LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
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From a photograph by Gatekunst, taken in 1878. 
 
TO THE READER OF THIS 
 VOLUME 
 
 Kindly handle this book with the utmost care 
 
 on account of its fragile condition, 
 he binding has been done as well as possible 
 .intier existing conditions and will give reasonable 
 wear with proper opening and handling. 
 Your thoughtfulness will be appreciated. 
 
LIFE AND LETTERS OF 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR 
 n 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 MARIE HANSEN-TAYLOR 
 
 AND 
 
 HORACE E. SCUDDER 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 
 
 New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street 
 
 (3Tfe Rtoerjs'ibe £res£, Camferibjje 
 1895 
 
TS2W3 
 
 .Tb 
 
 Copyright, 1884, 
 Br MARIE HANSEN-TAYLOR. 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
 B, 0, FUBIilC LIBKaEY 
 
 3%e Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. 
 Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co. 
 
 
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 From humble home-lays to the heights of thought 
 Slowly he climbed, but every step was sure. 
 
 J. G. Whittiek, Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Dear is the Minstrel, yet the Man is more. 
 
 Goethe Ode. 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is six years since Bayard Taylor died, 
 and if it had been thought necessary only to 
 satisfy a passing curiosity concerning him the 
 delay in publishing his memoirs would have 
 been unwise. But if a volume had been 
 brought out within a few months of his death, 
 it must have failed to present any full and in- 
 telligible interpretation of a career which was 
 frequently misunderstood through superficial 
 acquaintance with it. The delay in the ap- 
 pearance of this work has enabled the editors 
 to gather a larger number of letters, to ar- 
 range them, and to supply such connecting 
 links and slight comment as seemed necessary 
 to a clear and comprehensive narrative. It 
 has been their aim to let the poet tell his own 
 story so far as is possible, and above all to fol- 
 low the clew which his own confession affords. 
 No man's life can be truthfully written which 
 does not take very close account of the ideal 
 
Yi PREFACE. 
 
 which the man has kept before himself ; and 
 fortunately for the reader, Bayard Taylor re- 
 peatedly discloses in unmistakable language 
 the dominant idea of his life. By keeping 
 that in mind one easily brings the various 
 turns of an apparently changeable life into 
 an order which explains every movement. 
 
 Thanks are due to the several correspond- 
 ents of Bayard Taylor, who have generously 
 contributed the letters which they held. These 
 letters leave but few gaps to be filled. Per- 
 haps, if those which could not be secured had 
 been accessible, they would have added noth- 
 ing material ; yet the reader will share the re- 
 gret of the editors that the letters written to 
 Mr. Putnam had been destroyed by fire, and 
 that the absence of Mr. Howells from the coun- 
 try made it impracticable to obtain those which 
 Bayard Taylor wrote to the former editor of 
 the "Atlantic Monthly/' 
 
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. 
 
 -♦- 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Surroundings and Early Life 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 First Ventures 23 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Views Afoot 42 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Editor of a Country Newspaper 72 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Removal to New York 91 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Literary Life in New York 108 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Eldorado and Hylas 154 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Mary Agnew Taylor 180 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 A Book of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs .... 200 
 
vm CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Iravels in the East 219 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 The Farther East 243 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 Fruit and Flower of Travel 263 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Clearing-Away Work 291 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Northern Travel 319 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 The Building of Cedarcroft 343 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 The Poet's Journal 366 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 The Russian Mission 386 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Portrait of Bayard Taylor. From a photograph by 
 
 Gutekunst Frontispiece 
 
 Cedarcroft from the Avenue. Vignette from a photo- 
 graph Title-page 
 
 Bayard Taylor's Early Home. After a sketch by A. 
 
 Lowrie 1 
 
 Portrait of Bayard Taylor. Engraved on Steel by F. 
 
 T. Stuart, from a daguerreotype taken in 1851 .... 91 
 
 The House in the Garden at Gotha. After a sketch 
 
 by Bayard Taylor 319 
 
Bayard Taylor's Early Home 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 
 1825-1841. 
 
 Scarce from the void of shadows taken, 
 
 We hail thine opening eyelids, boy ! 
 Be welcome to the world ! Awaken 
 
 To strength and beauty, and to joy ! 
 
 The Two Greetings. 
 
 Chester County, in Pennsylvania, is a rich farm- 
 ing country, and the traveler who visits it for the first 
 time is at once impressed by the air of solid comfort 
 which prevails, and by the signs of an old, long-settled 
 region. The gently rolling land is occasionally inter- 
 rupted by steep hills and low-lying valleys, but for the 
 most part the eye travels over cultivated fields and 
 patches of woodland, various in leaf and form. The 
 oak and chestnut and cedar flourish in large, rich 
 growth ; the box forgets its stunted life ; and there are 
 
2 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 the tulip-tree and magnolia, while hedges of osage- 
 orange run by the side of the road. The northern and 
 southern climes meet on common ground ; and if one 
 comes from the north, he is reminded that nature has 
 kinder moods than he has been wont to know. The 
 autumn lingers, and the spring hastens, while the 
 water-courses which wind through the broad valleys 
 keep a constant green in the grassy meadows. 
 
 The generous farms are ordered from old, substan- 
 tial houses, which have been occupied by successive 
 generations of the same family. The names of Penn's 
 associates, to whom deeds of land were made, are often 
 the names of present landholders, and the very houses 
 which the first settlers built may yet be seen on some 
 homesteads. There has been little change in the char- 
 acter of the community, except as it has been modi- 
 fied by time. 
 
 Fifty years ago there was much the same comfort- 
 able prosperity as to-day, but then people rode their 
 horses or drove their carts, where now they keep their 
 carriages, and they had few of the luxuries or graces 
 which wealth brings. Their lives were simple and 
 primitive, and they rarely traveled farther than to 
 Wilmington or Philadelphia market. They belonged 
 for the most part to the Society of Friends, and held 
 to a somewhat rigorous code of manners, but the 
 doctrines of the Friends found expression in a posi- 
 tive adhesion to all forms of protest against tyranny. 
 The position which the region holds upon the border 
 of the two sections of the Union made it the refuge 
 of the slave, and one of the most important stations of 
 the Underground Railway was here. In the days of 
 ferment before the war for the Union, and during the 
 years of the war, famous gatherings were held here, at 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 3 
 
 which the champions of human rights and individual 
 creeds from all parts of the country met for confer- 
 ence, and were generously entertained by the hospita- 
 ble farmers. Whittier has sung the praises of one of 
 these families in his verses, " The Golden Wedding of 
 Longwood," and as he sings the vision of that country 
 and its people rises before him : — 
 
 Again before me with your names, fair Chester's landscape 
 
 comes, 
 Its meadows, woods, and ample barns, and quaint, stoue-builded 
 
 homes. 
 The smooth shorn vales, the wheaten slopes, the boscage green 
 
 and soft, 
 Of which their poet sings so well from towered Cedarcroft. 
 
 This country and its people formed indeed a large 
 part of the material from which the poet, born and 
 bred among these scenes, built his imaginative pic- 
 tures. As one passes over the road leading from 
 Longwood to Cedarcroft he conies to a wooded knoll, 
 where once stood a mighty pin-oak. Here Bayard 
 Taylor rested in fancy, and looked over a familiar 
 landscape. " Yonder," he wrote, — 
 
 Yonder, a mile away, I see the roofs of the village, — 
 See the crouching front of the meeting-house of the Quakers, 
 Oddly conjoined with the whittled Presbyterian steeple. 
 Right and left are the homes of the slow, conservative farmers, 
 Loyal people and true, but now that the battles are over 
 Zealous for Temperance, Peace, and the Right of Suffrage for 
 
 Women. 
 Orderly, moral are they, — at least in the sense of suppression ; 
 Given to preaching of rules, inflexible outlines of duty ; 
 Seeing the sternness of life, but alas ! overlooking its graces. 
 
 Nay, but let me be just ; nor speak with the alien language 
 Born of my blood ; for cradled among them, I know them and 
 love them. 
 
4 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Was it my fault if a strain of the distant and dead generations 
 Rose in my being, renewed, and made me other than these 
 are? 1 
 
 The whittled Presbyterian steeple is gone, but the 
 physical and the moral landscape have suffered little 
 change since the lines were written, as the view then 
 was substantially what it might have been fifty years 
 before. The village thus seen was Kennett Square, 
 and here, January 11, 1825, Bayard Taylor was born, 
 the fourth child of his parents, but then their only 
 one, the three earlier having died in infancy. He was 
 born in a two-story house, not now standing, at the 
 corner of State and South Union streets. His father 
 and mother, Joseph and Rebecca [Way] Taylor, both 
 survive him. In an autobiographic sketch which he 
 gave to a German magazine, he says of his ancestry 
 and birth : — 
 
 " Robert Taylor, a rich Quaker, who came to Penn- 
 sylvania in 1681, with William Penn, settled near the 
 Brandywine Creek, and part of the land which his 
 eldest son inherited from him is in my possession [at 
 Cedarcroft]. His descendants clung to the soil with 
 a Saxon tenacity. I have not, thus far, followed my 
 family-tree beyond Robert ; but if I should discover 
 that Bishop Jeremy Taylor sprang from the same 
 stock, I should be prouder of him than of a possible 
 descent from Tudor or Plantagenet. I suspect that 
 Joseph Taylor, the friend of Shakespeare and the 
 first interpreter of Hamlet, was one of my ancestors, 
 for the family has preserved his name. My grand- 
 father, who had married a Lutheran of pure German 
 blood, was excommunicated by his brother Quakers, 
 and none of his children ever returned to the Society. 
 
 i Home Pastorals, August. 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 5 
 
 I was born the 11th of January, 1825, the year when 
 the first locomotive successfully performed its trial 
 trip ; I am therefore just as old as the railroad." 
 
 His grandmothers, both on his father's and moth- 
 er's side, were of South German descent. His father's 
 mother knew hardly any English, but always spoke 
 with her children the curious patois known as Penn- 
 sylvania Dutch. His mother's family was from the 
 English Mendenhalls, a name which was used by the 
 poet in "Lars." The name of Bayard was from James 
 A. Bayard, the Delaware senator of that day, and was 
 given by the parents of the boy out of admiration for 
 their neighbor. It was the senator's surname only 
 which was taken. "As a boy of sixteen or seven- 
 teen," Bayard Taylor once wrote, " I sometimes at- 
 tached J. (never James) to my name, foolishly think- 
 ing it would look better. When my first volume of 
 poems came out, Rufus Griswold, my first literary 
 friend, put James Bayard Taylor on the title-page, 
 and the small private edition was printed before I 
 could correct it. The matter was an annoyance to me 
 then, and it has been ever since. I felt bound to re- 
 tain the J., however, until I was twenty-one and be- 
 came legally responsible for my signature. Then I 
 dropped it instantly, and have never since used any- 
 thing else than my original and only true name." 
 
 When Bayard was four years old, the family moved 
 to the farm, a mile distant from Kennett Square, 
 where they continued to live until the building of 
 Cedarcroft, hard by, gave a home to those of the fam- 
 ily who had not left the homestead. It was about this 
 farm that his earliest recollections gathered. " The 
 child," he says, " that has tumbled into a newly 
 ploughed furrow never forgets the smell of the fresh 
 
6 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 earth. He thrives upon it as the butcher's boy thrives 
 upon the steam of blood, but a healthier apple-red 
 comes into his cheeks, and his growing muscle is sub- 
 dued in more innocent pastimes. Almost my first rec- 
 ollection is of a swamp, into which I went bare-legged 
 at morning, and out of which I came, when driven by 
 hunger, with long stockings of black mud, and a mask 
 of the same. If the child was missed from the house, 
 the first thing that suggested itself was to climb upon 
 a mound which overlooked the swamp. Somewhere 
 among the tufts of the rushes and the bladed leaves 
 of the calamus, a little brown ball was sure to be seen 
 moving, now dipping out of sight, now rising again, 
 like a bit of drift on the rippling green. It was my 
 head. The treasures I there collected were black ter- 
 rapins with orange spots, baby frogs the size of a 
 chestnut, thrush's eggs, and stems of purple phlox." 1 
 
 His nature took deep root in the soil of the home- 
 stead, but even in childhood there were signs of the 
 larger desire which made his youth restless and his 
 manhood full of aspiration. " In looking back to my 
 childhood," he writes in another place, " I can recall 
 . . . the intensest desire to climb upward, so that 
 without shifting the circle of my horizon I could yet 
 extend it, and take in a far wider sweep of vision. I 
 envied every bird that sat swinging upon the topmost 
 bough of the great century -old cherry-tree; the 
 weather-cock on our barn seemed to me to whirl in a 
 higher region of the air ; and to rise from the earth 
 in a balloon was a bliss which I would almost have 
 given my life to enjoy. ... I remember as distinctly 
 as if it were yesterday the first time this passion was 
 gratified. Looking out of the garret window, on a 
 
 1 At Home and Abroad, ii. 2. 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARL 
 
 bright May morning, I discovered a row 
 had been nailed over the shingles for ti 
 of the carpenters in roofing the house, 
 been removed. Here was, at last, a chan 
 the comb of the steep roof, and take my 
 "abroad into the world ! Not without some tre x 
 I ventured out, and was soon seated outside of the 
 sharp ridge. Unknown forests, new fields and houses, 
 appeared to my triumphant view. The prospect, 
 though it did not extend more than four miles in any 
 direction, was boundless. Away in the northwest, 
 glimmering through the trees, was a white object, 
 probably the front of a distant barn ; but I shouted 
 to the astonished servant-girl, who had just discov- 
 ered me from the garden below, ' I see the Falls of 
 Niagara ! ' " 1 
 
 Of the outside world, two or three great facts made 
 a lodgment early in his mind. He remembered hear- 
 ing of the battle of Navarino, and of the deaths in the 
 same year of Goethe and Sir Walter Scott. He was 
 seven years old then. He had been taught to read by 
 his mother when he was four, and not impossibly 
 Scott's death was fixed in his mind by Scott's poetry, 
 for poetry had great power over him from his child- 
 hood. The education which he received at home and 
 under the impulse of his own nature took precedence 
 of the more formal culture of school-life. Especially 
 was he indebted to his mother, who understood well 
 the refinement of his nature. Like other boys in the 
 neighborhood, he was called upon to help in the work 
 of the farm. He used to tell of the misery which he 
 endured when he went to the mill on horseback, to 
 bring back heavy meal-bags, which would persist in 
 
 1 At Home and Ahroad, i. 1, 2. 
 
3 A YARD TAYLOR. 
 
 is dismay ; for he would have to stand 
 i wait the chance of some one passing 
 and his bags up again. " I had a con- 
 ror," he says, " of dirty hands, and my 
 *ents — picking stones and weeding corn 
 .ather a torture to this superfine taste." He 
 _.d,d beautifully-shaped hands, a very tender, fair skin, 
 and sensitive nerves, — an equipment not the most 
 adapted to rough farm work, but not always taken 
 into account by those who regarded a boy as a " hand." 
 His mother shielded him so far as she could without 
 interference ; she devised indoor occupation for him, 
 and engaged him about tasks which a hearty boy 
 would be likely to accept only as they saved him from 
 more disagreeable duties. Thus she would set him to 
 rocking the baby to sleep in the cradle, which he would 
 do while he read busily. One day she came into the 
 room, when the baby was crying lustily, and a vigor- 
 ous rocking was going on, to find Bayard absorbed in 
 his book, and rocking himself furiously in his chair, in 
 the vain imagination that he was doing his work faith- 
 fully. 
 
 Reading had charms for him from the earliest years, 
 and he showed a great aptitude for committing poetry 
 to memory. In the evening, after he had gone to bed, 
 his mother would hear him repeating poem after poem 
 to his brother, who slept in the same room with him. 
 His out-door life, for all that, was a free and hearty 
 one. When he spoke of his shrinking from the re- 
 pulsive work of the farm, he added: "But almost 
 every field had its walnut-tree, and many of the last 
 year's nuts retained their flavor in the spring ; melons 
 were planted among the corn, and the meadow which 
 lay between never exhausted its store of wonders. 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 9 
 
 Besides, there were eggs to hide at Easter ; cherries 
 and strawberries in May ; fruit all summer ; fishing- 
 parties by torchlight ; lobelia and sumac to be gath- 
 ered, dried, and sold, for pocket money ; and in the 
 fall, chestnuts, persimmons, wild grapes, cider, and the 
 grand butchering after frost came, so that all the 
 pleasures I knew were incidental to a farmer's life. 
 The books I read came from the village library, and 
 the task of helping to ' fodder ' on the dark winter 
 evenings was lightened by the anticipation of sitting 
 down to ' Gibbon's Rome ' or ' Thaddeus of Warsaw ' 
 afterward." 
 
 For, after all, the boy always came back to his 
 books, as offering the completest satisfaction, and the 
 eagerness with which he read is measured by the hold 
 which his memory kept of those early readings. Years 
 afterward, when on his travels, a poem which he had 
 learned, or a book from the library which he had 
 read, came back to him as he visited in person places 
 which he had known in imagination. "Before reach- 
 ing the city " (of Barcelona), he writes, 1 " I had 
 caught a glimpse, far up the valley of the Llobregat, 
 of a high, curiously serrated mountain, and that old 
 book of the ' Wonders of the World ' (now, alas ! 
 driven from the library of childhood) opened its pages 
 and showed its rough wood-cuts, in memory, to tell me 
 what the mountain was. How many times has that 
 wonderful book been the chief charm of my travels, 
 causing me to forget Sulpicius on the JEgean Sea, 
 Byron in Italy, and Humboldt in Mexico ! " " Before 
 my twelfth year," he says, in a slight autobiographic 
 sketch, " I had devoured the contents of the circu- 
 lating library in our little town, as well as Cooper's 
 
 1 By- Ways of Europe, pp. 159, 160. 
 
10 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 novels and the histories of Gibbon, Robertson, and 
 Hume." The few books which he owned were bought 
 with money which he earned from the sale of nuts he 
 gathered. 
 
 Poetry and travel were his chief delight in reading. 
 The former drove him into " desperate attempts at im- 
 itation ; " the latter fed his eager desire for a wider 
 range of life. At the outset of his first book of 
 travels, he recalls this early passion : " An enthusias- 
 tic desire of visiting the Old World haunted me from 
 early childhood. I cherished a presentiment, amount- 
 ing to positive belief, that I should one day behold 
 the scenes among which my fancy had so long wan- 
 dered. When a boy of ten years, I read Willis's ' Pen- 
 cillings by the Way,' as they appeared from week to 
 week in the country newspaper, and the contemplation 
 of those charming pictures of scenery and society 
 filled me with a thousand dreams and aspirations. I 
 wandered along the shores of the Mediterranean, 
 while hoeing corn or tending cattle in my father's 
 fields ; the geography of Europe and the East was at 
 my tongue's end, and the confidence with which I 
 spoke of going to London and Paris and Home often 
 subjected me to the ridicule of my school-fellows." 1 
 
 The education which he received at home and from 
 his own choice of reading was supplemented by a reg- 
 ular schooling during his youth. When he had been 
 taught to read, he was sent to a school kept by Ruth 
 Ann Chambers. His way thither was through a 
 lonely meadow on his father's farm, and a piece of 
 woodland. It was a way not without its trials for a 
 sensitive little boy of six. One day a tree was blown 
 down in a gale, and a servant-girl of his father's barely 
 
 1 Views Afoot, p. 17. 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 11 
 
 escaped being crushed by its fall. So ominous an 
 event lent terror to the woods, and a day or two after- 
 ward, when the wind rose again, the boy shrank from 
 the swaying trees, and went home, telling his mother 
 that there was no school, — the first and only " story," 
 she says, that he ever told her. She found him up- 
 stairs, that day, lying on the floor, with a large map 
 spread before him, upon which he was making imag- 
 inary journeys. 
 
 His school was a delight to him, for he was fortu- 
 nate in the care which he met there. " I have never 
 forgotten," he once wrote to his old teacher, " the days 
 I spent in the little log school-house and the chestnut 
 grove behind it, and I have always thought that some 
 of the poetry I then copied from thy manuscript books 
 has kept an influence over all my life since. There 
 was one verse in particular which has cheered and en- 
 couraged me a thousand times when prospects seemed 
 rather gloomy. It ran thus : — 
 
 * O, why should we seek to anticipate sorrow 
 By throwing the flowers of the present away, 
 
 And gathering the dark-rolling, cloudy to-morrow 
 To darken the generous sun of to-day ? ' 
 
 Thou seest I have good reason to remember those old 
 times, and to be grateful to thee for encouraging in- 
 stead of checking the first developments of my mind." 
 The Quaker form of this letter was one into which 
 the writer easily fell when he was addressing old 
 Quaker friends ; for while his family was not formally 
 in the Society of Friends, they adhered generally to 
 the principles of the Society. His mother, although 
 brought up in the Lutheran faith, became attached to 
 the Quakers early in life, and taught her children the 
 fundamental doctrines of the Society, as well as nat- 
 
12 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 urally adopted the manners and ways which prevailed 
 in the region. Especially she aimed to inculcate that 
 spirit of peace and quiet which was the possession of 
 the Quakers, and a conformity to the doctrine which 
 made all swearing, whether judicial or profane, to be 
 evil. She talked so earnestly on this last point that 
 Bayard's mind became full of it ; his observation and 
 imagination were centred upon oaths, until at last he 
 was so fascinated that he became filled with an un- 
 controllable desire to swear. So he went out into a 
 field, beyond hearing, and there delivered himself of 
 all the oaths he had ever heard or could invent, and in 
 as loud a voice as possible. The discharge was satis- 
 factory, and his mind returned to its customary occu- 
 pation. 
 
 Another teacher in his boyhood was. a Quaker, Sam- 
 uel Martin, who taught in a little stone building on the 
 road leading to Toughkenamon. Friend Martin, who 
 was a lover of nature, found the boy one after his own 
 heart, and they took long walks together, when the 
 teacher answered the pupil's questions, and helped him 
 to a fuller knowledge of tree and plant and flower and 
 stone. Bayard's early acquaintance with nature was 
 both minute and general. He collected industriously 
 and formed a cabinet, but he also had a poet's eye for 
 field and cloud, as he had an ear for melody, lying 
 awake at night to hear the rhythm of the rain upon the 
 house-top. With an ardent love of color and form, 
 his artistic nature, before he knew his true vocation, 
 readily turned to drawing and painting, and he was 
 busy with attempts which were crudely successful. He 
 was self-taught, and though later in life he took a few 
 lessons, the sketches which he made of landscape and 
 figure came to be the pastime of a poet whose true ex- 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 13 
 
 pression was through another form. He looked back, 
 perhaps a little wistfully, at a road which always ^had 
 a great attraction for him, and in the maturer thought 
 which recalled his youth dwelt with passionate ear- 
 nestness upon this early phase of his experience. Thus, 
 with the liberty afforded by a half-autobiographic, 
 half-imaginative poem, he writes in " The Picture of 
 St. John," when dedicating the work to the artists : — 
 
 Because no other dream my childhood knew 
 Than your bright Goddess sends, — that earliest 
 Her face I saw, and from her bounteous breast, 
 All others dry, the earliest nurture drew ; 
 And since the hope, so lovely, was not true, 
 To write my life in colors, — win a place 
 Among your ranks, though hiunble, yet with grace 
 That might accord me brotherhood with you : 
 
 Because the dream, thus cherished, gave my life 
 Its first faint sense of beauty, and became, 
 Even when the growing years to other strife 
 Led forth my feet, a shy, secluded flame : 
 And ye received me, when our pathways met 
 As one long parted, but of kindred fate ; 
 And in one heaven our kindred stars are set ; 
 To you, my Brethren, this be dedicate ! 
 
 And though some sportive nymph the channel turned, 
 
 And led to other fields mine infant rill, 
 
 The sense of fancied destination still 
 
 Leaps in its waves, and will not be unlearned. 
 
 I charge not Fate with having done me wrong ; 
 
 Much hath she granted, though so much was spurned ; 
 
 But leave the keys of Color, silent long, 
 
 And pour my being through the stops of Song ! 
 
 The poetic passion itself was quite as early present 
 with him, and the boy's books show picture and poem 
 following each other indifferently. The form of the 
 
14 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 poetry is curiously anticipatory of some of his greatest 
 successes, for already, when twelve years old, he was 
 writing ballads and songs with an ease of movement 
 and even a stir of action which show how native to 
 him was that gift which he used so abundantly. The 
 earliest efforts in poetry are necessarily more or less 
 imitative, and it was inevitable that the poets whom 
 he read should find an echo in his verse. 
 
 " Poetry," he writes in his autobiographic sketch, 
 " had great power over me from my childhood ; and 
 to-day the poems live in my memory which I read at 
 the age of seven or eight years, and which drove me 
 to desperate attempts at imitation. From my twelfth 
 year I wrote continually, — poems, novels, or historical 
 essays, but principally poems. I read Ovid and Ra- 
 cine in the original ; Milton, Scott, Byron, and Words- 
 worth, as well as all the other American and English 
 authors I could lay hands on." 
 
 The themes on which he wrote were foreign and 
 chivalric, for with his poetic temperament the large 
 life seemed always to be outside of the valley in which 
 he lived. He was forever making ideal journeys, and 
 jotting down imaginary incidents in the East, which 
 was especially the land of his dreams. It was this 
 quick imagination rather than philological zeal which 
 stimulated him in the study of languages, and the ap- 
 titude which he showed in his travels for acquiring the 
 speech of the people among whom he chanced to be 
 had early illustration. " I never could see," he says, 
 " a book written in a foreign language without the 
 most ardent desire to read it. I remember that I 
 came across a copy of Wieland's ' Oberon,' and as at 
 that time I knew nothing of German it took me sev- 
 eral days to understand the first verse. . . . At four- 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 15 
 
 teen years I began the study of Latin and French, 
 and at fifteen of Spanish. As my father was a farmer, 
 and had inherited only a small part of the original 
 land-grant, he could not send me to college ; until my 
 sixteenth year, however, I received as good instruc- 
 tion as our country schools could then afford. At this 
 age my schooling stopped, but I continued my Latin 
 and French three years longer." 
 
 A curious illustration of this almost instinctive ap- 
 propriation of language occurs in one of Bayard's 
 sketches of travel. " I had decided," he says, " to de- 
 vote my second day to an excursion to the mountain 
 paradise of Valldemosa, and sallied forth early to seek 
 the means of conveyance. Up to this time I had 
 been worried — tortured, I may say, without exagger- 
 ation — by desperate efforts to recover the Spanish 
 tongue, which I had not spoken for fourteen years. 
 I still had the sense of possessing it, but in some old 
 drawer of memory, the lock of which had rusted and 
 would not obey the key. Like Mrs. Dombey with her 
 pain, I felt as if there were Spanish words somewhere 
 in the room, but I could not positively say that I had 
 them, — a sensation which, as everybody knows, is far 
 worse than absolute ignorance. I had taken a car- 
 riage for Valldemosa, after a long talk with the pro- 
 prietor, a most agreeable fellow, when I suddenly 
 stopped, and exclaimed to myself, 'You are talking 
 Spanish, did you know it ? ' It was even so ; as much 
 of the language as I ever knew was suddenly and un- 
 accountably restored to me. On my return to the 
 ' Four Nations ' I was still further surprised to find 
 myself repeating songs without the failure of a line 
 or word, which I had learned from a Mexican as a 
 school-boy, and had not thought of for twenty years. 
 
16 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 The unused drawer had somehow been unlocked or 
 broken open while I slept." x 
 
 In 1837 Mr. Joseph Taylor was elected sheriff of 
 the county, and removed with his family to West 
 Chester, where he remained for three years. During 
 that time Bayard went to Bolmar's Academy in West 
 Chester, but shortly before the family returned to the 
 farm at Kennett he was sent to the academy at Union- 
 ville, where he finished his formal schooling in 1842. 
 The academy building is now occupied by one of the 
 higher grades of the public schools of the town, but 
 forty years ago it was a boarding-school and school 
 preparatory for college, to which the young people re- 
 sorted from the country about. 
 
 Here, knowing that he was to have no higher scho- 
 lastic training, he gave himself studiously to work, 
 and during the last part of his stay was employed also 
 as a teacher. Unionville was only three or four miles 
 from his home, and there his vacations were spent, 
 while the society of his old friends frequently drew 
 him from the precincts of the academy to Kennett 
 Square. Indeed, his return from West Chester, 
 where he had lived in a small country town, to the 
 rural life of Kennett brought a sense of new joy in 
 all the aspects of nature. He was no longer an unwill- 
 ing boy, shrinking from the coarse labor of the farm ; 
 he was springing into manhood, and the keen delight 
 in physical life, the response to outward beauty, and 
 the eagerness of an expanding intellect made the time 
 one of exhilaration and anticipation. " When I re- 
 turned to the homestead as a youth," he writes, " I 
 first felt the delight and the refreshment of labor in 
 the open air. I was then able to take the plough- 
 
 1 By -Ways of Europe, p. 184. 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 17 
 
 handle, and I still remember the pride I felt when my 
 furrows were pronounced even and well turned. Al- 
 though it was already decided that I shoidd not make 
 farming the business of my life, I thrust into my 
 plans a slender wedge of hope that I might one day 
 own a bit of ground, for the luxury of having if not 
 the profit of cidtivating it. The aroma of the sweet 
 soil had tinctured my blood ; the black mud of the 
 swamp still stuck to my feet." 
 
 At Unionville he naturally fell more into letter- 
 writing, and though his letters were boyish produc- 
 tions they indicated the turn which his mind was tak- 
 ing, and that restlessness which was so early developed 
 in him. The school at Unionville was not very satis- 
 fying to one who craved a fuller knowledge of the 
 world, and the master was too easy-going and indiffer- 
 ent for a boy who set his hopes and wishes high. Dr. 
 Franklin Taylor, an older cousin, was at this time in 
 Kennett Square, after ' a term of study in a New 
 Hampshire academy, and fired Bayard's mind with a 
 desire for the same opportunities. A letter which 
 Bayard wrote to his mother not only shows his eager- 
 ness, but gives a glimpse of the primitive country life 
 in America forty years ago : — 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Unionville, March 18, 1840. 
 . . . Having now completed astronomy, I am principally 
 studying the languages, and have made such proficiency in 
 French that I am able to read Voltaire in his native language. 
 Don't be frightened. It is not the atheistical works of Voltaire, 
 but his tragedies, which are among the best works in the French 
 language. I am also studying Latin, and am making great prog- 
 ress in it. I thought, as I had but a few weeks more to stay, I 
 would turn my attention to languages, which I had somewhat 
 neglected during the winter. When I was at Kennett Square I 
 
18 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 visited Franklin Taylor, as he wished to have some talk with 
 me. He is going' back again to the East in the spring. He is 
 much pleased with the schools of New England, which he says 
 are superior in every respect to those of this State. The teach- 
 ers are better and more experienced men, the opportunities of 
 learning are greater, and the price of boarding and tuition is not 
 much more than half the sum it is here. He says while he was 
 there it only cost him $1.25 a week, which in a year, added to 
 the price of tuition, would only make $97.00 ; and with the ex- 
 penses of going and coming, clothing, books, etc., would not be 
 any more than what Jonathan Gause charges for a year, if as 
 much. If a person be economical, he says he can live there for 
 very little; and in the vacation (one or two weeks), which hap- 
 pens in August, the scholars form into companies and travel, 
 principally on foot, through Vermont and New Hampshire, and 
 they thus have an opportunity of viewiug the most romantic and 
 sublime scenery in New England, Lake Champlain, Lake George, 
 White and Green Mountains, etc., etc., which afford a fine field 
 for the labors of the artist; and if I get a box of the Crseta 
 Lsevis, 1 you will see the hills and rocks of New England glow- 
 ing upon paper, with all the beauties they in reality possess. He 
 also says it is the finest place in the world for mineralizing. 
 Every scholar, almost, has a large box filled with minerals; and 
 as for botany, it affords an inexhaustible field for the pursuit of 
 that study. Another great advantage is, the scholars study in 
 separate rooms, and only meet when they recite in classes, which 
 is a great benefit, for a person can study much more in solitude 
 than amid the bustle and confusion of a school-room. Hence I 
 think I could not do better or learn more than by going there. 
 And if father is going to take me, it would be a fine opportunity 
 for him to see some of the Eastern States ; and if I do go, when 
 he comes for me you must accompany him, and thus have a 
 chance of viewing New York, Boston, Albany, Hartford, New 
 Haven, Lowell," etc., etc. 
 
 Truly New England seemed as far away to the 
 young Pennsylvanian, and was almost as much of a 
 foreign country, as Germany now is to a collegian. He 
 did not come under the influence of New England in 
 
 1 A species of crayon then in use. 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 19 
 
 these school-Jays. He remained in a society which 
 was peculiarly susceptible to certain vagaries and en- 
 thusiasms then beginning to excite men's minds. It 
 was the period when discoveries in magnetism had set 
 the world agog with notions of a new force in nature, 
 and there was a disposition to seek for new coinci- 
 dences in physical and spiritual life. The Quaker, 
 with his openness to spiritual influences and his con- 
 fidence in the authority of the individual, was ready to 
 experiment and be experimented on. Bayard heard 
 lectures on animal magnetism and took part in the il- 
 lustrations, which not only attended the public lec- 
 tures but were a part of the social entertainments of 
 the neighborhood. He had an exuberance of physical 
 life, and possessed an organism which was very highly 
 struug, so that he displayed considerable success in 
 his mesmeric exercises. Phrenology also found a 
 ready audience among a people who were accustomed 
 to emphasize the individual, and to give a spiritual in- 
 terpretation to physical phenomena. 
 
 Then the Quaker, with his historical belief in human 
 equality, was very hospitable to the new doctrines re- 
 garding freedom which were stirring men. To Ken- 
 nett Square came lecturers on Anti-Slavery and the 
 Rights of Women, and found a responsive audience. 
 The questions involved were debated in the clubs and 
 made the subject of social discussion. Bayard heard 
 what was said, but it is interesting to note from his 
 diaries and letters how little active part he himself 
 took in these matters. Literature, in some form, held 
 him more tenaciously. He went here and there in his 
 social mood, but he came back to his books and his 
 own writing with increased ardor. 
 
 Something of the fire which burned within him may 
 
20 * BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 he discovered from the warmth with which he en- 
 tered in his diary his emotions upon receiving a reply 
 to a request which he had made of Charles Dickens, 
 then in this country, for his autograph. " I went to 
 the Academy," he says, " where I received a letter 
 that had come on Saturday. It was from Hartford ; 
 I knew instantly it was from Dickens. It was double, 
 and sealed neatly with a seal bearing the initials 
 C. D. In the inside was a sheet of satin note-paper, on 
 which was written, ' Faithfully yours, Charles Dickens, 
 City Hotel, Hartford, Feb. 10, 1842 ; ' and below, 
 'With the compliments of Mr. Dickens.' I can long 
 recollect the thrill of pleasure I experienced on seeing 
 the autograph of one whose writings I so ardently ad- 
 mired, and to whom, in spirit, I felt myself attached ; 
 and it was not without a feeling of ambition that I 
 looked upon it that as he, an humble clerk, had risen 
 to be the guest of a mighty nation, so I, an humble 
 pedagogue, might by unremitted and arduous intellec- 
 tual and moral exertion become a light, a star, among 
 the names of my country. May it be ! " 
 
 There was a village debating society at Kennett 
 Square, and Bayard's diaries and letters show him fre- 
 quently going to the village to take part in the discus- 
 sions and readings. " The first essay I ever wrote," 
 is his memorandum on a school-boy composition, " On 
 the Art of Painting," which he read before the Ken- 
 nett Literary Circle in December, 1838 ; and in 1840 
 an account sent to his father of a visit made to the 
 battle-field on the Brandywine was printed in the West 
 Chester " Register," much to the concern of the young 
 writer, who was painfully impressed by the number of 
 printer's errors which had crept in. In 1841 was 
 printed in the " Saturday Evening Post" of Philadel- 
 
SURROUNDINGS AND EARLY LIFE. 21 
 
 phia the first of the poems which emerged from the 
 seclusion of the young poet's blank-books. It is en- 
 titled "Soliloquy of a Young Poet;" and while it is 
 neither better nor worse than many of the poems 
 which he was then writing, it has an interest as a 
 record of the dreams which were making the life 
 about him seem poor and thin. 
 
 A dream ! — a fleeting dream ! 
 Childhood has passed with all its joy and song, 
 And my life's frail bark on youth's impetuous stream 
 
 Is swiftly borne along. 
 
 High hopes spring up within ; 
 Hopes of the future — thoughts of glory — fame 
 Which prompt my mind to toil, and bid me win 
 
 That dream — a deathless name. 
 
 When morning's golden glow 
 Beams on the eastern sky ; in twilight's shade ; 
 When the pale moon lights up the world below — 
 
 In all her pomp arrayed : 
 
 By light of evening's star 
 Which looketh down with an unslumbering eye % 
 Like a lone watcher, gazing from afar, — 
 
 Its station in the sky. 
 
 When in the sultry noon 
 The wearied songsters seek the cooling rill ; 
 At morn, at eve, by light of midnight moon, 
 
 They haunt me still. 
 
 Around my youthful soul 
 Their adamantine chains are firmly cast ; 
 Yes, they have bound me in their stern control, 
 
 Which e'er shall last. 
 
 I know it all is vain ; 
 That earthly honors ever must decay, 
 
22 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 That all the laurels bought by toil and pain 
 
 Must pass, with earth, away. 
 
 But still my spirit high 
 Longing for fame won by th' immortal mind — 
 On Fancy's pinion fain would scale the sky, 
 
 And leave dull earth behind. 
 
 Yes, I would write my name 
 With the star's burning ray on heaven's broad scroll, 
 That I might still the restless thirst for fame 
 
 Which fills my soul. 
 
 Another dream, which he committed shyly and with 
 hesitation to his diary, and to the one bosom friend of 
 his early days, was coming to exercise a very potent in- 
 fluence over him. When he was a child at Ruth Ann 
 Chambers's school, Mary Agnew, who also went there, 
 whispered with a blush to the teacher, " May I sit be- 
 side Bayard ? " They had been school-mates also at 
 Samuel Martin's, and neighbors always. Now his 
 work, his plans, and his thoughts took on a new color 
 which deepened in tone, month by month. 
 
CHAPTER IT. 
 
 FIKST VENTUKES. 
 1842-1844. 
 
 And with impassioned exultation, 
 I reveled in the rage of Song 1 
 
 V Envoi (to " Rhymes of Travel " ). 
 
 When Bayard Taylor's schooling drew near its 
 close he began to cast about for a livelihood. There 
 was some thought of his going to Philadelphia to study 
 engraving, and he had evidently the possibility in his 
 mind that he might be a painter. The work which he 
 did in teaching at the Unionville Academy during the 
 last part of his course there was ill paid and irksome 
 to him. He disliked the rough manners of the place ; 
 he hated to whip the boys, and made the punishment 
 as perfunctory as possible. Even a whipping may 
 become a slight passport to fame, and one of Bay- 
 ard's pupils enjoys now a tardy pride in having been 
 whipped by a poet. 
 
 Still, when he came back to his father's farm in the 
 early summer of 1842, he made an effort to obtain a 
 school, as the nearest means of support. He did not 
 succeed, and after a few weeks of farm life he was 
 apprenticed for a term of four years to Henry E. 
 Evans, a printer in West Chester, and publisher of 
 the "Village Record." For one who could not be 
 made a farmer, had no liking for teaching, and showed 
 a genuine fondness for books and writing, the most 
 
24 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 direct training was plainly to be had in the printing 
 office. The " Village Record " was printed tipon the 
 old-fashioned hand-press, and it was the business of 
 the apprentices to set the type, help make up the 
 paper, pull the forms, and send the weekly issues off 
 to the subscribers. The mechanical work was soon 
 learned; the young apprentice was tall and strong, 
 and he found leisure for the pursuits which had already 
 become the business of his life. There was a circu- 
 lating library in the town book-store, and every noon 
 and evening Bayard resorted to it for his books, de- 
 vouring especially poetry. It is noticeable how quick 
 he was to discern the soul of poetry without the aid 
 of special introductions. Nothing shows the poetic 
 mind more clearly than a generous and catholic taste, 
 which is independent of fame and reputation. A mu- 
 sical verse, a fine image, were not lost upon him be- 
 cause he came upon them in the corner of a country 
 newspaper ; and while he had an ardent admiration for 
 great poets, he gave them his love for what they had 
 achieved in poetry, and not merely for the rank which 
 they held. Nevertheless, there was mingled with his 
 interest in poets and poetry a genuine patriotic ardor. 
 With all his eagerness to know foreign life and scenes, 
 there was none of that half -impatient sense of Amer- 
 ican crudity which a nearer acquaintance with cities 
 and men might have given him. To him in his coun- 
 try village the nation to which he belonged was a glo- 
 rious one, and the poets in it who had published books 
 were admitted at once into the fellowship of literature 
 with a simple confidence in the democracy of the re- 
 public of letters. 
 
 " By the way," he writes to a comrade at this time, 
 " what do you think of Bryant as a poet, and espe- 
 
FIRST VENTURES. 25 
 
 cially of ' Thanatopsis ' ? For my part, my admiration 
 knows no bounds. There is an all-pervading love of 
 nature, a calm and quiet but still deep sense of ev- 
 erything - beautiful. And then the high and lofty feel- 
 ing which mingles with the whole ! It seems to me 
 when I read his poetry that our hearts are united, and 
 that I can feel every throb of his answered back by 
 mine. This is what makes a poet immortal. There 
 are but few who make me feel so thrillingly their 
 glowing thoughts as Bryant, Longfellow, Whittier, 
 and Lowell (all Americans, you know), and these I 
 love. It is strange, the sway a master mind has over 
 those who have felt his power. I felt the greatest 
 sorrow at the death of Channing ; as much so, per- 
 haps, as if he were a near and dear friend. But you 
 must be tired of this ; when I get started on this sub- 
 ject I cannot break off ; I would only advise you to 
 read ' Thanatopsis ' over again and again, for you can- 
 not feel it in its true beauty at first." 
 
 The critical hints of contemporary poetry which he 
 came upon in the journals of the day were seldom of 
 much service, but he was helped now and then by such 
 penetrating criticism as that by Poe, for example, on 
 Tennyson, to which he referred when himself publish- 
 ing an article on the English poet, many years after- 
 ward. " I still remember," he says, " the eagerness 
 with which, as a boy of seventeen, after reading his 
 paper, I sought for the volume; and I remember 
 also the strange sense of mental dazzle and bewilder- 
 ment I experienced on the first perusal of it. I can 
 only compare it to the first sight of a sunlit landscape 
 through a prism : every object has a rainbowed out- 
 line. One is fascinated to look again and again, 
 though the eyes ache." x 
 
 1 Essays and Notes, "Tennyson," p- 14. 
 
26 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 The period during which he worked for Mr. Evans 
 was one of great productiveness, and though few of 
 the poems then written were ever published except in- 
 newspapers, and none were retained by him in his col- 
 lective works, it was undoubtedly a time when his fac- 
 ulty for composition was very active, when he was 
 gaining confidence in his powers and was forming his 
 style. One of his poems, the longest which he under- 
 took at this time, had been begun at Unionville. At 
 first he gave it the name of " Rosalie," and his diary 
 contains frequent references to his progress in the 
 poem. He had published several poems in the " Sat- 
 urday Evening Post " of Philadelphia, with which 
 Mr. Rufus W. Griswold, also editor of " Graham's 
 Magazine," was connected, and out of the correspond- 
 ence with Mr. Griswold there came the first literary 
 friendship which the young poet formed. When writ- 
 ing in March, 1843, to a school friend, he speaks with 
 a shy and happy pride of the little opening which he 
 had made : — 
 
 " I have met with strange things since I wrote last. 
 Last November I wrote to Mr. Griswold, sending a 
 poem to be inserted in the ' Post.' However, I said 
 that it was my highest ambition to appear in ' Gra- 
 ham's Magazine.' Some time ago I got an answer. 
 He said he had read my lines ' To the Brandywine,' 
 which appeared in the ' Post,' with much pleasure, and 
 would have put them in the magazine if he had seen 
 them in time. He said the poem I sent him would ap- 
 pear in April in the magazine, and requested me to 
 contribute often and to call on him when I came to 
 town. I never was more surprised in my life." 
 
 Mr. Griswold was one of the literary magnates in 
 that thin but promising period of our literature. He 
 
FIRST VENTURES. 27 
 
 was editor of the leading literary magazine, he had 
 edited " Poets and Poetry of America," and if his di- 
 mensions have shrunk in the course of time he was 
 then an important personage, whose advice and help 
 were sought and valued. To Bayard Taylor he was a 
 serviceable friend just when the young author desired 
 introduction to the larger world of literature, and he 
 helped him to the publication of his first volume of 
 verse. 
 
 " I called on Griswold when down," he writes to a 
 friend, October 10, 1843, " and had an interview with 
 him. He had part of a Romance in poetry [" Rosalie," 
 re-named "Ximena"] which I have been writing, 
 and strongly advised me to publish it with my other 
 poems in a volume. I have it nearly done, — about 
 a thousand lines ; I have not concluded whether to do 
 so or not, but a few of my friends to whom I men- 
 tioned it urged me to follow his advice. I confess 
 my inclination prompts me to do so, but it may not be 
 altogether prudent. However, I place great confidence 
 in his judgment and the judgment of my friends. I 
 wish I could show it to you, for I can depend on your 
 honest and candid opinion, and you are considerable 
 of a critic in such matters. But what I want to know 
 is this : what would be the cost of printing five hun- 
 dred copies, of about eighty pages duodecimo (I be- 
 lieve), something like Whittier's 'Lays of my Home,' 
 including binding, etc., all expenses. You can per- 
 haps give me some idea. If I publish it, it will not 
 be before March next." 
 
 The answer which he received was so far encourag- 
 ing that he wrote again to the same friend, December 
 26 : " The price was less than I expected, and I find 
 I can readily raise enough subscribers to pay the ex- 
 
28 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 pense of publication. I have therefore fully concluded 
 to issue the volume, in pursuance of which object I 
 shall visit Philadelphia in two or three weeks. I sup- 
 pose the work could be printed and bound in a week, 
 and I intend to have everything correct, so that the 
 proof need not be sent up. My principal motive for 
 publishing it is to gain a small sum towards defraying 
 the expenses of preparing for my voyage to the West 
 Indies. I also wish to obtain the critical judgment of 
 some of the best literary characters, which can be ob- 
 tained in no other way. I do not dread condemna- 
 tion, for if I have to bear 'it I would rather do it now 
 than at a future time, for errors would now be attrib- 
 uted to youth and inexperience which would then have 
 no excuse. I have no expectation of figuring in the 
 literary world now, nor would I wish it ; my object is 
 not to attempt to create a ' sensation.' " 
 
 " I am still distrustful of my abilities," he wrote to 
 another young friend, " though when I contrast this 
 time with just three years ago, when my first article 
 was published, I see much cause for encouragement. 
 I have thought much since of Griswold's offer, and 
 am much more inclined to follow his advice, though 
 my mother is opposed to it." The young poet had his 
 way, as most young poets do, and his friends of his 
 own age were ready with their encouragement ; but it 
 helps one, in reckoning the influences which were about 
 Bayard's early life, to find his mother and one of her 
 friends, who was always a wise counselor of Bayard, 
 earnestly debating the wisdom of publishing " Xi- 
 mena," and engaged in special criticism of the poem. 
 
 " The boy is quite spirited on our hands," writes the 
 friend to Mrs. Taylor, " but notwithstanding he dis- 
 plays so much decision in opposition to old women's 
 
FIRST VENTURES. 29 
 
 opinions, let us not withhold them. ' Experience 
 teaeheth knowledge,' and those hateful words, ' I told 
 you so,' sometimes contain meaning- drawn from expe- 
 rience. Bayard has frankly committed himself into 
 our clutches, and as old women, in common parlance, 
 are only permitted their tongues, the broom, and the 
 tongs as weapons of offense or defense, he must expect 
 to be assailed by the first mentioned, at least, of these 
 war implements. 
 
 " But, seriously, I am decidedly opposed to publish- 
 ing the poem ; though nothing serious would likely 
 arise from it, he might, perhaps, be disappointed in a 
 ready sale of the remaining portion. I would like to 
 know how much fact there is in the tale, or whether, 
 as a whole, it may be taken as the invention of a fer- 
 tile imagination. The plot is more finished than I 
 thought when I spoke with thee : the heroes fall in 
 love, pass through difficulty, and are married, which 
 generally closes a romance. In my humble opinion, if 
 Bayard will continue to cultivate his talent without in- 
 dulging an anxiety to reap immediate pecuniary ad- 
 vantage from it, he will be able to produce that which 
 will ' create a sensation ' without his wishing it. I hope 
 his principal desire to write is prompted by the pleas- 
 ure it affords him, for this will insui-e success. Fame 
 is but an empty bubble, but the author of a well-writ- 
 ten poem, which with the beauty of its poetic diction 
 diffuses a love or admiration for the higher attributes 
 which govern human actions, is a benefactor to his 
 race." Then follows a detailed criticism of " Ximena," 
 shrewd and discriminating, with a due admixture of 
 pride in her young friend. 
 
 It was a trial to Bayard to be compelled to ask sub- 
 scriptions for his forthcoming volume, but there was 
 
30 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 no other way, and by his own solicitations and those of 
 his friends enough subscribers were obtained to secure 
 the publication, and early in February, 1844, appeared 
 " Ximena ; or, the Battle of the Sierra Morena, and 
 other Poems. By James Bayard Taylor. ' I am a 
 youthful traveler in the way.' Henry Kirke White. 
 Philadelphia: Herman Hooker, 178 Chestnut Street, 
 MDCCCXLIV." It was dedicated " To Kufus W. 
 Griswold, as an expression of gratitude for the kind 
 encouragement he has shown the author." 
 
 None of the fifteen poems contained in this little 
 volume were ever after included by the author in any 
 edition of his writings. They form a faint prelude to 
 the fuller and stronger verse which he was to write, 
 and are chiefly interesting for the indication which 
 they give of an early mastery of form, and for the ab- 
 sence of any reference to the love which, at the time 
 they were written, held so large a place in his thought. 
 Either through timidity or reserve he does not seem to 
 have made his verse to half reveal a secret which he 
 cherished, but he used the inspiration of nature and 
 heroism and patriotism, besides putting into his poetry 
 some of that serious contemplation of life which be- 
 longs inevitably to the young poet. The salt with 
 which the poetry is savored is the glow and fervor of 
 an ardent mind, and it was this rather than any fine 
 art in his verse which won him friends among those to 
 whom the little volume was an introduction. 
 
 It is clear that the author himself had no immoder- 
 ate delight in the book, or unreasonable expectation 
 from its publication. He delivered his manuscript to 
 Mr. Griswold, and saw nothing of it again until the 
 printed sheets were placed in his hands. When it 
 was bound, he supplied his subscribers and sent a few 
 
FTEST VENTURES. 31 
 
 copies to the press and to the men of letters whose 
 judgment he desired. The book served its purpose. 
 It brought him a little money and a few pleasant let- 
 ters, but chiefly it gave him a new confidence and 
 quickened the impulses which had been working in his 
 nature. A volume of poems published by a young- 
 man of nineteen was a rarer thing then than it is now, 
 and the publication conferred a certain distinction 
 upon the author. Whatever his rank, he was among 
 the poets, and though he did not at all overestimate 
 the poetic value of his volume, he could not help hav- 
 ing a consciousness which was much more than a se- 
 cret sense of how others looked upon him ; it was a 
 sense of having taken a step forward. 
 
 " It is useless to deny," he writes to a friend with 
 whom he was consulting about the publication of 
 "Ximena," "that I have cherished hopes of occupying 
 at some future day a respectable station among our 
 country's poets. I believe all poets are possessed in a 
 greater or less degree of ambition ; it is inseparable 
 from the nature of poetry. And though I may be 
 mistaken, I think this ambition is never given without 
 a mind of sufficient power to sustain it, and to achieve 
 its lofty object. Although I am desirous of a share 
 of the world's honors, yet with all the sincerity I pos- 
 sess I declare that my highest ambition is to do good, 
 to raise the hopes of the desponding, to soothe the 
 sorrows of the afflicted. I believe that poetry owns 
 as its true sphere the happiness of mankind. Its use, 
 as Channing says, 'is to lift the mind out of the 
 beaten, dusty, weary walks of life, to raise it into a 
 purer element, and to breathe into it a more profound 
 and generous emotion.' Several secondary considera- 
 tions also impel me on. I wish to win a name that 
 
32 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 the person who shall be chosen to share with me the 
 toils of life will not be ashamed to own, and because I 
 know it will gladden the hearts of my parents. Hence 
 it has always been my greatest care to let no line go 
 before the public that could have an evil influence, 
 but to endeavor as much as possible to exalt and en- 
 noble the soul. How far I have succeeded it is not 
 for me to judge. " 
 
 Bayard's letters and diaries during the two years 
 of his apprenticeship disclose a growing impatience of 
 the limitations of his life, an uncontrollable restless- 
 ness, and a keen sense of his need of larger opportuni- 
 ties. The work of the printing-office, when once mas- 
 tered, became drudgery ; the associations among which 
 he moved were distasteful ; he found relief in the so- 
 ciety of friends at Kennett Square and in his poetry, 
 but he was constantly planning an escape from his un- 
 congenial circumstance. It was not hard work which 
 wore upon him, but the repression of all that he cared 
 for ; and so intolerable had his situation become that 
 in looking back upon it afterward he saw very clearly 
 that his breaking away from it was his only chance of 
 health and spirit. 
 
 "As the poetic element in my nature," he writes in 
 the autobiographic sketch from which we have already 
 quoted, " was predominant, and felt itself hemmed in 
 on all sides by the entire want of sympathy and en- 
 couragement, I determined to procure better opportu- 
 nities for education. I hungrily read all European 
 works of travel, and my imagination clothed foreign 
 countries with a splendid atmosphere of poetry and 
 art. I felt as if I were sitting in an exhausted re- 
 ceiver, while the air which should nourish my spiritual 
 life could only be found in distant lands. My desire 
 
FIRST VENTURES. 33 
 
 to visit Europe grew with the difficulties that stood 
 in my path. The two continents were much farther 
 apart then than now ; in our quiet community the un- 
 dertaking seemed gigantic, and my enthusiasm on the 
 subject was considered little short of madness." 
 
 He had already taken one short journey in his own 
 country, in the first year of his apprenticeship, a half- 
 humorous account of which he gives in the paper 
 " The First Journey I ever Made." l It carried him 
 as far as the Catskills, for his ambition had long been 
 to see veritable mountains, and he closes his narrative 
 with the words, " This was my first moderate essa3 r , 
 at the age of eighteen. And I advise all callow youths 
 who think it an easy matter to tramp over the whole 
 world to make a similar trial trip, and get their en- 
 gines into good working order before fairly putting 
 out to sea." He never allowed his own engines to get 
 rusty, for, while negotiating for the publication of 
 " Ximena," he used to make the journey to and from 
 Philadelphia, a distance of thirty miles, on foot. 
 
 His first purpose, in publishing his volume of poems, 
 was to secure money enough to carry him to the West 
 Indies, but all other desires became absorbed in the one 
 passion for travel and study in Europe. His cousin, 
 Frank Taylor, was about to go abroad, and urged Bay- 
 ard to accompany him. The obstacles in the way 
 seemed insurmountable. As he says, such a journey 
 was a far more serious undertaking then than now ; 
 his parents were opposed to it, he had two years more 
 of his apprenticeship to serve, and neither he nor his 
 friends had money. He wrote to various people who 
 could advise him as to the expense of the journey, and 
 all the answers which he received named sums which 
 
 1 At Home and Abroad, i. 1-13. 
 
34 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 were prohibitory. The books which volunteered sim- 
 ilar information were equally discouraging, but How- 
 itt's " Rural Life in Germany " gave shape to certain 
 vague ideas which he had, and convinced him that it 
 was possible to make the journey on foot, after cross- 
 ing the Atlantic, at much less expense than others 
 had estimated. 
 
 He has given in the introductory chapter of " Views 
 Afoot " 1 a lively account of the difficulties which he 
 encountered, but the greatest difficulty of all he could 
 not there record, for it was too personal in its charac- 
 ter. He was bound to his home by the strongest ties 
 of affection, and his sensitive nature was racked by 
 the struggle which took place when he was drawn out 
 into the larger world by half-understood aspirations, 
 and held back by the appeals to his affection and 
 sense of duty. He had a friend who possessed his full- 
 est confidence, and the ,cirpumstance of that friend's 
 loss of a mother drew out Bayaid's sympathy, which 
 passed naturally, before the letter was done, into a 
 passionate expression of his own troubles. 
 
 " When I left you last and went on alone toward 
 this place, I experienced as severe a mental struggle 
 as I ever felt. It is one of those few which happen 
 in the life of almost every one. It seemed to be an 
 era in my life when I must decide on my after-destiny ; 
 it was a crisis, which I seemed instinctively to feel 
 was either to carry me on to that station in the hearts 
 of men which is my highest ambition, or to condemn 
 me to a life of obscurity and spiritlessness. I know 
 how much my parents felt, how opposed they were 
 to my going to Europe ; for though they did not say 
 so, I could plainly see, and I knew by my mother's 
 
 1 See edition of 1855, and subsequent ones. 
 
FIRST VENTURES. 35 
 
 voice the anxiety with which she looked upon it, and 
 the opposition of many of my friends, my absence 
 from Mary ; on the other hand, the aspirations of my 
 childhood, the dream of my youth. Italy ! and Greece ! 
 the wild enthusiasm with which I should tread those 
 lands, and view the shrines ' where young Romance 
 and Love like sister pilgrims turn ; ' the glorious emo- 
 tions of my soul, and the inspiration I should draw 
 from them, which I now partly feel. How my heart 
 leaps at the sound of 
 
 ' Woods that wave on Delphi's steep, 
 Isles that gem the JEgean deep.' 
 
 The isles of Greece ! hallowed by Homer and Milton 
 and Byron ! My words are cold and tame compared 
 with my burning thoughts. But I wander. The strug- 
 gle within me was very great. In spite of all my en- 
 deavors, tears, which I had not shed for years, rushed 
 to my eyes, and I wept like a child. My feelings had 
 been too highly wrought up. I could not bear to give 
 my parents pain, and it almost seemed to me like re- 
 linquishing life to relinquish my glorious dream of 
 the Old World. Then, my love ! John, I thank God 
 I have such a friend as you, who can feel and compre- 
 hend emotions which it would be painful for me to 
 bear ' in silence and alone.' I sat down by the road- 
 side, for it was then dark, and looking to heaven 
 through my blinding tears fervently prayed for 
 strength of spirit to sustain me in my conflict with 
 the world. And the struggle in my breast ceased, 
 and I felt that the path which was to lead me onward 
 and upward was that which was the desire of my soul. 
 I have since written to my mother, and feel almost 
 certain that she will be satisfied to let me 2:0. But 
 
36 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 you, — would it be hoping too much to think of you 
 accompanying us ? It is in your power, and it will be 
 worth a thousand times the trouble it will cost you, to 
 accompany us. Think of the Rhine, the Alps, the 
 Apennines, the Coliseum, Vesuvius, Paestum, the Par- 
 thenon and Acropolis, Parnassus, Delphi, Corinth, 
 and Marathon ! I cannot paint too strongly the ad- 
 vantages and enjoyments of such a tour, but will you 
 not go ? Prank is a glorious companion for traveling, 
 and how much it would add to the enjoyment of travel 
 to go together ! But I am hardly in the mood for 
 writing thus, and will leave the remainder of my per- 
 suasions till I see you. Perhaps some that I have 
 written may seem foolish even to you ; not foolish, but 
 wild, visionary. It may be so, but if it is I would 
 rather be visionary than sober and wise." 1 
 
 His resolution did not fail him. He succeeded in 
 obtaining the consent of his parents, and in buying 
 from Mr. Evans the remainder of his apprenticeship 
 time. It only remained now to procure the necessary 
 
 1 The friend to whom Bayard Taylor wrote was John B. Phil- 
 lips, and many of his most confidential letters in early life were 
 addressed to him. Mr. Phillips was a native of Kennett, studied 
 medicine in Paris, and afterwards settled in St. Paul, Minnesota, 
 where he passed the rest of his life in the practice of his profes- 
 sion and in the office of State Commissioner of Statistics. He 
 was a man of strong character and of marked literary tastes, as 
 his translations from Heine and other German poets as well as 
 his own sonnets show. He had a singular experience once in be- 
 ing seized at Basel on account of his resemblance to Mazzini. It 
 was only after the intervention of the United States Minister, 
 Mr. Jay, that he was released, .and the Swiss government was 
 compelled to pay two thousand francs damages. When Dr. Phil- 
 lips died, at the age of fifty-six, April 27, 1877, Bayard Taylor 
 wrote in the " New York Tribune " an obituary notice of his 
 friend. 
 
FIRST VENTURES. 37 
 
 money for the journey. His plan was to make ar- 
 rangements with editors to supply them with letters 
 from Europe, and to secure enough money in advance 
 to get well started, after which he would rely upon 
 further letters, and at a pinch upon his skill as a com- 
 positor. " Two weeks before the day fixed upon for 
 leaving home," he writes, " I had secured no employ- 
 ment, and did not possess a dollar toward my outfit. 
 I then went to Philadelphia, and spent two or three 
 days in calling upon all the principal editors and pub- 
 lishers of the city, but I seemed doomed to be unsuc- 
 cessful. At last, when I was about to return home, 
 not in despair, but in a state of wonder as to where 
 my funds would come from (for I felt certain they 
 would come), Mr. Patterson, at that time publisher of 
 the ' Saturday Evening Post,' offered me fifty dollars 
 in advance for twelve letters, with the promise of con- 
 tinuing the engagement if the letters should be satis- 
 factory. The Hon. Joseph R. Chandler, editor of the 
 ' United States Gazette,' then made me a similar offer. 
 It is needless to say that I instantly and joyfully ac- 
 cepted both, and thus found myself in possession of 
 one hundred dollars. Mr. George P. Graham also 
 paid me liberally for some manuscript poems, and I 
 returned home in triumph, with a fund of one hundred 
 and forty dollars, which at that time seemed sufficient 
 to carry me to the end of the world." 
 
 His companions in the enterprise were his cousin, 
 Frank Taylor, and a young townsman, Barclay Pen- 
 nock. In his sketch of " A Night Walk," l Bayard 
 Taylor has given an entertaining account of the jour- 
 ney by boat and on foot which he and his cousin took 
 to Washington in search of passports. In their sim- 
 
 1 At flame and Abroad, i. 14. 
 
38 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 plicity they knew no other way than to go to the capi- 
 tal, present themselves to the member of Congress 
 from their district, and by him to be taken to the 
 Secretary of State. At the end of June, 1844, they 
 said their farewells at home, and went to New York to 
 take passage for England, "Xiniena " had been the 
 means of introduction to Mr. N. P. Willis, who was 
 one of the most popular and influential men of letters 
 in America, and Bayard Taylor as soon as he reached 
 New York called upon him. 
 
 " He gave me," he says, "a note of recommendation, 
 with which I visited the editors of the leading journals, 
 but failed to make any further engagements, except 
 a conditional one with Horace Greeley, of the ' New 
 York Tribune.' When I first called upon this gen- 
 tleman, whose friendship it is now my pride to claim, 
 he addressed me with that honest bluntness which is 
 habitual to him : ' I am sick of descriptive letters, and 
 will have no more of them. But I should like some 
 sketches of German life and society, after you have 
 been there and know something about it. If the let- 
 ters are good, you shall be paid for them, but don't 
 write until you know something.' This I faithfully 
 promised, and kept my promise so well that I am afraid 
 the eighteen letters which I afterward sent from Ger- 
 many, and which were published in the 'Tribune,' 
 were dull in proportion as they were wise. Mr. 
 Willis also gave me letters to some printers of his ac- 
 quaintance in London, thinking they might be useful 
 in case I should be compelled to resort to my handi- 
 craft." 
 
 The friendliness of Mr. Willis was the best gift 
 which the young traveler could carry with him. He 
 had just passed through a severe ordeal in breaking 
 
FIRST VENTURES. 39 
 
 away from his home and early associations ; he was 
 going into the wider world of which he had dreamed, 
 and he was going not for adventure, but with an ardent 
 poetic spirit, seeking enlargement of his life in prep- 
 aration for a literary vocation, and it was very much 
 to him that one so successful as Willis should take 
 him by the hand and bid him Godspeed. The impres- 
 sion which Willis made upon him and his own sensa- 
 tion at leaving America may be learned from a letter 
 which he wrote the night before he sailed to J. B. 
 Phillips : — 
 
 "I have just returned from bidding Willis farewell, 
 and feel nearly as much regret as on leaving home ; 
 for I never met with one in my life who has won my 
 regard and esteem in so short a time. ... I will not 
 say anything about leaving home, because I believe I 
 was in a perfectly unnatural state ; I cannot describe 
 it to you now, but it was about as if your feelings, 
 conscience, and everything else had suddenly been con- 
 verted into adamant or limestone ; for you have some 
 experience in that line. However, we got to Philadel- 
 phia safely, and were occupied the next day and a half 
 with business ; I was too busy to be sorry if I wanted 
 to be. But I did not want to. It did not and does 
 not seem like a pleasure excursion ; it is a duty, a 
 necessity. I had but little time with Griswold, but 
 found him obliging as ever. He is going to publish a 
 new edition of ' Poets and Poetry of America ' next 
 fall, and says he will give me a place among the num- 
 ber. He offered his services in whatever manner I 
 might wish. ... I will talk a little more about 
 Willis. Griswold intended giving me a letter of in- 
 troduction, but had no time. I called at his house, 
 and on telling my name he knew me instantly. On 
 
40 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 apologizing for calling without a letter, he said it was 
 unnecessary, as we knew each other already, and began 
 conversing as familiarly as if we had been old friends. 
 He commended my plan of going very highly, and 
 gave me a very flattering letter of recommendation 
 to the New York editors, but they appear to be sup- 
 plied, and a letter to his brother, Richard S. Willis, 
 in Frankfurt, Germany. He did many other kind- 
 nesses for me, which I shall not soon forget. I have 
 been at his house three or four times, and when, this 
 afternoon, he gave me his parting ' God bless you,' I 
 felt as if I had left a true friend. I have not time now 
 to give you much of his conversation, but it is daguerre- 
 otyped on my memory. He looks very much like the 
 portrait in ' Graham's Magazine,' but not quite so 
 young, although at times, when he becomes animated, 
 you would not take him to be more than twenty-four ; 
 dresses with neatness and the most perfect taste, and 
 has the very heau ideal of a study, — you can conceive 
 of nothing more elegant. In fact, his poetry is visible 
 in everything around him." 
 
 It was the 1st of July, 1844, when the three trav- 
 elers left New York in the ship Oxford, bound for 
 Liverpool. They took a second-cabin passage, the 
 second cabin being a small place amidships, flanked 
 with bales of cotton and fitted with temporary berths 
 of rough planks. "We paid ten dollars apiece for 
 the passage," writes Bayard, "with the privilege of 
 finding our own bedding and provisions. At a ware- 
 house of ships' stores on Pine Street wharf we found 
 everything that we needed, and received great assist- 
 ance from the salesman, who calculated with perfect 
 honesty and exactness what articles we should need, 
 and what quantity of each. In our inexperience we 
 
FIRST VENTURES. 41 
 
 should probably have gone to sea but half supplied. 
 The ship's cook, for a small compensation, undertook 
 to prepare our provisions, thus relieving us from one 
 of the most disagreeable necessities of a second-class 
 passage. On summing up our expenses we were grat- 
 ified to find that we should reach Liverpool at a cost 
 of twenty-four dollars apiece. . . . As the blue hills 
 of Neversink faded away, and sank with the sun be- 
 hind the ocean, and I first felt the swells of the At- 
 lantic and the premonitions of sea-sickness, my heart 
 failed me for the first and last time. The irrevocable 
 step was taken; there was no possibility of retreat, 
 and a vague sense of doubt and alarm possessed me. 
 Had I then known anything of the world, this feeling 
 would have been more than momentary ; but to my 
 ignorance and enthusiasm all things seemed possible, 
 and the thoughtless and happy confidence of youth 
 soon returned." * 
 
 1 Views Afoot, pp.22, 23. 
 
CHAPTER in. 
 
 VIEWS AFOOT. 
 
 1844-1846. 
 
 People can't see that if I had not been a poet I should never have had such 
 success as a traveler. — Letter to R. H. Stoddard. 
 
 And, nor with gold nor knowledge weighted, I 
 Set forth, and o'er the green Bavarian land, 
 A happy wanderer, fared : the hour was nigh 
 When, in the home of Art, my feet should stand 
 Where Time and Power have kissed the Painter's hand ! 
 
 The Picture of St. John. 
 
 The Bayard Taylor who thus left his home to see 
 the world was a slim, upright youth, with rich dark- 
 brown flowing hair, lustrous dark-brown eyes, and an 
 expression which was half of eagerness, half of melan- 
 choly. The warmth with which he held to his home 
 associations was more than the simple emotion of one 
 who had never left his home, for change of scene and 
 wider experience had no power to lessen it. The ex- 
 hilaration which he felt as he trod the deck of the ship 
 which was bearing him to newer lands was accompa- 
 nied by a wistful backward glance, and in his travels 
 there needed but a touch of some home instinct to 
 move him to passionate expression. Yet the impulse 
 which had driven him abroad came from a clear sense 
 of the needs of his nature, and he gave himself to the 
 appropriation of foreign life with imabating ardor, and 
 with a consciousness of an enlargement of his power. 
 On the shores of Loch Achray he wrote : — 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 
 
 43 
 
 I turn me from the glorious scene 
 Of mountains blue and forests green, 
 With braes and crystal lakes between — 
 My thoughts are far away ; 
 
 The hills are crossed, the wave is passed, 
 A lingering glance on home is cast — 
 The ties that bind the spirit fast 
 Are proof against decay. 
 
 But I shall gain a deeper thought 
 Of what within the. soul is wrought — 
 A lesson full of feeling fraught, 
 Riches, but not of earth ; 
 
 And hail with joy whate'er may still 
 In human hearts the voice of ill — 
 The soul with nobler longings fill 
 And give a purer birth. 
 
 The two years which Bayard Taylor spent in travel 
 and study were his university education. It was a ne- 
 cessity with him to acquire knowledge rather through 
 the medium of experience and observation than by the 
 authority of others. In speaking of the printed results 
 of his early journeys, he has said, " It is the work of 
 a boy who was trying to learn something, but with a 
 very faint idea of the proper method or discipline ; 
 who had an immense capacity for wonder and enjoy- 
 ment, but not much power as yet to discriminate be- 
 tween the important and the trivial, the true and the 
 false." In looking back upon the period he was per- 
 haps more sensible of his immaturity of judgment than 
 of the freshness and spontaneity of his expression ; but 
 although he deprecated the importance which people 
 continued to attach to his venture, he never overlooked 
 the significance which it had in the development of his 
 powers. 
 
44 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 The book wliich gathers the observations and expe- 
 rience of these two years remains as a full record. His 
 own free outline in his autobiographic sketch will 
 serve to place the external life quickly before the read- 
 er's mind. " I knew absolutely nothing of the world, 
 not even at home, but the ignorance of youth is its 
 courage. After landing in Liverpool with two friends 
 who were in a similar condition, I spent three weeks 
 in a walk through Scotland and the north of England, 
 and then traveled through Belgium and up the Rhine 
 to Heidelberg, where I arrived in September, 1844. 
 The winter 1844-45 I spent in Frankfurt on the Main, 
 and by May I was so good a German that I was often 
 not suspected of being a foreigner. I started off again 
 on foot, a knapsack on my back, and visited the 
 Brocken, Leipzig, Dresden, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, 
 and Munich, returning to Frankfurt in July. A 
 further walk over the Alps and through Northern 
 Italy took me to Florence, where I spent four months 
 learning Italian. Thence I wandered, still on foot, 
 to Rome and Civita Vecchia, where I bought a ticket 
 as deck-passenger to Marseilles, and then tramped on 
 to Paris through the cold winter-rains. I arrived 
 there in February, 1846, and returned to America 
 after a stay of three months in Paris and London. I 
 had been abroad for two years, and had supported my- 
 self entirely during the whole time by my literary 
 correspondence. The remuneration which I received 
 was in all $500, and only by continual economy and 
 occasional self-denial was I able to carry out my plan. 
 I saw almost nothing of intelligent European society ; 
 my wanderings led me among the common people, but 
 literature and art were nevertheless open to me, and a 
 new day had dawned in my life." 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 45 
 
 The ensfao'ements which he had made with various 
 newspapers determined the character of his literary 
 work during these two years. He began by commit- 
 ting the details of observation and reflection to his 
 note-books and fuller journal, sometimes sketching 
 .scenes and figures, and then making a free transcript 
 for the professional letters upon which he relied to meet 
 the expense of his journey. Gradually he fell into the 
 way of making these letters independent of his private 
 journal. He had, in truth, three audiences before 
 whom he was constantly appearing : the public, his 
 family, and himself. He wrote to the newspapers 
 with an ingenuousness which drew his readers to him, 
 but, after all, he did not take them into his confidence 
 so thoroughly as they might suppose. With the read- 
 iness gained by constant practice, he wrote rapidly and 
 effectively of the new impressions made upon him as 
 he passed from one place to another, or encountered 
 successive phases of life at Frankfurt or Florence ; but 
 with the increase of freedom in thus reporting his 
 daily life, he was able to withdraw himself more com- 
 pletely into the seclusion of his own thought when 
 writing in his journal. Even at the outset the printed 
 description of his travels is very reserved beside the 
 freedom and abandon which he displays in his private 
 diaries, and, in comparing the two records, one may 
 often get a closer view of the ardent youth, even when 
 he is occupied chiefly with external things. Thus, in 
 his diary, near the end of his Atlantic voyage, he 
 makes the entry : — 
 
 " Morning of the 25'\ — Hurrah for land, for it IS 
 within sight, though the heavy fog prevents us from 
 seeing it. But we are in lat. 56°, or off the Hebrides, 
 and but thirty miles from shore. The southwest 
 
46 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 wind comes to us strongly freighted with the ' meadow 
 freshness of the Irish bogs.' And it is indeed a pleas- 
 ant smell, recalling many a pleasant hour of wander- 
 ing by streams, and hunting wild flowers in thickets, 
 and wadinsc marshes for water-lilies. Land-birds have 
 come near us, as if to cheer us for our long journeying 
 over the pathless water, and repay us by their presence 
 for the deprivation of a, sight of their home. Oh ! if 
 the mist could rise up like a veil from the ocean, and 
 show us Ben Lomond, standing blue in the dim dis- 
 tance, the first herald of the romantic land we ap- 
 proach ! Now that we are so near the Old World, I 
 feel a kind of fear, that I cannot at first realize my 
 situation. I have so long and ardently wished to visit 
 the scenes hallowed by the spirit of many a mighty 
 bard, or consecrated by noble deeds of the men of 
 former times, or marked by acts of tyranny or crime, 
 and standing as silent but eloquent lessons, bequeathed 
 to us by antiquity, that now, when I shall behold them, 
 I fear I cannot reconcile the real with the ideal. The 
 anticipation has been so like reality that the reality 
 may seem as dream-like and vague. I can scarcely 
 think I am 3,500 miles from home ; although I see the 
 ocean around me, it appears as if just behind the 
 western horizon lay my native land. 
 
 " Friday, July 26, 1844. — This morning, like a 
 glorious vision, the Old World dawned upon my view ! 
 A-t sunrise, when we rose, just under the golden flood 
 of light that streamed throvigh the morning clouds, lay 
 afar off and indistinct the crags of an island, with top 
 of a light-house visible at one extremity. While we 
 gazed, a storm, which was gathering along the horizon, 
 seemed to be discharging its wrath upon the waters ; 
 and when it had rolled somewhat to the northward, we 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 47 
 
 beheld, its outline almost invisible, so completely was 
 it blended in hue with the veiling cloud, a lofty moun- 
 tain, looming up blue and shadowy as the landscape of 
 a dream. While I was looking at it, we had drawn 
 nearer to the island, which began to present a beauti- 
 ful and interesting appearance. The dim and soft out- 
 line it wore at first was broken into a range of crags, 
 with lofty precipices jutting out to the sea, and sloping 
 off inland. As we passed to the north side, the white 
 wall of the light-house shone against the dim hills be- 
 hind, and the cliffs near to us were of the most airy 
 and ethereal hue. In front was a range of breakers, 
 marked by a line of foam along the coast ; the whole 
 scene was so new and picturesque that I felt all the 
 enthusiasm which such a scene is calculated to excite. 
 It appears to be Tory Island, on the northern coast of 
 Ireland ; we are now going direct toward Scotland, 
 which we shall see this afternoon. The island has dis- 
 appeared behind us, but I have secured two sketches 
 of it as a memento of my first view of the Old World. 
 Southward of us stretches the long range of hills, 
 forming the headlands of the Irish coast ; the wind is 
 fair, the sunshine bright, and my spirits in a most joy- 
 ous mood. It was worth all the troubles and miseries 
 of a long voyage to see the island in the golden light 
 of morn, with its airy cliffs and white walls gleaming 
 in the sunshine, and feel all the glorious excitement of 
 viewing this herald of new scenes and new delight, — 
 this gate to the romance and poesy of a glorious 
 clime ! " 
 
 When he had passed through the first excitement of 
 the Old World and had settled himself to regular work, 
 his diary becomes more completely the repository of 
 thoughts and emotions which he could not commit even 
 
48 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 to his most intimate friends at home ; indeed, it no 
 doubt served as a safety-valve to an overcharged sensi- 
 bility. Meanwhile, besides these two forms of expres- 
 sion, and the poems which fell as the more ripened 
 form of his sentiment, he wrote many letters to his 
 family and circle of friends at Kennett Square. These 
 letters, penned in delicate characters upon square 
 sheets, every available inch of which was cultivated, 
 were passed from hand to hand and jealously treas- 
 ured. Looking at them now, with their yellow hue, 
 frayed edges, and folds weak through repeated hand- 
 ling, one can imagine the meaning which they held at 
 the time to writer and receivers. They are crowded 
 with incidents and with minute details of the personal 
 life of the traveler in connection with the people with 
 whom he associated, and they overflow with eager 
 questions regarding affairs at home, comments on 
 home news, and messages to one and another. They 
 brought back letters which reproduce the life at Ken- 
 nett Square, the good-natured envy of the younger 
 members and the affectionate solicitude of the older 
 ones, who see in the boy away from home one who is 
 exposed to new and perilous experience of life. The 
 creed which was held with such firmness and loyalty 
 in the little Pennsylvania village was applied with 
 earnestness and undoubting sincerity to the conscience 
 of the wanderer. Thus the ties between the traveler 
 and his home were never consciously loosened. 
 
 The most important step which Bayard Taylor took 
 was in his resolution to be domesticated in Germany 
 during the first winter, and there make himself famil- 
 iar with the German language, and so much of its lit- 
 erature as time would permit. He had already shown 
 something of that facility in acquiring language which 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 49 
 
 was to be so marked a characteristic of his intellectual 
 disposition. He reached his results by a directness 
 which corresponded with the attitude of his mind to- 
 ward all subjects upon which he fixed his attention. 
 The magnetism, to call it by a convenient term, which 
 made him friendly at once with those who had common 
 cause with him, was only another manifestation of a 
 nature which appropriated external things, not by slow 
 analysis, but by quick apprehension. 
 
 He describes in " Views Afoot " his life in Frank- 
 furt in the family of Herr Schenck-Rinck, and with 
 the companionship of Mr. Richard Storrs Willis, who 
 was then studying music there. It was the fact of 
 Mr. Willis's presence that determined him to make 
 selection of the place and family, and the change from 
 Kennett Square to Frankfurt was one which had a 
 positive influence upon him. He had been too short 
 a time on the way to gather much from the people 
 whom he had passed in his journey, but now he was 
 established in a new home which afforded many con- 
 trasts to the one which he had left. A pure moral at- 
 mosphere pervaded both, but there the likeness ceased. 
 The tendency at Kennett was to restraint and repres- 
 sion of feeling, issuing often in a real impoverishment, 
 and having the outward appearance of inhospitality. 
 Bayard Taylor had suffered from this, and it was the 
 desire to escape into a freer air which had so much to 
 do with his determination to travel. Now he found 
 himself in a society where the impulses to the dem- 
 onstration of feeling were obeyed with an unchecked 
 spontaneity. What to many Ameincans would have 
 been a violation of the conventions of emotion was to 
 him a surprise, a relief, and a great pleasure. Most 
 persons of English training are rendered uneasy by 
 
 VOL. I. 4 
 
50 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 German effusiveness, but his native sensibility re- 
 sponded to it with sincere thankfulness. 
 
 So sympathetic a nature could scarcely resist the 
 impression thus made upon it, and while there resulted 
 a catholicity of temper, which had always been latent 
 in him, he was at first drawn into an excess of senti- 
 mentality, which was stimulated by his absence from 
 home and by the half -home life now granted to him. 
 It finds frequent expression in his letters and diaries, 
 and shows itself in the poems which he then wrote but 
 did not print. The reader of " Views Afoot " will 
 have observed how much he was attracted by what 
 struck him as the poetic side of German life, as in- 
 stanced in the celebration of Christmas. 
 
 His appearance as he entered the Frankfurt life is 
 shown in a paper of reminiscence which Herr Schenck- 
 Einck published after Bayard Taylor's death : " The 
 young travelers reached Heidelberg in September 
 [1844], where Taylor's cousin remained to continue his 
 studies, whilst the former, in company with Barclay 
 Pennock, after hurriedly admiring the splendid situ- 
 ation of the famous college-town, wandered along the 
 beautiful Bergstrasse toward Frankfurt. Here they 
 searched with some difficulty for Richard S. Willis, 
 who was studying the science of harmony, under 
 Schnyder von Wartensee. Willis was living in the 
 house of the writer, and so it happened that when we 
 were all gathered in the family circle, on the evening 
 of the 1st of October, Taylor and Pennock were sud- 
 denly announced. I shall never forget the first sight 
 of Taylor. He was a tall, slender, blooming young 
 man, the very image of youthful beauty and purity. 
 His intellectual head was surrounded by dark, curly 
 hair ; the glance of his eyes was so modest, and yet so 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 51 
 
 clear and lucid, that you seemed to look right into his 
 heart." * 
 
 Bayard Taylor's own appreciation of his German 
 friends appears in frequent references to the hospi- 
 table family with whom he lived, especially in letters 
 to his mother; to her also he writes of the quickening 
 of which he and his companions were conscious. 
 
 " One can know nothing of a country from the out- 
 side. What a world of traveler's prejudices have I 
 read, and did I not now know better, what a strange 
 idea woidd I not have of Germany ! And yet they 
 say one can learn anything from books just as well 
 as by traveling. We could not have learned in two 
 years, in fact we never could have learned to feel 
 as we now do, though it is but six months since we 
 left home. The principal advantage it has been to us 
 I could scarcely make you understand, since it is only 
 evident to ourselves as yet. I mean its effect on the 
 mind, which has been as surprising as it is sudden. 
 Thought seems to have taken a sudden growth, fetters 
 of which we were not before aware have been broken, 
 and we are continually surprised in what a broader 
 light many subjects are presenting themselves." 
 
 The very enlargement which this experience had 
 given to his mind had its effect in making him ready 
 to extend his horizon. The Frankfurt life, with all 
 its revelation of German nature, was somewhat re- 
 stricted. Kennett had been one station from which 
 to look out on the world, and he who left it was able 
 to see a little farther than they who stayed behind. 
 Frankfurt was another such station. As Ba} ard Tay- 
 lor went deeper into German literature and became 
 more familiar with the life of the country, he felt that 
 
 l Diclaskalia. Frankfurt, April G, 1871). 
 
52 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 while he had not exhausted the society in which he had 
 been living, there lay outside of it a larger Germany, 
 and beyond with its art was Italy. So, when spring 
 came, he closed his books, and took his staff again. 
 " Six months," he says in his diary, " in a small city 
 in a stranger-land is enough to make one tired, even 
 though he has friends there who have made him a 
 home. The Alps and Italy are before us, and who 
 would linger longer than the season allowed in a place 
 so near ? Not I, no, — we must be off. I feel op 
 pressed, cramped, confined, — hinaus ins JFreief " 
 
 None the less, to break away again from a home 
 life and take leave of friends was no light thing with 
 him, and brought back a stronger desire to be through 
 with his wanderings and back in America ; and when, a 
 few weeks later, he bade a final farewell to his Frank- 
 furt friends, he committed to his diary the regretful 
 thoughts which possessed him. " How often," he 
 writes, " will the old bridge, with its view up the 
 Main over the houses of Oberrad to the far moun- 
 tains of the Odenwald, rise freshly and distinctly in 
 my memory when I shall have been long absent from 
 them ! How often shall I hear in fancy, as I do now 
 in reality, the heavy tread of passers-by on the rough 
 pavement below, and the deep bell of the Cathedral 
 chiming the swift hours with a hollow tone that seems 
 to warn me how I employ them ! Yes, even this old 
 room with its bare walls, little table and chairs, which 
 I have thought and studied in so long that it seems 
 difficult to think and study anywhere else, will crowd 
 out of the memory images of many a loftier scene. If 
 I only preserve for the future the hope and the trust 
 which have cheered and sustained me here through 
 the sorrow of absence and the anxiety of uncertain 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 53 
 
 toil, it will be well. And there has been many a 
 pleasant hour here, too. I have rushed many a time 
 in at the door, wild with delight at a letter from 
 home, and sat here at the window and read over and 
 over again those dear messages, till my heart was 
 ^warm with the words of kindness, and I looked up, 
 half expecting to see faces full of affection beaming 
 upon me. Willis has often sat on the sofa behind me, 
 while we have talked away many an hour in friendly 
 converse and the chords of his guitar and the touch 
 ing, feeling swell of his song seem still to fall on the 
 air with a soft vibration, as if their echoes had not 
 yet died away. The watch ticks hollow on the stand, 
 and there is only now and then a footfall in the street 
 to break the deep silence." 
 
