made men are often superior to those favored with a regular 
 course of instruction ; the former were thinking while these latter 
 were learning by heart. 
 
 Why not learn business by heart also? Because there is no 
 book, which being learned by heart, pretends to teach business. 
 I would there were no books, with such pretensions, on geography, 
 history, grammar, etc. Then our youths would be happy, and 
 society, as the result, would recruit men and women instead of... 
 birds icith green feathers. Then we should not see any more such 
 books as, among the latest published, the French Class Book, 
 embracing grammar, conversation, literature, with a commercial 
 correspondence and an adequate Dictionary, by Louis Pujol, a 
 great 8vo. of 500 pages, and a book, as it is said in the preface, 
 which contains all that is necessary for the acquisition of a pure 
 and easy colloquial use of the French language. What induce- 
 ments to learn the whole book by heart I 
 
 Jn learning languages, there are indeed things to be remem- 
 bered ; but they must be understood. Principles and words, not 
 such or such sentences, constitute languages ; and both words and 
 principles should be comprehended. Principles must be under- 
 stood : they are expressed generally by rules, the learning of 
 which blindly, is a mere drudgery. Words, also, must be under- 
 stood in their meaning, otherwise the most ludicrous use will be 
 made of them. But principles are far more important than words. 
 They sustain the whole language, and are, so to speak, the stratum 
 upon which the words themselves rest. A word may be forgotten, 
 and we are always at a loss for some words even in our own lan- 
 guage, but we may do without this one or that one. We can not 
 do without principles. 
 
 ( Hi ) 
 
IV 
 
 If principles are so important in languages, we should have 
 them as simple as possible, and leave words behind, so as not to 
 confuse the mind. However, school-book writers, understanding 
 that principles should be learned by heart, have thought it was 
 too hard to learn them alone, and then have added pages of ex- 
 ercises or illustrations to learn with them. Were a boat overloaded 
 and moving slowly, would you to increase its speed add to its 
 freight ? No, it might sink. So the student sinks under the load, 
 or, if he be of a strong head, and can bear the burden, the princi- 
 ples of the language thus confusedly scattered among sentences, 
 have no more place in his mind than in the book, and it is scarcely 
 possible for him to comprehend them, and to place the whole be- 
 fore his view. Then, as the retentive power of memory is not 
 equal to that of a book, the whole thing glides from the mind, 
 piece by piece; first, rules, if ever they had entered it, then frag- 
 ments of sentences, then whole sentences. So that a pupil who 
 once said — avez-vous du pain f and donnez-moi du vin, soon only 
 remembers avez-vous du pain f which gradually vanishes into 
 avez-vouz pain — avez pain — pain 
 
 All this is done under the name of Practical System, on the 
 plea of practice. Practice ! well, but practice is to be practiced, 
 and not to be learned, by heart Practice is one thing and theory 
 another, and confusion has never proved to be an improvement. 
 Theory is the key to practice, and must be present to the mind 
 all the time. Who could carry within his memory all the time 
 Jewett's Olendorf, Fasquelle or Robertson ? Practice must be kept 
 apart from theory, as a mere illustration of theory. 
 
 This I understand to be the way ; a short, clear, simple 
 statement of the principles, and a series of exercises to illustrate 
 them. The exercises, too, should be only exercises, and not 
 phrases, lest the mind of the pupil in writing them might lose 
 sight of what is essential in them — namely, to illustrate theory. 
 By means of that practice, theory impresses the mind, and keeps 
 its place in memory, without any learning by heart ) as do the 
 landscapes we have walked over. 
 
PAET I. 
 
 EXERCISES ADAPTED TO "KEY TO FRENCH GRAMMAR" 
 
 VOCABULARY OF NOUNS. 
 
 Observations — 1. m or f after a word means that 
 word to be of masculine or feminine gender. 
 
 2. (h) signifies the h beginning the word to be aspi- 
 rate. Here it must be observed that the number of 
 the aspirate h is very small, and nearly all of them may 
 be found in the Key to French Reading ; consequently 
 the student, unless he knows the contrary, should regard 
 every h as being mute. 
 
 air — air m 
 
 advantage — a vantage m 
 
 allusion — allusion / 
 
 apple — pomme/ 
 
 apple pie — tarte aux pommes/ 
 
 apricot — abricot m 
 
 argument — argument m 
 
 army — armee/ 
 
 aunt — tante/ 
 
 baker — boulanger m 
 bakery — boulangerie / 
 bath — bain m 
 battle— battaille/ 
 bean — haricot m (h) 
 beef — boeuf m 
 belt — ceinture/ 
 bird — oiseau m 
 bonnet — chapeau m 
 book — livre m 
 bookseller — libraire m 
 boot — botte / 
 bow — noeud m 
 
 boy — garcon m 
 branch— branche f 
 bread — pain m 
 brother — frere m 
 bushel — boisseau m 
 butter — beurre m 
 
 cabbage — chou m 
 cake — gateau m 
 cap — casquette / 
 captain — capitaine m 
 carrot — carotte / 
 case — cas m 
 celery — c£leri m 
 cent — sous m 
 chicken — poulet m 
 child — enfant m 
 church — eglise / 
 circumstance — circonstance / 
 . clasp — agrafe / 
 cloth — drap m 
 coat — habit m 
 
 (iii) 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 comb — peigne m 
 confession — confession* f 
 cotton — coton m 
 country — campagne / 
 country — pays m 
 cravat — cravate / 
 cross — croix / 
 
 daughter — fille / 
 day — jour m 
 day — journSe/ 
 diamond — diamant m 
 dish — plat m 
 dog — chien m 
 dress — robe/ 
 dress-maker — tailleuse / 
 
 ear— oreille / 
 earth — terre / 
 error — erreur/ 
 event — 6v£nement m 
 exercise — exercice m 
 
 family — famille / 
 farewell — adieu m 
 father — pere m 
 fire — feu m 
 flag — drapeau m 
 flock — troupeau m 
 flower — fleur / 
 fork — fourchette / 
 fortress — forteresse / 
 friend (male) — ami m 
 friend (female) — amie f 
 fruit — fruit m 
 
 gaiter — guetre / 
 game — jeu m 
 garden — jardin m 
 
 general — g6n£ral m 
 gentleman— monsieur m 
 girl — fille/ 
 glass — verre m 
 glass jar — bocal m 
 glove — gant m 
 God — Dieu m 
 gold — or m 
 grocer — Spicier m 
 grocery — epicerie / 
 gun (big) — canon m 
 gun (small) fusil m 
 
 hair — cheveu m 
 hair-dresser — coiffeur m 
 hand — main / 
 handkerchief — mouchoir m 
 hat — chapeau m 
 hatter — chapelier m 
 hatred — haine/ 
 head — t£te / 
 head-dress — coiffure / 
 hope — esperance / 
 hight — hauteur (h) 
 horse — cheval m 
 hospital — hopital m 
 hotel — h6tel m 
 hour — heure / 
 house — maison / 
 husband — mari m 
 
 idea — id£e / 
 inhabitant — habitant m 
 inkstand — encrier m 
 insult — insulte/ 
 
 jewel — bijou m 
 
 kite — cerf-volant m 
 
 * Nearly all the words ending in ion are spelled the same as in English : 
 as nation, nation; revolution, revolution; opinion, opinion, etc. 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 knee — genou in 
 knife — couteau m 
 
 lady — dame / 
 lamb — agneau m 
 land — terre/ 
 language — Ian gage m * 
 language — langue f 
 lane— ruelle/ 
 league — lieue/ 
 league — ligue f 
 letter — lettre / 
 lettuce — laitue/ 
 life — vie / 
 love — amour in 
 
 man — homme m 
 marble — marbre m 
 meat — viande/ 
 meat-pie — pate* m 
 meeting — reunion f 
 milliner — modiste / 
 minute — minute / 
 mother — mere/ 
 moment — moment m 
 money — argent m 
 mustard — moutarde / 
 mutton — mouton m 
 
 napkin — serviette / 
 neighbor (male) — voisin in 
 neighbor (female) — voisine f 
 news — nouvelle / 
 noise — bruit m 
 nose — nez m 
 
 occasion — occasion / 
 officer — officier m 
 opinion — opinion / 
 opportunity — opportunity/ 
 
 order — ordre m 
 overcoat — pardessus m 
 owl — hibou m 
 ox — bceuf m 
 
 paper — papier m 
 
 pants — pantalon m 
 
 parlor — salon m * 
 
 partridge — perdrix / 
 
 pepper — poivre m 
 
 pie — pate" in 
 
 pie (with fruits) — tarte / 
 
 plate — assiette / 
 
 plum — prune / 
 
 pound — livre/ 
 
 principle — principe m 
 
 purse — bourse / 
 
 quail — caille/ 
 
 raspberry — framboise / 
 reason — raison / 
 reflection — reflection / 
 regiment — regiment, m 
 ribbon — ruban m 
 room — chambre / 
 roast beef — roti de bceuf in 
 roast mutton — roti de mou- 
 ton in 
 rule — regie/ 
 rumor — bruit m 
 
 salad — salade/ 
 
 salt — sel m 
 
 school — 6cole/ 
 
 sea — mer / 
 
 sheep (female) — brebis/ 
 
 sheep (male) — mouton m 
 
 shirt — chemise / 
 
 • Language is laugage, when it does not signify tongue. 
 