 In Italy, and especially in Florence, where he made 
 his longest stay, Bayard Taylor came into a world of 
 beauty in art and nature, and the transition from the 
 limited life he had led into this generous sphere was a 
 change from winter to summer. Heretofore he had 
 satisfied his love of beauty chiefly through the reading 
 of poetry, where Keats had stood for the most sensuous 
 form, and by a close acquaintance with the simple na- 
 ture in which he had been bred, but he had a latent 
 passion for the exuberance of a warmer clime. There 
 was an Orientalism in nature which he early discov- 
 ered, even before he was brought into familiar knowl- 
 edge of the actual East. Thus he used to greet the 
 first dandelion of the year with delight ; it was to him 
 a symbol of the ascendency of the sun ; and in the 
 early fall he welcomed the pale pink flower of the 
 centaury plant, and its spicy odor with its faint sug- 
 gestion of the East. His diary is laden with minute 
 descriptions of glorious scenery, which was the feast of 
 
54 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 his eyes as lie trudged over the Alps into the valleys 
 of Northern Italy, and now he was to kindle at those 
 objects which have made Italy the material in which 
 the artistic imagination works, — the cities, the men 
 and women, and the treasures which mark the tri- 
 umphs of plastic and pictorial art. It was with a 
 vivid recollection of these first impressions that he af- 
 terward wrote : — 
 
 On, — on, through broadening vale and brightening sun 
 
 I walked, and hoary in their old repose 
 
 The olives twinkled : many a terrace rose, 
 
 With marbles crowned and jasmine overrun, 
 
 And orchards where the ivory silk-worm spun. 
 
 On leafy palms outspread, its pulpy fruit 
 
 The fig-tree held ; and last, the charm to close, 
 
 A dark-eyed shepherd piped a reedy flute. 
 
 My heart beat loud: I walked as in a dream 
 
 Where simplest actions, touched with marvel, seem 
 
 Enchanted yet familiar : for I knew 
 
 The orchards, terraces, and breathing flowers, 
 
 The tree from Adam's garden, and the blue 
 
 Sweet sky behind tbe fight aerial towers ; 
 
 And that young faun that piped, had piped before, — 
 
 I knew my home : the exile now was o'er ! x 
 
 He set down with frankness his impressions of pic- 
 tures, glad when he found them confirmed by those 
 of men trained in criticism, and modest in holding 
 to his own opinions when they were not thus sus- 
 tained ; but he was a student, and wrote himself down 
 so. His slight proficiency in the use of the pencil 
 enabled him to keep many notes which were of value 
 to himself, and he carried into the churches and gal- 
 leries an artistic perception which grew firmer by 
 use. 
 
 1 The Picture of St. John, I. xvii., xviii. 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 55 
 
 He won the friendship of Powers, the sculptor, while 
 in Florence, and through his kindness made the ac- 
 quaintance of Americans and Englishmen. He de- 
 scribes himself, in one of his letters home, as mincing 
 along on tip-toe in the muddy streets of Florence, with 
 his. hands in his pockets, sometimes exciting attention 
 with his student beaver and length of hair, which had 
 not been cut for six months ; he had not at all the air 
 of a man of the world, but he had then, as later, an 
 ingenuous bearing and a winning personality which 
 drew men, women, and children to him, and made 
 him, unconventional and unsophisticated as he was, 
 welcome in all circles which he entered. A slight in- 
 cident which he narrates gives a charming illustration 
 of the subtle power of attraction which he possessed : 
 " I know of nothing that has given me a more sweet 
 and tender delight than the greeting of a little child, 
 who, leaving his noisy playmates, ran across the street 
 to me, and taking my hand, which he could barely 
 clasp in both his soft little ones, looked up in my face 
 with an expression so winning and affectionate that I 
 loved him at once." x 
 
 "With all his eagerness to see men of note, he was 
 shy of making advances ; when the opportunity did 
 come, he accepted it with freedom and an ease which 
 was born of native simplicity. Mendelssohn he sought, 
 and Freiligrath, but he found a special charm in the 
 English and American society at Florence. The pleas- 
 ure which he had in the work of Mr. Powers was 
 heightened by the friendliness with which he was re- 
 ceived into the sculptor's family. He wrote some lines 
 upon Mr. Powers' s daughter, then a child, and also 
 upon the sculptor's Eve, which impressed his imagina- 
 
 1 Views Afoot, chapter xxix. 
 
56 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 tion strongly. It was in response to this poem that 
 Mr. Powers wrote to him : — 
 
 HIRAM POWERS TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Florence, October 9, 1845. 
 
 I have received from our mutual friend, Mr. T , the 
 
 charming verses composed by you upon my statue of Eve, and 
 I regret that Providence, so liberal to you in beautiful thoughts 
 and refined expression, has denied me the power, even in plain 
 prose, of conveying to you my sense of the high compliment 
 which you have paid to my work. I cannot flatter myself that 
 it deserves such praise, and I suspect that your young and vigor- 
 ous imagination dreamed of the charms of the real mistress of 
 Eden rather than realized them in my marble. The true poet 
 sheds his own light and heat upon objects around him, thus mak- 
 ing things cold and inanimate in themselves warm and beaming 
 with borrowed life, and to him they are often indebted for that 
 immortality which otherwise they had never obtained. 
 
 Mind remains immortal while matter perishes, and who shall 
 say that your verses may not remain the only record of my statue 
 of Eve long after it has returned in fragments to the earth from 
 which it was taken ? With many thanks for your beautiful com- 
 pliment and your good-will, believe me, my dear sir, most sin- 
 cerely yours, Hiram Powers. 
 
 While in Florence Bayard Taylor was separated 
 from his cousin, who had returned to Germany to con- 
 tinue his studies there, and he wrote him several let- 
 ters in which he passed quickly from one incident to 
 another, sketching his plans for the future, retailing 
 bits of home gossip which he had received, and con- 
 fiding the story of his financial difficulties and escapes. 
 It is from these letters that the following extracts are 
 made : — 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO FRANKLIN TAYLOR. 
 
 Florence, October 26, 1845. 
 . . . Perhaps you would like to know what we have been doing 
 since you left. Well, there have been manifold incidents. We 
 got back the next morning after leaving you at Siena, after stuff- 
 
VIEWS A FOOT. 57 
 
 ing ourselves " considerably " with the splendid grapes the pretty 
 peasant girls gave us. At the expiration of the month we kept 
 
 the same rooms, T taking them with us, as we found we 
 
 could do no better. We have changed our living so as only to 
 eat twice a day, on account of the expense, and we get along 
 very well this way by dining at three. Some time after you left, 
 I wrote a poem on Powers' Eve, and sent it round to him by 
 
 T . He was very much pleased with it, and invited me to 
 
 visit him. I have now become quite well acquainted with him, 
 and go there often. He has a sweet wife and tbree or four chil- 
 dren. You remember those English children whom we saw in 
 the Boboli Gardens, and admired because they spoke Italian so 
 beautifully ? — those are his. I have made friends of them, and 
 like them very much. Powers is a very interesting man, and full 
 of genius. He has the greatest fund of comical stories I ever 
 heard, and tells them in such an inimitable manner that we are 
 kept in a roar. He borrowed and read " Ximena," and sent me, 
 besides, a most beautiful note in reply to the poem, as well as of- 
 fering me the use of his library. 
 
 At his house I met Kellogg, an American painter of very 
 great talent, who has been traveling in Greece, Egypt, Syria, 
 Asia Minor, and Turkey. I have been to his studio, and looked 
 over some hundreds of sketches which he brought back. He 
 was at Thebes, was thirty days on and around Mount Sinai, and 
 spent nine months in Constantinople. He has set me half crazy 
 to travel there, but I cannot. He showed me a splendid diamond 
 cup, given him by Riza Pacha, Grand Vizier to the Sultan, for 
 painting his portrait, and a snuff-box of gold and agate, a present 
 from Sir Stratford Canning. He paints splendidly. I have been 
 two or three times at Browns. They are very agreeable people. 
 Richard A. Locke, author of the " Moon Hoax," has just arrived 
 here from Graefenberg, and Browns promised to take us in to 
 see his family soon. I have not seen Greenough yet, but shall 
 visit his studio before leaving. Besides this, I have met with 
 Mr. Mozier and wife, Mr. Cameron and wife, Thomas B. Ashton, 
 of Philadelphia, and one or two other Americans. Ives has some 
 very fine things in his studio, — I think he is a genius. I have 
 become very well acquainted with him, and like him much better 
 than at first. I must tell you that Bryant was here three or four 
 days, but I did not get to see him. I did not wish to call on him 
 directly, but went to the galleries, hoping to meet him. The 
 
58 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Academy of Arts was open a week, and there were some very 
 fine pictures in them. . . . 
 
 I have entirely finished the Giant, and made another copy, 
 with many revisions and corrections. T thinks it is a mag- 
 nificent thing, and, indeed, I begin to think something can be 
 made of it. I am, however, going to copy it over once again, and 
 make still greater improvements. I am at a great loss to find a 
 fitting name for it, and have given it, ad interim, the title " Be- 
 fore Chaos : the Tale of a Hunter." x How would it answer ? 
 Beside this, I have written a long poem, — a story of the fall of 
 Poland, called " Vittoria Sammski." It is about four hundred 
 lines in length, and I wrote it in three evenings. I wish I could 
 show it to you, and get your critical opinion of it. I have deter- 
 mined, if it is at all possible, to have these two poems and the 
 legend of Hamburg published hi London together in one volume. 
 Besides, having found, contrary to expectation, that the letters 
 about Italy (of which I have finished twelve) are the best I have 
 yet written, I have also concluded (always with the proviso, if it 
 can be done) to republish all the letters on Europe together in 
 the cheap form in America after my return, under the title of 
 " A Walk through Europe." Don't you think the title would 
 take f I bave heard from home that some of my letters are rais- 
 ing desires in the minds of some persons " which cannot easily be 
 gratified." The three wise men of Kennett have given the exam- 
 ple, and all of " young America " will soon be rushing across the 
 Atlantic. To further this design, as well as carry out my friends' 
 wishes and my own, I have determined to work my way to 
 Greece. B. and I think by walking from Naples to Otranto, 
 across the instep of the boot, we can sail across the strait to 
 Corfu, and then swim to Albania, just opposite. If I get a hun- 
 dred dollars and the money you send lasts us till we leave here, 
 I am certain of being able to do it, as the amount we owe Schenck 
 can be left till we get to Paris, where Barclay has ordered money 
 to be sent. Sanders is also going to Greece to travel on foot, but 
 he will not leave till January, whereas we want to start from 
 here at least by the 1st of December. I must reach London early 
 in March, for I want to stay there two months at least. . . . 
 
 We are getting along pretty well in Italian. I have finished 
 Silvio Pellico, and am now reading the " Decamerone " of Boccae- 
 
 1 The poem was finally named The Liberated Titan: an Oregon Hun' 
 ter's Story, and its fortune will be told later. 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 59 
 
 cio. I have also commenced the letters on Germany for the 
 " New York Tribune." I shall work like a horse while we stay 
 here, for there will be no other resting-place of any length be- 
 fore we get to Paris, or perhaps London, for me. 
 
 November 3, 1845. 
 
 I was much surprised by your letter this morning, as you may 
 suppose, for it was as unpleasant as unexpected. I begin to get 
 heartily tired of traveling in this manner, and after reading 
 your letter, together with the pleasant epistle contained in it, I 
 almost determined to put off for Rome and then to Paris and 
 London without delay, as soon as the money shall arrive ; that 
 is, to make no stay at Paris, and go to work in London in some 
 way to make enough money to pay my passage home. I am 
 willing to leave the last of April, or sooner, if we go in a sailing 
 packet. That will be in less than six months, so I think we can 
 rough it that much longer. But really it is very disagreeable to 
 
 be so circumstanced. Mother wrote me that sent you a 
 
 hundred dollars to Heidelberg tbe beginning of August. It must 
 be there somewhere. Have you made particular inquiries at the 
 post-office ? If I were you, I would get a German — one who is 
 acquainted with some of the men — to go and ransack the house 
 from top to bottom. It appears from Schenck's letter that he 
 received and forwarded my letter home, so that tbe money will 
 certainly come some time this month ; and I want you, when it 
 does, to send on the draft immediately, that we may not be de- 
 tained here over the month. Even if they send me a hundred 
 dollars, it will hardly be enough to pay our debts here and take 
 us to Rome and Paris, so we want you to send us some besides, as 
 soon as you get it. T is very obliging, but I know he is be- 
 ginning to run low himself ; and I told him at first I could pay 
 him as soon as you got to Heidelberg, so that I am very anxious 
 to do it. It is really a horrible condition. If there ever were 
 any young men who made the tour of Europe under such difficul- 
 ties and embarrassments as we I would like to see them. 
 
 As you may suppose, we sympathize fully with your miseries 
 on the back trip, and it made me shudder to read your ascent of 
 St. Bernard. I could scarcely keep from laughing, however, in 
 figuring to myself your arrival in Heidelberg. I fancied Fran 
 Doctor jumping up and exclaiming, " Ach, der Taylor ! der Tay- 
 lor ! " while you, dilapidated and dusty, would reply, " Ja, aber 
 
60 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 mein Gott, in welchem Zustand ! " I had read the whole letter 
 
 over to Barclay and T before I found out at the end that 
 
 you did not want anybody to see it. However, it made little dif- 
 ference, as the latter knows already some of the difficulties we 
 have had. When I wrote you a few days ago, I was determined 
 to go to Greece some way or other; but I think now, sooner than 
 fall any more into such situations as the present, I shall have to 
 give it up. I am going to try every method in London to make 
 a little money, and I think I can succeed. We had better go to 
 Boston than Philadelphia. It will be much preferable, and 
 twenty dollars cheaper in the first cabin. I want, of course, to 
 go in the first cabin, and I think we can manage it so as to do 
 so. 1 have been thinking, too, that when you go from Heidel- 
 berg to Paris it would be better to go to Frankfurt and get our 
 trunks, etc., than by way of Cologne and Brussels. By this way 
 you could reach Paris in three days at a very little cost. When 
 I next visit Europe (which I hope to do some time), I will take 
 money enough along at first to last the whole time. The having 
 to wait for remittances is a great bore. I cannot remain in any 
 kind of satisfaction till I get some, and I shall be very anxious 
 until that comes from America. It ought to reach Heidelberg, 
 at farthest, about the 21st or 22d of this month. We could then 
 get it by the 1st of December here. If your letter has miscar- 
 ried, I shall fear for its safety. However, it has always hap- 
 pened thus far that the money has come just in the nick of 
 time, and I think Providence will favor us this time also. I in- 
 close Schenck's letter in this to save postage, and I will tell him 
 to send his answer to you, that you may put it in one of yours, 
 as every letter costs between three and four pauls, and we have 
 to count every grazio. My clothes are nearly as bad as yours 
 were when you got to Heidelberg, nearly dropping from me, and 
 I cannot get them mended. What is worse, they must last till 
 I get to Paris. I must close, so as to send this off to-day. Give 
 my regards to all there, and tell the Germans I am coming back 
 to see them before many years. I think you are very right in de- 
 voting all your time to study. Let balls, museums, and kneipps 
 all go to the old Harry, and you lose nothing by it. 
 
 November 14, 1845. 
 I seize a half hour before going to dinner, and before the 
 mail closes, to write you a note. I thought this morning my re- 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 61 
 
 mittance might probably get to Heidelberg about the 20th or 
 21st, and I want you, if it is at all possible, to send us with it 
 about forty dollars, and I will tell you the reason. It will cost 
 us here till the first of November, paying all expenses, about 
 fifty dollars ; so you see, how are we to get to Paris if we have 
 only a hundred dollars ? And to stay here longer waiting for 
 more would be a great loss of time and money. We could not 
 go from here to Paris for less than two hundred francs apiece, 
 as we would be much longer on the trip than you were ; and per- 
 haps more woidd be required. I must get to London by the first 
 of March, or sooner, and I don't want to remain longer in Flor- 
 ence than the first of December. If your money does not come 
 as soon as mine, could you not borrow that much, as it would be 
 much better than that we should be forced to stay here a month 
 longer, spending all the time. Your money has certainly been 
 sent ; they have most likely directed the letter poste restante, and 
 therefore it has not been delivered. Make all inquiries. We 
 
 are quite unpleasantly situated here. T is very kind ; but 
 
 we have run him out of money once, and before he could get 
 more from Leghorn he had to borrow himself. Besides, I was 
 obliged to get a new pair of pants for three dollars, as the oth- 
 ers literally dropped in pieces from me. I go to no theatre, or 
 anywhere else, and we all make as little do as possible. But you 
 see if they send even a hundred dollars it would be too little to 
 get to Paris with. Besides, there will be money awaiting us 
 there, and if you could borrow it for two months, and your own 
 money did not come, we could send at least a part. If by chance 
 the remittance comes, and you send it before this reaches you, 
 you might send again immediately afterwards. I woidd start 
 now if I had the money, as the time is favorable, and I want to 
 get to Paris as soon as possible. I must go to work. I am tired 
 of running out so often, and it would be horrible to wait long. 
 You had better ask frequently at the office, — perhaps for my 
 name too. I have no time to write more. 
 
 December 8, 1845. 
 ... I was surprised throughout by the contents of your let- 
 ter, and to the latter part I scarcely know what to answer. I 
 don't know how it is, but I feel a much greater energy and de- 
 termination to accomplish something than ever I did, and I am 
 rather strengthened than disheartened by the difficulties which at 
 
62 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 present surround me. As you say it is impossible to get any 
 money at this time, and I cannot wait till I write to Dennett and 
 get an answer, I must try to borrow fifty dollars here somehow 
 or other. I preferred getting it at Heidelberg, because it could 
 so much easier be paid back again. I think Powers will lend it 
 willingly, if he can spare so much ; if not, perhaps Mr. Mozier, a 
 rich Cincinnatian, who has a great talent for sculpture. He told 
 me he would make my bust if I would stay long enough. I shall 
 make endeavors anyhow, and as soon as I can get the money for 
 the draft (about ten days) will start for Rome. I shall go by 
 way of Naples, because the French steamers are so much cheaper 
 that it would not cost me any more. I could not go by way of 
 Heidelberg, however pleasant it might be, as it would take much 
 longer, and the walk through Switzerland would be awful in the 
 dead of winter. I want to get to Paris by the last of January, 
 and to London before the first of March. 
 
 I shall write immediately to Dennett, and tell him my desire 
 of publishing the poem. Powers is going to get a letter for rne 
 from Mrs. Trollope (who is here now) to her publisher, and I think 
 Mr. Mason, an English artist who is now in Rome, will perhaps 
 give me another. I shall need all the reinforcements I can get. 
 I have now gone over the poem for the third time with the great- 
 est possible care, and it is fast approaching the state in which / 
 can do nothing more for it. I have finished twelve letters about 
 Germany, on all subjects except Philosophy, on which I wish you 
 to write a letter to make the series complete ; that is, a descrip- 
 tion of the different systems, with their influence on society, — 
 about five pages, the way you generally write. I want you to have 
 it ready by the time I get to Paris, as I shall send the whole set 
 from there. I have brought the letters in the " Post " up to this 
 time, including ten letters about Florence and its " Umgebun- 
 ;gen." Mother writes that the letters are thought more interest- 
 ing than ever. By the way, I have received still another from 
 home, with no particular news, except that they are anxious to see 
 us all back again. ... I tell you what, Frank, I am getting a 
 real rage in me to " carve out " my own fortune, and not a poor 
 one, either. Sometimes I almost desire that difficulties should 
 be thrown in my way, for the sake of the additional strength 
 gained in surmounting them. However, all will come out right 
 before long. I think there are better fortunes in store for us. 
 So hurrah ! and don't give up ! 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 63 
 
 December 19, 1845. 
 You must not expect more than a few lines from me at this 
 time, as I am confounded with the distracting preparations for 
 leaving. We start to-morrow early, and I have got to pack up 
 my things to-night. We have made out at last to raise enough 
 of money to get off, hy borrowing fifty dollars of Powers. My 
 remittance was nearly all swallowed up in the expenses we had 
 incurred, and, as it is, we shall be hard enough pushed to get to 
 Paris. Powers has been very, very kind to me (as, indeed, all the 
 Americans), and, although be has little enough money himself, 
 lent me the sum with the greatest willingness. He mentioned me 
 to Mrs. Trollope, and she promised to give him a letter for me 
 to some pubbsher. Then he showed her my lines on his Eve. 
 He said she read the first stanza, and then exclaimed, " Very 
 good ! " Then the second, which brought out the exclamation, 
 " Beautiful ! " The third was " Charming ! delightful ! " And 
 so her admiration waxed with every stanza, so that it is fortu- 
 nate there were only five, otherwise she might have been carried 
 away. She concluded with expressing the greatest interest and 
 a desire to see me, so yesterday evening Powers took me to her 
 house. I was very agreeably disappointed in her appearance. 
 She seems like a woman of kind heart and, I should judge, of 
 high talents. She will give me letters to her brother and Mur- 
 ray the publisher. I have become acquainted with Richard Ad- 
 ams Locke, author of the "Moon Hoax," etc. I have strong 
 hopes of being able to do something with my poem hi London. 
 
 Rome was the farthest limit of his journey, and 
 here he was distracted between the sights which held 
 him and the longing which he had to visit Greece. 
 After vainly seeking ways and means of extending his 
 journey, he resigned himself to the inevitable, and 
 wrote in his journal : — 
 
 " I have spent much toil and privation to reach here, 
 and now after two weeks' rambling and musing among 
 the mighty relics of past glory, I turn my face home- 
 wards. The thrilling hope I had cherished during my 
 whole pilgrimage, that of climbing Parnassus and 
 drinking from Castaly, under the blue heaven of 
 
64 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Greece (both far easier than the steep hill and hidden 
 fount of poesy which I have only seen afar off), to sigh 
 for fallen art beneath the broken friezes of the Par- 
 thenon, to look on the isles of Homer and of Sappho, 
 and perhaps sit in sadness beneath the hoary olive-trees 
 of Gethsemane, the most awfully sacred spot on earth, 
 must be given up, unwillingly and sorrowfully though 
 it be. These glorious anticipations, among the bright- 
 est that ever blessed my boyhood, are slowly wrung 
 from me by the stern hand of necessity. Even Naples, 
 the lovely Parthenope, where the Mantuan bard sleeps 
 on the sunny shore by the bluest of summer seas, with 
 the disinterred Pompeii beyond and Psestum amid its 
 roses, on the lonely Calabrian plain, — even this, al- 
 most within sight of the cross of St. Peter's, is barred 
 from me. I have now been rambling for more than a 
 year and a half over the Old World, and the voices of 
 home are beginning to call me back, but it is hard to 
 be compelled to turn in the very midst of those scenes 
 which we visit for their poetry alone, and be cut off 
 from a world of glorious memories. But one must 
 learn to make sacrifices. Farewell, then, since it must 
 be!" 
 
 The journey to London by way of Marseilles and 
 Paris was one of toil and disagreeable adventure. It 
 has left its records in his published descriptions ; but 
 his diaries show him as more eager to get through with 
 it than disposed to make much of it. There were many 
 perplexities in the money affairs of the travelers, which 
 rendered this part of the journey one of continual an- 
 noyance, for their poverty compelled them to measures 
 which brought them little return in poetry. At Paris 
 Bayard Taylor left Barclay Pennock and went on 
 alone to London. 
 
Views afoot. 65 
 
 Both in his letters to journals at the time, and in a 
 later paper upon "A Young Author's Life in London," 1 
 he has given an entertaining account of his six weeks' 
 stay in London, where he essayed to put in practice 
 the plan which he had held in reserve of working at his 
 trade of journeyman printer, and failed because the 
 rules of the English trade forbade his employment. 
 He was at his wit's end for means of support when 
 Mr. Putnam, the publisher, who then had an agency in 
 London, came to his rescue, and he kept himself in 
 bed and board till the arrival of funds from America 
 enabled him to take his return passage. During this 
 stay in London he added to his literary acquaintance, 
 and made one or two unsuccessful attempts to dispose 
 of manuscript poems, according to the hopes which he 
 had entertained in his letters to his cousin. 
 
 " I had in my knapsack," he relates, " a manuscript 
 poem of some twelve hundred lines, called ' The Liber- 
 ated Titan,' — the idea of which I fancied to be some- 
 thing entirely new in literature. Perhaps it was. I 
 did not doubt, for a moment, that any London pub- 
 lisher would gladly accept it, and I imagined that its 
 appearance would create not a little sensation. Mr. 
 Murray gave the poem to his literary adviser, who kept 
 it about a month, and then returned it, with a polite 
 message. I was advised to try Moxon ; but by this 
 time I had sobered down considerably, and did not 
 wish to risk a second rejection. I therefore solaced 
 myself by reading the immortal poem at night, in my 
 bare chamber, looking occasionally down into the 
 graveyard, and thinking of mute, inglorious Miltons. 
 The curious reader may ask how I escaped the catas- 
 trophe of publishing the poem at last. That is a piece 
 
 i At Ilmne mid Abroad, i. 35-48. 
 vot,. i. 5 
 
66 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 of good fortune for which I am indebted to the Rev. 
 Dr. Bushnell of Hartford. We were fellow-passengers 
 on board the same ship to America, a few weeks later, 
 and I had sufficient confidence in his taste to show him 
 the poem. His verdict was charitable ; but he asserted 
 that no poem of that length should be given to the 
 world before it had received the most thorough study 
 and finish, and exacted from me a promise not to pub- 
 lish it within a year. At the end of that time I re- 
 newed the promise to myself for a thousand years." 
 
 The little glimpse which Bayard Taylor had of 
 English literary society fired his own zeal for author- 
 ship and quickened his consciousness of fellowship 
 with the masters of literature, while it left him dissat- 
 isfied with the little which he had so far done. The 
 poem which he had written on Powers's Eve brought 
 him an introduction to Lockhart, and he was invited 
 by that gentleman, who was then editor of the " Quar- 
 terly Review," to a breakfast at which he met Mr. 
 Murray, the publisher, and Bernard Barton, Lamb's 
 friend, the Quaker poet. " When I returned to the 
 chop-house that night," he says, "to pore over my own 
 despised poems, it was with a savage bitterness of 
 spirit which I had never before felt. My day's walk 
 had been from Olympus to Hades and the banks of 
 Lethe's river." 
 
 A mood like this was transient. It was with hope 
 and confidence that he turned away from the Old 
 World and set his face toward America. His travels 
 and study and casual acquaintance with men of note 
 had broadened his mental horizon without inducing 
 any permanent self-distrust, and above all without giv- 
 ing him a mere surface admiration of foreign culture, a 
 kind of admiration which is pretty surely accompanied 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 67 
 
 by a shame of home. It may be said that the judg- 
 ment of a young countryman who had gone straight 
 from a rural village to Europe and remained there for 
 two years was not to be reckoned as final or mature, 
 but it is more to the point to note that he never 
 through life lost that faith in his country which found 
 expression now in crude form. He had an exhilaration 
 of mind as he anticipated his return to a home where 
 he could draw a longer and freer breath, and upon his 
 homeward passage he wrote some lines which . were 
 printed in the first edition of " Views Afoot," but 
 omitted by the author from the revised edition. He 
 was quite right in dropping them out of the book, for 
 they have little value as literature, but they still have 
 a worth to us from their biographic interest ; the fer- 
 vor of feeling, thus overflowing into verse, is a very 
 considerable element in his nature. 
 
 Country and home ! 
 Ah ! not the charm of silver-tongued romance, 
 Born of the feudal time, nor whatsoe'er 
 Of dying glory fills the golden realms 
 Of perished song, where heaven-descended Art 
 Still boasts her later triumphs, can compare 
 With that one thought of liberty inherited — 
 Of free life giv'n by fathers who were free. 
 And to be left to children freer still ! 
 That pride and consciousness of manhood, caught 
 From boyish musings on the holy graves 
 Of hero-martyrs, and from every form 
 Which virgin Nature, mighty and unchained, 
 Takes in an empire not less proudly so — 
 Inspired in mountain airs, untainted yet 
 By thousand generations' breathing — felt 
 Like a near presence in the awful depths 
 Of unhewn forests, and upon the steep 
 Where giant rivers take their maddening plunge — 
 Has grown impatient of the stifling damps 
 
68 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Which hover close on Europe's shackled soil. 
 Content to tread awhile the holy steps 
 Of Art and Genius, sacred through all time, 
 The spirit breathed that dull, oppressive air — 
 Which, freighted with its tyrant clouds, o'erweighs 
 The upward throb of many a nation's soul — 
 Amid those olden memories, felt the thrall 
 But kept the birthright of its freer home. 
 
 The first of June saw the young travelers in New 
 York bay, and without delay they made their way to 
 Philadelphia, and thence by schooner to Wilmington, 
 which was within twelve miles of home. They had 
 seen Europe on foot and meant to close their journey 
 in the same way. " Now came the realization of a 
 plan," writes Bayard, " we had talked over a hundred 
 times, to keep up our spirits when the weather was 
 gloomy, or the journey lay through some waste of bar- 
 ren country. Our knapsacks, which had been laid 
 down in Paris, were again taken up, slouched German 
 hats substituted for our modern black cylinders, belt 
 and blouse donned, and the pilgrim staff grasped for 
 the rest of our journey. But it was part of our plan, 
 that we should not reach home till after nightfall ; we 
 could not think of seeing any one we knew before 
 those who were nearest to us ; and so it was necessary 
 to wait a few hours before starting. 
 
 " The time came ; that walk of three or four hours 
 seemed longer than many a day's tramp of thirty 
 miles, but every step of the way was familiar ground. 
 The people we met stared, laughed, or looked suspi- 
 ciously after us, but we were quite insensible to any 
 observation. We only counted the fields, measured 
 the distance from hill to hill, and watched the gradual 
 decline of the broad, bright sun. It went down at last, 
 and our homes were not far off. When the twilight 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 69 
 
 grew deeper, we parted, each one of us thinking what 
 an experience lay between that moment and the next 
 morning. I took to the fields, plunged into a sea of 
 dewy clover, and made for a light which began to 
 glimmer as it grew darker. When I reached it, and 
 looked with the most painful excitement through the 
 window on the unsuspecting group within, there was 
 not one face missing." 1 
 
 Bayard Taylor found that a larger circle than that 
 of his home was ready to welcome him. His letters 
 to the " Tribune," " Saturday Evening Post," and 
 " United States Gazette," had been widely read. Let- 
 ters from Europe were more of a novelty then than 
 they are now, and the circumstances under which the 
 writer saw the Old World gave a special interest to the 
 narrative. He was at once strongly advised to collect 
 the letters into a book, and went to New York in the 
 fall to oversee the printing. Mr. Willis furnished a 
 brief preface containing a letter from the author which 
 recounts the origin of the book, and an arrangement 
 for its publication was made with Messrs. Wiley & 
 Putnam. The following letter from Bayard Taylor 
 to his friend, J. B. Phillips, was written while he was 
 thus detained in New York : — 
 
 " When I say I have been busy, I must explain my- 
 self by telling you that, in addition to reading the 
 proof, as fast as the chapters are printed, I am entirely 
 revising the whole work. I see much to strike out and 
 much to alter every time I review it, and although this 
 is not a work about the reputation of which I care 
 much, still I want it to go before the world in a decent 
 garb. . . . The printers have been delayed with my 
 book in the commencement, so I shall probably have 
 
 1 Views Afoot, p. 49-t. 
 
70 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 to stay here a week longer than I expected. I have 
 made a bargain with Wiley, — not as good, perhaps, 
 as an established author could make, but still a fair 
 beginning, one hundred dollars for every thousand 
 copies sold, under the condition, of course, that it pays 
 expenses; if not, I get nothing. Willis is going to 
 give me the preface in a few days. We have a title 
 which will, I think, be striking and attractive. It 
 is : ' Views Afoot ; or, a Pedestrian's Observations of 
 People and Places in Europe.' The first part did not 
 please me at first, but since it has become familiar, I 
 like it very well." 
 
 The book was published under the title : " Views 
 Afoot ; or, Europe seen with Knapsack and Staff. 
 By J. Bayard Taylor, with a preface by N. P. Willis. 
 New York : Wiley & Putnam, 1846." It was dedi- 
 cated to his traveling companion, Frank Taylor. 
 " Views Afoot " had an immediate and considerable 
 success. The exact figures of its sale are wanting, but 
 in the course of the year six editions were sold ; in Au- 
 gust, 1848, the author added to the eighth edition a 
 chapter containing some practical information for pe- 
 destrians, in answer to many letters which he had 
 received from young men who wished to follow his 
 example. In 1855 twelve more editions had been sold, 
 and the author took the opportunity afforded by the re- 
 printing of the work in a new form to give it a care- 
 ful revision, and to supply an introductory chapter, 
 in which he told, with some particularity, the history 
 of the venture. 
 
 " Perhaps the want of development which the book 
 betrays makes it attractive to those passing through 
 the same phase of mental growth. I cannot otherwise 
 account for its continued vitality." This is the an* 
 
VIEWS AFOOT. 71 
 
 thor's explanation of what was, to him, a somewhat 
 disturbing fact. In his latest preface to the work, he 
 quotes from his preface to the eighth edition : " At the 
 time the foregoing preface was written, I did not ven- 
 ture to anticipate that the work would become per- 
 manently popular. It had fulfilled the object of its 
 publication, and I should have been satisfied had it 
 then gradually passed away from the remembrance of 
 the reading public." In his own mind he dismissed 
 the book as soon as it was published ; he retained the 
 experience upon which it was based, and valued the 
 travel and study for their influence upon his own edu- 
 cation ; it was apart from his expectation or wish that 
 this crude record should stand as a piece of literature, 
 and he was disposed to resent the reputation which it 
 brought him as factitious and unworthy. For all that, 
 he could not put upon paper the observations and re- 
 flections of a young poet, transported from the seclu- 
 sion of a little American village to the treasure-house 
 of Europe, without infusing into the narrative some- 
 thing of poetic fervor. He wrote with reserve, but he 
 did not wholly hide himself, and while, with his ma- 
 turer judgment, he was aware of the crudity of his 
 first prose work, the general esteem in which it has 
 been held has not been altogether without reference to 
 its poetic character. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 
 
 1846-1847. 
 
 Our nobler fate is to be forever seeking and forever unsatisfied. 
 
 Lecture on Ancient Egypt. 
 I pause. In might the thronging Thoughts arise : 
 
 Hopes unfulfilled and glory yet afar, 
 Vague, restless longings, that would seek the skies, 
 And back in flame come like a falling star. 
 
 Upward. 
 
 Bayard Taylor's return to his home meant much 
 more than could appear to the reader of " Views 
 Afoot." During his absence in Europe the only in- 
 tercourse which he could have with Mary Agnew was 
 an indirect one. Her parents had steadily refused to 
 countenance the young lover, and no letters passed be- 
 tween the two. Bayard had made his mother his con- 
 fidante, and more than once sent an inclosure to 
 Mary, or a postscript to the letter which went the 
 rounds of the neighborhood ; he urged his mother to 
 bring about an exchange of letters, but she counseled 
 patience and encouraged him to hope. His diary is 
 full of passionate expressions, and his journey, despite 
 its importance to him, became at times, intolerable. 
 
 It may be guessed that a love which grew thus in 
 silence became at length confident enough to sweep 
 away all obstructions, and not long after the traveler's 
 return, his engagement with Mary Agnew became an 
 open one. Of Mary Agnew herself it is difficult to 
 
EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 73 
 
 write with composure. Through the medium of Bay- 
 ard Taylor's romantic prose and verse, the tender rec- 
 ollection of those living who knew her then, and the 
 still depth of her own singularly beautiful letters, one 
 recovers the image of a fair spirit housed in a frail, 
 exquisite body. Edwin Brosius, a Kennett neighbor, 
 speaking of the two at this time, says : — 
 
 " I remember him as a bright, blushing, diffident 
 youth, just entering manhood ; and with him I always 
 associate that gentle and beautiful girl, with matchless 
 eyes, who inspired many of his early lyrics, and whose 
 death ' filled the nest of love with snow.' ' : Grace 
 Greenwood, recalling her presence, once wrote of her 
 to Bayard, "A dark-eyed young girl with the rose 
 yet unblighted on cheek and lip, with soft, brown, 
 wavy hair, which, when blown by the wind, looked 
 like the hair often given to angels by the old masters, 
 producing a sort of halo-like effect about a lovely 
 head." 
 
 She was not so much the inspiration of special po- 
 ems addressed to her, as she was the guiding star to 
 Bayard Taylor's passion and thought. It was no mere 
 poetic commonplace which made his early verses in- 
 sensibly turn to her, however their movement may 
 have been first directed, and the plans which he laid 
 for the course of his life all had immediate reference to 
 Mary. The ambition which he possessed in no slight 
 degree to make himself a name and place in literature 
 was kindled by the thought of sharing his reputation 
 with her, and the tumultuous discharge of his hopes 
 and fears through the pages of his diary is witness to 
 the ardor with which he mingles the thought of the 
 happiness of the home for which he labored with the 
 aspiration for enduring expression of his poetic genius. 
 
74 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 It is interesting to note how early he sketched for 
 himself a sheltered place of poetic labor in the Ken- 
 nett fields, a dream which never ceased to animate 
 him. 
 
 Since he did not from this time live at his father's 
 home, and could only occasionally visit it, a correspond- 
 ence was begun with Mary Agnew which offers the 
 best means of knowing Bayard Taylor's mind in these 
 years of struggle. Not only did he disclose his plans 
 and describe his daily life, but he wrote freely of spir- 
 itual experience, trusting her with a knowledge which 
 can only be given where there is perfect faith and 
 perfect response. If there remained no letter from 
 Mary Agnew, much cordd be learned of her nature 
 from the strain in which Bayard Taylor addressed her ; 
 fortunately her letters do remain, and passages from 
 them permit one to penetrate the clear spirit of the 
 writer. The Quaker phraseology used by both adds to 
 the ear unaccustomed to it a quaint affectionateness, 
 and when one compares Bayard's letters to Mary with 
 the almost ungovernable temper of his diary, written 
 at the same time, it is noticeable what power she had 
 in giving him serener moods and rendering his own 
 thought clear and fluent. 
 
 His first letter to her, written while he was in New 
 York, preparing "Views Afoot" for the press, re- 
 counts his experience in settling the details of the 
 book. " I am going over the letters again," he writes, 
 " making as many alterations the second time as the 
 first. You will hardly know them in their new garb, 
 especially when the odd title is added, which N. P. 
 Willis and I together invented. I know not how you 
 will like it (/did not much at first), and I wish I 
 could ask you before the book is printed. ... It is a 
 
EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 75 
 
 somewhat singular name, but it is necessary to call it 
 by some title that will attract attention. I dislike to 
 use any artifice, however small, to bring- anything of 
 mine into notice, but I find an author must look to his 
 own interests in some degree, and not trust too much 
 to the public. I had considerable amusement in find- 
 ing a name. Willis recommended me to do as he 
 had clone, when he published his ' Pencillings by the 
 Way,' that is, to write a dozen titles, and let some 
 common, uneducated person choose one for me. I 
 tried it, but after all could not be satisfied with it, and 
 asked his assistance, so by splicing and altering, we 
 made one at last." 
 
 Shortly after " Views Afoot " was published, Bay- 
 ard Taylor made a visit to Boston, partly to see friends 
 there whom he had known only by correspondence, 
 and by their published writings, and partly because his 
 mind was full of schemes for literary occupation, and 
 he hoped there to get some new light. Mr. James T. 
 Fields, in some pleasant reminiscences, gives the im- 
 pression which the young author made upon him and 
 his friends. 
 
 " No one could possibly look upon the manly young 
 fellow at that time without loving him. He was tall 
 and slight, with the bloom of youth mantling a face 
 full of eager, joyous expectation. Health of that 
 buoyant nature which betokens delight in existence 
 was visible in every feature of the youthful traveler. 
 
 • The fresh air lodged within his cheek 
 As light within a cloud.' 
 
 " We all flocked about him like a swarm of broth- 
 ers, heartily welcoming him to Boston. When we 
 told him how charmed we all were with his travels, 
 
76 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 he blushed like a girl, and tears filled his sensitive 
 eyes. ' It is one of the most absorbingly interesting 
 books I ever read ! ' cried one of our number, height- 
 ening the remark with an expletive savoring more of 
 strength than of early piety. Taylor looked up, full 
 of happiness at the opinion so earnestly expressed, 
 and asked, with that simple naivete which always be- 
 longed to his character, 'Do you really think so? 
 Well, I am so glad ! ' 
 
 " Then we began to lay out plans for a week's holi- 
 day with him ; to-morrow we would go to such a place 
 down the harbor ; next day to another point of inter- 
 est ; after that we would all assemble at a supper party 
 in his honor, at Parker's (at that time a subterranean 
 eating - house in Court Street) ; and following that 
 festivity we would take him to see old Booth in ' Rich- 
 ard.' We went on filling up the seven days with our 
 designs upon him, when he protested, with an explo- 
 sive shout of laughter, that he must be back again in 
 New York the next day. Then we showered warm 
 exhortations upon him to postpone his exit, but he as- 
 sured us that go back he must, for he had promised 
 to do so. Well, then, if that were the case, and we 
 saw by his countenance that he meant what he said, 
 we must adjourn at once to 'Webster's,' a famous 
 beefsteak house in those ancient days, and, as Whipple 
 facetiously remarked, quoting the old ballad : — 
 
 * Put a stake in his inside 
 Where four cross-roads did meet.' 
 
 " So thitherward we rollicked along into Washing- 
 ton Street, and performed that pleasant duty, Taylor 
 all the while brimming over with radiant spirits, his 
 young heart already illumined with the delight of 
 recognition and praise. 
 
EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 77 
 
 " In the afternoon we handed him over to Long-fel- 
 low, whom he was anxious to meet, and who gave him 
 such a welcome as he never forgot. In one of the 
 last conversations I had with Taylor, a few weeks be- 
 fore he sailed for the Embassy, he said, with deep 
 feeling : ' From the first, Longfellow has been to me 
 the truest and most affectionate friend that ever man 
 had. He always gives me courage to go on, and never 
 fails to lift me forward into hopeful regions whenever 
 I meet him. He is the dearest soul in the world, and 
 my love for him is unbounded.' " 1 
 
 Perhaps when he said that he had in remembrance 
 a cordial letter which Longfellow sent him on Christ- 
 mas Day, 1846, upon receipt of a copy of "Views 
 Afoot," in which he writes : " The last chapter fills 
 me with great wonder. How could you accomplish so 
 much, with such slight help and appliances ? It shows 
 a strength of will — the central fire of all great deeds 
 and words — that must lead you far in whatever you 
 undertake." 
 
 In his anxiety to undertake some occupation which 
 woidd give him a fixed income, and thus enable him 
 to marry, he determined upon establishing a weekly 
 newspaper in Chester County. Pie knew the place 
 and the people ; he had had sufficient practical train- 
 ing, and he fancied that he could use the journal as 
 practice-ground for higher literary work. A friend, 
 Mr. Frederic E. Foster, joined him, and after first 
 proposing to settle in the shire town of West Chester, 
 they learned of a better opportunity, as they thought, 
 in Phoenixville, a manufacturing town in the same 
 county. The following letter from Bayard Taylor to 
 Dr. I. A. Pennypacker, of Phoenixville, explains the 
 situation in which he found himself : — 
 
 1 Xi m fork Tribune, December 2t, 1878. 
 
78 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 TO I. A. PENNYPACKER. 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., November 27, 1846. 
 
 I received a letter this morning from John H. Briuton, Esq., 
 in which he mentions his having been at Phcenixville last Satur- 
 day, and states you desire that F. E. Foster and myself should 
 locate the new paper, we contemplate starting, at that place in- 
 stead of West Chester. 
 
 Ever since my return home I have designed publishing a 
 paper in Chester County, and the advantages of mails, advertis- 
 ing, as well as my previous residence and extensive acquaintance, 
 led me to fix upon West Chester as the place where it would 
 succeed to the best advantage. I decided on this in direct oppo- 
 sition to the wishes of my friends here, who are exceedingly 
 anxious that I should set up a press among them. But the place 
 is as yet too small, and, notwithstanding the general intelligence 
 of the neighborhood, the patronage would necessarily be too 
 limited to support such a paper as I should wish to publish. 
 
 This objection, however, does not apply to Phcenixville, which 
 also possesses nearly the same advantages, in regard to mails, 
 advertising, etc., as West Chester. When Mr. Foster first men- 
 tioned to me his wish of purchasing the " Phoenix Gazette," if it 
 could be obtained, I had already mentioned my design and made 
 preparations for issuing the Prospectus of the " Chester County 
 Chronicle," and I knew then little of the advantages of Phcenix- 
 ville (as I have not been there for nine years, when it was a vil- 
 lage of five hundred inhabitants), so that my original plan still 
 seemed preferable, and Mr. Foster concluded to unite with me. 
 
 Mr. Brinton's representations, however, are such that I think 
 if the present paper could be had at a reasonable price (as I un- 
 derstand that the printing materials are not of very great value), 
 and we were certain of liberal support, — equal to what we 
 might reasonably expect in West Chester, — Mr. Foster and my- 
 self would be willing to combine the " Chronicle " and " Ga- 
 zette," and add the subscribers we shall obtain for the former to 
 the established list of the latter. I speak, however, only for my- 
 self, as he is still in West Chester. 
 
 I feel exceedingly desirous to remain in the county, and am 
 not very particular as to the location, so that I obtain a certain 
 and permanent subsistence. I remember that the neighborhood 
 of Phcenixville is extremely beautiful, and have no doubt we 
 
EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 79 
 
 should both find everything- there to make a residence agreeable. 
 If, as Mi-. Brintou suggests, the circulation could be increased to 
 a thousand within a year, the paper would be certain to succeed 
 and prosper. As the advertising is always proportionate to the 
 extent of the circulation, that would also become profitable, in 
 such a case. 
 
 » The " Chronicle," as we intend publishing it, will be larger 
 than the present " Gazette," and printed in better style, at two 
 dollars per annum. Would the increase in price (although we 
 should render a full equivalent for it) cause any reduction in the 
 number attached to the " Gazette " ? A good country paper can- 
 not well be supported for less, and we wish, if possible, to make 
 our paper equal to any country press in the State. 
 
 We have facilities, through acquaintance with the principal 
 editors in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, for obtaining a 
 far better exchange list than any of the present West Chester 
 papers, and we can also, through the German, French, and Eng- 
 lish Gazettes, make our own selections from foreign news, with- 
 out depending on other papers for them. If our manner of con- 
 ducting it should be as successful as we hope, I presume the 
 limits of its circulation would, after a time, become greatly ex- 
 tended. 
 
 I should esteem it a favor, if you would write and give me 
 some information as to the prospects. As we are both young 
 and just starting in business, we desire to have certain founda- 
 tions to build upon. I should like to know what is the actual 
 number of subscribers to the " Gazette," and for what sum it 
 could probably be obtained ? However, as to the latter query, 
 it does not matter at present, as if circumstances are favorable, 
 one or both of us will visit Phcenixville shortly. 
 
 I have taken the liberty of thus addressing you, since you 
 manifest such an interest in the establishment of a paper in your 
 town, and were kind enough to express a wish that we should 
 take charge of it. 
 
 The result was that the two young men bought the 
 Phcenixville " Gazette," and changing its name, issued 
 on Tuesday, December 29, 1846, the first number of the 
 Phcenixville "Pioneer." Bayard Taylor pleased him- 
 self by leading off with a poem upon " The Phoenix " 
 
80 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 which he had translated from Freiligrath, for at the 
 time he was considering- the possibility of publishing 
 a volume of translations from this poet, whom he had 
 met in Germany. In the same number he copied 
 Bryant's " O Mother of a Mighty Race," which had 
 just appeared in " Graham's Magazine." The propri- 
 etors expressed the belief that since the two neighbor- 
 ing counties of Chester and Montgomery could en- 
 courage seven political papers, they would sustain one 
 devoted to literature and news. 
 
 The venture was begun with hope and confidence, 
 and was, in Bayard's mind, a practical answer to those 
 of his friends who took leave to doubt his ability to 
 support himself in any literary vocation. He relied, 
 it may be said, a little too much upon the wisdom of 
 others in the matter; he wrote at the time to Mr. 
 Fields : " Any employment, however hard, is better 
 than uncertain dependence on the pen alone; although 
 I have as yet had little experience, I have seen enough 
 to convince me that it is a sad fate to wear out one's 
 brain for bread." Yet he was to refute this fallacy 
 by a longer experience, and confirm the better truth 
 that one's judgment of one's own powers is often of 
 more value than the commonplaces of worldly wisdom. 
 However, he plunged into this occupation, eager only 
 to prove himself a good man of business, who could 
 make his Pegasus work faithfully at the treadmill. 
 Phoenixville is but thirty miles from Kennett Square, 
 and Bayard Taylor was able to make hurried visits in 
 the least busy part of the week, but his intercourse 
 with Mary Agnew was still under many restrictions, 
 and thus the year which he spent in editing a country 
 newspaper was a year also when he was constantly 
 contending with untoward fate. To add to his other 
 
EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 81 
 
 sources of trouble, the frailty of Mary's constitution 
 began to betray itself in pulmonary attacks, which 
 gained insidiously upon her strength. 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Phcenixville, December 24, 1846. 
 
 ... I have every day new proofs of the truth of my pre- 
 sentiment, — the spiritual monitor which informs of the future. 
 In Philadelphia I called one morning at Graham's office. Just 
 hefore entering the door, I thought involuntarily of T. B. Read, 
 the poet and painter (thou hast, perhaps, seen something of his), 
 and on going in I saw in the back part of the room a pale 
 young man, with tender blue eyes and a dreamy expression of 
 countenance. I knew at once this was Read, although I had 
 never seen him. I went up, and we were introduced, when the 
 first words he said were : " The minute you entered the door I 
 knew you, although I had never seen you ! " Now, was not this 
 strange ? We were soon well acquainted, after this spiritual 
 recognition. 
 
 Again, I had determined to go to Phcenixville on Thursday 
 morning, but on awaking my feeling was so strong against it 
 that I knew not what to do. I could think of no reason for 
 staying, yet I could not bear the idea of going. I therefore con- 
 cluded to be intentionally too late for the cars, and behold ! about 
 the hour when I should have been at the depot there came two 
 important letters from N. P. Willis 1 and Fields of Boston. 
 Immediately afterwards I went down the street, and as it snowed 
 very hard I went into the State House for shelter, when in the 
 same moment our journeyman from Phcenixville entered the 
 other door and informed me that as the office could not be had 
 for a day or two there was no use in my going until Saturday 
 morning. I am glad of all these things, because they seem to 
 show that all this employment and commingling with the com- 
 mon affairs of the world need not dim the clear vision of the 
 spirit. Now, if I laugh at thy dreams thou canst laugh at my 
 presentiments. The world would, no doubt, pronounce us both 
 mad, but we enjoy this spiritual intelligence in secret, and thank 
 God for it. . . . 
 
 1 With reference to possible employment on the Home Journal. 
 vol. I. 6 
 
82 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Notwithstanding this is a manufacturing place, there is a great 
 deal of poetry about it. The scenery is beautiful, and the mills 
 and furnaces, which are in operation all night, make a grand ap- 
 pearance with their columns and clouds of red flame, and ter- 
 races above terraces, burning through the darkness like Milton's 
 Council Hall of Pandemonium. The sound of the forges, ring- 
 ing out through the livelong night, keeps me constantly in a fit- 
 ting spirit to work and think and struggle. . . . 
 
 Phcenixville. January 24, 1847. 
 
 . . . Sometimes I feel as if there were a Providence watch- 
 ing over me, and as if an unseen and uncontrollable hand guided 
 my actions. I have often dim, vague forebodings that an event- 
 ful destiny is . in store for me ; that I have vast duties yet to 
 accomplish, and a wider sphere of action than that which I now 
 occupy. These thoughts may be vain ; they may spring only 
 from the ceaseless impulses of an upward-aspiring spirit ; but if 
 they are real, and to be fulfilled, I shall the more need thy love 
 and the gladness of thy dear presence. For wherever our paths 
 may lead, — over what high and untrodden summits, or through 
 what quiet and flowery valleys, — they are one. I have told 
 thee that existence would not be endurable without thee ; I feel, 
 further, that thy aid will be necessary to work out the destinies 
 of the future. . . . 
 
 Our prospects are still very encouraging. We get papers 
 every day wanting to exchange with us. I am cheerful and con- 
 fident, and bid thee good-night, with a blessing. 
 
 I send thee a little lay of mine from the " Home Journal," 
 addressed to a happy German peasant girl. 
 
 A little more than a month of trial in Phoenixville, 
 in spite of the general encouragement received, suf- 
 ficed to arouse very strong doubts in Bayard Taylor's 
 mind whether the course which he had followed was 
 likely to bring him the result for which he was look- 
 ing, and if it did not bring him that, it was intolera- 
 ble. An enigmatical letter from Willis was enough to 
 set his mind in a whirl, just when the zeal with which 
 he had engaged in an uncongenial business had begun 
 to suffer a reaction. 
 
EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 83 
 
 N. P. WILLIS TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 "Home Journal," January 22, 1847. 
 Please write to me at Washington (inclosed to Hon. Jos. 
 Grimiell, M. C.) an account of your business arrangements at 
 Phcenixville, what your views for the future are, what you would 
 rather do, whether you wish to set up a paper, or get printing 
 materials, whether you are engaged to be married, or wish to 
 be ; what you think your probable future under present cir- 
 cumstances, and how you woidd alter the view if you had means. 
 Trust me, and do tins frankly, and I will tell you a good reason 
 for [it] by and by. 
 
 " I am lost in tantalizing conjectures about Willis's 
 letter," writes Bayard in his journal. " He must still 
 think of employment as assistant in the ' Home Jour- 
 nal' office, and if I could get a good salary, and it 
 would not be considered a fresh instance of instability 
 of purpose, by some who cannot trust me, I would 
 like it much better than my present post. What a 
 vague, wild crowd of thoughts his last question called 
 up ! How I would change my future if I had means ? 
 How ? Ah, I could not tell him how ; it would have 
 been too ' visionary.' I would study like a slave ; I 
 would go into the world of authors and write ; Mar}^ 
 and I would go to Europe together, and Greece would 
 not be missed this time ; and — then we would build 
 a beautiful homestead in Kennett, where life would 
 grow to me like a sweet dream of poetry, for I would 
 have no golden threads snapped, no fast-ripening fan- 
 cies trodden under foot, by contact with coarse and 
 jarring natures. I would work ceaselessly and untir- 
 ing, for the poor and needy in spirit ; I would speak 
 for the silent soul and for the heart which has not yet 
 found an utterance. Oh, I would do much, or try to 
 do much. This was only a question, however ; it is 
 
84 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 doubtless best for me to persevere in my own labor 
 here." 
 
 The explanation of Willis's letter came in a second, 
 which inclosed one received by Willis from Colonel 
 Thomas Handasyd Perkins, of Boston. 
 
 T. H. PERKINS TO N. P. WILLIS. 
 
 Boston, January 15, 1847. 
 I have just finished the perusal of a book under the title of 
 " Views Afoot " with more pleasure than I have derived from 
 books of travel of more pretension. Connected with your name, 
 as appears by the preface, I am induced to trouble you with this 
 letter. I see from what he says of himself, Mr. Taylor cannot 
 be more than twenty-three years of age at this time. I think 
 there is much in the character of the writer of the book which 
 entitles him to patronage, and to this end I would ask, if a sum 
 could not be raised to put him upon good ground in his profes- 
 sional calling. I should be willing to aid in an object of this 
 sort, should I learn from you that he intends pursuing the print- 
 ing business. It would be as well, perhaps, not to mention the 
 subject until you have made up your mind as to necessities of 
 the case. If he has means of setting himself to work, perhaps 
 the best thing would be to leave him upon his own resources. 
 When I hear from you I will decide upon what I will do. The 
 calls upon those who have means are many and pressing at this 
 season, but this I think may be considered an extraordinary case, 
 and requires corresponding exertion. 
 
 Mr. Willis seized upon this generous, but cautious, 
 tentative offer, with characteristic hopefulness. Here 
 was a Maecenas in Boston ; there was a struggling 
 poet in Phoenixville, and it was his mission to bring 
 the two together. So in the most sanguine mood he 
 wrote to both. 
 
 N. P. WILLIS TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Washington, January 28, 1847. 
 Your frank and ready reply is almost what I want, but as I 
 cannot get at all I wish to know without telling you my secret, 
 
EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 85 
 
 I inclose you what is at the bottom of it. The writer, Colonel 
 Perkins, is the Boston prince of millionaires, the founder and 
 eudower of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and a man whose whole 
 life is one history of noble benevolence. He wants to lend you 
 capital if it will do you good. It is an extraordinary and roman- 
 tic event in your life, and I congratulate — her who loves you ! 
 
 I wrote to him a letter of three close pages, from the rough 
 draft of which I copy you one or two passages. 
 
 " Always acquainted as I have been with the unusual and un- 
 varying nobleness of your employment of wealth, the bringing 
 home an instance of it to my personal influencing made me 
 feel deeply the responsibility of aiding or diverting a stream 
 so sacred. I am not prepared even now to give a decided 
 opinion. Taylor is as pure in his character as a girl of six- 
 teen, and as full of energy, endurance, and resource as more 
 irregularly impetuous and passionate men. Nothing could cor- 
 rupt him, and nothing could prevent his being prosperous, or so 
 I think. He has gone to his native county, and is engaged in 
 editing the Phoenixville 'Pioneer.' . . . He thought of pro- 
 curing editorial employment in New York city, but his mind, 
 as I told him, was too well worth keeping separate to venture 
 upon the subservient employment of sub-editing, and it was bet- 
 ter for him to have a country paper all to himself for less profit, 
 than to merge himself in another man's mind and purposes. 
 Whether a capital, which would enable him to start for himself and 
 use his first fresh energies in the large sphere which he will ulti- 
 mately fill, is advisable to urge the obtaining, you can better de- 
 cide. I presume that he will never return to mechanical em- 
 ployment except as master-printer and editor, his pen is so much 
 more profitable. But the possession of one or two thousand dol- 
 lars would probably have induced him to, etc., etc., etc. His 
 practical genius is of a very high order, and I esteem him, in 
 every way, an uncommon man." 
 
 You see now, my dear Taylor, that I throw the responsibility 
 of responding to this noble proposal entirely on yourself. That 
 you will not let it hurt you, I am sure. So think it over, and 
 write to me (without naming Colonel Perkins or his offer) an 
 answer to my previous query as to how you would better your con- 
 dition if you could. I shall not write to him till I hear freely 
 from you, but I suppose it lies within your power to receive from 
 one to five thousand dollars from him with liberty to repay it 
 
86 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 when you are able, and not before, and upon showing good pros- 
 pect as to its benefiting your plans for the future. 
 
 A word to the wise is enough, and so I need not scribble more 
 to you. This is a page of romance which a man may well be 
 proud to have for his biographer. Please offer Mrs. Willis's and 
 my friendship to your appreciatress and true friend. 
 
 The rapidity with which Willis built the air castle 
 in which his friend was to live had most likely an in- 
 spiriting effect on Bayard, but the letters which he 
 wrote to Willis are unfortunately missing. It can 
 only be gathered from Willis's excuses for Colonel 
 Perkins's silence : " The fact is, the old gentleman is 
 getting very infirm," " I suppose the old man's mem- 
 ory is giving way with his years," that Bayard Taylor 
 frankly made his situation known, but that the circum- 
 stances were very different from what Colonel Perkins 
 at first supposed. It is one thing to help on a young 
 mechanic with capital, and another to set up a poet, or 
 to lend money for any such dubious scheme as Willis 
 airily hinted at. The good-will of Colonel Perkins, 
 however, was clearly manifest when, a year later, he 
 came forward with a loan when Bayard was struggling 
 under an unjust debt. 
 
 This will-o'-the-wisp which Willis had lighted 
 danced long enough before Bayard Taylor's eyes to 
 tease him with a possible escape into brighter scenes, 
 but, tied as he was to Phoenixville, he made a vigorous 
 effort to get the best possible out of the town in which 
 he was living. With a few of the more enterprising 
 people he formed a literary association, and he made 
 himself a buoyant and hearty companion at the houses 
 of the better educated people, but he had made a some- 
 what unfortunate choice of a place in which to try his 
 experiment. The town was one which had sprung up 
 
EDITOR OF A' COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 87 
 
 rapidly under the stimulus of mills, which had drawn 
 a class of workmen who were not likely to take any 
 interest in a paper with aims like the " Pioneer ; " 
 the country people were conservative farmers, who 
 looked with dislike upon the busy village, and were 
 slow to accept a new journal. He struggled on, how- 
 ever, making the paper as good as his materials would 
 allow, and introducing such incongruous elements as 
 literary letters from London, written by his friend the 
 bookseller, Mr. Dennett, and poems and translations 
 from his own portfolio. He was in vigorous physical 
 condition, and walked off his restlessness and dissatis- 
 faction in long rambles over the hills. 
 
 Meanwhile the larger world outside found its way 
 into his seclusion with words of cheer. The journals 
 brought frequent notices of his book, and letters from 
 his literary friends at home and abroad reminded him 
 that he had not been forgotten, and encouraged him 
 by intimating that he was recognized as an author 
 with ability to help others. Mary Howitt wrote to 
 thank him for " Views Afoot," which she had praised 
 highly in her journal, and to ask his influence in 
 America to create public opinion in favor of her and 
 her husband's venture. Eliza Leslie, for whom he had 
 a high regard, sent one of those letters which make a 
 young author's heart glow with pleasure. 
 
 ELIZA LESLIE TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 February 18, 1847. 
 The extreme illness of my sister, Mrs. Carey, has hitherto pre- 
 vented me from an early acknowledgment of the receipt of your 
 delightful hook, which, for the same reason, I was unable to enjoy 
 the pleasure of reading when it first came to hand. All my 
 friends concur in my opinion of it. My brother, Major Leslie, of 
 the army, has made it the subject of a letter to his family (who 
 
88 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 remain at New York while he is on duty in the South), and he 
 enjoins them to get a copy and read it forthwith. I bought one 
 the other day to send to my brother Charles in London. 
 
 I hope you have been liberally remunerated by Wiley & 
 Putnam. If not, you will be able to command your own terms 
 with other publishers for your next work, this having become at 
 once deservedly popular. 
 
 I hear you are publishing a weekly paper. You will please to 
 send it to my address. I inclose the amount of a year's sub~ 
 scription. When you visit Philadelphia I shall always be glad to 
 see you. 
 
 Miss Leslie was then sixty years old, and her inter- 
 est in Bayard Taylor was keenly appreciated. Years 
 afterward, when writing a personal sketch of the Leslie 
 family, he recurred to this little act of kindness and 
 said : " It was a country paper, devoted to local news, 
 and could have no possible interest for her, — but she 
 doubtless conjectured, as was true, that I was endeav- 
 oring to establish myself in business, and that every 
 paid subscription was a real assistance. I have heard 
 that she made enemies by her frankness, and her scorn 
 of all dissimulation : she reserved her tact for the exer- 
 cise of her kindness." 1 
 
 Mrs. Hale, then editor of " Godey's Lady's Book," 
 begged him to send her a short article for the " Opal," 
 one of the holiday gift books then in fashion, and the 
 receptacle of many of the poems and short sketches 
 which were the foundation of long-lived fame. Fred- 
 eric Gerstaecker wrote to ask his interest in one of the 
 American novels which he was writing, and a long 
 and charming letter came from the old Quaker poet, 
 Bernard Barton, who took so kind an interest in him 
 when he was in London. Some of its passages were 
 pondered well by the receiver, who was then thinking 
 
 1 At Home and Abroad, ii. 407. 
 
EDITOR OF A COUNTRY NEWSPAPER. 89 
 
 more of how he should get out of his paper than how 
 he should conduct himself in it. 
 
 BERNARD BARTON TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Woodbkidge, Fourth Month 17, 1847. 
 . . . And so thou art editor, proprietor, and printer of a paper 
 in conjunction with some fellow-laborer. Marry ! 't is an onerous 
 and toilsome post, but it may be, when honorably discharged, an 
 honorable and useful one. But in so far as I can see into the 
 workings of that monster leviathan, the Press, in our country, a 
 man had need be clean-handed and stout-hearted who shall en- 
 gage in it. But I am a poor provincial recluse, and much would 
 fret me to fiddle-strings which many make light of. I only wish 
 it may leave thee leisure to cultivate poetry, touching the which 
 I have my fears ; but thou wilt find how the thing shall work. 
 The happiest life, as it seems to me, is that which enables him 
 who leads it to find his own enjoyments in himself and his home, 
 and at the same time allows him to do somewhat towards adding 
 to the innocent enjoyment of his fellow-creatures. This is per- 
 haps best effected by authorship; but the cases are perhaps com- 
 paratively rare in which this is a lucrative occupation, unless he 
 who follows it have some auxiliary avocation which may help to 
 bring grist to the mill, or by his position and connections in soci- 
 ety have a tolerable chance of an indulgent hearing and fair play. 
 The circumstance of my being a Quaker, and the lucky chance 
 of my being a clerk in a bank, have between them kept me from 
 starving in my vocation ; but I am by no means certain I should 
 not have been better off, in a worldly sense, had I never penned 
 couplet or stanza. Very few are eminently successful, in a worldly 
 point of view, but by undivided attention to some one given ob- 
 ject. But to a certain extent it is possible to provide what is posi- 
 tively necessary for our needful wants, and to find stolen inter- 
 vals of leisure to throw our mites into that treasury of true 
 knowledge whereby our age and generation may be in some small 
 degree helped to be wiser, happier, and better. We cannot, of a 
 truth, serve God and Mammon, — that is, we cannot make both 
 the objects of our heart's devotion, for this would involve the 
 vain attempt to combine the present enjoyments of a Dives with 
 the reversionary expectancies of a Lazarus ; but by controlling 
 our desires and moderating our expectations, by neither coveting 
 
90 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 wealth nor being ashamed of poverty, we may rub and drive on 
 tolerably, and do somewhat to cultivate and cherish the sources of 
 true happiness in ourselves, and open them up to our fellow-crea- 
 tures. All this, my dear Taylor, I jot down hastily for thee to 
 make what thou canst of in entering on a field of honorable labor 
 from which I am about retiring, somewhat in the character of a 
 wounded and disabled veteran halt and maimed, and bearing 
 many an inward scar, but tolerably heart-whole. 
 
 Thine ever affectionately, Bernard Barton. 
 
 Let me hear from thee as often as thou canst. My frequency 
 of scribble depends on thine. 
 
 All these messages and the thoughts which they ex- 
 cited were made over quickly to Mary Agnew, whose 
 letters show the gentle pride which she took in her 
 lover. 
 
a^n?U 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 
 
 1847. 
 
 But as the Rose will lend its excellence 
 To the unlovely earth in which it grows, 
 Until the sweet earth says, " I serve the Rose," 
 So, penetrant with her was every sense. 
 
 The Picture of St. John. 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 March 1, 1847. 
 
 . . . Far dearer than life thou art to me, and the tie that 
 binds me to thee lies deep within my being, too strong ever to 
 be broken by the trials of this world. I shudder when I think 
 of such a thing as being separated from thee ; I could not live, 
 for our souls have grown too long together to be parted without 
 a struggle too hard to be borne. Why need I think of it ? for 
 it can never be. Already are our destinies marvelously en- 
 twined, and will still continue to be, for thou art my heart's only 
 idol. If what I have written should make thee sad I deeply 
 regret it, yet I confide hi thee with my whole soul ; and to whom 
 else can I pour forth the fears that cross my path in the every- 
 day walk of life. 
 
 I had indulged high and bright hopes of having a long talk 
 with thee during thy last visit, but I was again to be disap- 
 pointed. Our time with each other was very limited, but I 
 must not murmur, for something tells me that I ought to be 
 thankful for the time I had, and glad that the blessed means of 
 writing is allowed me, for the time is not far in the past when I 
 was debarred from this small privilege. It may have been for 
 the best, for we know not but that every trial and difficulty has 
 united us more closely, and still tends to work out our universal 
 good. . . . 
 
92 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Phcenixville, March 11, 1847. 
 
 I am here alone to-night ; they have all gone to the meeting 
 of the Literary Society. I could not go ; I am deeply sad and 
 cast down in spirit, and must relieve the painful fullness of my 
 feelings hy communion with thee. Notwithstanding for several 
 days past I have had unhappy presentiments, I was surprised 
 and grieved to hear of thy sickness to-day. I knew this morn- 
 ing I would hear from thee, but as the time drew nigh when the 
 letter should arrive, my heart seemed to sink within me with a 
 sense of deep foreboding. I am still suffering under strong 
 anxiety, and shall be until I hear from thee again. Would to 
 Heaven we could be always near each other ! Were I but al- 
 lowed to sit by thy side, and try to cheer thy weary hours of ill- 
 ness, I could better bear it, and I think thou, too, wouldst be 
 happier. . . . 
 
 I have a thousand things to say, and yet I cannot say them, 
 for too much thinking. Do not expect me to be very cheerful 
 this time, yet when thou art well again I will try to recover my 
 lost spirits. I find that in the midst of all this toil and strug- 
 gling which I am now going through a strong will is fast grow- 
 ing into existence, — a will which will do all and dare all. I am 
 determined to conquer penury and care, and keep, withal, that 
 love of the pure and the beautiful which is the soul of true po- 
 etry. This determined spirit, combined with the enthusiasm of 
 my nature, bas helped to accomplish all which I have yet done, 
 and will achieve still greater results. 
 
 I cannot be with thee on Saturday, much as I desire the hap- 
 piness of seeing thee again, and relieving my feelings with a long 
 conversation. But thou wilt write again after receiving this, for 
 I shall be anxious and uneasy till I hear from thee. I do not 
 know certainly when I can go home. We are unusually busy, 
 and our affairs are so arranged at present that neither of us can 
 well leave. But I shall try to go in about two weeks ; in that 
 time, perhaps, the buds will be swelling, and the grass growing 
 green on the hillsides and . in the fresh meadows. I long for 
 spring ; my hopes seem to brighten in its balmy air, and, what is 
 better, I can visit thee more frequently. . . . 
 
 I am very well bodily, — indeed, Dr. P tells me I have a 
 
REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 93 
 
 constitution equal to a horse. I would freely part with some of 
 my health to hasten thy recovery ; but it is a commodity which 
 we cannot give away, though we may easily use it. There, 
 thou seest I am growing cheerful again, for I do not want to 
 leave the lightest shadow of my own sadness on thy heart. 
 Pray, be as happy as thou canst ; enjoy whatever sunshine the 
 ^present offers thee, and trust in God for the future. 
 
 I have said but little, yet I must close. It is growing late ; 
 I am alone and undisturbed ; and now, dearest Mary (when 
 shall I call thee by a fonder name ?), good-night, and take with 
 thee the prayers of thine forever. 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 March 14, 1847. 
 
 I hasten to relieve thy sadness and dispel the shadow from thy 
 brow (if such is in my power). . . . Hannah kindly offered to 
 write to thee for me, but I thought perhaps it would cause thee 
 less anxiety if I wrote myself ; and I now find that I have done 
 the very thing I tried to avoid. But something tells me it was 
 right that thou shouldst know the real state of the case, and if I 
 had not told thee I would not have been true to thee, and it is 
 far from my wish to conceal a thought or feeling from thee, — 
 thou that hast loved me so nobly and devotedly through many 
 days of sorrow and anxiety. 
 
 I hope that thou art cheerful, this bright morning, that has 
 been welcomed by the songs of many a joyous bird. As I look 
 out at the window, everything seems so bright and happy that 
 some of the brightness has passed into my soul, and I have bid 
 my spirit go to thee and whisper words of joy and comfort to 
 thee, which thou canst understand, but no one else knows their 
 meaning ; and I feel even now while I write that thou art again 
 cheerful. Is it not so ? 
 
 I am fast gaining strength. Every day dawns but to find me 
 growing stronger and better, and I hope in a few days to be 
 able to resume my accustomed duties. I have been cheerful all 
 the time, for I feel that after this I will be better than I have 
 been for some time. Thou knowest I have not been very well 
 all winter, and that I hope that I may recover from this attack 
 but to enjoy the blessing of health more than I have done lately. 
 There is nothing now that I so much pray for as health. If I 
 
94 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 were free from pain I could then be as light-hearted and joyous 
 as others, whose prospects are not so bright and happy ; for am 
 I not transcendently happy while I have thee to confide in ? 
 I can say, and say truly, that 
 
 " Woman's peace 
 Ne'er on a breast so tender and so true 
 Reposed before." 
 
 Even if we are sick and in pain there are many things from 
 which we can derive comfort and pleasure. I have lain here in 
 this room, and listened to the glad songs of the bluebird, the 
 lark, and the robin, that welcomed the coming of spring, that 
 season that I have so longed for, as bringing me renewed health 
 and anticipated joy. Kind friends have visited me, coming with 
 their friendly words of hope and comfort, and bringing me 
 beautiful bunches of flowers, on which I could gaze and watch 
 them unfolding their many beauties. Here is a beautiful bunch 
 
 of rosebuds before me now, that Annie G brought me. 
 
 Would that I could send thee one, to look as fresh and pretty as 
 it does now. I have here, too, the pure white snowdrop, that 
 blooms regardless of the coldness of the breeze that kisses it. 
 Would that I could send thee one of them, too. But the flowers 
 and roses will soon be blooming again, and then thou wilt come 
 and receive them from my own hand. . . . 
 
 Try and be cheerful again ; in a few days I will be well. I 
 am well now, but not yet strong. Let me caution thee again 
 not to labor too hard, for even the constitution of a " horse " 
 may be broken by too much exertion. What a shame to com- 
 pare thy constitution to a horse ; if it is as strong as that we 
 have still more cause to be thankful. . . . 
 
 Thou wilt write to me soon, thy letters are so precious ; and 
 now, dearest Bayard, again accept the blessing of thy thankful 
 
 Mary. 
 
 bayard taylor to mary agnew. 
 
 Phcenixville, March 14, 1847. 
 ... I am beginning to think, dear Mary, that the trials we 
 have had in the beginning of our attachment have been all for 
 the best. We have deeply proved (to others — could we ever 
 doubt ourselves ?) the sincerity of our feelings, and the life- 
 strong bond which unites us ; and we can much more confidently 
 
REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 95 
 
 hope for a happy future, than if the past had been all sunshine. 
 Nevertheless, I am glad that the past is past, and am eager for 
 the future to become the present. Everything that I see, or 
 hear, or read, seems to remind me in some way of thee, and of 
 the happiness which ought to be ours. I lose myself often in 
 day-dreams of our future home. Dost thou not build castles 
 -sometimes, in which we are the reigning lords, and from which 
 our warden, Love, drives back all hostile Cares, who have no true 
 title to the domain ? I take care, however, to build no castles 
 which may not be realized ; and any of them will make us blest. 
 If it were better, I could most cheerfully give up my hopes of a 
 higher field of action, and sit myself down contented here, or 
 anywhere, with thee. So that, in eight or ten years I shall earn 
 enough to build us a beautiful little homestead in dear old Ken- 
 nett, among our friends, where I can study and write in the 
 sweetest retirement ; Provided that (as the laws express them- 
 selves), we have first fulfilled our promised pilgrimage to Eu- 
 rope and the East. Now all this may be done, may it not ? 
 And in the confidence that we can do it, let us do right and trust 
 in God, and all will be well. I am not sad or dejected now ; the 
 feeling has gone like a mist from rny spirit, leaving a clear blue 
 sky, in which shines ever an " unsetting sun." . . . 
 
 I am really glad that thou art pleased with my poetry. One 
 word from thee is dearer to me than the cold praise of all the 
 critics in the land. But the critics, too, have been kind. The 
 London " Athenseum " notices very favorably, for the " Literary 
 World," in New York, copied part of it. Peabody, of Boston, 
 wrote an article about it (which I have not seen) for the " North 
 American Review ; " and last, though not least, Mrs. Sarah J. 
 Hale wrote me a very kind letter, accompanied with a number 
 of the " Lady's Book," which contained a most flattering notice. 
 She says (in the " Book ") : " He has won himself a place in 
 the hearts of his countrymen. Bright eyes will watch his name 
 in the periodicals, and fair hands will turn over his pages. It 
 will now be easy for him to climb the ' slippery steep,' " etc., 
 etc., — all very pleasant, no doubt. I merely mention it, that 
 thou mayst see how well I am succeeding. Bernard Barton has 
 sent me from England a beautiful copy of his poems. 
 
 I write this from our new house. We have been here a week, 
 and like it very well. But still it is not a home. The magic 
 which hallows home is wanting. They say to me : " Get mar- 
 
96 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 ried at once, you will do much better," etc. And indeed I wish 
 I could follow their advice. So I tell thein, and some undertake 
 to assist me in the choice of a companion ! Of course, I indig- 
 nantly decline their services. 
 
 It is quite late, and growing extremely cold ; I must therefore 
 stop scrawling. If thou canst read these pot-hooks without dif- 
 ficulty, I shall be surprised. . . . 
 
 Phcenixville, June 29, 1847. 
 
 . . . Think of it, Mary, months have passed since we could 
 have an hour or two to ourselves. Each time of my return home 
 have I looked forward to, in the hope that it would afford me 
 that happiness, and thou, too, hast longed for the consolation 
 of such a communion. Perhaps we shall have to wait weeks 
 longer. Still, it is much to see thee now and then, and to receive 
 such dear messages from thee when absent. . . . 
 
 I know the trials to which thou art at times subjected, on my 
 account, and feel deeply the unhappiness they must cause thee. 
 But do not think that anything which may be said to me causes 
 unkind or unpleasant feelings ; I look upon it as occasioned by 
 an unhappy foreboding which, at times, makes us all somewhat 
 disposed to forget the light by which we are surrounded. And 
 the uniform and generous kindness of thy father towards me 
 encourages me to hope that by honorable exertion and strict ad- 
 herence to right thought and right action, I may win the confi- 
 dence and esteem of all who hold thee dear. I would that they 
 might see our destinies united, without the least anxiety for thee. 
 Do not doubt that thou wilt find warm hearts ready to welcome 
 thee in my home, as a daughter and sister 
 
 I am learning patience from thy calm, enduring spirit. When 
 thou sayest thou canst wait for years until our hour of union shall 
 come, I know thou art but preparing thyself to encounter any 
 destiny which might retard this fondly anticipated time. I grow 
 at times impatient and full of " unrest " in picturing the possibil- 
 ity of such a delay, for I think if the world were as it should be 
 we would have been united long ere this. Yet I can bear the 
 thought of two or three years' weary waiting with more calm- 
 ness, and the secret hope that a shorter period will terminate our 
 probation. We are now children no longer. Thou art a woman, 
 and every way fitted for a woman's part in the drama of exist- 
 ence. I am a man in years and experience, if not too full of folly 
 
REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 97 
 
 and nonsense at times to be one. It only remains, then, for my 
 situation here to become rather more than self-supporting, and 
 for all our friends (relatives, I should say) who have authority in 
 the matter to give their consent. When the first requisite is 
 fairly obtained, I think there will be little difficulty about the 
 other ; and all this may be brought about in a shorter time than 
 jve now anticipate. At all events, I feel comfort hi the thought 
 that Time now flies so fast, and that sooner or later he will bring 
 us the hour. And then he may go fast or slow, the world may 
 be good or evil, the sanctuary of home and hearts will be always 
 the abode of happiness. 
 
 Summer is here in all her glory. Her scarf is loosened on the 
 hills, and all the wide landscape is flecked with gold. A blue, 
 smoky haze fills the air, and the heat grows stifling and oppres- 
 sive. To-night the sun went down like a great round drop of 
 blood, and it will be after midnight before the waning moon shall 
 "go up amid the eternal stars." It is now near the witching hour 
 of night, and the dull, sultry atmosphere overpowers me. I must 
 leave this to be finished in the morning. Visit me, if thou canst, 
 in dreams, and I will dream to return the visit. 
 
 Morning. My dreams were not of thee, but I had an inspiring 
 vision. I thought old Ludwig Uhland sat beside me, leaning his 
 silver head on my shoulder, aud repeated some of his beautiful 
 German ballads. It was a singular thought, but perhaps had a 
 mysterious connection with my waking reflections ; for I was 
 turning over in my mind the resolution to write no more poetry, 
 and give my imagination no license to wander, until my business 
 should be fixed and secure. And I was wondering whether such 
 a determination would destroy forever the " divine faculty." But 
 there is no fear of it, I believe. A flower which has been planted 
 by Nature, and cherished by years of thought, cannot die from 
 such a slight neglect. The end is at hand, — almost at the be- 
 ginning of my talk with thee. I shall see thee again the end of 
 next week, but write, if thou canst, before that time. Thy let- 
 ters give me a world of joy. I hope it will not be long before I 
 shall see thee here, and show thee my familiar haunts. 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 July 31, 1847. 
 This is a beautiful evening to close my twentieth birthday, but 
 I am too weak to enjoy it. I can scarcely sit up, and am not al- 
 vol. i. 7 
 
98 BA YARD TA YLOR. 
 
 lowed to write ; for this reason I have taken a small sheet, and 
 probably shall not fill it, and yet feel as if I had so much for ut- 
 terance, so many things to pour trustfully into thy loving, gener- 
 ous heart. But do not be alarmed when thee reads the beginning 
 of this. It is only a general debility, brought on by so much dis- 
 ease and anxiety. Doctor says when I get well I may be better 
 than ever I was, but I must be very careful. It will require 
 many sacrifices, but I can easily give up present pleasure for fu- 
 ture benefit. Thy last loved letter is open before me. With 
 what unspeakable joy I received it ; for I had felt dull and sad, 
 and this came to me as a comfort and a joy, — as those dear mis- 
 sives ever do, that breathe to me of the gentleness and nobleness 
 of thy pure, lofty soul. Lying before me, too, is thy pictured 
 image, the little frame yet fragrant with the perfume and beauty 
 of the many summer flowers that I have lain upon it in the cher- 
 ished love of my heart. Such was my pleasure day after day 
 when I was well, and now I have two loved locks of hair that lay 
 within it, that I have cherished long and wondered if I would be 
 allowed to smooth it when it should be " silvered o'er with years." 
 But whither am I wandering ? Thou wilt see by the mistakes, 
 writing, and other things, that I am not fit to write a letter; but 
 I wanted that thee should get a few lines, for it seems so long 
 since I have written, though I have so much wished to, and I 
 feared that thou mightst censure me, — and oh ! dear Bayard, I 
 could not for a moment bear that such should be the case. Yet 
 it is my daily fear that I may have done something to cause thee 
 many a saddening thought. . . . Thou wilt be home next Satur- 
 day. I shall be strong again then, I hope. Come here as early 
 as thou canst Saturday evening. I want to have some time with 
 thee. 
 
 When Bayard Taylor went to establish himself in a 
 small country community, he did not take into account 
 that indomitable desire for growth and for the highest 
 development which possessed him, and which the cir- 
 cumstances of his life as editor of a country newspaper 
 could serve only by presenting obstacles to be over- 
 come. He went away to New York and the Catskills 
 for a short summer vacation, and the glimpse which he 
 
 
REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 99 
 
 had again of New York life suggested such contrasts 
 that he returned to Phoenixville with his mind made 
 up to go to the city, if it were possible, and support 
 himself by literary work. He missed seeing Willis, 
 and so wrote to him for advice after his return to 
 Phcenixville, where he was suddenly called by death in 
 his partner's family. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Phcenixville, August 29, 1847. 
 
 Thou wilt be surprised, and perhaps disappointed, to receive 
 a letter from this place instead of nry promised visit. I heard in 
 New York, after writing to thee, of the illness of Mr. R. N. Fos- 
 ter, and on reaching Philadelphia, Thursday last, heard that Fred 
 had been written for, since his father's life was despaired of. 
 This obliged me to come here immediately, and, as may be sup- 
 posed, I found my presence much needed, — so much so, that I 
 found it quite impossible to leave, even if yesterday's rain had 
 permitted my going to Kennett. . . . 
 
 I have no time now to tell how many old friends I met and 
 new ones found. There is so much to be done for the paper that 
 I must stop this pleasant talk with thee, and go to the actuals 
 and indispensables. But I can safely promise a good stock of in- 
 teresting gossip when we meet. Shall I not hear from thee be- 
 fore the end of the week ? 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 . . . How lonely I felt after thee left us that night. I went 
 directly to my room, leaned my head out of the window, and 
 drank in the silent, saddening beauty of the night. But a short 
 time, and I heard the mournful car whistle that told me thou 
 wouldst soon be many miles from me. But it was a joy to 
 think that distance could not separate us, — that the light of 
 thy love and faithfulness was ever shining round me like a halo. 
 ... It was a beautiful day [a return home from Wilmington]. 
 I thought I never saw the woods look so brilliant. I wondered 
 where thou wert, and oh ! how I wished thou wert with me. This 
 is my favorite season. The solemn sadness of the time seems to 
 suit my spirit better than the light joyousness of the spring, when 
 
100 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 everything is waking to life and beauty ; but next spring will 
 find me waking to health and strength, — at least, I hope so. It 
 would be a new life, — yes, it would be new to me to pass one 
 day without pain. But I will be well, and then, dear Bayard, 
 what joy awaits us ; for it falls on thee as well as me. I have 
 much, very much to say, but it is late at night, and I must send 
 this to the office in the morning, so I must close with the hope of 
 getting a letter soon, and having a long, long talk with thee 
 when thee again comes home. . . . And now I bid thee a fervent 
 good-night, and shall go to my pillow to be visited with dreams 
 of thee ; and may the guardian of thy sleep send pleasant ones of 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO JOHN B. PHILLIPS. 
 
 Pho3:nixvill,e, September 8, 1847. 
 
 ... It is now nearly ten o'clock, and I am sitting at the table 
 (you know where it is) surrounded with books, papers, and man- 
 uscripts. My room is beginning to look like an author's labora- 
 tory. The windows, mantel, table, and even floor are covered 
 with ancient and modern, native and foreign literature, and one 
 window is entirely taken up with the books given me in New 
 York. Among others, I have the works of Hood, Tupper, Leigh 
 Hunt, Hawthorne, Mrs. Kirkland, etc., besides all of Goethe and 
 Schiller in fifteen magnificent German volumes. This, as you 
 will readily conceive, is a good winter's work. But I have com- 
 menced it with ardor, and by employing every moment of leisure 
 time I hope to be well acquainted with them all before long. 
 Putnam, who, by the bye, is one of the very best fellows in the 
 world, gave me the greater part of them. He has returned to 
 America to live, as you are perhaps already aware. I spent two 
 evenings with him on Staten Island. 
 
 I was exceedingly fortunate in New York in making delight- 
 ful literary acquaintances, — such as C. F. Hoffman, Mrs. Kirk- 
 land, Mr. and Mrs. Seba Smith, Bryant, Page and Powell, the 
 painters, G. P. Morris, Balmanno, etc. I called on the first of 
 these without an introduction, but was most cordially received, 
 and spent a delightful evening with him and Page. I afterwards 
 took him, with Griswold and Seba Smith (Jack Downing), to see 
 the Greek Slave, and in the evening Hoffman went with me to 
 Brooklyn to the Smiths, where we stayed till eleven o'clock, pass- 
 ing the time most delightfully. I also spent an evening with 
 
REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 101 
 
 Mrs Kirkland, who is, to my mind, possessor of more genius than 
 any woman in America. She is a most noble character, and every 
 one in New York esteems her. Bryant is her most intimate friend, 
 and she gave me a deep insight into his character. Bryant I found 
 calm and cold, as I had expected, but having the stamp of greatness 
 in his countenance. I felt a kind of pride in having been previously 
 known to all these persons. They did not look upon me as a 
 stranger, and, though but an embryo author, it gave me the key 
 to their sympathies. I cannot tell you how much I enjoyed this 
 week's visit. Nothing could be more refreshing to the mind than 
 the converse of such gifted spirits after a year spent among Phce- 
 nixville ignorance and dullness. Willis was unfortunately not in 
 the city. . . . 
 
 N. P. WILLIS TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 New York, Sejitember 19, 1847. 
 
 Mrs. Kirkland had told me of your visit to New York before I 
 received your letter, and expressed herself highly pleased to have 
 seen you. I am sorry I was not here. We arrived on Tuesday 
 for the winter. 
 
 Touching the subject of your letter, I have, on-the-wliole- 
 imoushj, wondered at your policy of preference for country edit- 
 ing ; but as I did not particularly know what were your pros- 
 pects and reasons, I did not venture to pronounce it unwise. I 
 should divide into equal thirds the desirableness of a business 
 for you and me : 1. Profit enough to support a family. 2. Gen- 
 ial and congenial society. 3. Chances for making renown, or 
 rather for securing appreciation. Two of these would make a 
 majority which would outweigh the remaining third. You can 
 apply this yard-stick to your paper at Phcenixville for yourself. 
 
 If you conclude to come to New York, I think you had better 
 make your engagements by correspondence, editing your paper 
 meantime. It will give you the advantage of seeming to have 
 a resource if refused. Write to every paper and everybody. 
 Be willing to go in at a small hole, like a lean rat, trusting to 
 increase so much that you cannot be got out without destroying 
 what took you in. This is fair play, where the property of an 
 establishment is made by your underpaid industry. The town 
 is full of five-dollar-a-week men, but they don't stand at all in 
 your way. Your book has made you a name which would give 
 your union to any paper great value, and, as a practical printer, 
 
102 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 also, you are a most desirable partner for a man with capital, who 
 wants the influence and occupation of a paper. You are a man, 
 however, to whom half a hint is a sermon, and so I say no more 
 on that point. 
 
 As to society you would find New York delightful. It is, as 
 yet, without any acknowledged upper circle, and therefore you 
 may pick your society untrammeled, and enjoy it as the undis- 
 puted best. The first year you would (chances are) obtain 
 merely a livelihood. The second year you might marry and 
 begin to thrive. I will be on the lookout for a place for you to 
 put your foot. 
 
 We expect Richard every day. I hope you will be here to 
 meet him, and chat over Germany around my table. 
 
 God bless you. With my promised best respect to your bien- 
 aime'e, tell her from me that in a " worldly point of view " you 
 are an excellent match. She knows, of course, that there is no 
 love bike the love of genius. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Phcenixville, October 15, 1847. 
 
 I still adhere to the determination of changing my situation 
 as soon as possible. All my reason seems to point out this path 
 as the best. If I can get a good place I have little fears as to 
 further success and advancement. I confess, too, that I think 
 we would be happier there than here, — at least for a few years. 
 I am almost satisfied that I could make a very good living by 
 writing alone, but to attempt it would be unwise. I can at least 
 very materially increase my income in that way. Authorship 
 is now beginning to be profitable. I may be born on the verge 
 of a better era, and so help reap the harvest of future years. At 
 least, I have made a very auspicious commencement for an 
 American writer. God grant me continued strength, for I have 
 appointed myself a great work to do before I die. 
 
 I have been studying Schiller lately, and find rich stores of 
 encouragement in his life and poetry. On Sunday I took his 
 " Don Carlos " with me in our boat, and rowed myself out of 
 sight of the village into the solitude of the autumn woods. The 
 sky was blue and bright as that of Eden, and the bright trees 
 waved over me like gorgeous banners from the hilltops. I sat 
 on a sunny slope and read for hours ; it was a rare enjoyment ! 
 As I moved to rise I found a snake, which had crept up to me 
 
REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 103 
 
 for warmth, and was coiled up quietly under my arm. I was 
 somewhat startled, but the reptile slid noiselessly away, and I 
 could not harm it. Jumping into the boat again, I let it float 
 with the current, and read till it grew dark and chilly. 
 
 This woidd be called a long letter, but I have said very Little, 
 and I must now close, as usual, at midnight. Fred has not re- 
 turned yet, and I am overwhelmed with work. His brother is a 
 little better, but very low. Thou wilt read this, I suppose, on 
 Saturday night, and on a week from then I hope to be with thee. 
 Write whenever thou canst, — too often thou canst never write. 
 
 Bayard Taylor followed Willis's advice to open ne- 
 gotiations with New York editors while continuing his 
 business at Phoenixville, and wrote to Mr. Greeley, R. 
 W. Griswold, Charles Fenno Hoffman, and W. C. Bry- 
 ant. The characteristic replies of these gentlemen 
 give a good indication both of the esteem in which 
 they held their correspondent and of the very meagre 
 resources which literary life in New York at that time 
 could command. 
 
 HORACE GREELEY TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 New York, October 11, 1847. 
 My Friend Taylor, — I know nothing at present wherewith 
 to tempt you toward this city. We are in the vortex of literary 
 and miscellaneous adventure. All the aspiring talent and con- 
 ceit of our own country and of Europe confront and crowd on 
 our pavements, and every newspaper or other periodical estab- 
 lishment is crowded with assistants and weighed down with 
 promises. My own judgment is that you will do ill in leaving 
 work secure and ready to your hands to hunt work in any of the 
 unhealthy crowds congregated on the sea-coast. But judge of 
 this for yourself. It seems to me that two or three years' ex- 
 perience in a country village will better qualify you for a depart- 
 ment in a city paper ; that, as to study, time is everything, and 
 that is very scarce with anybody's hirelings in this city ; and that 
 should you evince high qualities in your present position they 
 will be noted, and your services requested elsewhere. Life is 
 very hurried and fretful in a great city. 
 
 Yours, Horace Greeley. 
 
104 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 R. W. GRISWOLD TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 New York, October 24, 1847. 
 
 My dear Taylor, — I am very much delighted at the pros- 
 pect of having you in New York. I have been making some 
 inquiries down town this morning, but without success, though I 
 have no doubt, with your abilities and experience, enough will be 
 found to do after a little while. 
 
 Meantime, enough to " pay your board " awaits you on my 
 " Biographie " in the form of translations of articles from the 
 new " Conversations Lexikon," if you will undertake them. I 
 certainly will do all I can very gladly, and am so sanguine that 
 I have no hesitation in bidding you come at once. 
 
 I live in my shop here at the University, and rarely go out 
 now but to get my meals at the New York Hotel, or to visit the 
 printing-office. 
 
 My brother has just told me of a first-rate boarding-house, 
 equal to that I have left, in Bond Street, for half the price, 
 
 I scribble this very hastily, for I wish to send it down to the 
 post-office by the boy who is " waiting for copy." 
 Yours most sincerely, 
 
 Kufus W. Griswold. 
 
 CHARLES FENNO HOFFMAN TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Office Literary World, October 30, 1847. 
 My dear Sir, — Your letter of the 19th interested me much. 
 I like your idea of " coming up to the capital," as did the wor- 
 thies of literature in Johnson's time. Griswold tells me he has 
 written you offering something to do. I wish I could offer you 
 a certain and permanent engagement upon this paper ; perhaps 
 we may hereafter. Meanwhile, if an engagement for the months 
 of November and December of five dollars a week upon the 
 miscellaneous department of the " Literary World," or for one 
 review a week, will advance your object, I pray you to consider 
 it settled. I write in great haste, with business and business 
 people pressing, so you must not gauge my interest in your 
 plans by this brief note from Yours hurriedly, 
 
 C. F. Hoffman. 
 
REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 105 
 
 WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 New York, November 30, 1S47. 
 
 Dear Sir, — You must have thought me uncivil iu not answer- 
 ing your letter earlier. The truth was, I did not know what to 
 advise, and day after day went over, till I was ashamed to look 
 "at the date of your letter to see how many had elapsed. 
 
 With regard to your coming to New York, there is no douht 
 that a residence here, to one whose character and hahits are 
 formed, like yours, is of great advantage in point of intellectual 
 improvement. The intellect is incited to greater exertions, is in- 
 vigorated by collision with other intellects, and finds more abun- 
 dant aliment ; but they who live by their pens here do not, I 
 bebeve, find it a very easy life hi general. Either they are very 
 laboriously occupied, for the most part without a very liberal 
 compensation, or find occupation uncertain and its rewards 
 scanty. 
 
 The greater number of them, I believe, write for the maga- 
 zines, a thing of which you have some experience. When they 
 have acquired some reputation, they often venture upon a vol- 
 ume ; you have experience in that way, too. The newspaper 
 press furnishes the steadiest income, but its places are few and 
 always full, and there is a crowd of competitors ready for casual 
 vacancies. I know of none such at present. 
 
 Such is an outline of the literary chart of New York. If you 
 conclude to try its navigation, I shall be happy to render you 
 any service in my power. Yours truly, 
 
 W. C. Bryant. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 November 12, 1847. 
 I thought I would make up my deficiency a week or two ago, 
 and write a long letter, but the " pressure of business " confines 
 me to this sheet of note-paper. And indeed, I can scarcely steal 
 time enough to say more than that I am enjoying good health 
 and good spirits, notwithstanding many little difficulties and vex- 
 ations. I received another letter from Hoffman yesterday, re- 
 peating his offer and urging me to come. Of course I replied, 
 accepting it, and promising to come on as soon as possible. I 
 fear I shall have to dispose of the " Pioneer " at considerable 
 
106 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 loss, but I will endeavor soon to make it up in New York. It is, 
 however, to say the least, very vexatious and annoying to throw 
 away a year's work for nothing, at this time of life. Thou canst, 
 doubtless, appreciate the feeling with which I regard this disap- 
 pointment. I have lost none of my hope and confidence, but I 
 feel impatient about it, and sometimes almost — angry. But 
 then I recur to my philosophy, which is, never to let myself be 
 troubled about what is done and can't be helped, and I find that a 
 little calm reasoning soon restores my equanimity. 
 
 I think we have both learned a good deal of patience and self- 
 denial, which may do us good service amid the trials which may 
 meet us in after-life. There is much sunshine in the world ; 
 even as I write a ray of it shot into my heart, and I am glad and 
 happy ; it was the thought of our union, haply not very distant in 
 the future. I have a stock of gladness in my spirit, which will 
 keep me always hopeful and buoyant, and I thank God for this. 
 Be thou hopeful, too, for " why should we seek to anticipate 
 sadness," etc. ? 
 
 But I must close, for it is bright morning, and my presence is 
 wanted in the office. I write now that thou mayest receive it to- 
 morrow night. All my spare time, which is not much, has been 
 employed on a lecture for to-morrow night. 
 
 In writing, several years afterward, of his experi- 
 ment at Phoenixville, Bayard Taylor says : " I soon 
 discovered that the paper which I wished to publish 
 would not satisfy the demands of my subscribers. I 
 could not make my pen serve the petty local interests, 
 which alone they cared for; as I wished to remain 
 neutral in politics, I offended both parties ; when I 
 endeavored to illustrate higher literary points of view, 
 my orthodoxy in religious things was called in ques- 
 tion. At last, after wasting a year in the thankless 
 business, I gave it up in despair, and went to New 
 York, weighed down with a debt, the paying of which 
 cost me the earnings of the next three years." 
 
 He had no positive engagement in New York ex- 
 cept that offered by Mr. Hoffman, but shortly after he 
 
REMOVAL TO NEW YORK. 107 
 
 reached the city he added to this an engagement to 
 teach a class in literature in Miss Green's school for 
 young ladies, three to four hours a week for four dol- 
 lars, " which is good pay," he writes, " and will do 
 much to help me along." So, with the certainty of 
 -nine dollars a week, he embarked hopefully upon the 
 current of a literary life in New York. It was a week 
 before Christmas when he arrived, and on Christmas 
 Day he wrote to Mary Agnew : — 
 
 " The happiest and merriest heart be thine to-day ! 
 The very soul of all Christmas enjoyment make sun- 
 shine around thee ! And amid all the kind wishes 
 thou wilt receive from loving friends, forget not that 
 my fondest, most fervent blessing goes to thee from 
 the depths of my heart. Chide me not that, in ab- 
 sence, I feel cheerful and happy. I have been among 
 friends to-day, among those who knew me ; the gay 
 crowds of this busy city seemed familiar and home- 
 like, and there was needed but the one dear presence 
 to make me indeed contented. Here is my sphere of 
 action ; it may be my place of sorrow and suffering, 
 but always of happiness while I have thee." 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 
 
 1848-1849. 
 
 In midnight streets 
 And haunted attics flattered by the chime 
 Of silver words, and, fed by faith sublime, 
 I Shelley's mantle wore, you that of Keats. 
 
 Sonnet to R. H. S. 
 
 The strongest motive which prompted Bayard Tay- 
 lor to come to New York and try his fortune in litera- 
 ture was the hope that he could thus sooner maintain 
 himself and marry ; but with this hope was a desire 
 to study, to find himself in more congenial society, 
 and to come closer to the movement of men. Ardently 
 as he loved nature, he was at a time of life when his 
 vigorous, stirring mind sought activity and the com- 
 panionship of men and women of high thought and 
 aims ; he wished to plunge into swifter currents, and 
 to find room for freer energy. The period which he 
 spent at Phoenixville was commonplace enough so far 
 as his external life was concerned, but it was witness 
 to a mental and spiritual travail which showed itself 
 in the varying moods of his letters and diaries, and 
 left him with a sense of new life and power. Phys- 
 ically he was conscious of abounding health, and he 
 felt the stirring within him of an intellectual spirit 
 which prophesied a larger expression. 
 
 In his novel " John Godfrey's Fortunes," the hero 
 is made to say, " I belong to that small class of men 
 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 109 
 
 whose natures are not developed by a steady, grad- 
 ual process of growth, but advance by sudden and 
 seemingly arbitrary bounds, divided by intervals dur- 
 ing which their faculties remain almost stationary." 
 Such a statement does more to identify an author with 
 .his creation than any merely external likeness, and it 
 is not to be wondered at that John Godfrey should be 
 taken as a literary study of Bayard Taylor, since this 
 periodic development of nature was characteristic of 
 his own judgment of himself. At any rate, in this 
 removal to New York we are able to see not only an 
 outward change of fortune and experience, but the be- 
 ginning of a rapid maturity of intellect. It was very 
 much to him that he could note in his diary at the be- 
 ginning of the year, " I have laid the spirits which 
 tormented me in a poetical grave ; and it is enough 
 to say, at this chilly hour, that I am now stronger 
 and more resolute than then [a year ago], sustained 
 by a firmer trust and encouraged by a more cheerful 
 philosophy." The difference in his circumstances ap- 
 pears plainly enough in his New Year's letter to his 
 betrothed. 
 
 BAYAKD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, New Year's Day, 1848. 
 
 The blessings of the opening year be upon thee, clearest Mary ! 
 be with thee to-night, if my heart's wish can be answered ! Al- 
 though I have passed the day among friends, I have been 
 lonely in my absence from thee ; and I have felt it the more, 
 since every pleasant scene but made me wish for thy presence. 
 It would have been charming to thee ; indeed, thou art not aware 
 how much thou art losing — for a while, only ; for it will soon, I 
 hope, be in my power to unlock for thee the door to this social 
 world. 
 
 January 2. I could do little else yesterday than give thee a 
 New Year's wish, and to-night I shall only have time to say 
 
110 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 where I have been, and what doing, as it is past midnight. 
 Willis invited me to supper at his house, and I went with T. B. 
 and Mary Read. We found there Anne Lynch, Grace Green- 
 wood, Mrs. E. F. Ellet, Healy, the artist, and Joseph Clarke, 
 Grace's hrother. Afterwards came General Morris, Parke God- 
 win and his wife, who is Bryant's daughter, and the veritable 
 Sam Lover. And such a night as we have passed ! — a feast of 
 reason and flow of soul, so full of songs, stories, and sparkling 
 conversation that we have each and all (I make no doubt) laid 
 by its memory to be preserved among the choicest events of our 
 lives. Last night I attended Anne Lynch's conversazione, and 
 met Grace, Willis, Morris, Read, Healy, Griswold, Mrs. Ellet, 
 Mr. Gillespie, and Kate and Mary Sedgwick. We had a dance 
 and most delightful conversation, together with recitals. Grace 
 repeated her "Ariadne," Read his "Bards," and Kate Sedgwick 
 Miss Barrett's " Bertha in the Lane." On Thursday I went to a 
 fancy ball in the character of Goethe's Faust, Read as a Tyro- 
 lese minstrel, and his wife as Titania. Mrs. Anne S. Stephens 
 was there as Madge Wildfire, Lieutenant May as Ivanhoe, and 
 Saroni, the composer, as an Italian cavalier. But I will be bet- 
 ter able to tell thee of all these delightful festivals when we 
 meet, in a few days from now. I shall, I hope, see thee on Fri- 
 day night ; it is an age till then. For once, I am obliged to send 
 thee but a short and meagre letter. 
 
 New York, January 23, 1848. 
 I write to thee while the Sunday chimes are ringing in my ear; 
 and could my heart be other than calm and peaceful and 
 blessed ? Yes, peaceful even while the load of absence lies 
 heavily upon it, and no one is near to charm away the weary sen- 
 sation of loneliness. Out upon all complaining ! Why, what have 
 I, with the warm blood of twenty-three stirring in my veins, — 
 with strength, passion, and opportunity for action, — to do with 
 sighing and lamentation ? There will be time enough for that 
 when the warm feeling is chilled, the living thought palsied, and 
 the strong will unnerved. Now is the time to make myself what 
 I am expected to become ; and although those who expect most 
 strive most to hold me back from the upward track, I am deter- 
 mined not to cheat my own ideal. Therefore, forward ! Act, 
 study, work, complain not ! This is the lesson I have been re- 
 peating to myself day by day, — I will become the sculptor of 
 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. Ill 
 
 my own mind's statue. There are times, it is true, when the 
 heart must siuk ; when it lies down by the wayside, sorrowing 
 and overtasked ; hut the earth itself lends it vigor, and they are 
 deceived who deem that its energies are at rest forever. I have 
 been weak and cowardly ; I have shrunk from the rough en- 
 counter with worldly natures, and longed for some poetic Elys- 
 ium where I might sing and dream ; but with God's help I 
 shall hereafter keep clear of this morbid and unmanly feeling. 
 It will require time and resolution and the experience of pain 
 to familiarize myself with the world as it is, — to expect and 
 meet unmoved the thousand jarrings which pride and feeling 
 have to endure. But the tendcrest frame may in time slumber 
 soundly on a bed of rock, and I do not despair of in time steel- 
 ing myself to " brunt the fight." Xor would I lament the ne- 
 cessity of this education of the soul. It is the only thing which 
 can develop the latent power within me, the true Bayard, whom 
 few (but thou best of all) have ever known, — the future knight, 
 as I earnestly trust, sans peur et sans reproche, to which I am now 
 but an humble squire. Thou canst aid me in this, my own Mary, 
 and to thee I look for words of encouragement and of reproof 
 when I stray from the stern purpose. This has been a faithful 
 confession, spoken as if to my own guardian angel (and indeed, 
 is it not ?), and I pray thee record it on the leaves of our united 
 destiny. 
 
 But enough of serious talk for one letter ! Thou wilt think 
 me a graceless Troubadour, to write so much of my own sober 
 philosophy instead of the happy homage of the heart, in which 
 gallant knights acknowledge their fealty. And abundance of 
 this could I not render ? Is not thy love an ever-present bless- 
 ing ? Were I able to say all which passes through my heart in 
 this moment, I fear I should weary thee with the expression of 
 my grateful joy ! But thou knowest well how we can repeat for- 
 ever our happiest emotions, without exhausting their power. 
 
 " Wave after wave breaks on the shore, 
 But the sea is deep as it was before." 
 
 And when I tell thee that the sea of my soul throbs away in end- 
 less waves of love and tenderness to thee, need I bid thee always 
 listen to its chime ? No ; thine own spirit, like the pure sky, 
 bends protectingly above it, and thou canst see how it mirrors 
 the depth of thy affection. 
 
112 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Have no fears about my health, dear Mary ; I am almost en- 
 tirely well, and two or three days of this charming weather will 
 complete the cure. I hope thou, too, wilt feel the cheering in- 
 fluence of sunshine which reminds us of coming spring. Thy 
 health should claim thy care far more than mine. I am natu- 
 rally strong and vigorous ; and nothing but a neglect, which I 
 shall hereafter guard against, occasioned my illness. I spent last 
 evening with Willis, and mentioned in the course of conversation 
 my idea of the Swedish trip. He discouraged it, and perhaps 
 with reason ; but I shall do nothing rashly, and there will be 
 time enough to decide before I shall be able to go at all. I 
 passed four or five most delightful hours with him and Mrs. 
 Willis, and can now be myself to them, such valued and familiar 
 friends they have become. They will be thine also, erelong. 
 We had a very agreeable soiree here two or three nights ago, and 
 the unreserved social feeling which prevailed rendered it very 
 pleasant to me. I am growing better acquainted with my fellow- 
 boarders, and they with me. This makes it seem more home- 
 like. Hoffman, who has been boarding here for seven years, is 
 treated as one of the family ; indeed, I find that he has as many 
 friends as any man in New York, and every one who knows him 
 admires him. I esteem it very fortunate for me that I am con- 
 nected with him, however slightly. 
 
 With the new life came fresh impulses to poetry. 
 The first of the poems written in this year appears to 
 be " The Angel of the Soul," in blank verse, pub- 
 lished in his next collection of poems, but omitted in 
 later collections. It has an interest from its large ab- 
 stract quality, from the brooding of the mind upon 
 elemental nature, and the effort to force from the ele- 
 ments an answer to the questions which the soul hardly 
 formulates, yet feels as the instinct of its immortality. 
 
 Silence hath conquered thee, imperial Night ! 
 Thou sitt'st alone within her void, cold halls, 
 Thy solemn brow uplifted, and thy soul 
 Paining the space with dumb and mighty thought. 
 
 So the poem begins, and the poet imagines his own 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 113 
 
 soul going down the untrodden paths of night to the 
 " dim verge of being." There its prayer is heard, and 
 it enters the winged multitude of spirits, calling to its 
 guardian angel : — 
 
 White through my cradled dreams thy pinions waved, 
 
 Lost Angel of the Soid ! Thy presence led 
 
 The babe's faint gropings through the glimmering dark 
 
 And into Being's conscious dawn. Thy hand 
 
 Held mine in childhood, and thy beaming cheek 
 
 Lay close, like some fond playmate's, to mine own. 
 
 Thou hast been with me, when the midnight dew 
 Clung damp upon my brow, and the broad fields 
 Stretched far and dim beneath the ghostly moon ; 
 When the dark, awful woods were silent near, 
 And with imploring hands toward the stars 
 Clasped in mute yearning, I have questioned Heaven 
 For the lost language of the Book of Life. 
 
 Come back ! he cries to this guardian angel ; 
 
 From the founts 
 Of thine exhaustless light, make clear the road 
 Through toil and darkness into God's repose. 
 
 It is quite likely that the poet, when selecting from 
 his earlier poems those which he wished to retain, 
 threw this one out for its somewhat vague, inarticulate 
 breathing, its lack of definite form, and its slight con- 
 fusion of personality and image. The poem belongs 
 to a stage of poetic growth which has had some nota- 
 ble illustrations. The profoundest poets have been 
 early impressed with this weight of life, and have 
 sought to change the " too, too solid " earth into va- 
 pors, in the vain attempt after something more final 
 and imperishable than the concrete world. The " Pau- 
 line " of Robert Browning, most dramatic of poets, 
 represents this stage, and still more emphatically the 
 
114 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 " Alastor " of Shelley, who so dominated Browning's 
 mind when he wrote " Pauline." Bayard Taylor had 
 not, at this time, read Shelley, and when he read 
 " Alastor," a few months later, he recognized in fuller, 
 more elaborate form the phase of spiritual passion 
 which had been his own. 
 
 Had he remained in a country life, it is possible 
 that he would have been longer in receiving an im- 
 pulse from the vital energy of the world of action, but 
 as " The Angel of the Soul " was, in a measure, retro- 
 spective, the midnight fantasy of a dreaming poet, it 
 was followed almost immediately by a series of poems 
 which are intimately connected with his daily life. 
 Mr. Greeley, who had discouraged his coming to New 
 York, now that he was there offered him a situation 
 on the " Tribune," and at once he was thrown into the 
 current of a busy world. The office of a daily news- 
 paper was then, as now, the meeting-point of many 
 currents of human life, and here, where his duties 
 compelled him to take daily surveys of the country, 
 the poet was brought into quickening contact with the 
 adventure and romance of the West. He succeeded 
 Mr. Oliver Johnson in the miscellaneous and literary 
 department. The humorous description of John God- 
 frey's labor in " condensing the miscellaneous " gives, 
 with a touch of exaggeration, a picture of his first oc- 
 cupation ; but with the new stimulus came the Cali- 
 fornian ballads, spirited and swinging in metre, in 
 which there is the eagerness of a young fellow who 
 has leapt into the saddle. There came, also, a busier 
 social life, and a vividness of sensation which is com- 
 municated both to poetry and to letters. He was 
 quick to avail himself of the advantages afforded by 
 the city for study and introduction to the domain of 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 115 
 
 literature and art. Thirty years later, writing of 
 R. H. Dana, Senior, he said, " In 1848 I heard his 
 course of lectures on ' Old English Literature ' in New 
 York, and was thereby led to the study of the Ballads, 
 the Dramatists, and Wordsworth." 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, January 29, 1848. 
 
 Was I not right in my resolution ? I have passed a happy 
 week in carrying it out. The mere determination to face diffi- 
 culties diminishes their number, and in the good-will with which 
 we undertake a work is the work half done. And to-day, to 
 crown the sum of my good fortune, came Greeley, and of his 
 own unsolicited accord offered me a situation as assistant editor, 
 with a salary of $G25 a year (.$12 a week), and a prospect of 
 its being soon raised to $800. This is a glorious chance. The 
 duties of the place involve the severe discipline which I need, 
 and it is a certain stepping-stone to something better. I shall be 
 bound as to days, but still considerable time will be left each day 
 for other studies. I cannot cease congratulating myself on the 
 happy turn in my crooked pathway. I shall have possession of 
 the seat formerly held by Oliver Johnson, who has just left. 
 
 I have just returned from two hours at Anne Lynch's. I found 
 there Kate and Mary Sedgwick, Darley the artist, Dubourjal, 
 ditto, and several highly intellectual people. I was enchanted 
 with a portfolio of outline drawings by Darley, illustrating " Mar- 
 garet." They are to be published. On the spur of the moment 
 we formed a quadrille, and as Darley did n't know the figures, 
 and there were only three couple, there was no end to the sport 
 we had. Anne Lynch is a perfect jewel of a woman. She is go- 
 ing to have a grand valentine party on the coming 14th, and 
 showed me a list of the invited lions. Among them are Halleck, 
 Bryant, Willis, Morris, Hoffman, Parke Godwin, Lanman, Tuck- 
 erman, Dr. Dewey, Page, Inman, Darley, Healy, Durand, Mrs. 
 Kirkland, Grace Greenwood, Mrs. Smith, Miss Sedgwick, Mrs. 
 Osgood, Mrs. Ellet, Mrs. Hewitt, and a host of others. What a 
 constellation ! Would that thou, too, wert here to shine amongst 
 them ! Miss L. made me promise to write a number of valen- 
 tines, and this is the list she allotted to me : Mrs. Godwin, Miss 
 Kate Sedgwick, Mrs. Kirkland, Mrs. Seba Smith, Hoffman, and 
 
116 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Willis. I shall be kept busy in hammering out stanzas up to the 
 eventful day, and I intend dipping into some book of metre for 
 a variety in that line, at least. But I must pause, for it is the 
 cold midnight, though my heart is warm and full of sunshine, — 
 of light that streams in its fullness to thee. My good-night bless- 
 ing on thy slumbers now, dear Mary ! . . . 
 
 My heart has been dancing all morning to its own music, think- 
 ing of my many blessings. Again I repeat the determination of 
 my last letter, and depend on thee to keep me strong in it. 
 
 By the way, I must tell thee of a wicked little scheme of mine. 
 There have been so many remarks on my reference in my poems 
 to love or to the beloved one, that I have concluded to puzzle 
 these curious critics. I wrote last summer a poem embodying 
 the very essence of despair, — of hopeless, scorned love, of in- 
 tense, fathomless spiritual misery. It was written as an experi- 
 ment, without any particular object, — one of those whims to 
 which all poets are subjected, and which I doubt whether thou 
 canst entirely understand. I mentioned this to Hoffman, who 
 was delighted with the idea, and promised to preface it by a 
 few lines, which should excite the greatest possible curiosity with 
 regard to it. But tell me in thy next letter what is thy opinion 
 with regard to the plan. I should like to have it before publishing 
 the article. I will commence in this week's " Literary World " 
 the publication of a series of " Picturesque Ballads of Califor- 
 nia," written as if they were translated from the Spanish by a 
 gentleman of St. Louis. The first, called " £1 Canelo," I think will 
 please thee. We are going to have them noticed in other papers, 
 as they will help greatly to bring the " Literary World " into bet- 
 ter circulation. I am delighted with the idea of writing for once 
 behind the curtain. I shall hear unprejudiced comments on the 
 ballads, and I shall myself be able to write them with far more 
 ease and spirit, by the throwing off of my own self-consciousness. 
 Please hold this secret. I will send thee the ballads as they ap- 
 pear. I send with this letter a " Home Journal," containing a 
 magnificent story by Willis, and some references to myself. I 
 would ask thee to read Willis's, particularly. It is wonderful in 
 its way. 
 
 I inclose one or two of my rhymed longings to thee, and will 
 send the rest when I next write. Two or three have been printed. 
 Now, Mary, dearest, let me soon hear from thee, for I depend 
 much on thy encouraging letters. 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 117 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 February 2, 1848. 
 . . . For a week past I have been happy. I marveled at my 
 own light-heartedness, but now I know the reason. It was be- 
 cause thou, too, wert happy, because fortune had been kind to 
 ~tkee. But I fear that thou wilt have too much to do when this 
 new duty is added to the others, — that thy mind will often feel 
 wearied and overtasked. Would that I could do something to 
 assist thee, but I cannot. I can only congratulate thee on the 
 happy prospect that lies before thee, — yes, and before me, too. 
 I see bright and beautiful visions gleaming in the future, and I 
 fervently thank God as I press thy loved letters to my heart. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, February 6, 1848. 
 ..." Blessed Sabbath bells ! " They chime in ever with my 
 visions of home and of thee. I have taken the quiet Sabbath 
 morning for my brief converse with thee, and perhaps at this hour 
 thou art thinking of me. I feel as if it were so. I seem to see 
 thee looking out on the bare trees and frozen earth, lying still 
 and bleak under the faint winter sunshine, and wandering in 
 thought to the busy city about me. I know the weight of ab- 
 sence must at times lie heavy on thy heart. Thou hast not the 
 incessant round of occupation to chain thy thoughts from every- 
 thing else through four fifths of the day which falls to my lot 
 here, which at least prevents me from dwelling long upon any- 
 thing but the labor before me ; for, as thou sayst, nothing can 
 wholly banish for a moment the thought of thee. This labor, 
 which I still enjoy, as it will secure me the happiness of my life, 
 causes the weeks to pass away quickly, and by keeping me active 
 and occupied prevents entirely any tendency to dejection or de- 
 spondency. We are happiest at Avork, and especially when we 
 are working for those we love. I look forward to an encouraging 
 letter from thee very soon. Thy little note reached me on Thurs- 
 day, just as I was beginning to feel anxious about thee, — fearing 
 lest thy health should have again failed. I expect, however, 
 there is another on the way by this time. If wishing could avail 
 anything, thou wouldst have been here last night. There was a 
 solemn celebration to the memory of Mendelssohn, given by all 
 
118 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 the musical societies and artists of New York. It was at Castle 
 Garden, which was crowded with upwards of ten thousand peo- 
 ple. There was an orchestra of one hundred instruments, and a 
 chorus of three hundred singers. The effect was almost incon- 
 ceivable. I was at Anne Lynch's on Friday night. She is get- 
 ting ready an illustrated edition of her poems. Willis is not well, 
 but is not seriously afflicted. I have become acquainted with 
 the painter Frankenstein, who showed me a great many very 
 fine pictures. 
 
 I have no doubt that in a few months, if I should succeed in 
 picking up some correspondence with other papers, and learn the 
 art of telegraphing news (or, rather, preparing them for the tel- 
 egraph), I shall make $25 or $30 a week readily. This would 
 support us at once, and enable us to terminate the pains of ab- 
 sence. . . . Greeley told me yesterday that he would give any 
 man who could manage the news department of the " Tribune " 
 as well as he wished $1,500 a year. If I can attain this, my for- 
 tune is made. At any rate, even with my present income, I can 
 be free from all debt by next winter, and so well established as 
 to be certain of the future. So cheer up, and keep cheered, dear 
 Mary, for I think I have " taken at the flood " that tide in the 
 affairs of men which Shakespeare tells of. 
 
 February 13, 1848, 
 I was much grieved to hear of thy illness, the more so as I 
 had hoped and fully trusted thy sufferings had reached their 
 measure. It is, indeed, disheartening to me to think of all which 
 thou must endure, and I cannot avoid the impression that this 
 would not be so wert thou with me. At least, if a cheerful and 
 happy spirit is any preventive of physical suffering, I would 
 strive to make thine always so. I hope thou art well again by 
 the time this shall reach thee. I hope to be with thee again the 
 end of next week, and to find thee better and happier than ever. 
 I will then have much to say to thee ; many pleasant and cheer- 
 ing circumstances to relate. I have been working pretty hard 
 for the past week, but it is very pleasant, and I think I shall suc- 
 ceed to the satisfaction of my employers. At least I have de- 
 termined to aim at complete success, and have all hope of reach- 
 ing my aim. It is an excellent post for one's reputation as an 
 editor ; " a good perch to fly from," as Willis said last night. 
 Poor man ! he is very sick, having been kept to his bed two 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 119 
 
 weeks with rheumatic pleurisy. His eyes are swelled so as to 
 blind him, and he cannot move without great torture. His faith- 
 ful Nelly, however, keeps him cheerful and hoping. I was at 
 Anne Lynch's last night, and had a delightful talk with Mrs. 
 Ripley (wife of the " Harbinger ") and niece of Dana, tbe poet ; 
 the Sedgwicks were there and Darley. Herman Melville will 
 be there to-morrow night, and I am obliged to write a valentine 
 for him. 
 
 I had the misfortune to be deeply intoxicated yesterday — with 
 Tennyson's new poem, " The Princess," which I shall bring to 
 thee when I return home. I dare not keep it with me. For the 
 future, for a long time at least, I dare not read Tennyson. His 
 poetry would be the death of mine, and, indeed, a pervadence of 
 his spirit would ruin me for the great purposes of life. His in- 
 tense perception of beauty haunts me for days, and I cannot 
 drive it from me. 
 
 Thou wilt see the Californian ballad in the next " Tribune." 
 I have another to write to-day, or to-night. My hands are full ; 
 my mind is kept constantly employed. This is as it should be, 
 and I feel that I am beginning to learn something. I seem to 
 have turned over a new leaf of life, and I shall write a better 
 story upon it than the blotted pages I have left behind. I have 
 been misled in some respects by false reasoning ; a little rough 
 experience has cured me. Do thou too be firm of heart, and 
 shrink not from the great world ; but rather take thy destined 
 place in it with the consciousness that it belongs to thee by right. 
 
 My pen will run into this strain, do what I may to stop it. 
 But when I shall substitute voices for letters, and fond glances 
 for written vows, thou wilt be at liberty to put an end to all such 
 metaphysical converse. As Tennyson says in " The Princess," 
 we will then be 
 
 "A two-celled heart, beating with one full stroke 
 Life." 
 
 Thou wilt hear from me again before I come, and write to me 
 soon, for 1 am anxious to hear from thee. 
 
 New York, February 23, 1848. 
 
 I am a sad truant this week about writing, but rather a truant 
 
 through necessity than choice. My time has been more than 
 
 usually engaged, and as Sunday was my working day I have 
 
 been delayed until now. However, it is still not too late to re- 
 
\/~ 
 
 120 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 ceive an answer to this before I can expect to see thee. I am 
 coming home the last of next week, certainly in about nine or 
 ten days from now. I hope to find thee quite well by that time." 
 How quickly the winter has slipped away ! It will be spring 
 next week, in name if not in weather. We have had nothing 
 but Italian days for the last month. . . . Well, the grand valen- 
 tine party came off at last, and a very pleasant one it was. 
 Nearly all the author-tribe were there, but several other lions of 
 a different class, among whom were Rossiter, Cushman, Darley, 
 and Dubourjal, artists ; General Games and Captain Reid, of the 
 army, Biscaccianti, and others. I became acquainted with Her- 
 man Melville's sister and with Mrs. Mary E. Hewitt, the poet- 
 ess, — a lovely woman. It fell to my lot to read a part of the 
 valentines. I received four : one from Grace, one from Mrs. 
 Osgood, and two from unknowns. By the bye, I have had quite 
 a valentine quarrel. Mrs. Osgood's was directed " to the Bay- 
 ard-dear," and not suspecting in the least that she was the au- 
 thor I showed it to her, telling her to observe the horrid pun ! 
 I was punished for it next day, in the shape of a scolding valen- 
 tine, through which I discovered the author. I instantly wrote 
 a poetic apology, which called back a most charming answer and 
 restored me to her good graces. Last Saturday I was again at 
 A. C. L.'s, and met with Dr. Nichol, the astronomer, and Head- 
 ley. . . . Last night I spent an hour or two at Embury's, in 
 Brooklyn, a most delightful place, and somewhat exclusive. 
 Mrs. Embury is an uncommon woman, and has more of the true 
 poetic element in her nature than many who have won higher 
 names. Thou hast probably seen ere this the Californian ballad 
 in the " Tribune ; " I have another written, called the " The Fight 
 of Paso del Mar," full of blood and fury. . . . 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 March 6, 1848. 
 ... I want to tell thee not to be anxious about my health. I 
 have been so sorry that I told thee my fears on Saturday, but I 
 was concerned and worried, and felt depressed ; and was it not 
 natural that I should impart it to thee, who art ever ready to re- 
 ceive and cherish my every hope and fear ? I have for so long 
 prayed to be well and strong, and this continued pain and weak- 
 ness will weigh heavily upon my spirits at times. Yet I hope and 
 think I will in a short time be well. I have had a long talk with 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 121 
 
 " Doctor," and he says I will, so thou seest thy fears were not 
 well-founded; we often suffer, both mentally and physically, from 
 ignorance, and such has been my case. It is indeed gratifying 
 and joyous to know that I shall be healthy. Then let me wait 
 patiently and hopef idly till " Time, the great revealer of all 
 things," brings about this happy change. I depend much on the 
 genial influence of the opening spring, and on thy words of en- 
 couragement and hope. I have felt so much better since I have 
 seen thee looking so bright, so beautiful, and happy. I would 
 fain have had a longer time with thee, for thoughts and feelings 
 crowd upon my heart for utterance ; but I do not complain, for 
 the few hours that I did spend with thee float gorgeously before 
 me now through the light of the golden clouds of happiness. Here, 
 beside my paper, lies the beautiful Uttle flower thee brought me, 
 as sweet and almost as fresh as when it came. The fragrance that 
 it sends forth reminds me so vividly of thee, and oh, how dearly 
 do I chsrish it ! Long, long will I keep it after its leaves are 
 dried and withered, for it is a gift from thee. Thou knowest I 
 spoke of " teaching." I have given up all thought of it, and have 
 my mind centred on studying, which is much more to my taste, 
 and will combine the same object, — that of being occupied. Thou 
 hast kindly offered to bring me a German grammar, for which I 
 cannot express my thanks, and, with thy assistance, perhaps I will 
 be able to make some progress. . . . 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, March 12, 1848. 
 
 I know not how I may be qualified in mood of mind and feel- 
 ing to write to thee now, for I have just laid aside a poem of 
 deep philosophical character, and am still surrounded and per- 
 vaded with the thought, which it was necessary to create in much 
 intensity in order to be equal to the subject. But this is my most 
 leisure day, and as a week has elapsed since we parted I cannot 
 delay longer in writing, and therefore receiving something from 
 thee in return ; trusting that any occasional obscurity, from the 
 impossibility to divest myself at once of the poem, will be par- 
 doned. I am in very good spirits, poetically, physically, and 
 mentally. 
 
 And for the reasons thereof, in addition to what thou knowest 
 already, which would tend to make me cheerful and happy, let 
 me mention f urther cause for rejoicing. Within the week, since 
 
122 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 my return, I have received four additional situations ! Mrs. 
 Kirkland is very anxious for me to edit the " Union Magazine " 
 while she is in Europe, and the " Christian Inquirer," a Unitarian 
 paper. Graham has engaged me to write some reviews for him 
 now and then. And to-day a letter came from Harry Peterson, 
 asking me to be the New York correspondent of the " Post " ! 
 Think of that ! Was I not right in following the impulse which 
 brought me here ? I have accepted the offer of the " Union 
 Magazine," as well as Graham's and Harry Peterson's, and only 
 hesitate in reference to the "Christian Inquirer," for fear I 
 shall not have time to attend to it ; but as there is not much 
 labor necessary, I think I shall accept it. So, thou seest, not 
 only fame is coming in, but money. As Mrs. Kirkland will be 
 absent only six or seven months, I can easily endure the addi- 
 tional labor for that length of time — and the experience it will 
 afford me will be of great value. By devoting a little more 
 time to amusements, now and then, I can readily support the 
 necessary activity of mind. The only disadvantage is, I shall be 
 tied more strictly to New York than now, but still I shall en- 
 deavor to give a day to Kennett often through the summer ; 
 and I know thou wouldst rather have short visits from me, and 
 the prospect of my being soon honorably and firmly established 
 in the world, than longer ones and less success. I hope now to 
 be soon in a fair way to earn an income sufficient for our needs, 
 and furnishing somewhat beside for the "latter days." Again 
 I ask, " Was I not right in coming here ? " 
 
 For once, I have written thee a business letter. But thy re- 
 venge is easy : write me one in answer. And if thou art not 
 familiar with stocks and dividends, fill it with accounts of bar- 
 gaining for groceries or the diplomacy of dry-goods. Thou 
 mayst rejoice at this evidence of my capability for encountering 
 the realities of life, for poetry alone is a weak staff to lean 
 on. We will keep it for the sanctuary of our own hearts, the 
 quiet fireside of the feelings, and to the cold and calculating 
 herd appear cold and calculating, too. But if I follow the run 
 of my thoughts, they will certainly beguile me back into poetry. 
 So I must hunt up a few more facts. 
 
 Willis is worse again. I was there yesterday. Afterwards, 
 took tea with Mrs. Kirkland, and had a delightful chat ; then 
 went to the house of Murdoch, the tragedian, and heard him 
 read a new tragedy to a company of literary gentlemen. Captain 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 123 
 
 Morgan, of our good old ship Victoria, called on me yesterday, 
 and we had a real jolly talk. I was delighted to see him again. 
 He told me he had read " Views," in the house of the painter 
 Leslie, at London. 
 
 I have seen Henry Clay, and wept (nearly) on seeing the 
 magnificent funeral pageant of Adams. It was wonderful. 
 Didst thou ever look on two hundred thousand people at once ? 
 
 I have been writing as fast as my fingers can fly, this (Mon- 
 day, now) morning, and must conclude with the expression of 
 my most fervent and faithful love. 
 
 New York, April 5, 1848. 
 It is several days since I have had leisure for an uninterrupted 
 half-hour's talk with thee, and I am not sure that I shall be 
 allowed to say a great deal this morning. But even a few words 
 seem like a relief and refreshment to me, after delving so long 
 among wagon-loads of newspapers, and simmering the few 
 thoughts I have in my pate over the slow fire which the publish- 
 ers kindle for authors. But they are by no means exhausted ; 
 indeed, they grow constantly, and I am on the slow, though sure, 
 progress to better and stronger habits of thinking. I rejoice 
 that thou art so cheerful and confident and bold of spirit. I 
 find that there is nothing but courage and self-denial will accom- 
 plish much in the world ; and this tossing about, during early 
 life, but wins us the greater reward hereafter. That lofty, calm 
 philosophy and heroic dignity of character which we admire so 
 much in those who have passed the troubled morning was never 
 attained without severe experience. I comfort myself with this 
 reflection, whenever comfort is needed, which is not often, in my 
 present situation. I am succeeding very well, and will probably 
 soon have the entire charge of the assistant editorship. I am 
 fast becoming hardened to the work, though at present laboring 
 under a severe cold, which is not very pleasant. But as I caught 
 it in the service of liberty and France, I am content to bear it. 
 We had one of the most sublime meetings I ever beheld, on 
 Monday. One hundred thousand people — French, Italians, 
 Swiss, Poles, Irish, Scotch, Spanish — all united in one grand na- 
 tional congress, as it were, to rejoice over the freedom of France. 
 I was on the stand with the French and Italian speakers. The 
 banners of all nations hung above us, and were waved to the 
 grand chorus of the Marseillaise, sung by thousands 1 Our own 
 
124 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 banner was over my head, and sometimes, when the wind blew, 
 I was wrapped in its folds. I clasped them in my arms, and 
 thrilled with patriotic excitement to think that under their pro- 
 tection alone, on the wide earth, could such a scene have been 
 presented. I never beheld such enthusiasm as was manifested 
 on the occasion. 
 
 The papers have come from the post-office, and I must to 
 work. I shall see thee in about four weeks. Read and his 
 wife and Grace Greenwood (most probably) will accompany me 
 to Kennett, to spend four or five days. We will have a glorious 
 romping time of it. It will be the bright May season, and thou 
 wilt be quite well then. Pray write soon. Thy letters are very 
 cheering to me. 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 May 28, 1848. 
 . . . For a few days past I have been delighted, reading 
 " Consuelo." I forget whether thou hast read it or not. If not, 
 there is yet a great pleasure for thee in the future. How I have 
 wished that we might read it and drink in its deep joys together ! 
 Perhaps we can, some time. It seems to me that I have drunk 
 from a well never touched before. The draught has been very 
 sweet to me, almost intoxicating. My head has been filled with 
 her trials and her purity, and I have wandered about, hardly 
 knowing what I did. There is a deep vein of spirituality run- 
 ning through it, like clear silver, that you can plainly see and fol- 
 low, leaving the dross behind, though there is not much of that. 
 I could talk a long time about this book, for it has taken a deep 
 hold, but I forbear, lest I weary thee. My prejudices of the 
 author have flown away before it like mist before a morning sun, 
 and I feel how wrong it was for me to judge of genius merely 
 from the perusal of one work, one of her earlier works, " Indi- 
 ana ; " and it was the first voice, as it were, of a wronged and in- 
 jured woman. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, May 31, 1848. 
 I begin this note in the office, surrounded by three or four ed- 
 itors, and half buried in the last news from Europe. I shall 
 most probably, therefore, be obliged to break off writing at the 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 125 
 
 bottom of the first page. (No sooner said than done ; here I 
 am stopped for a quarter of an hour already.) (Second inter- 
 ruption of half an hour.) . . . 
 
 I was out some twenty miles at sea on Saturday, and was 
 enraptured by the bright sky, fresh breeze, and dazzling blue 
 of the waves. We had music on board the whole time, and sail- 
 ing among hundreds of white - sailed vessels, outward bound, 
 we seemed going on a triumphal voyage to conquer another 
 world. . . . 
 
 I have much, very, very much, to say, but, as thou seest, 
 am in the hands of the Philistines, and cannot. I shall look for 
 another letter from thee to-morrow. Would to Heaven I could 
 drop down in Kennett for an hour or two these delicious even- 
 ings ! I am shut up in these brick walls, and, like Sterne's star- 
 ling, " I can't get out." N'importe : I shall have my holiday, 
 after a while. I think it would do me good if I could turn sav- 
 age for about two weeks every year. It would keep all these icy 
 customs from freezing around me. I have already proved one 
 thing : that is that I shall have little difficulty hereafter in mak- 
 ing my way through the world, and I believe people will allow 
 me more liberty than they generally give to individuals. How- 
 ever, this is no time to give way to self -reflections. Suffice it to 
 say that I have every reason to be happy, and am determined to 
 be so. So I pray thee, don't have the least trouble or concern on 
 my account. I hope to get to Kennett towards the end of June, 
 but only for a day or two. 
 
 I have prospect of another engagement soon, but not very 
 onerous. 
 
 If thou hast not already written, shall I not hear from thee 
 Boon ? 
 
 While Bayard Taylor was on a visit to Kennett, one 
 of the owners of " Graham's Magazine " went to New 
 York to propose to him to become editor of the mag- 
 azine, which was then, though the fact was not gen- 
 erally known, in a somewhat involved condition. Bay- 
 ard Taylor himself knew it only as a prosperous mag- 
 azine, having as high a position in literature as any 
 in the country, and he regarded the offer, therefore, 
 as an exceptionally advantageous one. 
 
126 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, Friday, 2 p. m., July 21. 
 
 I hardly know what to make of the joy I felt last Monday. I 
 knew not why there should be sunshine in ray veins, and the 
 very rapture of a lark about my heart, when thou wert ill and 
 sad. The bright, sparkling morning, the freedom of the green 
 fields and greener woods to my city eyes (wall-ejes ?), and the 
 exciting motion of my horse would not account for it. But it is 
 now explained. Just at that time, one of the owners of " Gra- 
 ham's Magazine " was on his way to New York, to propose to me 
 to become the permanent editor of that periodical ; and so anxious 
 was he about the matter that he waited till I came on. He offers 
 me the situation at a thousand dollars a year, promise of increase 
 in a year or two, and perfect liberty to write for any other period- 
 ical. I will have a fine office to myself, and the work will only 
 occupy three to four hours daily. I have consulted with Greeley 
 and Willis, my friends and Mentors, who, although so different in 
 their ideas of literary life, advise me to go. I have just about 
 concluded to accept it. If the matter is favorably settled, I shall 
 move to Philadelphia in about two months. I shall be very near 
 to thee, which will be a great satisfaction. To be sure, I shall 
 miss the splendid field of New York life, but I shall have a com- 
 fortable, quiet home, and shall make money moderately and se- 
 curely. 
 
 I have no time to write more this afternoon. Please do not 
 mention the subject till it is a little more fully developed. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, July 31, 1848. 
 I have arranged matters with Patterson, and shall move myself 
 and " traps " to Philadelphia on the 1st of October next. The ar- 
 rangements are : the situation is to be permanent ; I am to have 
 four hundred dollars for the first six months, to be followed by a 
 thousand dollars a year, and a prospective increase ; in addition 
 to which I am to contribute an article monthly, receiving extra 
 pay, and with perfect liberty to write for any other paper or mag- 
 azine. This, with the returns from my book, etc., will secure me 
 at once about fifteen hundred dollars a year. ... I have again 
 been applied to, to become editor of a proposed illustrated paper, 
 but such a bird in hand is worth a hundred in the bush. 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 127 
 
 Please don't say anything about this yet awhile. I would 
 rather it should be first mentioned in the magazine, and Patter- 
 son will probably do so iu the September number. I desired 
 him to postpone the time of my going till October, that I might 
 finish my engagement with Mrs. Kirkland. 
 
 - A month later, the business affairs of " Graham's 
 Magazine," which had been in a snarl, were adjusted 
 upon a basis which overthrew the proposed arrange- 
 ment, and Bayard Taylor held only a nominal editor- 
 ship, which did not require him to leave New York, 
 and meant only a little more frequent contribution. 
 The decision brought a momentaiy disappointment, 
 but life in New York had already become dear to him, 
 and his pursuits were too engrossing to leave him in 
 doubt of ultimate success. His village friends were 
 not so well satisfied at his alienation in occupation 
 and thought. In the positiveness with which they 
 held their convictions, they very naturally felt a re- 
 sponsibility for a young man who had been brought 
 up amongst them, while he did not feel a correspond- 
 ing sense of obligation and accountability. They fol- 
 lowed him with reproof and warning, for they held 
 him recreant to the principles which ruled among them. 
 They measured all life by the standards of their com- 
 munity, and regarded a departure from these stand- 
 ards as necessarily a departure from uprightness. It 
 was impossible that Bayard Taylor should not feel this 
 keenly ; it was equally impossible that he should be 
 governed by the judicial conscience of Ms neighbors. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Friday, August 11, 1848. 
 I was rejoiced, enraptured, with thy letter, and look to the 
 future with unmingled hope and joy. I have been very closely 
 
128 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 employed for the last two weeks in getting out the September 
 number of the " Union Magazine " and the new preface and chap» 
 ter for " Views Afoot," or I should have written to thee on Sun« 
 day. I shall make up for it, however, next Sunday, when I shalk 
 be less driven by business. . . . Lowell has been here a week ; I 
 saw him for about two hours, and liked him very much. I met 
 with Washington Irving two days ago ; he is a glorious old man, 
 full of kind, genial feelings, and most delightful in his convert 
 sation. How sball I leave this mighty New York ? I cannot 
 think it will be a final departure. Something tells me that a 
 great part of my destiny shall still be worked out here. It is 
 almost the only place in this country where the mind can grow 
 without restriction. Philadelphia is merely an immense provin- 
 cial town ; here is the metropolis of a continent ! 
 
 I went last night on a steamboat excursion to a grove at the 
 southern point of Staten Island. The moonlight on the pine 
 woods was delicious ; I walked along through its secluded walks, 
 and wondered if the pure light looked into thine eyes as it did 
 into mine. 
 
 Grace Greenwood has been here for a day, on her way to the 
 West. She sends much love to all in Kennett, and particularly 
 to thee, whom she seems to regard very highly. She spent two 
 days at Whittier's, and brought me an invitation from him to go 
 to Amesbury. As I think of visiting Boston for two or three 
 days, about the 25th, I shall certainly accept it. 
 
 New York, Friday night, August 18, 1848. 
 
 I have come up to my room an hour before midnight to-night, 
 and it is so still and cool a night that I cannot yet go to rest. I 
 am in an earnest mood, — serious, perhaps, but not sad. Walk- 
 ing homeward through the cloudy darkness, I have been ponder- 
 ing over the problem of Life, — wondering what unseen steeps 
 are yet to be climbed, what new and widening experiences to be 
 endured. I am growing so much accustomed to consider earth 
 as only a part — a small part — of my destiny, so ready to look 
 before and after, and to judge of thoughts and deeds by that more 
 sublime metewand, that I fear I sometimes forget what is due to 
 the opinions of my fellow-men. But let me leave this at the out- 
 set, and think but of our lives, in this condition of being. . . . 
 
 I should find it difficult to explain to any one but those who 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 129 
 
 do know me truly how I am changed. In the continual struggle 
 after what is good and true, I have learned self-dependence of 
 thought ; I will not suffer any one to control my own free judg- 
 ment, though a sympathy of feeling is always grateful beyond 
 words. The true, the exalted, faculty of thought can brook no 
 trammels, and it is now far easier to me to bear the remon- 
 strances or even the pity of those who think I have fallen away 
 from the good path than to feel the degradation of having been 
 unfaithful to myself. I believe thou wilt at once comprehend 
 this. 
 
 There is a tyranny of public sentiment in Kennett, which, hav- 
 ing a moral guise and springing from earnest and sincere aims, 
 is very hard to combat ; but it is tyrannical. My friend John 
 feels this now ; he has learned it after many years ; and we both 
 feel the same irresistible spirit of independence. The glow and 
 energy of youth seem to have come upon me all at once. I have 
 the strongest impressions of physical life. I could go into battle 
 with an animal exultation, or dash on a steed of the prairies 
 over some wilderness, or stand on the verge of a crag, when 
 " storm and rain are on the mountains." These desires are but 
 the overflow of energy, which follows the growth of my new 
 freedom. I wrote to John, who could understand me thoroughly, 
 for I almost doubted myself. I am thankful now for that bold, 
 defying spirit ; I shall need it in the world. Perhaps thou wilt 
 comprehend all this ; at least, thou wilt know me better, since I 
 have told thee. I feel like a child, walking hand in hand with 
 its little playmate, through the darkness, knowing that some 
 good power is around it, though unseen ; and like a child I could 
 sit down with my head upon my breast, and weep such few in- 
 tense tears as it is given to men to weep. I cannot take my 
 thought from thee ; but the midnight is long since past, and may 
 I not carry thine image into the land of dreams ? Good-night ! 
 I know the angels are near thee. 
 
 TO JOHN B. PHILLIPS. 
 
 New York, September 11, 1848. 
 
 It is half an hour past midnight, and I have been working 
 
 since nine o'clock this morning. I wish I could finish this letter 
 
 to night, for I am now in the mood, with silence all around me, 
 
 and a pure, delicious moon looking in the open window. I have 
 
 VOL. i. 9 
 
 i/ 
 
130 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 much, very much, to say to you, — much that I can only say to 
 you ; hut after all, I don't see how it is to be done, till our waver- 
 ing orbits shall run together. I am just recovering from three 
 days' misanthropy, — all in the nerves, not a bit in the heart ! — 
 but I don't regret it, as it has brought out of me the most glori- 
 ous poem God ever put into my brain. I need some kind of 
 communion, and if I can't get it from you I must give it to you. 
 Were you here, I would say with Keats, whose spirit is now sit- 
 ting at the other side of the table : — 
 
 " Oh, for a draught of vintage that has been 
 
 Cooled a long age in the deep-delv6d earth ! " 
 
 There goes the last quarter to one ! Would to Heaven this 
 most luminous, divine, and mysterious night might keep its radi- 
 ant arch stationary in the heavens till we could meet ! I have 
 great need of your soul's sympathy. I want you to tell me what 
 1 am growing to. I am not the same man who came here last 
 winter. These transition states, you know, are awfully disturb- 
 ing and perplexing ; and though I feel in which direction I am 
 shifting, I should like to see whether the tide has the same flow 
 to your eyes. I always thought that, in the mam, you could read 
 me pretty well. 
 
 To-night I have thanked God for one thing, and shall do so all 
 nights henceforth, — the knowledge that I have not smothered 
 the poetic feeling, not even weakened a spiritual nerve, by this 
 life of toil, this perpetual struggle with the Little and the Earthly. 
 It is purer and brighter than ever, and I know that I can keep it 
 so. Is it not a divine joy ? For we have to bear so much pain, 
 even in the fairest worldly experience, that life would be indeed 
 black and hopeless, if this were gone. — But there is the stroke 
 of one. I am sleepy and weary, and so, good-night ! . . . 
 
 I have written quite a number of poems lately, and desire 
 very much that you should see them. I will give you the titles : 
 " The Tulip - Tree, a Summer Lyric ; " "A Requiem in the 
 North ; " « Earth-Life ; " " Steyermark ; " " Songs of Light and 
 Shadow ; " and last and greatest, an " Ode to Shelley." You 
 know how full were my last letters to you of the sensation of 
 strong animal life. Though the feeling remains, it is somewhat 
 calmer, but while it lasted, in a sudden fit of disgust at people 
 who talk about " soul-life " and the " spirit's mission," when they 
 have not even a soul that the lowest order of an angel would give 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 131 
 
 a job to do, I wrote " Earth-Life," which I copy for you in the 
 furious and imperfect state in which it was written. I have 
 not touched it since, but no matter. If you let it carry you on 
 with a rush, as it ought to do, you wdl not see the gaps and 
 chasms. . . . 
 
 This, however, is the exalted and tbe heroic of earthly life. 
 There is nothing in it that our cold-blooded friends would not 
 allow, except the wine. I shall publish it soon, and let them say 
 their say. It is truth ; I feel it in my soul ; and I should be un- 
 worthy the mantle of song to murder my conceptions for any 
 one. No, by Heaven ! I shall trust to myself hereafter, and say 
 what I am impelled to, as it is given me. But let me write you 
 the other ; you know Shelley and love him, but scarcely so much 
 as I do. I have read him this summer for the first time, and 
 found many of my best thoughts forestalled by his utterauce. 
 His " Alastor," in the commencement, is born of the very feeling 
 which inspired my " Angel of the Soul," but I had never seen 
 it, when that was written. Read this at night, when your blood 
 is warm and your soul locked up from everything outside, and 
 you will think with me that there is an odor of immortality 
 about it. 
 
 The reference in this letter to the spirit of Keats 
 and the tone of the whole letter brino- one into a 
 half revelation of one side of Bayard Taylor's life at 
 this time, which fortunately has been very pleasantly 
 disclosed in some reminiscences by Mr. Richard Henry 
 Stoddard. General literary life in New York was of 
 two sorts : one satirized by Bayard Taylor in the Fri- 
 day evening receptions of Adeliza Choate, in "John 
 Godfrey's Fortunes ; " the other hinted at in his letters 
 when he speaks of Mrs. Botta's, then Miss Lynch's 
 house, where he was a welcome guest. It is to her, 
 undoubtedly, that he refers in " John Godfrey's For- 
 tunes," when he says : — ■ 
 
 " I had been fortunate enough to obtain entrance to 
 the literary soirees of another lady, whom I will not 
 name, but whose tact, true refinement of character, and 
 
132 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 admirable culture drew around her all that was best 
 in letters and in the arts. In her salons I saw the 
 possessors of honored and illustrious names ; I heard 
 books and pictures discussed with the calm discrimi- 
 nation of intelligent criticism ; the petty vanities and 
 jealousies I had hitherto encountered might still exist, 
 but they had no voice ; and I soon perceived the differ- 
 ence between those who aspire and those who achieve." 
 
 But beside these general literary associations, there 
 was a more intimate one existing between Bayard 
 Taylor and a few others who, like him, were giving 
 themselves to poetry and art with ardor and hopeful- 
 ness. Mr. Stoddard was the chief of these, and Mr. 
 Boker and Mr. Read, both living in Philadelphia, 
 were welcome visitors. The story of this coterie is 
 best told by Mr. Stoddard : — 
 
 "I met Bayard Taylor first in 1848. We were 
 both young men, for we were born in the same year, 
 1825, he in January and I in July, and we both had 
 one thing in common, — a love of poetry and a belief 
 that we were poets. We may have doubted some 
 things, but that supreme thing we did not and would 
 not doubt. It was a consolation to me and a glory to 
 him. I was familiar with his writings before he could 
 have been with mine, and, knowing something of his 
 history from the newspapers, I was prepared to like 
 him, if we should ever meet. ... I have before me 
 now a vision of him in his young manhood, — tall, 
 erect, active-looking, and manly, with an aquiline nose, 
 bright, loving eyes, and the dark, ringleted hair with 
 which we endow, in ideal, the head of poets. There 
 was a kindness and a courtesy in his greeting which 
 went straight to my heart, and assured me that I had 
 found a friend. . . . 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 133 
 
 " Bayard Taylor and I met at night generally, for 
 neither could call the day his own ; he had his work 
 to do on the ' Tribune,' and I had mine to do in a foun- 
 dry. Apart from politics, his was the cleaner of the 
 two, but not the less laborious, I am sure. He wrote 
 fifteen hours a day, he told me, scribbling book notices, 
 leaders, foreign news, reports, — turning his hand and 
 pen to everything that went to the making of a news- 
 paper thirty years ago. There was but one night in 
 the week when he could do what he pleased, and that 
 was Saturday night, which we always spent together 
 when he was in town. I looked forward to it as a 
 school-boy looks forward to a holiday, and was happy 
 when it came. I have forgotten where his rooms were, 
 but as near as I can recollect they were in a boarding- 
 house on Murray Street, not far from Broadway. They 
 were sky parlors, as the saying is, for he liked a good 
 outlook ; and besides, they suited his purse, which was 
 not plethoric with shekels. In the first of these rooms, 
 which was set apart for his books, there was a little 
 table, at which he wrote late into the night, resting his 
 soul with poetry after the prosaic labors of the day. 
 It was poetry which had made us friends, and we never 
 spent a night together without talking about it, and 
 without reading the poems we had written since our 
 last meeting. If the Muses had favored me, I brought 
 their favors with me, and mouthed them out in inno- 
 cent audacity. I thought well of my attempts, no 
 doubt, but never in my wildest moments did I dream 
 of comparing myself with him. He had an imagina- 
 tion which surpassed mine, a command of the fervors 
 and splendors of language, and an intuitive knowl- 
 edge of rhetoric and of sonorous harmonies of rhythm. 
 I have been looking over his poetical works, and I find 
 
134 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 that there are but few of his early poems which I did 
 not read, or which he did not read to me, in manu- 
 script. His mind was so fertile and his execution so 
 rapid that he generally had one or more new poems to 
 show me when we met. I sit with him now in thought, 
 and hear him read the ' Metempsychosis of the Pine,' 
 ' Hylas,' ' Kubleh,' and ' Ariel in the Cloven Pine.' 
 The last impressed me so deeply that I wrote a com- 
 panion piece, in which I tried to embody the personal- 
 ity of Caliban. 
 
 " The conversation and the poetic practice of Bayard 
 Taylor were the only intellectual stimulant I had, and 
 if I wrote better than I had done previous to making 
 his acquaintance I felt that it was largely due to him. 
 There was an enthusiasm about him which was conta- 
 gious. We were a help to each other, and we were a 
 hindrance, also, I can see now, for we admired too in- 
 discriminately and criticised too tenderly. My favorite 
 poet was Keats, and his was Shelley, and we pretended 
 to believe that the souls of these poets had returned to 
 earth in our bodies. My worship of my master was 
 restricted to a silent imitation of his diction ; my com- 
 rade's worship of his master took the form of an ' Ode 
 to Shelley,' which I thought, and still think, the no- 
 blest poem that his immortal genius had inspired. It 
 is followed in the volume before me by an airy lyric on 
 ' Sicilian Wine,' which was written out of his head, 
 as the children say ; for he had no Sicilian wine, nor, 
 indeed, wine of any other vintage." x 
 
 The "Ode to Shelley," though written in 1848, 
 was for some reason not included in the volume upon 
 which Bayard Taylor was engaged in the fall of this 
 year. It was while in the midst of these absorbing oc- 
 cupations that he took a hasty holiday in Boston. 
 
 l The Atlantic Monthly, February, 1879. 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 135 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, October 13, 1848. 
 
 It is too bad to send thee such au apology for a letter, when it 
 has been so long since my last. But I have been like Noah's 
 raven for ten days past, — not a resting-place for the sole of my 
 foot. Last week I was driven and pressed by work almost to 
 fever-heat, and when on Saturday there was a chance of escape 
 for a few days I jumped at once on board a boat, reached Bos- 
 ton Sunday morning, galloped out to Cambridge, and spent the 
 evening with Lowell ; went on Monday to the pine woods of 
 Abington to report Webster's speech, and dispatched it to the 
 " Tribune ; " got up early on Tuesday and galloped to Brookline 
 to see Colonel Perkins ; then off in the cars to Amesbury, and 
 rambled over the Merrimac hills with Whittier ; then Wednesday 
 morning to Lynn, where I stopped a while at Helen Irving's ; 
 back in the afternoon to Cambridge, where I smoked a cigar with 
 Lowell, and then stayed all night at Longfellow's ; Thursday 
 morning to Boston, where I visited some twenty places and peo- 
 ple, and came away in the afternoon to Fall River ; took the 
 steamboat, saw Newport under a flood of crystal moonlight, 
 walked the deck, looking over the glittering Sound, wishing for 
 thee ; at sunrise looked into the whirlpools of Hell Gate ; and now 
 I am back at my post, full of health, spirits, strength, happiness, 
 and poetic inspiration. I am now ready for another six months' 
 siege, and my heart is filled with kindly recollections of kind 
 friends. I half hoped I might find a letter from thee awaiting 
 me, but I could hardly expect my own remissness deserving of 
 such good fortune. I have a great deal to say of my trip, but find 
 it impossible to begin in such short space and with such a short 
 allowance of time. I find that I am better known in Boston than 
 even in New York, and have more readers, if not more friends, 
 there. We will go there together after a while, and thou shalt 
 know them, too. . . . 
 
 But seriously, my dear Mary, I am overflowing with happy 
 spirits, and write rather to " give an account of myself " than to 
 say anything in particular. I shall make use of the quiet Sabbath 
 to talk with thee, not face to face, but heart to heart. Write 
 soon, and believe me, wandering or fixed, a planet that moves 
 ever nearer the circle of thy love. 
 
136 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 . . . When I was in Cambridge I spent a night with Longfel- 
 low ; we sat together talking till long past midnight, and I found 
 him all, and more than all, I had looked for, — not only a man of 
 genuine poetic mind, but of a great and generous heart. We 
 understood each other at once, and I cannot describe my joy at 
 this. I know we shall always be friends. Young Boker, author 
 of the tragedy of " Calaynos," a most remarkable work, is here 
 on a visit, and spent several hours to-night with me. He is an- 
 other hero, — a most noble, glorious mortal ! He is one of our 
 band, and is, I think, destined to high renown as an author. He 
 is nearly my own age, perhaps a year or two older, and he has 
 lived through the same sensations, fought the same fight, and 
 now stands up with the same defiant spirit. . . . 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 ... I have not written for two reasons : first, for three or 
 four weeks I was bound hand and foot to work, and then as soon 
 as I was relieved I ran off to Boston and was absent five or six 
 days, rambling along the New England coast. ... I rode out to 
 Brookline to see Colonel Perkins. The old man was very kind 
 and pleasant, and remembered his letters perfectly, which I 
 hardly expected, seeing that he must be more than eighty years 
 old. . . . Richard Willis reached here on Saturday, after six 
 and a half years' absence. We met as we parted, with a hearty 
 German embrace, and I have been delighted with the music he 
 brings with him. Pie will probably make his home in New York. 
 I have made many most delightful and valuable friends lately : 
 Strakosch, the pianist, and Herz ; Maretzek, a Polish composer ; 
 Boker, a new American poet, and a number of other true and 
 glorious spirits. The glimpses I have of them now and then keep 
 me happy and cheerful, and able to do a great deal without diffi- 
 culty. The volume of poems will be published in three weeks. 
 Putnam has got out the ninth edition of " Views," and it is sell- 
 ing well. I find that everybody in Boston has read or is read- 
 ing it. 
 
 The new edition of "Views Afoot" was prefaced by 
 an engraving from a portrait painted by T. B. Read 
 in the summer. The traveler is represented in a 
 belted blouse, with a staff in his hand, while in the 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 137 
 
 background snow mountains are just visible. The 
 same picture was used as a frontispiece to the volume 
 of poems published in December, which bears the title, 
 " Rhymes of Travel, Ballads, and Poems. By Bayard 
 Taylor, author of ' Views Afoot,' etc. New York : 
 .George P. Putnam, 1848." The book is inscribed to 
 " John B. Phillips, of Bohemia Manor, Md., in token of 
 early friendship unbroken and early confidence unbe- 
 trayed." Under the subdivisions, Rhymes of Travel, 
 Picturesque Ballads of California, Life-Tones, Miscel- 
 laneous Poems, are included forty-four poems, of which 
 twenty-four were afterward retained by the poet when 
 revising his collected poems. In his address of " The 
 Author to the Reader," he says : — 
 
 "This volume — the first poetical venture to which 
 I have intrusted a hope of success, for the sake of 
 Poetry alone — seems to require a few words of intro- 
 duction. In collecting the effusions of four or five 
 years for publication in a form which has the sem- 
 blance of permanence, however much it may lack the 
 necessary vital spirit, I have been aware of the great 
 inequality of merit among the poems chosen. The 
 Rhymes of Travel, which give expression to thoughts 
 and emotions inspired by my journey in Europe, are 
 the earliest I have thought proper to include. They 
 are faithful records of my feelings at the time, often 
 noted down hastily by the wayside, and aspiring to no 
 higher place than the memory of some pilgrim who 
 may, under like circumstances, look upon the same 
 scenes. An ivy leaf from the tower where a hero of 
 old history may have dwelt, or the simplest weed 
 growing over the dust that once held a great soul, is 
 reverently kept for the memories it inherited through 
 the chance fortune of the wind-sown seed ; and I 
 
138 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 would fain hope that these rhymes may bear with 
 them a like simple claim to reception, from those who 
 have given me their company through the story of my 
 wanderings. 
 
 " In the Californian Ballads I have attempted to 
 give a poetical expression to the rude but heroic physi- 
 cal life of the vast desert and mountain region stretch- 
 ing from the Cordilleras of New Mexico to the Pacific. 
 This country, in the sublime desolation of its sandy 
 plains and stony mountains, streaked here and there 
 with valleys of almost tropical verdure, and the peculiar 
 character of its semi-civilized people, seemed to afford 
 a field in which the vigorous spirit of the old ballad 
 might be transplanted, to revive and flourish with a 
 new and sturdy growth. The favor with which some 
 of these ballads have been noticed, on their anony- 
 mous publication in the ' Literary World,' encourages 
 me to hope that I have been partly successful. I am 
 conscious, at least, that they were written with no de- 
 liberate purpose to seek a new field for poetic effort, 
 but from that impulse which made their expression a 
 necessity and a joy." 
 
 It will be seen that these ballads were not conse- 
 quent upon the California fever, but scarcely had the 
 volume appeared before the news of the discovery of 
 gold came, and the author of the ballads was himself 
 swept into the current of excitement. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Monday, 2p. m., December 11, 1848. 
 The foreign news, the gold fever, my book, and my city items 
 leave me but a small space to be with thee. I hope to hear from 
 thee to-morrow. I am writing this at the office, or I should send 
 the letter I had written to thee. Well, never mind; I shall send 
 it off to-morrow. I have just forwarded a dispatch to , ad- 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 139 
 
 vising him to go to California if he can. I hope he will be able 
 to go for a year or two. I feel strongly tempted, but am doing 
 too well here to leave. If this were not the case, I would go at 
 once. The gold fever here is worse than the cholera ; everybody 
 has it, even the gravest and the wisest. Rufus Griswold is 
 going, Osgood, the publisher of the "Union Magazine," and I 
 don't know who else. I could easily go if I wanted, but the 
 " Tribune " is my California just now. I console myself with 
 thinking that I can go overland in five or six years, and write a 
 few California ballads on the spot, and come back with a new 
 book, without having spent much time or run any risk. Thou 
 wilt allow me this for my forbearance, wilt thou not ? At any 
 rate, I hold on to the Norway plan : this must be ; it is a part of 
 my destiny. 
 
 But don't think me much excited. I can't help feeling a little 
 of the spirit which is in our atmosphere. These are great times, 
 certainly. The crusades were nothing in comparison. I am 
 very well, and want to hear from thee very, very much. Keep 
 cheerful and happy, for then I will be so. 
 
 JAMES T. FIELDS TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Boston, December 26, 1848. 
 
 Putnam has sent us x a few copies of your poems, and I can- 
 not help writing a hasty line to say how grandly the ballads 
 swell and tramp along, and how fine the other poems seem in 
 this dress. Why, Bayard, man, you have done the thing in get- 
 ting out this book. Your prefatory remarks I like hugely. 
 George Limt, to whom I handed the open book a few hours ago 
 in the store, told me he had read and re-read your ballads over 
 and over again, and knew not the hand that penned the lines. 
 
 You have a capital reputation now in poetry, and must be 
 careful of your muse. A good beginning is everything. I stand 
 at a desk where I can gauge a man's depth in the public read- 
 ing estimation, and I know no youngster who stands dearer than 
 J. B. T., doffing the J. I am dreadfully busy just now, but look 
 for my printed praises in some one of our Boston papers before 
 the week is out. I am determined Whipple shall do you up 
 brown, and that you shall ride in a showy coach made from the 
 
 1 Mr. Fields was then with the publishers and booksellers, W. D. Tick.- 
 nor and Company. 
 
140 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 profits of Boston copies sold in our digging. Don't go to Cali- 
 fornia, but stick to the gold of old Pactolus and. gather in the 
 dust. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Tribune Office, January 8, 1849. 
 
 A thousand thanks and at least fifty happy New Years for 
 your kind and most welcome note. I am an ungrateful wretch 
 not to have answered it sooner, even by a line. But you know 
 something of the martyrdom of a daily paper, and will judge me 
 charitably. 
 
 I am delighted that you like the book. I confess I do feel a 
 little solicitude about its reception, for if there is no poetry in it 
 there is none in me, nor ever will be. 
 
 It has had several good notices already, and I believe will be 
 successful as far as the reputation goes ; the sale is another 
 thing. I sent copies to Boston two or three days ago, which I 
 suppose you have received ere this, — one to Longfellow, whose 
 judgment I value highly. . . . 
 
 Drop me a line whenever you can. I was delighted to find 
 that the Californian Ballads had been so favored in their incog- 
 nito. / think they are my best inflictions. 
 Yours, till death do us part, 
 
 Bayard Taylor, without the J. 
 
 The beginning of 1849 found Bayard Taylor in 
 high spirits. The ninth edition of " Views Afoot " 
 had been published, five hundred copies of his volume 
 of poems had been sold, and with some outside help 
 he had been able to buy into the " Tribune," thus lay- 
 ing the foundation of his pecuniary fortune. His re- 
 lations with the editor of that paper had become very 
 friendly, and Mr. Greeley, always ready to render his 
 associates their due, as he expected honest recognition 
 of his own work, wrote at this time from Washington, 
 where he was serving as Representative in Congress : — 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 141 
 
 HORACE GREELEY TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Washington, January 13, 1849. 
 Friend Bayard, — I have hardly a miuute before the mail 
 starts, but I must not defer to thank you for your article on Pope 
 Pius IX. in the " Tribune " the other day. (I presume it was 
 yours.) It was very well done indeed ; I could hardly have 
 suited myself better. I wish you would resolve henceforth to 
 write one such article per week, and sign your own initials or 
 some distinctive mark at the bottom. I want everybody con- 
 nected with the " Tribune " to become known to the public (in 
 some unobtrusive way) as doing what he does, so that in case of 
 my death or incapacity it may not be fancied that the paper is to 
 die or essentially suffer. A presumption of that sort will be al- 
 most as mischievous as the reality. Write me some time. 
 
 Yours, Horace Greeley. 
 
 With Willis, Griswold, L. G. Clark, and a large 
 party of other invited guests, Bayard Taylor made a 
 trip over the Erie Railroad on the first train which 
 crossed the Cascade Eavine bridge, then a wonder in 
 railway engineering. The journey in the depth of 
 winter stirred his imagination, and while he had no 
 wish to break in upon the occupation by which he was 
 nearing the goal of his desires, he felt his blood leap 
 at the thought of what might yet be before him — and 
 Mary Agnew, with whom he always shared these im- 
 pulses and thoughts. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, Saturday night, February 3, 1849. 
 Again I must make my pen a substitute for my presence, — 
 a poor substitute, but one which gives temporary relief to me. 
 I intended to have devoted this whole evening to writing various 
 undone tasks, but the temptation of a little social intercourse 
 after a week of labor was too enticing, and after six hours spent 
 at Willis's, Anne Lynch's, and with some German musical 
 friends, I come back (after midnight) to talk a while with thee, 
 
142 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 and then go to speak with thee in dreams. Thy letter came to- 
 day, and I need not say how welcome it was. In answer to all 
 our disappointments, I know no better comfort than to remind 
 thee that six months only of thy bond remain, and in seven we 
 will doubtless be one. 
 
 The old enthusiasm is coming back to me, and the knowledge 
 that I do feel it again is a rapture. For two months I have been 
 an actuality, — working, thinking of work, and planning work 
 for the future ; now the excitement and the glow have returned, 
 and I am again in the creative mood. Canst thou comprehend 
 this variable atmosphere of the poetic soul, — its changes from 
 heat to cold, from fog to dazzling sunshine ? I was reminded 
 of my own change to-day by a friend, a foreigner, who accused 
 me of having been cold towards him, and supposed he had 
 offended me. I know not how I may seem at times, but if I 
 ever appear gloomy or moody in thy sight, pray think it is the 
 fault of my poetical wits, not of my love. It is late, and my 
 room is cold. I must close, but will finish this to-morrow. . . . 
 
 Monday night. 
 
 ... I cannot help thinking we do wrong to be very solicitous 
 about the safety of the absent beloved. We are led and pro- 
 tected when we know it not. When I am absent from thee, 
 now or in the future, dear Mary, take courage from this. There 
 may be, at some future date, necessity for such absence ; I hope 
 there will not, but sometimes I feel an undefined shadowing of 
 it. I place my life in God's hands, knowing that he will not 
 claim it until it is best so ; and this saves me much unhappiness. 
 
 Dost thou feel this passion for change, for new and exciting 
 experience, for release from common cares and common duties ? 
 Dost thou share with me this intense and almost (at times) 
 heart-breaking longing for the delicious twilight of Italy, the 
 shadow of Oriental palms, the clear snow-peaks and sounding 
 forests of Norway ? It is with me an unfailing source of joy 
 and the wildest poetic enthusiasm. I am willing to work here 
 in my traces, steadily and patiently, four years, if I can but 
 spend the fifth in some rare and glorious quarter of the world, 
 where I can give myself up to art and beauty. And, thank 
 Heaven, I shall soon be able to do this. With my present situa- 
 tion and prospects, it is no longer an impossibility. I am hard- 
 ening my muscles for years of labor, but it will be done cheer- 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 143 
 
 fully and steadily, for its severest periods will be gladdened by 
 tby presence and sympathy ; and these blessed oases of inspira- 
 tion and repose will keep my soul perpetually young in its sensa- 
 tion of joy. Life in all its extent is a glory and a majesty. If I 
 were free to make my selfish choice of existence, I would spend 
 my days in the open air, — on horseback or on the waters, or 
 climbing mountains with those I love. But this is impossible ; 
 yet the fullness of life which gives strength and glow to the 
 frame, buoyancy and brightness to the feelings, and happiness to 
 every condition of being, may be partly attained. I must pre- 
 serve it, even at the expense of poetry. The affections of a 
 heart which pulsates with the breeze and the billows are always 
 warm and generous. I would sooner die than have this high 
 spirit stagnate within me. Constant intellectual labor makes one 
 physically weak, nervous, and morbidly sensitive; but this is ea- 
 sily remedied, and I do not fear it so much as that dull, gloomy 
 apathy of mind which I have noticed in so many others. . . . 
 
 Monday night, March 5, 1849. 
 Again in my little lonely room, after midnight. It is cold, in 
 spite of the mild airs of the day, but I shall write until my 
 fingers grow numb. I shall probably hear from thee to-morrow, 
 and shall await with joy the news of thy returning health and 
 strength. . . . When worried and perplexed by worldly cares, 
 as I now frequently am, it all passes away before the rebuking 
 calmness of the night and the consoling influence of solitude. 
 How easy it is to bear trouble, when we have a Fortunate Isle of 
 our own in the midst of the waves, — an Eden of peace and 
 repose, sphered by an ocean of storms ! I have lately been 
 tempted to complain, but I am now willing to bear any burden, 
 since thy love and my own, and the glorious passion of poetry 
 and love of all tilings beautiful, are in the opposite scale. . . . 
 
 Friday morning. 
 This is a long time to keep a letter which was commenced on 
 Monday. It will be all the better, however, if I can give thee 
 any impression of my own cheerfulness and constant determina- 
 tion to work out my plan of the future. I shall have some diffi- 
 culty for a year or two, and will need all my strength and energy 
 and ambition, and all thine. But I have adopted a course of 
 exercise for the preservation of my health and strength, and 
 
144 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 already feel the reflection of it mentally. Such a course is 
 neglected by most persons here, and they soon wear out. I 
 have resolved to take time every day for this exercise, no matter 
 how hurried I may be. For three weeks I have kept up a sys- 
 tem of strong gymnastic exercise of the arms and breast, morn- 
 ing and night. Before going to work I walk down to the Bat- 
 tery and breathe the sea-air, and at least three times a week 
 indulge in the luxury of a sea-water bath. I can already feel the 
 change, and I mean to go on and make myself as strong phys- 
 ically as an editor can be. What would I not give for six months 
 with the Rocky Mountain trappers ! By the bye, I was very 
 near going to California, two weeks ago, as a special agent of 
 the " Tribune." But they have now given it up, at which, no 
 doubt, thou art well satisfied. It would only have taken me 
 four months, and would have been a fine thing for me, mentally 
 and physically. But I can't say that I am disappointed in not 
 going. Pray write me a long letter, — as long, as minute, as 
 candid and confiding, as I would write if I had more time. 
 
 Tribune Office, Sunday night, April 15. 
 
 ... If happiness is a dead level of feeling, I don't want to 
 be happy. All experience — even the most terrible — ministers 
 to my need of expression. Next to my craving for that love 
 which thou hast satisfied, and which is the deepest and purest 
 passion of my nature, is this need of poetic expression. It pos- 
 sesses me like a fever, and will not let me rest. I care not how 
 soon my life and energy is wasted, so I but speak what is within 
 me. Then lastly, and making up the sacred trio of my life-pas- 
 sions, is the love of the earth in the wild worship of nature in 
 every form and under all circumstances. Thou canst join me in 
 this, and help my resolutions to ramble over the world with me, 
 when we shall be able to do so, and so make ours a charmed and 
 glorious life. This is not fanciful, though it sounds so. We 
 make our own lives, and we can make ours what we will. . . . 
 
 I never think of this world as all, as most people do. It 
 seems to me but a speck in the vast career of being which is 
 begun for us, and I confess I feel almost an indifference, so far 
 as concerns myself, about the future. I never think of the 
 world as having anything to do with us and our destiny further 
 than our dependence on society and the duty we owe to others 
 so long as we stay among them. . . . 
 
 I am writing a poem called " Kubleh." 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 145 
 
 The outside world came upon him with considerable 
 violence shortly after this, for he was in the midst of 
 the Macready riots, doing duty as reporter for the 
 "Tribune." 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New Yokk, Monday, May 14, 1.30 p. m. 
 
 Thou seest I have postponed writing to the latest hour, so that 
 thou niayst have the satisfaction of knowing that the troubles 
 are all over. I have seen them all through, from beginning to 
 end, and written the accounts in the " Tribune." I am very 
 glad to have done all this, since the thing must be. I shall never 
 forget the terribly sublime scenes of that night, nor the strange 
 and romantic excitement of the military encampments for three 
 nights since. On Friday evening, when there was another riot, I 
 was within the lines of the soldiers. No one was allowed to 
 pass. Cannon were all around us, and the rattle and gleam of 
 arms in the darkness had a most singular and exciting effect. 
 I was very weary yesterday, after the excitement cooled down, 
 but now I am fresh and strong again. I have not time now to 
 give any particulars of the scene. We can talk that over when 
 I see thee, which will be in less than two weeks. . . . 
 