6 
 
 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 shoe — Soulier m , 
 shoemaker- — cordonnier m 
 silk — soie/ 
 silver — argent m 
 sister — soeur / 
 sock — ehaussette / 
 soldier — soldat m 
 son — fils m 
 sorrow — chagrin m 
 space — espace m 
 speech-— discours m 
 spoon — cuillere / 
 state — etat m 
 stationer — papetier m 
 steeple — clocher m 
 stocking — bas m 
 stone-— pier re/ 
 stone (of a fruit) — noyau m 
 store — magazin m 
 story — conte m 
 story — histoire / 
 strawberry — fraise / 
 street — rue/ 
 student — 6tudiant m 
 succory — chicor£e / 
 suspender — bretelle / 
 sympathy — sympathie / 
 
 table — table / 
 table-cloth — nape / 
 tail — queue / 
 tailor — tailleur rn 
 thing — chose / 
 thought — pens£e / 
 
 thread — fil m 
 time — temps m 
 time — -fois /* 
 tree — arbre m 
 truth — vSrite* / 
 turnip — navet m 
 
 uncle — oncle m 
 upholsterer — tapissier m 
 United States — Etats-Unis m 
 
 valley — valine / 
 vegetable — legume rn 
 voice — voix / 
 
 waistcoat — gilet m 
 wall — mur m 
 walnut — noix/ 
 water — eau / 
 weather- — temps m 
 week — semaine / 
 weight — poids m 
 wife — fern me / 
 window — fenetre / 
 wine- — vin m 
 woman — femme / 
 wool — laine/ 
 world — monde m 
 wreath — couronne / 
 wrong — tort m 
 
 yard — metre m 
 yard — cour m 
 year — an m 
 year — anneef 
 
 ON NOUNS. 
 
 N. B. — Nouns give their gender, number, and person to the 
 other parts of speech. 
 
 * Time is fois, wben used as in four times, fire times, ten times, etc. 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 7 
 
 Exercises on the formation of the plural. 
 I. 
 Man, men ; woman, women ; child, children ; boy, 
 boys ; partridge, partridges ; cross, crosses ; nose, noses ; 
 hair, hairs ; farewell, farewells ; game, games ; hat, hats ; 
 cake, cakes; flocks, flocks; stone (of a fruit), stones; 
 cabbage, cabbages ; knee, knees ; girl, girls ; walnut, 
 walnuts; error, errors; father, fathers ; mother, mothers ; 
 son, sons ; daughter, daughters ; brother, brothers ; sis- 
 ter, sisters ; uncle, uncles ; aunt, aunts ; family, fami- 
 lies; earth, earths ; fire, fires. 
 
 II. 
 
 Confession, confessions ; voice, voices ; cap, caps ; 
 cravat, cravats ; silk, silks ; boot, boots ; shoe, shoes ; 
 suspender, suspenders ; waistcoat, waistcoats ; • shirt, 
 shirts ; coat, coats ; overcoat, overcoats ; purse, purses ; 
 head-dress, head-dresses; wreath, wreaths; glove, 
 gloves ; handkerchief, handkerchiefs ; sock, socks ; cot- 
 ton, cottons ; gaiter, gaiters ; cloth, cloths ; thread, 
 threads ; wool, wools ; dress, dresses ; comb, combs ; 
 jewel, jewels; clasp, clasps; bonnet, bonnets ; ribbon, 
 ribbons; flower, flowers; diamond, diamonds; bow, 
 bows; stocking, stockings; belt, belts; knife, knives ; 
 wife, wives ; money, moneys ; valley, valleys. 
 
 ON ARTICLES. 
 
 K". B. — Articles must be masculine if the noun introduced by 
 them is masculine; and feminine, if that noun is feminine. In 
 the same way an article must be singular, if the noun introduced 
 is singular, and plural if that noun is plural. 
 
 The chicken, the chickens; the plum, the plums; the 
 table, the tables ; the carrot, the carrots ; the mutton, 
 the muttons ; the sheep {singular in French), the sheep ; 
 
3 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 the glass, the glasses ; the salad, the salads ; the apri- 
 cot, the apricots ; the fork, the forks ; the turnip, the 
 turnips ; the wine, the wines ; the bean, the beans ; the 
 bread, the breads ; the pie, the pies ; the vegetable, the 
 vegetables ; the ox, the oxen ; the stone, the stones ; the 
 raspberry, the raspberries ; the inhabitant, the inhabit- 
 ants ; the bird, the birds; the coat, the coats. 
 
 II. 
 
 Of the celery, of the celeries ; of the lettuce, of the 
 lettuces ; of the fruit, of the fruits ; of the meat-pie, 
 of the meat-pies ; of the apple-pie, of the apple-pies ; 
 of the roast-beef, of the roast-beefs ; of the pie {with 
 fruits), of the pies (the same kind) ; of the strawberry, 
 of the strawberries ; of the dish, of the dishes ; of the 
 plate, of the plates ; of the table, of the tables ; of the 
 table-cloth, of the table-cloths ; of the paper, of the 
 papers ; of the knife, of the knives ; of the mustard, 
 of the mustards ; of the apricot, of the apricots ; of the 
 man, of the men ; of the woman, of the women ; of the 
 bird, of the birds ; of the coat, of the coats. 
 
 III. 
 
 To the boy, to the boys ; to the girl, to the girls ; 
 to the man, to the men ; to the father, to the fathers ; 
 to the mother, to the mothers ) to the stone, to the 
 stones ; to the coat, to the coats ; to the flower, to the 
 flowers ; to the head-dress, to the head-dresses ; to the 
 glove, to the gloves ; to the bow, to the bows ; to 
 the belt, to the belts ; to the clasp, to the clasps ; to 
 -the jewel, to the jewels ; to the wreath, to the wreaths ; 
 to the bean, to the beans ; to the lettuce, to the lettuces ; 
 to the table, to the tables ; to the plate, to the plates ; 
 to the water, to the waters ; to the coat, to the coats. 
 
 IV. 
 
 The game, the games ; the hospital, the hospitals ; 
 the coat, the coats ; the dress, the dresses ; the plate, 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 9 
 
 the plates ; of the thread, of the threads ; from the voice, 
 from the voices ; from the table, from the tables ; from 
 the chicken, from the chickens; from the gaiter, from 
 the gaiters ; to the knife, to the knives ; to the salad, 
 to the salads ; at the table, at the tables ; at the spoon, 
 at the spoons ; at the coat, at the coats ; at the knee, 
 at the knees ; at the hospital, at the hospitals ; of the 
 hospital, of the hospitals ; to the hospital, to the hos- 
 pitals. 
 
 VOCABULARY OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Observations. — 1. A letter placed after a word, be- 
 tween parenthesis, is to be added to the ending, when 
 same as the last; and when different it must take the 
 place of the last consonant — before adding e to form the 
 feminine gender. 
 
 A letter with an accent over, placed in the same situa- 
 tion, signifies that letter to be marked with an accent in 
 the feminine gender, before adding e (when the femi- 
 nine is very irregular, it will be written altogether, be- 
 tiveen parenthesis, after the masculine). 
 
 2. b c mean before consonant, and b v before vowel ; 
 that is to say, before words beginning with consonants, 
 or before words beginning with vowels. 
 
 3. The* masculine of adjectives only is given in this 
 vocabulary, and when this masculine is double, the 
 feminine should be made out of the word used before a 
 vowel. 
 
 abusive — abusif (V) black — noir 
 
 agreeable — agreable blind — aveugle 
 
 alone — seul blue — bleu 
 
 amiable — ainiable brown — brun 
 
 bad — mauvais calm — calme 
 
 beautiful- —beau b c, bel h v (J) charming — charmant 
 
 bis; — gros (s) citizen — citoyen (».) 
 
 bitter — amer (e) conclusive — concluant 
 
10 
 
 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 convenient — commode 
 courageous — courageux (s) 
 credible — croyable 
 cruel — cruel (V) 
 
 dead — mort 
 deaf — sourd 
 dear — cher (e) 
 deceitful— trompeur (s) 
 delightful — d£licieux (s) 
 dry — sec (seche) 
 dumb — muet (t) 
 
 empty — vide 
 equal — 6gal 
 
 false — faux (ss) 
 fat — gras (s) 
 first — premier (e) 
 french — fran cais 
 fresh — frais ( fraiche) 
 
 glad — aise 
 gray — gris 
 great— grand 
 green — vert 
 
 handsome — beau b c, bel b v (J) 
 happy — heureux (s) 
 hard — dur 
 high — haut 
 hot — chaud 
 
 innocent — innocent 
 
 jealous — jaloux (s) 
 
 kind — bon (n) 
 
 lame — boiteux (s) 
 large — grand 
 last — dernier (e) 
 
 low — bas (s) 
 long — long 
 
 main-— principal 
 monotonous — monotone 
 musician — musicien (n) 
 musical — musical 
 
 next — prochain 
 new — nouveau b c, nouvel 
 bv (Z) 
 narrow — 6troit 
 
 old — vieux b c y vieil b v (Z) 
 own — propre 
 
 poor — pauvre 
 pretty — joli 
 
 quick — vite 
 
 rich — riche 
 red — rouge 
 round — rond 
 
 selfish — £go'iste 
 short — court 
 silly — sot (t) 
 slow — lent 
 small — petit 
 smart — vif (V) 
 soft — doux (c) 
 square — carre 
 stupid — stupide 
 sweet — doux (c) 
 
 tall — grand 
 
 tedious — ennuyeux (s) 
 
 tender — tendre 
 
 tired — las (s) 
 
 true — vrai 
 
 twin — jumeau (jumelle) 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 11 
 
 Ugly — vilain wicked — m£chant 
 
 useful — utile witty — spirituel (7) 
 
 violet — violet yellow — jaune 
 
 young — jeune 
 white — blanch (blanche) 
 
 ON ADJECTIVES. 
 
 EXERCISE IN PARSING. 
 
 On this and that, these and those, his, her, which, what, 
 all, some, many, each, as adjectives or pronouns accord- 
 ing to French Grammar. 
 
 This hat is pretty, but that is not. His book is good, 
 but his is not. I like this tree, its branches are large, 
 but I do not like that other, its are short. What beauti- 
 ful flowers are in that garden ; but what is that ? Of 
 which speech do you talk ? — Of which ? Of the speech 
 of my cousin. The tree which is planted there is ele- 
 gant. Which hat have you? Wliat have you in your 
 hand ? I have his flowers. — Which ? All my flowers are 
 pretty, but all are not in bloom. Some men are good, 
 but some are not. Many men think very little, but many 
 believe themselves great thinkers. Each tree in your 
 garden is fine, but in mine each is ugly. 
 
 I. 
 OX QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 X. B. — 1. Adjectives borrow their gender and number from the 
 nouns, which they qualify and point out. 
 
 2. In. French, adjectives are generally placed after nouns; 
 except bean, bon, joli, grand, jenne, mauvais, mediant, which, 
 as in English, are placed before nouns. 
 
 § 1. Exercise on the formation of the feminine. 
 The blue silk ; the gray head-dress ; the red flower ; 
 
12 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 the violet wool ; the white clasp ; the black cap ; the 
 small cravat; the large boot ; the big purse ; the round 
 wreath ; the square table ; the narrow sock ; the con- 
 venient belt ; the useful fork ; the delightful family ; 
 the ugly spoon ; the pretty dress ; the handsome woman ; 
 the amiable daughter ; the bad sister ; the cruel aunt ; 
 the fat meat ; the citizen girl ; the musician lady ; the 
 abusive confession 
 
 § 2. On the formation of the plural. 
 
 The yellow birds ; the green cabbages ; the brown 
 stones of the old sea ; the tall men of the earth ; the 
 high trees ; the low carrots ; the agreeable daughters 
 of the man ; the contented sons of the woman ; the poor 
 boys of the family ; the rich sisters of the uncle ; the 
 dear dresses of the woman ; the tender flowers ; the new 
 tables of the family ; the wines of the man ; the coura- 
 geous sons of the woman ; the credible stories ; the hard 
 uncles of the boy ; the soft voices of the girls ; the happy 
 children ; the short cravats ; the long belts ; the sweet 
 young girls of the mother; the calm seas ; the deceitful 
 brothers; the fresh vegetables; the silly boys; the 
 dumb girls ; the deaf men ; the lame aunts ; the false 
 confessions; the true stories; the last strawberries; the 
 first apricots ; the next days ; the equal windows ; the 
 twin sisters; the tired young girls. 
 
 § 3. On the degrees of comparison. 
 
 1. ON THE COMPARATIVES. 
 
 Bluer; redder; whiter; blacker; smaller; larger; 
 bigger ; rounder ; more square ; narrower ; more con- 
 venient; more useful; more delightful; uglier f pret- 
 tier; handsomer; more amiable; worse; fatter; more 
 musical; more abusive; yellower; greener; browner; 
 taller; higher; lower; more agreeable; more content; 
 poorer ; richer ; dearer ; more tender ; newer ; older ; 
 more courageous ; harder ; softer ; happier ; shorter ; 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 13 
 
 longer ; sweeter ; calmer ; fresher ; sillier ; truer ; drier ; 
 younger. 
 
 2. ON THE SUPERLATIVES. 
 
 Newest; most courageous; hardest; oldest; young- 
 est; happiest; softest; shortest; longest; sweetest; 
 calmest; bluest; reddest ; whitest ; blackest ; greenest ; 
 brownest; smallest; tallest; highest; lowest ; largest ; 
 biggest; roundest; most square ; narrowest ; most con- 
 venient ; most useful; most delightful ; ugliest; pret- 
 tiest; handsomest; most amiable; worst; fattest; most 
 musical; most abusive ; yellowest; most tender; driest; 
 truest ; silliest ; freshest; poorest; most content ; most 
 agreeable; richest; dearest. 
 
 II 
 
 ON DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 § 1. On the determinative adjectives. 
 
 This boy, these boys ; this child, these children : this 
 woman, these women ; this water, these waters ; this 
 daughter, these daughters ; that man, those men ; that 
 uncle, those uncles ; that sister, those sisters ; that tree, 
 those trees; that lamb, these lambs; that confession, 
 those confessions ; that store, those stores ; that glove, 
 those gloves ; that jewel, those jewels ; this table, those 
 tables; this spoon, those spoons ; this white napkin, 
 these white napkins; this pretty flower, these pretty 
 flowers ; this black dress, these black dresses ; this dear 
 child, these dear children. 
 
 § 2. On the numeral adjectives. 
 
 I. OX THE CARDINAL NUMERAL. 
 
 X. B. — 1. We never place et (and) between hundred and the 
 subsequent number; hundred and fifty is simply hundred fifty. 
 
 3. After nineteen hundred, the French say two thousand, and 
 not twenty hundred, and so on three thousand .... 
 
 Four men; five women; nine children; ten boys; 
 twelve girls ; thirteen partridges ; sixteen trees ; eight- 
 
14 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 teen boots; twenty knives; twenty-one table-cloths 
 twenty-nine hospitals ; thirty stones ; thirty-one era 
 vats ; thirty four pants ; forty apples ; forty-one schools 
 forty-six cents ; fifty flags ; fifty-one guns (small) ; fifty 
 two churches ; sixty pounds ; sixty-one yards ; sixty 
 five officers ; seventy students ; seventy-one generals 
 seventy-seven bonnets ; eighty hats ; eighty-nine oxen 
 ninety apricots ; ninety-three sheep ; eighty-one nap- 
 kins ; ninety -one flowers ; hundred belts ; hundred and 
 one diamonds ; hundred and ten plates ; hundred and 
 sixty men; two hundred dogs ; two hundred and fifty 
 girls ; four hundred soldiers. 
 
 Thousand tables ; fifteen hundred stockings ; twenty 
 hundred coats ; twenty-five hundred combs ; hundred 
 thousand bushels ; 1450 guns ; 3463 leagues ; 450,764 
 walnuts; 7,869,491 schools. 
 
 II. ON THE ORDINAL NUMERAL. 
 
 First husband; second wife; fifth child; ninth girl ; 
 twentieth regiment; fiftieth student ; hundredth league ; 
 hundredth and tenth church ; twenty-first pound ; thirty- 
 first officer ; forty-first yard; sixty-first general; sev- 
 enty-first hospital; eighty-first cent; ninety-first man. 
 
 § 3. On the possessive adjectives. 
 
 My store, my stores ; my house, my houses ; my 
 grocery, my groceries ; my bakery, my bakeries ; my 
 narrow street, my narrow streets ; thy grocer, thy gro- 
 cers ; thy grocery, thy groceries ; thy baker, thy ba- 
 kers ; his upholsterer, his upholsterers; her upholsterer, 
 her upholsterers; his grocery, his groceries; her gro- 
 cery, her groceries ; its branch, its branches ; its weight, 
 its weights; our bookseller, our booksellers; our lane, 
 our lanes ; your stationer, your stationers ; your milli- 
 ner, your milliners ; their dressmaker, their dress- 
 makers ; their hatter, their hatters ; your tailor, your 
 tailors. 
 
 § 4. On the interrogative adjectives. 
 
 Which stationer, which stationers? w T hich street, 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 15 
 
 which streets? what lane, what lanes? what hotel, what 
 hotels ? which house, which houses? which baker, which 
 bakers? what tailor, what tailors? what shoemaker, 
 what shoemakers ? what store, what stores ? which 
 branch, which branches ? what grocery, what groceries ? 
 
 § 5. On the indefinite adjectives. 
 
 X. B. — 1. Many a is exactly translated in French by maint, a 
 is left out ; but many alone, should rather be plusieurs. 
 