 Ever thine, alive, and to remain so. 
 
 TO JOHN B. PHILLIPS. 
 Tribune Office, Sunday, midnight, May 27, 1849. 
 Ah, my dear, faithf id friend, it will not do for us to die before 
 we empty a bottle of golden Falernian together in the shadow of 
 the Roman Pantheon ! For God's sake, let us try, at some period 
 of our lives, to cheat Life of some of its toil and harsh exaction, 
 and give the stolen time to Youth and Poesy and Joy ! We 
 were born for something better than we are, but who knows or 
 believes it ? Let the stupid world wag as it lists, and let us 
 build up a kingdom, at whose entrance the true soul of life will 
 stand warder, and where we can take our pleasure undisturbed. 
 There is such a kingdom, and I often enter it, sometimes in com- 
 pany, as last night, when a poet was with me. The other night 
 there were three of us, — the other two noble fellows, great poets 
 and true hearts. For three hours we were alone : we talked 
 vol. i. 10 
 
146 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 with Milton, and Shelley, and the divine spirit of Keats, and 
 Shakespeare, our Father and our Master. Would you had been 
 there ! 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Tribune Office, May 29, 1849. 
 
 Your welcomest letter came this morning, and from the bot- 
 tom of my heart was I rejoiced by it. I can well imagine your 
 feeling of triumph at this earnest of fame. ... I instantly 
 hunted up the London " Times " and found " Calaynos " adver- 
 tised for performance, — second night. I showed it to Griswold, 
 who was nearly as much surprised and delighted as myself. Of 
 course he will make good mention of it in his book. It will sell 
 immensely for you, and especially just now, when you are coming 
 out with " Anne Bullen." I shall not fail to have a notice of it 
 in to-morrow morning's " Tribune." 
 
 Stoddard spent Saturday night with me, and we read the 
 " Song of the Earth " together. He was rapturous in his praises 
 as we went along, swinging on your dactyls, marching through 
 your files of iambics, and sliding over your anapests. He has 
 the soul to comprehend the grandeur of the thing, and not a drop 
 of that damnable spirit of depreciation which curses half our 
 authors. ... I pray you, as you care for my future, attack me 
 without mercy if you see that I am growing indolent and care- 
 less. Let us all make up our minds to become sacrifices (burnt- 
 offerings !) at the altar of divinest Poesy. . . . 
 
 I have done nothing since you left, but my head is swarming 
 with plans of poems, novels, histories, tragedies, farces, sermons, 
 etc., etc. Write to me often, my dear friend and fellow-martyr ; 
 your letters are real godsends when yourself is not here. . . . 
 
 Enough of this. How should I dare to think of poetry, when 
 there is a murder trial, two accidents, and a religious anniversary 
 to put into shape for the evening paper ! So, no more, my dear 
 fellow, from yours forever, here and elsewhere. 
 
 The proposed trip to California in the interest of 
 the "Tribune," which had been abandoned, was taken 
 up again as the excitement over the rush thither in- 
 creased, and with it the difficulty of securing any trust- 
 worthy account of the real situation on the Pacific. 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 147 
 
 Bayard Taylor had shown his capacity as a traveler 
 and reporter, and everything* pointed to him as the 
 most suitable person on the " Tribune " staff for the 
 enterprise. He was divided between the desire for an 
 actual sight of what had already filled his imagination 
 and the dread of postponing his marriage ; but the op- 
 portunity was too good to be lost, and he did not long 
 hesitate, especially as his journey would be a very di- 
 rect contribution to his livelihood. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGKEW. 
 
 Tribune Office, Sunday night, 12.30 o'clock. 
 
 . . . What wouldst thou think of my going to California for a 
 month or two ? There is some talk of it again, and it might be 
 that I shall be sent out by the " Tribune " as a special agent to 
 report the progress of the mines and the formation of the gov- 
 ernment. It would be a grand opportunity for me, for this won- 
 derful phenomenon is not yet over. The great objection is the 
 absence from thee (yet it would oidy cause one visit the less), 
 and it would put off our marriage a month longer. The trip 
 will take from four to five months. If I go, I go at once, yet 
 not till I have seen thee. It will be decided in a day or two. If 
 I go, I shall probably be a bearer of dispatches for government, 
 and shall have letters to all the public officers there. However, 
 we will wait the development of things. 
 
 Pray write to me soon. I want to hear from thee very much. 
 
 Tribune Office, Wednesday afternoon, June 13, 1849. 
 I "take my pen in hand " to send thee another dispatch in re- 
 lation to the important matter under consideration here. I hope 
 my first letter reached thee last night, so that I may hear from 
 thee to-morrow. I am anxious to know how the thought of this 
 expedition appears to thee. I am afraid thou wilt look upon it 
 as something vast, terrible, undefined, full of danger, and abound- 
 ing in horrors. Shall I confess to thee it seems to me like a com- 
 mon episode of life, entirely without danger, and no subject of 
 apprehension in any degree ? Let me tell thee the plan of oper- 
 ations in a few words, though there are many important consid- 
 
148 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 erations connected with it which I have not time to dwell upon. 
 
 This, then, is the idea of Greeley, McElrath, , and the other 
 
 editors, as well as that of myself, — if I go : — 
 
 Leave immediately in the Falcon, via Panama, and reach San 
 Francisco August 1st. I would have a free passage in the steamer 
 both on the Atlantic and Pacific sides. The provisional govern- 
 ment of California meets August 1st, and I would report its pro- 
 ceedings. Having letters to General Smith, Colonel Mason, and 
 all the authorities of the Pacific coast, I would have every facil- 
 ity for seeing and observing all that is going on, would visit 
 the mines, acquaint myself with the condition of the country, 
 people, etc., and dispatch the news to the " Tribune " by every 
 possible mode of conveyance. Besides, I would establish agen- 
 cies for the California " Tribune " all over the country, and lay 
 the basis for a great circulation of our paper on the Pacific 
 coast. Leaving San Francisco about the middle of September, I 
 would reach here by steamer towards the end of October, having 
 been absent only five months, and accomplished a vast work. 
 Putnam says if I go he will engage a book in advance. 
 
 The main thing to me is that I see all this not only without 
 cost, but actually making money all the time, and that it is such 
 an opportunity (in a historical point of view) as happens scarcely 
 once in a thousand years. This summer is the grand crisis, not 
 only of the Californian epoch, but of our opportunity to build 
 a circulation for the " Tribune " on the Pacific. Another con- 
 sideration is that it would recruit my system completely, and 
 make me able to work with more vigor and more inspiration. 
 
 will leave again for Europe in the fall, and then I shall 
 
 have much more to do than now. This breathing-time would 
 be a great thing for me, physically. 
 
 Thou seest, from this, how the current of my own thought 
 runs. I know that the absence from thee will be severe on both 
 sides, and I believe that we have already waited long enough for 
 the delayed happiness not to prolong the period, even for a 
 month or two. But it is only once in a life that such a combina- 
 tion of circumstances meet, and all the energy and ambition of 
 my nature leap to seize them. If I go, and successfully accom- 
 plish the journey, it will advance me more, as an editor, than five 
 years of steady labor here. 
 
 But I need not say more, and on any other subject I cannot 
 talk till the thing is settled. God is great ; let us trust Him. 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 149 
 
 Pray don't say a word of this to any one till I see thee, which 
 may be on Saturday or Sunday. At least, be as cheerful as pos- 
 sible till we meet, or till thou shalt hear from me again. But 
 there is a particular reason for not mentioning it to any one. We 
 had a meeting on Monday of all the editors and owners of the 
 paper. The next time thou hast word of me the thing will be 
 settled, one way or the other. There is some glory in life, after 
 all, is there not ? A special fortune seems to attend me, or at 
 least to make opportunities for me. Write soon. 
 
 Tribune Office, June 22, 1849, 2 p. m. 
 
 I must write a few hues this week, although hurried. Thy 
 letter came this morning, and was most welcome. It was sad, 
 though seemingly cheerful ; but I hope that renewed health and 
 the vital electricity of this solstitial heat wdl restore thy light- 
 ness and happy buoyancy of spirit. Is not this a good prepara- 
 tion for the tropics ? I shall not feel the vertical sun of the 
 South, after such a sweltering atmosphere as we now have. I 
 thrive in it, and am confident that summer, sunshine, sea air, and 
 tropical scenery will make a new man of me. Letters from Cali- 
 fornia speak highly of the delightful climate and scenery. There 
 are a few scarecrows from despairing diggers, but don't mind 
 them. I am going to tell the truth, and I think I shall have a 
 cheerful story to send home. These late arrivals make the jour- 
 ney very short and familiar to me. May it be so to thee ! 
 
 Pray be cheerful, or at least hopeful. I shall have every pro- 
 tection, and shall protect myself as well. Be assured that I shall 
 be neither rash nor thoughtless. I shall neglect nothing that my 
 health or personal safety requires. This trip is not my only work 
 on earth, and I want it to strengthen me for something else. . . . 
 
 I am well, and eager for the ocean. I feel instinctively that I 
 shall grow strong and enduring in the sea air. 
 
 I wdl send thee the books as soon as I begin to pack up mine, 
 — to-morrow or next day. Don't forget to borrow my Keats, 
 Shakespeare, etc. . . . 
 
 I will write thee more the next time. I am cheerful and full 
 of confidence. Many letters are promised me, and as I shall find 
 many acquaintances there I will be well taken care of. 
 
150 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Friday night, June 22, 1849. 
 
 Thou must be very hopeful, and cheerful, and happy, or else 
 I would not feel so. I know not when I have felt such a quiet 
 happiness as I have for the past two days. Why is it ? I often 
 reproach myself with it, for fear I am too certain, too confident, 
 of the future. It does not seem to me yet that thou art going so 
 far, and I do not believe I will realize it fully till thou comest 
 back. It seems to me like a thing that had been long thought 
 of, and I can look upon it as a part of thy destiny, as it is. It 
 would be wrong not to follow the path, when it is laid out so 
 plain before thee. The struggle was hard for me. I thought at 
 first I never could have thee go; it seemed to me almost like 
 giving up my life ; but gradually it has been made clearer and 
 brighter, and I can now look upon it as calmly and with as much 
 faith as I ought to. I can take it to me as a part of my life, and 
 as a fitting preparation for what is yet to come ; if I did not try 
 to bear it cheerfully, I would not be worthy of thy love, and it 
 would be selfishness in me to ask thee to stay, when I know it 
 will be of so much advantage. God alone knows how much I 
 suffered and how hard it was, but He has given me faith and 
 strength to bear it ; and to His charge I trust my precious love, 
 my more than life, with the certainty that everything will be for 
 the best. Good-night, dearest, and may happiness be ever with 
 thee. 
 
 Sunday morning. I sit down early this bright morning to fin- 
 ish this, for fear some one may come to hinder me ; and it must 
 go to the office to-day to reach thee before thou goest, which I 
 hope it will. I received thine last night, which was so welcome. 
 I was afraid there would none come, and I wanted to hear so 
 much that for very joy the tears came when it was handed to 
 me. I am sorry now that I said anything about the books. I am 
 afraid it will trouble thee to send them ; if so, do not do it, for I 
 will endeavor to find enough to occupy me. If Johu B. goes on, 
 thou canst send them with him without any difficulty. 
 
 I have just finished reading a letter from California from Colo- 
 nel Stevenson ; it seems to me like a true account. The poor 
 miners must be in a terrible condition ; even if they gain gold, 
 they lose that that is far above the price of rubies, a pure heart 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 151 
 
 and peace of mind. Oh, how anxiously I shall await the arrival 
 of thy letters ! I shall then know the state of affairs there, for it 
 seems to me now like an awful place. It is a beautiful country, 
 no doubt, with a delightful climate and scenery ; but then there 
 are so many people there, of every class and nation, with such 
 sordid motives, that it will mar the beauty. 
 
 - I write this with a throbbing headache, and I know it will be 
 very unconnected, but thou wdt make all allowances. I would 
 leave it till I felt better, but there is no time for delaying ; what 
 I want to say must be said to-day, but I cannot say all. I have 
 a thousand tlungs I would like to talk of if I had an opportunity, 
 but that will not be for five months, five long, weary months, 
 and it may be much longer. Sometimes, when I think of it, it 
 seems impossible for thee to go so far, do so much, and be back 
 in so short a time ; but God grant that it may be so. That is 
 long enough for me to live without thy presence. But I wish not 
 to murmur ; it is our destiny, and I must learn to bear it ; it is 
 hard, but yet it may be that it is meant to prepare me, to make 
 me fit and ready to bear what I may be called upon to do in the 
 future. Be assured that I will always be hopeful, and sometimes 
 cheerful ; we do not live here for nothing. Thy life is an active 
 one ; thou hast much to do upon this earth, and my sympathies, 
 my hopes, and my love shall ever be with thee, and may they in- 
 spire thee with fresh vigor in the time of need. Oftentimes, dur- 
 ing thy absence, I shall feel most wretched, but hope will not 
 forsake me. I shall think of thee always as being well and 
 strong and full of life ; and if thou art always so, and come 
 back benefited, the sacrifice of my wishes and feelings will be 
 nothing, for there is a pleasure in suffering for those we love. 
 
 I shall feel anxious to hear from thee during thy voyage. 
 These hot days I shall think of the increased heat where thou art, 
 and sickness ; but this may be avoided. Thou must write to me 
 from every place where the vessel stops, and tell me everything 
 concerning thyself ; do not let an opportunity pass without send- 
 ing me something, if it is but a line. 
 
 Thou must tell me when to write, and how to direct my letter. 
 I shall expect to get one from thee on Thursday ; that will be 
 the day thou goest. My hopes and my prayers will be with thee, 
 and may they be realized. Little did I think, three weeks ago, 
 when thou wert here, that this trial awaited me ; how little we 
 know of the future, and it is well, perbaps, that we are thus ig- 
 
152 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 norant. It has taught me a lesson. I felt so secure, so confident, 
 of the promises of the future, and now I see it was wrong ; for 
 how uncertain everything is ! Even if it lies within our grasp, we 
 know not what may come between us and the possession of it. I 
 have just now looked over the first part of this letter ; it cer- 
 tainly is much more cheerful than what I have written to-day, 
 but as I feel so must I write, and unless I felt brighter I had 
 better stop. I hope this will reach thee on Tuesday ; I shall 
 send it to the office to-night. Write to me before thou start- 
 est, and as often as thou canst during thy absence. And now 
 good-by, and may God watch over and protect thee, and may 
 thoughts of thy Mary ever cheer thee. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, June 26, 1849. 
 
 Thy blessed letter came to-day. It gave me much happiness, 
 which, added to my former hope and buoyant lightness of spirit, 
 will carry me through the work triumphantly. I am very well, 
 and in the best spirits. If thou canst only feel always as thou 
 hast written in thy letter, what a comfort it will be to me ! That 
 is the true feeling, — the true trust and confidence, such as I 
 have felt from the first. Canst thou not keep it ? 
 
 Everything favors me. I have excellent letters to California ; 
 indeed, the best possible. My outfit is nearly complete, and will 
 be most perfect in its way. I have a pocket thermometer, ba- 
 rometer, compass, and spyglass ; a good revolver (as a specula- 
 tion, — I shall not kill anybody, thou mayst be sure) ; a suit of 
 fustian, with hunter boots and blanket ; sketch-book and journal, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 The Falcon, in which I sail from here, is a most commodious 
 and elegant steamer, and I have one of the best berths. We 
 shall merely touch at Charleston bar, and I am not certain 
 whether I can send a letter, — don't look positively for one ; at 
 Havana we shall be quarantined, and not permitted to go ashore, 
 — a most provoking arrangement. We shall, however, go up to 
 the city of New Orleans and stay a day, so I shall have a chance 
 to see something of it. . . . Thou mayst believe all I say in my 
 published letters. The first number of the " Tribune " will come 
 to thee this week, in thy father's name. I shall send several 
 books to-morrow, — not so many as if I had more time to get 
 them. I am much hurried, and write a rambling letter. My 
 
LITERARY LIFE IN NEW YORK. 153 
 
 friends here, to whom I have told the secret, are delighted. Wil- 
 lis thinks it a glorious chance. Trust, then, dearest Mary, that it 
 has not been given me for nothing. Thou canst scarcely see, as 
 I do, the great strength it will give to the creative faculty within 
 me, nor how it will supply a lacking element in my poetical na- 
 ture. 
 
 - I shall feel at times very painfully the severity of absence. 
 But I shall be always occupied, always in the open air, and al- 
 ways among inspiring scenery. I shall gain a vigor and energy 
 which I now know how to profit by. But I must close. God 
 bless thee and keep thee cheerful and happy ! 
 
 New York, Wednesday night [June 27, 1849]. 
 
 Since I cannot, probably, write from Charleston, I send thee 
 another line, which I hope will cheer thee. I met to-day with a 
 translation of the rare and glorious " Frithiof 's Saga," which I 
 have sent thee by mail. It is a jewel of a book. Reading it, and 
 the history of the Northern nations, thou wilt reach the very heart 
 of old Norse tradition and song. I am much mistaken if thou 
 art not as much charmed by it as I was. It is a book hard to 
 find, and I only picked it up accidentally. I have sent to Harry 
 Peterson, by express, copies of Millies' " Life of Keats," Curzon's 
 " Monasteries of the Levant " (a beautiful book), and Carlyle's 
 Translation of Dante. I think thou wilt have, with these and 
 other books, sufficient reading for three or four months. I wrote 
 to Harry to take the books to Webb's. 
 
 Everything works well. I am light and buoyant-hearted, — 
 never was more so. My preparations are all made and trunk 
 packed. I have the best letters possible to have, and leave under 
 the best promises and influences. Pray fear nothing for me, 
 but leave everything to God, who has given me this path to 
 tread. . . . 
 
 I am in excellent health, — a little sleepy to-night, but shall 
 be blithe enough in the morning. The weather is delicious, and 
 there are now moonlight nights. Think of moonlight in the trop- 
 
 ics 
 
 My time is short, and I must now close. Try and feel cheer- 
 ful ; be as happy as thou canst. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ELDOKADO AND HYLAS. 
 1849-1850. 
 
 The infinite bliss of Nature 
 
 I feel in every vein ; 
 The light and the life of Summer 
 
 Blossom in heart and brain. 
 
 In the Meadows. 
 
 The occasional allusions to Sweden and Norway in 
 Bayard Taylor's correspondence at this time are a hint 
 of the two currents of feeling which met in his nature. 
 He was fascinated by the mysterious north, and he had 
 a tropical imagination which was constantly looking 
 wistfully toward the summer climes. He was dream- 
 ing of a journey to Scandinavia when the summons 
 came to visit California, and it is hard to say in which 
 direction he would have turned with the greater readi- 
 ness. There are many references to this dual nature 
 in his records of travel. He could not pass from the 
 north to the south without being conscious of laying 
 aside one nature and taking on another equally wel- 
 come. Thus when he had entered Spain from France, 
 in one of his later journeys, and at breakfast red mullet 
 came upon the table and oranges fresh from the tree, 
 *' straightway," he says, " I took off my northern na- 
 ture as a garment, folded it and packed it neatly away 
 in my knapsack, and took out, in its stead, the light, 
 beribboned, and bespangled southern nature, which I 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 155 
 
 had not worn for eight or nine years." The thought 
 reappears in one of his best known poems, " The 
 Palm and the Pine : " — 
 
 For, as a fountain disappears, 
 To gush again in later years, 
 
 So hidden blood may find the day, 
 When centuries have rolled away ; 
 
 And fresher lives betray at last 
 The lineage of a far-off Past. 
 
 That nature, mixed of sun and snow, 
 Repeats its ancient ebb and flow : 
 
 The children of the Palm and Pine 
 Renew their blended lives — in mine. 
 
 For the time his northern nature was laid aside, and 
 he reveled in the richness and splendor of a southern 
 world. Nothing in the letters which he sent back to 
 the " Tribune "is so characteristic and so worth not- 
 ing as the delight which he took in the glories of 
 tropical verdure and the evanescent wonders of sunset 
 and sunrise. He was sent to report on the discoveries 
 which every one was in a feverish haste to learn about, 
 and he made his report promptly and faithfully ; for 
 all that, he made his readers stop whenever he came to 
 a scene which stirred the poet in him. 
 
 " I went," he says, " by way of the Isthmus of 
 Panama, — the route had just been opened, — reached 
 San Francisco in August, and spent five months in 
 the midst of the rough, half-savage life of a new coun- 
 try. I lived almost entirely in the open air, sleeping 
 on the ground witli my saddle for a pillow, and sharing 
 the hardships of the gold-diggers, without taking part 
 in their labors. Returning through Mexico, which I 
 
156 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 traversed diagonally from Mazatlan to Vera Cruz, I 
 reached New York in March, 1850, and resumed my 
 duties as editor." 
 
 The duty of writing at every opportunity to the 
 " Tribune," the irregularity of his life, and the imper- 
 fect means of forwarding letters, necessarily abridged 
 his correspondence with his friends, and his letters 
 during his absence were for the most part hurried 
 notes, in which he referred to the " Tribune " letters 
 for details of his adventure. At Monterey, however, 
 he made a longer halt, and with rest from travel the 
 old desires came trooping back. 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Monterey, Cal., September 23, 1849. 
 
 So far in my absence and on my adventurous pilgrimage. I 
 sit here alone, in the army quarters at Monterey, listening to the 
 roar of the surf as it rolls in from the Pacific. It is after sun- 
 set, and heavy mists are creeping down from the hills, among the 
 forests of pines. I am lonely, inexpressibly sad and lonely, 
 thinking of thee and the thousands of miles that intervene be- 
 tween us and the many days to be passed ere we meet again. 
 Do not think I am unhappy ; my frame is glowing with health, 
 and in this delicious climate one never thinks of disease. But 
 within the past week I have been more alone than since leaving 
 New York. I have walked hither from San Francisco, without 
 a companion, and through some of the most glorious scenery on 
 earth, beneath a sky surpassing Italy. Truly this land should 
 be our home, could we but shape our fortunes as we would. How 
 often I have thought of thee when climbing to some peak whence 
 I could overlook leagues of wild and beautiful valleys, that in a 
 short time will be more lovely places of abode than even Val 
 d'Arno or sunny Sorrento ! I have transferred all my poetry 
 from Italy to this young land of splendid promise. Thank God 
 that I was permitted to be here at such a crisis, and to blend my 
 labors, even in so humble a way, with the infancy of the fairest 
 empire on the earth ! 
 
 ... I have only commenced my travels through the interior, 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 157 
 
 having been delayed in order to make the necessary arrangements 
 for transmitting letters. I shall leave here for San Francisco 
 in a few days, and will then start on my journey to the bead of 
 the Sacramento Valley. This will take from three to four weeks, 
 in which time I shall be again in San Francisco. I shall then 
 proceed to San Diego by land, and take the steamer for my re- 
 turn at that port. Traveling through the country is entirely 
 safe ; indeed, I never before received so much kindness from 
 entire strangers. I have already made hundreds of acquaint- 
 ances, and go where I choose I always am sure to meet some- 
 body I know or that knows me. Thou rnayst therefore be en- 
 tirely assured of my safety. The country is very healthy, except 
 along the Sacramento, where there has been a good deal of fever 
 and ague. It is now subsided, and the fall digging has com- 
 menced. I anticipate no difficulty on that score. If one takes 
 only ordinary care of bimself he need not fear. 
 
 I need not relate to thee my adventures at length. I have 
 written them out for the " Tribune," and thou wilt see them 
 there. They have been varied and (to use a painter's word) pic- 
 turesque. Don't be frightened at what I may say of Indians, 
 grizzly bears, and the like ; the greatest tiling to be feared in 
 this country is fleas, and with them I have been sadly tor- 
 mented. For this reason I prefer sleeping under the open sky, — 
 a luxury I never knew before, but shall ever remember with de- 
 light. It is so delicious to fall asleep with the stars above you, — 
 to feel their rays, the last thing glimmering in your hazy con- 
 sciousness, and then shining on, brighter and purer, in your 
 dreams ! How often, under the sycamores or evergreen oaks, 
 with my head on a dragoon-saddle and a Mexican blanket rolled 
 warmly around me, have I lain in the silent wilderness, and 
 thought of thee ! One night, which I will tell thee of when we 
 meet, I slept, or rather watched, all alone on the top of a moun- 
 tain, with vast plains glimmering in tbe moonlight below me, and 
 the wolves howling far down in the ravines. Was it not a glo- 
 rious night ? I cannot express to thee how I have been charmed 
 with this country. Its pure, cloudless sky ; its spring-like airs, 
 always filled with the odor of balmy shrubs and grasses ; its 
 vast plains, that stretch away like seas, with forest islands and 
 shores ; its mountain ranges, which the wild oats cover with 
 cloth of gold, and which loom through the violet haze ; its deep- 
 cloven ravines ; its shores and sparkling seas impress me like 
 
158 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 some new-created world. The mine of poetry which it contains 
 is to me richer than all its gold. This is our " land of the olive 
 and vine." In future song El Toro will take the place of So- 
 racte, the sunsets of San Diego outshine those of Psestum, and 
 the " ripe Falernian " be forgotten in the vintage of San Juan 
 and Santa Barbara. 
 
 But I must stop this rhapsody ; there is far more meaning, 
 and a more welcome chime to thee in the simple words : I think 
 of thee. Thank God, the half of my absence is over, and the 
 other half will pass away more speedily. Yet I must still have 
 many a lonely hour ; I think of thee not so much as absent as 
 a part of my own soul — of my own nature — lost to me. My 
 constant memory of thee is that of a wedded sharer of my des- 
 tiny, — a serene, holy memory, untroubled by fear of change in 
 aught that will not bring thee nearer. . . . 
 
 I have wondered a thousand times how thou hast passed the 
 summer ; whether the books I sent reached thee ; how thou 
 wert pleased with " Frithiof " ; whether Keats beguiled thee 
 into exclaiming, " Oh, for a draught of vintage ! " etc. But with 
 a more painful thought I have wondered what thou wert obliged 
 to endure when my departure startled the neighborhood out of 
 its propriety. I have not yet had a word from home, and shall 
 not for a month to come. The steamer that has just arrived 
 brought no mail, and the next is not expected for three weeks 
 at least. So I shall only hear from thee twice during my ab- 
 sence. This is hard, when I have been so long without hearing 
 from thee. But I console myself with the thought that I have 
 often been thus long absent from thee, in New York, and that an 
 equal length of time will bring me to thee again ; so it is like 
 missing one visit to Kennett. This letter will reach thee about 
 the middle of November, and thou mayst then look for rne in a 
 month. By that time the great load of thy weary waiting will 
 be over. Then I shall be on my way to San Diego, and so home- 
 ward. I only ask of thee to keep a firm confidence in my good 
 fortune, to preserve a brave heart ; and should they talk lightly 
 of me or of our union, call thy woman's pride to meet them. Do 
 not suffer thyself to despond or even doubt. I would rather 
 see thee proud and self-relying, yet with an humble dependence 
 on the Great Father, to whom we both look for help in time of 
 need. As I write, I hear the hymn sung by the scanty congre- 
 gation of the town, at their worship in this same building, and I 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 159 
 
 pray God to give thee strength in the hour of weakness. With 
 all my confidence in my destiny, I never forget to cast myself on 
 his mercy, and humble myself in heart, supplicating liis protec- 
 tion from day to day. 
 
 I have written to thee from Charleston, New Orleans, Chagres, 
 Panama, Acapulco, Mazatlan, San Francisco, and the Diggings, — 
 eight times in all, besides this letter. Thou must at least have 
 heard from me every two weeks since I left. I shall send an- 
 other letter after I reach San Francisco, which will accompany 
 this. The next steamer after this will take thee the last letters 
 I shall need to send. Myself shall be the final letter, — the 
 longest of all, — somewhat stouter and fuller-cheeked than when 
 
 thou last saw me, and a good deal browner, but I hope, as M 
 
 S woidd say, " not ill - favored." I have the appetite of 
 
 three men, and am sometimes absolutely ashamed of my per- 
 formances in that way. 
 
 And now, good-by. I feel assured, from my own buoyancy 
 of spirit, that thou art as well and cheerful as I could hope. I 
 trust it is so ; for this separation will give us a better claim on 
 all the promises of our love. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKEK. 
 
 Monterey, Cal., September 23, 1849. 
 If you think of me with any degree of friendly commiser- 
 ation, I shall get a letter from you by the next mad. Here I am, 
 in the capital of the Californias, having been three months from 
 home (in which time all that my nature possessed of the poetic 
 has changed into the equine), and not the first word of news. 
 So long as I am in motion, knocking around among the gold- 
 diggers, scouring the plains with vaqueros and rancheros, sleep- 
 ing on the mountains with wolves and grizzly bears, and eating 
 elk with Mexicans and Indians, my animal part is enough to take 
 care of, and anything that looks like refined civilization is an 
 abomination. But here in this quiet town, though there are blue 
 and sparkling seas, grand pine forests, mountains far and near, 
 and delicious air, — the sweet, childlike breath of a young em- 
 pire, — I am vexed, tired, lonely, and completely unhinged for 
 want of news from home. What under heaven are you poets 
 at, in this mild September prime, — the very flowering-time of 
 imagination and ripe harvest-weather of thought? What new 
 designs have been shaped in the first glow, or hammered out into 
 
160 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 enduring form ? By the gods, I nearly envy you your quiet. 
 The goddess visits not a rambling spirit like mine. All the ma- 
 terials of poetry are around me, and I am laying up a good stock 
 for future use, but I am too much on the wing to be singing. I 
 could relish hearing you, all of you, nevertheless, and if you do 
 but send me the new voices of all your souls I shall teach them 
 to the echoes of the California mountains. 
 
 In truth, my dear friend, I miss you sadly at times like these, 
 and can only take a scanty satisfaction in building up a future in 
 which we all shall have achieved honor in the lofty service to 
 which we are sworn. I think of yourself, Read, Stoddard, and me 
 as grown gray in the muse's livery, — ancients of song, whose 
 lives and literary fortunes have " in quaternion run." But this 
 is idle ; better be working than dreaming, taking the bloom of 
 the present than waiting a more genial season, and so I try to 
 do. This journey has been one of great interest to me, and all 
 that has yet transpired but fulfills the presentiment with which 
 I left home. In after ages this will be the land of epic song and 
 romantic fiction ; we who witness its infancy may make its ear- 
 liest lays, and blend our names with the wonderful history of its 
 birth. I have seen things more marvelous than the " Arabian 
 Nights," witnessed more splendid achievements than followed 
 in the paths of Godfrey or Columbus. This may sound extrav- 
 agant, but posterity will not think it so. The country surpasses 
 Italy in climate and scenery, and the life of the Bedouin is not 
 more wild and picturesque than that of a native Californian. I 
 have already accomplished one wish that I had on leaving : I 
 have stridden a canelo, and run races with the wind over plains 
 that are like the sea. Would to Heaven you could be here an 
 hour ! We would dash off over the hills on our horses, past the 
 ruined mission of Carmel, and ride down to Point Lobos, where 
 ten thousand seals and sea-lions cover the rocks. I wish Read 
 could come out here ; it is a splendid field for a painter. I hope 
 he has written to me. If he has not, it is now too late, and I 
 must wait till winter, when we shall have a jolly meeting in dear 
 old, familiar Philadelphia. 
 
 I leave here in two or three weeks for the Sacramento Valley, 
 which I shall ascend to the borders of Oregon ; then down the 
 interior to San Diego, where I shall ship to Mazatlan, and cross 
 Mexico to Vera Cruz. A fine route, is it not ? I have enjoyed 
 everything (except fleas) thus far, and have the lusty health, 
 
ELDORADO AND IIYLAS. 161 
 
 complexion, and appetite of a teamster. Perhaps this is the 
 reason why I have written no poetry. 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Monterey, Cal., September 30, 1849. 
 
 Another week has passed, as thou wilt see hy the date of this, 
 ,and yet I am still here. A circumstance has occurred which 
 has occasioned a change in my designs, though one which will not 
 increase the length of my stay, or alter the manner of my return. 
 I have heen employed hy an agent of the government at Wash- 
 ington to examine some old Spanish documents in the archives 
 here, — a work which will keep me here about three weeks 
 longer, and bring me a good round sum of money. I can then 
 afford to buy a mule, and make the remainder of my trip with 
 much more speed and comfort. The chance is a fortunate one, 
 and will enable me, with the worst luck in other respects, to 
 make the journey a source of pecuniary profit. Perhaps it is 
 fortunate in another respect. By the time I reach the Sacra- 
 mento Valley, the fever and ague season will be quite over, and 
 the clear, cool, healthy weather preceding the winter rains, have 
 arrived. The Sacramento country is now so overrun with gold- 
 diggers that traveling in any part of it is perfectly safe. 
 
 I have just returned from a ride to Point Conception, about 
 five miles from here, on the coast. It is a misty afternoon, and 
 the coast scenery was singularly wild and impressive. The long 
 swells came rolling in upon the bleak rocks, breaking upon them 
 with a shock like thunder, and dashing their spray high into 
 the air. I walked along the inlets, tearing pearl-oysters from 
 their hold on the rocks, and robbing them of their beautiful 
 shells. The star-fish and sea-flower grew abundantly in the 
 edge of the waters. The road to this place leads through the 
 Pine Forest the whole distance. . . . The society of the place is 
 agreeable, and I have met with much hospitality among the 
 resident Americans. I have had the offer of a house if I would 
 conic here to live, but the gift of a gold-mine would not hire me 
 to leave New York. There is to be the field of my future 
 labors. . . . 
 
 And now, as my time is short, I again take leave of thee, 
 
 asking Heaven's blessing on thee during this time of absence. 
 
 I fervently trust I shall hear from thee in two weeks at least. 
 
 Till I write again, be of good heart. 
 vol. i. 11 
 
162 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Monterey, October 22, 1849. 
 
 I thought until a day or two ago I must have been fated to be 
 without news from thee during all my absence. Another steamer 
 came, bringing no mail, though we heard that one was about 
 crossing the Isthmus when she left. The next steamer has not 
 yet arrived, but by a blessed good luck three or four letters of 
 mine, intrusted to private hands, found their way hither. I was 
 completely happy on finding inclosed in a letter from mother 
 thy note of July 12th. And what raised my happiness to the full- 
 est extent was the bright, cheerful, encouraging tone of thy let- 
 ter. Heaven bless thee for it ! . . . 
 
 I am still as healthy and vigorous as ever, but have lost a little 
 of my brown complexion from indoor work here. This little 
 rest has been of advantage to me in many ways. I have made 
 acquaintances among all the principal men of the country, have 
 learned much that will be useful concerning the history and laws 
 of California, and have retarded my Sacramento trip so much 
 that there is no further fear of agues. The country is now thor- 
 oughly healthy, and the temperature most delightful. I antici- 
 pate a great deal of pleasure, and no danger, from my trip. I 
 have written a little during my stay here, — a poem on " The 
 Pine Forest of Monterey," another called " Taurus," and a third, 
 which I here send thee. It is brief and true, — true as my 
 love : — 
 
 I plucked for thee the wilding rose 
 
 And wore it on my breast, 
 And there, till daylight's dusky close, 
 
 Its silken cheek was prest. 
 Its desert breath was sweeter far 
 
 Than palace rose could be, — 
 Sweeter than all Earth's blossoms are, 
 
 But that thou gav'st to me. 
 
 I kissed its leaves, in fond despite 
 
 Of lips that failed mine own, 
 And thought of such, that one dear night 
 
 Within thy tresses shone. 
 I vowed no rose should rival mine, 
 
 Though withered now, and pale, 
 Till those are plucked whose white buds twine 
 
 Above thy bridal veil. 
 
 The wild California rose is sweeter than the Oriental. I have 
 ridden through thickets of them, and slept at night in the fra- 
 grant shade of the bay and laurel : so do not think of me quite, 
 
ELDORADO AND UYLAS. 163 
 
 as anioiig savage and inhospitable deserts. Some of the finest 
 scenery in the world is here. I am not in love with the country, 
 either ; I shall be most happy when my mission is fully and 
 faithfully performed, and my face is directed homewards. The 
 charm of novelty and the excitement of adventure make the 
 time pass more quickly than I anticipated, but I still have some 
 Jonely hours. I should have many and anxious ones, did I not 
 feel a secret confidence that thou art well and cheerful. . . . 
 
 San Francisco, November 28, 1849. 
 
 These will be glad words for thee to read, I know, because 
 they are probably the last I shall write to thee from San Fran- 
 cisco. My wild wanderings through this savagely beautiful 
 country are at an end, because I could not travel if I would. I 
 did not think, when I left home, to have been on California soil 
 at this date, nor didst thou : but I shall not regret it if, when 
 we meet, thou canst forget the pains and anxieties of absence. 
 The stay here has been in the highest degree valuable to myself ; 
 Heaven grant the long separation may be made light to thee ! I 
 shall be at home about the first of February. I should leave in 
 the steamer which sails two days from now, but I wish to return 
 through Mexico, and she does not touch at Mazatlan. I shall 
 probably leave next Monday (December 3d), in a sailing vessel, 
 for Mazatlan. It is a twelve or fourteen days' trip, as the wind 
 always blows down the coast. Ships frequently make as short 
 passages to Mazatlan as the steamer. From thence to Vera 
 Cruz is about four weeks' travel across Mexico, — one of the 
 most interesting journeys in the world, and one of the most de- 
 lightful, as I am told by those who have made it. It is now the 
 dry season in Mexico, perfectly healthy and safe for travelers 
 without money. I shall take letters of credit instead, travel 
 without baggage and with not more than two companions, — ■ 
 which will make the trip as safe as any in the United States. I 
 am familiar with the language, customs, geography, etc., and 
 anticipate a most delightful journey. I could not go in the pres- 
 ent steamer if I wished, for no ticket is to be had under double 
 price, and my plan is more expeditious than to wait three weeks 
 for the next chance. 
 
 I wish thou couldst see me as I am now, — fat, brown, and 
 rough as a mountaineer, heavier by fifteen pounds than I ever 
 was before, and with the rugged feeling of health and strength 
 
164 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 I have so long coveted. I am fitted for three years' encagement 
 in New York, without grumbling. I can make glorious use of 
 my rough experience in this country, as thou shalt see anon. It 
 will give me such a lift as I could not have attained by years of 
 labor at home. My life is not all roughness here, either. With 
 warm, genial airs, skies soft and blue, sunsets far surpassing 
 Italy, mountains green with springing grass, and glorious moon- 
 lights, life is a double enjoyment here. My travels among the 
 Indians may frighten thee a little, but they are all past now. I 
 have never had a moment's doubt or fear since leaving home. 
 Heaven has greatly blessed me, while nearly every one I know 
 has been more or less ill. I have enjoyed from the first the 
 most vigorous and exulting health. 
 
 If thou wert here, — if we were but united, — I could will- 
 ingly prolong my stay. As it is, the prospect of seeing thee in 
 two months is a joyful one. How much we shall have to say to 
 each other ! how many memories to recount ! how many happy 
 anticipations to exchange ! Ah, dearest Mary, let us not be kept 
 much longer from each other's happiness : let us soon unite our 
 fates, and laugh at the hollow world and its heartless babble. I 
 shall come back to thee with a more profound yet not a more 
 sorrowing knowledge of human nature, a wider experience of 
 life and its strongest passion, a fresher sense of enjoyment in 
 God's grand and perfect works, and with as true a heart, as 
 loyal a constancy, as fervent a devotion, as before. " I trust in 
 God ; I trust in thee." By that trust, my own dear Mary, I ask 
 thee to wait for me with a brave and cheerful heart, and to wel- 
 come me back with a face on winch the tears of absence have 
 left no trace. 
 
 It is late at night, and rather cold, in this gloomy post-office 
 kitchen. I have but a day or two since returned from the Sacra- 
 mento, and am hurried in getting ready my " Tribune " corre- 
 spondence. I shall probably write from Mazatlan, though it is 
 most likely that I will reach home sooner than a letter from that 
 place. From Vera Cruz I shall go to Mobile, thence to Charles- 
 ton, thence to New York, and then — to thee ! Don't look for 
 me before February 1st, nor be alarmed at not hearing from me. 
 Depend upon it, I shall get home safe. There is no steamer 
 yet. The last letter from thee was dated August 12th, but one 
 
 from , of August 23d, speaks of thee as being well. Would 
 
 to Heaven I could again hear from thee before starting home- 
 ward ! Good-by for a few days. 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 165 
 
 Pacific, near Mazatlan, January 7, 1850. 
 So far safely on my way. I have left behind the region of 
 rain and storms, aud am now on the border of the tropics, with 
 a cloudless sky overhead and a smooth blue sea around. The air 
 is like that of Paradise. I am happy and light-hearted, and full 
 of pleasant anticipations of Mexican travel. . . . 
 - The six months that are gone since we parted have changed 
 me much. I have seen more of human life, and am grown more 
 serious and self-dependent. My ambition burns with a more 
 steady flame, and is more certain of its object. The school 
 through which I have just passed was wanting to fit me for 
 future labors. I have gained more, if not of philosophy, at least 
 of courage and determination. I no longer chafe at the bars 
 which galled so before. The erratic glow and enthusiasm of 
 youth seems departing, yet it is not dead, but oidy slumbers 
 for the time. Perhaps thou wilt never feel this, but thou hast a 
 woman's quick insight into human nature, and mayst understand 
 how it has been wrought in me. . . . 
 
 Bayard Taylor had the experience of being robbed 
 in Mexico, as he has related in his volume of travel 
 devoted to this trip, and, reaching Vera Cruz, left for 
 home February 19, 1850. On the 27th he reached 
 Mobile, ascended the Alabama River, and by rail and 
 stage went to Charleston. Thence he went to Wash- 
 ington, where he delivered dispatches to the govern- 
 ment, spent a day at Kennett, and was again at the 
 Tribune office on the 10th of March. He had been 
 unable to send any letters to the paper after leaving 
 California, and he now busied himself with throwing 
 the letters into book-form, adding many incidents from 
 recollection, and continuing the narrative by relating 
 his experiences in Mexico. The letters had excited 
 great interest. When the one came which described 
 the Panama Isthmus, Mr. Greeley wrote to him in his 
 characteristic fashion : — 
 
166 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 HORACE GREELEY TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 New York, August 16, 1849. 
 Bayard, — Your Isthmus letter (the crossing) is generally 
 esteemed here as A No. 1. All I have heard agree that nothing 
 so workmanlike has been done since the immortal Stephen H. 
 Branch awoke the catamounts of the Chagres, even if then. 
 Those from the intermediate seas do not make so much impres- 
 sion, simply because the scenes and occurrences were less in- 
 teresting here. . . . 
 
 The record of travel was published in May, 1850 
 by Mr. Putnam, under the title of " Eldorado, or Ad- 
 ventures in the Path of Empire ; comprising a Voyage 
 to California, via Panama ; Life in San Francisco and 
 Monterey ; Pictures of the Gold Region, and Experi- 
 ences of Mexican Travel." 
 
 Of poetry he had written but little during his jour- 
 ney. " Taurus," " The Pine Forest of Monterey," and 
 " Manuela," a new California ballad, were indeed 
 written while under the immediate inspiration of the 
 scenes which they reflect, and in his note-book he 
 would jot down, sometimes in darkness, the lines 
 which came to him. Once back at his familiar work, 
 there came a new impulse, under which he wrote " Hy- 
 las," a marked illustration of the greater freedom 
 with which he gave himself to artistic conception. It 
 is to be noted that in a later arrangement of his poems 
 he did not include this among " Earlier Poems," though 
 that division embraced some written after "Hylas." 
 It was during this summer also that he made his first 
 essay at " The Picture of St. John," but the develop- 
 ment of that poem belongs to a later date. 
 
 We recur to " Hylas " because it appears to be the 
 sudden, exalted expression of a state of mind which 
 was the result of much of the struggle which his life 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 167 
 
 had always witnessed between a native sense of liberty 
 and the pressure of surrounding influences. His jour- 
 ney to California, the wild life which he there led, re- 
 turning almost to a savage mode, and his new sense of 
 a vast energy in nature and humanity, all conspired 
 to give him a bound into conscious independence. It 
 was just before writing "Hylas" that he recorded in 
 his private journal, to which he committed his thought 
 unreservedly : — 
 
 " More than a year, a strange, eventful, all-impor- 
 tant period, since I last took up the pen for this con- 
 fessional ! What a time ! How changed is the world 
 since then ! God ! how blind was I then, how little 
 true reliance I possessed, how failing a strength, how 
 weak a will ! Now, all is different. Men are not as 
 they were, nor are my relations toward them the same. 
 For the first time in my life, I feel secure of my des- 
 tiny. All those blind motions of the soul, those vague 
 instincts and groping passions, which I now recognize 
 in what I have written in this book, are taking form. 
 With the consciousness of my own true nature comes 
 the knowledge of my real power and the will to do all 
 that it would ask of me. Thank God that the mists 
 are clearing away ! Thank God that I breathe the 
 pure air at last ! 
 
 " It was a mistake — a misfortune, rather — that I 
 was trained to be that which I am not. But the true 
 nature will make way at last. Had I not been made 
 to believe that passion was sin, I had gained some pre- 
 cious years of power. I had earlier learned my own 
 soul, and might have planted its roots in the genuine 
 soil, where they have now but freshly struck. I had 
 not then believed, and they had not believed, that I 
 was all gentleness and kindness ; hence, the harder 
 
168 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 lesson for them, to learn the new nature that has fully 
 awakened after such a long slumber. And I, who 
 would have kept it down, — ah, how little I knew of 
 the awful majesty of Poetry, of the passion and scorn 
 and sorrow which they must learn to feel who wor- 
 ship her truly ! The veil has risen at last, — ■ I stand, 
 face to face with that dread Power. If she claims a 
 life of toil and outward bitterness, it will be gladly 
 given, so she is mine before I die." 
 
 Thus, though the public was more interested in his 
 record of travel, he did not for a moment turn aside 
 in his purpose from his true vocation, and he received 
 now and then a slight sign that others were regarding 
 him as he regarded himself. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, March 17, 1850. 
 
 I send you a hasty line for two reasons, first, to express my 
 delight at reading " Anne Boleyn," which I think a great ad- 
 vance on " Calaynos," and a great tragedy in itself. It will last. 
 Some of the passages are equal in effect to anything I ever read. 
 You have done all that could have been wished, for your sake 
 and divine Poetry's. When I get my book off my hands, I will 
 say in type what I think of it. Ripley is charmed with it, and 
 will still look out for a chance to give his opinion. Go ahead, 
 my dear poet ! It will soon be your turn to damn those who 
 would willingly damn you. . . . 
 
 Now, George, I want you to write me a line, at least, before 
 the end of the week. Come along bodily just as soon as you 
 can. I shall be here, working on my book, three weeks longer, 
 before visiting home again. It will be out in two volumes, 
 splendidly got up. As for the matter, I say nothing. 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW. 
 New York, Sunday night, March 17, 1850. 
 Delinquent again, and not in a fit mood for writing to-night ; 
 but I must say one word. I have been troubled to-day with a 
 bad sore throat, from cutting off my beard prematurely. Nature 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 169 
 
 no doubt intended it should stay. However, civilization exacts 
 a good deal from us, and perhaps we receive a corresponding 
 benefit. I feel like a different individual from the one who went 
 on board the Falcon last June. My nature is setting into its 
 destined mould. I am no longer the pliant, passionate, restless 
 youth ; I look upon life more soberly than heretofore. The glow- 
 ing impulses of my heart have subsided, at least to outward ap- 
 pearance. I see things through a clearer, more unruffled air. 
 The impatience which made my love for thee " a joy, sharp e'en 
 to pain," no longer torments me. I have in its stead a quiet, 
 happy feeling, — a sense of contentment with fate, a serene trust 
 in the future. The thought of soon having thee with me, which 
 last spring seemed a miracle of joy which could hardly be real, 
 is now so natural, so inevitable, a happiness, that my heart com- 
 prehends it without an effort. My pulses no longer throb with 
 the fever of unrest. We are no longer enchanted beings, walk- 
 ing apart in some unapproachable world of love, but woman and 
 man, with the joys and sorrows of common life as our portion. 
 Canst thou explain this change ? I think I can. The fiery part 
 of my nature has had full play and free expression in the ex- 
 citement of my recent travel, and goads me no longer. Calmer 
 feelings return, and the tired spirits willingly submit to their 
 rule. I cannot say but I am glad of this. The clearer and sim- 
 pler life appears to us the stronger is our control of it. . . . 
 
 I am hard at work on my book. It will be out in about 
 twenty days (perhaps less), and till then I shall be bound to it. 
 Putnam gives me no respite, as the earliest possible appearance 
 will greatly increase the sales. As the trip has cost me much, 
 the book ought to pay me well in return. I have written home 
 that I shall certainly be there before the 7th of April. Keep up 
 thy spirits till then ; I know thou canst, now that my return is 
 fully realized. Meanwhile write often, much, and as freely as 
 thy thought. 
 
 New York, May 8. 1850. 
 
 It is a little after midnight. They have all gone and left me 
 alone in the office. The rain is pouring without, and its sound, 
 though sad, is soothing, for it is in harmony with my own feel- 
 ings. Thy note, which came to-day, has thrown a shadow on 
 my heart. I feel inexpressibly sad and lonely. Thou wert so 
 well, looked so well, and I thought would be so strong and 
 ua PPy ; aim now > the health and strength thou hast been gather- 
 
170 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 ing for a year are gone at once. I have been anxious about thee 
 ever since we parted, but I hoped the genial season would restore 
 thee ; now, I fear it inay take weeks before thou art strong 
 again. If thou wilt only be quite well in another month, I will 
 try to bear it ; — but then, what have I to bear in comparison 
 with thee ? I will stop my marriage preparations, if thou wish- 
 est it ; but it will be a terrible disappointment if we should have 
 to postpone the day. Still, need this be done under any circum- 
 stances ? Even if thou shouldst not be considered well enough 
 to come here in June, could not the ceremony be performed on 
 the 19th ? I have a preference for the day, — a sort of super- 
 stitious desire to be married then, now since it has been fixed. 
 Even if — which God forbid ! — thou shouldst be obliged to 
 wait at home a month or two longer, might not the simple 
 words be spoken, might we not write to each other and think 
 of each other as husband and wife ? But I will not forebode 
 anything of the kind. I trust in Heaven thou wilt soon re- 
 cover. Only, must I stop my preparations ? In case of thy 
 continued weakness, which I see thou hast already pictured to 
 thyself as possible, may we not still cherish the same anticipa- 
 tions of being given to each other on that day ? Forgive me if 
 I write strangely : I am deeply grieved and disappointed by thy 
 illness. I will agree to anything that seems best to thee. Think 
 only of thyself ; thou hast had so much to bear I should be 
 wicked and unmanly if I were not willing to make every sacri- 
 fice for thy good. Tell me with all the candor of thy heart 
 how thou art growing from day to day, what thou wouldst fain 
 ask of me, what I should do, and how thou couldst be happiest. 
 
 Thursday morning. 
 It is still dull and chilly here. I am hard at work among 
 California news, anniversaries, and a pile of such trash. I have 
 not time to say more now, but a word is better than nothing. I 
 will write again to-morrow or Saturday, and hope to hear from 
 thee again before that time. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 Tribune Office, New York, May 10, 1850. 
 I dash off a line from the midst of my City Items, California 
 News, Cuban Expeditions, and a host of such trash, to tell you 
 how my " Eldorado " has been running off. 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 171 
 
 Putnam has orders for near two thousand copies, and can't 
 get the books hound fast enough. He has, as yet, sold none at 
 retail, and, for my part, I have not got a single copy. I beg 
 you, therefore, to excuse me to my good Boston friends, to whom 
 I intend to send copies, for a day or two longer, and take 
 part of the same to yourself. I hope to he supplied on Monday 
 or Tuesday, and will then remember all my friends, Miss Mit- 
 ford included. This time I am really going to send her all 
 my three works in one lump, — enough to terrify the poor old 
 lady. 
 
 Boker called on me yesterday. He tells me he had a delight- 
 ful time with you and Whipple. Would I had been there ! But 
 this devilish work, to which we are doomed, always stands be- 
 tween us and our desires. 
 
 I hope a time may come when I shall be no longer bound. 
 Where is Longfellow going to stay in Washington ? Is he going 
 farther south ? How can I send an " Eldorado " to him ? Will 
 he not stop a day here on his return ? I want to see him very 
 much. 
 
 I must stop ; it is near one o'clock. Greeley is in the other 
 room, and the rest of my fellow-editors hard at work. A police 
 report, or something equally disgusting, will be thrust under 
 my nose the next minute for my special attention and contem- 
 plation. I must not forget, however, to thank you for your kind 
 notice of my book in the " Transcript." I think it will help the 
 sale of it in Boston, which is about all I hope from my prose 
 works. As for literary reputation, I would not swap that of ten 
 lines of good poetry for all the prose I shall ever write. . . . 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 Thursday night, May 14, 1850. 
 
 ... I will do in everything as thou shalt desire. Do not try 
 to get well ; it will make thee worse. Let Nature regain her 
 strength in her own time. I hope everything from these warm 
 days and balmy airs. I feel most deeply for thee. Thou hast 
 had so much to suffer, and all thy best happiness has been in the 
 future. Ah, well, God will not desert those who suffer patiently ; 
 we shall be happy yet, under his blessing. 
 
 ... I will wait calmly and hopefully. I have already more 
 than half given up the idea of being married on the 19th. I 
 would much rather put it off a mouth than that thou shouldst 
 
172 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 not be quite well. The thought of another relapse would be 
 terrible. Try to be cheerful, dear Mary. If thou wishest I 
 will go home in two weeks, if ouly for half a day. Indeed, if 
 before then thou shouldst desire to postpone the day of our mar- 
 riage, I will go, whether thou wishest or not. It is late, and I 
 am weary and sleepy. I feel a little sad, but I should be quite 
 happy if I thought thou wert cheerful and hopeful still. Be 
 cheerful, Mary ; this trial is hard, but a year hence we will not 
 feel it. . . . 
 
 Monday morning, June 10, 1850. 
 Yesterday I received a letter from mother, which explains the 
 reason of thy not writing. She tells me thou art not so well as 
 when I left. I am deeply grieved and saddened, as thou mayst 
 easily imagine, for I had hoped so much from the delightful 
 weather of last week. I pray that thou art better by this time, 
 for the pleasant sunshine and warmth of the season must help 
 thee, if Nature has not grown perverse. I shall look for a letter 
 to-morrow with great anxiety. Mother writes to me that the 
 doctor said riding out every day would much hasten thy re- 
 covery, and asks if I cannot get away for a week to take thee 
 out. I think I can. Greeley is not at home, but I can make 
 some arrangement to leave. At any rate, he may storm as he 
 likes : I would sooner bear it than have thee suffer much longer 
 with that terrible pain, when I may help to relieve thee of it. 
 I shall certainly leave here by the last of this week, — perhaps 
 sooner. Thou mayst look for me Thursday night, for I don't 
 think I shall disappoint thee. . . . 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., June 27, 1850. 
 
 I have been here four days. Mary is somewhat better, though 
 still in a very uncertain and dangerous state. My hopes are a 
 little brighter, and I can now with a calmer mind entreat God to 
 spare her to me. I have partly recovered my old faith, and do 
 my best to cheer and encourage her. In this I have succeeded. 
 For two days past she has been slowly improving. She does not 
 speak of her danger, has not been told of it, but I think guesses 
 it. The physician had no hope, and has but little now, yet I will 
 dare to hope against him. God help me if I lose her ! 
 
 Write to me, Stoddard, at once, for I shall return in a week. 
 What have you been doing ? What new plans afoot ? I have 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 173 
 
 conceived another poeni ; Heaven only knows when it will take 
 shape ! And now, my dear boy, good-by. 
 
 An invitation to deliver the annual poem before the 
 Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard College at Com- 
 mencement was accepted, and he busied himself over 
 a- poem entitled " The American Legend." He did 
 not think it worth while to reprint it in any of his col- 
 lections, and took his principal pleasure in the oppor- 
 tunity afforded of seeing his Boston friends. Several 
 years afterward, writing to Mr. Boker, who had re- 
 ceived the same invitation, and had printed his poem, 
 he expressed his regret that his friend had published 
 the poem. " I made the same mistake," he says. 
 " My Harvard poem, poor as it is, was received with 
 great applause ; but alas ! I published it, and thus 
 killed the tradition of its excellence, which, had I not 
 done so, might still have been floating around Har- 
 vard." 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 June 30, 1850. 
 
 I know nothing more likely to beguile myself from a doleful 
 consciousness of this sweltering heat than the writing to you. 
 What do you with your solid substance this weather ? These 
 lank, skeleton poets can live well enough, for they have nothing 
 to lose ; but we, who are not only blood and bone, but some fat, 
 must suffer. I rejoice in a tolerable heat, and so long as the 
 mercury don't rise above 80° choose the sunny side of the street. 
 I am conscious of a sort of ripening, so, for it is my favorite 
 theory that one becomes more intensely vital by giving himself 
 up to the sun and air. (Don't pun !) Stoddard and I, though 
 it 's against nature and all precedent, have been plying our pens 
 diligently, — he on his " Search for Proserpine," I on my damned 
 Harvard stuff. By the way, I have had an invitation from Co~ 
 Inmbia College, in this city, to redeliver the poem at the Com- 
 mencement in October, and have accepted. I must also tell you 
 that there are now three reprints of " Eldorado " in London. T 
 have seen three or four notices, — long, and so far good, but that 
 of the " Spectator " is sneering and contemptible. Had it not 
 
174 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 been for the shelter of Bentley's name (Her Majesty's publisher), 
 I should have fared much worse. . . . 
 
 You must come out in the fall with a volume of poems. Stod- 
 dard will, and so, I think, will I. You can make a capital vol- 
 ume, with your " Song," " Sir John," " Goblet," and other things ; 
 Stoddard has his " Castle " as a fine leader, with a number of 
 short songs ; and I, besides fifteen or twenty published since 
 " Rhymes of Travel," have a poem in view and to be written 
 soon, narrative, legendary, national, and semi-epic. We might 
 walk out side by side on the platform of public perusal. The 
 publishing showmen would of course parade our wonderful qual- 
 ities, and the snarling critics in the crowd would show their teeth ; 
 but we would be as unmoved as the wax statues of Parkman and 
 Webster, except that there might now and then be a sly wink at 
 each other, when nobody was looking. . . . 
 
 Since my return I have had a short note from Mary, but I 
 cannot learn from it whether she is better or not. God grant it 
 may be as I hope ! If I lose her, I shall have but a darkened 
 life left me. Write soon. 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 July 8, 1850. 
 
 My last letter from home reached me on July 4th. I need not 
 say bow much I was delighted with the news of your improve- 
 ment. I hope there has been no check to it since. The weather 
 has been so charming here and I have felt so well that I think it 
 must have an equally genial effect upon thee. I am entirely 
 wrapped up in my Harvard poem. The time is near at hand, 
 and I must finish the poem this week. I can do it by sticking to 
 it. I wrote about one hundred and fifty lines on Saturday and 
 Sunday, besides which the California mail is just in, giving me 
 a wilderness of work to do. 
 
 I missed writing to thee on Friday last, being so occupied 
 with work in the morning that mail-time passed over before I 
 knew it. I felt sorry at this, for I had promised to write then, 
 and I knew thou wouldst expect it. 
 
 I feel tolerably satisfied with my progress in the poem thus 
 far, and think it will be successful. Didst thou see Whittier's 
 glorious " Eldorado " in the " Era " ? Dickens had an excellent 
 notice in his " Household Words." All the London papers, in 
 fact, have treated it very handsomely. Stoddard has gone to 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 175 
 
 New Jersey for his health, and as I am alone I work the more. 
 But I take a daily swim in the salt sea, and am hearty. Write 
 when thou art able, but no sooner. This week I will write on 
 Friday. 
 
 Monday, July 15, 1850. 
 
 I have been steadily working since Saturday at noon, and have 
 my poem finished except the copying. I feel quite used up, hav- 
 ing written about one hundred lines on Saturday night, and toiled 
 over the conclusion yesterday. I shall leave for Boston to-mor- 
 row, and return on Saturday. I am tolerably satisfied with the 
 poem, but don't know how it will please the Puritan profes- 
 sors. I think the students will like it, which will be sufficient 
 glory. . . . 
 
 Thou wilt pardon this hasty scrawl, — my head is so full and 
 my hands so busy with completing the poem. I am entirely well, 
 though a little enervated by this sultry weather. 
 
 New York, July 22, 1850. 
 
 I returned from Boston yesterday morning. As you may sup- 
 pose, I was so preoccupied by engagements attendant on my sit- 
 uation that I could get no chance of sendmg a letter which 
 would reach home before this. I am hurried to-day, by circum- 
 stances which I will mention by and by, but must not omit send- 
 ing a short account of my doings. 
 
 I reached Boston at ten o'clock on Wednesday morning, having 
 been left behind at Stonington by the cars, which obliged me to 
 wait three hours in a dark depot, and go forward in a freight 
 train, packed among boxes and coffee-bags. I found Fields at 
 once, went to his house (a charming place), and repeated my 
 poem to him. He was delighted with it, which gave me courage 
 for the delivery next day. We took a carriage and rode out to 
 Cambridge, where we saw part of the Commencement ceremo- 
 nies, and dined with a club of students. I was lionized, of course, 
 introduced to professors, judges, etc., but bore my honors 
 meekly. We went down by way of Roxbury and Jamaica Pond, 
 through delicious glimpses of scenery. 
 
 I returned to Cambridge in the evening and spent the night 
 with Lowell, whom I had met at the Commencement. His 
 father's classmates — graduates of the year 1800 — were spend- 
 ing the anniversary with him. Among them was Chief Justice 
 Shaw of Massachusetts. Allston was of the same class. It 
 
176 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 was delightful to hear those old men laughing over their college 
 tricks, fifty years ago. 
 
 Next morning Lowell and I went down to the College build- 
 ings. I was elected an honorary member of the P. B. K. Society, 
 and tied the pink and blue ribbons in my button-hole. The pro- 
 cession was formed in the Library, my place being with the orator 
 of the day, immediately behind the old president, Quincy. We 
 had to pass between double files of the members, all standing 
 uncovered, and thus entered the church, which was already 
 crowded. Judge Walker's oration was very commonplace and 
 respectable, but not exactly dull, which was fortunate for me. 
 When my turn came, I was received with such a warm, cordial, 
 universal expression that all my embarrassment disappeared at 
 once. I went through the poem without the least timidity or 
 misgiving. The audience paid me the compliment of profound 
 silence till the close, when they gave another most hearty and 
 enthusiastic round of applause. The old members — gray- 
 headed men of seventy and eighty — crowded about me with 
 their thanks and congratulations. Ralph Emerson, who sat be- 
 side Fields, said it was the best poem which had ever been deliv- 
 ered there. Thence we went to the dinner, which I cannot now 
 describe. It was overflowing with wit, fun, and good feeling. 
 Professor Felton, R. H. Dana, Lowell, and hosts of other good 
 fellows made speeches. I had to say a few words, but got 
 through without trouble. In the evening I attended a soiree at 
 Professor Horsford's. 
 
 Friday morning, early, Lowell and I started for Arnesbury, 
 which we reached in a terrible northeaster. What a capital 
 time we had with Whit tier, in his nook of a study, with the rain 
 pouring on the roof and the wind howling at the door ! We had 
 several stormy adventures on our return, for we did not reach 
 Cambridge till after midnight. Next day we went down to Na- 
 hant to see Longfellow, who, unfortunately, had gone to Portland. 
 I left Boston the same evening, being obliged to decline invita- 
 tions enough to have furnished me with two weeks' board. The 
 P. B. K.'s took forcible hold of my poem, and are going to pub- 
 lish it. It has been admirably noticed in the Boston papers. 
 
 So much for a visit which has delighted, gratified, and hum- 
 bled me, — warmed my heart towards a whole community, and 
 incited me to fresh labor, that I may deserve the honor already 
 given. My poem does not. 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 177 
 
 And now, as to my present condition. In two hours I must 
 start for Fire Island, about sixty miles off, on the Atlantic shore. 
 The vessel containing Margaret Fuller d'Ossoli, her husband 
 and child, Horace Sumner, of Boston (brother of Charles), and 
 Powers' statue of Calhoun was wrecked there in the hurricane, 
 and it is believed that all are lost. I am going to do what I can, 
 and if the bodies are washed ashore to bring them up to this 
 place. I may be back to-morrow, certainly on Wednesday. We 
 have just received the news ; it is terrible. 
 
 This may prevent my seeing thee before the last of next week. 
 If I possibly can, I will go on Saturday, but must return in the 
 midnight train the same day. I hope to hear from thee to-mor- 
 row. I have not time to send more than a single word home. 
 Please, therefore, to let mother see this letter, if she should 
 come to see thee. I will write again on Wednesday, in any case. 
 
 New Yoek, July 24, 1850. 
 
 I cannot leave this week. I have just returned from the wreck 
 at Fire Island, and after losing two nights and wading about all 
 day in the toilsome sand I feel quite incompetent to go to Ken- 
 nett and back on Saturday and Sunday, even if I could con- 
 veniently leave, — which I can't. Charles Sumner was down yes- 
 terday, to look for his brother's body. It is a most distressing 
 thing. The ship is beaten to fragments, and every article washed 
 ashore was stolen and carried off by the pirates who live along 
 the coast. Neither M. Fuller nor her husband has been found. 
 Their child is buried in the sand. Powers' statue lies in the sea, 
 together with three hundred tons of Carrara marble. It is hoped 
 M. F.'s history of the " Revolutions in Italy " has been saved. 
 Her mother, brother, and Mr. Thoreau of Concord, are now here. 
 
 I shall certainly get home next week, and will write again on 
 Friday. Why have I not had a letter ? Eight days, — it is 
 months ; at least my travels in that time make it seem so. I am 
 very anxious to hear from thee. Thou shouldst be much better 
 by this time. If we cannot make that excursion together when 
 I go home, don't give thyself trouble on my account. I would 
 sooner see thee well than see thee as my wife, and God knows I 
 cannot express more solicitude than these words contain. 
 
 Be cheerful and in good heart. It will be only ten days till I 
 see thee. But write to me in the mean time, — but a line, if thou 
 canst no more, — or at least tell some one to write to me. 
 
 vol. i. 12 
 
178 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 I shall write more the next time. I am now hurried on all 
 sides. ~ 
 
 MARY AGNEW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Friday, July 26, 1850. 
 Many thanks for the letters that have reached me this week ; 
 they found me in bed, in pain and suffering, and have done me 
 more good than thou canst imagine. It was so gratifying to hear 
 of thy visit and thy success. I knew it would be so, it could not 
 be other, and delightful to hear of those with whom thou hast 
 been. Thy last one came last night. I very much fear that 
 after so much exposure thou wilt be sick. Do keep well, and 
 come home soon. I hoped I would see thee this week, but as 
 that cannot be I will wait patiently till next week ; thou wilt 
 come then. Thou sayest, " Why have I not had a letter ? " I 
 put off writing until Sunday, thinking that perhaps I might hear 
 from thee on Saturday. When Sunday came it was a beautiful 
 morning, and I thought I must take a ride. I went as far as thy 
 father's, and against I got back I was so fatigued, and coughed 
 so much, that it was impossible to write intelligibly. Monday I 
 was not near so well, and since Tuesday morning I have not 
 sat up any, till this morning, on account of pain and soreness 
 in my breast. I am much better now ; am sitting up writing 
 this, while there is no one in the room to chide me for it. I felt 
 as if I must write. I would have got some one to have written 
 to thee before this, but I still thought perhaps thou wouldst be 
 home this week ; now when thou art not coming, thou must 
 hear from me. I cannot tell thee particulars, because it takes so 
 much writing to tell so little. Thou wilt soon be home, dear 
 Bayard ; we can then talk everything over, and thou canst tell 
 me what is to become of me. Oh ! I long to see thee and talk to 
 thee ; there is no one else I can talk to as I wish. Why is it that 
 we are so much apart ? Sometimes I think there is a more cruel 
 destiny yet awaiting us. God grant that it be not so. Pray ex- 
 cuse the defects of this letter. I am not fit to 1 write, but I felt 
 as if I must send thee a few words after such a long silence. I 
 know thou wilt forgive every fault. Write soon as thou receivest 
 this, and tell me when I may look for thee. I hope to see thee 
 in a week. May God bless thee and keep thee well and happy. 
 
ELDORADO AND HYLAS. 179 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Tribune Office, July 29, 1850. 
 
 He who gives this to you is R. H. Stoddard, who as a poet and 
 one of my best friends should be one of yours. You know him 
 already, and I need say no more. 
 
 Many thanks for the papers you sent me. I should not have 
 made much of a figure on the occasion (before the public, at 
 least) had it not been for you. Give Whipple my sincerest 
 thanks for his cordial notice of " Eldorado " in " Graham." I 
 have read his Oration and like it exceedingly, but his article on 
 Wordsworth seems to me one of the very best papers he has 
 ever written. Ripley has written a notice of the Oration, which 
 you will see in this morning's " Tribune." 
 
 Will you put " Hylas " into an envelope and forward to me 
 within three or four days ? I am thinking of arranging it for 
 publication. I will print my " Sicilian Bacchic," too, shortly. 
 
 It may make me some enemies among those who cant of mo- 
 rality and think no poetry is poetry that is not teetotal, non-resist- 
 ant, and antislavery, but if I cared for that I should deserve to 
 be damned. I am now engaged on a poem of considerable length, 
 entitled " The Picture of St. John." It will not be finished for 
 several months. For Heaven's sake, say nothing about it. 
 
 Pray give my kindest regards to Mrs. Fields. I feel that I 
 deserve no mercy in leaving Boston without again calling at your 
 house, and did I not know you so well I should expect none. I 
 feel most grateful for the kindness I received from every one 
 during my visit. The only way I can repay it is by trying to 
 deserve it, and this I hope to prove in three or four years, God 
 willing. Somehow, praise for what I don't value much has the 
 effect of humbling me to myself, and since I returned I have felt 
 like a beginner in literature who has everything yet to achieve. 
 Good-by. God bless you and yours. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 MAKY AGNEW TAYLOR. 
 
 1850. 
 
 So rarely on the soul the joy to be 
 Prophetic dawns, so frequent falls the shade 
 Of near misfortune I 
 
 The Picture of St. John. 
 
 Bayard Taylor's marriage with Mary Agnew had 
 been postponed once and again on account of her pre- 
 carious health. Now, in August, she was in so alarm- 
 ing a condition that some change of life seemed neces- 
 sary to arrest the progress of an insidious disease, and 
 Bayard, leaving his work, arranged for the removal of 
 Mary, attended by her mother, first to Philadelphia to 
 consult a physician, and then to West Point for a 
 breath of hill-country air. The noise and excitement 
 of this resort were unfavorable, and, by good fortune, 
 a place was found at Cornwall, near by, where the 
 Willises were staying ; and here the ladies remained 
 for a while, Bayard Taylor returning to New York, 
 and snatching opportunities to escape from his imper- 
 ative occupation. It was a time of distraction, of al- 
 ternate hope and fear, of anxiety which could not be 
 laid, and yet of ardent longing to conquer the diffi- 
 culties in the way. That to which he had so long 
 looked forward receded as he apparently drew near 
 possession, and he found himself in an agony at the 
 prospect of loss. 
 
MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 181 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Philadelphia, August 9, 1850. 
 
 We reached here at half-past one o'clock yesterday afternoon. 
 Mary sustained the fatigue of traveling much better than I had 
 expected. Dr. Morton came at five o'clock yesterday. He made 
 a careful examination, both by sounding and questioning as to 
 the progress of the disease. He says there is no action in her 
 right lung, and probably never will be again. The left lung is 
 sound. The disease is partly pleuritic, and the only chance of 
 her recovery is hi the drying up of the right lung, to effect 
 which everything should be done to keep up her strength. Tbe 
 only thing he could recommend was a visit to West Point, which 
 would do more than medicine, or indeed any other course of 
 treatment. Her mother has agreed to go, and we shall leave for 
 New York to-morrow, stay in the city till Monday, and then go 
 up the Hudson. Her mother will stay a week at West Point, at 
 least. From what Morton says I have very little hope of the 
 recovery. There is, however, the more need to do everything 
 possible. I am very glad we came. Mary is as well as usual 
 this morning, and has a much better appetite than for some time 
 past. She does not seem to be much fatigued, and certainly 
 looks no worse. 
 
 New York, August 11, 1850. 
 
 We left Philadelphia yesterday morning at nine o'clock. The 
 day could not have been better, as the ram had laid the dust and 
 freshened the air. Mary bore the ride in the cars much better 
 than we had expected. We reached here about two p. M., and shall 
 leave for West Point to-morrow morning at seven. Mary seems 
 stronger than wben we left home. Her appetite is much better, 
 and she goes up and down two nights of steep stairs for ber 
 meals. She has coughed very little for two days, but in other 
 respects is not much improved. I do not know whether to hope 
 or not ; I rarely allow myself to think of anything but tbe worst. 
 Since she has come thus far, I do not want her to go back again 
 to Kennett, but want her, when she leaves West Point, to be 
 married at once and remain. This is her own desire. ... I 
 never will consent to her staying at home through the winter, 
 and she has promised me not to do it, whatever may happen. 
 
 I am very much wanted here (at the office, where I am now 
 writing), and shall have to return from West Point in four or five 
 
182 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 days. However, there are four trains a day thither on the Hud- 
 son River Railroad, and I can go up every day without difficulty. 
 
 New York, Friday, August 16, 1850. 
 
 You will probably have heard before this what we have been 
 doing. I arrived here last night, as I could not remain away 
 from the office longer. We went to West Point on Monday last, 
 but Mary did not like the place at all. The noise was too great, 
 and the hotel was so crowded by visitors, many of whom knew 
 me, that it was very unpleasant for her. Fortunately, at the din- 
 ner-table we met Willis and his wife, who, by the merest acci- 
 dent, happened to be there on a visit. They proposed at once 
 that we should go to the place where they were staying, about 
 eight miles off in the country, back of Newburgh ; and the next 
 morning we took the boat to Newburgh, and rode the remaining 
 four miles in a carriage. We found the place a quiet, secluded 
 farm-house, on a natural terrace at the foot of the Highlands, 
 with a splendid view of the country round, and a purer mountain 
 air than one gets at West Point. It was the very place for 
 Mary, and she was delighted with it. The people are plain 
 farmers, and the Willises are living very secluded, seeing scarcely 
 any one . Mrs. Willis has been very kind and attentive, and 
 Mrs. Agnew thinks her a wonderful woman. I stayed there two 
 days to see them comfortably settled, and then came down here. 
 I shall go up again to-morrow for a few hours. I have eight or 
 ten chances of getting there and back every day, which makes it 
 very convenient. 
 
 Mary is better than she has been at any time. She walks out 
 a short distance every day, and feels herself much stronger. She 
 has had but one slight spell of coughing since leaving Philadel- 
 phia. I want her to stay here till the first of September. . . . 
 
 The sudden coming of autumn, with cold nights, 
 made it wise to hasten the return to Kennett, and 
 both Bayard Taylor and Mary Agnew accepted the 
 necessity with a good grace, for they persuaded them- 
 selves that as soon as preparations could be made they 
 would be married and make their home in New York, 
 where better care could be given the invalid. There 
 were delusive symptoms in the disease which buoyed 
 them with a vain hope. 
 
MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 183 
 
 Mary Agnew returned to Kennett and Bayard Tay- 
 lor plunged into his work, going- to his home whenever 
 he could steal a chance, and keeping up an anxious cor- 
 respondence with his mother. He was casting about 
 for every possible means to add to his slender income 
 and make provision for his married life, and an oppor- 
 tunity occurred in the furore connected with the com- 
 ing of Jenny Lind. " The American Parnassus was 
 a Bedlam in the autumn of 1850," says Mr. Stoddard 
 in his Reminiscences, already quoted, "and Bayard 
 Taylor was the innocent cause of its madness. The 
 Prince of Showmen had imported Jenny Lind to sing 
 before his admiring countrymen, and, to flatter their 
 national vanity, he offered a prize of two hundred dol- 
 lars for an original song for her. All the versifiers in 
 the land set at once to work to immortalize themselves 
 and to better their fortunes, and as many as six hun- 
 dred confidently expected to do so. Bayard Taylor 
 came one afternoon early in September and confided 
 to me the fact that he was to be declared the winner of 
 this perilous honor, and that he foresaw a row. ' They 
 will say it was given to me because Putnam, who is 
 my publisher, is one of the committee, and because 
 Ripley, who is my associate on the "Tribune," is an- 
 other.' ' If you think so,' I answered, ' withdraw your 
 name, and put my name in place of it. You shall have 
 the money, and I will bear the abuse.' He laughed, 
 and left, as I thought, to do what I had suggested ; but 
 he concluded to acknowledge the authorship himself, 
 and stand the consequences. The decision of the com- 
 mittee was published next day, and the indignation 
 of the disappointed competitors was unbounded. They 
 rushed to all the editors whom they knew or could 
 reach, and these sharp-witted gentlemen, having an 
 
184 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 eye for mischief as well as fun, published their prose 
 and their verse, which ranged from an epigram up to 
 an epic. The choice of the committee had fallen upon 
 only two out of the whole number of manuscripts which 
 had been sent to them ; and being in some doubt as to 
 which of the two was the more suitable for the occa- 
 sion, they showed both to Jenny Lind, who chose the 
 shorter one, as containing the feeling she wished to ex- 
 press in her greeting to America. It happened to be 
 the one which Bayard Taylor had written, and it was 
 accordingly set to music by Jules Benedict, and sung 
 by her at her first concert in Castle Garden. I have 
 recovered this unfortunate lyric, but I shall not quote 
 it here, for Bayard Taylor desired to have it forgot- 
 ten." 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Tkibune Office, September 17, 1850. 
 
 Lowell (who was here a few minutes ago) happening to men- 
 tion his meeting with you in Albany, I was reminded that I had 
 a letter owing to you, and the more need of writing it since I 
 have a word or two to say. 
 
 Since you were here, I scarcely know whether I am on my 
 head or heels, so many distracting causes there are to bewilder 
 me. First, this Jenny Lind matter, in which I am obliged to 
 mingle, whether I will or not ; then, my business affairs to care 
 for, and they need considerable looking after, just now ; and to 
 fill the measure of my trouble to overflowing, Mary is much 
 worse, and the prospect of her recovery looks dark indeed. 
 
 I have not felt like my proper self for some time past, and 
 cannot so long as these causes continue. 
 
 I wanted to say a word, however, with regard to the Prize 
 Song, — a trifling matter, to be sure. . . . 
 
 As far as I can learn, the committee acted with entire impar- 
 tiality, and till the decision was made but one of them had actu- 
 ally recognized my writing. Jenny Lind, also, as I have been 
 told, declared that she would sing mine, or none at all. Of 
 course, I am not foolish enough to attribute this to any merit in 
 the song, but to its adaptation for the occasion. . . . 
 
MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 185 
 
 Remember me kindly to Mrs. Fields, and Whipple, and Long- 
 fellow. If Heaven is propitious, I shall yet redeem what reputa- 
 tion I have lost by the degradation of winning a prize. But I 
 cannot write or do anything else with such a cloud on me as at 
 present. I am nearly ready to give up all hope, and look for- 
 ward to a life lonely and darkened where it most needs light and 
 . sympathy. . . . 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW. 
 
 New York, September 18, 1850. 
 
 ... I must send a line or two further this bright morning, al- 
 though is still out of town, and the foreign mail is in. . . . 
 
 I have a great deal to do, but bear the burden without complaint, 
 and so make it lighter. Lowell and his wife are now here ; I 
 called on them a few minutes this morning. They were at the 
 concert last night, and of course are in raptures with Jenny 
 Lind. I must not forget to tell thee that I had occasion to call 
 on Jenny a day or two ago, and spent about an hour talking with 
 herself and Mr. Benedict. She is one of the most charmingly 
 natural and unaffected women I ever saw ; very frank and cor- 
 dial, and as simple and innocent as a Swedish peasant girl. There 
 were about eight thousand persons at the concert last night. 
 
 I have not written anything lately. I cannot collect my 
 thoughts sufficiently amid all this business, and when I have, in 
 addition, a constant anxiety about thee. If I could but hear 
 that thou wert improving and there was a chance of thee coming 
 here, I should be better satisfied. At any rate, when I go home 
 again, whether thou art able to travel or not, we must have the 
 ceremony performed. . . . 
 
 If any one should bring thee (which is very likely) some ill- 
 natured notice of my Jenny Lind song, don't let it trouble thee 
 in the least. There are 752 disappointed candidates, and many 
 of them have a chance of making themselves heard. I have been 
 assailed in a great many quarters, but this is what I expected 
 before, and I don't mind it in the least. I must now close, but 
 will write again on Friday. 
 
 TO GEORGE II. BOKER. 
 
 Nkw York, September 19, 1850. 
 Have you been observing how delightful a flaying I am under- 
 going at the hands of every sixpenny critic in the country ? It is 
 
186 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 a new sensation, I assure you, and you will readily imagine that I 
 would rather have had it than not. I care nothing for the song ; 
 it is poor enough, God knows, for my only inspiration was the hope 
 of getting the two hundred dollars ; hence the savage manner in 
 which it was torn to pieces, line after line, does not touch me in 
 the least. I look on, with as merciless a heart as the fiercest of 
 them. Some have gone further, however, and basely attacked 
 my character as a man. This I cannot forgive, and I swear to 
 you there will come a day when they shall repent it. However, 
 I don't take this matter at all to heart. Through the success of 
 the song I have one creditor less, and am therefore so much 
 nearer to that point where I need contend for no prizes, nor 
 write at the temptation of any man's money. I may confess to 
 you, however, that at times I feel a bitter sense of degradation in 
 having written at all, and my success seems but to increase it. 
 This is a proper punishment to me for having defiled the temple 
 of divine Poetry. Depend upon it, I shall never do the like 
 again, and I shall not fail to woo her with prayers and penances 
 till the fault be expiated, and she admits me once more into her 
 priesthood. 
 
 But enough of this. I had two or three poems partly written, 
 but so strong is this consciousness of having degraded the poetic 
 faculty, I have not the heart to touch them at present. I inclose 
 a simple little tiling, conceived the other day while walking on 
 the Battery. All I have aimed to do is to imitate in the metre 
 the rapid rolling to shore of the waves under a fresh breeze. 
 The repetition of the last line seemed to be demanded, but I am 
 doubtful about the effect. Now, for the life of me, I can't tell 
 whether it is worth publication. I leave the thing entirely to 
 your judgment. If you think so, you may give it to Sartain ; if 
 not, light your cigars with it. 
 
 [N. B. — I find I have not the poem with me here, at the 
 office, and I have not time to copy it. I shall send it in a day 
 or two, and the instructions will hold good.] 1 
 
 I see Stoddard about twice a week. He has commenced work 
 in earnest, and intends finishing the first book of " Proserpine " in 
 a week or two. ... I have sent a poem of his, addressed to Jenny 
 Lind, to " Graham." He, as well as myself, is delighted with 
 her. She is to me a complete embodiment of Genius in Woman ; 
 for she has genius. I have seen in no one more of its truth, its 
 1 The poem was The Waves. 
 
MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 187 
 
 earnestness, its humility, and its glorious pride. Now I am not 
 mad about her, but I recognize her wonderful faculty and rever- 
 ence her noble character. 
 
 Yet, deeply as I feel the enjoyment of her music, I almost re- 
 gret that it is part of my business to hear it. The news from 
 home is most dispiriting, and all joy, even of the intellect, comes 
 io me under a cloud. Mary is much worse than ever, and I 
 have made up my mind to bear the worst of all. I can no longer 
 hope against hope. I must expect to live a life darkened where 
 it most needs light. It is in vain that you would attempt to 
 cheer me by calling the gods merciful. Here is what I wrote, on 
 reading your letter : — 
 
 You comfort me as one that, knowing Fate, 
 Would paint her visage kinder than you deem ; 
 You say, my only bliss that is no dream 
 
 She clouds, but makes not wholly desolate. 
 
 Ah, friend ! your heart speaks words of little weight 
 To veil that Knowledge you have learned in song, 
 And 'gainst your solace Grief has made me strong : 
 
 The Gods are jealous of our low estate ; 
 
 They give not Fame to Love, nor Love to Fame ; 
 Power cannot taste the joy the humbler share, 
 Nor holy Beauty breathe in Luxury's air, 
 
 And all in darkness Genius feeds his flame. 
 
 We build and build, poor fools ! and all the while 
 
 Some Demon works unseen, and saps the pile. 
 
 I thank you most warmly, my dear friend, for your sympathy 
 with me. God knows I shall need it in the desolation that is to 
 come. I will try to bear it like a man, but when I think of her, 
 poor girl ! — whose only dream for years has been a life shared 
 with me, and now to be cut off just as our paths joined and our 
 hands were meeting, no more to be divided — it quite unmans 
 me. But I should not burden you with my own griefs. Write 
 to me soon. 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW. 
 Tribune Office, Friday noon, September 27, 1850. 
 
 No letter yet. The equinoctial has come on, and I feel very 
 much afraid — nay, almost sure — that thou art not so well. The 
 dreary, melancholy November days will soon be at band, and 
 what must I do ? Is there no chance, no hope, of my seeing thee 
 in New York before the winter comes ? Is it not possible for 
 thee to travel so far ? If it be, pray get ready at once, and come 
 home with me next week. I hope to see thee next Monday ; 
 
188 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 probably Monday forenoon, but of tbat I am not certain. Unless 
 I bear from some one to-morrow (Heaven grant it may be tbou !) 
 I sball bave bttle peace till I reacb borne. As long as I do not 
 bear, I bave not heart to bope. 
 