 2. Tout (all), is used in French with the meaning of every, and 
 here all will be used with that meaning, according to French idiom. 
 
 I. 
 
 All event, all events ; all occasion, all occasions ; all 
 moment, all moments; all hour, all hours ; all weather, 
 all weathers; all circumstance, all circumstances; such 
 day, such days ; such reflection, such reflections ; such 
 noise, such noises ; such thought, such thoughts ; (with 
 aucun), no reason; no event; no day; no hope; (with 
 nul), no speech; no meeting; no opportunity; many 
 an event, many events ; many an occasion, many occa- 
 sions ; many a moment, many moments ; many a thought, 
 many thoughts. 
 
 II. 
 
 Certain speech, certain speeches; certain meeting, 
 certain meetings ; certain love, certain loves ; (amour 
 is feminine in the plural) ; certain weather, certain 
 weathers; certain hope, certain hopes; certain moment, 
 certain moments; some day, some days; some occasion, 
 some occasions ; some reflection, some reflections ; some 
 noise, some noises ; some reason, some reasons ; some 
 event, some events; any idea, any ideas ; any weather, 
 any weathers ; every event, every events ; every speech, 
 every speeches ; every occasion, every occasions ; every 
 assembly, every assemblies ; each hour, each hours ; 
 each day, each days ; each noise, each noises ; each 
 thought, each thoughts; several circumstances; seve- 
 ral speeches; several hours ; several events. 
 
16 
 
 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 VOCABULARY OP VERBS. 
 
 Observations. — 1. Words between parenthesis after 
 a verb, should be read as being placed before it, to make 
 out the true meaning of that verb, in the case ; as, give 
 (do), should be read do give. 
 
 2. Personal pronouns, written by the side ofthe verb, 
 are signs of the person of the verb whose meaning is 
 given, as speak (he) parte, means parte to be the third 
 person singular. 
 
 3. Imp means imperfect, and perf means perfect, or 
 in different words past definite, whose exact equivalents 
 are not to be found in English, but may be found in 
 Latin, as imp amabam, / loved, perf amavi, I loved, and 
 in French, imp j'aimais, I loved, perf ]\\m&\, I loved. 
 
 cried 
 
 add (they) — ajoutent 
 adds (he) — ajoute 
 agrees (he) — s'accorde 
 ani (I) — suis 
 apply (do) — appliquez 
 are (we) — somrnes 
 are (you) — etes 
 are (they) — sont 
 art (thou) — es 
 
 believe (they) — croient 
 believes (he) — croit 
 believe (to) — croire 
 build (to) — batir 
 buy (do) — achetez 
 buy (let us) — achetons 
 buy (he) — achete 
 buy (they) — achetent 
 
 came (he) — vin 
 
 came (they) — imp venaient, 
 
 perf vin rent 
 comes (he) — vient 
 created (he) — imp creait,£>er/ 
 
 crea 
 
 (they) — imp criaient, 
 perf crierent 
 cries (he) — crie 
 
 danced (they) — imp dansaient 
 perf danserent 
 
 deceived (he) — trompa 
 
 dine (you) — dinez 
 
 dined (they) — imp dinaient, 
 perf dine rent 
 
 do (they) — font 
 
 do (you) — faites 
 
 does (he) — fait 
 
 ends (he) — finit 
 enter (to) — entrer 
 
 flatter (to) — flatter 
 flatter (I)— flatte 
 flatter (we) — flattons 
 flatter (you)— flattez 
 flatter (they) — flattent 
 flatters (he)— flatte 
 flattefest (thou) — nattes 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 17 
 
 give (do) — donnez 
 give (they) — donnent 
 gives (he) — donne 
 glorified — imp glorifiaient, 
 
 per/ glorifierent 
 had (I) — avais 
 had (he) — avait 
 had (we) — avions 
 had (you) — aviez 
 had (they) — avaient 
 hadst (thou) — avais 
 has (he) — a 
 hast (thou) — as 
 have (I) — ai 
 have (we) — avons 
 have (you) — avez 
 have (they) — out 
 hear (I) — entends 
 hold (you) — tenez 
 
 is (he) — est 
 
 keeps (he) — garde 
 know (I) — cormais 
 know (I) — sah* 
 
 like (I) — aime 
 like (we) — aiinons 
 like (you) — aimez 
 like (they) — ainient 
 likes (he) — aime 
 likest (thou) — aimes 
 listens (he) — ecoute 
 love (they) — ainient 
 loves (he) — aime 
 look (do) — regardez 
 
 make (you) — faites 
 may he (he) — soit 
 may be (they) — soient 
 
 may be (you) — soyez 
 may do (you) — fasiez 
 may say (you) — disiez 
 may think (you) — pensiez 
 may think (they) — pensent 
 mean (you) — voulez diref 
 
 open (they) — ouvrent 
 opens (he) — ouvre 
 ought (he) — doit 
 
 played (they) — imp jouaient, 
 
 per/ j ouer ent 
 pleases (he) — plait 
 
 reply (do) — repliquez 
 run (you) — courez 
 run (they) — courent 
 
 said (he) — dit 
 
 said (we) — imp disions, per/ 
 
 dimes 
 saw (he) — vit 
 saw (I) — vis 
 say (I) — dis 
 say (they) — disent 
 says (he) — dit 
 see (I) — vois 
 see (you) — voyez 
 sees (he) — voit 
 send (do) — envoyez 
 sends (he) — envoie 
 should be (he) — devrait, etre 
 sleeps (he) — dort 
 slept (I) — dormis 
 slept (he) — dormit 
 sobbed (they) — imp gemisai- 
 
 ent. per/ gemirent 
 speak (to) — parler 
 
 * Je connais, with the meaning of being acquainted with \ je sais, with 
 the meaning of being informed of. 
 
 f Vou8 voulez dire is used affirmatively ; voidez-voua dire interrogatively. 
 
18 
 
 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 speak (you) — parlez 
 speak (I) — parle 
 speak (we) — parlons 
 speak (you) — parlez 
 speak (they) — parlent 
 speaks (he) — parle 
 speakest (thou) — paries 
 spoke (you) — parliez 
 spoke (I) — parlais 
 spoke (he) — parlait 
 spreads (he) — repand 
 strike (to) — f rapper 
 strike (I) — frappe 
 strike (we) — frappons 
 strike (you) — frappez 
 strike (they) — frappent 
 strikes (he) — frappe 
 strikest (thou) — frappes 
 submit (do) — soumettez 
 submit (I) — je soumets 
 submittest(thou) — tu soumets 
 submit (we) — soumettons 
 submit (you) — soumettez 
 submit (they) — soumettent 
 submits (he) — soumet 
 
 there are — il y a 
 there is — il y a 
 there was — il y avait 
 there were — il y avait 
 think (you) — pensez 
 think (they) — pensant 
 thought (he) — pensa 
 told (he) — dit 
 
 walk (they) — marchent 
 
 wants (he)— desire 
 
 want (you) — desirez 
 
 was (I) — imp 6tais, per/ fus 
 
 was (he) — imp 6tait, per/ fnt 
 
 were (they) — imp 6taient,pe7;/ 
 
 furent 
 will apply (I) — appliquerai 
 will be (I)- — serai 
 will be (he) — sera 
 will be (you)— serez 
 will be (they) — seront 
 will add (I) — ajouterai 
 will answer (I) — repondrai 
 will attach (I) — attaeherai 
 will break (I) — briserai 
 will buy (I) — acheterai 
 will do (I) — ferai 
 will gain (you) — gagnerez 
 will give (he) — donnera 
 will have (I) — aurai 
 will have (he) — aura 
 will have (we) — aurons 
 will have (you) — aurez 
 will have (they) — auront 
 will see (he) — verra 
 will obey (he) — obeira 
 will reply (I) — repliquerai 
 wilt be (thou) — seras 
 wilt have (thou) — auras 
 would (they) — imp voulaient, 
 
 per/ vouluront 
 would build (I) — batirais 
 would give (I) — donnerais 
 would .have (he) — aurait 
 
 VOCABULARY OF PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Observation. — ad expresses that the word translat- 
 ing the English participle is an adjective in French. 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 19 
 
 afflicted — afflige 
 astonished — e tonne 
 attached — attache* 
 
 been — £te 
 betrayed — trahi 
 
 disobliging — d6sobligeant 
 ssatisfied — mecontent ad 
 *)ne — fait 
 
 dlowed — suivi 
 
 ained — gagne* 
 iyen — donne* 
 •;one — parti 
 
 lost — perdu 
 liked — aime 
 looked — regarde 
 
 pardoned- 
 prelerred- 
 
 -pardonn6 
 -preT6r6 
 
 soid — dit 
 
 satisfied — satisfait 
 
 saved — sauve 
 
 seen — vu 
 
 slandering — m6disant 
 
 spoken — parle 
 
 supplicating — suppliant 
 
 tbougbt — pens6 
 
 VOCABULARY OF PARTICLES. 
 
 ID VERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS, INTERJECTIONS, 
 
 Observation. — adv means adverb; conj means con- 
 junction; prep means preposition; hit means inter- 
 jection. 
 
 also adv— -aussi 
 always adv — toujours 
 and conj — et 
 as to adv — quant a 
 as — as adv aussi — que 
 at prep — a 
 
 behind pre/- — derriere 
 but conj — mais 
 
 either conj — ou bien 
 
 for prep — pour 
 
 for conj — car 
 
 in prep — en 
 in prep — dans* 
 
 no adv — non 
 
 not adv — ne — pas 
 
 of prep — de 
 
 often adv — souvent 
 
 on prep — sur 
 
 only adv — seulement 
 
 or conj ou 
 
 • Only used before specified nouns. 
 
I 
 
 20 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 so a( j[ v — s i* vainly adv — vainement 
 
 so adv — ainsi very adv — tres 
 
 than adv — que well adv — bien 
 
 that conj — que well! int—h6 bien! 
 
 there adv — y or laf when adv — quand 
 
 to prep — a when — lorsque% 
 
 too adv — aussi with prep — avec 
 
 yes adv — oui 
 
 ON PRONOUNS. 
 
 ERCISE IN PARSING. 
 
 On verbs, prepositions, nominatives, objectives, vocatives 
 and persons, 
 
 N. B. — The person or thing acting or being stands in the 
 nominative case, and the person or thing acted upon is in the ob- 
 jective case. 
 
 I see a bird on the top of that tree. My friend sleeps 
 near you ; fye is an agreeable gentleman ; I like him in 
 my house. That lady speaks too much about questions 
 in which she understands nothing ; I laugh at her, and 
 she does not see it. That gentleman is not polite, and 
 I despise him. Will I see j^ou to-morrow in town? I 
 do not care about what you say. 
 
 These men are good, but I, t am not. You, my son, 
 you are ray best friend. That man is always playing, . 
 but they, they never play. I know this man, but he, 
 who is he ? I am reading, that child is reading, tlrou 
 art reading, he* is reading, she is reading, you are read- 
 ing, all (of you) are reading ; they are reading ; these 
 men are reading also; finally, we are reading, all of us. 
 
 * That expression is used before an adjective, or an adverb only, 
 f If y is used, it must be placed before the verb, if la, it must be placed 
 after the verb. 
 
 % Never used interrogatively. 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 21 
 
 I. 
 
 4 
 
 ON PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 Observations. — 1. Where the French idiom differs from the 
 English, the French idiom will be expressed by English words 
 placed between parenthesis, which words shall be translated in 
 French beside or instead of the English icords in italics, if there 
 are any. 
 
 2. As the verb is modified according to the person, the English 
 pronoun is joined to the verb, to mark to what person of the verb 
 belongs the expression given in the vocabulary. 
 
 3. In French, at is same as to ; from same as of. 
 
 4. & (to) is kept in French, with to thee, to him, to Tier, to it, to 
 us, to yon, when those words are placed : 
 
 1st After reflective verbs, as se fer d moi (to intrust oneself to 
 myself), to trust me ; 
 
 2d. In such expressions, as ; cest a vous dejouer, it is your turn 
 to play (this is to you to play). 
 
 3d. After penser, to think of (to think to); aller k, to go to; 
 venir k. to come to, and most all the verbs expressing motion to. 
 
 5. Not with a verb means ne — pas. Ke is placed before the 
 verb, immediately after the nominative, and par, immediately 
 after the verb. Ne becomes i* 1 before a vowel or h mute. Not 
 without verb, is pas only. 
 
 1st Person Singular. 
 
 I am glad. I have forty horses. My friend is taller 
 than I. My neighbor is large ; I, I am small. I will be 
 in (at) Paris to-morrow. I will have a gun (the) next 
 year. Charles is not as happy as I. These men are 
 slow ; I, I am smart. It is (c'est) I, Isay(s&j I). His 
 mother saw me. Their dog has followed me. Your 
 aunt saw me, but me alone. That man deceived me ; me, 
 his friend. Her uncle will see me (the) next week. 
 That dog would not have followed me, if I had not been 
 so slow. My brothers have betrayed me; me, a brother. 
 These boys love me ; me, but not their sisters. My uncle 
 comes with me. A little child cries behind me. That 
 woman speaks to me, but does not listen to me (listens 
 not to me). Charles has looked at me (looked me), but 
 lias not spoken to me. Your brother has given to me, 
 to me, and not to your sister, a pretty inkstand. My 
 2 
 
22 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 mother has pardoned me (pardoned to me), but me (to 
 me) alone. Henry came to me and told to me that 
 story. That man speaks always of me. My cousin 
 has a bad opinion of me. 
 
 2d Person Singular. 
 
 Thou art glad. Thou hast forty horses. My friend 
 is taller than thou. My neighbor is large ; thou, thou 
 art small. Thou wilt be in (at) Paris to-morrow. Thou 
 wilt have a gun (the) next year. Charles is not as 
 happy as thou. These men are slow; thou, thou art 
 smart. It is (c'est) thou, I say (say I). His mother 
 saw thee. Their dog has followed thee. Your aunt 
 saw thee, but thee alone. That man deceived thee ; 
 thee, his friend. Her uncle will see thee (the) next 
 week. That dog would not have followed thee, if thou 
 had not been slow. My brothers have betrayed thee ; 
 thee, a brother. These boys love thee, thee, but not 
 their sisters. My uncle is with thee. A little child 
 cries behind thee. That woman speaks to thee, but 
 does not listen to thee (listens not thee). Charles has 
 looked at thee (looked thee), but has not spoken to thee. 
 Your brother has given to thee, to thee and not to your 
 sister, a pretty inkstand. My mother has pardoned 
 thee (pardoned to thee), but thee (to thee) alone. Henry 
 came to thee, and told thee (to thee) that story. That 
 man speaks always of thee. My cousin has a bad 
 opinion of thee. 
 
 3d Person Singular Masc. 
 
 He is glad. He has forty horses. My friend is 
 taller than he. My neighbor is large ; he, he is small. 
 He will be in (at) Paris to-morrow. He will have a gun 
 (the) next year. Charles is not as happy as he. These 
 men are slow ; he, he is smart. It is (e'est) he, I say 
 (say I). His mother saw him. Their dog has followed 
 him. Your aunt saw him, but him alone. That man 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCII GRAMMAR. 23 
 
 deceived him, him, his friend. Her uncle will see him 
 (the) next week. That dog would not have followed 
 him, if he had not been slow. My brothers have be- 
 trayed him, him, a brother. These boys love him, him, 
 but not their sisters. My uncle comes with him. A 
 little child cries behind him. That woman speaks to 
 him, but does not listen to him (listens not him). 
 Charles has looked at him (looked him), but has not 
 spoken to him. Your brother has given to him, to him, 
 and not to your sister, a pretty inkstand. My mother 
 has pardoned him (pardoned to him), but him (to him) 
 alone. Henry came to him, and told to him that story. 
 That man speaks always of him. My cousin has a 
 bad opinion of him. 
 
 3d Person Singular Feminine. 
 
 She is glad. She has forty horses. My friend is 
 taller than she. My neighbor is large; she, she is 
 small. She will be in (at) Paris to-morrow. She will 
 have a dress (the) next year. Charles is not as happy 
 as she. These women are slow, she is smart. It is 
 (c'est) she, I say (say I). Her mother saw her. Their 
 dog has followed her. Your aunt saw her, but her 
 alone. That man deceived her, her, his friend. Her 
 uncle will see her (the) next week. That dog would 
 not have followed her, if she had not been slow. My 
 » brothers have betrayed her; her, a sister. These boys 
 love her; her, but not her sisters. My uncle comes 
 with her. A little child cries behind her. That woman 
 speaks to her, but does not listen to her (listens not 
 her). Charles has looked at her (looked her), but has 
 not spoken to her. Your brother has given to her, to 
 her, and not to your sister, a pretty inkstand. My 
 mother has pardoned her (pardoned to her), but Iter 
 alone (to her alone). Henry came to her, and told to 
 her that story. He speaks always of her. My cousin 
 has a bad opinion of her. 
 
24 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 3d Person Singular Neuter. 
 
 That fire is hot, it is not agreeable. That house is 
 large, it is convenient. A game is agreeable, but a 
 French exercise is more agreeable than it. (The) stone 
 is hard, but (the) marble is harder than it. Is it (est-ce) 
 my book? It (c) is it. 0! it, the dear book! It is 
 it, the dear book ! Three days on the water ! But be- 
 hold the land! it, it, it Look! a tree — I see it. 
 
 Look! a house — I see it. Look at that hat (look that 
 hat), I will buy it; it and that cap. I will break that 
 stone and this marble. This house is too small, I will 
 add to it a room or two. That belt is too short, I will 
 add a ribbon to it. The argument is not conclusive, I 
 will reply to it. That letter is good, I will answer to 
 it, to it, but not to the letters of that bad boy ! My 
 kite is too light, I will attach a long tail to it. ! a 
 tree! I will attach my horse to it. As to that order, I 
 will obey to it, but to it only, and not to the man 
 who gives it. Have you (avez-vous) seen Paris ? No, 
 but I have an idea of it. You see that steeple, well, I 
 know the hight of it. Look at that house (look that 
 house), I know the inhabitants of it. 
 