 I am tolerably strong, but bave still a little uneasy feeling 
 in my breast. Tbat, bowever, is fast wearing away, and will not 
 trouble me much more. It is a terrible stroke of fate tbat tbou 
 sbouldst be so dangerously ill, wben in all other respects Fortune 
 is so gracious. Scarcely a day passes but some pleasant recogni- 
 tion is given me. I was invited last Friday to dine with Ban- 
 croft and Cooper ; on Saturday with Sir Edward Belcher and 
 Herman Melville ; on Monday I was applied to by the Phila- 
 delphia Mercantile Library Society to deliver a lecture for them, 
 and be paid seventy-five dollars, and so on, day after day. These 
 things seem like mockeries, sent to increase my bitterness of heart. 
 Again my friend and brother, Boker, has been gloriously success- 
 ful, and I" can give him but half the joyous congratulation that I 
 ought. There may be some severe, chastening lesson in all this, 
 but I am too weak and blind to see it. I would give all, and 
 more than all, I possess to look on the future with the same 
 happy security as last spring. But I should write to cheer, not 
 to sadden thee, and unless I could cheer I had much better be 
 silent. I shall hardly need to write again before my visit. God 
 bless thee ! 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, October 8, 1850. 
 God bless you for your words of sympathy to me in these my 
 dark days ! I cannot tell you how your letter touched my heart 
 and softened the bitterness of its grief. I do not write to burden 
 you with my own trials, to sadden you for my sake, but I must 
 say that it is inevitable. I must lose her. I cannot implore God 
 to spare her now, for it is too late ; 1 shall have but few more 
 days with her on earth. It was a terrible struggle to keep my 
 heart from rising in rebellion against Him, but the first agony of 
 the trial is over, and I am now too dead and benumbed in soul 
 for tbat. I have foreboded this from the beginning, but I shut 
 my eyes and would not see it. She, too, poor girl ! her whole 
 life has been full of trouble, for my sake, and all her hope was 
 to join me at last and share my destiny. I never knew what I 
 could bear till I saw her grief. But it will not do to write thus, 
 — you know it all. . . . 
 
MARY A GNEW TAYLOR. 189 
 
 I was at home a day last week. I found Mary greatly changed, 
 and I only returned to make arrangements to leave here for two 
 or three weeks, so that I may he with her till the hour comes. I 
 expect to leave to-morrow, and may see you on the way, hut 
 camiot tell. I have been detained so long here that there 
 will be no time to lose. But you must write to me when you 
 ■can. . . . 
 
 I was obliged to deliver a poem before the societies of Colum- 
 bia College last night, according to appointment. It was an affair 
 of somewhat more than two hundred lines, — heroics, about equal 
 to, or perhaps better, than my Harvard poem. I wrote nearly the 
 whole of it on Sunday night, for I could not sooner bring my 
 hand to touch the hated task. It was the most arduous piece of 
 work I ever accomplished. I wondered at my good fortune, till 
 Stoddard learned to-day that the same day was your birthday. 
 Certainly, as your good Genius of Poetry hovered over you, con- 
 secrating you to fresh toils, he must have touched me with the 
 tip of his wing. " This, too, do I owe to thee, Giaffar ! " 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., October 22, 1850. 
 
 Your note came last night, but not so soon as I expected it, 
 or required it. What you say about " Proserpine " rejoiced me 
 greatly. Go on with your cry to Melpomene (may the divine 
 muse hear and bless you !), and don't touch the first book till I 
 see it. If you work as you ought, you should finish the second 
 book before the year is out. 
 
 My head is swarming with ideas, an entirely new growth, — 
 stronger, freer, and sturdier, but springing up, alas, without the 
 light and warmth which a hopeful heart only can give. I have 
 not written much, though the call is upon me constantly. I 
 cannot touch the " St. John " — it is too human ; it comes too 
 near to my own sorrow. If I can, I will remove something else 
 from my conscience. There are two subjects pressing upon me, 
 — grand, strong, and full of the free breath of the woods and 
 hills. This calm, serene autumn weather fits me to undertake 
 them, and I shall try to do something before I return. 
 
 My dear friend, I am indeed grateful for your sympathy with 
 me in this terrible trial. It is better to love and lose than neve; 
 to have loved. This love henceforth shall be the consolation, 
 as it has been the happiness, of my life. But do not deceive 
 
190 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 yourself or try to deceive me with words of hope. There is no 
 hope ; the worst is certain. She may linger a little while longer, 
 — it may be weeks or it may be months, — but death is the end. 
 It seems to me that the crowning bitterness of the struggle is 
 over. I am no longer rebellious against God, as I have been, 
 but try to yield to his will. I see now a thousand warnings to 
 which I was always blind, — warnings that our vision of love 
 would never be fulfilled. . . . 
 
 TO JOHN B. PHILLIPS. 
 
 Keiwett, October 28, 1850. 
 
 I know it will gladden your heart when I tell you that I am 
 writing this note in the chamber of my wife. Yes, after all our 
 trials, after all our sorrows, after years of weary waiting, Mary 
 is at last my own wedded wife, and will die bearing my name. 
 This is a poor recompense for all we have endured, but it is 
 something wrested from an unkind destiny, and I feel it as a 
 partial consolation in my grief. Mary seems dearer to me than 
 ever before ; and while I thank God for the angel he has given 
 me, I try to subdue the impatient grief of my heart, and believe 
 that since it is his will jbhat she must di^ it must be good. I 
 am sitting by her bedside as T write 'these words. She is paler 
 and weaker than when you were here, but more calm and saint- 
 like in her pure and perfect beauty. There is no hope that she 
 can survive the winter. (God ! what terrible words are these !) 
 I try to be strong, — to be patient, and, if it may be, resigned. 
 We have had some heart-breaking hours, talking of what is be- 
 fore us, and are both better and calmer for it. I was reading to 
 her from the Bible the other day, when I came to some passages 
 that so gently and tenderly reproved my own rebellious heart I 
 could scarcely speak for a gush of repentant tears. Since then 
 I have striven hard, and am now patiently bowed to God's will. 
 But I need much strength for all the agony that is yet in store. 
 Pray with me, my dear friend, that she, at least, may be sustained 
 and soothed in that terrible hour. . . . 
 
 We were married on Thursday last, the 24th. There were 
 only three persons present, — Mary's parents and my mother. 
 ... I shall be obliged to leave for New York to-morrow. . . . 
 
MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 191 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 
 Tribune Office, Wednesday, lp. m., October 30, 1850. 
 . . . My first letter as a husband must be shorter than those I 
 shall write hereafter. I find a good deal of work waiting for 
 me. My substitute was not very satisfactory, though the best I 
 .could get, and there has been much gratification expressed on 
 account of my return. If I were free of all pecuniary obligation 
 to the office or those connected with it, I would not regard this, 
 but leave my place entirely, to be with you. As it is, I will do 
 all I can. It is a great trial to both of us, but most to thee ; yet 
 it seems inevitable. I know I am severely blamed by many, 
 who think it a matter of choice, and I can but wonder at the pa- 
 tience with which thou bearest the sad necessity of separation. I 
 hope it will not be long this time ; I shall certainly see thee week 
 after next, but whether the first or last part I cannot now tell. . . . 
 Trust in God, my dear wife, and we shall learn to bear this bit- 
 ter sorrow meekly and patiently. 
 
 New York, November 3, 1850. 
 Your letter came yesterday morning, as I had hoped. It was 
 a great joy to get one written by my wife, though I could see 
 from the hand that it must have cost you much trouble to write 
 it. I had hoped, however, to hear that you were better. My 
 anxiety is not relieved, but I must bear it two days longer, as I 
 can hardly expect another letter before Tuesday morning. . . . 
 
 I have, within two or three days, written a poem called " Au- 
 tumnal Vespers," the last stanza of which embodies this thought 
 [of submission]. It was written with a chastened feeling, as 
 yielding to God's will, which made me strong for the time, or I 
 could not have written at all. This expression of my soul has 
 given me a sort of mournful comfort, and it may comfort you : 
 Our life is scarce the twinkle of a star 
 In God's eternal day. Obscure and dim 
 With mortal clouds, it yet may beam for Him, 
 And darkened here, shine fair to spheres afar. 
 I will be patient, lest my sorrow bar 
 
 His grace and blessing, and I fall supine : 
 In m)' own hands my want and weakness are, 
 My strength, God ! in Thine. 
 My dear wife, I am trying to look calmly on the future. I 
 foresee that it will be stern and solemn, yet, with God's blessing, 
 
192 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 not wholly dark. It remains for me to do what I have sworn to 
 do, as a Poet and a Man, with a more true and conscientious aim, 
 — more than ever to subdue and correct the restless, unenlight- 
 ened impulses of my nature, and so to strive with all that 
 drags us down to the degrading level of the world that I may at 
 last win a crown worthy to be worn with the blessing of thy love. 
 Thou wilt be ever with me in this struggle, and I suspect it will 
 not last very long. Forgive me for speaking of this. I would 
 not have you add my sorrow to your own, and I wished to show 
 the fountain whence I hope to draw that serene strength which 
 purifies the heart under affliction. It is wrong for either of us 
 to despair, — nor do we. I feel like a child worn out with weep- 
 ing, that lies, with only a quiet sob now and then, on its moth- 
 er's breast. I am shielded by the arm of our great Father's 
 love, and lie trustingly in his embrace. Never, never has God 
 seemed so near, so kind, and so tender. 
 
 I cannot write to you on lighter subjects to-night, dear Mary. 
 My heart is full, though less sad since I have shared its thoughts 
 with you. . . . 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa., November 19, 1850. 
 
 I cannot write much to you to-night, but a word or two will 
 be enough to draw something from you in return. I have been 
 here six days. Mary was very weak when I reached home, and 
 has been growing weaker ever since. It seems impossible for 
 her to live many days in this condition. I find it a hard trial to 
 see her going from me with so slow and certain a decay. My 
 own health is already shattered, and if this were to last much 
 longer it would kill me outright. It is very hard to be resigned 
 to God's will ; do what we may, the heart will at times rebel. 
 I have done nothing ; I have no spirits to work. 
 
 . . . Did you see the Brooklyn announcement of my lecture ? 
 ( " Bayard Taylor, the successful competitor for the Jenny Lind 
 prize " !) It is simply infernal. Is that damned song to be the 
 only thing which will save my name from oblivion ? Stoddard, 
 I wonder that we poets are not Bedlamites in reality ; mankind 
 must certainly think us fools. Well, we have this advantage : 
 we believe no more than we choose of what men tell us of our- 
 selves, while men believe everything that we tell them of them- 
 selves. 
 
MARY AG NEW TAYLOR. 193 
 
 It is late at night. I am alone in our old homestead. The 
 wind is whistling- dismally in the trees, and the lire has gone 
 down. I feel too sad and desolate to stay awake, and will leave 
 you with a short good-night. 
 
 TO JOHN B. PHILLIPS. 
 Kknnett Square, Pa., November 23, 1850. 
 It is after dark, this raw, dismal night. The fire is simmer- 
 ing and nickering warmly on one side of me, and Mary lies 
 asleep, or nearly so. I have bethought me of my promise to 
 write, but I have nothing very cheerful to say. Mary is still 
 weaker ; she cannot last long, and yet the principle of life seems 
 so strong in her frame that sometimes it is impossible for me to 
 realize that she must die. However, I am fully resigned to that, 
 and God has given me strength to bear it. I camiot stay with 
 her much longer, and she seems so to cling to me as the only com- 
 fort left her, that, as you may easily understand, my situation is 
 very painful. This constant anxiety of mind has at last begun to 
 affect my health. Since last May I have gone through more than 
 I supposed it possible for me to bear, and it will be some time 
 before I can recover from the effects of it. But I have resolved 
 to endure my trials manfully, to learn patience and submission. 
 It seems cowardly to shrink from the pain of my grief. No 
 doubt God sent it for some wise purpose, and I must not meas- 
 ure his decrees with my weakness and blindness. 
 
 Sometimes it seems to me that the path I early marked out for 
 myself, without knowing why (but the aim of which I now plainly 
 see), is still kept for me to tread. May there not be a destiny, 
 distinct and unchangeable from the cradle to the grave ? Be 
 that as it may, these sorrows have lifted me into a purer region 
 of poetry, and I see heights to reach which I once thought above 
 my powers. I cannot talk of them now, with Mary lying pale 
 
 md quiet, before me. I am writing this to lay a spirit of unrest, 
 
 .nd you must pardon my incoherence. . . . 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, November 29, 1850 (Friday). 
 On reaching here last night, after an absence of two weeks, I 
 ound your note, which, as it is not dated, may have been here 
 tearly the whole of the time. 
 
 VOL. I. 13 
 
194 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 I have sent your notice to the compositors ; it may partly an- 
 swer your end, though so late. 
 
 That I have not written you will readily pardon me ; though 
 I should not have been silent so long had I not supposed you 
 were in my debt. If I am not mistaken, I wrote last. How- 
 ever, I have been absent half the time for the past three months, 
 and so disturbed and unhappy while here that I had no heart 
 to write to any one. I do not like to write sadly to my friends, 
 and I have not been and am not able to write cheerfully. 
 
 Mary is sinking rapidly ; she cannot possibly survive another 
 month. I have been expecting this since last spring, and I can 
 scarcely yet resign myself to the blow. 
 
 We were married about a month ago, — she wished to bear my 
 name for a few days, at least. Do not congratulate me. 
 
 I feel wretched in body as well as soul ; but that signifies noth- 
 ing. Those who are terribly afflicted are sure to live. It is only 
 the fortunate who are in danger of death. . . . 
 
 TO MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 
 
 New York, Sunday afternoon, December 1. 
 
 It was so mild and fair this morning that I felt strong and 
 cheerful ; but now the clouds have come over the sky, and my 
 spirit begins to sink. However, I feel less depressed than when I 
 last wrote, though very anxious to hear from thee. No letter 
 has come, as yet, but I still hope for one to-night. 
 
 I am quite busy, so that I have not yet finished my lecture. I 
 find, however, that it need not be so long as I supposed. I am 
 obliged to write an article on California for the Whig Almanac, 
 which will take about two days. The printers have been waiting 
 for me two or three weeks. Greeley came back this morning ; I 
 have not yet had any conversation with him. It is now pretty 
 
 nigh settled that will not go to Washington. I can very 
 
 nearly promise positively to reach home on Wednesday. I must 
 finish this California article, which I cannot do at home on ac- 
 count of not having the Tribune files. I hope to get through in 
 time to leave Wednesday, but will not be later than Thursday. 
 So, you see, the half of our absence is already. over. 
 
 Boker's play was given for the last time last night. I went to 
 hear it, and was delighted, though it was badly acted. Stoddard 
 came to me yesterday. He is unwell and dispirited, but I be- 
 lieve he will live long enough to do great things. Greeley's boy 
 
MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 195 
 
 has twice sent a message to me from the spirit-world, — at least, 
 a request to speak to me. He lately rapped out ou the floor a 
 number of lines of poetry, which are said to be quite good. In 
 spite of all, I will not believe that intelligent souls pass their 
 future lives in such trifling employment. 
 
 I think I shall write once again before I leave. I have, I be- 
 lieve, told thee everything that can interest thee. I look for- 
 ward with joy (the best joy I have left me) to the prospect of 
 being with thee again. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., December 4, 1850. 
 
 Your letter reached here the day after I left for New York, 
 and I did not receive it till my return to-day. 
 
 I hardly need tell you how much I regretted my absence from 
 New York. What might we not have said in two weeks ! I had 
 discovered a new beer-house which I thought would be exactly to 
 your taste, where we could have a quiet hour now and then. 
 But while you were in New York I was here, watching at the 
 bedside of my dying wife, and more wretched, in body and 
 mind, than I have ever been before. Mary has been sinking with 
 fearful rapidity for the last week or two, and she is now very 
 near her end. During my absence of two or three days in New 
 York the expression of her countenance has wholly changed. 
 The lines are sunken, as in death, and the eyes are large, clear, 
 and strangely bright. She is radiantly beautiful, but it is not 
 the beauty of earth. She can speak but a few words and hi the 
 faintest whisper. It almost breaks my heart to see her suffer. 
 I have just left her for the night, and feel very weak and sad, 
 but can no longer delay sending you a few words. I bear up 
 under all this sorrow with what heart I have, bow myself to 
 God's will, and look to Him for strength when the last trial comes. 
 It is unmanly to shrink, when Mary herself sets me such a di- 
 vine example of patience and resignation. 
 
 It is a blessing to me that I have this speech of poetry to em- 
 balm and consecrate my affliction. I experience a pious joy in 
 writing lines which will link our names to the same destiny. W e 
 have loved so long, so intimately, and so wholly that the foot- 
 steps of her life have forever left their traces in mine. If my 
 name should be remembered among men, hers will not be for- 
 gotten. 
 
196 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 With the next year I shall commence a new epoch of my life. 
 My future has tumbled into ruin ; I must build another. I shall 
 take new resolves, swear new vows, and think new thoughts. I 
 try to think calmly, now, on all that has been and must be, and 
 often succeed ; but when I sit beside Mary, hour after hour, 
 looking on her pale, wasted face, I know nothing but the bitter- 
 ness of separation. It does not add to my pain, to write to you, 
 but rather relieves it for the time. I would have written more 
 frequently, but I feared to oppress you with my sad history. 
 Pray write to me again : it was wrong in you to withhold any 
 news of yourself. Believe me, my dear George, I have the same 
 interest in your doings as ever : if my thoughts are not with you 
 as frequently as in brighter times, they are none the less warm 
 and sincere. I shall write to you again in two or three days. I 
 have much to say that I cannot say now. 
 
 I saw the last night of the " Betrothal " in New York. It is 
 even better as an acting play than I had anticipated, but was 
 very badly acted. I have heard nothing but good of it, from all 
 quarters. If I had been at my post, I would have smuggled a 
 notice into the Tribune. Good-by. God bless you ! 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., December 17, 1850. 
 
 I have been at home two weeks since my last flying trip to 
 New York, but it seems as many months ! I think I have never 
 been more disturbed, restless, and entirely wretched in my life. 
 Mary is still lingering on, sometimes better for a day or two, and 
 then hanging on the verge of death ; suffering fearfully, yet 
 never losing her quiet patience. I have been with her almost 
 constantly, suffering scarcely less than she. Perhaps I ought 
 not to say this, but I have still more to bear than the loss of her. 
 It seems as if all the cares of my life are crowding up in the 
 rear of this great calamity. They are as nothing beside it, but 
 they help to bewilder me, and shake the trust and courage I was 
 beginning to attain. Well, God is above us all, and sees the 
 good end which is dark to us. I have resolved to be patient, 
 but cannot succeed as I ought. 
 
 I hoped to have heard from you before this, but perhaps your 
 new play is still on your hands. If so, I will forgive your writ- 
 ing till it is finished. But when the last couplet of the epilogue 
 is turned to your liking, sit down and give me a history of your- 
 self for the last month or two, and what new shores are looming 
 
MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 197 
 
 in your future. Let us not lose sight of each other's hopes and 
 aspirations. I feel a powerful change working in myself, but as 
 yet I can only dimly see to what it is tending. Perhaps to noth- 
 ing, I sometimes think. If sorrow teaches song (a cruel teacher!) 
 I should be learning a great deal. . . . 
 
 My lecture in Philadelphia comes off on the 8th of January. 
 I have two in progress : " The Animal Man " — a glorification 
 of physical life, with its bearing on literature, art, etc. — and " The 
 Life and Genius of Schiller." Now, which of these subjects is 
 best adapted to the meridian of Philadelphia ? What will be 
 the character of my audience ? Perhaps you can give me some 
 advice, for, being my first appearance there in that capacity, I 
 naturally desire not to fail. 
 
 So Tennyson is laureate. None fitter than he, and in him the 
 title loses none of the glory it took from Wordsworth. You 
 spoke of " In Memoriam." In my opinion it is the first poem 
 which this generation has yet produced. God bless him for tbe 
 worthy consecration of a true friendship ! I cannot build such a 
 monument as that for the love I lose, but it has become so vital 
 a part of my nature that if I live at all it will live with me. I 
 am glad you understood so readily the feeling with which I wrote 
 the poern I sent you. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., December 27, 1850. 
 
 It is over. Perhaps you may already know it, but I wish to 
 tell you so before we meet. She died on Saturday last, and was 
 buried in the midst of that cruel storm on Monday. She is now 
 a saint in heaven. She had no foes to pardon and no sins to be 
 forgiven. God help me to be worthy of her guarding care 
 through life and her welcome after death ! 
 
 My dear friend, I cannot now write to you more. I will not 
 attempt to tell you all the anguish I have suffered. I have sub- 
 mitted myself to God's will, and neither hope for nor desire 
 consolation. The blow has shaken me terribly, but I have been 
 strengthened to bear it. 
 
 I shall return to New York on Monday night or Tuesday 
 morning, and hope to see you in better hopes and spirits. God 
 give you a happier fate than mine ! 
 
 Several years later, when writing to a friend who 
 
198 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 had lost his wife, Bayard Taylor recurred thus to the 
 period of his own loss : "In my case all mention of 
 what I had suffered, even that which was meant for 
 sympathy and condolence, gave me pain, and I knew 
 not what I could say to you which might not wound 
 more than it would cheer. ... I cannot attempt to 
 console you. All such attempts are useless. There 
 must be a great gulf of time between you and your 
 sorrow before you can contemplate it calmly, and 
 speak of it without pain. In fact, that you can never 
 expect to do. But you must force yourself to think 
 of something else, — you must shut your eyes on the 
 past, for a time, if you would have peace. There is no 
 doubt a terrible reproach in your grief, as there was 
 in mine, — that of not having sooner taken your 
 heart's fortune into your own hands, of not having 
 disregarded all worldly considerations, and united your 
 fates, leaving the future to God. There is no cure for 
 this reproach ; you must resolutely turn away from it." 
 
 How impossible it was for himself to get away from 
 the memory of what had been appears in a letter to 
 E. C. Stedman, written October 31, 1866, in which he 
 says, " These sad autumnal days depress me unaccount- 
 ably. I count the growth of the night with a sort of 
 horrible shrinking, and shall not recover my elasticity 
 until the 21st of December is over, and the sunshine 
 begins to return. I suppose it is partly constitutional, 
 and partly the result of association." 
 
 The closing entry in Bayard Taylor's journal for 
 1850 is a prayer, written on the last night of the 
 year : — 
 
 " Almighty Father, who knowest the burden of 
 every heart, help me to bear the cruel sorrow which 
 has fallen upon me. Remove the weakness and blind- 
 
MARY AGNEW TAYLOR. 199 
 
 ness of my rebellious soul, that I may see thy ways 
 more clearly, and still the outcry of my heart. Soften 
 the bitterness of my grief, that I may not fail to praise 
 Thee and love Thee with the same confiding spirit as 
 of old. Let me believe that Mary has been gathered 
 to thy bosom, in mercy to her, and not in chastisement 
 to me. Let me know that she is still near me, that 
 she watches me in my desolation, that she will wel- 
 come me to a purer life when I pass away from this. 
 Suffer me to become all that she hoped of me, all that 
 I believe I may become, if thy blessing sanctions the 
 labors of my life. Help me to be purer and better 
 than I yet have been ; help me to toil more zealously 
 and faithfully than I yet have toiled. All that I have 
 I have from Thee ; let the powers Thou hast given me 
 ripen to the fulfillment of my best aims, the completion 
 of my destiny." 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 A BOOK OF KOMANCES, LYRICS, AND SONGS. 
 
 1851. 
 
 So feeling dead, Art's habit held me bound ! 
 
 The Picture of St. John. 
 
 When the strain under which Bayard Taylor had 
 been living was relaxed, there followed a period of 
 dull pain which made it difficult for him to rouse him- 
 self to any activity. He resorted to his friends rather 
 than to his poetry. He began to look forward to some 
 distant plan of travel, and meanwhile plodded on with 
 his daily editorial work, answered one or two calls to 
 lecture, and made infrequent visits home. It was pain- 
 ful for him, however, to be at Kennett, and he preferred 
 having a visit from his father and mother and Mary's 
 father. His financial affairs were steadily improving ; 
 he remarks in a letter to his mother, written early in 
 the year, that he had balanced his accounts, and found 
 that he had exactly three thousand dollars more than 
 he owed, and by investments in Tribune stock, which 
 was very remunerative, he looked forward to a speedy 
 release from all the drudgery of editorial work. 
 
 Although robust, he felt the effect upon his constitu- 
 tion of long-continued labor and anxiety, and early in 
 the spring began to consider the possibility of again 
 setting out on his travels. There was a talk at the 
 Tribune office of sending a correspondent to Central 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 201 
 
 America, and he thought he might go ; but the plan 
 fell through, and soon his old desire to see the East 
 took possession of him, and he made his arrange- 
 ments to go abroad in the fall as soon as Mr. Greeley 
 should return from London, where he had gone to re- 
 port the World's Fair. He made diligent study of 
 books to qualify himself for the journey, and also set 
 his own house in order. He accepted from Mr. Put- 
 nam the task of editing a " Cyclopaedia of Literature 
 and the Fine Arts," for the money which it would bring 
 him ; but gave his special attention to preparing for 
 the press a volume containing the best of the poems 
 written since the publication of " Rhymes of Travel." 
 He wrote a few poems chiefly under the impulse which 
 the new book offered, but labored more constantly in 
 revising those which he designed for the volume. He 
 wished to gather his past work and leave it in order, 
 for he felt that the future held other forms of verse 
 and fuller, larger life. He was slowly rising from 
 under the weight of sorrow. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKEE. 
 
 New York, January 1, 1851. 
 
 It is a great deal to thank God as fervently as I do now, in the 
 midst of my grief. Your earnest and ready sympathy was my 
 greatest support in the terrible time that is over, and now this 
 noble proffer of your love is the only thing in the world that 
 could cheer and encourage me . . . 
 
 This, the beginning of the year, the turning-point of the cen- 
 tury, seems to me like the beginning of a new career. I hope 
 to live a nobler and better life than I have yet done. If it is 
 lonely and blighted on one side, it will still be happy, so long as 
 you are spared to me. 
 
 New Toek, January 25, 1851. 
 This is the third effort I have made at writing to you within a 
 week, and as I have all Saturday night before me I hope to get 
 
202 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 on without interruption. I have been constantly busy and per- 
 plexed since your letter came. The perplexity is now over, but 
 the business remains. My pecuniary interest in the " Tribune " 
 required arranging, and I have succeeded in establishing it in 
 such a way that, if no misfortune intervenes, two years of steady 
 work will make me independent of all minor resources. After 
 buffeting six or seven years with these contemptible money dif- 
 ficulties, I begin to se,e smooth water ahead. My days of deg- 
 radation are over, thank God ! 
 
 . . . What you say about a dramatic style I fully appreciate. 
 It must necessarily be of slow growth, however. The same 
 thing has been a torment to me for a year or two, and I am just 
 beginning to believe that I have a poetic individuality, and may 
 in time give it expression. Let us wait five years before we be- 
 gin to despair. 
 
 I have been working a little at such odd hours as I could 
 snatch from my tread-mill. I have written a poem of near two 
 hundred lines, entitled " The Summer Camp." 1 If it is not an 
 advance in some material points I shall be much discouraged ; 
 yet now, while the reaction is on me, I cannot read it. " St. 
 John " is untouched. I have three or four troublesome spirits to 
 lay before taking it up again. Beside, part of the story will re- 
 flect my own sorrow too keenly, and I do not now feel strong 
 enough to contemplate it face to face, and calmly describe its 
 features. The old spirit is stirring again, and I hope to do a 
 great deal before the spring is over. Would you were here, that 
 I might sometimes have your counsel ! I shall not publish my 
 last poem until you have first seen it. 
 
 So, George, you have found out my weakness, have you ? 
 Well, since we have it in common, there is no use in trying to 
 conceal or suppress it. I confess to a most profound and abid- 
 ing tenderness of heart towards those I love, whether man or 
 
 i General Beale, who was Bayard Taylor's traveling companion in Cali- 
 fornia, and to whom he dedicated Eldorado, wrote to him after the appear- 
 ance of the volume containing "The Summer Camp," "The description 
 of California summer scenery on the plains is the finest thing you have 
 yet accomplished ; it is a daguerreotype of nature as it exists there in the 
 month of August. Apart from your very kind remembrance of me in it, I 
 admire it beyond measure." 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 203 
 
 woman. There is much more than an intellectual sympathy 
 between us. I trust my whole nature, good and bad, in your 
 hands. The thought of your sympathy with me in my trials 
 softens me as nothing else can. I take refuge in it when that 
 wild and desolate sense of wretchedness creeps over me, as it 
 sometimes will. But I am not so blind as not to see that life 
 still keeps many joys for me, and that by singly following the 
 voice of my better (poetic) nature I may make it glorious to 
 myself, however waste and profitless to the world. The years of 
 labor before us will indeed be glorious, working hand in hand, 
 helping each other on, and achieving at last, let us hope, a broth- 
 erhood of fame. Dear George, is it too much to anticipate such 
 a destiny ? 
 
 Do not fear as to the epic element. I am working up to it 
 gradually ; my ideas begin to take that form. In addition to 
 " St. John," I have three subjects in my head for long and elabo- 
 rate poems, beside half a dozen such transition pieces as " Kub- 
 leh " and " Hylas." I think I know exactly how much of the 
 requisite power I possess, and in what particulars I am yet want- 
 ing ; but that cannot be fairly shown without trial. I am deter- 
 mined to finish " St. John " before summer. I must write occa- 
 sionally for the magazines, for I cannot yet do without their aid ; 
 but I think of preparing several prose papers, and keeping all 
 my poems by me till there is sufficient for a volume. 
 
 By the bye, James x paid me a very elegant compliment, in his 
 speech at the printers' banquet the other night, referring to me 
 as the best landscape painter in words that he had ever known. 
 This is something from an Englishman, but it humiliates me at 
 the same time, for I want to do more than paint landscapes, or 
 even portraits, — St. Johns and Holy Families, at least. But it is 
 not good to say too much about one's aspirations, when their ful- 
 fillment, if it ever come, is still so far off. I have given you 
 enough of what would be egotism to any one else. You must 
 expect this, however, for I expect it and desire it of you. 
 
 TO JOHN B. PHILLIPS. 
 
 New Yokk, February 19, 1851. 
 Your letter reached me to-day. I am very glad that you have 
 written to me so frankly and fully of your feelings and desires. 
 What you say surprises me somewhat, since you never intimated 
 1 G. P. R. James, the novelist. 
 
204 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 to me the existence of this current in your nature ; but it also 
 rejoices me. I have frequently wondered how, with your keen 
 and vital sympathy with all that is great and glorious in litera- 
 ture and art; with your sound habits of thinking, your good 
 judgment, and your clear and comprehensive view of human 
 nature, — of man in the abstract, — how, with all these rare re- 
 quisites of an author, you had never been visited with the impulse 
 of utterance, that passionate hunger of the soul, which only finds 
 food in expression. Now, I speak coolly and impartially. I am 
 not looking at you through the warm light of our long-tried love ; 
 I place you in the clear atmosphere of the intellect, and try to 
 see you with its searching eyes. 
 
 I think I wholly understand your state of mind. I rejoice in 
 it, as I have said ; and yet I scarcely know how to counsel you. 
 Are you aware of the toil, the disappointment, and the anxiety 
 which the best minds must endure, often for a long time, before 
 there is the first dawning of success ? Have you ever struggled 
 with your own thought till you have compelled it to wear the 
 poor livery of language ? Have you mastered it, and wrought in 
 it and with it, as a sculptor in his clay, a mechanic with his 
 tools ? Have you been tortured by reluctant phrases as by dev- 
 ils, and had whole days of sunshine blackened by the lack of one 
 necessary word ? Can you conquer the resistance of your imag- 
 ination, your feeling, your reflection, to be put into speech, and 
 make the very heat of effort serve for the glow of a genuine in- 
 spiration ? Tell me, John, not whether you have felt all this 
 already, because that could not be ; but have you thought of it, 
 — have you a glimmering of it, when this desire for achieving 
 something better is uppermost in your mind ? The restless, tor- 
 menting necessity of giving voice to his individual nature makes 
 the author ; but to fulfill this necessity is labor without end. The 
 soul must sometimes sweat blood. Nothing great is achieved 
 without the severest discipline of heart and mind ; nothing is 
 well done that is done easily. 
 
 Now, with time and toil and discipline, I believe you can do 
 much, — enough, at least, to bring you into that charmed circle 
 of artist and author life, which is the only real life of this world. 
 Only, if you begin it, you must expect a thorny path at the out- 
 set. You must determine to work hard and work always ; to 
 overcome discouragement and despondency, and almost despair ; 
 to look into your heart of hearts, and bring up to the light the 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 205 
 
 profoundest experiences of your life. Besides, you must have 
 enough confidence in yourself to lift you out of all these pits, 
 and enable you to bear the unutterable disgust of contemplating 
 what you have previously done, when you have climbed to a 
 hio-her platform. I write this with the more lively sense of its 
 importance, since I am at this moment unable to read a Hue I 
 ever wrote without a hopeless sinking of the heart. It is the 
 natural and unavoidable reaction from a long poem, which I fin- 
 ished two or three days ago. 
 
 The matter stands thus with me : As a poet, I would join with 
 you at once in all your aspirations, cheer you in every possible 
 way, and rejoice to see you cut adrift from all your previous 
 associations, and laboring with a single soul to do honor to the 
 divinity of our choice, — yours and mine ! As a man who has 
 seen something of the world, I shoidd caution you against has- 
 tily breaking up your present connections, if in so doing you 
 incur much present or prospective loss. I should tell you that it 
 is possible, to some degree, to serve both God and Mammon, — 
 in fact, I do it daily, but I hate Mammon while I serve him : 
 there 's my safety. I should ask you whether it would not be 
 well to commence your new work now, devoting all your leisure 
 to it, and all your time and fife, as soon as you are certain of a 
 fair provision for your creature wants. These latter suggestions 
 are not those of my heart ; they come from an acquired pru- 
 dence and caution which I cannot wholly disregard. Would that 
 you were here for a day or two ! Why can you not slip away 
 for a few days and join me ? We might then settle the matter in 
 secret conclave. I try to write with all candor, but on looking 
 back over what I have written the tone seems to me cautious 
 and guarded. The more I think of it the more my heart enters 
 into your plans, but I do not wish to throw its heedless enthusi- 
 asm into the scale in so important a matter. 
 
 New York, March 6, 1851. 
 I have been looking for some days for a letter from you. Why 
 have you not written ? I am anxious to hear from you again, 
 that I may write you a more intelligible letter than I fear my 
 last has been. I wrote that letter late at night, with not the 
 clearest head and in not the most genial mood. I was suffering 
 from a fit of intense disgust at everything I have ever done. The 
 fit has partly passed off, — enough, at least, to make me desirous 
 
206 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 of showing a more active sympathy with your plans. If we 
 could but talk together ! Why can't you pay me a visit here, 
 after your busy spring season is over ? At all events, you must 
 meet me in Kennett in three weeks. I shall stay about three 
 days at home, and expect to deliver my lecture in the Square. 
 
 I have not written a line of poetry since I last wrote to you, — 
 cannot. But this is a natural revulsion, after getting off about 
 five hundred lines. I am miserably ignorant yet, and must de- 
 vote more time to study, or give up the hope of promotion. 
 
 I am living a busy, excited life here — scarcely a waking mo- 
 ment unoccupied. This is best, for when I am alone and unable 
 to write — given up, in fact, to my memories — the sensation of 
 utter loneliness and desolation is too heavy to bear. I try to 
 look the future steadily in the face, but it shows me such a 
 blighted life that even the past is less sad. I try to find help in 
 the recollection of God's infinite wisdom and mercy, but this 
 seems unavailing to stop the outcry of nay heart. Forgive me 
 for this ; it is painful for me to write, and must pain you to read 
 it. But I seem lost. . . . 
 
 New York, March 21, 1851. 
 I begin to feel alarmed at receiving no word from you. Why 
 do you not write ? What did I write to you ? — not the last time, 
 but the time previous. I dashed off the letter late at night, just 
 after receiving your letter and after a hard day's work, when my 
 faculties were not the clearest. I have but a glimmering recol- 
 lection of the general drift of it, but something seems to tell me 
 that it was not such a letter as I ought to have written. The 
 truth is, I have been in such a bitter and gloomy mood this win- 
 ter that I am not my true self more than half the time. I can- 
 not work with any spirit ; another such winter will kill me, I am 
 certain. I shall leave next fall on a journey somewhere, — no 
 matter where ; probably I shall go to Italy, Greece, Egypt, Pal- 
 estine, etc. (This to you alone.) I can do so without much 
 difficulty or loss to myself. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKEK. 
 
 New York, March 28, 1851. 
 This delicious weather gives me a new life to-day. Your let- 
 ter this morning found me in a mood more like content than I 
 have felt for many months, and I read it with a deep, subdued 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 207 
 
 joy. I have an idle hour before me, and I cannot flatter this 
 happy mood so successfully as in a talk with you. . . . 
 
 I look forward with delight to the prospect of meeting you. 
 I shall get to Philadelphia in the Friday morning train, and 
 leave on Saturday morning. The Central American trip is unde- 
 cided, but I am certainly going somewhere, though I may not 
 leave before the end of summer. There is so much to be said on 
 this subject that I shall wait till I see you. AVhat you say 
 about yourself at the same time gratifies and troubles me. I 
 have thought the same thing of your quiet Philadelphia life, and 
 I am glad that you see it in a stronger light than I do ; but 
 there must be a change sometime. Destiny is not blind ; we 
 think we are groping in the dark, but we are always guided by a 
 wise hand. Your fetters cannot harm you much, so long as you 
 feel them to be fetters. And yet, sometimes, I think such fetters 
 better than the freedom of the world. 
 
 Do you know, George, that I have a similar presentiment 
 about the days we shall spend together. When it will be I 
 know not, for mine will be a wild and wandering career ; but 
 there will come a time when we can lie alone under the summer 
 trees, and look upon our life as calmly as on the white clouds 
 along the sky. 
 
 I have been writing a little at times ; but I cannot write in 
 the old vein. My old ideas and sensations are going from me. 
 I trust they will be replaced by better. . . . 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, April 19, 1851. 
 
 Your note came while I was absent in Pennsylvania, and so 
 my acknowledgment has been delayed. Stoddard and I under- 
 stood from the Astor clerk that Mrs. Fields was ill, which had 
 hastened your return. I hope she is entirely recovered, and that 
 both of you are enduring this dismal weather with a patience be- 
 coming to good Christians. As for me, I am utterly dispirited 
 and disgusted with it. Everything goes wrong with me except 
 sleeping, and I get little of that to do. I should like to be 
 drowned during these days, like a fly in soap-suds, to be resusci- 
 tated when the sun shines on me. 
 
 T saw so little of you while you were here that a great deal I 
 intended saying remained unsaid. One of the most important 
 topics was this : I should like to bring out a volume of poems 
 
208 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 next fall, and, furthermore, I should like to make some arrange- 
 ment by which they can be clothed with the incomparable type 
 and paper, and sanctified by the all-potent imprint of Ticknor, 
 Reed & Fields. I have come to the belief that poetry sells bet- 
 ter coming from you than from any other publisher, and have 
 prevailed on Putnam (to whom I am bound for future works) to 
 let me apply to you on the subject. 
 
 I have poems enough, published and unpublished, to make a 
 volume of one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty 
 pages, which is quite large enough ; the title to be, " A Book 
 of Romances, Ballads, and Lyrics," or something better, if I can 
 find it. The poems will be classified : the Romances, which open 
 the volume to include " Hylas," " Kubleh," " Ariel in the Cloven 
 Pine," and five or six others of like character : the Ballads will 
 contain " Manuela " and three unpublished California poems ; and 
 the Lyrics a great mass of heretical, bacchanalian, revolutionary, 
 and audacious material. I want to square accounts and take a 
 fresh start, having a long poem commenced and others in con- 
 templation. 
 
 I am getting into a very different sphere of thought, and feel 
 that, whether it be better or worse, I never can wholly return to 
 the themes I have hitherto tried. But this is idle talk. You 
 have my idea : let me know yours. Have no hesitation what- 
 ever in speaking your mind " right out." 
 
 I am very glad you are going to give Stoddard a chance. If 
 you can only do one of the two, do his. Remember me always 
 to all friends. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, April 29, 1851. 
 . . . We have had a terrible stormy time here till within a 
 few days. I have had a bad cold, but have now got over it, and 
 am as well as usual. The " Tribune " is still flourishing. . . . 
 Oliver Johnson has just arrived from Ohio to help in Greeley's 
 absence. I shall not be much overworked through the summer, 
 but I have had so much to do and to bear for a year past that I 
 want to spend next winter in Italy or the East. I cannot remain 
 here without being obliged to work, and as I can take a six 
 months' trip without expense I shall persuade Greeley to let me 
 off when he returns. 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 209 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, May 1, 1851. 
 
 ... I wish I could write something good of myself. I am 
 not as healthy in body as I should be, and this keeps me con- 
 stantly depressed. I am haunted sometimes by a dreary idea of 
 having lived in vain. This is, of course, a morbid state of feel- 
 ing, and it will not last, yet it makes everything drag with 
 me. I cannot write a line of poetry ; I can scarcely read it. I 
 have tried by turns "In Memoriam," Shelley, Wordsworth, and 
 Schiller, but always close the book with a very sickness of soul. 
 Nothing, I am sure, will wholly cure this disturbance but a 
 change of scene and a relief from my business duties here. I 
 cannot leave before September, however, and must do my best 
 till then. This is not, George, a vain regret for what I have lost. 
 I have resolved to bear all that has been placed upon me silently 
 and as submissively as I can : but in all my hopes, all my am- 
 bitions, all my lookings towards the future, there is a continual 
 blind pain, — the motions of a passion whose office has been de- 
 stroyed. It is something like that vague distress which is felt 
 in the place of an amputated limb. But I know my ailment, 
 and there is therefore hope for me. No doubt all will be right 
 again in good time. 
 
 The Tribune people oppose my going up the White Nile, so 
 I am afraid that splendid plan will fall to pieces. In that case 
 I shall sail direct for Gibraltar, visit Granada on one side and 
 'Fez on the other, and then to the Orient, taking Italy on my 
 way. I shall push into Persia, or climb Caucasus, or make my 
 way into some other remote and unvisited part of the East. 
 There is no use in continually walking in other people's tracks. 
 Would to Heaven you could join me ! 
 
 Ticknor & Co. (silly souls !) have agreed to bring out a volume 
 of poems for me next fall, at their own risk. I have enough to 
 make a volume of one hundred and fifty pages, which will 
 square accounts and leave me a clear field for better under- 
 takings. I am getting out of the age of sensations and short 
 poems. Ticknor & Co. seem to think my book wall sell, and I 
 hope it may ; nevertheless, I was a little astonished at their 
 ready acceptance. 
 
 An Italian sculptor, named Piatti, is now engaged in busting 
 me. He desired to do it for his own private amusement. It 
 vol. i. 14 
 
210 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 promises to be a good thing, but with the thinnest nose ever cast 
 in plaster. The hair is bacchic and luxuriant, the mouth heavy, 
 and the eyes close together. The face looks to me like a cross 
 between Coptic and Tartar. By the bye, has Brackett a model 
 from which he could take a cast of your bust ? I should like 
 to elevate our ghostly semblances on two pillars in my room. . . . 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, May 2, 1851. 
 
 Thank you for your ready acquiescence in my plan. I shall go 
 to work and arrange you a volume which, I trust, will be no dis- 
 credit to your house or to me. As to the terms, I expected no 
 more. I never write poems for pay, and am not anxious to make 
 money by them. 
 
 If the book sells well, finds appreciative readers, and the pub- 
 lishers are satisfied, I shall be content, whether or not it puts 
 money in my purse. I know perfectly well the difference be- 
 tween poetry and prose. My " Rhymes of Travel," miserable as 
 they are, have made some small returns to Putnam and to my- 
 self, and as the volume I am now preparing will be infinitely 
 better I think it ought to have a more ready sale. However, if 
 a volume of poems can be sold at all in this country, it is with 
 your imprint. 
 
 When you have time let me know your objections to my title. 
 
 I have tried it with Ripley, , and Stoddard, and they all 
 
 think it very good. I like the quaintness of calling the volume 
 " A Book of " etc., etc. Besides, " Romances " is an unappro- 
 priated word for poetry, yet the best word for such poems as 
 " Hylas." Ask Whipple what he thinks of it. I must, in all 
 cases, avoid " and Other Poems." What do you say to " Mon-da- 
 min ; the Spirit of Maize ; with Lyrics and Rhymed Romances ? " 
 I don't like it, yet it might serve your purposes better. By the 
 bye, the " Spirit of Maize " is not corn brandy, but an Indian 
 divinity. The poem is from an African legend. To get a plain, 
 simple, direct title is the most difficult thing in the world. I 
 shall try again, however, but I should like very much to retain 
 the word " Book." I suppose, if you get the copy complete 
 some time in August, it will be in ample season. Of course you 
 can bring out the volume when it best suits your interests. 
 
 I hope to visit Boston at Commencement time to hear your 
 poem. I have such pleasant recollections of Phi Beta Kappa 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 211 
 
 clay that I want to participate in the juhilee once more before 
 going off to join the Bedouins. I have no fear of Boston on the 
 score of morality, but, judging from the reputation of our city 
 in Xew England, you should rather dread to see*me among you. 
 I hope you do not mean that Boston is dull because it is moral. 
 In that case there is no hope of our improvement. 
 
 Don't let books bury you up entirely. If your eyes are blinded 
 by the Traffic, bathe them with the lotion of Helicon. Anoint 
 your wearied faculties with the grease which drips from Apol- 
 lo's chariot-wheels. You wdl find it a spiritual Holloway's Oint- 
 ment, healing with a touch the wounds of your slavery. But 
 enough of this nonsense. Write soon. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, May 22, 1851. 
 
 I know I deserve your brotherly rebuke for this unaccountable 
 fit of despondency, but its cure seems almost out of the reach of 
 my will. Its causes are partly physical, for, to tell the truth, I 
 am troubled with a feeling of weakness in the lungs and a general 
 sluggishness of the whole nervous system. This warm summer 
 weather operates favorably, however, and though I shall have a 
 double share of work to do for three months to come I now 
 hope to hold out till the fall brings me release. A winter in the 
 Orient will restore my health, and enable me to begin with fresh 
 spirit the works for which I am now gathering strength. But do 
 not speak of my having achieved anything as a poet. Could you 
 know how utterly discouraged I sometimes feel, — how, com- 
 pared with the originals in my brain, all my best poems seem 
 failures, — you would understand my present state of feeling. 
 Your kind anticipations of fame humble me to the dust. I have 
 almost ceased to expect appreciation from the world at large, but 
 so long as I have yours and that of a few who know me I shall 
 not complain. 
 
 Can you imagine how it is that while the ideas of poems come 
 to me as constantly as ever, and the craving for expression is just 
 as strong, I can only write with the greatest difficulty ? Some 
 electric connection between thought and speech seems to be lost. 
 It puzzles and distresses me. For a week or two I have been 
 trying to write a poem which weighs sorely on my conscience, 
 and am now nigh ready to give up in despair. There is no pleas- 
 ure in these poetic pains, I assure you. I can only cross my 
 
212 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 hands, and say with the Turks, " It is the will of God ! " and 
 wait for brighter days. Seriously, dear George, though I am 
 half ashamed to show myself to you in such a pitiful light, these 
 things all combine to depress me. I think the best medicine 
 would be a week of your society, and, if you love me, let me 
 have it soon. 
 
 New York, May 29, 1851. 
 
 I have been working harder than ever for a week past, and 
 can only have a few words with you now at the fag end of the 
 day. When will you come to New York ? I should like to pass 
 some of these bright mornings or cool summer nights with you, 
 particularly now, when I need your advice and criticism in rela- 
 tion to my new volume. I want to make a decent book, — some- 
 thing, if possible, which shall put a stop to all this slang about 
 " promise ; " for if I have yet performed nothing, I never shall. 
 The volume, I am sure, will decide the question whether I am to 
 be acknowledged as a true poet ; for whatever my friends may 
 think, I am well aware that my literary reputation in general de- 
 pends on my books of travel. I look forward to the publication 
 as a test in this respect, but without the least concern ; for the 
 judgment of critics cannot change my judgment of myself. There 
 are two or three poems which I am doubtful about admitting ; 
 among these, " The Tulip-Tree " and " Earth-Life " (a horrid 
 title, this last). You will hardly remember them. The "Chant 
 of the Dreams " I shall of course omit. Some that I shall in- 
 clude were written from a lower platform of thought, but they 
 do not attempt more than they compass, and are therefore com- 
 plete so far as they go. . . . 
 
 Stoddard wants me to commence the Romances with " Love and 
 Solitude." I scarcely know what to think about it. Pray give 
 me your counsel. What would be your own inclinations in a sim- 
 ilar case ? It is an embodiment of happy love, with a presenti- 
 ment (unconscious, perhaps) of coming evil. The poem was com- 
 menced before this sorrow fell on me, and I found a melancholy 
 solace in completing it. I have tried to soften the bitterness of 
 my grief by giving it poetical expression, and perhaps at some 
 future day I may publish all poems which sprang from my love, 
 — but nothing now which refers directly to my loss. You know 
 the idea of " Love and Solitude," and I shall include or omit it 
 as you advise. 
 
 I send with this a new poem, which will go in the volume. 3 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 213 
 
 finished it to-day, after laboring on it at odd hours and half-hours 
 for a week. It was written piecemeal, as I am obliged to write 
 everything now. This ruinous occupation of mine, I am afraid, 
 will destroy my poetry. Just think of writing one stanza in the 
 morning, one at noon, and one at midnight, — and so on till the 
 thing is doue ! Instead of painting on a free canvas, I must work 
 in mosaic. Scrutinize this poem severely. It must be perfect of 
 its kind, or it is worth nothing. It is too near and warm in my 
 mind, as yet, for me to stand off and look at it calmly. 
 
 My health is still indifferent, and I am convinced that nothing 
 short of rest and a milder climate next winter can prevent some 
 chronic derangement of the lungs or nerves. I have rallied some- 
 what from my terrible fit of despondency, and will try to avoid 
 another henceforth. 
 
 New York, June 5, 1851. 
 
 It was kind in you to send me a good long letter while I was 
 lying all alone in my room, with nothing else to do but take vil- 
 lainous doses of medicine. Stoddard was here while I was at the 
 height of fever, with a letter half written to you, so I don't know 
 what terrible things he has said of my attack, which was simply 
 the crisis of a long course of derangement. It came upon me all 
 at once, shook me pretty severely for a day or two, and has now 
 gone again, leaving me quite weak, but otherwise sound. This is 
 four days that I have been alone in my room, and the seclusion is 
 most refreshing, now that I can read a little and write a little. 
 This little attack, too, seems to have purged the acrid humors 
 from my heart. I feel to-night a tranquil sense of happiness, of 
 tender reconciliation with the world. I trust I have wholly 
 thrown off that moody melancholy with which I have so long af- 
 flicted you in my letters. But looking back over the past spring 
 is a most dismal experience, — too dark and heavy to recover 
 from so suddenly. 
 
 You see, by dint of hammering away at the cursed fetters 
 which bound my poetry, I broke loose, and accomplished a rather 
 laborious fancy about a pine-tree. I began the next night on 
 " The Soldier and the Pard," which was stopped by my illness ; 
 bait that and one American story must I finish in time for my 
 volume, so as to complete the plan. These two latter things have 
 been vegetating in my thoughts for a year or two, and are all 
 complete but the writing. I shall have six romances to lead off 
 with. The " Pine-Tree " is intended for one. 
 
214 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 I have been fortunate in frequently seeing Jenny Lind and her 
 friends during their stay here. She is the only great, unques- 
 tioned genius in woman's form I have ever known, and the more 
 I see her the more I reverence her truth, her purity, her faith in 
 art as the crown and glory of our nature. You should see her 
 face when she speaks of these things. And with all this, she is 
 more truly feminine than the whole herd of our spiritual, inner- 
 lived, and sweet-sympathy-craving women writers. If you have 
 not already imagined that Jenny Lind was all this, think of it 
 when you next hear her sing. . . . 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, June 9, 1851. 
 
 I was in bed nearly all last week, or I should have sent you a 
 line sooner. This slavish life and villainous weather combined 
 brought on a bilious attack, which, if I had not possessed a very 
 accommodating constitution, would have racked me severely. As 
 it is, I am at work again, busily preparing my poems to make a 
 decent appearance before the world. I do not feel satisfied with 
 your reluctant consent to my title, and, though I still hold it to 
 be a good one, the fact of your not thinking so — you, of all men, 
 being the best judge of good titles — makes me distrust myself. 
 Pray tell me, candidly, your original objection to it. I have writ- 
 ten to Boker, and have consulted all my friends here, with the 
 most triumphant verdict in its favor. That you may see how I 
 want it to look I inclose a mimic title-page. 
 
 In studying over the plan of the book, I have resolved to exer- 
 cise the severest judgment upon all my published poems, mer- 
 cilessly casting out all that do not satisfy me, and to admit a 
 greater number of unpublished poems. The book must have no 
 half-way character ; it must be either something or nothing. My 
 very life's blood is in some of the poems I shall include. . . . 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, July 30, 1851. 
 ... I shall most probably leave in the Franklin, which sails on 
 the 20th. I am very anxious for the time to come, not so much 
 for the sake of getting away as for the relief which travel will 
 afford me, and the renewed health and spirits which I am sure of 
 obtaining. I am still engaged in studying the route over which 
 I shall pass and getting all possible information in advance. It 
 will make the trip much more interesting and easy to me. . . . 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 215 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, August 2, 1851. 
 
 . • . Whipple wrote to me that you would be in the White 
 Mountains about two weeks, so I suppose this will find you in 
 Boston. I bope to see you soon. My health has been bad tins 
 summer, and I wait with intense longing for the time of leaving 
 for Europe. I shall sail on the 20th of September, and be ab- 
 sent eight or nine months. 
 
 My poems are ready for the printer. The work is all done, 
 and I hope to read all the proofs before starting, perhaps to take 
 a few copies with me. Can this be ? When you think best I 
 will go to Boston with the copy. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, August 2, 1851. 
 
 . . . My poems are ready for the press, thank Heaven ! — all 
 revised and fairly copied and arranged. It is a great reUef, for 
 the exercise of mind which it bast cost me, in addition to my 
 other duties and labors, was most exhausting. I look forward 
 with the most intense longing and delight to the prospect of get- 
 ting away. I verily believe another year of my present life 
 would put an end to me. 
 
 The book contains all I have written up to the present time, 
 and more than half of it will be now first published. This circum- 
 stance will probably help its sale, but that is a matter which, on 
 my own account, I care little about. I hope it will pay the pub- 
 lisher, but I don't publish it for the sake of profit. 
 
 I had a letter from Powers the other clay. He says nothing of 
 Read. I shall sail from here on the 20th of September. I think 
 my brother will go out with me, to spend the winter in Germany, 
 and return with me in the spring. Unfortunately, he cannot go 
 the whole round. Ah, if you could go, George ! If we could 
 sail on the Nile together, or guide our camels over the Desert ! 
 As a poet, the trip would be as advantageous to you as to me. 
 
 New York, August 17, 1851. 
 
 I only have time to-night for a line or two. I hope to leave 
 
 the country by the 10th or 11th of September. Greeley's return 
 
 releases me two weeks sooner than I anticipated, but not too 
 
 soon, for I am fagged out, weak, dull, and miserable. I am in a 
 
216 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 fever of impatience to be away, — to reach the solitude of the 
 seas, where no thought of work can annoy rue. I shall visit home 
 week after next. If you are in Philadelphia by that time, won't 
 you go out with me to my father's. I shall only be there three 
 days. But I don't absolve you from your promise of a week 
 here. It will be a long time before we meet again, as I shall be 
 gone at least ten months. I was at Boston a week ago. The 
 printers have all my copy in hand and I shall read the proofs 
 before starting. The book will have to stand or fall by its own 
 merits, as I shall not be here to help it. 
 
 My " Cyclopaedia of Literature and the Fine Arts " is nearly 
 finished. A week's hard work will carry me through. Would 
 to Heaven the week were over ! I 've half a mind to keep you 
 in the dark about this Dictionary, but it 's really not worth many 
 words : a piece of hack-work I am doing for Putnam, — nothing 
 more. It will give me the means of traveling two months in 
 the Orient ; so, blessed be the Dictionary ! 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, August 22, 1851. 
 
 Since writing you, two or three days ago, I have made another 
 change in my plans. I shall now leave in the City of Manchester, 
 which sails from Philadelphia on Thursday next. I am offered 
 a free passage in her, and want to take advantage of it. This 
 will hurry me somewhat, but I can do it, and the sooner I get 
 away, the better in every respect. 
 
 If yon could go, I would wait ; but as you have given it up, 
 in the words of Robinson Crusoe, " I must finish my journey 
 alone." 
 
 I received some proof on Wednesday night, and sent it back 
 yesterday ; the second sheet has not come to hand. Please send 
 me some more by to-morrow (Saturday) evening's mail, directed 
 to this place, and until Tuesday evening direct to Philadelphia, 
 at the office of " Graham's Magazine." After Tuesday it will be 
 too late to reach me. 
 
 I can, however, read all the Romances, and for the rest I must 
 depend on the printers. If they stick faithfully to copy I have 
 little fear of errors. Pray don't let them take any liberties 
 whatever, unless to correct bad spelling. Would you be kind 
 enough to look over the proofs of those poems which are in 
 MS. ? It would oblige me very much. The proof sent to me 
 
A BOOK OF ROMANCES. 217 
 
 was remarkably correct, except where they did not follow copy. 
 I am very exact in my punctuation, but they tried to improve it, 
 and blundered. I hope the volume will be successful. My ab- 
 sence, I suppose, will rather help its sale than otherwise ; but at 
 any rate, I am determined you shall lose nothing by it. If it 
 shall not have paid expenses by the time I return, I shall will- 
 ingly make up the difference. 
 
 " A Book of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs " was 
 published by Ticknor, Reed & Fields in the fall, after 
 its author had again set out on his travels. He dis- 
 missed it from his mind as soon as he had performed 
 the necessary labor upon it, and hardly recurred to it 
 again in his thought, for such poetic purpose as he had 
 lay now in new directions. He scarcely knew, indeed, 
 how great was his relief until he was once more in the 
 forced rest of an Atlantic voyage, and then the charm 
 of the sea came flowing in upon his tired mind and 
 body with an inexpressible power of soothing. The 
 end of the voyage found him refreshed and even eager 
 for the scenes and persons which lay before him. 
 
 " These two weeks which have elapsed since I left 
 home," he writes to Mr. Boker, " have made a differ- 
 ent man of me. We found the ocean in a delicious 
 state of calm, and for four days I lay in the shade, 
 looking out on the blue water and enjoying — brain, 
 heart, and limb — the most perfect rest. After this 
 sedative, the medicine which I most needed, the fresh 
 sky and bracing air of these northern latitudes have 
 been a wonderful tonic to my relaxed nerves. The 
 sea spoiled but one of my days, and gave the others 
 so much pure inspiration, so much and so varied en- 
 joyment, that I almost regret our approach to land. 
 I take delight in living again ; the very circulation of 
 my blood, warmer and quicker than it has moved for 
 many months, gives me pleasure. And under all the 
 
218 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 desolation of the grief that has been consuming my 
 heart the old hopes and dreams and resolves are com- 
 ing to life once more." 
 
 Bayard Taylor was accompanied by his brother 
 William in the early part of his journey. They 
 landed at Liverpool, and after a pleasant stay in 
 Warwickshire went up to London, where they saw 
 the World's Fair and Bayard met again old friends 
 as well as made new personal acquaintance with the 
 Brownings, Robert Owen, Lady Stuart Wortley, John 
 Kenyon, and others. They left London September 
 27th for the Continent, and went by Heidelberg and 
 Niirnberg to Vienna, where they parted company, 
 and Bayard Taylor pursued his way alone to Triest, 
 whence he went by Smyrna to Alexandria. He de- 
 tailed his experiences in letters to the " Tribune," 
 which he reprinted several years later when he col- 
 lected a number of papers in the sketch-book entitled 
 " At Home and Abroad." The only poetical record 
 was in two short poems, "Smyrna" and "To a Per- 
 sian Boy, in the Bazaar at Smyrna." 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 
 
 1851-1852. 
 
 Beyond the dark-blue, dimpled sea 
 Lie sands and palms, the Nile's wide wealth of corn, 
 And soaring pylons, granite roofs upheld 
 By old Osirid columns : there the sun 
 Sheds broader peace in all his aged beams, 
 And hoary splendor on uncrumbled stone. 
 
 Prince Deukalion. 
 The Toet came to the Land of the East, 
 
 When spring was in the air : 
 The Earth was dressed for a wedding feast, 
 
 So young she seemed, and fair ; 
 And the Poet knew the Land of the East, — 
 His soul was native there. 
 
 The Poet in the East. 
 
 The plan which Bayard Taylor had formed of 
 spending the winter in Egypt was due partly to a be- 
 lief that the climate would offer a cure for the affec- 
 tion of the throat from which he was suffering, partly 
 to the fact that the country would afford fresh mate- 
 rial for letters to the " Tribune," and partly also to a 
 desire which he had to come into close contact with a 
 life which had always made an indefinite but power- 
 ful appeal to his imagination. " The journey," he 
 writes, "was simply a change of position, from assist- 
 ant editor to correspondent, enabling me to obtain the 
 strength which I sought without giving up the service 
 on which I relied for support." He had scarcely 
 landed at Alexandria before he began to feel the re- 
 storative charm of the air. " I have not felt so well 
 
220 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 and strong since leaving home," he writes to his 
 mother, " as during the day and a half I have been in 
 Egypt. The air, the climate, the sky, the scenery, — 
 everything combines to make me cheerful. The cli- 
 mate is delicious, the very air a luxury to breathe." 
 Out of the months which he spent in Egypt, Syria, 
 and Asia Minor came the poems which he afterward 
 collected in the volume of "Poems of the Orient." 
 " I thought, and I think so still," says Mr. Stoddard, 
 " when I read these spirited and picturesque poems, 
 that Bayard Taylor had captured the poetic secret of 
 the East as no English-writing poet but Byron had. 
 He knew the East as no one can possibly know it 
 from books, or Moore would have reflected it with 
 greater fidelity in ' Lalla Rookh.' " 
 
 He landed at Alexandria November 4, 1851, and 
 after a few days' stay went on to Cairo, and thence up 
 the Nile to Khartoum. From this place he ascended 
 the White Nile as far as the country of the Shillooks, 
 and returning was again in Cairo April 1, 1852. By 
 the few opportunities which he had he sent to America 
 his letters to the "Tribune," and wrote to his home 
 friends, especially anxious to relieve his mother of the 
 concern which she might feel as to his safety, since 
 absurdly exaggerated reports had appeared in the pa- 
 pers regarding his proposed journey. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Cairo, Egypt, November 14, 1851. 
 . . . You need be under no apprehension about my trip into 
 the interior. I am not going to the Niger nor to the source of 
 the Nile, nor where nobody else has ever been. I am going to 
 Khartoum in Nubia, as I expected to do on leaving home, and as 
 I assured you all. Put no faith in newspaper reports from peo- 
 ple who don't understand geography. The journey is long and 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 221 
 
 toilsome, but here, where the people ought to know something 
 about it, they tell me there is no danger from the Arabs and that 
 the trip will be most interesting. ... I engaged a dragoman 
 yesterday. . . . The American consul assures me that he is one 
 of the best in Egypt. It would be very difficult to travel with- 
 out an interpreter, although I have already picked up consider- 
 able Arabic. Besides, this man understands the desert thoroughly, 
 and will be not only a protection, but a sort of companion. He 
 is a brown fellow, from Upper Egypt, wears the Arabic dress, 
 and is acquainted with many of the government officials. He 
 speaks English and Italian very well. I am going to don the 
 red cap and sash, and sport a sabre at my side. To-day I had 
 my hair all cut within a quarter of an inch of the skin, and when 
 I look in the glass I see a strange individual. Think of me as 
 having no hair, a long beard, and a copper-colored face. My 
 throat gives me no trouble. I wear no cravat, and shall get au 
 Egyptian shirt which is open at the neck and has no collar. . . . 
 Give my love to all at home, including those of whom I think 
 so often when I feel what I have lost. Tell them I do not travel 
 to escape from my sorrow, but to learn to bear it more patiently. 
 It is always with me, but more subdued and resigned than be- 
 fore. Remember me kindly to all who inquire. I think of all 
 my friends, perhaps more than they suppose, and am grateful 
 for the interest they take in my wanderings. . . . 
 
 Upper Egypt, near Theees, December 3, 1851. 
 We are now approaching the town of Kenneh (within forty- 
 eight miles of Thebes), and as I hope to meet an acquaintance of 
 mine from New York there I cannot let the opportunity slip 
 of sending you a few lines. It is now sixteen days since we left 
 Cairo, and we have come rather more than four hundred miles. 
 It is the most delightful journey I ever made, and each day I 
 feel in better health and spirits. We have had no trouble of 
 any kind. My dragoman is a most honest and faithful fellow, 
 the sailors are the simplest, most ignorant, and best hearted peo- 
 ple in the world, and my fellow-traveler is a man out of a million. 
 The climate is like that of our June, and I cannot conceive a 
 more healthy life than that we lead. Egypt has disappointed 
 me in every respect, but on the right side. I rejoice more than 
 ever over the instinct which brought me here, for it seems the 
 beginning of a new life. . . . 
 
222 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 I cannot be sufficiently grateful for the fortune which brought 
 me my present companion. He is a wealthy German land-owner, 
 forty-five years old, weighs two hundred and twenty pounds, and 
 is in every respect the reverse of myself. But a more honest, 
 manly nature, a warmer and more generous heart, I never knew. 
 I love the man like a brother, and it will be a sore trial to part 
 with him. His companionship and sympathy have strengthened 
 me for the whole of my journey. He will not believe this, but 
 considers himself indebted to me, and has made me promise to 
 visit him in Saxe-Coburg next summer. Were it even the North 
 Pole I should certainly go. I do not think two such happy and 
 harmonious travelers were ever on the Nile. If he had not a 
 wife at home, he would go with me to the White Nile, to Pales- 
 tine and Nineveh. 
 
 Upper Egypt, near the First Cataract, 
 December 11, 1851. 
 I am now drawing near the point where I shall leave behind 
 me all opportunities for sending letters home, and you will prob- 
 ably have to wait three months after receiving this before you 
 hear from me again. However, you need have no fear on that 
 account. I am already in the heart of Africa, more than five 
 hundred miles from Cairo, and nearly half way to Khartoum, the 
 end of my journey. The farther I go the more safe and agree- 
 able the trip appears, and if I had any misgivings about it be- 
 fore leaving home I should have none now. My friend, who 
 thought it a terrible undertaking when we first met at Smyrna, 
 now congratulates me on it, and says he has no anxiety whatever 
 in relation to it. This is the strongest testimony you could have, 
 for he has told me that there is no man living for whom he has 
 a warmer regard than for me. I don't know what I should have 
 done without his friendship and sympathy. You know I am not 
 weak nor sentimental, yet I assure you that when we speak of 
 parting in a few days it brings the tears into our eyes. My visit 
 to him in Germany next summer is all arranged. He has a 
 splendid Arabian horse, which I am to have for a ride through 
 the Thiiringian Forest. We are going to take a week for the 
 tour, and enjoy it as much as our present journey. . . . Out of 
 the circle of home and my few tried and faithful friends in 
 America, I have never met a man who so entirely gave me his 
 heart. His unselfish devotion to me has cured me of many re- 
 bellious thoughts. . . . 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 223 
 
 My dragoman is a man who makes himself respected every- 
 where, and makes the Arabs respect me. He always speaks of 
 me to them as " His Excellency." I am now wearing one of 
 his dresses : a green embroidered jacket, with slashed sleeves ; 
 a sort of striped vest, with a row of about thirty buttons from 
 the neck to the waist ; a large plaid silk shawl as belt ; white 
 baggy trowsers, gathered at the knee, with long, tight-fitting 
 stockings and red morocco shoes. I had a pair of trowsers made 
 yesterday to wear while riding camels. They reach from the 
 hips to the knees, and only contain eighteen yards of muslin. 
 They cost, with the tailor's bill, about $1.50. This Egyptian 
 dress is very cool and pleasant, and I shall wear it till I reach 
 Cairo. . . • 
 
 Near Korosko, Nubia, December 19, 1851. 
 
 I am resolved that you shall have as little anxiety about me 
 as possible, so I embrace every chance to write to you. I shall 
 get to Korosko to-day, and shall probably start to-morrow on 
 my journey through the desert. I will send this letter by the 
 Arabic post to the governor of Assouan, directing him to give it 
 to the first American traveler going down the Nile, to put it into 
 the office at Cairo. It is hardly possible that I shall have an- 
 other chance of writing before reaching Cairo again, toward the 
 end of March. Three days ago I parted with my friend at As- 
 souan, and set sail in a smaller boat for Korosko. . . . 
 
 I want to speak of the friend from whom I have just parted, 
 because I am very much moved by his kindness, and the knowl- 
 edge may be grateful to you. His friendship for me is some- 
 thing wonderful, and it seems like a special Providence that in 
 Egypt, where I anticipated the want of all near sympathy and 
 kindness, I should find it in such abundant measure. He is a 
 man of totally different experience from myself; accustomed all 
 his life to wealth, to luxury, and to the exercise of authority. 
 He was even prejudiced against America and the Americans, 
 and he confessed to me that he was by nature stubborn and self- 
 ish. Yet few persons have ever placed such unbounded confi- 
 dence in me, or treated me with such devotion and generosity. 
 He gave me his pistols for the journey, his medicines, and 
 everything which he thought I would need. Besides this, he 
 purchased a number of supplies in Assouan, pretending they 
 were for his return journey, and then persuaded Achmet to pack 
 them secretly in my boxes. He also told Achmet he was going 
 
224 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 to leave a handsome present for him with a merchant in Cairo, 
 but he (Achmet) would not receive it unless he had served me 
 faithfully. For two days before our parting he could scarcely 
 eat or sleep, and when the time drew near he was so pale and 
 agitated that I almost feared to leave him. I have rarely been 
 so moved as when I saw a strong, proud man exhibit such an 
 attachment for me. He told me he could scarcely account for 
 it, but he felt almost ready to give up all his engagements to 
 return home and accompany me. I told him all my history, and 
 showed him the portrait 1 have with me. He went out of the 
 cabin after looking at it, and when he returned I saw that he 
 had been weeping. . . . Almost the last thing he asked of me 
 was to look at it once more before leaving. And he knew so 
 well how to speak to me, soothing, but without offeriug consola- 
 tion, that I feel stronger than for a long time past. The last 
 three days have been very lonely, but they would have been 
 more so had I not met with him. I shall pursue my travels in a 
 far more happy and courageous mood than I anticipated. Be- 
 sides, I have promised to spend two or three weeks with him 
 next summer in Germany, and shall keep my promise. I owe 
 him far more than I can lightly repay, and it is some satisfaction 
 to confess the debt to you. 1 
 
 Khaetoum, in Ethiopia, January 18, 1852. 
 I am more fortunate than I expected in having an opportu- 
 nity of writing to you from this place, in the heart of Africa. 
 I wrote from Korosko, just before starting on my journey through 
 the Nubian Desert, and hope you will receive the letter before 
 this. My journey has been of the highest interest, and better in 
 every respect than I have anticipated. A peculiar good fortune 
 seems to follow me. . . . 
 
 1 It was on the steamer, when passing from Smyrna to Alexandria, that 
 Bayard Taylor fell in with this gentleman, Mr. August Bufleb, and thus 
 hegan an acquaintance which ripened into an ardent friendship. Mr. 
 Bufleb, in his letters to his wife at this time, speaks in the strongest terms 
 of his new-found friend. "A glorious young man," he says. "If it 
 were not for you I would go with him." " His company is a gain to me 
 in every respect. He, with his clear head and pure heart has preferred to 
 travel with me, while many of his countrymen are following or sailing 
 ahead of us. . . . He has won my love by his amiability, his excellent 
 heart, his pure spirit, in a degree of which I did not believe myself capa- 
 ble." 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 225 
 
 On reaching here I went to the house of Dr. Reitz, the Aus- 
 trian consul, for whom I had letters of introduction. He made 
 me at once hring my effects and take up my residence with 
 him. I am writing this in my room, a lofty chamher, roofed 
 with palm logs, the windows of which open oil a court-yard, in 
 which two large ostriches are pacing up and down. The door 
 leads to a balcony, covered with jessamine in bloom, looking 
 upon a garden of palm, orange, banana, pomegranate, lemon, 
 and fig trees, and many beautiful flowering shrubs. To one of 
 the trees is chained a tame leopard, a particular pet of mine. 
 1 have already taught him to climb up on my shoulders. To 
 vary my amusement there are two hyenas, who are a little wolf- 
 ish and snap sometimes, an immense adjutant crane, and a whole 
 yard full of gazelles, wild goats, antelopes, and ibexes. In the 
 outer court is a full-grown lioness, which is also a great friend 
 of mine. I sit on her back, and give her my hand to lick. She 
 likes to take my leg in both paws, then open her jaws and close 
 them very gently around it, but she is too well fed to bite. 
 The pacha has a little lion which runs loose about the house, 
 and gives him great amusement by frightening the slaves. 
 When I add that I ride every day on a red stallion of the wild 
 breed of Dar-Fur you will certainly think I have grown bar- 
 baric in my tastes. 1 
 
 In his diary, under date of January 24, 1852, he 
 writes, " Archipelago of the Shillooks, 2 p. m. We have 
 just passed the northern point of the island of Aba, on 
 our return to Khartoum. The sails are taken down, 
 and the men are rowing along the lee side of one of 
 the island-beds of foliage which stud this glorious river. 
 I reached my turning-point, between lat. 12° and 13° 
 north this morning at nine o'clock, in just forty-eight 
 hours from Khartoum, having sailed in that time two 
 hundred and fifty miles. Now, the gateway to the 
 unknown south is closed, and my face is turned to 
 
 1 The juxtaposition of these letters brings out forcibly the singular 
 power of attraction which Bayard Taylor bad over both men and dumb 
 animals. The reader of his poems will recall many cases where the theme 
 has been suggested by the subtle association of man and beast. 
 
 VOL. I. 15 
 
226 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 the Mediterranean. But I have at least stood on 
 the threshold of that wonderful land, and in the grand 
 and strange vistas opened before me have realized a 
 portion of my dream. For what I have seen I thank 
 God, who has protected me beyond hope and almost 
 beyond example." Fifty-seven days from Khartoum 
 saw the traveler once more in Cairo, which he reached 
 April 1st, to find a generous store of letters and papers 
 awaiting him. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Cairo, Egypt, April 2, 1852. 
 ... I have had nothing but good luck from beginning to end. 1 
 The whole trip has occupied less than five months, and I have 
 traveled four thousand miles. Notwithstanding the great; heat 
 of Central Africa (105° in the shade at noon), and the sand 
 storms in the desert, and the fatigue of traveling thirty-four days 
 on a dromedary, my health has been always good, and I look so 
 fat and black that you would hardly know me. At present I am 
 suffering from an inflammation of the eyes, caught, I presume, 
 by the sudden change from the dry air of the Desert to the moist 
 air of the Nile ; I don't know how else. I had nearly cured them 
 yesterday morning, but to-day they are worse, partly from stand- 
 ing yesterday on the top of my cabin, in a strong wind, in the 
 excitement of approaching Cairo, and partly from reading let- 
 ters and fine newspaper print half the night. But the mail to 
 England closes this afternoon, and I must at least let you know 
 
 1 It is worth while to note, in passing, that a more credulous man than 
 Bayard Taylor might well have supposed himself a special favorite of 
 Providence ; for in all his affairs, now and for some time, everything 
 turned out as he could wish. "Oh, master," exclaimed Achmet, on one 
 occasion, " there never was such a lucky journey as this ! " and his friend, 
 Mr. Bufleb, was independently struck with the good fortune which alwa3*s 
 attended him. In his diary, under date of January 30th, Bayard Taylor 
 remarks, " I sat in the cabin and wrote diligently most of the time. About 
 half an hour before dinner another large fish jumped on deck, and was 
 instantty caught and put into the frying-pan. This Achmet considers as 
 a most extraordinary token of good luck. It is a little singular that for 
 three days a fish should jump on board precisely in time to make a dish for 
 mv dinner." 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 227 
 
 of the fortunate termination of my long and adventurous tour in 
 the wilds of Africa. It was delightful, coming down the Nde, to 
 revisit the scenes I saw on my fortunate upward journey. Every 
 guide and donkey-boy in all the towns recognized me at once, 
 and hailed me with, " Thank God, you have come back safely ! " 
 
 TO GEORGE K. BOKER. 
 
 Cairo, Egypt, April 4, 1852. 
 Three days ago I was beating down the Nde against a strong 
 wind. The citadel of Cairo was in sight, and I hurried the men 
 with prayers and promises tdl they reached the old town, where 
 I jumped ashore, took a donkey, and galloped at full speed to 
 the British consulate and my banker. I came to my hotel with 
 my pockets full of letters and my arms full of newspapers. 
 Two of the letters were from you, and while the sun set behind 
 the pyramids, and the odor of lemon-groves in blossom came 
 through the open window, I read them, God knows with what 
 gratitude, what serene joy in my heart ! That hour paid me for 
 all the long silence, the death (so far as the real, riving world is 
 concerned), of my journey into Central Africa. I cannot say 
 that I have recovered my whole strength till now. God has led 
 me into submission with a beneficence which is the greatest re- 
 proach to my mad rebellion against his will. He has weighed 
 me down with a weight of love which I feel almost too weak to 
 bear. Your letters have humbled me ; you have shown me to 
 myself, not as I am, but as I once aspired to be. I have not the 
 strength, the courage, the heroism, you attribute to me. On the 
 contrary, half my life has been spent in concealing, or trying to 
 overcome, the weaknesses of my nature ; and I have too much 
 pride to make this confession even to you, did I not feel that you 
 will still love me in spite of all my short-comings. I cannot 
 glory in the little I have accomplished, when I see so clearly how 
 much more I might have done. And as for popular favor, — good 
 God, what is there so humiliating as to be praised for the exhi- 
 bition of poverty and privation, for parading those very struggles 
 which I would gladly have hidden forever, when that which I 
 feel and know to be true to my art is passed by unnoticed ! For 
 I am not insensible that nine tenths of my literary success (in a 
 publishing view) springs from those very "Views Afoot" which 
 I now blush to read. I am known to the public not as a poet, 
 the only title I covet, but as one who succeeded in seeing Europe 
 
228 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 with little money ; and the chief merits accorded to me are not 
 passion or imagination, but strong legs and economical habits. 
 Now this is truly humiliating. It acts as a sting or spur, which 
 touches my pride "in the raw," whenever some true recognition 
 sets me exulting. In spite of your letter I have, at this distance, 
 a sort of magnetic impression that my volume of poems has only 
 had a negative success ; yet I am not discouraged ; I am hardly 
 surprised at it. It is enough for me that you and some few 
 others recognize a forward step in it. What you say of my 
 " American Legend " x gratifies me beyond measure, because you 
 have been impressed with the very qualities which I strove to 
 give it. The subject was warm in my mind, and suggested 
 abundance of imagery, but I did not dare to mar the beautiful 
 symmetry of the story by overloading it with embellishments. 
 The legend, as I found it, seemed to me as pure and perfect as a 
 Grecian myth. It had, besides, a grander and broader signifi- 
 cance, and I had faith enough in it to give it the severest and 
 simplest form of which I was capable. The descriptions of the 
 seasons are my own additions, and I only hazarded them because 
 the artistic development of the story seemed to require it. I 
 think the poem the best I have done ; it is the first which (to 
 me) gives promise of a longer life than mine. 
 
 But enough of this, when I have so much else to say, and must 
 husband my time and be merciful to my eyes, hardly recovered 
 from an attack of ophthalmia. You have probably the answer 
 to your questions after receiving my note from Assouan. Yes, 
 George, I have grown strong and patient beyond all hope. I 
 have found a peace as new as it is grateful, — a peace which 
 does not reproach rny love while it takes away the bitterness 
 from my sorrow. I felt its approaches as we do those of sleep, 
 but cannot tell how nor when it first descended upon me. I only 
 know that I am changed ; that the world again looks bright and 
 life cheerful ; that the capacity of being happy is restored to 
 me ; that I look forward hopefully to the future ; and, better than 
 all, that no memory of the past is less sacred. Something of 
 tins I have gained from nature, in these five long months, dur- 
 ing which I have been buried in the heat and silence and mys- 
 tery of mid- Africa ; but more from man. The most remarkable 
 good fortune has attended me. Such a luck has marked my 
 
 i " Mon-da-Min." 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 229 
 
 journey from the start that even my wild Aral) attendants were 
 struck by it, and considered me as a nian specially protected by 
 God. And such kindness of heart as everywhere overflows to- 
 wards ine, I know uot why ! I have tried to fathom this mystery, 
 but cannot ; I fiud no particular quality in myself, no peculiarity 
 in my intercourse with others which can account for it. Why 
 rigid Mussulmen should pray that I might enter the Moslem 
 paradise ; why guides, camel-drivers, sailors, and the like should 
 show me such fidelity ; why beys and pashas, to whom I had no 
 word of recommendation, should pay me most unusual courtesies, 
 is quite beyond my comprehension. If I were a devout believer 
 in the special workings of Providence, I should say that this ex- 
 perience was sent me as a healing. There is no balm for such a 
 sorrow so potent as gratitude for the love of others. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Alexandria, Egypt, April 12, 1852. 
 
 I should have written to you sooner, but on my first arrival in 
 Egypt I was so busied with preparations for my further journey 
 that I found no time, and afterwards, as you may well suppose, 
 could hardly mail a letter to Boston from the land of the lion 
 and hippopotamus. I have had a glorious five months' tour in 
 mid-Africa, having gone up the White Nile farther than any 
 English or American traveler, had a rich store of adventures, 
 and, what is best of all, quite recovered my health and strength, 
 both of body and mind. If you think of me now, picture me 
 to yourself as brown as an Arab, with a long beard, a red cap 
 and white turban, a big shawl around my waist, and red slippers 
 on my feet. I have quite a smattering of Arabic, and can swear 
 by Allah with the true Moslem unction. Would to Heaven you 
 had been with me, to taste the light and heat and mystery of 
 African travel ! Nothing else in the world could have wrought 
 such a powerful change in me. That quiet and peace of soul 
 which I had only hoped for as the work of years has descended 
 on me, I know not how. Life again begins to look cheerful, and 
 I have wholly recovered my perfect trust hi God, — that prop 
 without which I was drifting so helplessly. 
 
 I am not able to write you a long letter on account of an at- 
 tack of Egyptian ophthalmia, from which I am just recovering. 
 You will no doubt have seen some account of my wanderings in 
 the " Tribune," and I need not describe them. I leave here in 
 
230 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 two days for Beyrout and Jerusalem, after which I shall ride 
 through Asiatic Turkey as far as the borders of Persia. I shall 
 be in Constantinople early in July, and beg you to write to me 
 there, " Care of J. Alleon & Cie.," inclosed to Baring Brothers, 
 London. I should like to hear something of the reception of my 
 volume. My letters from home are so taken up with other mat- 
 ters that they say little about it. I learn, however, that it is 
 published, and has been favorably received in some quarters. A 
 letter from a friend in Copenhagen (think over what latitudes 
 we are scattered !) says the " Westminster Review " glorifies it. 
 But I have, somehow, a magnetic impression that its success has 
 been only negative. There are some things in it for which I 
 hoped a recognition, but shall not be greatly disappointed if they 
 have not received it. I should be glad to know, however, that 
 its sale has not been such as to dishearten the publishers. My 
 last letters were written more than two months ago, and it had 
 probably not been published long enough for my friends to know 
 anything about its success. Will you write to me frankly on 
 this subject ? How has Stoddard's book gone off, and the 
 " Golden Legend " ? I have been out of the world and know 
 nothing. Send me all the literary news, but, more than alL news 
 of yourself. I often thought of you during my long marches 
 in the desert. 
 
 Pray give my kindest remembrances to Whipple and Long- 
 fellow and Whittier, and all good friends in and around Boston. 
 How glad I shall be to see them all once more ! Do not fail to 
 write to me. God bless you ! 
 
 A reply came from Mr. Fields in June from Lon- 
 don, whither the letter had followed him from Boston. 
 He urges Bayard Taylor to join him there, and enjoy 
 with him the society of their literary friends, adding, 
 "You ask about the success of your volume. My 
 long absence does not allow me to judge either of 
 your own or Stoddard's book, nor do I know what the 
 critics have said. But this I do know : that my old and 
 dear friend Miss Mitford says, if she writes another 
 book, in you and Stoddard must go. She swears by 
 you both, and says you are fame-sure- Copies shall be 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 231 
 
 here to meet you on your arrival. ' The Golden Le- 
 gend ' is a great success, and adds to rather than 
 diminishes the author's good name. Longfellow is 
 very popular here, and is fast taking the wind out of 
 every sail in the English seas of Poesy. Hawthorne, 
 too, is immensely popular. He has just finished a 
 new romance, the scene of which is laid at Brook 
 Farm. I have not read the MSS., of course, but 
 E. P. W. writes me it is sparkling with beauty. I see 
 at every railroad station your books selling to travel- 
 ers daily. Come and taste your own fame at my side, 
 dear Bayard." 
 
 He left Alexandria April 14, 1852, for Beyrout, 
 and spent three months traveling in Syria, Palestine, 
 and Asia Minor. The season had advanced so far and 
 was so oppressively hot that he gave up the plan of 
 visiting Nineveh and Arabia. Indeed, he was becom- 
 ing somewhat weary of his isolation, and writes in his 
 journal June 26th, " Here in the heart of Asia Minor 
 all life seems to stagnate. There is sleep everywhere, 
 and I feel as if a wide barrier separated me from the 
 living world. I have now been eight months out of it, 
 only touching its borders now and then ; finding the 
 rest I sought, it is true, but now that the healing is 
 complete I miss the accustomed stir and struggle of 
 the life to which I return." He reached Constantinople 
 July 12th on his way home, and the following letter 
 to Mr. Fields describes the general course of his three 
 months' journey : — 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Constantinople, July 14, 1852. 
 The first thing I did after reaching here, two days ago, was to 
 get my letters, among them your welcome missive from London. 
 How surprised I was to learn that you left home so soon after 
 
232 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 me ! Why did you not come on to Cairo and visit Palestine 
 with me ? It would have well repaid you. Europe is tame after 
 this grand and gorgeous Orient, wherein I have now been revel- 
 ing for nearly nine months. If you could see me now you would 
 swear I was a disciple of the Prophet. I am become 
 
 " Long and lank and brown 
 As is the ribbed sea-sand, " 
 
 but I pray you mislike me not for my complexion. I wear the 
 tarboosh, smoke the Persian pipe, and drop cross-legged on the 
 floor with the ease of any tailor whatever. When I went into 
 my banker's they addressed me in Turkish. The other day, at 
 Brousa, my fellow-Mussulmen indignantly denounced me as 
 damned, because I broke the fast of the Ramazan by taking a 
 drink of water in the bazaar. I have gone into the holiest 
 mosques in Asia Minor with perfect impunity. I determined to 
 taste the Orient as it was, in reality, not as a mere outside 
 looker-on, and so picked up the Arabic tongue, put on the wide 
 trowsers, and adopted as many Eastern customs as was becoming 
 to a good Christian. Now, however, all is over. Yesterday, 
 alas ! I crammed my unwilling legs into a pair of narrow panta- 
 loons, elevated a straight collar about my neck (though no gib- 
 bet-rope could be more uncomfortable), and am now taking ex- 
 ercise in sitting bolt upright on a chair. What I suffer you can't 
 imagine. I don't wonder that the Druse conscripts in Syria 
 have revolted, rather than wear the Frank dress. Fortunately, I 
 don't need to wear gloves, as my hands are precisely the color of 
 yellow kid, and pass for such. 
 