 On the 1st Person Plural. 
 
 We are glad. We have forty horses. Our friend is 
 taller than we. My neighbor is tall; we, we are small. 
 We will be in (at) Paris to-morrow. We will have a 
 gun (the) next week. Charles is not as happy as we. 
 These men are slow ; I, I am smart. It is (c'esf) we, I tag 
 (say I). His mother saw us. Their dog has followed 
 us. Your aunt saw us, but us alone. That man de- 
 ceived us, us, his friends. Her uncle will see us the 
 next week. That dog would not have followed us, if 
 we had not been slow. Our brother has betrayeJ us, 
 us, his brothers. These boys love us, us but not 
 their sisters. My uncle comes with us. A little child 
 cries behind us. That woman speaks to us, but doe* not 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 25 
 
 listyi to us (listens not us). Charles has looked at us 
 (looked us), but has not spoken to us. Your brother 
 has given to us, to us and not to your sister, a pretty 
 inkstand. My mother has pardoned us (pardoned to us), 
 but us alone (to us alone). Henry came to us and told 
 to us that story. He speaks always of us. My cousin 
 has a bad opinion of us. 
 
 On the 2d Person Plural. 
 
 You are glad. You have forty horses. My friend 
 is taller than you. My neighbor is tall ; you, you are 
 small. You will be in (at) Paris to-morrow. You will 
 have a gun (the) next week. Charles is not as happy 
 as you. These men are slow; you, you are smart. It 
 is you, I say (say I). His mother saw you. Their 
 dog has followed you. Your aunt saw you, but you 
 alone. That man deceived you, you, his friends. Her 
 uncle will see you (the) next w T eek. That dog would 
 not have followed you, if you had not been slow. Your 
 brother has betrayed you, you (of the) brothers. 
 These boys love you, you but not their sisters. My 
 uncle comes with you. A little child cries behind you. 
 That woman speaks to you, but does not listen to you 
 (listens not you). Charles has looked at you (looked 
 you), but has not spoken to you. Your brother has 
 given to you, to you and not to your sisters, a pretty 
 inkstand. My mother has pardoned you (pardoned to 
 you), but you alone (to you alone). Henry came to 
 you, and told to you that story. That man speaks 
 always of you, he has a bad opinion of you. 
 
 N'. B. — French use you by politeness, in addressing a single 
 person, as English do; but in French, thou is used when polite- 
 ness or respect is not aimed at, while it is not at all in English. 
 
 3tZ Person Plural — Masculine, Feminine, Neuter. 
 
 i. 
 
 They are glad, these men. They are glad, these 
 
26 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 women. These houses are large, they are convenient. 
 These trees are beautiful, they are agreeable. These 
 men are tall, but my friend is taller than they. These 
 women are tall, but my friend is taller than they. (Of 
 the) games are agreeable, but (of the) French exercises 
 are more agreeable than they. (The) stones are hard, 
 but (the) marble is harder than they. These men are 
 slow, but they, they are smart. These women are slow, 
 but they, they are smart. Are they (sont-ce) my books ? 
 They are (ee-sont) they. Are they (sont-ce) my flowers ? 
 They are (ce-sonfy they. I see these men, and my mother 
 sees them also. I see these women, and my mother sees 
 them also. I see these trees, and my mother sees them 
 also. I see these stones, and my mother sees them 
 also. I see thes£ men, but them alone. I see these 
 women, but them alone. I see these trees, but them 
 alone, and not the steeple. I see these stones, but 
 them alone, and not the trees. 
 
 II. 
 
 You "see these men, I have spoken to them. You see 
 these women, I have spoken to them. These arguments 
 are not conclusive, I wUl reply to them. These belts 
 are too short, I will add (of the) ribbon to them. I 
 have spoken to these men, to them, but not to these 
 women. I have spoken to these women, to them, but 
 not to these men. I will reply to these arguments, to 
 them, but not to the insult. That man speaks always 
 of them. Does he speak (speaks he parle-t-il) of the 
 mon and of the women? He speaks of the women 
 and of the men, of them (the men), and of them (the 
 women). You see these steeples? well, I know the 
 hight of them, of them, but not of the house. You Bee 
 that house, I know the inhabitants of it, of it, but not 
 of the fortress. 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 27 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS AS COMPOUND AND 
 REFLECTIVE. 
 
 1. Compounds. 
 I am myself glad of it. He saw myself. He speaks 
 to myself. He speaks of myself. Thou art thyself 
 glad of it. He saw thyself. He speaks to thyself. 
 He speaks of thyself. He is hims.elf glad of it. I see 
 himself. I speak to himself. I speak of himself. She 
 is herself glad of it. I saw herself. I speak to her- 
 self. I speak of herself. The very error (the error it- 
 self) is useful. The very sorrow (the sorrow itself) is 
 useful. I see the error — yes, itself, in his letters. I see 
 the sorrow — yes, itself, in his letters. We are ourselves 
 glad of it. He saw ourselves. He speaks to ourselves. 
 He speaks of ourselves. You are yourselves glad of it. 
 He saw yourselves. He speaks to yourselves. He 
 speaks of yourselves. They are glad themselves, these 
 men. They are glad themselves, these women. The 
 very walls (the walls themselves) have (of the) ears. 
 The very flowers (the flowers themselves) have a lan- 
 guage. I see these men themselves. I see these wo- 
 men themselves. I see the walls themselves. I see 
 the flowers themselves. I speak to these men them- 
 selves of themselves. I speak to these Avomen them- 
 selves of themselves. I speak to themselves (men). 
 I speak to themselves (tvomeri). 
 
 2. Reflective^. 
 
 I flatter myself. I strike myself, myself with my 
 own hands. I speak to myself, to myself and to the 
 empty space. Thou flatter thyself. Thou strikest 
 thyself, thyself with thy own hands. Thou speakest to 
 thyself, to thyself and to the empty space. He flatters 
 himself. He strikes himself, himself with his own 
 hands. He speaks to himself, to himself and to the 
 empty space. She flatters herself. She strikes herself 
 
3 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 herself with her own hands. She speaks to herself. 
 to herself and to the empty space. The window 
 opens (itself). That thing adds itself to itself. That 
 rumor spreads itself. To flatter oneself. To strike 
 oneself, oneself with one's hands. To speak to 
 oneself, to oneself and to the empty space. We 
 flatter ourselves. We strike ourselves, ourselves with 
 our own hands. We speak to ourselves, to ourselves 
 and to the empty space. You flatter yourselves. You 
 strike yourselves, yourselves with your own hands. 
 You speak to yourselves, to yourselves and to the 
 empty space. These men flatter themselves. They 
 strike themselves, themselves with their own hands. 
 They speak to themselves, to themselves and to the 
 empty space. These women flatter themselves. They 
 strike themselves, themselves with their own hands. 
 They speak to themselves, to themselves and to the 
 empty space. The windows open themselves. These 
 things add themselves to themselves. 
 
 ON THE RANK OP THE PRONOUNS IN REGARD TO EACH 
 
 OTHER. 
 
 I. 
 
 I like your brother, and your father sends him to me. 
 I like that tree, and your father sends it to me. I like 
 those apples, and your brother sends them to me. I 
 like your friends, and your brother sends them to me. 
 I like (the) strawberries, and your father sends me %ome 
 (of them). Such is (the) law, I submit (myself) to it. 
 Thou likest my brother, and my father sends him 
 thee, Thou likest that tree, and my father sends it t-> 
 thee. Thou likest those apples, and my father s^ 
 them to thee. Thou likest my brothers, and my father 
 sends them to thee. Thou likest (the) strawberries, an 1 
 your father sends some (of them) to thee. Such is the 
 law, thou submitest (thyself) to it. He likes this tree, 
 and he gives it to himself. He likes your brother, and 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 29 
 
 he keeps him for himself (to'himself ). He likes straw- 
 berries, and he gives some (of them) to himself. He 
 likes that book, and he buys it for himself (to himself). 
 Such is the law, and he submits (himself) to it. 
 
 II. 
 
 She likes that tree, and she gives it to herself. She 
 likes your brother, and shee keeps him for herself (to 
 herself). She likes strawberries, and she gives some 
 (of them) to herself. She likes that book, and she 
 buys it for herself (to herself). Such is the law, and 
 she submits herself to it. We like your brother, and 
 your father sends him to us. We like that little girl, 
 and her father sends her to us. We like that tree, and 
 your father sends it to us. We like those apples, and 
 your father sends them to us. We like their children, 
 and their father sends them to us. Such is the law, we 
 submit ourselves to it. You like my brother, and my 
 father sends him to you. You like that little girl, and 
 her father sends her to you. You like that tree, and 
 your father sends it to you. You like those apples, and 
 your father sends them to you. You like those 
 children, and their father sends them to you. Such is 
 the law, you submit (yourself) to it. They like straw- 
 berries, and they give some (of them) to themselves, 
 They like that book, and they buy it for themselves (to 
 themselves). Such is the law, they submit (themselves) 
 to it. He has some (of the) apples, and he will give 
 them to him, or he will give some (of them) to him ; 
 either, he will give them to her, or he will give some (of 
 them) to her. He has a gun, he will give it to him, or 
 he will give it to her. This rule is good for this case, 
 I will apply it to it. Those rules are good for those 
 cases, I will apply them to them. 
 