 But enough of this nonsense, and let me tell you what I have 
 been doing. After seeing all Palestine and Syria, I coasted 
 northwards from Beyrout to the mouth of the Orontes, and then 
 traveled inland to Antioch and Aleppo. In Aleppo I stayed 
 several days. It is a great and stately city, and pleased me 
 even better than Damascus. I saw a great deal of society 
 there, and attended both Christian and Hebrew weddings, balls, 
 and other festivities. Thence I crossed the mountains into Cili- 
 cia, and after visiting ancient Tarsus, and drinking a cup of 
 snow-cold water from the Cydnus at the very spot where Cleo- 
 patra met Mark Antony, struck northward into Asia Minor. I 
 was three days passing the Taurus, by a defile grander than any 
 in the Alps, and reached the plains of Karamania. Thence to 
 Konieh (the ancient Iconium), and so on into the glorious piny 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 233 
 
 mountains of Plirygia, where I found the tombs of King Midas 
 and the Gordian monarchs. Thence to Kiutahya, to the old 
 Greek city of (Ezani, with a magnificent theatre and temple, and 
 over Olympus, through the sublimest beechen forests in the 
 world, and down on the other side to Brousa. A voyage in an 
 open boat across the Sea of Marmora finished the journey, and 
 brought me here in time to see, last night, the superb illumina- 
 tion of the mosques and the Golden Horn, on the occasion of the 
 Sultan's taking a new wife. I have been occupied with this trip 
 ever since my last note to you. But was it not worth making ? 
 
 Now my Oriental tour is over, and I shall turn westwards, but 
 not in time, I fear, to meet you in London. Would to Heaven I 
 could be there with you ! — I so long to see the face of a friend. 
 I feel as if I had been lost to the world for a long time. I am 
 glad to know that you are in such pleasant hands. What would 
 I not give for one of your days ! I must see your friend Miss 
 Mitford, when I pass through England, and hope I shall this 
 time be fortunate enough to meet Barry Cornwall. I shall stay 
 three or four weeks in London, where I hope to see more of men 
 than when I passed through last autumn. I shall send a note by 
 this mail for G. G., whom I hope to meet somewhere. 
 
 I know not yet what course I shall take from here, but I think 
 via Athens, Naples, Florence, Venice, and then into Saxony, to 
 spend two weeks with a German friend, who was my companion 
 on the Nile. I cannot say anything with certainty until I receive 
 further letters from home. There is a bare possibility (which 
 I both hope and dread) of my going farther east. But the 
 chances are a hundred to one against it. God bless you ! 
 
 The last sentence refers to an important proposi- 
 tion in letters from his Tribune associates, which he 
 found awaiting him at Constantinople. Pie did not 
 feel at liberty to speak more definitely to his friend, 
 but the next day he wrote to his mother. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Constantinople, July 15, 1852. 
 T must let you into the secret of some news which reached me 
 by the last mail from America, — news which has quite unsettled 
 me for the present, and which, I fear, will not be gratifying to 
 
234 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 you, though in many respects it ought to be. It is nothing less 
 than a proposition which will lengthen my stay abroad from six 
 to nine months, — a proposition which, if it was merely to travel 
 and write letters I should not accept, though conscious that every 
 additional month so spent serves to settle my healthy habits of 
 body, and strengthen me in every way for work at home. But 
 they have made application to the Secretary of the Navy to get 
 me a place on board of the flagship of Commodore Perry's expe- 
 dition to explore Japan, one of the most remarkable and interest- 
 ing enterprises of the present day. In case they are successful 
 (which they expect to be) they will forward me the order at 
 once, with funds which will enable me to take the overland route 
 by steamer to Alexandria, Suez, Bombay, Calcutta, Singapore, 
 to Macao in China, where I shall meet the expedition about the 
 end of October. The " Tribune " offers to pay my expenses to 
 China, and give me a much higher rate for all the letters I shall 
 write. The expedition will be from two to four months in all 
 probability at Japan, and I shall afterwards return to Europe, 
 via India. It is a grand and fascinating proposal, and may be 
 the means of advancing me more than anything I have done. I 
 am a little ambitious, and the expedition offers chances which I 
 can't let slip of doing something which may make me honor. 
 My situation on board the ship will of course be that of guest 
 and looker-on, but the order will give me every possible facility 
 for this. If I consulted my heart alone, I should decline, for I 
 long to see you all again, and I fear lest this prospect may trou- 
 ble you ; but my head tells me I must go. Even without reason- 
 ing with myself on the subject, my magnetism urges me on, and 
 when I follow it I always go right. If I should go, have no fear 
 for me. There is no danger greater than I should endure on the 
 way from here to New York. . . . This Oriental trip has done 
 enough for me to more than satisfy my anticipations. I feel 
 that it only needs for me to continue in the same course I have 
 begun to assure me fame and fortune. The latter appears now to 
 be assured me, and of the former I have already ten times more 
 than I ever expected. But it is impossible to stand still or turn 
 back : all I have done only prompts me to do more. Pray say 
 nothing about all this till I write again, but be sure that whether 
 I go eastward or westward I am safe. My term of life has not 
 yet run out, and so long as I keep this feeling the uttermost parts 
 of the earth have no terrors for me. 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 235 
 
 The first letters which his Tribune associates sent 
 him expressed no doubt of their being able to procure 
 for him the necessary order to accompany Commo- 
 dore Perry, but they promised later and more definite 
 instructions. For these he waited nearly a month in 
 Constantinople, and was at last on the point of leav- 
 ing, in despair of hearing, when a letter came with 
 funds for prosecuting the journey, but with a some- 
 what less specific assurance of the essential cooper- 
 ation of Commodore Perry. " I have endeavored," 
 the writer says, "to procure from the Secretary of 
 the Navy some appointment which would give you a 
 good official position on the squadron for as long a 
 time as you might wish to hold it, but the Secretary 
 declared himself powerless in the matter. Next I ap- 
 plied to the Commodore through the active interces- 
 sion of his friend, George Blunt, the hydrographer. 
 But even to him Perry replied that he had refused 
 thousands of such applications, and that his fear was 
 that if he accepted you he might not only be compro- 
 mised with others, but that, not knowing you, he had 
 some fear that you might not be exactly the man he 
 wanted, and might indiscreetly publish something con- 
 cerning the expedition after you had joined it. On all 
 these points Blunt made the most urgent and positive 
 assurances, and finally Perry said that he could not 
 bind himself to take you, but if you were at Hong 
 Kong when he vms there he should be very happy to 
 see you. In Blunt's opinion this is enough to justify 
 your going there for this purpose, and, after consider- 
 ing the matter in our semi-annual meeting last week, 
 we all came to the same conclusion. Accordingly, I 
 inclose a letter from Blunt, introducing you to Perry." 
 Under these conditions Bayard Taylor determined to 
 
236 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 accept the commission. The expedition would not 
 reach Hong Kong, however, before the end of the 
 year, and thus he would be enabled to carry out his 
 original plan of joining his brother at Florence, cross- 
 ing the Alps, and visiting Mr. Bufleb in Gotha, and 
 then making a short stay in England before setting 
 out on his overland journey to China. It was while 
 waiting at Constantinople for advices from the "Trib- 
 une " that he wrote to Mr. Boker and Mr. Stoddard. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Gonstantinople, July 18, 1852. 
 
 The grandest cannonading I ever heard is thundering around 
 me as I write, and the tremendous echoes, flapping back and 
 forth between the shores of Europe and Asia, are prolonged far 
 up the Bosphorus. I wish you were here to sit at my window 
 with me and look out on this superb Constantinople, now spark- 
 ling with the thousand lamps of the Bairam festival. Last night 
 the fast month of Ramazan terminated, and this morning at sun- 
 rise I was in the Sultan's seraglio, witnessing the great proces- 
 sion of all the dignitaries of the Turkish Empire, from Abdul- 
 Medjid himself down to his chief eunuch. I am here at a 
 fortunate time, having seen, a few nights ago, the illumination 
 of the Golden Horn, — a scene truly magical in its magnificence. 
 Again I say, would to Heaven you were here ! I thought so this 
 evening, as I sat watching the sunset fade away between the 
 cypresses of the cemetery of Pera, and quietly smoked a long 
 Persian pipe the while. One whiff of that same pipe would whis- 
 per to you more secrets of the Orient than I could say or sing in 
 a twelvemonth. There is a touch of the East in your nature, 
 George, — perhaps even more than in mine, — and I wish you 
 would cultivate it. I think you could enjoy with me the glori- 
 ous laziness of this land. We cannot be lazy at home ; one's 
 conscience is too active. But here it is another thing. True 
 strength is best exhibited in a certain degree of repose ; there is 
 wisdom in silence, and so I find both dignity and poetry in the 
 inertia of Oriental life. . . . 
 
 I have now finished the Orient, and in another week will prob- 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 237 
 
 ably sail for Italy, via Athens. There is, however, a secret 
 chance (which I must whisper to you) of my being sent eastward 
 to India and China, there to join the U. S. expedition to Japan, 
 in character of correspondent extraordinary. The prospect 
 chimes in too strongly with my own fancy to be rejected, and if I 
 get the necessary order (which has not yet come to hand) I shall 
 be on my way to the Flowery Kingdom in a month. This will 
 postpone my return to the United States six or eight months ; 
 but if, at the end of that time, God gives me one night with you 
 in your new house, we shall make amends for this long, long 
 separation. How comes on that same house ? I have not for- 
 gotten all the promises which are being built up in it for me : 
 the welcome at the threshold ; the place at the table ; the bottle 
 in the vaults ; the strong, true heart, never beating but in faith 
 and friendship. By all the gods we worship, if the stones of that 
 house hold together as long as I shall claim the fulfillment of 
 those promises, they will outlast your day and mine ! . . . 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Constantinople, July 21, 1852. 
 I wish I had you here for an hour, instead of sitting down to- 
 stain the virginity of this sheet of paper. I wish you were here 
 for two reasons : that you might enjoy with me this superb view 
 of two continents and their proudest city, which I now see when- 
 ever I lift my head; and, secondly, that I might relieve my heart, 
 and perhaps yours, by letting loose a fountain of talk which has 
 been sealed up for months. Since my German friend left me on 
 the Nile, I have met no one to whom I could speak of poetry and 
 be understood. I am like a lover who has no confidant. Nothing 
 now woidd refresh me half so much as to stumble on the number 
 of " Sartain " containing your " Carmen." (But what is there es- 
 pecially poetical about the nature of triumphant car-men ? Do tell 
 me!) Seriously, my dear Stoddard, I am beginning to feel lonely, 
 and would give my best pipe for a talk with you. . . . Well, God 
 be with us all, and speed the time when I may so see you, and we 
 may gossip away the midnight in my lofty attic. Fields promises 
 to have copies of both our books waiting for me in London, so 
 that I shall see something of you before I reach home. . . . 
 
 Bayard Taylor left Constantinople August 7th, 
 reached Malta on the 11th, and, failing to make an 
 
238 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 expected connection, took a small sailing-boat to Cata- 
 nia in Sicily, which he reached just in time to see the 
 grand festival of St. Agatha, which takes place only 
 once in a hundred years. He went to Messina by 
 stage, and took passage to Leghorn. On reaching 
 Florence he found his brother just recovering from an 
 attack of fever, and, after a few days' stay among his 
 earlier Florentine friends, they both went by Venice to 
 Germany, where they separated ; his brother returning 
 home, and Bayard going to Gotha to pay the promised 
 visit to Mr. Bufleb, who received him with open arms. 
 " Indeed," he writes to his mother, "he had not dared 
 to leave Gotha for four weeks beforehand, fearing I 
 should arrive in his absence. Every kindness that 
 friendship could invent has been heaped upon me. 
 All his relatives and friends received me like a lost 
 member of the family; every door was open for me, 
 and there was a place already prepared at every table. 
 Two days after I arrived, as the weather was fine, we 
 started on a tour through the Thuringian Forest, which 
 we made partly on foot, partly in B.'s carriage." A 
 narrative of this excursion is contained in the first 
 series of " At Home and Abroad." He was in Lon- 
 don again October 11, 1852. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 London, October IS, 1852. 
 Behold me once more in London, but not as near home as I 
 imagined when I wrote to you from Cairo. It is tantalizing to 
 think that in two weeks I might take you by the hand, and pour 
 my living soul into your ears and eyes, instead of spreading a 
 few small atoms of myself over this dull paper. But alas ! the 
 time for that is a year off ; not the Atlantic, but all Europe, and 
 Asia, and the Pacific, and our own continent lie between us. You 
 may well be afraid of me when we meet. If I get through this 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 239 
 
 second trip as successfully as the first, I shall come to you bur- 
 dened with Gibraltar and the Alhauibra, with the rivers and jun- 
 gles of India, the Himalayas and the pagodas of Delhi and Be- 
 nares, the " summer isles of Eden " of the Eastern Archipelago 
 and the wonders of the Central Flowery Land, in addition to the 
 conquest of Japan. I shall be able to strangle like a Thug, or 
 run amuck like a Malay; I shall be as expert a disemboweler as 
 the chief executioner of Japan ; I shall yearn for my missing 
 bird's-nest soup and puppy-pie, — Heaven knows what I shall not 
 be capable of. A man can't pass through so much and be the 
 same he was originally. . . . 
 
 Many thanks to you, dear George, for writing to me here. It 
 is a great satisfaction to hear from you once more before going 
 into a region where mads are less frequent and letters less cer- 
 tain. But nevertheless continue to send letters after me. Heaven 
 rewards such efforts, even if they fail. Write next to Calcutta, 
 to the care of the American consul there. ... I have three rea- 
 sons for making this new trip : it is the urgent wish of my asso- 
 ciates of the " Tribune," who have furnished me with ample 
 means ; it is a chance, such as I may never have again, of seeing 
 some of the most wonderful cities of the world ; and, thirdly, by 
 spending a second winter in a warmer climate I hope to secure 
 my present good health beyond the possibility of relapse. My 
 frame was shaken more than I knew, and has barely recovered 
 its balance. I think you wdl see the weight of these reasons, 
 and agree with me that I could not rightly do otherwise than 
 go. . . . 
 
 I have much changed during the past year, but changed in a 
 manner that brings me nearer to you. In spite of all that 
 you say, I believe you are stronger than I, and, because I have 
 gained in strength and will, I feel more worthy of your love, 
 though stdl far, far below the character you give me. I try to 
 think well of my own efforts because you do ; but my last vol- 
 ume, which I found here the other day after long search, has dis- 
 heartened me more than I like to confess. It is so far inferior 
 to what I anticipated ; it is unworthy of what I hoped aud still 
 hope to do. But thank Heaven, I am young yet, and capable of 
 better things. I wish I could see your last volume. Why did 
 you not send it here to meet me ? Good God, what would I not 
 give for a night with you ! How shall I get through this com- 
 
240 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 ing year without seeing you ? I, too, have changed in my ideas 
 of poetry. I have been a slave heretofore, but henceforth I will 
 be free. My aims have never yet been acknowledged, though I 
 have received far more praise of one kind or other than I deserve. 
 During my whole year in the East I was lying fallow, and did 
 next to nothing. But two months ago, in Malta, I picked up a 
 volume of the "Westminster Review," wherein I read, "B. T. 
 has published a volume of Tennysonian imitations," etc. I fired 
 up in an instant. " Damn the reviewer ! " I said to myself. "Be- 
 fore he dies he shall tell another story," and in two days I had 
 conceived at least six new poems. This convinced me that the 
 faculty was not dead, but only sleeping, and I shall never doubt 
 it more. H God gives me life and health I shall prove that I 
 am something better than a mere traveler, — a reputation which 
 the world is now trying to force upon me. But enough of this 
 stuff. 
 
 I am writing this in Southampton. It is now October 28th, and 
 to-morrow I leave in the Madras for Gibraltar. I am all alone 
 in my chamber in the hotel, and write as vehemently as my 
 thoughts. Will you not write me a good long letter, not later 
 than December 1st, to the care of the American Consul, Calcutta ? 
 I would write you oftener and longer letters did not my duties to 
 the " Tribune " occupy so much of my time. My stay of two 
 weeks in London was very agreeable. I made lots of friends, 
 and found that I had already a good foothold as an author. Two 
 or three publishers were anxious to treat with me for the copy- 
 right of future works. My " Eldorado," it appears, has had a 
 very great sale, and some stray copies of my poems have found 
 their way to different authors. These things are encouraging ; 
 and when I compare my present visit to London with my former 
 one, seven years ago, I feel cheered by the comparison. I have 
 seen " Calaynos " in two or three places, and heard it highly spoken 
 of. Dick, too, is making headway here. I shall write to him to- 
 night. ... I anticipate nothing but success in the coming trip, 
 but when it is finished, and I am with you in the house, what a 
 jubilee ! Do not fail to write oftener, for I need your letters 
 more than you do mine. 
 
TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 241 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Southampton, October 28, 1852. 
 
 I should have written you before this, but my stay in Lon- 
 don was given up to the necessary preparations for the new 
 tour I have before me ; and this, with the numerous invita- 
 tions to dinner, — so kindly offered that one could not but ac- 
 cept them, — consumed all my time. Now, however, I am all 
 alone in this dull seaport, where not a soul knows me, and take 
 the occasion of acknowledging your kind notes of September 
 4th and 18th. I wish we could have met in England, as it will 
 be another year before I reach America, and then, from what 
 your English friends tell me, you will probably be settled here. 
 I hope you will find reason to change your mind. I don't see 
 how we can spare you at home. / shall sink out of sight as 
 soon as you leave. I have no doubt that, if the little pyramid 
 of my literary reputation were taken down, I should find the 
 initials " J. T. F." scratched on half the stones composing it. 
 
 I found Bennoch the day after reaching here. He is both 
 great and good, and I am indebted to him for a deal of kind- 
 ness. Grace was here the first week, but left about eight days 
 ago for Paris and Rome. Barry Cornwall is not at home, and 
 Leigh Hunt is waiting on a sick son, — so I have seen neither. 
 I have become acquainted, however, with Charles Mackay, Ben- 
 nett, and good old Miss Mitford, with whom I spent an after- 
 noon. She is enthusiastic in your praise and in Louis Napoleon's. 
 I agreed with her concerning the former, but not the latter. We 
 had a merry afternoon. The Russells (do you know them ?) 
 were there, and I narrowly missed meeting " Alton Locke." Al- 
 together I have been delighted with my London experiences 
 this time. Bennoch took me one night to dine with the alder- 
 men, and we had a jolly time. America was toasted with nine 
 cheers, and I had to reply. I have seen Kossuth, Mazzini, 
 Freiligrath, Mary Howitt, Murray, Bogue, and a number of 
 other worthies. But the greater part of my time was occupied 
 in writing up my correspondence for the " Tribune " (which I 
 had neglected since leaving Constantinople), and hunting for 
 rare books and maps. 
 
 I leave here to-morrow in the Madras for Gibraltar, where I 
 stop and take three weeks to visit Seville, Cordova, and the Al- 
 hambra. Then I take the next steamer direct for Bombay, go 
 vol. I. 16 
 
242 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 overland to Calcutta, via the old Indian cities of Delhi, Agra, 
 and Benares, and the Himalayas ; embark for Singapore, Ba- 
 tavia, and Hong Kong ; visit Manila and the Sandwiches ; and 
 will probably find my way home, via California, some time next 
 September. It is a glorious prospect, and I commence the jour- 
 ney in high spirits. I am led into these wanderings almost 
 without my will ; it seems to be my destiny. Where I shall go 
 next Heaven only knows. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE FARTHER EAST. 
 
 1852-1853. 
 
 He met the men of many a land ; 
 They gave their souls into his hand. 
 
 The Palm and the Pine. 
 
 The departure of Commodore Perry had been de- 
 layed, so that Bayard Taylor was enabled to make a 
 somewhat leisurely journey to the point where he was 
 to join the expedition. He was glad to have the op- 
 portunity of visiting Spain, and not sorry to leave 
 behind him the autumnal rains of England. "The 
 weather was cold, dark, and dreary," he writes, " and 
 the oppressive, sticky atmosphere of the bituminous 
 metropolis weighed upon me like a nightmare. Heart- 
 ily tired of looking at a sun that could show nothing 
 brighter than a red copper disk, and of breathing an 
 air that peppered my face with particles of soot, I left 
 on the 28th of October [1852]. It was one of the 
 dismalest days of autumn ; the meadows of Berkshire 
 were flooded with broad, muddy streams, and the 
 woods on the hills of Hampshire looked brown and 
 sodden, as if slowly rotting away. I reached South- 
 ampton at dusk, but there the sky was neither warmer 
 nor clearer ; so I spent the evening over a coal fire, all 
 impatience for the bright, beloved south, toward which 
 my face was turned once more." 
 
244 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 He landed at Gibraltar November 5th, and found 
 himself in sunshine. " I have a southern soul, it seems," 
 he writes in his diary, " for I feel strongest and hap- 
 piest when I am where the sun can blaze upon me ; " 
 and in his printed narrative of the same day he says, 
 " I am a worshiper of the sun. I took off my hat to 
 him, as I stood there, in a wilderness of white, crimson, 
 and purple flowers, aud let him blaze away in my face 
 for a quarter of an hour. And as I walked home with 
 my back to him, I often turned my face from side to 
 side that I might feel his touch on my cheek." He 
 had but three weeks in Spain, yet it was so in continu- 
 ation of his Eastern travel that wherever he went he 
 saw rather the Saracen than the Spaniard. He caught 
 himself writing poems which had their impulse from 
 the Orient, and he donned the Andalusian dress for 
 the time ; half figuring thus the facility with which he 
 slipped into the life of the people amongst whom he 
 was especially when they appealed so strongly to his 
 native love of the bizarre. When well on his way to 
 India he sketched in brief the course of his travel in a 
 letter to his friend Phillips. 
 
 TO JOHN B. PHILLIPS. 
 
 Straits of Babelmandeb, Mouth of the Eed Sea, 
 
 December 17, 1852. 
 ... I left England on the 29th of October, and reached Gi- 
 braltar in six and a half days. Thence I went to Cadiz, up the 
 Guadalquivir to Seville (beautiful city !) ; then to Cordova, 
 where I saw the great Moorish mosque, then to Baylen, in the 
 borders of La Mancha, and southward by way of Jaen to Gra- 
 nada. There I stayed four days, delighted with everything, and 
 especially with the matchless Alhambra, the crown and blossom 
 of Oriental architecture. Then I put on an Andalusian dress, 
 took a guide and horses, and rode through the robber-haunted 
 mountains of Malaga and Honda, — as wild and rough a journey 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 245 
 
 as you would like to make ; but I went through it safely, iu 
 spite of robbers, storms, and swollen rivers. So I came back to 
 Gibraltar to meet the India mail, and left again November 27th. 
 We had one hundred and seventy passengers, among them num- 
 bers of English officers, who supplied me with abundance of let- 
 ters to all j>arts of India. We touched at Malta, and reached 
 Alexandria December 8th. Of course as I was booked for Bom- 
 bay, I could make no stay in Egypt, but was hurried on to 
 Cairo and Suez with the other passengers. I was eight or ten 
 hours in Cairo, and saw my faithful dragoman Achmet, who was 
 beside hiinself with joy. Go to Egypt, by all means, before you 
 return home ! Give up Greece, Palestine, Constantinople, if you 
 must, but go to Egypt ! We left Suez on the night of the 11th, 
 saw Sinai and Horeb the next morning, passed within one hun- 
 dred miles of Mecca, and so on down the hot Red Sea to its 
 mouth, which we have just now (ten p. m.) reached. We saw 
 the town of Mocha this afternoon, about ten miles distant. To- 
 morrow morning we touch at Aden to coal, and I shall put this 
 letter in the post-office there, hoping that in time you will safely 
 get it at Heidelberg. . . . 
 
 I am in excellent health and spirits, though a heavy head-sea 
 and dim lamps make me write with difficulty. But I cannot 
 neglect the first opportunity I have of communicating with you. 
 I am full of pleasant anticipations of my trip in India, and my 
 later voyage to China and Japan. Is it not a rare opportunity ? 
 The only thing that troubles me is the long absence from my 
 sanctuary, and the little I can do for my art while thus on the 
 wing. I have written eight or ten short poems, Oriental in 
 style and subject, but can attempt nothing of any magnitude 
 till I get home again. . . . And now, my dear John, I must 
 close, hoping that if you have not already written you will do 
 so at once. God grant us a happy meeting after our wander- 
 ings ! 
 
 He reached Bombay December 27, 1852, and after 
 a week's stay sent his heavier baggage by steamer to 
 Calcutta, and proceeded himself across the Ghauts. 
 A week's traveling by cart brought him to Indore, 
 whence he went to Agra and from Agra, to Delhi. 
 There he was still a thousand miles from Calcutta, 
 
246 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 with only a month before him, but he could not resist 
 the temptation to get a glimpse of the Himalayas, and 
 so he made a hasty and rough journey to Landowr, 
 the highest point in the range which could conven- 
 iently be reached during the winter season. Turning 
 back to Dehra, he went on to Meerut, and by Luck- 
 now to Cawnpore. At Allahabad he struck the 
 Ganges, and making a short stay at Benares reached 
 Calcutta February 21st. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Calcutta, February 24, 1853. 
 Here am I at last in the city of palaces, all my journeys in 
 India finished, and with a ticket for Hong Kong (to leave in 
 two days) in my pocket. During less than two months I have 
 traveled 2,200 miles in the interior. If you look on the map, 
 and draw a line from Bombay to Agra and Delhi, and thence 
 northward to the Himalaya Mountains, where they intersect 
 latitude 31°, thence southeast to Lucknow, Benares, and Cal- 
 cutta, you will see what my track has been, and how much 
 ground I have gone over. . . . My whole journey through India 
 has been a succession of narrow escapes, but I have come off 
 clear. Now I can breathe freely, for the hardships of my jour- 
 ney are all over, and steam shall tug me all the rest of the way 
 around the world. My health, of course, is excellent. How 
 could it be otherwise ? All climates are the same to me. I 
 have met nothing but kindness from one end of India to the 
 other. Every door was open, and I was free to stay as long as I 
 chose. It was a great satisfaction to find that I was already 
 known. * Eldorado ' has been before me, and all the intelligent 
 Englishmen I meet have read it. I found a copy, in a library at 
 the foot of the Himalayas ! The Indian newspapers have noticed 
 my progress through the country in the kindest terms. 
 
 Although so rapid a journey permitted only the 
 record of impressions formed by a quick-eyed traveler, 
 the accuracy and trustworthiness of those impressions 
 have been testified to by many subsequent travelers. 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 247 
 
 All the guide-books to India contain passages from 
 his descriptions as still the best. This is especially 
 true of his description of the Taj Mahal. The letters 
 to the " Tribune " were necessarily rather sketches 
 than full narratives or elaborate observations. The 
 "contact with India, however, which this rough excur- 
 sion gave, had a value for Bayard Taylor, who had al- 
 ready begun in his mind those studies of human life 
 and faith which he was afterward to make the basis of 
 poems of cosmic thought. " There is something," he 
 wrote at Bombay, " in every form of religion worthy 
 of general respect; and he who does not feel this 
 can neither understand nor appreciate the art which 
 sprang from the ancient faiths. Our teachers of re- 
 ligion speak with sincere and very just horror and con- 
 tempt of all forms of idolatry, yet under pain of their 
 anathemas I dare assert that he who can revile Osiris 
 and Amun-Re is unworthy to behold the wonders of 
 Thebes. The Christian need not be an iconoclast ; 
 nay, more, his very faith, in its perfect charity and its 
 bovmdless love, obliges him to respect the shrines 
 where the mighty peoples of the ancient world have 
 bowed and worshiped. Besides, there is truth, how- 
 ever dim and eclipsed, behind all these outward sym- 
 bols. Even the naked and savage Dinkas of Central 
 Africa worship trees ; and so do I. The Parsees wor- 
 ship the sun, as the greatest visible manifestation of 
 the Deity; and I assure you I have felt very much 
 inclined to do the same, when he and I were alone in 
 the desert." » 
 
 Besides this, it was a pleasure to him to see, as he 
 occasionally did, not only the magnificence of temple 
 and castle, but the pomp and pageantry of ceremony 
 
 1 A Visit to India, China, and Japan in the Year 1853, pp. 50, 51. 
 
248 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 and ritual. Lucknow, with its gayety and prodigality 
 of riches, was a feast to his eyes, and he enjoyed to the 
 full his own impromptu share in the display of the 
 city. He had been invited by a British officer to 
 make an excursion through the place. 
 
 "We were joined by one of Captain Sleeman's 
 friends, and mounted on three of the king's largest 
 elephants. With our gilded howdahs, long crimson 
 housings, and the resplendent dresses of the drivers 
 and umbrella holders who sat behind us, on the ele- 
 phants' rumps, we made as stately a show as any of 
 the native princes. It was the fashionable hour for 
 appearing in public, and as we entered the broad 
 street leading to the Eoomee Derwazee it was filled 
 with a long string of horses and elephants, surging 
 slowly through the dense crowd of pedestrians. We 
 plunge boldly into the tumult, and, having the royal 
 elephants and footmen gifted with a ten-man power 
 of lungs, make our way without difficulty. It is a 
 barbaric pageant, wholly to my liking, and as I stare 
 solemnly at the gorgeous individuals on the elephants 
 that pass us I forget that I have not a turban around 
 my brows." 1 
 
 He left Calcutta February 28th, glad to accept the 
 repose of the sea in exchange for the wearisome jolt- 
 ing over rough roads which had so lately been his ex- 
 perience, and after touching at Singapore arrived at 
 Hong Kong March 16th. The United States steam- 
 frigate Susquehanna was lying in the harbor just 
 ready to sail for Macao, and Captain Buchanan at 
 once invited Bayard Taylor to accompany him to that 
 port, where he could take a steamer to Canton. At 
 Macao he went to pay his respects to Colonel Hum- 
 
 1 A Visit to India, China, and Japan in the Year 1853, p. 226. 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 249 
 
 phrey Marshall, the United States minister there, 
 when that gentleman at once proposed to make him 
 an attache of the embassy which was jnst about to 
 leave for Shanghai, and possibly Nankin. The Impe- 
 rial Commissioner with whom Colonel Marshall was to 
 .treat was at that time at the head of the Chinese army, 
 which was attempting to put down the revolt headed 
 by Tien-Teh, and afterwards by Tae-Ping. The pro- 
 posal took Bayard by surprise, but he could not hesi- 
 tate a moment. The possibility of seeing Nankin, a 
 city which not more than half a dozen Europeans had 
 at that time ever visited, was enough in itself to de- 
 cide him. So the next day he was again on board the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 " It was worth all my long wanderings in foreign 
 lands and among strange races," he writes, " to expe- 
 rience the pride and satisfaction of walking the deck 
 of a national vessel, and hearing again the stirring 
 music of our national airs. One must drink deep of 
 absence and exile to learn the tenderness of that re- 
 gard for his native land which at home lies latent 
 and unsuspected at the bottom of his nature. I want 
 no man for a friend whose heart will not beat more 
 warmly at the sight of his country's banner floating 
 on a distant sea." 
 
 The Susquehanna reached Shanghai March 28th, 
 and three days later the commissioner decided to start 
 for Nankin. Unfortunately, the vessel was very ill- 
 managed by the pilots, and after repeated attempts to 
 ascend the river it was pronounced impracticable, and 
 the Susquehanna returned to Shanghai. As a matter 
 of fact the same vessel went up with great ease the 
 next summer. All sorts of rumors reached Shanghai 
 as to the success of the rebels and the probable fate 
 
250 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 of Shanghai itself, and the period of Bayard Taylor's 
 detention there was one of great excitement, as well as 
 of unusual opportunities for obtaining a knowledge of 
 China and the Chinese. 
 
 At last on the 3d of May the mail-steamer arrived 
 bringing the European and American mails, and news 
 that Commodore Perry had left Hong Kong ; the next 
 day the Mississippi, his flagship, dropped anchor be- 
 side the Susquehanna. Bayard Taylor at once pre- 
 sented himself to the commodore with his letters, and 
 after some diplomacy received the appointment of 
 master's mate. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Shanghai. China, May 8, 1853. 
 
 The question is settled this morning, and fortunately just in 
 time for the mail which closes this afternoon. I am to accom- 
 pany the expedition to Japan, in the capacity of — imagine it if 
 you can ! — master's mate ! with a salary of $300 a year, and six 
 dollars a month for rations. Oh, what a falling off ! From the 
 attache of an embassy to master's mate on board a man of war. 
 Think of me hereafter as wearing a blue coat, with big gilt but- 
 tons, a gilt anchor on the front of my cap, and a terrible sword 
 by my side. I belong to the great American Navy — that 
 glorious institution which scatters civilization in every broadside, 
 and illuminates the dark places of the earth with the light of its 
 rockets and bomb-shells. Now shall the name of Taylor be as 
 renowned upon the sea as it already is upon the land. 
 
 Seriously, I consider myself most fortunate. The rules of 
 the Navy Department are so strict in regard to the expedition 
 that nobody has been allowed to accompany it except in some 
 naval capacity. Everybody has been refused. English noble- 
 men, German barons, and American scholars have applied in 
 vain, and the mere chance of a vacancy in a merely nominal of- 
 fice has enabled me to join. I shall have nothing to do con- 
 nected with the service, except in case of need, to act as messen- 
 ger from one part of the squadron to another, or similar small 
 duties. The captain of the Susquehanna, who is my fast friend, 
 applied to have me as his clerk. The commodore refused, and 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 251 
 
 for a few days I had not the slightest hopes of going. By- 
 dexterous management I have succeeded in bringing a good deal 
 of influence to bear upon the commodore, who is a blunt, honest 
 old fellow and well-disposed towards me, and he this morning 
 gave his consent. He prefers that I should join as master's 
 mate, because I should then be under his immediate command, 
 and could accompany him in all his official visits and excursions 
 on shore. This will give me the very position I seek. I shall 
 mess with the midshipmen of the Susquehanna, and the artist 
 (an old friend of mine), daguerreotypist, and telegraphist. The 
 rules of the service forbid me writing a line for publication 1 and 
 oblige me at the end of the cruise to give up my journal to the 
 Navy Department. But I shall have little difficulty, through 
 Commodore Perry's aid, in reclaiming it aud publishing a history 
 of the expedition. 
 
 In this, however, he was disappointed. He kept a 
 full journal, which was delivered to the Navy Depart- 
 ment, but never returned to the writer. He was 
 obliged, therefore, to rely upon his memory and upon 
 his letters home to write, after he had left the service, 
 a brief narrative of his share in the expedition. He 
 regretted this especially in the case of the visit which 
 he made to the Loo-Choo Islands, of which he made a 
 full report to Commodore Perry, who pronounced it of 
 great value. It was used, as well as other portions of 
 his journal, by Dr. Hawks in his " Narrative of the 
 Expedition of an American Squadron to the China 
 Seas and Japan," published by Congress in 1856. 
 
 The Susquehanna, which had become the commo- 
 dore's flagship, left Shanghai May 17th, for a trip to 
 the Loo-Choo Islands and afterward to the Bonin Isl- 
 ands. On returning to Loo-Choo June 24th, the Plym- 
 outh, one of the vessels of the squadron, was found 
 in the harbor, having on board the mail for the Sus- 
 
 1 He received permission, however, to write to the Tribune special let- 
 ters, which first passed under the commodore's eye. 
 
252 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 quehanna. It was welcome news to Bayard Taylor, 
 for he had had no word from America since he left 
 Alexandria, December 8, 1852, and the large package 
 of letters which had been accumulating for him at dif- 
 ferent places, and had at last been forwarded to Hong 
 Kong, gave him abundant food for thought on the 
 voyage to Japan. Especially interesting was the .in- 
 telligence in a letter from his mother that his father 
 had made a bargain for eighty acres of land near the 
 Taylor homestead on his account. His mother had 
 known of his wish some day to own this land, and 
 had brought matters to a successful conclusion. The 
 property thus bought was the Pusey farm, afterward 
 named Cedarcroft, so dear from that time forward to 
 its owner. How exciting to him was the news of the 
 purchase can be judged when one reads the account 
 which he afterward gave of a bit of earth steeped in 
 early and late associations. 
 
 " It happened," he says, " that adjoining my fa- 
 ther's property there was an old farm, which was fast 
 relapsing into a state of nature. Thirty or forty years 
 had passed since the plough had touched any part of 
 it. The owner, who lived upon another estate at a 
 little distance, had always declined to sell, — perhaps 
 for the reason that no purchaser could be found to 
 offer an encouraging price. Left thus to herself, na- 
 ture played all sorts of wild and picturesque pranks 
 with the property. Two heaps of stones were all that 
 marked the site of the house and barn ; half a dozen 
 ragged plum and peach trees hovered around the out- 
 skirts of the vanished garden, the melancholy surviv- 
 ors of all its bloom and fruitage ; and a mixture of 
 tall sedge-grass, sumacs, and blackberry bushes cov- 
 ered the fields. The hawthorn hedges which lined 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 253 
 
 the lane had disappeared, but some clumps of privet 
 still held their ground and the wild grape and scarlet- 
 berried celastrus clambered all over the tall sassafras 
 and tulip trees. 
 
 " Along the road which bounded this farm on the 
 east stood a grove of magnificent oaks, more than a 
 hundred feet in height. Standing too closely to per- 
 mit of lateral boughs near the earth, their trunks rose 
 like a crowded colonnade clear against the sky, and 
 the sunset, burning through, took more gorgeous hues 
 of orange and angry crimson. Knowing that if the 
 farm were sold, those glorious trees would probably 
 be the first to fall, and that the sunset would thereby 
 for me lose half its splendor, I gradually came to 
 contemplate them with the interest which an uncer- 
 tain, suspended fate inspires. ... In another wood of 
 chestnuts, beyond the field, the finest yellow violets 
 were to be found ; the azaleas blossomed in their sea- 
 son, and the ivory Indian-pipe sprang up under the 
 beech trees. Sometimes we extended our rambles to 
 the end of the farm, and looked down into the se- 
 cluded dells beyond the ridge which it covered. Such 
 glimpses were like the discovery of unknown lands. 
 How far off the other people lived ! How strange it 
 must be to dwell continually down in that hollow, 
 with no other house in sight ! But when I build a 
 house, I thought, I shall build it up on the ridge, with 
 a high steeple, from the top of which I can see far 
 and wide." 1 
 
 This was the vision which again rose to his eyes in 
 those far Eastern waters, as he read his letters from 
 home, and although he could not, and did not wish to 
 withdraw from the expedition on which he had set 
 
 1 At Home and Abroad, ii. pp. 3-5. 
 
254 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 out, his plans and hopes for the future were quickened 
 by the new knowledge. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Napa, Loo-Choo, June 28, 1853. 
 I very much hope father has made the bargain with John 
 Pusey. I have always wanted to get hold of the property, and 
 the terms he offers strike me as very reasonable. If I have it, I 
 promise you not a sound tree on the place shall come down. I 
 intend also getting the fifty acres which I proposed buying of 
 father, and later, perhaps the forty now held by Uncle M. My 
 idea is to get as much land as possible adjoining father's prop- 
 erty, so as to create a large family homestead estate. I shall not 
 be able to live on my part of it for many years to come, but it 
 will be a satisfaction to secure it, and the money is not lost. . . . 
 If the Japan business is over this summer (which I very much 
 doubt), I shall have a splendid chance to make something out of 
 it. If not, I shall resign my situation and return home, for I 
 cannot remain another year, even for the opportunity of writing 
 the history of the expedition. I am beginning to get a little 
 tired of travel, and I miss the society to which I have been ac- 
 customed. I shall not want to leave home again for a long, long 
 time after I get back. . . . 
 
 The squadron sailed from the harbor of Napa-Kiang 
 July 2, 1853, and six days later made a headland not 
 far south of the great bay of Yedo. It was not till 
 the 14th that the preliminary ceremonies were dis- 
 missed and the first foreign ambassadors since the ex- 
 pulsion of the Portuguese were received on Japanese 
 soil. We have become so familiar with Japan since 
 that day and there has been so much reciprocal rela- 
 tion, that the hasty notes which could be made of 
 sights which were then strange and full of promise 
 have been largely superseded by more liberal narra- 
 tives, but there remains the very interesting account 
 of a most suggestive meeting of the American and 
 Japanese representatives. Commodore Perry made 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 255 
 
 only initial overtures on this short visit and returned 
 the following summer to complete the diplomatic rela- 
 tions of the two countries. The squadron now re- 
 mained but three days longer in the bay of Yedo. On 
 the 17th of July it took its leave and, after a short 
 stay again at Loo-Choo, reached Hong Kong August 
 7th. Here the squadron was divided, and the Sus- 
 quehanna after touching at Macao was ordered to 
 Cumsingmoon, a Chinese island about fifteen miles 
 farther north, where was a good anchorage, good wa- 
 ter, and healthy air. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 U. S. S. Susquehanna, 
 Macao, China, August 11, 1853. 
 
 Your letter of November 25, 1852, reached me at Loo-Choo 
 on the 25th of June, 1853. So far am I removed from you, from 
 home and civilization. What have I not seen and experienced in 
 that time ? yet all that experience seems to be urging me far- 
 ther and farther away, till I am ready to write to you as to an in- 
 habitant of a different planet. If you could have received a let- 
 ter which I wrote to you in April last, you would have known 
 what a mighty yearning I have for the old life of home ; but 
 that letter now lies at the bottom of the China Sea, in the hold 
 of a sunken steamer, with thirty or forty drowned seamen and 
 lascars. You will see that I have neither forgotten nor neg- 
 lected you. I do my best to keep the place you have given me 
 in your heart, because every day of my life teaches me better 
 how to value it. Your letter was a rare joy to me, for seven 
 months bad passed over my head without a word from home, 
 and I was fast growing reckless and desperate. We were about 
 leaving for Japan, for an indefinite length of time, and in a clay 
 or two more I should have been beyond the reach of mails, when 
 one of the vessels of the squadron arrived from Shanghai, bring- 
 ing me a large packet of letters. I need only say to you that 
 when I received them 1 nearly cracked my skull against one of 
 the timbers of the orlop-deck, where I was domiciled, without 
 being sensible of the blow. 
 
 I suppose you know something of my movements since leaving 
 
256 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 London. I hope so, for I am not in the mood for narrating 
 them. They are nearly all thrust far back in my memory by 
 more recent things. I saw Spain and India by the way, and 
 spent two months in China as attache to the American Legation ; 
 and on the arrival of the squadron at Shanghai succeeded in get- 
 ting on board the flagship for the expedition to Japan by enter- 
 ing the service. Yes, George, I give you liberty to laugh at me 
 to your heart's content. I am nothing but a " master's mate " in 
 the navy, privileged to wear an anchor on my cap, and a blue 
 coat with eighteen buttons ; allowed to go up and down the 
 gangways by the port ladders ; to smoke cigars forward of the 
 main shaft ; to mess in the cockpit ; to salute the quarter-deck ; 
 to take off my cap to the commodore, and swear at the seamen. 
 I appear at " general quarters " with a cutlass belted at my 
 side ; and in Japan I went so far as to stand my night-watch 
 with a loaded carbine, ready to repel the enemies of my country. 
 " I have done the state some service ; " but alas ! the state will 
 never know or recognize it. Well, we shall at least have a jolly 
 laugh together, when I can tell you of my performances in this 
 new role. It will ruin forever my small reputation as a poet, I 
 fear, for the world believes that a poet can never be anything 
 else than a poet, least of all a naval officer. 
 
 We sailed from Shanghai in May, and went to the great Loo- 
 Choo island, a place little visited and little known. The commo- 
 dore made me one of an expedition to explore the interior, which 
 was wholly unknown. We had a remarkable week's work, 
 tramping up mountain and down dale, surrounded with spies, 
 avoided as a pestilence, and yet treated with the greatest possi- 
 ble respect. We were enchanted with the beauty of the scenery, 
 and made some interesting discoveries. Early in June we sailed 
 for the Bonin Islands, eight hundred miles to the eastward, 
 where we found a colony of runaway sailors, living like Robin- 
 son Crusoes, with Kanaka women for their mates. Here I was 
 appointed to the command of an exploring party, and had a 
 frightful labor in crawling through impenetrable forests and 
 scaling impassable precipices. It was a task to my liking, and I 
 had one or two manly, resolute fellows with me. The age of ad- 
 venture is nearly past, but I have had some few tastes of its 
 spirit, — enough, I fear, to subject me to visitations of unquiet 
 and the thirst for a roving, venturesome life for the rest of my 
 days. We returned to Loo-Choo, whence we sailed on the 2d of 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 257 
 
 July for Japan. How we fared there you will learn from the 
 newspapers. I have sent a full account to the " Tribune." The 
 ■visit was interesting to me from its historical importance, and it 
 is a source of some satisfaction to have participated in it, but I 
 should never choose Japan as a field of travel. China I hope 
 never to see again. These people lack all sense of art, and their 
 most celebrated productions are at best but labored monstrosi- 
 ties. I have taken an inveterate disgust to them, and shall re- 
 joice greatly when I see their stupid, impassive, yellow visages 
 for the last time. We reached here a few days ago, on our re- 
 turn from Japan ; and as the squadron will not leave again for 
 Yedo before next May, I am about to resign my place and return 
 home by the first opportunity. You may expect me in Philadel- 
 phia about New Year's Day, 1854, when I shall claim the wel- 
 come, the seat, and the bottle, which you promise me in your 
 new house. 
 
 I have been greatly shocked and depressed for the past few 
 days by an accident which occurred while we were lying at Hong 
 Kong. My hammock-boy, who was one of the finest men in the 
 ship, fell overboard during the mid-watch, and was drowned. I 
 was awakened from sleep by his drowning cries, and saw him 
 struggle and sink without being able to save him. He showed a 
 manly attachment for me, which I fully repaid, for wherever I 
 go I must have some one on whom to spend the surplus of my 
 affection. Not two hours before his death he had for the first 
 time partly made me a confidant, for he was of a respectable 
 family and serving under a false name. A large property had 
 been left him, and he was desirous of getting permission to re- 
 turn home. Yet so sadly did the poor fellow talk, and so loath 
 was he to leave the place where my hammock was slung, that I 
 am certain the shadow of death was then upon him. Great God ! 
 is there an unrelenting fate in the world, ever ready to snatch 
 from our lips every cup which might relieve the fever and weari- 
 ness of life ? That man's last bubbling cry is still in my ears, 
 torturing me anew with doubts of the justice of Providence. I 
 shall never lose the recollection of it. He was one of the main- 
 topmen, who are selected from the best men in the ship, and one 
 of his mates immediately offered to take his place as my boy. I 
 wrote an inscription for the tombstone of another, who died in 
 Hong Kong, and thereby gained the cordial good-will of all the 
 men, who take every occasion to show it by such trifling acts of 
 
 vol. i. 17 
 
258 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 attention as they can give me. There are some fine fellows 
 among them, and I shall feel more regret at parting with them 
 than with most of the officers on board. I am waiting for letters 
 by the steamer Powhatan, which went off to Loo-Choo before 
 our arrival, with three months' mails on board. When I get my 
 letters I shall take measures for returning home, probably in a 
 clipper ship, direct for New York, as there are no American ves- 
 sels up for San Francisco. I shall have ninety days at sea, in 
 that case, — ninety days of perfect rest and quiet, — and shall 
 try to do something in the way of poetry. I shall have little to 
 show you else, and that little, I fear, will disappoint you. There 
 is a poem of mine in the June number of " Blackwood," which 
 you may not have seen, remarkable only for my theft of a meas- 
 ure in your " Song of the Earth." What would I not give to 
 have your new poems and tragedies to read and criticise (!) on 
 the way home ! Tell Stoddard that a letter of mine to him lies 
 at the bottom of the China Sea, but I would also write a note to 
 him if he had not neglected me so cruelly. Give my love to 
 him, nevertheless, and to Read, who seems to have dropped me 
 out of his memory. 
 
 Macao, August 18, 1853. 
 Since commencing this letter, I have been at the anchorage of 
 Cumsingmoon, about fifteen miles to the northward of this place. 
 I was there four days, when the commodore, who had taken a 
 house here, sent for the artists (among whom I am classed) to 
 come down, and take up their quarters in a large building which 
 he has hired as an hospital for seamen. It is a fine old Portu- 
 guese mansion, in the highest part of the town, and we find it an 
 airy and agreeable residence for a tropical summer. Here I 
 shall stay until I leave for home. I have not yet recovered from 
 my regret at leaving the noble old Susquehanna, and nothing but 
 my long absence from home, and the necessity of returning to 
 take charge of my neglected business matters, prevents me from 
 remaining and seeing the cruise to an end. In spite of all its 
 disagreeable features this ocean life exercises a powerful fascina- 
 tion upon me, and I find myself frequently lamenting that I am 
 not young enough to adopt it. This is idle and ridiculous, of 
 course, but we can't always control our fancies ; and for my part, 
 I am as prone to whimsical longings as a pregnant woman. The 
 secret of it is, perhaps, that there are among the men a few 
 blunt, hardy, honest, and wholly manly natures, whom I cordially 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 259 
 
 esteem, and who, in their rough way, show an attachment for 
 me. Since I parted with my Spanish muleteer in Gibraltar, 
 theirs are the first faces in which I have read a manly affection 
 for myself, — au affection in which I feel honored. There is 
 room in one's heart, you know, for a score of these simple 
 friendships, and I am restless and unhappy when I am without 
 .them. Do not fear that I am prodigal of my feelings, and shall 
 spend all their best warmth during my rovings, so that I shall 
 go back to you with a languid love. No, my dear George, we 
 know each other too well for anything to shake that steady faith 
 in each other which is the greatest happiness Heaven has left 
 to me. 
 
 You speak of changes which absence and my varied experi- 
 ences have wrought in me. Alas ! I fear you will find little 
 growth in anything, except in my attachment to yourself. I 
 have gained, indeed, a considerable accession of mere knowledge, 
 and perhaps a better insight into the mysteries of human nature ; 
 but I do not feel that I have advanced in art, or am, as I should 
 be by this time, a better poet. Perhaps when the harvest of new 
 thought shall be ripe I may find my gain, for I cannot say that 
 I am disheartened by the consciousness of how little I have done. 
 You may see in Putnam's new magazine a poem called " Cama- 
 deva," which I sent him. It is a fair sample of the few I have 
 written — the sum of my labors for two years ! I feel a kind of 
 shame creep over me when you speak of your hopes for me. 
 
 I have relented towards Dick, and send him a note by the 
 same mail which carries this. But the lazy fellow has no excuse 
 for not writing to me. What is he doing? My latest news 
 from home are no later than the middle of February. The 
 Powhatan has not yet returned from Loo-Choo, but is hoiu-ly ex- 
 pected, as she is overdue. I must close without waiting to see 
 whether there is another letter from you in her, for the mail 
 leaves to-morrow for England. The chances are that I shall 
 leave here in three or four weeks, and reach home by the close 
 of the year. It will be a bad season for such a sun-enamored 
 body as mine, after nearly two years of tropical existence. You 
 must keep a warm corner for me at your fireside, and I don't 
 think a warm potation would hurt either of us, when the winter 
 nights are longest and coldest. Would you were here, even in 
 this torrid August weather, that we might stroll to the garden 
 and grotto where our brother Camoens wrote the " Lusiad ! " 
 
260 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 And now, please God, I drop my correspondence with yon un- 
 til we meet face to face. Give my kindest regards to Mrs. Boker 
 and your father's family. God bless you ! 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 U. S. S. Susquehanna, 
 Cumsingmoon, China, August 13, 1853. 
 ... I fear I shall go back to you the same mere lyrist as of 
 old, with a few new Orientalisms in my imagery, an additional 
 glow and color, perhaps, in my cup of wine, but nothing else. I 
 shall have little to show, and that little, I fear, will disappoint 
 you, if you have been measuring my growth in the mean time by 
 your own. I have relapsed into a traveler, an adventurer, seek- 
 ing the heroic in actual life, yet without attaining it ; satisfied 
 with the sensation of animal existence, and more admiring and 
 more thinking of the lusty joys of living and breathing among 
 my fellow-men than of the glorious art to which I once devoted 
 myself. It has repaid me, however, by inspiring me with a 
 warm sympathy with all kinds and classes of men, and I shall 
 have, for some years to come, friends in the deserts of Nubia, 
 the mountains of Spain, and among the hardy seamen of our 
 navy, who, I am sure, will remember me with kindly feeling. 
 The experience of the last two years has been most valuable to 
 me in every respect. It has vastly increased my sum of mere 
 knowledge, and, most of all, my knowledge of human nature. I 
 have a rich store of material to work up in after life, if I live, 
 and my art does not forsake me. . . . 
 
 Commodore Perry, on learning that a prolonged ab- 
 sence would be a serious disadvantage to his extem- 
 porized master's mate, good-naturedly gave him per- 
 mission to resign, and on the 5th of September he 
 took the anchor from his cap, bade adieu to his mess- 
 mates, and embarked on board the steamer for Can- 
 ton. He was much touched by the hearty good-will 
 of the men of the Susquehanna, who sent a deputation 
 to the captain and begged permission to man the rig- 
 ging and give him three cheers. " It could not be 
 granted," he says in a letter to his mother, " as such 
 
THE FARTHER EAST. 261 
 
 a compliment is only allowed for a commodore or cap- 
 tain, and my rank as an officer is three grades below 
 the latter ; but here the will is the same as the deed. 
 It is the most grateful compliment I ever received ; 
 for it came from a body of three hundred men, none 
 S>i whom knew me as an author, but only as a man, 
 and it was all genuine ; there is no humbug in a sail- 
 or's heart. When the captain told me of it, I sent 
 for the men who had come to him, and told them to 
 thank the crew for me." 
 
 After a short stay in Canton he embarked Septem- 
 ber 9th on the Sea-Serpent, a merchant-ship bound 
 for New York round the Cape of Good Efope. The 
 quiet sailing through summer seas was a pleasant time 
 for retrospect. There was work to do in rewriting let- 
 ters which had been lost at sea, and more than a score 
 of poems found their way upon paper. It would seem 
 as if in that long suspense between continent and con- 
 tinent he had leisure to distill the essence of his two 
 years of travel. As he was looking toward New York, 
 he wrote in his diary : — 
 
 "December 2, 1853. We are to-day 2,400 miles from 
 New York, having already sailed somewhat more than 
 12,000 miles. I can scarcely yet realize that I am so 
 near home, and that in three weeks I may be under 
 that roof where so much parental and fraternal kind- 
 ness awaits me. Yet I am becoming restless and im- 
 patient, and rejoice that the tasks I proposed to my- 
 self, in starting, are so nearly accomplished. Of all 
 the crowd of poems with which my mind was preg- 
 nant, three only are still awaiting their parturition : 
 the lost letters have been rewritten, and the unwritten 
 ones likewise ; and of the sketches of Eastern travel 
 I determined to fill up, there only remains the work 
 
262 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 of four or five days. I shall go home with clean 
 books, and a mind which, if not precisely a tabula 
 rasa, is at least free from the reproaches of a poetical 
 conscience — to me quite as hard to bear as those of a 
 moral one. "... The last entry in the journal is, 
 " Landed at New York Dec. 20th, at 2 p. m." 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 
 
 1854. 
 
 Unto the desert and the desert steed 
 
 Farewell ! The journey is completed now : 
 Struck are the tents of Ishmael's wandering breed, 
 
 And I unwind the turban from my brow. 
 
 L ''Envoi (in " Poems of the Orient "). 
 
 Now Fame approached, when I expected least 
 Her noisy greeting. 
 
 The Picture of St. John. 
 
 When Bayard Taylor came home after two years 
 of travel lie found his name far more widely known 
 than he had imagined. There could be little opportu- 
 nity for him, while wandering, to know of the interest 
 which people took in his wanderings, but he had been 
 keeping himself in the minds of his countrymen in the 
 most effectual way. " The ' Tribune ' comes next to 
 the Bible all through the West," he once wrote to his 
 mother with an amused pride, and the readers of the 
 " Tribune " had heard his voice more than a hundred 
 times, when he had been living with scarcely a sound 
 from home. Now he was to hear and see the public 
 in the most emphatic manner. The lecture system, 
 outside of the great eastern cities where new attrac- 
 tions had begun to divide the field, was at its height, 
 and in the West especially a popular lecturer enjoyed 
 the highest favor. 
 
 As soon as it was known that Bayard Taylor had 
 
264 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 returned to America, invitations to lecture poured in 
 upon him, and in a short time he had received so 
 many that he saw a new and prosperous vocation open 
 clearly before him. He was busy preparing his notes 
 and arranging his evenings, and wrote to Mr. Boker 
 when he had been in the country but ten days : "I am 
 overwhelmed with invitations to lecture, and shall have 
 to visit every town from Maine to Wisconsin, between 
 now and April." He had no admiration for himself 
 as an orator. " I have a quiet laugh to myself now 
 and then," he writes to Mr. Fields, " at the idea of be- 
 ing a popular lecturer, I who have no faculty for any- 
 thing like oratory. I see how it is that people are 
 interested in what I say; but that doesn't lessen the 
 absurdity of the thing. I care no more for the ap- 
 plause I receive from lecturing than if it were bestowed 
 on somebody else ; the only advantage I am conscious 
 of is, that I can stand up in the face of the multitude 
 without feeling embarrassed." 
 
 The explanation of his success as a lecturer is a very 
 simple one. He had already acquired a reputation as 
 a man of wide experience, who wrote agreeably and 
 freshly of what he had seen ; he had an interesting 
 story to tell, and he told it frankly, without affecta- 
 tion, with hearty good-nature, speaking as a man to 
 his friends. It was for him a profitable but irksome 
 mode of publication. He had a vigorous constitution 
 which had been reinforced by his life in the open air 
 in the East, and he endured the fatigue which attends 
 incessant traveling and speaking as few men in his 
 place could endure it. It was wearisome to see so 
 many people, to hear the same things said to him in 
 each place, and for that matter to say very much the 
 same things himself, yet in no other way than by lee- 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 265 
 
 taring could he so rapidly accumulate the means which 
 would rid him of all literary drudgery. 
 
 Besides lecturing he needed to prepare at least three 
 books of travel from his letters, journals, and notes, 
 and he set about them in the order of his tour. " A 
 -Journey to Central Africa : or, Life and Landscapes 
 from Egypt to the Negro Kingdoms of the Nile ; with 
 a Map and Illustrations by the Author," was published 
 by Mr. Putnam in August, 1854, and " The Land of 
 the Saracens : or, Pictures of Palestine, Asia Minor, 
 Sicily, and Spain," later in the same season. A year 
 after appeared " A Visit to India, China, and Japan 
 in the Year 1853." 
 
 The labor of preparing these books, together with a 
 revised edition of "Views Afoot," kept him constantly 
 in reminiscence of his experience ; wherever he went 
 he found himself recognized as a traveler; the form 
 of recognition was often exceedingly distasteful, but 
 the fact could not be overlooked that people believed 
 in him as having unusual gifts as a painter in words 
 of laudscape, scene, and costume. Above all, he had, 
 he was obliged to confess to himself, a real love of 
 seeing many cities and men, and of coming face to 
 face with nature in strange and distant moods. It is 
 no wonder, then, that at this period of his life he 
 should have come to regard his travel as more of an 
 end and less as a mere means. He had become some- 
 what reconciled to a view of himself which came more 
 closely to an agreement with the popular conception of 
 him than he would once have been willing to admit. 
 
 " It would be strange," he says, speaking of his East- 
 ern travel, " if an experience so prolonged should not 
 sensibly change the bent of an author's mind. It was 
 not the sphere of activity which I should have chosen, 
 
266 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 had I been free to choose, but it was a grateful release 
 from the drudgery of the editorial room. After three 
 years of clipping and pasting, and the daily arrange- 
 ment of a chaos of ephemeral shreds, in an atmosphere 
 which soon exhausts the vigor of the blood, the change 
 to the freedom of Oriental life, to the wonders of the 
 oldest art, and to the easy record of impressions so 
 bright and keen that they put themselves into words, 
 was like that from night to day. With restored health 
 the life of the body became a delight in itself ; a 
 kindly fortune seemed to attend my steps ; I learned 
 something of the patience and fatalistic content of the 
 races among whom I was thrown, and troubled myself 
 no longer with an anxious concern for the future. 
 
 " I confess, too, that while floating upon the waters 
 of the White Nile, while roaming through the pine 
 forests of Phrygia or over the hills of Loo-Choo, I 
 learned to feel the passion of the Explorer. Almost 
 had I eaten of that fruit which gives its restless poison 
 to the blood. It is very likely that, had I then been 
 able to have marked out my future path, I might have 
 given it the character which was afterwards ascribed 
 to me. 
 
 " I will further confess that the unusual favor with 
 which those three volumes of travel were received, per- 
 haps, also, the ever-repeated attachment of ' traveler ' 
 to my name, and that demand for oral report of what 
 I had seen and learned which threw me suddenly into 
 the profession of lecturing, with much the sensation of 
 the priest whom Henri Quatre made general by mis- 
 take, I will confess, I say, that these things did for a 
 time mislead me as to the kind of work which I was 
 best fitted to do." 1 
 
 1 By- Ways of Europe,: "A Familiar Letter to the Header." 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 267 
 
 To this frank confession should be added the signif- 
 icant fact that while thus going with the stream, he 
 found his happiest work in shaping a new volume of 
 poems and in ordering his new domain of Cedarcroft. 
 We have seen how abundantly the Oriental life had 
 flowed in song during his reminiscence of it, especially 
 when homeward bound. He added now a few more 
 poems, and collected the material into " Poems of the 
 Orient," published in the fall of this year by Ticknor 
 & Fields, and the hearty reception given to the vol- 
 ume by the public gave him surprise and genuine 
 pleasure. His very lecturing tour brought him many 
 reminders that among those who listened to him as to 
 a traveler were others who knew him more intimately 
 as a poet. 
 
 When he bought Cedarcroft he wove an invisible 
 web about himself. Every tree which he planted in- 
 vited him to rest beneath it ; the sunset through the 
 oaks was the background to his reveries, and his mind, 
 when at leisure from arduous duties, turned wistfully 
 to the fields and copses which his ardent youth had 
 known. In the midst of his busy life he was always 
 snatching a moment to send a few lines to his mother, 
 with money for the purchase of trees and shrubs and 
 directions as to the planting. The place grew in his 
 heart as the homestead for all : he heard with alarm 
 and strong dissatisfaction of his father's wish to move 
 to the village of Kennett Square ; he had chosen the 
 spot where he meant to build a large house. For here 
 it may be said, without the particulars which do not 
 belong to the public, that Bayard Taylor was as loyal 
 to his family as if they formed together a Scottish 
 clan. From the first moment that fortune breathed 
 on him he made haste to bring them all under the 
 same warm air. 
 
268 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 His long absences both from New York and from 
 Kennett, while lecturing, gave slight opportunity for 
 literary work beyond a poem which now and then 
 called for expression, and his correspondence suffered 
 from the same cause. He wrote often to his mother, 
 but chiefly detailing his movements and the meetings 
 which he had with members of the family or neighbors 
 whom he met in the West ; he was obliged, also, to 
 write on the business of his book to Mr. Fields, and 
 the occasion was pretty sure to call out something be- 
 sides business, and he found moments of comparative 
 leisure when he enjoyed a friendly word with Mr. 
 Boker and Mr. Stoddard. From early in January 
 until the end of April he was constantly moving from 
 town to town. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 Springfield, Mass., Sunday, February 5, 1854. 
 
 I am passing my Sunday alone here, resting after a week's 
 hard work, and have just read your letter over again to dispel 
 my loneliness. I wish I could see your face for an hour to-day, 
 for our last meeting was little more than a mutual exposition 
 of our poetical labors. ... I am perhaps happier, or at least 
 stronger, than you suspect. Strong emotion of any kind always 
 carries the expression of sadness, and when I was last with you 
 I was subdued almost to tears by the recollection of your sym- 
 pathy during my season of trial, of the stay which your friend- 
 ship gave me in my weakness, of the constancy with which your 
 sympathy followed me in my long absence, and by the great joy 
 of meeting you again. Do not suffer all the debt to be on my 
 side. . . . 
 
 I passed through Philadelphia twice last week on my way to 
 and from Baltimore, but had barely time to get from one station 
 to another. In Baltimore I had a great triumph. I spoke to 
 four thousand people in a hall three hundred and fifty feet long. 
 It was a new and proud experience to magnetize so many per- 
 sons at once. I soon felt that I coidd enchain their attention, 
 and was never more confident and collected. In Albany, also, I 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 269 
 
 had great success, hundreds heing unable to get into the hall. 
 I have now not a single evening vacant before the middle of 
 April, and ana refusing invitations daily. To-morrow here, then 
 in Salem, Amesbury (where I spend a night with Whittier), 
 Manchester, N. H., etc., and next week Rochester and Buf- 
 falo. It is a profitable business, but I consider the money well 
 ■earned. . . . 
 
 I have not seen Dick for a week. The poem was his, and I 
 am glad you like it. He has half a dozen other charming little 
 tilings in MS. My own brain is beginning to ferment again as 
 the vernal equinox draws nigh, but I shall have no chance of re- 
 lieving it until this vagabondage is over. I like your " Stand- 
 ard " better than ever, after reading it in " Graham." Don't be 
 lazy, George, but have one of these library drawers filled by the 
 time I come to see you. I long to take possession of that bit of 
 " Gulistan " which you have given me in your third story, and to 
 smoke away the nights with you in your library. I could for- 
 get the Orient there, but here, with the mercury at zero every 
 morning, my Arab blood is chilled. Write to me as often as you 
 can. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Penn Yan, N. Y.j February 17, 1854. 
 . . . When shall we have a chance to notice the changes which 
 three years have made in each other ? I am going to be in Bos- 
 ton in May, and can hardly hope to see you before then, as my 
 engagements in the West will detain me until the middle of 
 April. This lecturing is a great business. I have sixty-five en- 
 gagements, and have delivered twenty or thirty. Everywhere I 
 have crushing houses. This afternoon a special train comes 
 down from Canandaigua, solely on my account ! Curiosity is 
 alive to see " The Great American Traveler." It provokes and 
 humiliates me, but I suppose it is natural, and I must submit to 
 it. But I would give all this noisy popularity for a cpiiet even- 
 ing with you. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Corning, N. Y., February 25, 1854. 
 
 ... I inclose ten dollars to pay the expense of getting fifty 
 
 more pine-trees, making one hundred altogether. I want them 
 
 set to the north and west of where the house will stand, along 
 
 the fence and among the other trees, so as to form rather a dense 
 
270 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 grove. A protection of this kind is needed to keep off the 
 northwest winds. Fred knows where the house will stand. 
 
 My lectures continue to be as popular as ever. The houses are 
 crowded, and people come here, fifteen and twenty miles, to hear 
 me. I find that everybody, literally everybody, has read my let- 
 ters, and knows me already. Such introductions as I must go 
 through with ! I am stared at and pointed at as if I were the 
 great Gyaskutos itself. It is not very pleasant, but I must pay 
 the penalty. However, it makes me acquainted with many ex- 
 cellent people all over the country, so that, wherever I go, I am 
 never among strangers. 
 
 A pleasant account of the manner in which he made 
 friends, when on his lecturing tours, appears in a rem- 
 iniscence by a writer in the Troy (N. Y.) "Whig," 
 after Bayard Taylor's death : " I met him first," the 
 writer says, " after his return from India, and knowing 
 him then only as the ' great American traveler,' and 
 never having read or heard as to his personal appear- 
 ance or manner, was prepared for the manifestation in 
 him of anything that was distant, cool, dignified, re- 
 pelling, or repressing. He was as much a stranger to 
 all the others who were present on this occasion as to 
 me, and he must have known by his keen power of 
 studying character that those whose guest he then was 
 regarded him with great respect and admiration. But 
 from the first moment of his introduction to the end of 
 his visit, the ease of his manner, the attention which 
 he paid to the various queries which were propounded 
 to him, the full and intelligent information that he 
 conveyed, and the graphic words in which he described 
 what he had seen and heard, and which we desired 
 most particularly to hear, won me away from my pre- 
 conceived notions as to his style and bearing, and left 
 him forever enshrined in memory as one who 
 
 ' Bore without abuse 
 The grand old name of gentleman.' 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 271 
 
 " I had listened for some time to his intelligent de- 
 scriptions, enunciated with extreme modesty in the mod- 
 ulated tones of his pleasing voice, when Tom, a large 
 Maltese cat, entered the room. At Mr. Taylor's invi- 
 tation Tom approached him, and as he stroked the fur 
 "of the handsome cat, a sort of magnetism seemed to 
 be imparted to the family pet, for he rolled over at the 
 feet of his new-made friend, and seemed delighted with 
 the beo-irmino' of the interview. In the most natural 
 manner possible, Mr. Taylor slid off, as it were, from 
 the sofa on which he had been sitting, and assuming 
 the position of a Turk on the rug before the sofa, re- 
 mained there for ten or fifteen minutes, playing with 
 delighted Tom in the most buoyant manner, still con- 
 tinuing his conversation but changing the subject, for 
 the nonce, to that of cats, and narrating many stories 
 respecting the weird and wise conduct of these animals 
 which are at once loved and feared by the human 
 race." * 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Buffalo, March 5, 1854. 
 
 ... I have lectured nine times since I saw you, and have had 
 great success everywhere. Crammed houses ; women carried 
 out faulting ; young ladies stretching their necks on all sides, 
 and crying in breathless whispers, " There he is ! that 's him ! " 
 etc. 
 
 Believe me, Stoddard, it is a miserable business, this lecturing. 
 There is some satisfaction in finding so many persons that have 
 known you, and read what you have written, and feel a sincere 
 interest in you, and are kind and hospitable towards you, but, 
 oh the vanity and vexation of hearing the same remarks twenty 
 times a day, and being obliged to answer questions that have be- 
 come hideous by endless repetition. I wonder how I retain my 
 patience under it all. Sometimes I snap them rather short off, 
 but they think it's my way of talking, and are not offended. I 
 find that this business of traveling has entirely swamped and 
 1 Troy Morning Whig, December 23, 1878. 
 
272 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 overwhelmed my poetical reputation, except with a few sensible 
 people here and there. People can't see that if I had not been a 
 poet, I should never have had such success as a traveler. Then 
 to hear remarks made about me and my lectures, in the cars and 
 hotels, by people who don't know me personally, it 's amusing, 
 yet humiliating, for I am not nattered by the value they put upon 
 me. There is not the least fragment of discrimination in it. 
 Most of them admire me hugely for having gotten over so much 
 ground, and some are inclined to sneer because the others admire. 
 Altogether, the experience is interesting and useful, but I foresee 
 that I shall soon get enough of it. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis., March 16, 1854. 
 
 Your letter has reached me at last, after chasing me all over 
 the West. I shall be in Boston (I hope and expect) about the 
 last of April, so I shall certainly see you before your departure. 
 How long shall you be absent ? I hardly envy you the journey 
 just now, for I desire nothing so much as rest. I have had no 
 rest since I reached home, and shall have none for a month or 
 two to come. But I must see you before you leave for many 
 reasons. And to come to the main subject at once, I do desire to 
 bring out a new volume of poems in the fall. They are mostly 
 Eastern in subject or spirit, and I think of calling them " Poems 
 of the Orient." But few of them have been published. I have 
 forty or fifty in all. As my work on my African travels will ap- 
 pear in August, and another on Syria, Asia Minor, and Spain in 
 November, I think if I could get out the poems in October they 
 would come in a propos to the travels. I want to show you the 
 poems, and discuss the subject of their publication. 
 
 I am afraid my " Romances," etc., have been an unfortunate 
 investment for you. I have fully made up my mind that the 
 book has been a complete failure. Now, James, I want to know 
 the exact truth. If you remember rightly, I promised to make 
 up whatever deficiency there might be. I have not the slightest 
 idea that the book has paid the expense of publication, and I 
 want to know my indebtedness. I did hope a rather more favor- 
 able result, but am not disheartened, seeing that in order to have 
 a great sale one must adopt the style of Tupper or Alexander 
 Smith. 
 
 Therefore, if a limited sale proves that I have no resemblance to 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 273 
 
 those worthies, I am well satisfied. But I do not intend that 
 you shall lose a penny hy my failure. I make Ticknor & Co. 
 my preferred creditors, and there are still sufficient assets in my 
 hands to pay you one hundred cents on the dollar. Make no 
 hones ahout the matter, my dear James, hut come down upon me 
 as you would upon an ahscpiatulating hook-agent. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis., March 16, 1854. 
 Here I am, in the wilds of Wisconsin, just come in from a 
 journey of three or four days on the Rock River prairies. I 
 have the most astounding success all through the West. The 
 little country towns all give me fifty dollars a lecture, and cram 
 their halls and churches. People come ten, fifteen, and twenty 
 rrules over the prairie in their wagons to see and hear me. They 
 all take the " Tribune " and read every one of my letters con- 
 scientiously, and theix great curiosity is to see what sort of an 
 animal I am. They are greatly disappointed because I am not 
 forty-five years old. I had no idea before that I was half so well 
 known. I am carried from place to place in triumph, have the 
 best rooms at hotels, the most obsequious attention, aud am 
 stared at in a way that quite puts me out of countenance. At 
 Rockford they gave me a serenade. Some of the farmers' wives 
 are so overcome with awe when I am introduced to them that 
 they cannot say a word. It 's puzzling to me to see this ; I ex- 
 amine myself to see what I am, and find myself to be somebody 
 else than I thought I was. Why, there are men coming down 
 from Janesville (seventy miles off) to hear me lecture to-night 
 here, although I have lectured in Janesville once already. The 
 people are infatuated, and I can't understand why. It is a new 
 and curious experience. If I lecture next winter I can spend 
 three months hi the West, and have engagements for every 
 night. 
 
 Mr. Fields relieved his mind with regard to the for- 
 tune of " A Book of Romances." " It has sold," he 
 writes, "to that extent which leaves the author thereof 
 uncalled upon to pay. . . . Do let us publish the other 
 volume of poems. Stoddard had the MS., and I bor- 
 rowed it to read in the cars going home from New 
 
 VOL. I. 18 
 
274 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 York last Saturday. It is fine throughout, and one 
 poem in particular, one of the longest, is one of the 
 best pieces from anybody's pen that has appeared for 
 years. It is that where the Arab tells his love, and 
 relates how he carried off his lady on the back of 
 El-something." 1 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo., April 15, 1854. 
 
 Behold me here, in the Missourian wilds, on my lecturing cru- 
 sade ! I have half a mind to run up to Nebraska and roll out 
 one of my harangues to the unsettled prairies of that great coun- 
 try. I am doing my best to fulfill my engagements in the West, 
 but the invitations increase in geometrical ratio ; so that I have 
 finally set a limit, and now sternly decline the entreaties which 
 still pour in upon me from all sides. The programme of my 
 season is at length completed, and if you knew how arduous and 
 incessant my labors have been for the past three months, you 
 would congratulate me heartily. I lecture to-night for the sixty- 
 eighth time, and have still twenty more appointments. 
 
 I have to be at Portsmouth, N. H., on the 9th of May, so you 
 may expect me in Boston on Monday afternoon, May 8th, and on 
 Thursday, May 11th, all day. Now I sincerely trust you have 
 not engaged to leave for England before that time, for I look 
 forward to a night with you as a hart panteth for the water- 
 brooks. 
 
 What you say of my Book of Lyrics, etc., my dear James, is 
 not wholly calculated to satisfy me. I believe you to be wicked 
 enough to equivocate in such matters, for the purpose of sparing 
 your friends. I am not altogether certain that you have not 
 done so. in the present instance, and ask you solemnly, in the 
 words of Chadband, " Is that Terewth ? " And why is it not 
 Terewth ? O my young friend, tell me why ! 
 
 I am highly gratified with your approbation of my Oriental- 
 ities. Of course I want you, and no other, to have the book, and 
 your willingness to bring it out, after the former failure, sur- 
 prises me even more than it pleases me. I will see that you 
 have the entire copy in season to publish in September or Octo- 
 ber, if you choose. But of all this, and much more, we will dis- 
 
 1 El-Azrek in the poem " Amran's Wooing." 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 275 
 
 course when we meet, three weeks hence. Pray Heaven that I 
 find you still at your post. I know of no man just now the sight 
 of whom would refresh me more. This is merely a scrawl to re- 
 mind you of my whereabouts, doings, and plannings. My lec- 
 tures are mightily successful, but I am very tired of being shown 
 up as a lion, and long to meet with somebody who don't consider 
 me a phenomenon. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New Albany, Ind., April 23, 1854. 
 ... I had crowded houses at Indianapolis, many persons com- 
 ing seventy miles to attend. You must know, by the by, that I 
 am a professor in the Indiana State College. They wanted me 
 to lecture for them, and in order to secure for me the College 
 Hall, wliich no one can use except a member of the Faculty, the 
 trustees elected me Professor of History pro tern. I was very 
 sorry I could not go after that ; but I have promised to lecture 
 for them next winter, and shall not resign my professorship until 
 that time. ... I shall reach New York in just two weeks from 
 to-day. Last night was my seventy-fourth lecture, and I have 
 thirteen more to deliver before going home. I shall wait until 
 next spring before setting out more pines on my place, as it is 
 now rather late in the season. I shall no doubt want two rows in 
 some places, and perhaps three. If I ever come to live on my 
 property I think I shall make it entirely a grazing farm, which 
 ■will be much more easily managed and quite as profitable. . . . 
 
 Newark, Ohio, April 30, 1854. 
 ... I have six more lectures this week (every night) which 
 will take me back to New York. Next week I must visit Boston, 
 on business, and lecture in Portsmouth, N. H., and Lawrence, 
 Mass. Week after next I shall lecture twice in Wilmington, and 
 be at home. Week after that I shall lecture in West Chester, 
 which wall close this season's work, thank Heaven ! I am quite 
 fagged out, not with speaking, but with traveling, and with 
 being shown up, introduced, questioned, visited and made to 
 visit, bandshakeu, autographed, honorary membershiped, compli- 
 mented, censured, quizzed, talked about before my face by 
 people who don't know me, written about in the papers, dis- 
 played on handbills, sold on tickets, applied to for charitable 
 purposes, and the Lord knows what else. Nevertheless, my 
 
276 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 voice is in splendid order, stronger and clearer than ever be- 
 fore, and I still keep every ounce of my 172 pounds of solid 
 flesh. ... It is said that a rolling stone gathers no moss, but I 
 think I 've gathered something that will feather my nest quite as 
 well. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Newark, Ohio, April 30, 1854. 
 
 ... I have another piece of good news, in which I am cer- 
 tain of your congratulations, — Ticknor's offer to bring out my 
 Oriental poems in the fall, and of course I intend doing it. 
 Fields writes me that the other volume paid expenses, but, be- 
 tween ourselves, I doubt it. Fields would rather lose some- 
 thing out of his own pocket than acknowledge to me that the 
 book was a failure. I have half a dozen more Orientals to write, 
 which will make about fifty poems in all, and clear off, I hope, 
 all the small fry on which I have been engaged. I shall then go 
 steadily to work on my " Picture of St. John," which, you may 
 remember, was commenced three years ago. I have two or three 
 large canvases in my studio, and hope that time and energy may 
 be allowed me to fill them up. 
 
 This western tour, thank God ! is nearly over. Last night I 
 lectured for the eightieth time, and I have ten more engagements 
 to fill. I shall be in New York in another week, and shall then 
 visit Boston and New Hampshire. I am tired to death of being 
 introduced to people, answering questions (many of them silly 
 enough), and being stared at with a mixture of curiosity and 
 awe as "the man that went to Africa." Fame (if this is it) is 
 not worth the trouble we take to get it. There is, however, a 
 counterbalancing pleasure in the knowledge that one has written 
 things which tens of thousands have had delight in reading. I 
 have been touched by an incident related to me the other day, 
 of a man in Ohio who rode several miles one raving night to 
 borrow the " Tribune," in order that his sick wife might read my 
 letters, which, it seems, had a cheery effect upon her. I have 
 also met numbers of bright-eyed children (God bless them !) 
 who were as eager for my letters as for Robinson Crusoe, and 
 who seem so delighted to see me and talk with me that I take 
 my notoriety gratefully, with all its annoyances. On the whole, 
 I am immeasurably cheered and strengthened by this winter's ex- 
 periences, and I pray God to keep me from all undue exaltation 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 211 
 
 of mind on account of it. I foresee that this popularity is tem- 
 porary, and that somebody else will soon take my place ; but it 
 is a great happiness to feel once in your life that you have 
 achieved something which has given you an interest in the minds 
 of your countrymen and a warm place in their hearts. I expect 
 to call at 506 Walnut Street on the morning of May 16th, on 
 my way to Chester County." 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, June 12, 1854. 
 ... I am over head and ears on my " Journey to Central Af- 
 rica," which must be out by the close of August. There will be a 
 map and fifteen to twenty illustrations, and I am obliged to be my 
 own illustrator, so that my hands are tolerably full. Nevertheless, 
 I shall have the Poems ready whenever you call for them. I sup- 
 pose if you get the copy in a month it will answer very well. I 
 have added to my stock the following : " Proem Dedicatory — 
 An Epistle from Mount Tmolus ; " " Hassan to his Mare ; " " The 
 Wisdom of Ali ; " " A Psean to the Dawn ; " "In the Meadows ; " 
 " The Phantom," — all written since I saw you. Am I not a good 
 boy ? Now I have an " Envoi Extraordinary " and three more 
 Orientals to beget, and then I shall lay my manuscripts at your 
 feet. There will be fifty-five poems in all, and I suppose the 
 volume will make two hundred pages. Don't be alarmed at this, 
 for I pledge you my word that I shall write no more than I 
 have said, and I am going to omit two from the MS. book which 
 you saw. In spite of your advice, I caimot make up my mind to 
 print what seems to me to be tame trash. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, June 13, 1854. 
 ... I almost regret having come home so soon, when I see 
 what a fine time my brother officers are having in Japan. You 
 will find the account in to-morrow's paper. Perry is perfectly 
 successful, as I said he would be. ... I have become acquainted 
 with Sami Effendi, the Egyptian commissioner to the Crystal 
 Palace. He is a Circassian by birth, but a good Mahometan, 
 and therefore I like him. I have been daguerreotyped in Arab 
 dress, to be engraved for " Putnam's Magazine." . . . 
 
278 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa., August 10, 1854. 
 Many thanks for your care in forwarding my letters, but many 
 complaints for your not sending a line or two of your own with 
 them. My holiday is nearly up, and I do not wish any more 
 letters sent to this address, as I shall be in New York on Mon- 
 day night. The country is glorious at this season ; I never saw 
 it more fresh and luxuriant. I have been leading an animal 
 life in the open air, and flourish like a green bay tree. My own 
 trees are growing bravely. I have blistered my hands and torn 
 my coat in trimming out and civilizing a favorite pine grove. 
 I have wrought wonders, as you shall see when you come here 
 with me in October. I have made a seat under the father-pine, 
 and intend putting another seat and writing-desk in the thickest 
 shade. Tbe birds know me already, and I have learned to imi- 
 tate the partridge and the rain-dove, so that I can lure them to 
 me. I have some superb cedars and the grandest oaks you ever 
 saw. This savagism in the open air has quite destroyed the 
 inclination to write. ... I have not written a line, and could 
 not if I would. For this chiefest of mercies the Lord's name 
 be praised. I have just thought of a couplet of Goethe's, which 
 please make a note of : — 
 
 " Gray and hoary is all Theory 
 Forever green Life's golden tree." 
 
 MARY RUSSELL MITFORD TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Swallowfield, August 18, 1854. 
 My dear Mr. Taylor, — Thank you very sincerely for your 
 most interesting letter. Your two books and your lectures will 
 have, I doubt not, the great power which you most wish, that 
 of making the Arab character known in the West. Only this 
 very day I find a very distinguished man (Arthur Stanley, the 
 biographer of Dr. Arnold) expressing just your feeling. He 
 tells a most dear friend of his and mine that he " cannot keep 
 away from the East ; " and that you should wish to return thither 
 is far less surprising. You seem to me not unlike an Arab your- 
 self, — frank, loyal, faithful, brave, generous, imaginative, and, 
 above all, nomadic. To keep you in one place would be like 
 fixing a lark to the earth or imprisoning a swallow. Wander- 
 ing is your destiny, dear friend, and your power of writing and 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 279 
 
 of speech make it a destiny profitable to your country and to 
 ours. I always thought of Moore's verses (they are not poetry) 
 just as you do. Knowing the man well, I liked him as a com- 
 panion and a wit, but now by publishing his diary he has shown 
 that he was a mere party man, a place-hunter, and a base syco- 
 phant to rank, money, fashion, — mammon in every shape. It 
 is a book which ought to do good to authors by showing what 
 bitter apples they swallow who haunt in the form of toad-eaters 
 the tables of the great. Theodore Hook himself was not a more 
 miserable warning. It is a comfort to rne that I expressed, two 
 years ago, in my " Recollections," the same opinion of Moore's 
 verses (even his Irish verses), and almost in the same words. 
 Just look at the book ; you will find the sentence in one of the 
 chapters on Irish poets. Have you read a little book by Monck- 
 ton Milnes, called " Palm Leaves ' ' ? That is an imperfect ap- 
 proach to your plan. " Les Orientales," by Victor Hugo, far 
 more poems than either Milnes' or Moore's lyrics, are hardly 
 Eastern. Altogether, the ground is left vacant for you, who will 
 best fill it. 
 
 If you have read the Preface to " Atherton," it will perhaps 
 give you some idea of my state to say that I have been growing 
 gradually and steadily worse ever since. About six weeks ago I 
 was so much fatigued and excited by a two hours' visit from a 
 friend, who had come from Germany a year before his time in 
 order to see me once again, that from mere exhaustion such a 
 struggle for breath followed my being lifted into bed as made 
 every one believe it the last. So now I am not moved from my 
 chair, but sit night and day on a water cushion, propped by air 
 cushions, my feet sometimes put up ou another cushion, and 
 sometimes wheeled to the open window. I grow weaker and 
 weaker, and the digestive powers are failing ; but God is very 
 merciful. I believe that his visitation has been graciously sent 
 to draw me to Himself, and He has been pleased to spare my un- 
 derstanding and my affections. I have all material comforts, — 
 servants who nurse me as if I were their mother, a most skillful 
 surgeon, who is also a most dear friend, and neighbors who are 
 so attentive that the difficulty is to exclude visitors who exhaust 
 my strength. Amongst these, dear Lady Russell is the most 
 constant. I see her nearly every day ; and once I have seen 
 your acquaintance Mr. George, a clever, idle lad, who will I hope 
 exert his abilities and become a distinguished man. But it is one 
 
280 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 of the dangers of English life to be the younger son of a man of 
 large landed property, and so connected that, without being rich 
 himself, he is thrown into all the temptations of luxury and dissi- 
 pation. His elder brother is in the Guards, and now, I suppose, 
 before or at Sebastopol. God bless you, dear Mr. Taylor. Re- 
 member me to my dear American friends, not forgetting Mr. 
 Stoddard. Ever faithfully yours, 
 
 M. R. MlTFORD. 
 
 Write to me, if you have time. This state is uncertain as to 
 duration, although to all appearance the end draws near. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO MARY RUSSELL MlTFORD. 
 
 New York, September 15, 1854. 
 
 My dear Friend, — I can scarcely say how much I thank 
 you for your letter which reached me yesterday. I know how 
 much it must have cost you to write at all, and, if this should 
 not find your health improved, I hope you will not feel bound 
 to exhaust your strength by replying to it. I will still hope 
 that you may be spared to your friends for summers to come ; 
 but, if this should not be, the cheerfulness with which you an- 
 ticipate the great change will sweeten its approach. 
 
 I wish I could say something that could cheer the weariness 
 of your illness ; but what can I write, except what you must 
 already know, that you have many true friends on this side of 
 the ocean ; that many whom you have never seen think of you 
 with esteem and affection, and that their warmest sympathy is 
 with you in your afflictions. If I should never see you again, it 
 will be a happiness to remember that I have Seen and known 
 you in your house at Swallowfield. Shall I ever forget that 
 stormy afternoon I passed in your little library ? I then hoped 
 that our meeting was but the commencement of an intercourse 
 which I knew I should value the more the longer it existed ; for 
 I looked forward then, as now, to visiting England frequently. 
 Your kindness to a rough stranger like myself made me at once 
 your friend, and I shall never think of you otherwise, my dear 
 Miss Mitford, than with the sincerest friendship and esteem. 
 Stoddard and I speak of you often and involuntarily as an old 
 and tried friend, so near and familiar the thought of you has be- 
 come. You will still live thus in our memories when you shall 
 have left the world, in which we must struggle a little while 
 longer. 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 281 
 
 My work on Africa will be published in a few days, and I 
 will send you a copy by the first opportunity. It may serve to 
 divert the tedium of your imprisonment. I have tried to fix the 
 sunshine of the East on its pages, and perhaps a little may be 
 reflected into the glooms of your English October. It promises 
 to be very successful here, six or seven thousand copies having 
 been ordered before pubbcation. I am busily engaged upon an- 
 other, to be called "The Lands of the Saracen," embracing my 
 travels in Syria, Asia Minor, Sicily, and Spain. Three volumes 
 in one season. You see I am not idle, although I work some- 
 Avhat against my will, for the old Oriental indolence returns now 
 and then. 
 
 I am glad you like the idea of the Oriental poems. It re- 
 mains to be seen whether they will be recognized as successful. 
 A poetical fame is usually of slow growth, and circumstances 
 have obliged me to throw my prose in the way of my poetry. 
 I know perfectly well, however, that literary fame must be 
 waited for, not sought ; that if I deserve it I shall surely get it, 
 and if I don't deserve it I ought not to wish it. 
 
 I have seen nearly all our authors this summer, — Irving, 
 Longfellow, Lowell, Holmes, Willis, and Bryant, — but they are 
 idling at present. Stoddard and I are working side by side, 
 and trying to keep our early vows. There is happiness in the 
 labor, and we are cheerful and hopeful. Heaven grant, my dear 
 friend, that we may be as fortunate as you when the time conies 
 for us to cease working, that we may look back on our success- 
 ful achievements, and be surrounded by as many and as faithful 
 friends ! 
 
 But I fear lest it may tire you to read as well as to write, and 
 that I may be making my letter too long. I wall write again 
 soon if I can say anything to interest you. God bless you ! 
 
 Ever faithfully your friend, Bayard Taylor. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, September 1, ]8-"4. 
 What are you doing ? This is fine working weather and I am 
 already deep into my second book of travels. I call it " The 
 Lands of the Saracen," as it embraces Syria, Asia Minor, Sicily, 
 and Spain. The poems are all in type, making a volume of two 
 hundred and three pages. They will be published in about a 
 month. My African book is all printed aud bound (about four 
 
282 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 thousand copies ordered), and will be published in about four 
 days. I shall send you a copy as soon as possible. Stoddard has 
 read the most of it, and prefers it to my other prose works, 
 although he still thinks that it is liable to the same objection, a 
 want of poetic and imaginative description. My plan, however, 
 is to keep poetry in one dish and prose in another, and let those 
 mix them who choose. Dick and I have, for our own amuse- 
 ment, written a poem in imitation of Shelley. Mine is called " A 
 Vision of Sleep," and really reads quite like Shelley. In other 
 respects Dick is lazy, and I am so engrossed by my prose that 
 poetry is dead and buried for the time. 
 
 I am receiving any quantity of invitations to lecture next win- 
 ter, and expect to start on my tour about the 20th of October. 
 I shall be thus employed until May, when I shall resume work 
 on the " Tribune." I had made a pleasant arrangement with 
 Bogue for the republication of my books in London, and now the 
 recent copyright decision knocks it all in the head. How much 
 longer are we to be treated in this beggarly manner by our leg- 
 islators ? I have no hope of the Copyright Treaty ever being 
 ratified by the present Senate. 
 
 WASHINGTON IRVING TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Sunnyside, September 12, 1854. 
 My dear Bayard Taylor, — I am quite grieved that I was 
 from home when you visited Sunnyside last Saturday, and that 
 you did not make yourself at home notwithstanding my absence. 
 Why did you not take command of my little library, such as it 
 is, or while away the sultry day under the trees ? My women- 
 kind would have been happy to give you the best entertainment 
 the house afforded. One of my nieces hastened down-stairs to 
 welcome you and was extremely disappointed at finding you had 
 gone. I trust you will act better on any future occasion, and 
 will feel assured that whoever is in the house will be happy to 
 receive you, and should nobody be at home, that the house itself 
 is at your service. 
 
 I feel very much obliged to you for the volume you were so 
 kind as to leave, and promise myself great pleasure in once more 
 accompanying you in your African travels. 
 
 Yours very cordially and sincerely, 
 
 Washington Irving. 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 283 
 
 The older men of letters, of whom Irving was then 
 the recognized dean, always received from Bayard 
 Taylor the respect which he paid to the men who had 
 done honorable service in literature, and gave to him 
 that hearty companionship which age in letters always 
 knows so well how to share with youth. For the men 
 of his own time of life, he had a very cordial sympathy. 
 His letters have already shown how sensitive he was 
 to the affection of his intimate literary friends, hut 
 they only rarely hint at the full pleasure which he took 
 in their companionship. Mr. Stoddard, in his " Rem- 
 iniscences," has given a glimpse of comradery which 
 subsisted between himself, Bayard Taylor, and Fitz 
 James O'Brien, the brilliant young Irish litterateur. 
 
 " I recall many nights which Bayard Taylor passed 
 in our rooms. . . . Great was our merriment ; for if 
 we did not always sink the shop, we kept it for our own 
 amusement solely. Fitz James O'Brien was a frequent 
 guest, and an eager partaker of our merriment, which 
 somehow resolved itself into the writing of burlesque 
 poems. We sat around a table, and whenever the 
 whim seized us, which was often enough, we each wrote 
 down themes on little pieces of paper, and putting 
 them into a hat or a box we drew out one at random, 
 and then scribbled away for dear life. We put no re- 
 striction upon ourselves : we could be grave or gay, or 
 idiotic even ; but we must be rapid, for half the fun 
 was in noting who first sang out, ' Finished ! ' It was 
 a neck and neck race between Bayard Taylor and Fitz 
 James O'Brien, who divided the honors pretty equally, 
 and whose verses, I am compelled to admit, were gen- 
 erally better than my own. Bayard Taylor was very 
 dexterous in seizing the salient points of the poets we 
 girded at, and was as happy as a child when his bur- 
 
284 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 lesques were successful. He reminded me, I once told 
 him, of Kalterf elto 
 
 ' With his hair on end 
 At his own wonders.' 
 
 He blushed, laughed, and admitted that his cleverness 
 pleased him, and he was glad that it pleased us also. 
 ' It is good sport,' he remarked ; ' but poetry, — that 
 is very different.' " 1 
 
 A writer in the " Tribune " refers to the same 
 mock-duels in an article on Fitz James O'Brien, and 
 instances a case where the theme was " The Helmet." 
 He gives O'Brien's verses : — 
 
 A warrior hung his plumed helm 
 
 On the rugged bough of an aged elm ; 
 " Where is the knight so bold," he cried, 
 " That dares my haughty crest deride ? " 
 
 The wind came by with a sullen howl 
 And dashed the helm on the pathway foul, 
 And shook in scorn each sturdy limb, — 
 For where is the knight could fight with him ? 
 
 And here is Mr. Stoddard's poem : — 
 
 Where the standards waved the thickest, 
 
 And the tide of battle rolled, 
 Furiously he charged the foeman, 
 
 On his snow-white steed so bold ; 
 But he wore no guarding helmet 
 
 Only his long hair of gold. 
 
 " Turn and fly, thou rash young warrior, 
 
 Or this iron helmet wear." 
 " Nay, but I am armed already 
 
 In the brightness of my hair ; 
 For my mother kissed its tresses 
 
 With the holy lips of prayer." 
 
 l The Atlantic Monthly, February, 1879. 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 285 
 
 " Mr. Taylor came in last," adds the writer, " though 
 not far behind. He could not write upon the helmet, 
 he explained ; he had tried it on his head, and there 
 was nothing in it ! " x It chanced that Bayard was 
 writing shortly after to Mr. Boker, and sent him his 
 poem. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, September 15, 1854. 
 Dick brought me a deserved reproof from you, but he did not 
 tell you that he was the cause of my not sending you a copy of 
 my book by him. The scamp promised to call at my rooms the 
 evening before I left, and I had the book ready to send by him. 
 I shall bring it to you myself in three weeks, or thereabouts. I 
 am glad you like the commencement, for I think it grows bet- 
 ter towards the close, and therefore you are certain to like the 
 whole of it. My friends here think it a great advance on my 
 other prose works, and the fact that between six and seven thou- 
 sand copies have been sold in advance of publication tells well 
 for its success. It will come out on Monday, having been de- 
 layed by the necessity of having ten thousand to start with. I 
 have nearly finished my second book of travels, a volume of 450 
 pages, which will be published about the first of December. 
 Three books in one publishing season ! Don't I deserve a medal 
 from the Society for the Promotion of Industrj' ? and now I 
 must have three lectures ready within a month, and then off for 
 six months. How I yearn for next spring, and the prospect of 
 sitting down with all my toil behind me, and a fair field and a 
 clear brain for poetry ! I am glad that you agree with me about 
 poetic prose. Dick finds this book nearly free from the objec- 
 tions he had against " Eldorado ; " O'Brien, however (a very 
 clever young Irishman and a litterateur}, stoutly maintains the 
 same opinion. Curtis, who turns his poetry into prose, is vastly 
 delighted with the " Africa," which is a weight in the opposite 
 scale. These opinions are, of course, simply interesting to me, 
 for I do not think I am in the least sensitive about my prose 
 writings. I fully agree with one of your criticisms ; " palpa- 
 ble " is wrong, but as for " journey," custom has made it right. 
 Words are often diverted from their original meaning, and we 
 
 i New York Daily Tribune, March 6, 1881. 
 
286 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 are not bound to stick to the old usage. " Prevent " is a case in 
 point. Sterne, whose diction is very choice, has a " Sentimental 
 Journey." Besides, we have the verb "to journey," which is 
 never used except in the sense of " to travel." Now, the literal 
 meaning of travel is toil, and my African travel was a delight 
 and a recreation. " Expedition " will not do at all, and I detest 
 " wanderings," " skippings," " meanderings," and the like. What 
 word could I use but "journey?" Tell me that, my master ! 
 Nevertheless, don't lay aside your pencil as you read, for these 
 things are useful to me. 
 
 Dick, O'Brien, and I were talking the other evening about Ger- 
 man ballads, and it was suggested, on the spur of the moment, 
 that we should try our hands on something in the German vein. 
 We chose " The Helmet " as a subject, and had but fifteen min- 
 utes to conceive and carry out our ideas. Dick wrote a very 
 pretty thing. As for mine, I copy it as a curiosity which may 
 divert you : — 
 
 " 1/ my daughter you would wed, 
 
 Bring me your helm," the old man said, 
 "Full of wealth as it can hold, 
 
 Heaped with jewels and heavy with gold ; 
 
 For I will not give my daughter to share 
 
 With the penniless knight his beggar's fare." 
 
 Forth to the wars went the penniless knight, 
 For booty gleams in the wake of fight, 
 And he will gather, to fill his helm, 
 The richest spoils of the hostile realm, 
 Till the miser's heart shall softer grow 
 When he sees the gold and the rubies glow. 
 
 The fight has been fought and the wars are o'er, 
 And the old man laughed at his palace door 
 As he saw that the place of the penniless lord 
 Was filled by a stranger helm and sword ; 
 But his daughter came and knelt where he stood, 
 And she held a helmet brimming with blood. 
 
 " O father, O father, his blood was worth 
 All the jewels and gold of earth. 
 It poured from his heart as his eyes grew dull, 
 And I bring you his helmet brimming full : 
 You have your will, and I am his bride." 
 At her father's feet the maiden died. 
 
 With these exceptions I have written no poetry of late, and 
 don't expect to write much more before next spring. My vol- 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 287 
 
 nme of Orientals must buoy me up until then, unless it should 
 prove a dead weight to my feet and drown me altogether. What 
 have you been doing ? . . . 
 
 I am trying to keep up a supply of animal vigor, by bath- 
 ing, gymnastics, and the like. I have an excess of physical vi- 
 tality, which must be ministered to in this way, or it will play 
 the devil with me. I spend half an hour every day in the cold 
 sea-water, and then have a man rub me with hair-gloves until the 
 skin is worn nearly through. I have been practicing this for two 
 or three weeks, and am now in good condition to enter the ring. 
 Look out for my fists, young man, and beware how you provoke 
 my anger ! Next summer I am going to enter a gymnasium, and 
 get the use of a horse. I find now, more than ever, that my body 
 never was meant for a sedentary life, and that, if I want to stay 
 at home and achieve something, I must humor it in these ways. 
 
 I have just had a letter from Miss Mitford. The dear old 
 lady is near her end, and I am afraid my answer will not find her 
 living. 
 
 New York, September 20, 1854. 
 
 In the first place, let me thank you for the very kind notice of 
 my book in the " North American." It is everything that I could 
 desire, and more than I deserve. The evident sincerity of the 
 notice is its great merit to me and to my publisher, who has 
 quoted the greater part of it in a circular announcing the fact 
 that the tenth thousand of the book is now ready. So you see you 
 are helping my pocket as well as my reputation. When will you 
 give me a chance to do the same good office for you ? 
 
 ... I shall finish the " copy " of the second book of travels to- 
 morrow, and shall then commence preparing my lectures. I have 
 just a month left in which to write three and make my visit to 
 Chester County with Dick and you, so it behooves me not to lose 
 time. I have just returned from Tarrytown, where I spent the 
 afternoon with Washington Irving, who is a charming old man 
 and a good friend of mine. There is an autumnal wind on the 
 Hudson, and I have come back with a cold in the head, the result 
 of civilization. If I were in my natural barbaric state, I should 
 have escaped it. This stupid cold must be my apology for this 
 brief note. I write with a muddled head and a languid pen 
 because I would not longer delay telling you how much I thank 
 you. 
 
288 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 MARY RUSSELL MITFORD TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 September 28, 1854. 
 My very dear Friend, — Your most charming letter, so 
 tender and so true, has gone straight to my heart, as it came 
 straight from yours. I cannot think of it without tears. Never- 
 theless, I am well accustomed to touching letters just now, — to 
 marks of goodness, which make me say, " How have I deserved 
 all this kindness ? " My own country-people have not failed me; 
 friends and strangers, high and low, all crowd the little court 
 with calls of inquiry, and load the postman with letters ; and your 
 great American nation is to the full as warm-hearted. Dear Mr. 
 Fields sent me yesterday a bill for £50, on account of the au- 
 thor's profits of " Atherton ; " and when I consider how cheap 
 that one volume is, and how short is the time since it has been 
 published, it shows that the number of readers, each of whom 
 they say becomes a friend, is very considerable. Mr. Fields says 
 that it is still " going famously," and, welcome as money is in so 
 long and so expensive an illness, I love the sale which increases 
 my unknown friends better for that cause than for the pecuniary 
 benefit. Tou will understand this feeling. Many, indeed, of the 
 very best are already my friends by personal acquaintance, as 
 dear Mr. Fields, Mr. Ticknor, the other Mr. Ticknor, — him of the 
 Spanish literature, — your own dear self, and very many more ; and 
 others by correspondence, as Drs. Holmes and Parsons, Mr. Haw- 
 thorne, Mr. Whittier, Mr. Stoddard, and again many more ; and 
 I have always found that the deeper we penetrated into the inner 
 man the more there was to love and to esteem. Only yesterday I 
 had a letter from Mrs. Trollope, my friend of fifty years, and she 
 compliments me on having " pierced the crust of the American 
 character " so much earlier than herself. She writes from Flor- 
 ence, and gives a bad account of Mr. Thompson's health. I had 
 given him a letter for her. She does not say where he is now, 
 giving me credit with being better acquainted with him than I 
 am. She is herself quite recovered, and a wonderful woman. 
 When I was a girl of fifteen she was a woman of two or three 
 and twenty. Now she is a score of years younger, in all but 
 mind and heart ; for God has dealt mercifully with me, and 
 spared my affections, and my sympathies, and my tastes ; even 
 the small things which interest those around me, the daily tri- 
 fles, still interest me, — an unspeakable mercy. But the whole 
 
FRUIT AND FLOWER OF TRAVEL. 289 
 
 visitation has been sweet. I feel that it was sent to draw me to 
 Him. May He give me grace not to forfeit the occasion ! 
 
 Since I wrote to yon last I have revived to a certain point, so 
 that my death is no longer expected from week to week, or from 
 day to day, or from hour to hour, as was the case then. I owe 
 this under Providence to the admirable kindness of my medical 
 attendant, who, although giving me up, did not abandon the 
 stranded ship, but in spite of his own great practice (he tires a 
 pair of horses a day), and my distance from Reading (six miles), 
 and his own bad opinion of the case, continued to watch every 
 symptom and to exhaust every resource of his great art, as if his 
 own home and fortune had depended on the result. It is, of course, 
 only a short respite, since, humanly speaking, nothing seems so 
 impossible as my surviving the winter, or even the change from 
 autumn to the colder season. Still the amelioration is much, and 
 it is one for which I am intensely thankful. My way of life is no 
 ways changed. I am still incapable of moving from my chair, or 
 even of being lifted into bed ; but the weakness is less painful, 
 the cheerfulness less like resignation. His will be done ! You 
 give me an added motive for clinging to life in the desire to see 
 you over again. But it is something to look forward to the vol- 
 ume, — that Eastern volume from which I expect so much de- 
 light. It has always seemed to me that Saladin was the emblem 
 of mind, and Richard of brute force. The Moorish architecture 
 is one of the really great things of the world. Surely, it influenced 
 that which is called the Gothic. John Ruskin sent me lately some 
 photographs of architecture at Rouen, which at once made me 
 think of the Moors, although he did not mention them. May God 
 bless you ! I am desired not to write, but I could not refrain. 
 
 Ever yours, Mary M. 
 
 HENRY W. LONGFELLOW TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Cambridge, October 4, 1854. 
 Many thanks for your kind remembrance and the "Journey to 
 Central Africa," which we are reading with great interest and 
 pleasure. I am not going to weary you with the commonplaces 
 and platitudes usually dealt out to authors on such occasions. You 
 know very well already how welcome you and your writings al- 
 ways are under this roof. So I need only thank you for your 
 book as for a visi 1 ;, and say that you are among friends here un- 
 der the evening lamps. 
 vol. i. 19 
 
290 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 I am charmed with your drawings. Can I have one of the 
 original sketches, or a copy by your hand ? The " Residence at 
 Khartoum," for instance, or " Abdom." Of course, I should pre- 
 fer a sketch made on the spot, but fear you may want to keep 
 all originals. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO HENRY W. LONGFELLOW. 
 
 New York, October 11, 1854. 
 
 I shall be most happy to furnish you with one of my sketches. 
 I presume an unpublished one will be just as acceptable to you 
 as one of those given in the book. The " Residence at Khar- 
 toum " was worked up from a very rough sketch, and the " Ab- 
 d6m " in the original is less satisfactory to me than some others 
 which were not engraved. I have one representing my boat de- 
 scending the White Nile just at the point where I heard the 
 lions and hyenas and saw the river-horses, which suggested the 
 stanza from your poem, 1 quoted at the head of chapter xxv. I 
 not only wrote the chapter and the stanza while in my boat on 
 the river, but I shouted out the latter to the forests and the lions 
 and the river-horses. The sketches have no artistic merit, but 
 they are faithful representations of the original scenes ; and as 
 they can be only interesting to you from the fact of their being 
 made on the spot, I should prefer giving you one with which you 
 are associated in my memories of that fascinating voyage. I 
 shall send it to you by the first opportunity, — unless you should 
 have a particular desire to possess either of the two you named. 
 
 I ana very glad the book interests you. The writing of it was 
 a great delight to me, and I rejoice at its success among my 
 friends, apart from any literary considerations. Remember me 
 kindly to Mrs. Longfellow, and to Lowell, when you see him. 
 
 1 At night he heard the lion roar, 
 And the hyena scream, 
 And the river-horse, as he crushed the reeds 
 
 Beside some hidden stream ; 
 And it passed, like a glorious roll of drums, 
 Through the triumph of his dream. 
 
 The Slave's Dream. 
 
CHAPTER XIH. 
 
 CLEARING-AWAY WORK. 
 
 1854-1856. 
 
 I breathe a space, between two sundered lives, 
 And view what now is ended, what survives. 
 
 The Picture of St. John. 
 
 Bayard Taylor entered the lecture-field in the 
 fall of 1854 with no illusions. The work was distaste- 
 ful to him, but he knew well that in no other way. 
 could he so quickly reach the independence of fortune 
 which was his goal. He pleased himself with the 
 fancy that by hard labor for a year or two more he 
 should be able to dismiss all care for pecuniary re- 
 turn and devote himself with a free mind to poetry. 
 He saw the great journal with which he was con- 
 nected, and to which he had contributed his strength, 
 prospering and returning dividends to its conductors 
 beyond expectation ; his books of travel ran at once 
 into large editions, and his poems, from which he ex- 
 pected no returns, helped to swell his income. The 
 fact that they should sell pleased him out of all pro- 
 portion to the amount which he received from the 
 sale. It was the evidence that people were not mis- 
 led into thinking of him only as a traveler and lec- 
 turer which pleased him. 
 
 The business of lecturing broke up his literary 
 work. It occupied the months when he would natu- 
 rally accomplish the most, and it left him too tired, 
 
292 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 when summer came, for any considerable ventures. 
 This irregular and unfruitful life, and the conscious- 
 ness that it was after all a passage from the wander- 
 ing existence he had led to the larger and calmer 
 devotion to art to which he looked forward, disposed 
 him to use the opportunity for clearing away, so to 
 speak, the odds and ends of his previous career. He 
 listened to a proposition made to him by a Western 
 house to prepare a " Cyclopaedia of Travel," to be sold 
 by subscription. He saw in the work an opportunity 
 to turn to account his interest in travel and his own 
 experience by putting into compact form a summary 
 of geography. The promises held out to him by the 
 publishers agreed with his own hopes, and he was 
 ready to do a piece of task work which bore to his 
 literary occupation much the same relation as lectur- 
 ing. 
 
 He wrote a few new poems, but in poetry also the 
 same spirit moved him. He busied himself with se- 
 lecting from his previously published poems, and from 
 these new ones, such as he was ready to place by the 
 side of " Poems of the Orient," and arranged them 
 under the general title of " Poems of Home and 
 Travel," intending to allow this volume to supersede 
 his " Rhymes of Travel," and " Book of Romances, 
 Lyrics, and Songs." With this work, the final prepa- 
 ration of " India, China, and Japan," a revision of 
 " Views Afoot," his lectures, and his " Cyclopaedia," 
 he was engaged until the summer of 1856. 
 
 TO MR. AND MRS. R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Auburn, N. Y., Thursday, November 9, 1854. 
 Imagine your friend seated alone in a dreary inn, on the raw- 
 est of all raw November afternoons, with a bost idferdal cold 
 id his head, and his mind agitated by doubts as to whether he 
 
CLEARING-AWAY WORK. 293 
 
 will have voice enough to lecture by to-night, and you have a 
 true picture of his situation, mood, and prospects. In this di- 
 lemma the wing of my friendship moults a feather, whereby to 
 claim your wedded commiseration. Oh, if I were but back in 
 Washington Square ! If I could but step around to-night to 
 46, smoke my cigar without fear in the presence of the Inexora- 
 • ble, discuss the Theory with Richard, and drive away my cares 
 and my cold together in potations of the Homeric draught ! 
 But alas ! my friends, this cannot be : here am I in sweet Au- 
 burn, with a bad cigar in my mouth, a dinner of corned beef and 
 cold boiled beets in my stomach, a cold which would have de- 
 lighted Jeremiah, for it makes my head a mill-dam, whereof my 
 nose is the sluice, and the ennui of a pubbc lecture awaiting me. 
 Better look after debentures (whatever they are) like Dick, than 
 enjoy this dismal popularity. 
 
 Nevertheless, I had pleasant times in Montreal. I was there 
 three days, had glorious weather, and was treated with great cor- 
 diality by the natives. I found that I was very well known there. 
 My lectures were well attended, and I received much courtesy 
 from the editors of the place. I then went to Ogdensburg, lec- 
 tured once, and took a steamer up the St. Lawrence. It was so 
 cold that the pitcher in my state-room had a lump of ice instead 
 of water, and I coidd n't sleep for the keen, cutting chill of the 
 air. Here I sowed and planted the grain which has now come to 
 head. I commenced an address to the river, but my mind was 
 so numb after the first couplet that I got no farther. I give the 
 lines, as they constitute all the poetry I have written since leav- 
 ing New York. They are : — 
 
 " O St. Lawrence ! 
 Thou 'rt my abhorrence " — 
 
 It blew like all furies when we reached the Thousand Islands, 
 and we could just get mto Kingston Harbor, when the captain 
 gave up the voyage. I waited half a day for the gale to go 
 down, wandering meanwhile about Kingston, which is a dread- 
 fully licentious place, as I was informed by a clergyman, who 
 added, explanatorily : " I don't say this from my personal knowl- 
 edge, but I was told so by others." On board the boat there was 
 a curious female specimen, which I describe for Lizzy's edifica- 
 tion. She was about thirty-nine years of age, very thin and wasp- 
 ish in form, and with scanty hair of a pale straw color and coarse 
 texture, combed straight back over a narrow, small head, and 
 
294 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 belayed around a remarkably high semi-circular comb, of black 
 buffalo horn. Her eyes were small, of a weak whitish-gray, with 
 pink edges and straw-colored lashes. Her face was of the hue 
 of an ancient tablecloth, with a few dabs of butter here and there 
 over its surface. Her teeth were inserted with a picturesque ir- 
 regularity, and when she smiled I could only liken it to stretch- 
 ing a piece of buckskin over a steel-trap. I admired her at a 
 distance, for I did not dare to approach her. At Ogdensburg, 
 I sat next to a young lady at dinner, whose face was like a raw 
 beefsteak, with two pickled onions upon it. I helped her to the 
 various dishes, and she looked at me admiringly with the pickled 
 onions, and ate so much that the beefsteak hue of her face 
 changed to purple. Since then I have been haunted by a third 
 female, whom, by a singular fatality, I meet wherever I go. 
 Since Monday, we have traveled together on Jive different lines 
 of railway. She is dressed in a black balzorine, with tulle flounces, 
 brought over the shoulder in the basque form, and united on the 
 back by noeuds • the sleeves are half large, with a gore just 
 above the wrist, set between two bias folds, which, you know, 
 Lizzy, gives a very pretty effect to the arm. But my admiration 
 of her dress leads me away from herself. She wears a bag of 
 oiled silk over her head, bonnet and all, with an opening in front, 
 which forms a circle extending from her eye-brows to her under- 
 lip. The greater part of this circle consists of nose, for the eyes, 
 though large and gray-green, are thrown entirely into shadow by 
 the promontory between them. Wherever I go I see that oiled 
 silk bag and that projecting nose accompanying me. Heaven 
 grant it is not another Coutts, to buy up the front seats at my lec- 
 tures ! There was a girl yesterday who was traveling alone, and 
 made many advances to me, in the way of smiles, speaking looks, 
 etc., etc. She had a book with a pink cover, which, on looking 
 over her shoulder, I found to be " Louisa, or the Lovely Orphan." 
 She is not on hand to-day, which I regret, for she pleased rne 
 better than the oiled silk bag and the nose. I met a native of 
 Iowa last night — a queer fellow, who wanted to know whether I 
 was in the dry-goods business. I told him, No, I was in the hard- 
 ware line ; and we had a long talk about hatchets, files, shovels, 
 locks, pickaxes, etc., etc. I lectured last night in Oswego to a 
 fair audience ; don't know how many I shall have here, and don't 
 care. I am disgusted with this way of lecturing, and shall never 
 adopt it again. My agent don't know how to arrange matters, 
 
CLEARING-AWAY WORK. 295 
 
 and I won't, and would n't for twice the profit, trouble myself 
 with the details of the business. Hereafter I shall only lecture 
 for societies, where everything is done for me, and I have noth- 
 ing to do but talk and take the money. 
 
 By the bye, my Oriental poems seem to be dead already. 
 They are not advertised, and I see no notices of them in the pa- 
 . pers. The " Tribune " has not yet mentioned them, which, I 
 suppose, is owing to election times. Do you know I feel quite 
 indifferent about them now, and have n't the slightest idea that 
 they will sell any better than my last book. 
 
 Write to me, both of you, and I '11 write again, with or without 
 a cold in my head. If you write in two days after getting this, 
 direct to Hamilton, C. W. — If you don't, you need not write at 
 all, for the Lord knows where I shall be. Give my kide rebeb- 
 radces to O'Bried, whed you see bib, ad believe be, ever, 
 
 Your sidcere Fred. 
 
 His Oriental poems were by no means dead, and 
 the haste with which he pronounced the funeral words 
 was really only one of those precautions which the 
 mind takes to save itself too great disappointment. 
 By saying very distinctly that they were dead he 
 would be equally prepared for the confirmation or the 
 disappointment of his fears. In his wanderings about 
 the country he was cut off from very prompt or fre- 
 quent knowledge of the fortune of his book, but the 
 letters which found him came sometimes with rare 
 power to kindle him, as when Mr. Lowell wrote : — 
 
 JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Elmwood, December 4, 1854. 
 
 It gives me the greatest pleasure to thank you for your volume 
 of poems. It is a great triumph in the opinion of everybody, and 
 I cannot help twitching off my cap to fling it up with the rest. I 
 like it all, but there are some poems whose pathos and deep 
 sentiment I feel that I have a more than common right to be 
 grateful for. 
 
 Allow me to say, my dear Taylor, that I have always particu- 
 larly valued and respected in you that quiet and unconscious 
 
296 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 strength of character which has kept you so loyal to your past 
 Bayard Taylor, amid all the temptations of reputation and pop- 
 ularity. It is a constancy as rare as it is admirable. Do not 
 suppose that I have any sad particular in my mind : I am think- 
 ing only of general characteristics. 
 
 But beware of becoming too deeply enamoured of the sensuous 
 in poetry. It is natural that the pendulum of us Yankees should 
 swing very far away from our Puritan and Quaker extreme — 
 only we must remember that Bacchus was the god of severe 
 tragedy also. What I mean is that you must not trust too far 
 to your own purity, because few of your readers will be able to 
 match it. 
 
 Forgive me for preaching, but I am a parson's son, and it runs 
 in the blood, I suppose. I should not have said anything if I 
 had not thought so higbly as I do of your book. It gives proof 
 of remarkable development in all directions. 
 
 Other evidence came of the success of the book 
 when he could write to his mother : " Ticknors have 
 sold 1,500 copies already, and the demand contiuues. 
 This, for poetry, is doing wonderfully well. Longfel- 
 low and Willis in particular are delighted with the 
 book." 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Utica, N. Y., December 10, 1854. 
 Do not think me ungrateful or neglectful, because I have not 
 before this thanked you for pouring your sunshine upon my Ori- 
 ental children. I have been dogged to death by labor for the 
 past month, and have been obliged, perforce, to write so many 
 letters that I am thoroughly disgusted with pen and ink. I have 
 no sensation but that of intense weariness. But I turn to you 
 this afternoon as a refuge from my own individual self, which is 
 a devil that I cannot drive away. This dreadful white world 
 and gray sky and bleak air depress me terribly. Light and 
 color, and the joy of breathing and movement, are all lost. I am 
 shut up in a dreary hotel room (you know what that is), and 
 cannot escape my own thoughts. What an awful significance 
 there is in that line of Manfred : — 
 
 " Thy curse shall be — to think ! " 
 
 Life, Death, Eternity, Existence, Destiny, and the humbugs of 
 
CLEARING -A WAY WORK. 297 
 
 the outer life of man, have taken me at a disadvantage, and 
 pricked and goaded me until I can find no peace but in the 
 shadow of your personality. You are the rock in the weary 
 land, and thus I throw myself at your feet in all the selfishness 
 of friendship. 
 
 I hear you were to be in New York about this time. Why 
 will you always come when I am absent ? By the sword of Ha- 
 roun, if this happens again, I will call you to account ! But I 
 shall see you next week, when I shall spend three days in Phil- 
 adelphia, and at least two of them with you, O faithless ! I am 
 sorry to hear of your trouble about your eyes, and trust you will 
 have recovered sufficiently for cigars by the time we meet. 
 
 I met Griswold in Boston ten days ago. He tells me you are 
 reading the proof of Read's new poem ; you must have it ready 
 to show to me. I had good news from Ticknor. The second 
 thousand of my poems is rapidly melting away. The book is 
 considered a decided success. Longfellow spoke to me about it 
 in the warmest and kindest manner. Willis told Fields that 
 it was the most astonishing stride I had ever made. He has 
 copied the whole of " Hassan's Temptation " into the " Home 
 Journal." I am very glad, by the way, that you liked Hassan. 
 He is a good fellow, in spite of his sins. I am greatly encour- 
 aged by the success of the book, for it is my first general recog- 
 nition as a poet. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Cincinnati, January 23, 1855. 
 . . . The climate here (with the exception of the past three 
 days) has been delightful, and I feel better than I have done for 
 three months — partly because I take great care of myself, and 
 am lazy whenever I can find time to be so. I have discovered 
 an Irishman at the Burnet House here, where I am staying, who 
 understands the Oriental style of bathing, and who gives me a 
 thorough currying down whenever I arrive, dusty and wearied. 
 This puts new life into me. Besides, I take great care to keep 
 warm, and to protect my throat after speaking. Consequently, 
 although I have lectured fifty-eight times, I look forward with 
 encouragement to the sixty or seventy engagements still on hand. 
 I spent two days at Antioch College, staying with Horace Mann. 
 They made me preach in the chapel on Sunday afternoon, on the 
 " Religions of the World." I spoke for more than an hour ex- 
 
298 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 ternporaneously, a new thing to me. I was a little seared, but 
 got through with credit. 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, February 10, 1855. 
 ... I shall write again from New Albany. My engagements 
 multiply, and I shall probably be occupied in lecturing until May 
 1st. Why can't father and you come out to New Albany about 
 May 1st, go with us to the Mammoth Cave, and then home via 
 Niagara. I will pay all your expenses if you will only do it. 
 Pray think of it, for it can be done without the least difficulty. . . . 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Chicago, III., February 24, 1855. 
 
 Let me sit down and say a word to you this " bitter chill " 
 evening. The cigar in my mouth is a guaranty that I shall not 
 be very dismal, but the snow-drifts and the zero out of doors 
 will prevent me from being very cheerful. I have been snow- 
 bound here for the past two days, the railroads being blocked 
 up. Will the spring ever come ? I have endured all the rigors 
 of the North Pole within the last six weeks, and there is no re- 
 laxation. The lengthening days only lengthen the gloom, for the 
 nights only are tolerably cheery. 
 
 ... I had a note from Read the other day. He seems in 
 good spirits, and speaks confidently of the " New Pastoral," 
 which, by the way, I see is out. Read says I am the original of 
 " Arthur." What sort of a fellow is Arthur ? I hope he has 
 more consistency, more firmness of purpose, and fewer conflict- 
 ing elements in his character than I. Read wants to get my 
 poems sent out to him through Parry & McMillan, who are going 
 to send him a box of books. Now, let me task your kindness to 
 have two copies of my " Orientals " put into the box, for R. and 
 Powers. P. & McM. can transfer them to Ticknors, as taken on 
 my account. I have had two notes from England about my 
 poems, — from Milnes, cold and stately, and Camilla Crossland 
 {ne'e Toulmin), warm and cordial. Ticknors are now selling 
 the third thousand. The booksellers in the West tell me it goes 
 off extremely well. I have had a handsome offer from a Cin- 
 cinnati house to compile a " Cyclopaedia of Modern Travel," — a 
 piece of hack-work, to be sure, but one which I could do with 
 some spirit, and I have a mind to midertake it ; what say you ? 
 It would bring me in a very handsome sum. This is another of 
 those devilish baits to entice me away from my beloved art, but 
 what 's to be done ? 
 
CLEARING-AWAY WORK. 299 
 
 This lecturing business is beginning to exhaust me. I have 
 lectured already seventy-nine times, and have fifty-one more en- 
 gagements on hand. I cannot write, hardly read, and my very 
 thoughts are beginning to be sterile. Yet in all this desolation 
 I feel the upheaving of the poetical element from time to time, 
 showing that there is still fire under the cold craters. I have 
 iStiU a year's labor on hand — a year's incessant toil — and then, 
 please God, I shall go out into the atmosphere of the world and 
 draw a free breath. Be ready, George, for that winter on the 
 Nile ; let us steal some real, tangible glory from life. Ah, there 
 is so much that is possible, if we only determined that it should 
 be real ! Do not think of the plan as a dream, or it will always 
 remain one. I am bent on making my life rich, if not in results, 
 at least in experiences, sensations, enjoyments ; and I know you 
 would find also that action quickens the pulse of thought. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Detroit, March 4, 1855. 
 
 ... In Louisville two weeks ago I saw the home of George 
 Keats, and learned much about him and his family. They say 
 his character was one of the noblest and purest. He has two 
 sons, John and Clarence, neither of whom I saw. But fancy 
 John Keats an American ! The house was Grecian, built with 
 considerable taste, and though in the city, had a garden around 
 it, with antique statues. I thought of his and our poor brother, 
 John, and saw, by a sudden mirage, his daisied grave in the 
 meadow under the wall of Rome. 
 
 ... A curious instance of natural clairvoyance occurred to 
 me the other morning. I awoke, and as it was light, wondered 
 whether it was time to get out of bed. Immediately I seemed 
 to see through the pillow (I was lying on my back) and through 
 the case of my watch, which was under it, and read the time, — 
 eleven minutes past six ! The impression was so curious that I 
 arose, took out my watch and opened it, and found the time, — 
 eleven minutes past six ! Was not that remarkable ? 
 
 TO HIS MOTIIER. 
 
 Ottawa, III., March 21, 1855. 
 ... I had a letter from Putnam yesterday. My copyright 
 on the first of January amounted to .S'2,G.jO, so you see my trip 
 has not turned out badly. Henceforth I shall get a good income 
 
300 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 from my books alone. I want to purchase two more shares of 
 the " Tribune " in July, if possible. I feel now perfectly re- 
 heved of all future anxiety about money matters, which is a 
 great satisfaction. I am about making an engagement with a 
 Cincinnati publishing house to compile a " Cyclopaedia of Mod- 
 ern Travel," which will yield me at least five thousand dollars in 
 the course of two years. . . . 
 
 His mother and father joined Bayard Taylor at 
 New Albany as he proposed, and together they made 
 an excursion to the Mammoth Cave, of which he wrote 
 an account afterward, published in the first series of 
 "At Home and Abroad." " Vathek's Hall of Eblis 
 is nothing to it," he wrote to Mrs. Stoddard. After 
 the lecture season closed he was again in New York 
 hard at work upon his " India, China, and Japan," 
 when a sudden proposition was made that he should 
 have the position of Commissioner to Japan. As us- 
 ual, he wrote freely of this new plan to his mother, on 
 whose sympathy and counsel he eagerly depended. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, July 9, 1855. 
 ... I received your letter yesterday. As you complain of 
 having no news, let me give you some. I went to Washington 
 on Thursday evening and returned on Saturday. My object was 
 to see Commodore Perry and get permission to use my journals, 
 in which I have a good prospect of success. The commodore 
 proposed that I should apply for the appointment of United 
 States Commissioner to Japan. He said I would be almost sure 
 to get it, as the government has great difficulty in finding a 
 proper person to fill it. The appointment will not be made on 
 political grounds, and the recommendation of such men as Ir- 
 ving, Bancroft, Bryant, and Seward would be sufficient to secure 
 it for me. The salary is $5,000 a year, and I would be taken 
 out in a national vessel, besides having one at my disposal to 
 visit the various Japanese ports. The commodore says I would 
 be able to travel through the interior of Japan, and to make 
 such a book about the country as has never been written. The 
 
CLEARING- A WAY WORK. 301 
 
 appointment would be a highly complimentary and honorable 
 one, and as I feel confident of being able to discharge its duties, 
 it would vastly increase my reputation. The prospect is very 
 tempting, but I have not yet decided to apply. I should have to 
 be absent about two years. The expenses of living in Japan 
 would be from 81,000 to 82,000 a year. Besides, I could take 
 -along the material for my Cincinnati work and do it there. I am 
 going to wait a few days before giving the commodore my de- 
 cision ; in the mean time write to me, and tell me what you 
 think of it. My friends here to whom I have mentioned it urge 
 me strongly to go. I shall consult Bryant to-day. Keep the 
 matter secret. 
 
 In "Washington I saw Yusef, Ross Browne's Syrian dragoman 
 and a friend of Achmet. He brought over some Arab horses 
 for a Kentucky friend of mine. This Kentuckian told me that 
 he read some of my " Poems of the Orient " to Yusef, — among 
 others, "Hassan to his Mare." Yusef was greatly excited, 
 sprang up with tears in his eyes, and swore that the Arabs talked 
 just in that way to their horses. He is going to write the poem 
 in Arabic, take it back with him this summer, and give it to the 
 Aneyzeh Arabs in the Syrian Desert. So, perhaps my songs 
 will be sung by the Bedouins. 
 
 New York, July 17, 1855. 
 
 I have been waiting until I should hear from Commodore 
 Perry before writing to you again, but no letter has arrived. I 
 am sorry you consider the project an unwelcome one. My jour- 
 neys abroad have hitherto done more for me than anything else 
 could have done, and this plan promises to be even more advan- 
 tageous. My time for retirement has not yet come ; I am in the 
 world at the most active and ambitious period of a man's life, 
 with the opportunity of achieving things worthy to be remem- 
 bered. What can I do ? Look at the matter with my own eyes, 
 not with yours. If you were a man of my age, I am certain you 
 would do the very same thing. You are fearless for yourself — 
 would you have me cowardly ? I would rather not leave home 
 for a year yet, but I must go again some time, and perhaps more 
 than once. I was born for it, and it is the best thing for me. 
 Now here is a chance which does not come once in a century, and 
 it seems like slighting fortune to disregard it. 
 
 However, perhaps 1 won't get it, after all. The administra- 
 
302 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 tion may be disinclined to appoint a colleague of Greeley, and I 
 shan't ask until I hear that my asking would be favorably re- 
 ceived. I wrote to Commodore Perry that I was no suppliant, 
 but would take the office if it was tendered to me, because I felt 
 able to discharge its duties. I shall probably hear from him in 
 a day or two, and will then write again. 
 
 New York, July 25, 1855. 
 
 I am drudging along as usual, expecting to get through with 
 my book in about ten days more. The weather is very favorable 
 for work now, after the intense heat we had a week ago. I 
 have given up all idea of applying for any situation whatever in 
 the hands of the government. 1 . . . 
 
 I am going on with the Cincinnati work shortly, having just 
 received a letter from the publishers. I want to get it completed 
 by next May, so that I can make my contemplated visit to Swe- 
 den during the summer. The invitations to lecture come in fast, 
 and I have already a number of appointments made. After an- 
 other season, I shall be well satisfied to knock off for a while. 
 
 I shall go to Newport in about ten days, and spend a week 
 there. Bancroft, Longfellow, Curtis, Boker, and other of my 
 friends are already there, and more are going. I anticipate a 
 pleasant visit, though it won't be quite a holiday, for I shall take 
 my work along. 
 
 I had a letter from F. yesterday which I shall answer to-day 
 or to-morrow. 
 
 TO HIS YOUNGEST BROTHER FREDERICK. 
 
 New York, July 27, 1855. 
 I have been so busy for the past two days that I have had no 
 time to answer your letter, and I must even now reply rather 
 briefly. I did not originally object to your going through a reg- 
 ular college course because I thought it would be no advantage 
 to you, but because I believed that a better practical education 
 could be had without it. The value of any particular system of 
 education, however, depends on its adaptation to one's career in 
 after life, and if you feel sure that you are best fitted for a 
 teacher, you are probably right in your choice. If my objection 
 is an obstacle in your way, I withdraw it, but I do not think you 
 should decide hastily. It would be a great advantage to myself 
 1 Mr. Townsend Harris was appointed commissioner. 
 
CLEARING-AWAY WORK. 303 
 
 at present if I could have gone through a regular course of col- 
 lege studies ; hut as that was impossible, I did what I considered 
 was the next best thing for me. Perhaps, as things have since 
 turned out, it was the very best. You must remember that a 
 professorship is not so easily obtained — rarely, at present, until 
 middle life. There are numbers of applicants for every vacant 
 place, and years of mere tutorship must intervene before you 
 could aspire to such a station with any chance of success. In 
 this country a man must be a great scholar to live by scholarshij) 
 alone. 
 
 If you are determined to make the trial, you had best choose 
 the place which offers the greatest advantages, and make the 
 most thorough course which can be had. In my opinion, Har- 
 vard is decidedly the first institution in the country. I shall be 
 able to assist you by the time you need assistance. I think it is 
 too late to enter this season, but am not certain. If you should 
 graduate in the usual period, there will still be time to apply 
 yourself to some other profession, in case you should change your 
 mind. For my part, I do not think that the life of a teacher 
 would be agreeable to you. It is laborious, full of annoyances, 
 and not very remunerative. But you should know your own in- 
 clinations best, and I do not wish to control them in any way. 
 At your age we see the bright side of everything, and it is per- 
 haps best that each one should learn wisdom for himself. 1 have 
 seen so much of the world that I am a little more cautious than 
 I used to be. What you say of my own early inclination is quite 
 true, and if I thought that your convictions or impressions were 
 as strong as mine at that time, I should be very sorry to be any 
 hindrance to your plans. I should like to see you an accom- 
 plished scholar, and I believe you would use every exertion to 
 make yourself one. The two strongest objections to it are, dis- 
 ordered health and an incapacity for the practical business of 
 life. If you think you are strong enough, and are careful to take 
 sufficient exercise, you may overcome the former tendency ; the 
 latter will depend entirely on your individual character. But it 
 is a danger which you should never lose sight of. If you should 
 go through college without falling into either, I shall rejoice that 
 you have carried out your plan. It depends on yourself entirely 
 whether that plan shall be an advantage or a loss. 
 
 You must not imagine that because I write rather coldly and 
 cautiously I am indifferent to your prospects. I am only anxious 
 
304 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 that you should do what will really be best for you, what will 
 enable you to overcome most successfully the difficulties which 
 surround every young man at his entrance into life. I have no 
 fears for you on account of the temptations to which you would 
 be exposed, but I should not want to see you a mere bookworm, 
 unfit for the active, energetic life of the present time. Decide 
 according to your best convictions, and I will acquiesce in your 
 decision, and help you to put it into practice. 1 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, July 11, 1855. 
 Thanks for your prompt kindness in sending me more than I 
 asked for. I have read traditions of poets receiving money for 
 their works, but I never credited them before. I am still fear- 
 ful lest the check may be an illusion, and have opened your note 
 twice to see that it has not evaporated. I shall have the money 
 paid me in hard gold, the most tangible of all substances, that I 
 may hear it clink in my pockets as I go up and down Broadway, 
 the eagles chiming heavy iambuses, and the quarter eagles tink- 
 ling in anapests, so that all the people shall point at me, and 
 say : " There goes a poet with money in his pocket ! " Great is 
 Brahma, venerable is Vishnu, but most delectable is the benign 
 Plutus of the Greeks ! 
 
 It will be seen by one of the foregoing letters that 
 Bayard Taylor bad already begun to allow bis plans 
 for another journey to Europe to take the shape of a 
 visit to the northern parts. Meanwhile he was sud- 
 denly invited to join a party bound for Newfoundland. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, July 30, 1855. 
 If I am disappointed in one chance of travel, another soon 
 offers. I suppose it is fatality or destiny, or something of the 
 sort. I am going to make a voyage to Newfoundland. A special 
 steamer leaves here on Thursday with a party of forty, includ- 
 ing Lieutenant Maury, of Washington, Professor Silliman, and 
 various other lions, to put down the submarine telegraph between 
 Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. I am invited, and will go on 
 1 His brother decided to enter the University of Michigan. 
 
CLEARTNG-AWAY WORK. 305 
 
 behalf of the " Tribune." We shall visit Halifax, Prince Ed- 
 ward Island, Cape Breton, the French islands of Miquelon, St. 
 Johns, and various other interesting places which are almost un- 
 known to the world. We shall be absent from fourteen to 
 eighteen days, and anticipate a glorious time. Of course it costs 
 rue nothing. I am working hard to finish my book before start- 
 ing, and shall succeed. . . . 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, August 6, 1855. 
 
 The steamer did not get off on account of bad boilers. An- 
 other has been engaged, and we leave to-morrow positively. I 
 have employed the interval in preparing my poems for you, and 
 the thing is done. You will get the whole batch by Kingsley's 
 Express to-morrow. I think it will make a decent book. 
 
 I have cut away without mercy among the old poems, touched 
 up the others here and there, and added eleven bran new ones. 
 The volume will be aboixt two hundred and twenty-five pages, 
 matching very well with the Orientals. The two will be my 
 complete poetical works, for what is not included in them is 
 damned. May it never be resurrected ! 
 
 Many thanks for " Maud," which came safely, and will be re- 
 viewed at once, probably in to-morrow's paper. 
 
 The extracts are already scattered far and wide. 
 
 There are delicious things in the book, but it is not an ad- 
 vance on Tennyson's former books, neither a falling off, and per- 
 haps we should not ask more. It will sell immensely, of course. 
 Send on Longfellow in the same way, and he will be served 
 likewise. 
 
 Of course you will consult your own interest in the time of 
 bringing out my book. I shall be able to read the proof as soon 
 as it is ready. I shall be in Boston on my return from New- 
 foundland, about three weeks from now. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Nkw York, August 6, 1855. 
 George Curtis has no doubt told you that I intend going off to 
 Newfoundland for twenty days or so. . . . This will delay my 
 visit to Newport, but I shall be along about the 25th, or a day <>r 
 two later, and most earnestly desire that you may be still there. 
 Don't leave as soon as you anticipated, for I want to stay ten 
 vol. i. 20 
 
306 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 days and have a jolly good time. I look forward to the visit as 
 to an experience of the third heaven. I have been working and 
 sweating for the past six weeks like a Congo nigger, and have 
 entirely completed my travels in Eastern Asia (five hundred and 
 fifty pages) and my complete edition of poems for Ticknor 
 (two hundred and twenty-five pages). Is not this work with a 
 vengeance ? I am pretty well worn out, and this voyage to the 
 North is a godsend. I have been wanting to write to you, but 
 waited, half expecting you would send me a line, if only a piece 
 of your fishing-line. I wish I could have consulted you before 
 sending off my poems. I have eleven new ones, and have used 
 the cleaver most unmercifully among the old ones. . . . 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, September 6, 1855. 
 
 I arrived yesterday at noon, after a voyage of twenty-nine 
 days. We had a pleasant time on the whole, though we did not 
 succeed in laying the cable. The trip has done me much good. 
 I am brown and rugged and strong, and feel ready for any 
 amount of work. We had a delightful company on board, and 
 were received with great rejoicings at St. Johns, the capital of 
 Newfoundland. I had a chance to see a good deal of the island, 
 and to become acquainted with its people. 
 
 I have brought you a fine dog, which I got at Cape Ray, on 
 the southwestern coast. He is about ten. months old, and not 
 fully grown. He is of the Newfoundland breed, not the ordi- 
 nary black breed, but wolf -color and web-footed. He is a fine 
 dog, and will make a capital watch-dog. His father was 
 the best dog at Cape Ray. I call him Ray, and he already 
 knows me and his name. The sailors took care of him on the 
 voyage, and taught him some tricks. He is handsome and intel- 
 ligent, and I think you will like him. ... I find awaiting me 
 fifty invitations to lecture, and could easily make five thousand 
 dollars again this winter if I were willing to undertake it. 
 
 The Newfoundland trip was enjoyed with an ar- 
 riere pensee for Norway. It is interesting to see how 
 in his narrative, which was published in letters to the 
 " Tribune " and afterward reprinted in the first series 
 of " At Home and Abroad," he frequently draws com- 
 
CLEARING-AWAY WORK. 307 
 
 parisons between the country which he is visiting and 
 that which he had planned to visit. The shadow of the 
 Norseman seemed to accompany him, and point at one 
 object and another as native to Scandinavia. Shortly 
 after his return to New York, which he reached with- 
 out passing through Boston, he received a letter from 
 his faithful friend, Mr. Bufleb, who had been his trav- 
 eling companion on the Nile. He had written to Mr. 
 Bufleb of his intention to visit Europe the next year, 
 and this was the response which came. 
 
 A. BUFLEB TO BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Gotha, July 27, 1855. 
 A short time ago I bought a piece of property adjoining niy 
 estate, a garden with a small, modest house. This house is to be 
 Taylor's home, when he keeps his promise next year, and visits us, 
 I said to myself. All arrangements are made with this in view. 
 The upper part of the garden, a genuine French establishment of 
 the last century, with its statues and fountains, its densely- 
 shaded beech-alleys and smoothly shorn box trees, is in readi- 
 ness and awaits my distant friend. A smaller house near the 
 fountain, covered with bark, is to be the bath-house. The lower 
 part of the garden, a little grove with beautiful large forest trees 
 covering an acre or so, is to refresh you with its cool shade, and 
 will I hope become for you a snug sanctuary of nature. The little 
 salon in the house will serve for us when we gather around you 
 at your pleasure. You see how I have written to you, my dear 
 Taylor. In spite of our long separation and remoteness from 
 each other, your heart I know could never tell you of any change 
 in my feelings and thoughts. On the contrary, this rapport which 
 we enjoy has for me a profound meaning ; whilst you were dedi- 
 cating your glorious work on Central Africa to me, I was setting 
 in order for you the most cherished part of my possessions. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, September 10, 1855. 
 ... I leave for Newport and Boston to-morrow, and shall 
 be gone the rest of the week. My Japanese book will be out in 
 five or six days, and I shall send you an early copy. I must 
 
308 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 finish " Views Afoot " and attend the Authors and Publishers' 
 dinner on the 27th of this month before going home, but shall see 
 you by the 1st of October. If F. goes to Ann Arbor, he must 
 come this way. It is a pretty place, and the University is very 
 good. I have been there. 
 
 New York, October 12, 1855. 
 
 I have not much to say except that I am working away as 
 hard as ever, and expect to finish " Views Afoot " to-morrow. 
 The Boston volume of poems is done, but will not be published for 
 about a month. The book on Japan has sold eight thousand al- 
 ready and is still going off fast. There is a prospect that the 
 States of Ohio and Indiana will order copies of my books for all 
 the common schools, making two thousand copies of each. . . . We 
 are all overjoyed at Dr. Kane's return. Everybody was surprised 
 except myself. I always knew he would get back safely. He 
 and I have the same lucky nature : we can go anywhere without 
 the least danger. Another man in his place would have been 
 finished a dozen times. 
 
 New York, November 16, 1855. 
 
 I found your letter here on Wednesday when I returned from 
 New England. I went down to Taunton to lecture, having now 
 fairly commenced my campaign, with seventy-four engagements 
 ahead. . . . My new volume of poems is out, and I have sent 
 you a copy by mail. 1 It is a very handsome book. There are a 
 number of new poems at the end, among which are four, entitled 
 " Studies for Pictures," which some of my saintly friends may 
 find fault with, because they can't understand the design with 
 which they were written. They are simply imaginary pictures 
 representing the feelings of men under various circumstances, 
 and were written from ray observations of other men, not from 
 any experience of my own. I should not think it necessary to 
 make any explanation to you, but the world is full of fools, and 
 you may meet with some of them. 
 
 I have met Thackeray and like him very much. He likes me, 
 too, for he has said so to all my friends. We shall breakfast to- 
 gether with and Curtis on Sunday. I have just get a col- 
 lection of rare and valuable books of travel. My library has now 
 about seven hundred volumes. Hicks has nearly finished the Ori- 
 ental portrait. It is one of the most charming things you ever 
 
 1 Poems of Home and Travel. By Bayard Taylor. Boston : Ticknor 
 & Fields, 1855. 
 
CLEARING-AWAY WORK. 309 
 
 saw. I found at Taunton, Mass., a daguerreotype of Achniet in 
 the hands of a gentleman who traveled with him a year ago, 
 and horrowed it to get a copy made. I shall get Hicks to put 
 Achniet into my picture. The sailor, Patterson, 1 wants very 
 much to go with me to Norway. He says he would go to the 
 end of the world with me. I should like to take him if I could. 
 ile is greatly attached to me, and I believe would be a most 
 faithful attendant. I intend having a servant, but I am afraid 
 he is not just the person I want for such a journey. 
 
 Augusta, Maine, December 8, 1855. 
 
 Here I am on the banks of the Kennebec River, away down 
 east, where the mercury goes to five hundred degrees below zero 
 in the winter. I expected to be frozen up and sent back to New 
 York in a box, with some venison and Kennebec salmon ; but 
 the weather is really miraculous. Days without a cloud, sweet, 
 cold air, — just cold enough to be refreshing, — and the starriest 
 nights. Such weather has not been known here for many years. 
 I lecture to-night for the twentieth time ah'eady, and don't feel 
 the least tired — quite the contrary. . . . 
 
 Last Sunday, before leaving New York, I gave a breakfast 
 party. I had Thackeray, Curtis, Boker, Stoddard, Hicks, Judge 
 Daly, Lieutenant Bent of the Navy, and Glass, an English artist. 
 We had a glorious time : the breakfast lasted five hours. I 
 gave it at Delmonico's. Thackeray says he will try and come 
 with me to Kennett for a day or two next April. When I go to 
 London next summer, he promises to introduce me into the liter- 
 ary society of England. 
 
 Hicks has finished my portrait, which is one of the finest paint- 
 ings you ever saw. Everybody is delighted with it, and I would 
 not take any amount of money for it. He says it is the best 
 thing he has ever done. Did I write to you that the first edition 
 of my last book of poems sold in less than a week ? I was very 
 agreably surprised, as I did not suppose it would be exhausted in 
 less than six months. The public seems to have found at last 
 that I am a poet as well as traveler. ... As I shall see you in 
 
 twelve days I will not write again. I have written to A and 
 
 E , and hope my letters were acceptable. 
 
 The last sentence in this letter is perhaps an inti- 
 1 Patterson was one of the crew of the Susquehanna. 
 
310 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 niation of a proposal which he had made and which re- 
 sulted in his taking to Europe his two sisters and a 
 brother as his guests. He was confident that he had 
 now reached the financial independence for which he 
 had been working, and that from his copyrights, his 
 Tribune stock, and such lectures as he might choose to 
 give he could count upon a liberal income. The first 
 use which he made of this fortune was a characteris- 
 tic one — he shared it with others. 
 
 The winter of 1855-56 was one of great severity, 
 and Bayard Taylor was exposed to extreme hardship 
 in fulfilling his lecture engagements. He wrote to his 
 mother from Ann Arbor, detailing some of his expos- 
 ure, and adding : " This is the third winter, and I am 
 not afraid of Norway after my recent experiences." 
 But he was evidently very desirous of coming to the 
 end of his season, for after reporting unusual divi- 
 dends from his Tribune stock, of which he had just 
 had accounts, he closes : " That being the case, I think 
 I shall give up my five or six engagements in New 
 Brunswick and not lecture after March 1st. I be- 
 lieve it is the anticipation of my coming holiday in 
 Europe which enables me to bear this winter's fatigues 
 so well." The termination of his lecture season came 
 more suddenly than he had intended, for he broke 
 down early in February and canceled all the engage- 
 ments which remained. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Boston, February 17, 1856. 
 I should have written to you sooner, but waited a day or two, 
 hoping I might he able to announce the end of an attack of ill- 
 ness which has come upon me ; hut the affair is so tedious that I 
 may wait a week longer for that matter. I left New York last 
 Monday week (the 4th), came here next day intending to go to 
 Lowell, hut the roads were snowed up. I was engaged at Green- 
 
CLEARING-AWAY WORK. 311 
 
 field on the 6th, hut the trains did n't run on account of drifts ; 
 at Worcester 7th, and reached there ; at Nantucket 8th, hut the 
 Sound is full of ice, and communication cut off, so stayed here 
 comfortably, visiting my friends. The thawy weather of Friday, 
 I think, arfected me. On Saturday night I had a chill. I hathed 
 my feet in hot water, but did n't sweat, and passed a restless 
 night. The next day, feeling no better, I sent for Dr. Stedman, 
 who said the attack was brought on by my irregular habit of life, 
 and gave me a strong emetic. I was much better on Monday, 
 and, having an engagement to lecture in New Bedford, consulted 
 him about going. He told me I was able to do it, but must be 
 very careful of myself. So I went, became the guest of Hon. Jo- 
 seph Grinuell (Mrs. Willis's father), felt weak and hoarse, but got 
 through my lecture well, and expected to go to Fall River next 
 day. But when I woke I had almost entirely lost my voice, and 
 there was a light return of fever. So I stayed three days with 
 Mr. and Mrs. Grinnell, who treated me with the greatest possi- 
 ble kindness. I was not confined to bed, but to the house ; and 
 when the physician had pronounced me entirely without fever, 
 and in a fit condition to come here, I left. I reached here Thurs- 
 day night, and have not been out of doors since. Dr. Stedman 
 tends me every day. He says I am recovering, and, in fact, I 
 feel almost well, though rather weak after living a week upon 
 gruel. The attack is of a typhoid character, and the change from 
 day to day is so slow as to try my patience. I am not confined 
 to my room, but mostly keep in it, as he says I need complete 
 quiet. I dress myself and sit in the rocking-chair all day, read- 
 ing or seeing my friends, many of whom call. Dr. Elder was 
 here yesterday, Dr. Walter Channing to-day, Fields often, and 
 others. I don't get much sleep at night, and have tried Dover's 
 powders and morphine in vain. If I coidd get a good night's 
 rest I think it would cure me. If the fever was typhoid, it was 
 wonderfully light, and I may thank my stars for getting over it 
 so easily. I am very carefully waited upon here (at the Tremont 
 House), and have refused two invitations of friends to go to their 
 houses. I hope I shall get out of the doctor's hands in about 
 two days more. My lectures are all given up as far as Wednes- 
 day next, and I am seriously thinking of giving up all the re- 
 mainder to March 1st. I shall let the doctor decide, as I intend 
 running no reckless risks. . . . 
 
312 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Boston, February 20, 1856. 
 
 ... I have not been out of doors yet, to-day was so dark and 
 damp. The cough has quite left me. ... It is the worst winter 
 ever known here. I am quite anxious to get back to New York, 
 which is a much better climate. The doctor advises me to give 
 up my engagements for next week, which I shall do, as they lie 
 far apart, and would require hard traveling. I shall miss seven- 
 teen engagements in all, with a loss of between $700 and $800 ; 
 but I would much rather lose the money than my health, and 
 shall not complain about it. 
 
 My friends here have been very kind in sending me fruit, books, 
 flowers, etc., and I have had many visitors. Longfellow has been 
 in, R. H. Dana, Mr. Grinnell, and many others, so that the time 
 has not been dull. Now, since my tongue is clear and my pulse 
 correct, I feel all right again, except a little weakness and fa- 
 tigue. I shall not start for New York unless the weather is good 
 and the track entirely clear. Every road is blocked up at pres- 
 ent. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, February 25, 1856. 
 
 On Friday last I went to Springfield ; did n't feel very tired, 
 so re-shipped to New Haven. There the train was not much 
 behind time, the day delightful, and I was only a little tired, 
 so the devil instigated me to go on to New York. There were 
 delays, and the train was late, and I was excessively hungry 
 and abominably tired when I arrived, but no harm came of it, 
 except soreness and rheumatism the next day. 
 
 I am recovering slowly and surely ; my tongue is now clear 
 as a new pewter platter, my body recovering strength, and my 
 brain, reason. I drink porter, eat beefsteaks, smoke occasion- 
 ally, and lie in my easy chair in a glorious state of inaction. I 
 tried my hand at poetry last night : consequence, vertigo, or, as 
 they say in the West, a virago. I have read the " Simple Story," 
 which is very touching and funny. I hesitated so long whether 
 to laugh or cry that I did neither. . . . 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, February 25, 1856. 
 I have come back disabled, to recruit from my labors. I 
 have been absent three weeks, two of which were spent in Boston, 
 under the doctor's hand. I have had a mild attack of typhoid 
 
CLEAR1NG-AWAY WORK. 313 
 
 fever, brought on by the exposures and irregularities of my lec- 
 ture life. In consequence thereof I have given up all remaining 
 engagements, — a considerable loss, — and come home to stay. 
 I was not seriously ill, but the fever was stubborn, and has left 
 me weak. I am now nursing myself, and improve from day to 
 day. I hope to be as well as ever by the end of the week. . . . 
 - I have a little plan to communicate to you. Would it not be 
 a handsome thing if some dozen of us American authors should 
 unite and send a testimonial to old Savage Landor ? He is now 
 past eighty, can't live much longer, is a great man, has never 
 been rightly appreciated, is a noble old republican, — in fact, the 
 only one of the old generation who sympathizes with the march 
 of the age and the later literature, — and I think his old heart 
 would be cheered by such a tribute. I proposed it to Fields, 
 Longfellow, and Curtis. All are delighted with the idea. L. 
 suggested that we shoidd have a copy of Ariosto's inkstand made 
 in massive silver, which strikes me as best. It would cost about 
 3150, and fifteen of us at 310 each would be enough. It is the 
 act that makes the thing valuable. Tell me what you think of 
 it, and ask Leland to join also. 
 
 TO MRS. JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, March 15, 1856. 
 
 Thanks for your kind letter, which found me hard at work. 
 I have mounted tbe treadmill again, and am now going round, 
 day after day, in the old, monotonous routine. I have just fin- 
 ished the last of three or four lectures, which conclude my 
 doings in that line for years to come, perhaps forever. I hope 
 so at least, for I am utterly disgusted with the business, and 
 heartily ashamed of myself for being tempted (by the love of 
 lucre) to keep it up so long. But perhaps we should not abuse 
 the bridge that carries us safely over. My health is completely 
 reestablished. My head was weak for a fortnight or so, but 
 having stood the manufacture of a poem of three or four hun- 
 dred lines, I think I may trust it with the drudgery of compila- 
 tion, my present employment. 
 
 I am very much obliged to Mrs. T. for her kind desires, and 
 to all the friends in Boston who helped to make my illness en- 
 durable. It is not a bad place to be sick in, where one is so 
 kindly cared for. 
 
 I hope Boker's poems will be out soon. He was here yester- 
 
314 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 day in good spirits, but a little anxious, as was natural, about 
 their reception. I know they will be admired by all authors, 
 scholars, and men of taste, and I hope the public will not ignore 
 theru. Browning's experience, I think, should be an encourage- 
 ment to all poets. The success of my own poems does not exalt 
 me, because three fourths of it is due to my books of travel. 
 I hope to see old Barry when I go to England, and Kingsley, 
 too. I think I could fraternize easily with both of them. 
 
 Will not J. T. F. come on to attend the trade sale ? I hope 
 he will take his time to it, and spare us some, instead of dodging 
 around, as usual, as if he were tied to the tail of a whirlwind. 
 But I am a pretty fellow to talk of leisure, or of taking things 
 mildly, who have so many irons in the fire ! By way of recrea- 
 tion I have just commenced taking lessons in water-color under 
 Wanderford's tuition. I expect to come back from Europe as 
 the Turner of Norway, the Claude of Lapland (if I get scratched 
 by polar bears), or the Saivator Rosa of Iceland. Don't you 
 want to order a $500 picture in advance ? Now is your chance, 
 before my prices go up. 
 
 I must stop, lest you should doubt whether my head be not 
 still a little weak. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, March 15, 1856. 
 
 ... I have given three or four lectures this week, and now 
 have no more. I shall devote my time entirely to the book, 1 
 which is getting on tolerably well. My head is quite strong 
 again. I have also commenced taking lessons in water-color 
 painting from an English artist, so as to be able to paint Nor- 
 wegian scenery. If I can get time I shall also take some les- 
 sons in drawing figures. This is a recreation, not a labor. I 
 intend practicing all next winter. Dr. Kane has sent me a 
 charming little sketch, made at the North Pole, which I have 
 had framed. My portrait by Hicks is in the exhibition. I wish 
 you could see it. 
 
 I have just had my semi-annual copyright report from Put- 
 nam. My profit on the books amounts to $2,724 ; not bad, — is 
 it ? This assures me the $5,000 which I shall need to start 
 with in July. My income from my books and the " Tribune " 
 for the last six months amounts to $5,400, quite a little fortune. 
 1 The Cyclopcedia. 
 
CLEAR1NG-AWAY WORK. 315 
 
 The girls and Fred have thus no particular reason to thank me 
 for taking them abroad, since the funds come so easily. For 
 my part I feel that I am justified in taking a good holiday. . . . 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 1 
 
 New York, April 7, 1850. 
 
 The Kingsley came safely to hand. I admire the " Saint's 
 Tragedy " exceedingly. The book ought to have a great sale 
 among the Know-Nothings, on account of such a furious show- 
 iug-up of Catholicism. Your announcements delight me. We 
 want " Sordello," and Arnold richly deserves republication. I 
 don't admire much, but the name will probably sell an edi- 
 tion. The success of the " Angel in the House " is a most en- 
 couraging sign ; so is the sale of Browning. I begin to think 
 that better times are dawning for poetry. These things improve 
 Boker's chances. . . . Thackeray came here on Saturday. I 
 breakfasted with him yesterday. He looks jolly and rosy, al- 
 though he had a few chills on the Mississippi. He is staying 
 with Robinson, 604 Houston Street. It is refreshing to see his 
 good face and big body among us once more. He says he will 
 stay until June 1st, but I expect he will disappear suddenly some 
 Wednesday morning. 
 
 The weather for five days has been heavenly. I have just 
 killed Mungo Park, and must take his remains to be electro- 
 typed ; so, good-by ! 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 New York, April 28, 1856. 
 
 I gave Braisted 2 a line or two for A , but as he went to 
 
 Washington he may not yet have returned. He came here on 
 Wednesday morning before I was dressed. We had a long talk 
 which ended in my taking him. I think he will prove to be the 
 right man for me, and am glad that I have engaged him. He 
 seems quite willing to do everything I shall need done, and I am 
 
 1 This and some other of the letters written to Mr. Fields were printed 
 in a series contributed by Mr. Fields to the Congregationalist of Boston. 
 In a prefatory note to this letter he says: "In the following we have a 
 glimpse of the great English author who fell in love with Taylor at tirst 
 sight. Thackeray's hearty delight in a warm companionship with the 
 spirited American author was unbounded." 
 
 - The sailor whom Bayard Taylor had engaged to accompany him to 
 Europe. 
 
316 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 quite sure of his honesty and fidelity. I told him to go up after 
 he returned to Kennett, as there would be no objection whatever 
 to his staying at home and doing some work for his board. I 
 
 should like A to give him some lessons in writing, as his 
 
 hand needs improvement. ' 
 
 I am getting on with the book ; 250 pages are in type, and I 
 hope to have 600 finished by the 1st of June. Thackeray went 
 off in the Baltic on Saturday, running away from his friends, for 
 fear of having to say good-by. I saw him off ; he seemed sorry 
 to leave. He asked Lawrence, the English artist, to take a head 
 of me for him, and I believe Lawrence is going to do it. I have 
 done my first picture in water colors with good success. 
 
 May 13, 1856. 
 
 ... I had a letter the other day from the Cincinnati publish- 
 ers, in which they say I may make 900 pages if I choose. This 
 is 100 more than I had counted upon. I have about 450 done, 
 and the last half is always the shortest, but I am getting very 
 tired of it and very impatient. I feel the need of relaxation 
 more than ever, and the anticipation of relief in six weeks is 
 very delightful. The publishers say that agents are applying 
 every day to distribute and sell the book, and they anticipate a 
 large sale. If I make 900 pages they will increase the price to 
 four dollars. I am pretty sure of making at least $10,000 on it 
 in two years. It will be a very interesting book and very use- 
 ful, but there is a great deal of drudgery in the making of it. 
 I received to-day a copy of the German translation of my " Cen- 
 tral Africa," published in Leipzig. It is very well done. The 
 translator gives a biography of me, in which he says I was born 
 at Kennett Square, near the Brandywine, in that charming re- 
 gion renowned for its associations with the war of Independence. 
 He then says that I went to New York to live in 1843, and there 
 married the daughter of Bryant ! Also that I won the prize for 
 the best poem in praise of Jenny Lind. 
 
 On Friday I had a letter from Bufleb and his wife. They re- 
 ceived my letter on Easter day and read it in my garden, where 
 a lot of children were busy hunting colored eggs, which they 
 had hid among my box-bushes. They send their love to all of 
 you. I am delighted to find that the children still remember 
 me. The old forester, with whom we passed the night in the 
 Duke's woods, has read my " Africa " with great satisfaction. 
 
CLEAR1NG-AWAY WORK. 317 
 
 One of B.'s nieces has married a Russian astronomer and gone to 
 St. Petersburg ; so if I go to Russia I shall have friends there. 
 
 Up to almost the last moment before leaving, lie 
 was at work upon his Cyclopaedia, and had the sat- 
 isfaction of leaving behind him all his literary en- 
 gagements well fulfilled. He had swept his desk 
 clean, and was ready with a cheerful mind for what 
 was to come next. It was as well that he should go 
 off with no concern about his business, but he was to 
 meet with a sorry disappointment. The expectations 
 which he had reasonably formed regarding the Cyclo- 
 paedia were not to be met. It was published after he 
 had sailed under the title : " Cyclopaedia of Modern 
 Travel: A Record of Adventure, Exploration, and 
 Discovery for the past Fifty Years ; comprising Nar- 
 ratives of the most distinguished Travelers since the 
 beginning of the Century. Prepared and arranged by 
 Bayard Taylor. Illustrated with Maps and Engrav- 
 ings. Cincinnati : Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co. 
 1856." The book was sold by subscription, and the 
 great popularity which the editor enjoyed, especially 
 in the West, justified him in anticipating a solid re- 
 turn for his wqrk. The publishers excused the com- 
 parative failure of the enterprise by the fact that it 
 was issued during an exciting Presidential canvass, and 
 when there were apprehensions of a financial crisis. 
 An attempt was made three years later to revive in- 
 terest in it by the addition of a supplement, but with- 
 out success. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 New York, June 17, 1856.' 
 I have been working, it is most true. I have never before 
 done so much in the same space of time. Since the 1st of April, 
 I have finished nine hundred royal 8vo pages, besides prepar- 
 
318 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 ing thirteen maps, and a variety of cuts, and looking after the 
 printing, engraving, etc. ; but I shall finish to-day ! lo, Io ! 
 Bacche ! Nothing remains but title-page and preface. I have 
 compressed ninety volumes into one, and made, I think, a most 
 interesting and salable work, for which I hope to receive thou- 
 sands of dollars. It has been a terribly fatiguing time, especially 
 for the past fortnight, when I have been in addition tortured 
 every day by a dentist. But now for one consolation. I shall 
 dine with you, O George ! on Thursday, as I pass through on my 
 way homewards. Expect me positively at three o'clock. And 
 now I must stop, in order that I may 
 
 Eighteenth, noon — called off yesterday — no time to say more. 
 Will dine with you to-morrow, D. V., and tell the rest. God bless 
 you forever ! 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 New York, July 5, 1856. 
 
 As I must leave without seeing you, I wish to say a final word 
 on business and other matters. I should like to get a set of the 
 proofs of Boker's poems, if they can be had at once, as I wish to 
 write an article on them and send it back from Europe. If a set 
 can be had, please send it by express at once, so that it will get 
 here by Tuesday evening at farthest. Kensett is going out with 
 me, and Curtis gives us a parting dinner at Delmonico's on Tues- 
 day. We expect to have a glorious time. I am wild with the 
 thoughts of my coming holiday. My sisters and brother come on 
 Tuesday. My man Friday is with me now. He is all I expected. 
 
 Give my kindest parting regards to Longfellow, Holmes, 
 Whittier, Lunt, and all Boston friends, whom I would gladly 
 have seen once more before setting out. . . . 
 
 I shall dinj with Thackeray on the 1st of August. What shall 
 I say for you ? Write to me at once, if only for good luck. 
 
The House in the Garden at Gotha 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 NORTHERN TRAVEL. 
 
 1856-1857. 
 
 For not to any race or any clime 
 
 Is the completed sphere of life revealed ; 
 He who would make his own that round sublime, 
 
 Must pitch his tent on many a distant field. 
 
 V Envoi (to " Poems of the Orient "). 
 
 Speed swifter, Night ! wild Northern Night, 
 
 Whose feet the Arctic islands know, 
 When stiffening breakers, sharp and white, 
 
 Gird the complaining shores of snow ! 
 
 A Requiem in the North. 
 
 The party, consisting of Bayard Taylor, his two sis- 
 ters, his youngest brother, and John Braisted, left New 
 York in July, 1856, and landed at Liverpool. His 
 purpose was to give his sisters and brother a taste of 
 European travel, to make his promised visit to Mr. 
 
320 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Bufleb, and then to enlarge his own personal experi- 
 ence by an extended journey in the north, both in the 
 winter and summer seasons. He was more exhausted 
 by his recent work than he had supposed, and it was 
 some time before he recovered his wonted exuberance. 
 Meantime there was a relaxation in travel which grad- 
 ually restored his spirits. He visited England now as 
 one who held a recognized position in literature, and 
 the friendships which he had formed opened the way 
 to further agreeable society. He missed, alas ! the 
 friendly Miss Mitford, who had died eighteen months 
 before. Then it was a pleasure to refresh his familiar 
 knowledge of the beaten paths of Europe through the 
 new experience of his ingenuous companions. Thus 
 he spent four months in leisurely travel before he set 
 about his special errand in Scandinavia. He lingered 
 a few days in London, passed on to Paris, thence to 
 his old haunts at Frankfurt, and so to Gotha, where 
 with his party he was the guest of Mr. Bufleb, and 
 where he took possession of the charming house which 
 Mr. Bufleb had provided for his special delectation. 
 The circumstances under which he traveled lessened 
 his opportunities for letter-writing ; there was little 
 occasion to write to the " Tribune " until he should go 
 to the north, and his letters home were chiefly hurried 
 notes, detailing the plans of the party, and leaving to 
 the others to write more at length. Many of the spe- 
 cial incidents of the journey, however, he used as the 
 basis of separate articles which he afterward collected 
 into the two series of " At Home and Abroad." 
 
 TO MR. AND MRS. R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Paris, August 4, 1856. 
 My time, as you may suppose, is mostly taken up in playing 
 the cicerone to my brethren ; but I have not forgotten, nor 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 321 
 
 do I intend, to neglect, my duty towards you. Everything has 
 gone well thus far. Our voyage across the ocean was even more 
 favorable than I anticipated, — not a rough sea the whole way. 
 We landed at Liverpool in the midst of a pouring rain, whereby 
 I got wet feet, resulting in a swollen head. One side of my face 
 was twice the size of the other, and the pain I endured prevented 
 vine from sleeping for three nights. Finally, at Stratford-on- 
 Avon, my jaw was lanced and I recovered. I never saw Eng- 
 land so beautiful. The weather was clear and warm, and the 
 country greener (if possible) than the fields of Kennett. I saw 
 the loveliest ivy-grown cottages, — Anne Hathaway's among the 
 rest, — the fairest meadows, the most dazzling poppy-fields, the 
 picturesquest elms and oaks, but no trees, I swear, — not even 
 the venerable oaks of Charlecote, where Shakespeare poached, — 
 equal to my own. Kensett went with us through Warwickshire, 
 a journey of four days, — it was 'eavenly. At London, I went 
 with the children to Sydenham, to the Crimean review at Alder- 
 shott, into the hall of St. Paul's, and to the Poet's Corner. The 
 girls were in raptures with everything tbey saw, and their enjoy- 
 ment repaid me handsomely for the trouble and expense of 
 bringing them. Thackeray was in London, and I found him as 
 jovial and as tender-hearted as ever. His daughters came to see 
 the girls, took them out driving a whole afternoon, and we all 
 dined together in the evening. The dinner came off on the 1st, 
 according to promise ; present, Thackeray, Mark Lemon, Tom 
 Taylor, Shirley Brooks, Horace Mayhew, Leech, Bradbury and 
 Evans, Hurlbut, Story, Olmsted, and myself. It was a capital 
 dinner, in Thackeray's own house. The Americans, with Tom 
 Taylor, S. Brooks, and Thackeray, did all the tal k ing ; the other 
 people were rather slow. 1 
 
 I breakfasted with Barry Cornwall and Browning. Dear old 
 Barry ! I loved him from the first minute. He is reputed si- 
 lent, but he opened his heart to me like an uncle. He showed 
 me all his MSS., lots of unpublished poems, etc., and talked out 
 of the abundance of his golden nature. Browning was most cor- 
 dial. He wanted me to call on his wife, and I did so, and a 
 jolly hour's talk I had with the two. She is about publishing 
 
 1 See an account of this dinner in " The Writers for Punch." At Home 
 and Abroad, ii. 416-420. Of Barry Cornwall and the Brownings he wrote 
 a brief sketch under the general title, "Some English Celebrities." At 
 Home ami Abroad, i. 413-445. 
 
 VOL. I. 21 
 
322 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 a poem of eleven thousand lines, 1 — something entirely new in de- 
 sign, — and she feels a little nervous about it. I told her she 
 should not, for if it was good it would surely be appreciated 
 some time or other, and if not, the sooner it was damned the bet- 
 ter ; to which polite remark she agreed. Browning is much 
 pleased with the American success of his last volume. He as- 
 saulted me with " From the desert I come to thee," etc., which 
 he knows by heart, and says is the finest thing of the kind he 
 ever read. (Hold me !) 
 
 . . . We reached here yesterday morning, via Dieppe. Paris 
 is glorious, — wonderfully changed since '46 ! I am happy 
 enough just to walk the streets again, and see the dazzling world 
 pass by me. My whole nervous system was more shaken than I 
 knew, by my labors, and I am now going through the convulsive 
 pangs of a return to health, — ■ " dying into life," as Keats says. 
 It makes me restless, irritable, and ill at ease ; but the result 
 will be health and firm nerves again, thank God ! 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Frankfurt, August 13, 1856. 
 Here we are at last in the old familiar town, and I feel per- 
 fectly at home in its streets. The weather is intensely warm, but 
 clear, and, with the exception of the heat, we see everything 
 under the most favorable circumstances.. I suppose the others 
 will tell you of our journey from Paris to Cologne and our voy- 
 age up the Rhine. We took two days to it, and had fine views 
 all the way. We were all sorry enough to leave Paris, where 
 we were so comfortable. The little French hotel where I stayed 
 was a very home-like place (for France), and the people were 
 kind and honest. The bill was very moderate, and they all 
 seemed quite loath to see us go. We had quite a lively journey 
 from Paris here. Our baggage was examined only at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, where the girls were charmed with the politeness of 
 the Prussian officers. I have great difficulty in getting them to 
 practice French. . . . My own relapse into health goes on 
 bravely. I have not felt so vigorous for a year, and shall be still 
 better and stronger when I get among the Alps. We reached 
 here only last night. I have found Schenck's address, but have 
 not yet seen him. We thought it best to finish the letters home 
 first, as the mail goes this afternoon. To-morrow I shall be in 
 1 Aurora Leigh. 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 323 
 
 Gotha, where Bufleb expects rue. We shall stay there five or 
 six days. . . . 
 
 Gotha, August 20, 1856. 
 I write to you from my house, sitting in my room, with my 
 fountain playing before the window. I reached here last Thurs- 
 day, and was received with open arms. My house adjoins Bu- 
 fleb's residence, and the gardens are thrown into one. It is one 
 of the most charming little places I ever saw. The house is a 
 story and a half high, with a large room and two side boudoirs 
 on the first floor, a little cellar, a study and bed-room above, and 
 no end to the closets and queer little nooks. It is furnished in 
 antique style with high-backed red velvet chairs, Brussels rugs, 
 sofas, mirrors, flower-stands, matches and cigars on the table, 
 tea, sugar, etc., in the cupboard, and beer in the cellar. Nothing 
 was forgotten ; the smallest things were all in their places, and 
 here I live like a prince. The house stands on a raised terrace 
 covered with flowers. A flight of stone steps, with statues at the 
 foot, leads to a broader terrace, in the middle of which is a foun- 
 tain, always playing. The basin is deep, and I have three big 
 fish which come to be fed. From this terrace commences an 
 arched avenue of the dwarf beech, making a comfortable shade. 
 It opens into a large circular arbor, and then continues a hun- 
 dred feet farther, to a garden walk bordered with flowers. 
 Then you come to a pool surrounded with water-lilies, then more 
 flower-beds, and finally a sort of triumphal arch ushers you into 
 the grove, — two acres of wood, with winding paths, statues, 
 fountains, a hermitage of bark, and numerous stone seats and 
 tables. At the end of the wood is the Duke's tree, a large wal- 
 nut planted by Ernest II. in 1760. The house was built in the 
 same year by his prime minister. Fred and I sleep in the house, 
 which will hold only two, and the girls in Bufieb's house. We 
 spend the day here, and take our meals (except supper) with 
 them. . . . We have made two excursions, — to Eisenach and 
 the Wartburg, and to the Thiiringian Forest. Although it rained 
 a little both days, we had delightful trips, and the Buflebs en- 
 joyed them as much as the rest of us. They have taken quite 
 a fancy to Fred and the girls, and this relieves me from all feel- 
 ing of uneasiness at taxing them with so many guests. Every- 
 body knew me on my return, and they all seemed truly glad to 
 see me. ... I could not find the Schencks in Frankfurt after 
 devoting half a day to the search, and inquiring at forty or fifty 
 
324 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 places. They must have moved away, but I could, discover no 
 one who knew them at all. . . . 
 