30 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 rn. 
 
 With the Imperative Mood Negatively. 
 I do not like (like not) your brother ; do not send 
 (send not) him to me. I do not like (like not) (the) 
 strawberries ; do not send (send not) any (of them) to 
 me. Such is the law, but do not submit (submit not) 
 (yourself) to it. He does not like (likes not) those straw- 
 berries ; do not send (send not) them to him. He does 
 not like (likes not) that book ; do not buy (buy not) it 
 for him (to him). She does not like (likes not) (the) 
 trees ; do not give (give not) them to her. We do not 
 like (like not) that book ; let us not buy it for ourselves 
 (to ourselves). These arguments are good, do not re- 
 ply (reply not) to them. You have some (of the) 
 apples ; do not give (give not) them, to them, or do not 
 give (give not) some (of them) to them ; either do not 
 give (give not) them to him, or do not give (give not) 
 some (of them) to him ; either do not give (give not) 
 them ,to her, or do not give (give not) some (of them) to 
 her. You have a gun, do not give (give not) it to them ; 
 either do not give (give not) it to him ; either do not give 
 (give not) it to her. This rule is not good for this case, 
 do not apply (apply not) it to it. Those rules are not 
 good for those cases, do not apply (apply not) them to 
 them. 
 
 IV. 
 
 EXCEPTIONAL ORDER. 
 With the Imperative — Affirmatively, in commanding. 
 I like your brother, do send (send) him to me. Hike 
 (the) strawberries, do send (send) any (of them) to me. 
 Such is the law, do submit (submit yourself) to it. He 
 does like (likes) those strawberries, do send (send) them 
 to him. He does like (likes) that book, do buy (buy) it 
 for him (to him). She does like (likes) (the) trees, do 
 give (give) them to her. We do like (like) that book ; 
 let us buy it for ourselves (to ourselves). These argu- 
 ments are not good, do reply (reply) to them. You 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 31 
 
 have some (of the) apples, do give (give) them to them ; 
 or do give (give) some (of them) to them , either do 
 give (give) .them to him, or do give (give) some (of 
 them) to him ; either do give (give) them to her, or do 
 give (give) some (of them) to her. You have a gun, do 
 give (give) it to him ; either do give (give) it to her. 
 This rule is good for this case, do apply (apply) it to it. 
 Those rules are not good for those cases, do apply (ap- 
 ply) them to them. 
 
 ON POSSESSIVE PROXOUXS. 
 
 His book is good, but mine is better. His table is 
 large, but mine is larger. His books are good, but 
 mine are better. His tables are large, but mine are 
 larger. His wine is good, but mine is better. Her 
 dress is pretty, but mine is prettier. His wines are 
 good, but mine are better. Her dresses are pretty, but 
 mine are prettier. My bonnet is black, thine is white. 
 My flower is brown, thine is yellow. My bonnets are 
 black, thine are white. My flowers are brown, thine 
 are yellow. Thy ribbon is white, his is black. Thy 
 purse is brown, his is yellow. Thy ribbons are white, 
 his are yellow. Thy purses are brown, his are white. 
 Thy jewel is small, hers is large. Thy belt is green, 
 hers is blue. Thy jewels are small, hers are larger. Thy 
 belts are green, hers are blue. This church is pretty, 
 but its steeple is ugly. The quay of the town is 
 pretty, but its main street is ugly. The churches 
 are pretty, but their steeples are ugly. The quays 
 of the town are pretty, but its streets are ugly. 
 Their diamond is round, ours is square: Their wreath 
 is violet, ours is green. Their diamonds are square, 
 ours are round. Their wreaths are violet, ours are 
 green. Our hat is black, yours is gray. Our daughter 
 is rich, yours is poor. Our hats are black, yours are 
 gray. Our daughters are rich, yours are poor. Your 
 
32 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 hospital is narrow, theirs is convenient. Your aunt is 
 amiable, theirs is handsome. Your hospitals are nar- 
 row, theirs are convenient. Your aunts are amiable, 
 theirs are handsome. 
 
 OX DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 This book is good, but this of my father is better. 
 This table is large, but this of my mother is larger. 
 Those books are good, but those of my father are 
 better. Those tables are large, but those of my mother 
 are larger. That wine is good, but that of my uncle is 
 better. That dress is pretty, but that of my aunt is 
 prettier. Those wines are good, but those of my father 
 are better. Those dresses are pretty, but those of my 
 aunt are prettier. I like this hat, but I like this better 
 than that. I like these hats, but I like these better than 
 those. I like these flowers, but I like these better than 
 those. Look at that (look that), I like that, but I do 
 not like (like not) this. I hear always that same song, 
 that is tedious. I hear always that same story, that is 
 monotonous. That news pleases me (pleases to me), that 
 enchants me, that intoxicates me ; that is very good. 
 This is not pretty, but this is useful. 
 
 ON THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 That man who is here, is my friend. That woman 
 who is here, is my friend. These men who are there, 
 are my friends. Those women who are there, are my 
 friends. The husband of my sister, who is there, is a 
 charming man. . The wife of my brother, who is there, 
 is charming. The husbands of my sisters, who are 
 there, are charming. The wives of my brothers, who 
 are there, are charming. The man whom you see. is 
 my friend. The woman whom you see is my friend. 
 The men whom you see, are my friends. These 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 33 
 
 women whom you see, are my friends. This man 
 of whom you speak, is my friend. These men of whom 
 you speak, are my friends. That woman of whom you 
 speak, is my friend. These women of whom you speak, 
 are my friends. The man tvhose cloak you have (whose 
 you have the cloak) is my friend. The lady whose bon- 
 net you have (whose you have the bonnet) is my friend. 
 These men whose cloaks you have (whose you have the 
 cloaks) are my friends. ' These ladies tvhose cloaks you 
 have (whose you have the cloaks) are my friends. 
 
 II. 
 
 The man to whom you speak is my father. The 
 woman to whom you speak is my mother. The men to 
 whom you speak are my brothers. The women to whom 
 you speak are my sisters. This man had a son to whom 
 he spoke. This man had a daugjiter to whom he spoke. 
 This man had (of the) sons to whom he spoke. This 
 man had (of the) daughters to whom he spoke. 
 The hat which is there is pretty. The stone which 
 is there is big. The hats which are there are pretty. 
 The stones which are there are big. The coat which 
 you see is pretty. The silk which you see is mine. 
 The coats which you see are mine. The gaiters which 
 you see are mine. The Qoat whose (the) color is 
 black. The cap whose (the) ribbon is blue. The coats 
 whose (the) color is black. The caps whose (the) ribbons 
 are blue. The purse of which you speak. The dress 
 of which you speak. The pants of which you speak. 
 The dresses of which you speak. The book of which 
 (to which) you think is lost. The purse of which (to 
 which) you think is lost. The books of which (to 
 which) you think are lost. The purses of which (to 
 which) you think are lost. 
 
 III. 
 
 The husband of my sister, whom you see, is charming. 
 
34 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 The wife of my brother, whom you see, is a charming 
 woman. The husbands of my sisters, whom you see, 
 are charming. The wives of my brothers, whom yon 
 see, are charming. The ribbon of that belt, which is 
 pretty, is blue. The flowers of that wreath, which is 
 on the table, are red. The silk of the dress, which is 
 pretty, is strong. The cotton of these stockings, which 
 are white, is not good. 
 
 The man after whom you run is gone. The woman 
 after whom you run is gone. The men after whom you 
 run are gone. The women after whom you run are 
 gone. The dish with which you dine is good. The 
 fork with which you dine is a silver fork (fork of silver). 
 The dishes with which you dine are good. The forks 
 with which you dine are (of the) silver forks (forks of 
 the silver). All that what is there is good. All that 
 of what I spoke. All that of ivhat (to what) you think 
 is bad. He said, I domot knoiv (know not) what, and 
 slept. He speaks very much, after which he sleeps. 
 I would build a house, if I had what to build it with. I 
 would give to the poor, if I had what to give them (to 
 them) with. The tree round (of) which I have attached 
 my horse is very beautiful. The house in which I slept 
 was very elegant. My uncle of whom you speak is a 
 good man. The salad which is on the table is not good. 
 
 ON THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 I. 
 
 « Who is that man ? — Whom do you mean (mean yoiO I 
 Who is that woman? — Whom do you mean (mean you) I 
 Who are these men? — Whom do you mean (mean 
 you)? Who are these women? — Whom do 
 mean (mean you)? Whom do you see (see you), a man 
 or a woman ? Whom do you see (see you) (of the) mew 
 or (of the) women? I do not like (like not) that man. — - 
 Whom ? I do not like (like not) that woman. — Who 
 1 J. 1 ) not like (like not) these men. — Whom ? I do 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 35 
 
 like (like not) these women. — Whom? Of whom do 
 you speak (speak you), of a man or of a woman? Of 
 whom do you speak (speak you), of men or of women ? 
 He speaks very well of that man. — Of whom ? He 
 speaks very well of that woman. — Of whom ? He 
 speaks very well of these men. — Of whom ? He speaks 
 very well of these women. — Of whom? To whom did 
 you speak (spoke you), to a man or to a woman ? To 
 whom did you speak (spoke you), to a man or to a woman? 
 I spoke to that man. I spoke to that woman. — To whom ? 
 I spoke to these men. — To whom ? I spoke to those 
 women. — To whom? What is that? What is this? 
 What are those things ? What do you say~(s&y you) ? 
 What do you do (do you) ? What do you hold (hold 
 you)? What have you? Do you see (see you) that 
 knife? Which? Do you see (see you) that napkin ? — 
 Which ? Do you see (see you) these knives ? — Which ? 
 Do you see (see you) those napkins? — Which? Have 
 you seen that tree ?— Of which do you speak (speak 
 you)? Have you seen that flower? — Of which do you 
 speak (speak you) ? Have you seen those flowers ? — Of 
 which do you speak (speak you) ? Have you seen those 
 trees? — Of which do you speak (speak you)? Have 
 you seen my coat? — To which do you allude (make you 
 allusion) ? Have you seen my dress ? — To which do 
 you allude (make you allusion)? Have you seen my 
 coats? — To which do you allude (make you allusion)? 
 Have you seen my dresses? — To which do you allude 
 (make you allusion) ? 
 
 II. 
 
 I have Henry* s cap (the cap of Henry). — Whose ? I see 
 the table of my brother. — Of whom? I have my 
 cousins^ hats (the hats of my cousins). — Whose? I have 
 the table of my sister. — Of whom ? Whose glove have 
 you? Whose flower have you ? Whose gloves have 
 you? Whose flowers have you? Of whom have you 
 the glove? Of whom have you the flower? Of whom 
 
36 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 have you the gloves? Of whom have you the flowers ? 
 Whose is that shirt? Whose is that thread? Whose 
 are these stockings ? Whose are these belts ? Of whom 
 is that shirt? Of whom is that thread? Of whom are 
 these stockings? Of whom are these belts? I have 
 seen two of your sisters. — Whom ? I have seen two 
 of your brothers. — Whom? I have seen one of your 
 sisters. — Whom? I have seen one of your brothers. — 
 Whom? What! your uncle is dead? What? what do 
 you say (say you)? What? speak louder. Of what 
 do you speak (speak you) ? To what do you allude 
 (make you allusion) ? What is his opinion ? What is 
 the principle in this question ? What are his opinions ? 
 What are the principles in this question ? 
 
 ON INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS WITH est-ce-que. 
 
 Who is there ? Who is a good mm ? Who is a good 
 woman? Whom do you see (see you), a man or a 
 woman? Whom do you see (see you) (of the), men or 
 (of the) women ? Of whom do you speak (speak you) ? 
 To whom do you speak (speak you) ? What have ycu ? 
 What do you hold ? What is that thing ? What is that 
 book ? 
 
 N. B. — This form of saying is not obligatory, and even can not 
 be used elegantly, when which or what is preceded by a preposi- 
 tion • as to which, of ivhich, of what 
 
 ON INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 
 I. 
 
 One speaks. They speak. One has. They have. 
 One says. They say. When one is good, one is 
 happy. When they are good, they are happy. When 
 men are good, they are happy. When people is good, 
 people is happy. When you are good, you are happy. 
 (In all those sentences, men, people, you, wear* used with 
 the indefinite meaning of one, they.) There were many 
 ladies; each one was happy. There were many gentle- 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 37 
 
 men ; each one was happy. There were many trees ; 
 each one was green. There were many dresses ; each one 
 was pretty. One ought to be for others, what one wants 
 others should be for oneself (that which one wants that 
 the others may be for oneself). Others are our brothers 
 (is our brother). Others should always be of great in- 
 terest to us. Others are often ugly brothers (is often 
 ugly brothers). Whom have you seen ? Nobody. 
 What book have you ? No one. Have you an advan- 
 tage in that? None. Have you an opinion? Not 
 one. Nobody is perfectly happy. No one thought of 
 that (to that). No one is entirely satisfied. There are 
 many women ; no one is pretty. There are many men ; 
 no one is strong. There are some dresses ; no one is 
 green. There are several pianos, no one is good. All 
 is lost ! all is saved ! There is no difference between a 
 man and a man, all are selfish, All those who are truly 
 religious are good. All is well which ends well. What 
 (that which) one says, all say it. Such think this, 
 and such think that. Such believes herself pretty, 
 who is not so (it.) Such run, and such walk. Such be- 
 lieve themselves young, when they are old. Such be- 
 lieve themselves witty, when they are stupid. Many 
 think like me. Many do this and that. 
 
 II. 
 
 Parsing and Translating Exercises on whosoever and whatever, as 
 Adjectives, Pronouns or Adverbs. 
 
 A man whosoever is not always a man, but a gentle- 
 man whosoever is always a gentleman. A woman who- 
 soever is not always a woman, but a lady whosoever is 
 always a lady. Whosoever does that, he is a wicked 
 man. Whosoever does not agree (agrees not) with me, he 
 is wrong (he has wrong). Whosoever does not see (sees 
 not) that, he is blind. A coat whatever is always a coat, 
 but a wreath whatever is not always a wreath. A parlor 
 whatever is not always a parlor, but a house whatever is 
 
38 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 
 
 always a house. Whatever you do (you may do) it (that) 
 is well done. Whatever you say (may say), it (that) is 
 well said. Whatever pretty that may be, it is not beautiful. 
 Whatever essential my presence may be, I will not be 
 there. Whatever successful you may be, you will not 
 gain all (the) sympathies. Whosoever is agreeable to 
 you, is sure of (the) success. Whomsoever you see, you 
 believe them your friends. Whatever you think (may 
 think) you want (that) (the) others (may) think it. (Of 
 the) ladies whosoever and (of the) gentlemen whosoever 
 are always (of the) ladies and (of the) gentlemen. A 
 coat whatever, and a hat whatever, that is enough for 
 me. Whatever you may think, I will do it. Whatever 
 amiable is (may be) that child ; he is only a child. 
 
 ON THE NEGATIVE. 
 
 I do not like (like not). I do not speak (speak not). 
 I do not think (think not). I have not spoken. I have 
 not liked. I have not thought. 
 
 ON AGREEMENT OF WORDS. 
 
 This garden is beautiful. This flower is beautiful. 
 These gardens are beautiful. These flowers are beau- 
 tiful. This garden and this wood are beautiful. This 
 flower and this wreath are beautiful. This flower and 
 this garden are beautiful. This house and this wood 
 are beautiful. These gardens are beautiful. These 
 flowers are beautiful. The preferred garden (the gar- 
 den preferred). The preferred flower (the flower pre- 
 ferred). The preferred gardens (the gardens preferred). 
 The preferred flowers (the flowers preferred). The flow- 
 ers and (the) gardens preferred. The preferred flowers 
 and wreaths (the flowers and (the) wreaths preferred). 
 The flowers are preferred. Those woods are preferred. 
 This house is preferred. As to those gardens I have 
 liked them. As to those flowers, I have liked them. 
 As to this garden, I have liked it. As to this flower, I 
 
EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 39 
 
 have liked it. I do not like (I like not) a slanderous 
 (slandering) woman and disobliging ; I like a woman 
 never slandering and never disobliging. There were 
 two women, a supplicant (supplicating) woman and a 
 woman supplicating her judges. (The) man is good. 
 (The) men are good. (The) man and (the) woman are 
 good. 
 
 N. B. — Use and Dictionaries teach the genders of Nouns. 
 
 ON THE FRENCH IMPERFECT, AND ON THE PAST 
 DEFINITE OR PERFECT. 
 
 N. B. — It is often a matter of intention for using the one or the 
 other ; the past definite relates only ; it is principally the historical 
 tense or narrative. The imperfect states the facts more vividly, and 
 revives it, so to speak ; it brings it more energetically to the mind. 
 The former says, such thing has been once. The latter says, such 
 thing was then. In conversation and in common writing, the 
 perfect is seldom used, but the compound as has been, has made, 
 has created, is used instead. 
 
 I was yesterday in the (at the) country. I was in the 
 country only tivice (two times) in my life. They were all 
 astonished, and glorified God. When they were in the 
 (at the) country, they were dancing (danced) and were 
 playing (played) the tvhole day (all the day). They 
 came and dined with us. They were very dissatisfied 
 with you (of you). Vainly we said to them the truth, 
 they were not willing (would not) to believe it. They 
 were so afflicted, that they ivere crying (cried) and were 
 sobbing (and sobbed). Francis was pretty when she 
 was young. Napoleon and Turenne were two great 
 captains. God created the world in six days. McClellan 
 was not in the (at the) battle, but his army (there) was. 
 
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