 After the visit to the Buflebs, Bayard Taylor took 
 his party to Switzerland and Italy, and returning to 
 Switzerland, left his sisters and brother in Lausanne 
 for the winter. He then went to Gotha, where he 
 made a month's stay before going to the north. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Gotha, October 20, 1856. 
 Braisted and I reached here on Saturday evening, and we are 
 now quietly settled in my house. We left Lausanne on Tuesday 
 morning and went by way of the Neufchatel and Bienne Lakes to 
 Basel, where we arrived the next morning in time to take the 
 first train for Heidelberg. In the cars I made the acquaintance 
 of Dr. Sprengler, the author of an admirable " Life of Mahomet," 
 who was on his way home after thirteen years in India. We 
 stayed all night in Heidelberg, and went on Thursday to Frank- 
 furt, where we remained until Saturday morning. I made an- 
 other attempt to find Schenck, and was successful. . . . We had 
 splendid weather all the way, except at Heidelberg, where it 
 rained. Bufleb met me at the cars, and there was great rejoic- 
 ing over my return. The season is not so far advanced as I ex- 
 pected. My garden is still green, and only the beeches and 
 horse-chestnuts have changed color. Bufleb has gathered some 
 nuts of the latter to send home and plant in the spring. My 
 fountain is playing away while I write. I wish you could see 
 the place once, and know how charmingly I am situated. I find 
 that my fame has increased while I have been absent. The 
 daughter of the poet Riickert has written to Bufleb to borrow my 
 books, and says that her father admires them very much. Zieg- 
 ler, a German author, also writes to Bufleb that he wants to visit 
 me, and that he has written to Ritter, the great geographer in 
 Berlin, saying that I am going thither. The common people 
 about Gotha have an idea that I am a very extraordinary man, 
 and they treat me with the greatest respect. I should be almost 
 sorry to have them undeceived — it is so pleasant to feel that 
 one is known in a strange land. The Frau Professor Jacobi has 
 translated some of my poems, and they are circulating in manu- 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 325 
 
 script. Bufleb is more than ever attached to me, and he and his 
 wife seem so glad to have me back, and so resolute to keep me, 
 that I shall not get off under four weeks, at least. We are go- 
 ing to visit the old forester in a few days, and spend a night in 
 the woods. I must also go to Coburg and visit Riickert. In 
 fact, I shall have so much visiting to do that it will interfere 
 with my work. 
 
 He had, however, begun to take up again his wonted 
 work, and the surroundings which had now grown so 
 familiar gave him suggestion for several interesting 
 sketches. The reader will find in " Holidays in Switz- 
 erland and Italy " a narrative of the six weeks which 
 he spent when traveling with his sisters and brother, 
 after leaving Gotha and before he returned to his 
 home there ; while " A German Home and Life in 
 the Thuringian Forest " give in more detail the cir- 
 cumstances of his residence in Gotha. The three pa- 
 pers have been reprinted in the first series of " At 
 Home and Abroad," and in the same volume he has 
 collected incidents of his interviews with German au- 
 thors, and more especially his conversations with Alex- 
 ander von Humboldt. In the frankness of his letters 
 to his mother, he speaks of these interviews as they 
 affected his own consciousness of the position which he 
 occupied in literature. He knew that his mother 
 would take pleasure in these intimations of the recog- 
 nition which her son received, and he had a manly and 
 simple delight himself in meeting upon an equal foot- 
 ing men whose literary work he honored. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Berlin, November 22, 185G. 
 I have not fulfilled my promise of writing to you again before 
 leaving Gotha, because I was obliged to devote so much time to 
 my friends, and to employ my leisure in commencing my corre- 
 
326 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 spondence with the " Tribune." The four weeks passed away be- 
 fore I knew it, and the season is now so far advanced that I am 
 hurrying on toward Lapland as fast as I can. I left Gotha on 
 the 14th, went to Coburg, where I spent a day with Biickert, the 
 poet, and Gerstacker, the celebrated German traveler. Both 
 had read my travels in German, and were most friendly and 
 cordial towards me. We then went to Dresden, where Ziegler, 
 another traveler and author, whom I had previously known, 
 received me with open arms. Dresden is the literary city of 
 Germany, and I met with all the authors living there. I was 
 delighted to find that they all knew me. When I called on the 
 poet Julius Hammer, he was at his desk, translating my poem 
 of " Steyermark." Gutzkow the dramatist, Autrbach the nov- 
 elist, Dr. Andree the geographer, and others whose names are 
 known all over Europe, welcomed me as a friend and brother- 
 author. We had a grand dinner together the day before I left. 
 The Dresden papers spoke of me as a distinguished guest, and 
 published translations of my poems. In fact, I think I am al- 
 most as well known in Germany as in the United States. I left 
 Dresden with regret and the promise to go back again. We 
 came here on Wednesday and will stay two days more. I have 
 visited Bitter, the great geographer, and expect to see Humboldt 
 shortly. . . . Every one who knows anything about the north of 
 Europe tells me I am quite right in making a winter journey to 
 Lapland. Bitter says my plan is a capital one, and I shall have 
 the most interesting experiences. They all say that traveling is 
 easier in the north in winter than in summer, and that one soon 
 becomes accustomed to the cold. I bought a fur robe in Gotha, 
 which reaches from the crown of my head to the sole of my 
 feet. ... I am in high spirits at the thought of this whiter jour- 
 ney. 
 
 The journey to the north was the fulfillment of an 
 old desire. It was also in some degree the first-fruits 
 of a new resolve. The passion for exploration, for ad- 
 venture, which was part of an exuberant physical na- 
 ture, was subsiding, although still energetic ; but there 
 had been forming in Bayard Taylor's mind a maturer 
 conception of travel. The task which he had accepted 
 of compiling an encyclopaedia of travel had brought 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 327 
 
 him more directly into contact with the minds of great 
 travelers, and he had been struck by the wide and 
 varied equipment which was essential to eminent suc- 
 cess in this field. He had had his dreams of reputa- 
 tion through travel, but his waking reflections showed 
 him clearly that there was an incompatibility between 
 the higher, finer literary production which was his 
 dearest object, and the career of one who should add 
 deliberately to the stock of human knowledge. There 
 is little doubt that his acquaintance with Humboldt at 
 this time deepened the reflections which had been oc- 
 cupying his mind. Here was the greatest of modern 
 explorers, who carried the wealth of the Indies with 
 him to every remote Indies which he visited. The very 
 wealth of his endowment caused his visitor to be con- 
 scious of his own lack of severe and specific training. 
 It also stimulated him to a profounder conception of 
 the use to which he might put the material he was 
 gathering. Might there not be such a work as a hu- 
 man Cosmos? 
 
 Meanwhile he was still impelled by the desire to 
 feel, as well as to see, the cold north. He would not 
 attempt what he could not do, but he knew well that 
 he could so travel as to receive impressions and record 
 them as pictures for the mind of the reader, and he 
 set out with hearty interest upon his new adventure. 
 The stream of travel had not then set in toward Scan- 
 dinavia, and he had nearly virgin soil for literary cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 TO GEORGE H ROKER. 
 
 Stockholm, December 7, 1856. 
 
 I reached here yesterday after a journey of thirty miles in an 
 
 open sled, with the mercury below zero. My first walk was to 
 
 the post-office, in the midst of a blinding' snow-storm, and the 
 
 first letter I received was yours. I came back to my lodgings in 
 
328 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 the early darkness of the north, sat down and read your words 
 with a mixture of joy and pain which I know not how to express 
 to you. I passed a restless night, and if my clairvoyant faculty 
 were always certain, I am sure you must have thought of me. 
 Now I cannot delay a moment until I have written, and know 
 that my letter is on its way to you. . . . 
 
 I hardly know how to explain this silence myself. The fact 
 is, I wrote so much and labored . so hard during my two years 
 and a half at home that for three months after I sailed I never 
 touched a pen without a violent effort. I wrote as little as pos- 
 sible, even to my mother. ... I only began to write for the 
 " Tribune " about six weeks ago, while in Gotha. I determined 
 then that I would make atonement for my neglect of you. I 
 thought of you day after day, sat down to my table with the 
 resolution to write ; but I swear I don't know how it happened 
 that I never did. I was absorbed, and have been since then, by 
 a personal matter which I will explain to you when we meet, and 
 which may have been partly to blame. . . . 
 
 George, I have been undergoing a mental and moral fermen- 
 tation for the last four months. Until it has subsided I can't say 
 what the result will be. It is one of those transition periods 
 which are inevitable in our nature, which we can foresee, but not 
 prevent or retard. I believe it will bring wine instead of vin- 
 egar, new vitality, fresh force, and a sparkling effervescence of 
 cheerfulness and courage. You know what these periods are, 
 how restless they make one, yet not unhappy, how full of the 
 desire without the proper calm capacity for labor. So it has 
 been, and still partly is, with me. Yet I have rarely been hap- 
 pier in my life, and the future never seemed brighter or more 
 secure. 
 
 You ask, when will my wanderings end ? God only knows. 
 For me they are an absolute necessity ; I owe my life and my suc- 
 cess to them. In another week I start for Tornea, and by New 
 Year's day shall be on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Think 
 of me when you get this as driving my reindeer over the solid 
 snow, in the sunless days of the Polar Circle. . . . 
 
 It will not interest you much to hear what I have been doing 
 since leaving home. I devoted three months to my sisters and 
 Fred, visiting in that time London, Paris, Germany, all Switzer- 
 land, Italy as far as Rome, and Savoy. I secured winter quar- 
 ters for them at Lausanne, and then went on to Gotha, where I 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 329 
 
 spent a month at home, in my own house. It was a home I as- 
 sure you. I knew everybody, and everybody knew me. I dined 
 with prime ministers and danced with peasant girls ; talked 
 philosophy with scholars, and camped out with foresters. I went 
 to Dresden, where I fell in with the principal living authors of 
 Germany, and was delighted to find that they all knew my name. 
 ^Thence to Berlin, where I had interviews with Humboldt, Bit- 
 ter, and Miigge, the author of " Afraja." Thence to Hamburg 
 and Liibeck, whence I sailed for Stockholm on the 1st. It was 
 the last trip of the season, for the Baltic Sea is nearly closed. 
 We had a polar voyage — storm, ice, snow, and cold — for five 
 days, but succeeded in reaching a little port thirty miles from 
 here, where we were stopped by the ice. We came on by land, 
 through pine forests heavy with snow — superb winter scenery. 
 The days are waxing short, barely six hours of daylight, but in 
 three weeks more, in Lapland, we shall have no sunrise at all. 
 I stand the cold admirably, and am waxing ruddy and strong. 
 
 After a week at Stockholm for the purpose of pre- 
 paring for the northern journey, the two travelers set 
 out December 15, 1856, and were precisely two months 
 making the tour to Lapland and back. It must be 
 said that the narrative of the excursion leaves upon 
 the reader's mind the impression that it was a feat 
 performed rather than a pleasure enjoyed, and the 
 note-books containing the incidents from which the 
 fuller letters were written out intensify the impression. 
 For much of the way it was a desperate fight with the 
 cold. On the 26th of January, when they had turned 
 back and were making their way out of the cold and 
 darkness, Bayard Taylor notes in his journal : — 
 
 " The weather seems to be moderating a little, 
 which God grant, for the continuance of extreme cold 
 is terrible. Mercury now — 34^°. My nose has still 
 escaped, but I have much trouble with my hands and 
 feet. Cannot now describe the little incidents of my 
 journey — am almost used up by fighting with the 
 
330 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Arctic climate. But we are going southward, and the 
 sun rises higher every day. . . . Jan. 27. . . Still, 
 sparklingly clear, and intensely cold — 47°. Had good 
 horses and rattled merrily along, so that we were in 
 fine spirits. Splendid snow-forests, illuminated by 
 the sun, which rose about ten o'clock. Not a bit of 
 warmth in his beams, but we were rejoiced to see his 
 round, white face once more. . . . Did not suffer much 
 from the cold to-day, except in hands and forehead. 
 My eyebrows, eyes, and upper parts of my cheeks were 
 like marble, rather than flesh. I know now how a 
 statue feels. . . . Jan. 28. . . . We were in strong- 
 hopes that the power of the cold weather was broken, 
 but this morning it had sunk to — 49°, the mercury 
 beginning to freeze, and even now when the sun has 
 been shining nearly an hour, it is — 46°. I have 
 suffered considerably from this continuance of vio- 
 lent cold ; the bridge of my nose is frozen, my bodily 
 temperature is lowered to a chilly point, and I have 
 had a terrible headache over the eyes to-day, from the 
 freezing yesterday. There is a little wind from the 
 west, and I can scarcely bear it on my face. Nothing 
 can be more severe ; flaying, branding with a hot 
 iron, cutting with dull knives, etc., may be something 
 like it, but no worse. Air hazy from the frozen moist- 
 ure, smoke frozen in solid masses, snow hard and 
 crisp, iron sticks like glue — in short, no signs of a 
 proper Arctic temperature are wanting." 
 
 There were striking views of Arctic heavens and 
 the ever- varying forest scenes ; the very cold carried 
 with it much of the time a sense of physical exhilara- 
 tion, and Bayard Taylor was able to say after it was 
 all over that the experience had confirmed his physical 
 strength, and that he had been absolutely free from 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 331 
 
 colds. Still, the satisfaction of having accomplished 
 the feat remained as the most positive result. He had 
 known in his own person the extreme rigor of a north- 
 ern clime, and thus had added to the range of his 
 sensations. 
 
 He was able to bring into requisition the study he 
 had made of water-color drawing, and brought back 
 a number of sketches from the north. He settled 
 himself in Stockholm with his companion, where he 
 worked up the material of his notes- and his reminis- 
 cences into letters to the "Tribune," made further 
 studies in Swedish life, language, and literature, and 
 went through a regular gymnastic training under the 
 system which was then peculiar to Sweden. The gen- 
 eral result of his leisurely stay in Stockholm is given 
 in a letter which he wrote shortly before returning to 
 Gotha. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Stockholm, April 21, 1857. 
 We are getting along as usual, and I have very little to say, 
 except that I am in good health and getting better. I don't 
 know that I ever felt more cheerful in my life, at least not for 
 six years past. The gymnasium has wonderfully strengthened 
 my arms and breast. I can now climb a smooth pole thirty feet 
 high, run up a rope with my hands, and perform various other 
 feats which two months ago would have been utterly impossible. 
 My breast has increased an inch and a half in circumference, 
 and all this is solid muscle. I really believe I could become a 
 strong man. My only derangement is of the digestive organs 
 from my sedentary life in New York, brought on again by sitting 
 so much in a sled during my Lapland journey. I have consulted 
 a physician, who tells me only to sit as little as possible, and take 
 exercise. I have a high desk where I can stand and write, and 
 shall tramp through Norway in the summer, so the matter will 
 soon be settled. I have determined, however, never again to 
 work as I have worked. I felt the bad effects of it all last 
 summer and fall, and am only just now beginning to be my old 
 
332 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 self again. I am glad that I have laid out so much travel. This 
 winter has been a great benefit to me, but I am anxious to make 
 myself thoroughly robust and vigorous without a weak nerve 
 about me, and cannot do it under another year at least. I shall 
 continue the gymnasium practice whenever I get a chance. It 
 is admirable. I never knew what it was to have strong arms 
 before. The weather has much improved. We have some glo- 
 rious days now, and I go out in the country to sketch. I have 
 made two very good views of Stockholm, and shall make two or 
 three more before I leave. I have also improved in figures, and 
 can take a tolerable portrait without much trouble. 
 
 By the middle of May lie was again in Gotha, where 
 he found his sisters and brother, who had preceded 
 him from Switzerland, and were now enjoying the 
 hospitalities of Mr. Bufleb before they should return 
 to America. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Gotha, May 26, 1857. 
 . . . Our past week has been a continual round of dinners and 
 excursions into the forests and mountains, with the loveliest 
 weather imaginable, and the whole country blooming like a vast 
 garden. Gotha is in every sense of the word a home to all our 
 family, and there will be lamentation on all sides when the day 
 of departure comes. . . . The whole family look upon us as rel- 
 atives and treat us as such. The people here claim me as a 
 fellow-citizen. The newspapers regularly publish translations of 
 my letters, and everybody is familiar with my doings. If you 
 and father were here I could forget that I am an American. I 
 must say again that Fred and the girls have remarkably im- 
 proved, both mentally and physically. I am proud to be their 
 brother, and grateful that I have been able to give them this 
 year in Europe. When I took them from home I did not know 
 that I was doing anything for myself, but so it is. Their presence 
 here has, as it were, turned all my friends into relatives, so inti- 
 mate and familiar have they become with all of us. 
 
 When this letter was written, Bayard Taylor was 
 not at liberty to disclose the fact which lay beneath it 
 and gave special meaning to his words. A few days 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 333 
 
 later he announced to his mother his engagement to 
 " Marie Hansen, (laughter of Hansen, the distinguished 
 astronomer, and niece of Mrs. Bufleb." He had waited 
 until the consent could be had of his future wife's 
 mother, who was at the time in St. Petersburg. " I 
 -hope you will be satisfied," he concludes, " with a step 
 which makes us all so happy and my future so bright." 
 The betrothal took place on the eve of the return of 
 Bayard Taylor's sisters and brother to America. He 
 saw them on their way from Bremen, and then went 
 to England for a few days before completing his north- 
 ern travel by a summer trip through Norway. He 
 saw again his English friends, and made new acquaint- 
 ances. Thackeray introduced him to Tennyson, whom 
 he visited. "I have written a letter to Tennyson," 
 Thackeray writes, " containing comments upon your 
 character which I could n't safely trust to your own 
 hand." The two days which Bayard Taylor spent 
 with Tennyson at his home were full of pleasure. "He 
 was most kind and friendly," he writes to his mother, 
 " and says I must visit him every time I come to Eng- 
 land. To-night I am going with Read (who has just 
 arrived from Rome) to visit Leigh Hunt. I expect 
 to see Dickens before I leave. I met last Sunday with 
 Layard, the discoverer of Nineveh, and Kinglake, the 
 author of ' Eothen.' " 
 
 Some of the impressions of this society he recorded 
 in a paper which is included in the second series of 
 " At Home and Abroad," " Summer Gossip from 
 England," and also in a slight sketch of Leigh Hunt, 
 printed in the first series. But he was unwilling to 
 give more than the lightest sketches of persons whose 
 privacy he respected, however public they might be 
 through their literary fame. This was especially true 
 
334 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 as regards Tennyson, of whom he wrote more famil- 
 iarly to his friend Mr. Boker : — 
 
 *' I spent two days with him in June, and you take 
 my word for it he is a noble fellow, every inch of him. 
 He is as tall as I am, with a head which Read capitally 
 calls that of a dilapidated Jove, long black hair, splen- 
 did dark eyes, and a full mustache and beard. The 
 portraits don't look a bit like him ; they are hand- 
 somer, perhaps, but have n't half the splendid charac- 
 ter of his face. We smoked many a pipe together, 
 and talked of poetry, religion, politics, and geology. I 
 thought he seemed gratified with his American fame ; 
 he certainly did not say an unkind word about us. 
 He had read my Oriental poems and liked them. He 
 spoke particularly of their richness of imagery and 
 conscientious finish. I need not tell you that his ver- 
 dict is a valuable one to me. Our intercourse was 
 most cordial and unrestrained, and he asked me, at 
 parting, to be sure and visit him every time I came to 
 England. His wife is one of the best women I ever 
 met with, and his two little boys, Hallam and Lionel, 
 are real cherubs of children." 
 
 Mr. Bufleb joined Bayard Taylor in Norway, and 
 they spent the summer in travel, going as far as the 
 North Cape in one of the steamers which make the 
 coasting voyage. It was rather a supplement to his 
 winter in Sweden and Lapland. It enabled him to 
 complete the round of his observation, and quite effect- 
 ually satisfied the desire which he had so long had, to 
 experience in his own person the quality of northern 
 life. "We had quite enough of the north," he wi*ites 
 to his mother. " It is interesting to see it once, but 
 now that I have been inside of the Arctic zone both in 
 winter and summer I am satisfied, and never wish to 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 335 
 
 go back again." He parted with Mr. Bufleb in Chris- 
 tiania, and made a journey through Dalecarlia to Stock- 
 holm, and thence to Gotha again by way of Copenha- 
 gen, where he saw Andersen. 
 
 It is to be noticed that since he had left America 
 iie had apparently not written a line of poetry. His 
 prose, indeed, was more marked by poetic form, for he 
 gave many picturesque descriptions of northern scen- 
 ery, and seemed to relieve the hardness of the outer 
 world by warm imaginative touches, and the life which 
 he witnessed remained in his mind as material for 
 poetic use afterward. This appears especially in the 
 singularly truthful reproduction of Norwegian land- 
 scape, manners, and sentiment in the pastoral poem of 
 " Lars." The strong contrasts, both of nature and of 
 character, which make Norway dear to the artist and 
 poet, appealed to him and found partial expression in 
 his prose narrative, as when he described his visit to 
 the region which he afterward adopted as the locale 
 for the earlier scenes in " Lars." 
 
 " We had a terribly tough pull up the mountain, . 
 through fine woods, to the summit level of the fjeld. 
 The view backward, over the lake, was enchanting, 
 and we lingered long on the steep, loath to lose it. 
 Turning again, a desolate lake lay before us, heathery 
 swells of the bleak table-land, and distant peaks 
 touched with snow. Once upon the broad level sum- 
 mit of a Norwegian fjeld one would never guess what 
 lovely valleys lie under the misty breaks which sep- 
 arate its immense lobes, what gushes of life and 
 beauty penetrate its stony heart. There are, in fact, 
 two Norways: one above — a series of detached, ir- 
 regular masses, bleak, snowy, wind-swept, and heath- 
 er-grown, inhabited by herdsmen and hunters : and 
 
336 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 one below — a ramification of narrow veins of land 
 and water, with fields and forests, highways and vil- 
 lages." 1 
 
 The letters which he wrote to the " Tribune " formed 
 the basis of the volume of " Northern Travel " which 
 he published in the fall of 1857 in New York with 
 Mr. Putnam, and in London with Sampson Low & 
 Co. A German edition was also brought out at the 
 same time. He was busily engaged in preparing the 
 book for the press at the time of his marriage, which 
 took place October 27, 1857. His friends in New 
 York celebrated the event on the same day in a pleas- 
 ant fashion by a dinner to which he invited them. 
 
 Immediately after his marriage, Bayard Taylor 
 went with his wife to London, where he remained 
 long enough to see his " Northern Travel " through 
 the press and to secure an English copyright. He 
 had intended making a journey of exploration into 
 Russian Tartary for the purpose of procuring fresh 
 material for a volume of travels. His plan was to 
 spend a winter in Moscow, preparing himself by study 
 and familiarity with Russian life for the adventure in 
 the following summer, but the letters which he received 
 from America forced him to reconsider his resolve. 
 The financial disasters of this year, 1857, had tempo- 
 rarily affected his sources of income, and he did not 
 deem it prudent to incur so heavy an expense as the 
 Russian winter and the summer in Tartary would de- 
 mand. It was of little use, however, to return to 
 America, where literature and lecturing were both at 
 a stand-still. He could maintain himself better by 
 correspondence than in any other way, and he decided 
 to pass the winter in Greece, which he had not yet 
 
 1 Northern Travel, p. 351. 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 337 
 
 visited, and which offered a good field for work. 
 After a short stay, therefore, in Gotha, upon returning 
 from London, he went with his wife to Athens, which 
 hie reached on the evening of Christmas Day. By 
 good fortune he found that the dragoman, Francois, 
 who had been with him in Palestine and Asia Minor, 
 was settled in Athens and kept a furnished house for 
 strangers. 
 
 " We have engaged a parlor and two bedrooms," 
 he writes to his mother on the last day of the year, 
 " and shall move there day after to-morrow. . . . 
 Francois has a warm house, and I think we shall be 
 very comfortable with him. His wife is a German 
 woman, who will be some company for M. while we 
 are off on our trips into the interior. Of course Fran- 
 cois will accompany us always, and I know him well 
 enough to depend on him. . . . We shall not go any- 
 where for a month at least, and then to Candia first, 
 afterwards Rhodes, and then back to Athens. I can- 
 not take M. on this trip as there are no inns on either 
 of the islands, and the houses are dirty, without beds, 
 and full of fleas." 
 
 With his customary promptness and facility he ap- 
 plied himself at once to acquiring a colloquial knowl- 
 edge of modern Greek, and a month after they had set- 
 tled themselves in Athens he was able to write to his 
 mother : " I commit three to four pages to memory 
 every morning, and then talk them over with my 
 teacher. In this way, without grammar or dictionary, 
 I have learned so much that I can ask for everything 
 I want and talk about ordinary topics. It is a beau- 
 tiful language, and I only wish I had time to study it 
 thoroughly. I have also taken a few sketches when- 
 ever the weather permitted, and am, besides, reading 
 
 vol. i. 22 
 
338 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Grecian history. So you see my time is pretty well 
 taken up." 
 
 The society at Athens was full of interest to him, 
 and he was especially indebted to Dr. and Mrs. Hill, 
 the American missionaries. Through them he was 
 able to enlarge and modify the impressions which he 
 received of Greece, and to get a quicker introduction 
 into the mingled Bavarian and Hellenic life of the 
 capital. The experiment, then still new, of reorgan- 
 izing Greece under the supervision of the Western 
 Powers interested him extremely, and his diary con- 
 tains many observations which he did not think it ex- 
 pedient to enlarge upon in his printed narrative. He 
 came to Greece with a poet's apprehension of the clas- 
 sic life, not a scholar's ; yet he was too actual in all 
 his habits of observation to lose himself in a merely 
 romantic or regretful vision of modern Greece. The 
 burst of passionate admiration with which he viewed 
 the Acropolis was the accumulated expression of en- 
 thusiasm for Greek art which had always possessed 
 him even when he had but remote or fragmentary ob- 
 jects to call it forth. Now, in the heart of ancient 
 Greece, the full tide of feeling rushed forth. He 
 brought to the scene no careful culture through the 
 study of Grecian literature, art, and history, but a 
 mind apt at receiving those great impressions of great 
 art which overflow the soul and sweep away for the 
 time being all other thoughts and emotions. 
 
 The whole winter in Greece and the Grecian Isl- 
 ands was a most delightful verification to him of old 
 dreams and present aspirations, and as such found an 
 immediate expression in a book of travel, which has, 
 perhaps, greater unity and finish than any of his 
 previous prose works. The reader will recall the wist- 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 339 
 
 ful look which Bayard Taylor cast toward Greece 
 when he was first in Europe. In the plans for his 
 earliest journey, none excited his enthusiasm as did 
 that for visiting Greece, and his greatest disappoint- 
 ment was when in Italy he turned his back upon that 
 -near East and set his face toward France. Now, when 
 he had visited the shores of so large a part of the 
 globe, had seen many cities and many men, fortune 
 brought him, under happy auspices, to this navel of 
 the poetic world. He brought with him the poetic 
 fervor of his youth and the maturer judgment of his 
 experience. He was ready to yield at once to the fas- 
 cination of the antique, and to watch with curious eye 
 a people and land which offered to the modern trav- 
 eler aspects a world away from the Greece of Peri- 
 cles. 
 
 After he was sufficiently equipped with a knowl- 
 edge of the language and a familiarity with Grecian 
 ways he made several excursions : to Crete in Febru- 
 ary, to the Morea in the latter part of March, and to 
 Thessaly in April. He had learned the art of travel 
 thoroughly now, and one is aware in reading his rec- 
 ord how lightly he disposed of difficulties, and how 
 easily he adjusted himself to the circumstances of his 
 life. He had learned also more perfectly the art of 
 renderino- his sketches of travel so that the narrative 
 should have something more than sequence ; the nice 
 proportion, the composition, indeed, of his work on 
 Greece indicate that even though he wrote necessarily 
 in fragments, his work assumed a unity and true per- 
 spective as he went on with it. He wrote no poem 
 during his stay in Greece, but he was clearly under 
 the influence of the artistic mood and used his faculty 
 in the completer, more picturesque form of his prose 
 narrative. 
 
340 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 His stay in Greece closed when spring had fairly 
 come, and the party returned to Gotha by way of 
 Constantinople and the Danube. As soon as Bayard 
 Taylor had established his wife in her former home, 
 he set out for a hurried excursion to Moscow and St. 
 Petersburg. Although he had been obliged to give 
 up the more elaborate plan which he had formed, he 
 was unwilling to go home without a glimpse of a coun- 
 try which interested him, and which now seemed to 
 require his notice, if he would complete in his mind 
 some of the reflections which had arisen from the ac- 
 quaintance with modern Greece. He returned by a 
 rapid movement through the Baltic provinces, and 
 reached Gotha sooner than he had been expected. 
 
 He wrote to Mr. Stoddard, July 21st, " The poetic 
 faculty is beginning to give signs of life at last. Two 
 years of silence was quite enough, but the time is not 
 lost. I may bring you half a dozen poems with me, 
 but no more. I need American air, when I write po- 
 etry." A few days later he wrote a poem, " A Watch 
 of the Night," which found its place in the first edi- 
 tion of " The Poet's Journal." The expected cry of a 
 child, when the wind was howling without, was the 
 theme which invited him to take up his song again. 
 This poem was omitted from the later editions of 
 " The Poet's Journal." It had, perhaps, for him 
 both an intimacy which he shrank afterwards from 
 sharing with others, and a slight uncertainty of hand- 
 ling, as if his fingers were not yet newly used to the 
 once familiar instrument. 
 
 This poem and two which followed shortly after, 
 " The Father " and " The Mother," have an autobio- 
 graphic interest to the reader for their frank expression 
 of that unhesitating affection which he gave to those 
 
NORTHERN TRAVEL. 341 
 
 whom he loved. In a fragment of a confession which 
 he wrote four years before, he said: "I have been 
 reading- ' Eousseau's Confessions,' and am struck with 
 certain similarities which my nature bears to his. He 
 was a man, evidently, whose very life consisted in lov- 
 ing. Love was the breath of his being ; and the older I 
 grow the more I find that the same thing is true with 
 regard to myself. I have felt all the transports and 
 the tendernesses of passion which he describes — the 
 same feminine devotion to the beloved object, the same 
 enthrallment of the imagination and the affections. 
 But as I have much less genius than he, so I have 
 more worldly wisdom, and my affections, though they 
 tyrannize over me completely, rarely betray themselves 
 to the observation of others." This reserve is very 
 manifest in his poetry ; the personal feeling is hidden 
 for the most part ; even when the subject which his 
 art chooses lies parallel with his own personal history, 
 one is aware of a still depth which does not disclose 
 to the ordinary observer more than the reflection of 
 sentiment. The three poems written at this time 
 were written, one might almost say, when he was off 
 his guard. In the glow of his new possession he wrote 
 to his old friend, Mr. Stoddard : — 
 
 Now you and I are quits, I shall no longer contrast your 
 household happiness with mine, and sigh for what I find want- 
 ing. I, too, am a father. Do you hear — a father. Pshaw, as 
 I wrote the word the dumb letters don't seem to mean any- 
 thing, and yet they should mean the unspeakably blessed fact 
 that I have a child. ... I look at the little thing with a sort 
 of childish delight and wonder, and continually ask myself : Is 
 this helpless being really sprung from my loins ? I see my 
 own brown eyes in its face, my hair on its head, my " three- 
 cent-piece of a mouth," and wonder how much of my soul goes 
 with these features. It is ugly, as all newly-born babies are, 
 
342 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 yet to me it is as divinely beautiful as the Child-Christ of Ra- 
 phael. I never cared for such fresh existences before ; but now 
 all its blind motions, shrill cries, and semi-stupid signs of won- 
 derment at finding itself in the world, inspire me with the pro- 
 foundest interest. I now know what the tenderness of a parent 
 is. . . . 
 
 The family remained at Gotha until it was prudent 
 to travel to America. During the interval occurred 
 the three hundredth anniversary of the University of 
 Jena, which Bayard Taylor attended and where he had 
 the pleasure of meeting Fritz Reuter. He wrote an 
 account of the University and of the celebration, which 
 is reprinted in the first series of " At Home and 
 Abroad." On the 1st of October he sailed with his 
 family from Hamburg, arrived at New York on the 
 20th, and four days later they were at the old home- 
 stead in Kennett Square. 
 
V^r; 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 1858-1860. 
 
 THE BUILDING OF CEDAECROFT. 
 
 Careless of fate, yet with a central strength 
 I knew would hold his life in equipoise, 
 And bent Ms wandering energies, at length, 
 To the smooth orbit of serener joys. 
 
 The Poet's Journal. 
 
 High is the house and sunny the lawn : the capes of the woodlands, 
 Bluff, and buttressed with many boughs, are gates to the distance 
 Blue with hill over hill, that sink as the pausing of music. 
 
 Proem (to '' Home Pastorals.") 
 
 The journey to Greece was the last of a series of 
 travels which had occupied Bayard Taylor's mind for 
 fourteen years. He was conscious that he had satis- 
 fied the impulse which sent him out, for it was not so 
 much a craving for knowledge of the world as it was 
 a desire to place himself en rapport with a wide range 
 of humanity and nature, which had given him a rest- 
 lessness of life. With the decrease of interest in the 
 mere externals of travel came of necessity a diminu- 
 tion of zeal for that form of literature which consists 
 mainly in description and the quick record of impres- 
 sions. If he could not travel to write, he had little 
 care to travel at all, for expression of his life was a 
 necessity to his nature. 
 
 He had, moreover, now given hostages to fortune, 
 and the realization of his dreams of domestic life lent 
 a new force to his old passion for the place of his 
 
344 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 childhood. He had already, when in Germany, made 
 plans for the house which he meant to build upon his 
 estate, and he now threw himself with ardor into the 
 work of building. For two years and more all his 
 energy was devoted to earning the necessary money 
 and carrying out the plans which he had formed, plans 
 which grew and grew with that fatal facility which 
 every one who models his house after his prototype in 
 Spain knows so well. 
 
 The great resource always open to him was lectur- 
 ing. It was not his chosen form of expression. He 
 never deceived himself into believing that he had the 
 art of a born lecturer ; but having accepted the one 
 available method for turning his experience into gold, 
 he spared no pains to make the most of such gifts as 
 he had. Thus his delivery and the style of his dis- 
 course steadily improved, and in spite of the many an- 
 noyances and discomforts of the life, he even learned 
 to find pleasure in addressing an audience. In this, 
 however, he was very dependent upon the audience, 
 for its response was a prime necessity to his ease and 
 enjoyment. 
 
 He effected also, after his return to America, a 
 change in his business relations with Mr. Putnam. 
 He bought the stereotype plates of his works and 
 leased them to Mr. Putnam, who assumed toward him 
 and Washington Irving the relation of agent. This 
 purchase and the outlays immediately called for in the 
 construction of his house impelled him to the earliest 
 possible increase of his resources, and as soon as 
 ground had been broken, and he had established his 
 family for the winter in a joint occupation with Mr. 
 Stoddard and his family of a house in Brooklyn, he 
 hurried off on a lecture tour which kept him busily 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 345 
 
 engaged until late in the spring. While away he 
 amused himself one night with sketching his expe- 
 riences as a lecturer in a rhymed letter to Mr. Stod- 
 dard. 
 
 RECREATIONS OF A RAINY DAY. 
 
 Did you ever hear of Niles, my boy ? 
 
 Did you ever hear of Niles ? 
 Not the Congress Register, 
 
 Bound in bulky files — 
 Not where Egypt's river 
 
 Spawns the crocodiles — 
 Not by dykes of Holland, 
 
 Or Venetian piles — 
 Not where Knox and Genin 
 
 Sell their shiny tiles — 
 Not where black papooses 
 
 Bask in tropic isles — 
 But away in Michigan, 
 
 Many hundred miles 
 From your Brooklyn domicile, 
 
 Here I am in Niles ! 
 
 Bain is falling, pouring 
 
 As in Noah's time ; 
 Hardly can the omnibus 
 
 Stagger thro' the slime ; 
 Driver wrapped in oilcloth 
 
 Takes the proffered dime, 
 As we reach the tavern door 
 
 Songs begin to chime : 
 " Will you have your dinner, Sir ? " 
 
 " Yes, I will, for I 'm 
 Hungry as a catamount." 
 
 " Walk in — just in time ! " 
 
 Now I light the exquisite 
 
 Roll of Cuban weed, 
 Purchased in Chicago — 
 
 Dear enough, indeed ! 
 
346 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Rollick in the rocking chair 
 
 While the smoke ascends, 
 Think on wife and baby, 
 
 And on you, niy friends ! 
 Comes a rapping, tapping 
 
 At my chamber door, 
 But, unlike Poe's raven 
 
 Crying " Evermore ! " 
 'T is the new Committee 
 
 Any one can tell, 
 Come to see the lecturer : 
 
 " Hope you 're very well ! " 
 " How d' you like our city ? " 
 
 " It 's growing mighty fast." 
 " Where d' you go to-morrow ? " 
 
 " Where 'd you lecture last ? " 
 
 Finally they leave me, 
 
 I 'm alone, again, 
 Watch the roaring, pouring 
 
 Equinoctial rain, 
 Swashing down the gutters, 
 
 Splashing on the pane, 
 Lounge in pleasant indolence 
 
 Resting bones and brain : 
 When again a rapping — 
 
 (Hope you will not laugh) — » 
 School-boy with an album 
 
 Wants an autograph ! 
 Next a solemn gentleman, 
 
 Unctuous of face : 
 " What 's your real opinion 
 
 Of the human race ? " 
 Then a man salacious, 
 
 Libidinous to view : 
 " Is the marriage custom 
 
 A false one or a true ? " 
 Then a grim one, smelling 
 
 Of the sepulchre : 
 " Sprinkling or immersion, 
 
 Which do you prefer ? " 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 347 
 
 " You have given the body 
 
 Development enough : 
 Don't you think the spirit 
 
 Should have quantum suff. f " 
 
 Thicker than the deluge 
 
 Pouring out-of-doors, 
 Conies a ram of questions 
 
 From the crowd of bores ; 
 " Where 's your lady staying ? " 
 
 " What 's your baby's name ? " 
 " Do you find Society 
 
 Everywhere the same ? " 
 " Where are you going to travel ? " 
 
 " What 's your future plan ? " 
 " Do you think you '11 ever 
 
 Be a settled man ? " 
 " Ain't you now the greatest 
 
 Traveler alive ? " 
 " What 's the land where turnips 
 
 Seem the best to thrive ? " 
 " Don't you suffer awful 
 
 From the heat and cold ? " 
 " So, you 're now a German 
 
 Citizen, I 'm told ! " 
 " What might be your birth-place ? " 
 
 " Where d' you call your home ? " 
 " Can you stay in any place — 
 
 You 're so used to roam ? " 
 
 Would I were in Douglas Street 
 
 With a glass of beer — 
 Tears upon the paper 
 
 Leave an inky smear, 
 Oh, I want to see you 
 
 Oh, I want to be 
 Where, for information, 
 
 No one comes to me. 
 I 'd be a bloody whaler 
 
 Among the Kurile Isles, 
 
348 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 A tearing, swearing sailor 
 
 Whom the Captain riles, 
 Anything but Taylor 
 
 Lecturing in Niles ! 
 
 On his return he moved with the Stoddards to New 
 York, and went again to the distant West on a four 
 weeks' tour of lecturing. 
 
 He was full of vigor. The great burden which he 
 had assumed only stimulated him to harder work, and 
 he entered with a certain athletic joy upon the task of 
 making literature, not a stick or a crutch, but a horse 
 on which he proposed to ride hard into prosperity. 
 He felt again his pulse beat quicker at the thought of 
 poetry, and while he looked forward to the goal to- 
 ward which he was speeding as one when honest lei- 
 sure should wait upon his poetic mood, he could not 
 altogether delay for that consummation. He had not 
 been gone long on his tour, before he wrote the half- 
 sad, half -eager poem, " The Return of the Goddess," 
 which stands as the preface to " The Poet's Journal," 
 and is quite as significantly the preface to this period 
 of his life. 
 
 When the summer came and he was released from 
 the labor of lecturing, he found as absorbing an occu- 
 pation in superintending the work upon his house. He 
 removed with, his family to the old homestead, where 
 he could watch every brick and stone and timber. Nor 
 did he wholly intermit his literary work. He had ac- 
 cepted a liberal offer from the " New York Mercury " 
 to furnish a number of sketches of travel for that 
 paper, for he could not afford to disregard any oppor- 
 tunity of adding to his income, since the outgo was 
 unceasing. He was also at work on his " Travels in 
 Greece and Russia" for Mr. Putnam and upon a 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 349 
 
 revision of his " Cyclopaedia " for Moore, Wilstach & 
 Keys of Cincinnati. Since he was at his mother's, 
 and had his family with him, he wrote but few letters. 
 One to Mr. Stoddard gives a hint of his bustling life 
 and of his eager interest in his new house. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Kennett, June 9, 1859. 
 
 . . . We are all well, but awfully busy aud perplexed. The 
 house and the Lord knows how many other things give rne no 
 peace by day or night. I am worried by a hydraulic ram 
 which won't work properly, with carpenters, brick-makers, brick- 
 layers, stone-setters, haulers, et id omne genus diabolorum. If I had 
 no " Mercury," no Putnam, no Moore and Company, to molest me 
 or make me afraid, I should rather enjoy this other worriment — 
 but there 's a little too much of a good thing. It is really a 
 Napoleonic business to build a house. Meanwhile, the walls are 
 slowly going up. Some of the door and window frames are in 
 position, and the corners have reached the height of three stone 
 blocks. To-day we placed the great corner-stone of the tower, 
 with all due ceremony. Under it is a box of zinc, containing a 
 copy of " Views Afoot," an original poem by me, to be read five 
 hundred years hence by somebody who never heard of me, a 
 " Tribune," some coins, a poem by R. H. S. in his own MS., and 
 various small things. All of us — even Lily — contributed a 
 trowel-full of mortar. I broke the neck of a bottle on the stone, 
 poured a libation to all good Lares and Penates, and then gave 
 the workmen cake and ale. The great arched window in the 
 south front is raised to its place, and you never saw a lovelier 
 summer picture than it inframes. God willing, I shall have the 
 walls done by September 1st, but, O Lord ! what a job ! 
 
 Write soon — I can't say more, for I must work for the 
 " Mercury " this afternoon, besides attending to my hydraulic 
 ram, which fleeces me of my gold — so it may be called the ram 
 with the golden fleece. . . . 
 
 Before the summer was over, Bayard Taylor re- 
 ceived an invitation from a literary society in San 
 Francisco to lecture. He took the opportunity to 
 make a three months' lecturing tour through Califor- 
 
350 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 nia, and it was one of the most interesting experiences 
 of his life, he used to say, to find beautiful cities 
 where ten years before he bad slept on the bare 
 ground in a wilderness. He took his wife with him 
 and traveled through the whole extent of the gold re- 
 gions. He had been persuaded that he should clear 
 five thousand dollars by the tour, and that made it 
 worth his while to go, but he was obliged to content 
 himself with a less complete success. 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., July 29, 1859. 
 
 ... I have been immensely busy this week, have written six one 
 hundred dollar articles for the "Mercury," besides superintend- 
 ing the building of my house since Monday morning. My head 
 is beginning to whirl with this accumulation of labor, but in 
 another week I shall enjoy the repose of the sea. If you hear a 
 new tone in that corner of the Gulf Stream which laps the beach 
 of Newport, ten days hence, you will know where it comes from. 
 I wish I could have a week on the rocks there with you, and the 
 MSS. to read and discuss. 
 
 Have you seen Tennyson's book ? The extracts in the papers 
 promise unusually well. . . . 
 
 TO HIS FATHER. 
 v San Francisco, September 4, 1859. 
 
 ... I have at last got fairly started with my lectures. They 
 are fully as successful as I could expect, and will be still more so 
 after the 7th, which is election day. I had a thousand persons 
 at my first lecture here, and received two hundred dollars at San 
 Jose, although there was not time to give general notice. The 
 people seem well satisfied, the papers speak well of me, and so 
 the commencement promises a successful campaign. I go to 
 Sacramento to-morrow, and lecture here again on Friday. I 
 have four lectures this week and six next. All my time is now 
 taken up until the 26th of this month. . . . 
 
 It is astonishing how the country has improved. Everywhere 
 there are splendid roads, villages, lines of stages, and fenced 
 and cultivated farms. The fruit and vegetables are the finest in 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 851 
 
 the world. Apples are raised weiglring three pounds apiece, 
 pears four pounds, beets fifty pounds, and pumpkins two hun- 
 dred and sixty pounds. We have seen bunches of grapes two 
 feet and a half long and eighteen inches wide. I have never 
 lived so well before. Everything is the best of its kind. We 
 are both as stout and hearty as we can be. . . . 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Sacramento, September 18, 1859. 
 
 We have been three weeks in California to-day, and the time 
 has passed on the whole rapidly and pleasantly. I have fin- 
 ished my engagements in San Francisco, and shall this week be 
 occupied with Sacramento and Maryvsille. I have given twelve 
 lectures in all, but six or seven of them were in small places 
 around San Francisco, merely to fill up the time, and did not 
 average over eighty or ninety dollars apiece. I am now free to 
 make my own arrangements for this place and the mining towns, 
 and expect to do as well as I anticipated, if not better. There 
 are so many more towns, however, than I supposed, and I have 
 so many more chances of lecturing, that I have decided to re- 
 main two weeks longer than I had intended. . . . 
 
 We have received much politeness and hospitality from the 
 people, and our stay is as pleasant as it can well be, so far from 
 home, but we are very anxious for the absence to be over. I 
 wish I could see how my house is coming on. I hope it is under 
 roof by this time. . . . 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Sacramento, Cal., October 3, 1859. 
 
 ... I am not so well remunerated in the interior towns as I 
 anticipated, but am working hard to make up for the deficiency. 
 On the whole, the trip will pay tolerably, not splendidly. I 
 travel fifty miles a day in torrid heat and infernal dust, and lec- 
 ture in the evening to a lot of miners who go out every fifteen 
 minutes to take drinks, and then come back again. Sich is 
 fame ! 
 
 Lord ! how I want to get home again ! More now than ever; 
 seventeen days more, and then we embark. We have been over 
 the awfullest mountains you ever heard of, down into gold mines, 
 and everywhere else. I have traveled seventy-five miles to-day 
 in killing dust, and must to bed, as I go sixty to-morrow and lee- 
 
352 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 ture afterwards. Talk of my getting rich ! I earn every cent 
 twice over. . . . 
 
 Placerville, Cal,., October 4. evening. 
 
 ... I came hither f rorn Sacramento to-day — another day of 
 fierce heat and awful, blinding, choking dust. I have ten days 
 more of such work in the mountaius, and then to San Francisco 
 and home. I shan't make as much as I expected, but don't re- 
 pent coming. I may clear four thousand dollars by the trip, but 
 that is yet uncertain. I have only made twenty-seven hundred 
 dollars over expenses as yet, and worked devilish hard. I am 
 disgusted with the process of getting up lectures myself in the 
 mining towns. It 's a terribly shabby, nasty business, and humil- 
 iates me immensely. Nevertheless, I don't wear away in flesh 
 any, but am burnt brown and whole, though bruised with many 
 jolts. M. is very well, quite robust, and can stand much fa- 
 tigue. The other day she rode twenty miles on horseback, at a 
 stretch, in the heat and dust. We are going to the big trees on 
 Sunday next. 
 
 My lectures in San Francisco were a splendid success, and I 
 am going to give two more there ; but in Sacramento and Ma- 
 '/ rysville, where I had counted high, they turned out very in- 
 differently. We have had many funny adventures. The other 
 day we two, with driver and guide, were taken for a quartette 
 club, and invited to stop and give a concert ! 
 
 The California experience had its rough side, and 
 the letters written en route naturally reflected this, 
 but Bayard Taylor was greatly impressed by the vital- 
 ity and promise of the State, and his enthusiasm found 
 voice in the poem " On Leaving California," annexed 
 to " The Poet's Journal," beginning : — 
 
 O fair young land, the youngest, fairest far 
 
 Of which our world can boast, — 
 Whose guardian planet, Evening's silver star, 
 
 Illumes thy golden coast, — 
 
 How art thou conquered, tamed in all the pride 
 
 Of savage beauty still ! 
 How brought, O panther of the splendid hide, 
 
 To know thy master's will ! 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 353 
 
 During his absence he wrote also a series of letters 
 which were afterward collected in the second series of 
 " At Home and Abroad," under the title " New Pic- 
 tures from California," and beneath all the glowing 
 description of material prosperity runs a current of 
 * thought reflecting the real power of the country, which 
 finds clear expression in the closing words : " For my- 
 self, in breathing an air sweeter than that which first 
 caught the honeyed words of Plato — in looking upon 
 lovelier vales than those of Tempe and the Eurotas — 
 in wandering through a land whose sentinel peak of 
 Shasta far overtops the Olympian throne of Jupiter — 
 I could not but feel that nature must be false to her 
 promise, or man is not the splendid creature he once 
 was, if the Art and Literature and Philosophy of An- 
 cient Greece are not one day rivaled on this last of 
 inhabited shores ! " 
 
 It was the middle of November when Bayard Tay- 
 lor and his wife returned to the east. The volume of 
 " Travels in Greece and Russia, with an Excursion 
 to Crete," had already appeared, and seven thousand 
 copies had at once been sold. The first series of " At 
 Home and Abroad, a Sketch-Book of Life, Scenery, 
 and Men," also appeared this season, containing a col- 
 lection of the various sketches and letters which he 
 had been contributing to journals, and which coidd not 
 be included in the continuous narratives already pub- 
 lished. After removing his family and household gods 
 to Thirteenth Street in New York, where the Stod- 
 dards were again associated in occupation, he resumed 
 his lecture engagements. He has said, in summing 
 up his California experience : " On the whole, the 
 business of lecturing left the impression of ennui and 
 uselessness to myself, if I subtracted the mere gain in 
 
 vol. i. 23 
 
354 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 money. In America the lecturer is more or less of a 
 v teacher, and his work is therefore important, but I 
 never considered it my particular calling." This im- 
 pression was no doubt the result largely of the con- 
 tinuous strain which an unceasing campaign laid upon 
 him, especially since he was compelled to take charge 
 of the business of his course. At the east, when his 
 lecturing fell into an established routine, and he was 
 able to make his circuit pass occasionally through his 
 home in New York, he was less oppressed by the work. 
 Of the life in New York Mr. Stoddard has written 
 pleasantly in his " Atlantic " paper : — 
 
 " Our home was frequented by artists, by men of 
 letters, and by poets. We were a nest of singing birds, 
 as Dr. Johnson told Mistress Hannah More, when 
 he showed her his old rooms in Pembroke College. 
 We made much of Christmas, which we kept as the 
 poet's wife had been accustomed to see it kept in her 
 German fatherland. . . . We invited a young poet 
 [Mr. Aldrich] to spend a Christmas Eve with us, and 
 showered upon him all sorts of musical instruments : 
 drums, trumpets, fiddles, fifes, penny-whistles, jews'- 
 harps, — everything, in short, that would indicate his 
 devotion to the Muse. We made more of our Christ- 
 mas Eves than of all other nights in the year." 
 
 The winter of 1860, full as it was of travel and 
 work, was also one of anticipation, for the house at 
 Cedarcroft was approaching completion, and with the 
 house finished, and his dream realized of a substantial 
 footing, the poet looked forward eagerly to his cher- 
 ished vocation. 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 355 
 
 TO GEORGE H. BOKER. 
 
 Scranton, Pa., February 27, 1860. 
 
 Do you remember promising to inquire for me in regard to 
 oak and black - walnut mantelpieces ? I had quite forgotten 
 about it until a note from my carpenter reminds me that it 
 must be attended to. I therefore inclose a very rough draft, 
 merely to give an idea of dimensions : I want the mantels mas- 
 sive rather than ornamental, though a little ornament is desira- 
 ble. Please ascertain the probable cost, as well as the time 
 when they could be ready, and let me know. 
 
 I am sorry I was unable to be home ten days ago when you 
 were there. I hope you had a pleasant visit. I want our New 
 York society to be as attractive to you as possible, that you may 
 not give up your idea of becoming one of us. I was at home 
 last Saturday ; there were about fifty, but not all of them to my 
 taste, and I longed for the more choice company of the previous 
 week. . . . 
 
 I am drawing near the end of my lectures, God be praised ! 
 When the end comes, I shall have given two hundred and seventy 
 in the space of eighteen months ! My house, however, is paid 
 for, though it costs 815,000, and all the stereotype plates of my 
 works are paid for (85,000 more), and so I feel rather proud of 
 my labors. All my " Mercury " and other engagements are fin- 
 ished (that is, the work is done) and I have now six months for 
 poetry. Congratulate me ! . . . 
 
 Greene, N. Y., Saturday, March 17, 1860. 
 
 After various consultations and calculations, I have decided 
 to take the mantel, and therefore send back the design. Will 
 you please order it for me — of best seasoned oak. I wish but 
 a single panel as keystone, and on it, instead of a " T ", the old 
 coat of arms of the Taylor family, which I will send when I 
 reach New York. It is simple — a lion rampant, holding a scal- 
 lop-shell in his paws, and three of the same shells on the shield. 
 This, I think, will look better than an initial letter. I presume 
 the whole thing can be done in three or four weeks : I want it in 
 about a month from now. I have not yet decided about the 
 others. There are two more up-stairs, but I will wait a while, as 
 they can be put up any time. 
 
 I am gradually getting through with my work, having only seven- 
 
356 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 teen lectures more. I promise you I shall do no labor of any kind 
 from the 1st of May to the 1st of October, except to clear my 
 brain of the confused mass of poems which are swimming there. 
 
 You ask me how I keep my youth. I scarcely know, except 
 by preserving my sympathies for others. For the last three or 
 four years I have been gradually growing younger, and intend to 
 be no older when my hair is white. My married life is very 
 happy ; my friends are faithful ; my struggle with the world 
 is pretty much over (and even while it lasted, I was always care- 
 ful not to become soured by it). In fact, I have adopted a 
 cheerful philosophy, which bears me lightly over all unpleasant 
 experiences. 
 
 . . . Ah, what other hearts were ours, when we first met ! Do 
 you remember those days, those dreams ? In spite of my will, I 
 am older than then — but, thank God ! not colder. 
 
 I look upon your visit to Kennett as certain. But meantime 
 I shall see you in New York. Sinner that I am, I don't know 
 when Easter week comes, but I '11 find out. I inclose you one 
 brick * from my clay-bed. 
 
 New York, April 6, 1860. 
 
 I have just returned, and find your letter. I inclose the coat 
 of arms, which, I presume, can be readily cut. The ermine marks 
 may be omitted, if need be. I simply want the thing waxed and 
 oiled, not polished. I believe nothing further is requisite. I 
 shall be home a part of next week, and shall therefore see you. 
 
 I have written two short poems lately — the first waves of the 
 coming freshet. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., May 10, 1860. 
 . . . We reached home a week ago, all right, and just in time to 
 avoid the heavenly hot weather. The growth of vegetation since 
 we came is magical. The woods are all in leaf already. The 
 house goes on slowly ; the carpenter work lags, but we have 
 done something at clearing away rubbish, sodding, and making 
 the surroundings fair to look upon. I have shoveled dirt until 
 I am as stiff as a rail. . . . 
 
 I have accomplished nothing in the way of writing, except to 
 begin a new poem, " The Quaker Widow," which popped into 
 my head the other day. I '11 send it to you when it 's done. . . . 
 1 The poem, " The Return of the Goddess." 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 357 
 
 Kennett, May 14, 1860. 
 
 I send you my " Quaker Widow," which you may offer to 
 " Harper's Monthly," — fifty dollars. I want the money, and I 
 think it 's a suhject which will suit them. Dramatically, the poem 
 is as true as it can he, — full of Quaker expressions from begin- 
 ning to end, and that is ahout all I aimed at. The tiling has n't 
 ..been done before, not even by Whittier or B. Barton. 
 
 I am beginning a prose article, and shall try to write another 
 " pome " this week. We shall be in New York about a week 
 from to-morrow. All are well here. The awful rains hinder 
 my out-door work very much, but inside it goes on. All up- 
 stairs will be finished and furnished this week. M. and I are 
 going to Philadelphia to-morrow to buy furniture. We have 
 just one hundred dollars left. Write to me soon. Best remem- 
 brances to Stedman from both of us. The country is seraphical. 
 
 Thus poetry, prose, and house-building went on to- 
 gether, and the poet, quick with new themes and glad 
 at the freshet of song which was rising, strained every 
 nerve to meet the demands made upon him by his ven- 
 ture, and by the many nameless complications of his 
 home affairs. " The Quaker Widow " was an essay in 
 a new direction and the forerunner of the ballads 
 which he afterward wrote in the same vein and which 
 are among the most popular of his poems. His house 
 at last was finished, and at the end of May he estab- 
 lished himself in it, and in the spirit with which he 
 had conceived the whole enterprise, transferred his fa- 
 ther and mother and two sisters to his hospitable and 
 roomy home, making of it the family hall. 
 
 In a series of papers, from which we have already 
 quoted, " A Country Home in America," * Bayard 
 Taylor sketched the history of Cedarcroft from the 
 first reminiscence of the old estate to the day when 
 he had been the comfortable occupant for eighteen 
 months. He wove into the narrative his experience 
 
 1 At Home and Abroad, Second Series. 
 
358 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 in building, the plans he formed, the mistakes he 
 made ; but it is with the completed house that we are 
 now concerned, and from the sketch a few paragraphs 
 may be taken which afford a modest view from the 
 owner's sight. 
 
 " When I came to think, seriously, upon the plan of 
 a house, which was to be built up with no imaginary 
 mortar, but bond fide lime and sand, I found that the 
 true plan was already there, perhaps unconsciously 
 suggested by the expectant trees. It must be large 
 and stately, simple in its forms, without much orna- 
 ment — in fact, expressive of strength and perma- 
 nence. The old halls and manor houses of England 
 are the best models for such a structure, but a lighter 
 and more cheerful aspect is required by our southern 
 summer and brighter sky. There must be large win- 
 dows, and spacious verandas for shade and air in sum- 
 mer, steep roofs to shed the rain and winter snow, and 
 thick walls to keep out our two extremes of heat and 
 cold. Furthermore, there must be a tower, large 
 enough for use as well as ornament, yet not so tall as 
 to belittle the main building. 
 
 " Thus much being settled, the next step was to plan 
 the interior arrangements that they should correspond 
 to the external forms. The true way to build a house 
 is to determine even the minutest details before com- 
 mencing the work. In any case, the interior is of par- 
 amount importance, and it is better to get the rooms, 
 staircases, closets, doors, and windows rightly arranged 
 at first, and then inclose them with the external wall, 
 than the reverse. . . . The soul of a house, after all, 
 which is its character as a home, is of more importance 
 than the body. . . . 
 
 "After much deliberation I decided upon brick, 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 359 
 
 with stone quoins. The clay (from one of the fields 
 on the place), to my great satisfaction, had a pale, 
 purplish tinge when burned, instead of the usual glar- 
 ing red, and harmonized admirably with the bluish- 
 gray granite of the corners. There was such an abun- 
 dance of it that I felt entirely free to carry out my 
 ideas with regard to strength and durability. I there- 
 fore fixed the thickness of the walls at two feet, in- 
 cluding a hollow chamber of an inch and a half, and 
 the thickness of the inner partition walls (which were 
 also of brick) at one foot. The latter, besides being 
 fire-proof and almost impervious to sound, proved to 
 be as cheap in the end as studs and laths. The result 
 has satisfied me that no house can be truly comforta- 
 ble unless the walls are thick, with a hollow chamber, 
 or at least furred on the inside. The latter plan, how- 
 ever, does not always insure complete dryness. On 
 the other hand, I have heard of one brick wall of thir- 
 teen inches which proved to be quite dry ; but in this 
 case the mortar was of the best quality. The addi- 
 tional thickness of the wall would be paid for in a few 
 years by the saving in fuel, in many parts of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 " For the finishing of the rooms there is nothing 
 equal to the native wood, simply oiled to develop the 
 beauty of the grain. Even the commonest pine, 
 treated in this way, has a warmth and lustre beside 
 which the dreary white paint, so common even in the 
 best houses, looks dull and dead. Nothing gives a 
 house such a cold, uncomfortable air as white paint 
 and white plaster. This color is fit only for the trop- 
 ics. . . . Two verandas of yellow pine, treated to two 
 coats of boiled oil, have a richness and beauty of color 
 beyond the reach of pigments; and my only regret 
 
360 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 connected with the house is, that I was persuaded by 
 the representations of mechanics to use any paint at 
 all. 
 
 " There is another external feature which the bril- 
 liancy of our sunshine not only suggests but demands. 
 Relief is an absolute requirement. Most houses should 
 have not only a cornice proportioned to their dimen- 
 sions and in keeping with their character, but string- 
 pieces between the stories, and window-caps and sills 
 projecting sufficiently to cast a shade. I found also 
 that an excellent effect could be obtained, without ad- 
 ditional expense, by setting the windows and doors in 
 raised panels of brickwork projecting two or three 
 inches from the face of the wall. For the string- 
 pieces, a simple row of dentils, formed by setting out 
 alternate bricks, can be made by the most ordinary 
 workman. Design, not cost, is the only difference be- 
 tween a fine house and a poor one. . . . 
 
 " Let me give one more hint, derived from my ex- 
 perience, to those who may be contemplating a little 
 private architecture. Get all the estimates from the 
 various mechanics, add them together, and increase 
 the sum total by fifty per cent., as the probable cost 
 of your undertaking ; but do not say what the real 
 cost is until everything is finished. Then you will 
 know. Even the estimates of the most experienced 
 workmen, I have found, are not to be depended upon. 
 It is the little ills of life that wear us out, and it is 
 likewise the little expenses that empty our purses. 
 
 " However, let me content myself that another 
 requisition of the Italian proverb is fulfilled, — that 
 the house is built, and likely to stand for two or three 
 centuries, when, in all probability, the inscribed stone 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 361 
 
 over its portal l will be the only memorial of the name 
 of its builder. That, however, does not concern me. 
 While I live, I trust I shall have my trees, my peace- 
 ful, idyllic landscape, my free country life at least half 
 the year ; and while I possess so much, with the ties 
 put of which all this has grown, I shall own one hun- 
 dred thousand shares in the Bank of Contentment, 
 and consider that I hold a second Mortgage Bond on 
 the Railroad to the Celestial City." 
 
 From these passages, one may form some notion of 
 the house into which Bayard Taylor had built his 
 dreams. But the house, after all, was only a part of 
 his castle. He always thought of the building only 
 as a necessary portion of a larger whole. To own 
 broad acres, to set his house in the midst of them, and 
 to make it blend with chestnuts and oaks, — this was 
 his more generous desire. That liberal love of nature 
 which drew him back to Kennett made it necessary 
 for him that his fields should be as varied as his house 
 was capacious ; it was not the arrogance of ownership, 
 but the delight of an expansive home which moved 
 him, and thus he took an unending delight in seeing 
 the boundaries of the place extend, and in watching 
 the growth of all the forms that surrounded him. He 
 wished to have the whole place expressive of his nature. 
 
 In another series of papers written in 18G9 for 
 " Hearth and Home," a weekly journal edited by his 
 friend, Donald G. Mitchell, he rehearsed his experi- 
 ences in house-building, and added a paper which gave 
 him an opportunity at once to set forth his views of 
 landscape-gardening and to use for illustration a sketch 
 of his own grounds at Cedarcroft. 
 
 1 The stone over the portal of Cedarcroft bore the inscription, "Bayard 
 Marie Taylor, 1859, " in accordance with an old style prevailing in that 
 neighborhood. 
 
362 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 " I have always looked," lie says, " upon the art of 
 landscape-gardening, in its best sense, as being to na- 
 ture what a refined civilization is to man. It should 
 aim to develop and make attractive, not to conceal or 
 change the individuality of scenery. Nature, indeed, 
 seems to second all efforts in the former direction even 
 as she resists arbitrary intermeddling with her habits. 
 In the way of cultivation, contrast, and careful finish, 
 not a great deal can be done in this country without 
 ample means ; but there are two things which cost 
 very little, and upon which the first effect of home 
 scenery depends — to spare and to relieve. 
 
 " The first I claim to have done, and the second I 
 hope gradually to accomplish. This is about the ex- 
 tent of my landscape-gardening. In the present rough 
 condition of my grounds, I feel, and like to feel, that 
 whatever of beauty they may possess was already there 
 when they first became my property, betraying itself 
 through the disguises of long neglect. The wood of 
 old oaks had hardly been touched by the axe ; where 
 once a hedge had inclosed a lane leading to where the 
 fallen house had stood, a row of locust, sassafras, and 
 tulip trees had sprung up and grown undisturbed for 
 fifty years, while the natural lawn between had been 
 appropriated by hundreds of cedars. Although mul- 
 leins, briers, and sedge-grass had taken possession of 
 the exhausted soil, and the aspect of the place was 
 waste and desolate, much resembling that of a worn-out 
 Virginia plantation, its fine and stately features could 
 not be concealed. 
 
 " My first step was to cut away the awkward and 
 stunted cedars from the future lawn, leaving all the 
 best specimens, singly or in groups, as they grew. The 
 soil was cleared of bushes and briers, and ploughed 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 363 
 
 and cultivated for a year or two before being sown 
 with grass-seed. The cultivation, however, is not yet 
 deep enough for a good, persistent turf, and some 
 under-drainage is required ; so that the work must be 
 done over again, and more thoroughly, before I can 
 hope for a smooth, even green. 
 
 " The lines of the garden-terraces [in the plan] 
 show the direction of the ridge upon which the house 
 is built. It strikes the public road (which runs due 
 north and south) at an angle of about thirty degrees, 
 giving the lawn a southeastern slope, falling eight 
 hundred and fifty feet in the distance of a furlong. 
 Looking down it from the house, there is the old 
 forest on the left, the line of trees, overgrown and 
 tangled together with wild grape and ivy, on the right, 
 the point of the wood at the bottom of the lawn in 
 front, and over its edge and between it and the grove 
 of yellow pine, a look-out into the country, bounded 
 by some hills five or six miles away. Other glimpses 
 to the west and southward open between the trees. 
 The ground falls to the north, but a wood of several 
 acres keeps off the wind, and beyond it there is a 
 parallel ridge fifty feet higher than that on which the 
 house is built. 
 
 " The place seems well adapted for the cultivation 
 of fruit, being elevated enough to escape the first and 
 last frosts, yet tolerably protected ; and, accordingly, 
 all the best ground (except the lawn) has been given 
 up to vines and fruit trees. Even in the orchards, 
 however, I have allowed a number of fine large cedars 
 to stand, for a triple reason — they are beautiful ; they 
 protect the tender varieties of trees ; they help to feed 
 birds through the winter. You will see that the ce- 
 dars, the pines, and the grand old deciduous trees 
 
364 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 already furnish very delightful contrasts of form and 
 color. To increase these contrasts was not difficult. 
 A purple beech or two, to show against the oaks ; a 
 birch in front of a darker mass of cedar ; the great 
 arms and needles of the Austrian pine beside the light, 
 delicate plumage of the latter ; the large-leaved mag- 
 nolia (macrophylla) to add richness ; a larch or South- 
 ern cypress for its tender vernal green — and fine ef- 
 fects were already produced with slight means. They 
 are only semi-effects as yet, but they improve from 
 year to year. 
 
 "Near the northwestern corner of the house, and 
 not far from the garden, there is a small group of 
 black-walnut and locust trees, which gives us the near- 
 est shade in summer. No large trees are planted 
 nearer than the lowest terrace in front. Westward, a 
 hundred yards distant, there are two enormous chest- 
 nut-trees, which surpass in dimensions any I have 
 seen in this country. One of the trunks is twenty- 
 seven feet in circumference, the other twenty-four feet ! 
 I presume they are not less than three or four hun- 
 dred years old. Although some of the main boughs 
 are dead, and they suffered severely by our New Year's 
 sleet, I hope, by putting fresh earth about the trunks, 
 to secure to them what life they still have. 
 
 " I know of nothing else that seems to me worthy 
 of report. My place still shows, in various ways, the 
 marks of old neglect, and I do not commend it to the 
 reader as notable for anything but the beauty of cer- 
 tain natural features. During the eight years which 
 have passed since the house was built, I have only been 
 able to spend four summers at home ; and, moreover, 
 I have only devoted to the grounds what little labor or 
 means could be spared from farm, orchard, and gar- 
 
THE BUILDING OF CEDARCROFT. 365 
 
 den. There is still a great deal to be done ; bnt this 
 is one of the charms of a country home — that it never 
 is, or can be, finished — that it continually changes 
 with seasons and the years." 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE POET'S JOURNAL. 
 
 1860-1862. 
 
 As a man that walks in the mist, 
 
 As one that gropes for the morning 
 
 Through lengthening chambers of twilight, 
 
 The souls of the poems wander 
 
 Restless, and dumb, and lost, 
 
 Till the Word, like a beam of morning, 
 
 Shivers the pregnant silence, 
 
 And the light of speech descends 
 
 Like a tongue of the Pentecost ! 
 
 The Sunshine of the Gods. 
 
 The time had come when, to all external appear- 
 ance, the poet had accomplished his preliminary pur- 
 pose. He had built himself a stately pleasure-house, 
 he was in the midst of his own broad acres, and now 
 he might realize the other part of his dream and write 
 the poems which had been postponed for this circum- 
 stance. It must be confessed that most who have put 
 off the Muse to a more convenient season have found 
 themselves unvisited when the hour named had fairly 
 struck ; for there is something paralyzing in such prep- 
 arations and anticipations, and the willing poet even 
 has been forced to admit that poetry cannot safely be 
 made to wait. 
 
 But Bayard Taylor's devotion was too genuine to be 
 the sport of an inconstant Muse, and scarcely had the 
 sound of hammer ceased, before he was in his library 
 or under his trees, writing eagerly at poems which 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 367 
 
 shaped themselves into a series of lyrical suggestions 
 of a narrative whole. " I am in a fury of writing," 
 he wrote to a friend when in the midst of his scheme, 
 " and cannot stop, — cannot do or think of anything 
 else." All through the month of June the songs flew 
 iroin his mind like birds set free from a cage, and in 
 that month he wrote almost the entire lyrical portion 
 of " The Poet's Journal." 
 
 The freedom of mind which he enjoyed, the power 
 thus to determine his own production, was not the 
 mere rebound from a long tension of less enjoyable 
 work, although something was due to his sense of 
 escape. It had in it an element of resolution and the 
 subjection of crowding care, for the release upon the 
 completion of Cedarcroft was more apparent than real. 
 Work as hard as he would, the house had come out 
 ahead in the race, and he was in debt, involved, in spite 
 of his stringent economy, and from causes which did 
 honor to his generous nature, in liabilities which tugged 
 at his mind and called upon him to give, give. 
 
 For all that, he had so buoyant a nature and was so 
 heartily glad . of the opportunity to show hospitality 
 that he threw open his doors and eagerly welcomed 
 friends far and near to share his pleasure. He entered 
 upon a real possession of his domain, for he drew from 
 the soil an abundant harvest, not only of material 
 things, but of whatever fed the eye and ear and heart 
 of man. He planted fruit trees, he made gardens, 
 and seized upon every vista in his woods and every 
 view from his hill-tops as a part of his unfailing do- 
 main. One of his greatest pleasures was in entertain- 
 ing through the summer his friends, the Bufiebs, who 
 came from Germany to visit him and his wife. In 
 August there was a merry house-warming, and we 
 
368 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 recur to Mr. Stoddard's reminiscences for a sketch of 
 one of the incidents : — 
 
 " Bayard Taylor finished his country house, Cedar- 
 croft, in the summer of 1860, and gave his friends and 
 neighbors a house-warming such as was never before 
 known in Pennsylvania. Our families were together 
 as in New York, and we, their lords and masters, re- 
 solved to surprise them, and ourselves, by writing a 
 play. We went into a quiet room, and sketched out 
 a trifle with which we hoped to amuse the expected 
 visitors. There was but one room in which it could 
 be acted, and as scenery was not practicable, we man- 
 aged to have the action take place in the parlor of 
 a hotel which we named the ' Effervescing House,' and 
 located at Saratoga. We studied our company, and 
 settled upon the number we thought we could depend 
 upon, and upon the parts which would be likely to 
 suffer least at their hands ; then we set to work, and 
 wrote as rapidly as our pens would travel over the 
 paper, and when our company was letter perfect in 
 the text and in their stage directions, we went to an 
 old disused printing-office in Kennett, and set up the 
 bill of the performance, with flaming head-lines : — 
 
 CEDARCROFT THEATRE! 
 GREAT ATTRACTION! 
 
 SATURDAY, AUGUST 18, 1860, 
 
 WILL BE PRESENTED FOR THE FIRST TIME A 
 
 NEW COMEDY 
 
 In One Act, entitled 
 
 LOVE AT A HOTEL! 
 
 By the World-Renowned Dramatic Authors, 
 
 Mr. B. T. Cedarcroft and Mr. R. H. S. Customhouse. 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 369 
 
 This was followed by the dramatis persona', : Mr. 
 Charles Augustus Montmorency, a fast young- gentle- 
 man without any visible means of support ; Captain 
 Morton Price, U. S. A. ; Mr. A. Binks, proprietor of 
 the Effervescing House ; Barney O'Brien, porter ; 
 Miss Araminta Delaporte, a sentimental old maid of 
 French descent, with a nervous dread of bugs, mice, 
 etc. ; Miss Julia Grindle, her niece ; and Mehitable 
 Jones, of Squam Neck, chambermaid. The 'comedy' 
 was a great success, and deserved to be (before a coun- 
 try audience), for there was not an original scene, situ- 
 ation, thought, or word in it. It had been played so 
 many times before in one form or another, that it 
 could not well have failed now; and it did not fail. 
 We amused our audience in the acting, as we had 
 amused ourselves in the writing, and we parted on the 
 best of terms." 1 
 
 It was a delight to Bayard Taylor to write " The 
 Poet's Journal ; " he was satisfying the demands of 
 his nature by such work ; but he knew very well that 
 it was not poetry which built Cedarcroft or could meet 
 the incessant demands on his purse, and he wrote dili- 
 gently for the periodicals, as well as prepared a new 
 lecture for the coming season. The great Presidential 
 election of 1860 was drawing near and casting its 
 shadow before, on all occupations, making publishers 
 cautious and disturbing all serenity of thought. Bay- 
 ard Taylor took a strong interest in the event, and pre- 
 sided at a great mass meeting of Republicans held 
 upon the historic field of the Brandywine. He said 
 with earnestness : " It is a national, not a party strug- 
 gle in which we are engaged ; for the question whether 
 
 1 " Reminiscences of Bavard Taylor," The Atlantic Monthly, February, 
 1879. 
 
 vol. i. 24 
 
370 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 our national policy shall or shall not be based upon 
 the recognition of the natural rights of man — upon 
 the rights of labor, the untrammeled freedom of 
 thought and speech — upon those principles, in fact, on 
 which the progress of the race depends — concerns not 
 merely a party, but all mankind." 
 
 His plans included the publication of " The Poet's 
 Journal" in the fall, the preparation of articles for 
 " The Independent " and the monthly magazines, and 
 the translation of a new work by Gustav Freytag 
 which had greatly interested him. 
 
 to james t. fields. 
 
 Cedarcroft, near Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa., 
 
 August 22, 1860. 
 
 I have been thinking of what you said with regard to the pub- 
 lication of my poems. It would certainly be advisable to delay 
 them till the election is over ; but after that event, as you know, 
 there is always a complete lull in politics — a reaction, in fact, 
 and the close of November, therefore, strikes me as a favorable 
 time. I am going to Germany in April next, and have decided 
 to publish the poems before I leave, so I must choose between 
 November and March. Rudd and Carleton are anxious to publish 
 the book, but of course I shall have no negotiations with them, 
 unless it is impossible for you to bring it out. Pray let me know 
 what you think of it. I am fully resolved to publish the book 
 before my departure for Europe, as it closes an epoch in my 
 literary life which I wish to leave behind me. 
 
 I have been reading Freytag's " Pictures of Life in Germany 
 during the last Four Hundred Years " with great interest. Frey- 
 tag is, you may know, the author of " Debit and Credit." These 
 pictures are taken from authentic manuscripts, mostly autobio- 
 graphical, and have an interest beyond any historical work. The 
 " Thirty Years' War," related by the actors therein ; the Em- 
 peror Charles V., Martin Luther, Melancthon, and other dis- 
 tinguished men described by those who saw them ; life at the 
 watering-places, at the feudal castles ; courtship and marriage, 
 etc., are some of the themes illustrated. . They extend over a 
 period of four hundred years. I should like nothing better than 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 371 
 
 to translate this work, if there were a likelihood that it would 
 prove as interesting in English as it is in German. It is a thing 
 I could do in two months, with hard work. It will make the 
 two volumes of four hundred pages each. I propose it to you 
 first ; think of it and let me know your decision. Harpers pub- 
 lished " Debit and Credit," which is the most successful German 
 ^novel of this century. I know the author personally. 
 
 We are living here quietly in our country home. Mrs. Stod- 
 dard is with us. We had a comedy last week, in which she and 
 Mrs. T. performed with success. It was an original production, 
 written by Stoddard and myself. We have the loveliest country 
 neighborhood in the United States, though I say it that should n't. 
 When you come on to attend the September trade sales, be sure 
 and give us a day or two. Please let me have your decision on 
 both points soon. 
 
 September 22, 1860. 
 
 I have purposely delayed writing until I could fix a time when 
 the MSS. will be ready. I have been immensely busy, at work 
 which must be first done because it wdl pay first. (This over- 
 running one's estimates $5,000 in building a house is not quite 
 the thing, and hence I am laboring under temporary poverty.) 
 I shall go on to New York on the 2d of October, taking the 
 MSS. with me, and will thence dispatch them to you by express. 
 Can they not be all in type by election day, so that I can read 
 the proofs before starting on my winter tour ? I really think the 
 times are not altogether unpropitious. My name is still well be- 
 fore the public, and my other books sell encouragingly. I shall 
 call the volume " The Poet's Journal," — " only that and nothing 
 more," — and you may announce it whenever you think best, 
 saying that its contents are almost entirely new. 
 
 " Icarus," in the October " Atlantic," is mine, and I am just 
 sending a prose story of very curious complexion to the same 
 journal. Pray read my " Quaker Widow " in " Harper " for Oc- 
 tober. It will come in the volume also. 
 
 Between preparing my poems, my new lecture, short articles 
 for " The Independent," political speeches, etc., I am over head 
 and ears in work. But my stature does not diminish. I still weigh 
 two hundred pounds. My -wife sends kindest regards to you and 
 yours, in which I join. Our German friends sailed on the 15th, 
 unhappy at being obUged to return. 
 
372 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Cedarcroft is lovelier than ever. The sunset lights on my 
 lawn are the most beautiful in the world. 
 
 Kennett Square, Pa., October 15, 1860. 
 
 I have ready thirty-eight pages of proof ; the work goes 
 bravely on. It reads better in print than in MS., which encour- 
 ages me. The type is delicious. 
 
 I have just received a letter from Lowell, accepting the prose 
 article. Pray don't mention the author's name. I want it to be 
 thought a bond fide confession, and was very careful to give it 
 that character. I think it will attract attention. Now comes 
 the brunt of my letter. Button up your pockets and listen ! I 
 should like to be paid for turning state's evidence before said 
 evidence is published. It is contrary to your custom, I know, 
 but I presume this deviation will not affect you seriously, while 
 to me it would be a real favor, seeing that certain notes of mine 
 have to be paid in a fortnight. I am paying the penalty of my 
 ambition for building, you see. Fortunately the house is done, 
 and I see the end of expense at last. 
 
 I have a few lectures between now and election day, but will 
 forward the proof with as little delay as possible. I write this 
 before my own hickory fire, with my wife (who greets you) as 
 vis-a-vis. My Lar salutes your Lar. 
 
 The prose article referred to in the last letter was 
 " The Confessions of a Medium," which was afterward 
 reprinted in the second series of "At Home and 
 Abroad." Mr. Lowell, in accepting the sketch, says, 
 "You have dotted out with great nicety the waving 
 boundary-line that divides self-deception from humbug 
 - — me-cheating from ^Aee-cheating." The publishers ad- 
 vised against bringing out " The Poet's Journal " until 
 the spring, or at any rate until the Southern excitement 
 consequent upon the election of Mr. Lincoln should 
 be allayed. Lecturing was resumed, but though the 
 season was quite as favorable as usual, the lecturer, 
 moving about the country, was able to form an im- 
 pression of the undercurrent of political thought which 
 was stirring the people. Bayard Taylor's unconcealed 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 373 
 
 views and his connection with the " Tribune " ren- 
 dered him an object of suspicion to many. Mr. Curtis 
 had been mobbed when speaking- in Philadelphia, 
 and Bayard Taylor, lecturing immediately afterward 
 in Brooklyn, took up the cudgels for his friend and 
 "brought hisses down upon himself — a novel experi- 
 ence to him. He himself lectured the next week in 
 Philadelphia, with a posse of policemen on the plat- 
 form. He gave vent to his patriotic indignation over 
 the proclamation for a fast by the President, who 
 was throwing down the reins, in a spirited ballad, 
 " Prayer-Meeting in a Storm," which he published in 
 the " Tribune." The good ship Constitution had been 
 caught in a storm, and the captain, who doubts if 
 he can weather Hatteras, makes the temporizing pro- 
 posal : — 
 
 The wind on the one side blows me off, 
 
 The current sets me shoreward : 
 I '11 just lay to between them both 
 
 And seem to be going forward. 
 
 When everything is ready to go by the board, and tars 
 and mates and passengers are all growling, the cap- 
 tain cries : — 
 
 " Pipe all hands to the quarter-deck, 
 And we '11 save her by Devotion ! " 
 
 The first mate hurled his trumpet down ; 
 The old tars cursed together 
 
 To see the good ship helpless roll 
 At the sport of wave and weather. 
 
 The tattered sails are all a-back, 
 Yards crack and masts are started ; 
 
 And the captain weeps and says his prayers, 
 Till the hull be midships parted ; 
 
374 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 But God is on the steersman's side — 
 
 The crew are in revolution : 
 The wave that washes the captain off 
 
 Will save the Constitution ! 
 
 One of the incidents of this exciting time which 
 furnished fuel for the flames that were burning North 
 and South was a correspondence between the chairman 
 of a lecture committee in a Southern city and Bayard 
 Taylor. The chairman wrote to revoke an invitation 
 to lecture, and succeeded in supplying a series of rea- 
 sons which were admirable targets for return shots. 
 The letters were printed and commented on widely, 
 and formed a part of that furious discharge of literary 
 musketry which was kept up throughout the winter 
 before the attack on Sumter. 
 
 Perhaps the intensity of feeling with regard to 
 America had something to do with the carrying into 
 execution a plan which he had long in his mind of 
 writing a novel of American life, material for which 
 he had had abundant opportunities for gathering in his 
 varied travels in his own country. He had already 
 tried his hand at some short stories and sketches, but 
 his mental habit required a good long steady flight. 
 It was a pleasure to him when he could weave his 
 lyrics even into a larger plan. His travels, the light- 
 est kind of his writing, had involved continuity, and 
 thus when he came to the composition of fiction, he 
 was dissatisfied with anything less than a fully con- 
 structed and elaborated novel. Besides, he was full of 
 intellectual vigor, and since he was cut off from the 
 subjects which his long travels had heretofore afforded 
 him, he needed a new field. None offered better 
 promise to him than the novel, and he sketched in his 
 mind " Hannah Thurston," which he began in mid- 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 375 
 
 winter, 1861. He enjoyed greatly the new sensation 
 in literature, and he had the incentive which was still 
 goading him into relentless activity. He saw the day- 
 light of freedom from debt just ahead of him. To 
 his buoyant, hopeful nature, the edge of the forest 
 through which he was making his way was that streak 
 of light which struck through the trees and quickened 
 his footsteps. Moreover, he had laid his plans to take 
 his wife to her German home for the summer, and he 
 wished to leave everything clear behind him. 
 
 In the spring of 1861 Bayard Taylor decided to 
 give up the attempt to keep house in New York as 
 well as in the country. Accordingly he moved all his 
 possessions to Cedarcroft, intending to make that his 
 permanent home, and to spend a short winter only in 
 the city. He hoisted the American flag from the 
 tower of his house and professed to enjoy all the dig- 
 nity of a landed proprietor. " The house looks already 
 quite baronial, with its new splendor," he writes to a 
 friend. "We have fowls, a pig, two peacocks, and one 
 rabbit. But I long for spring. If the weather were 
 but warmer or brighter I should pluck up a little cour- 
 age." He owned to an aversion to writing and a gen- 
 eral disquiet. He was writing in the lull before the 
 storm. Ten days later all was changed. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Cedarcroft, Sunday, April 21, 1861. 
 Everything here is upside down. We live almost in a state 
 of siege, with the rumors of war flying about us. At present 
 we don't know what is going on. We have reckless secessionists 
 within twelve miles of us. Everybody is arming. The women 
 are at work night and day, making clothes for the volunteers. 
 Fred has raised sixty riflemen, and goes off in two days. The 
 people of Kennett have contributed four thousand dollars to 
 equip them. All the young Quakers have enlisted. The ex- 
 
376 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 citement and anxiety is really terrible. "We are so near the 
 frontier that if the damnable Maryland traitors are not checked 
 within three days we may have to meet them here. I never 
 knew anything like the feeling — earnest, desperate, sublime — 
 which the people exhibit. There are no parties any more. All 
 are brothers, drawn together by the common danger. Chester 
 County will furnish one thousand men, and dangerous men to 
 meet. Of course we can't think of going to Europe now, nor 
 until this immediate crisis is over. The danger is too near and 
 too great. Our departure is postponed until some decisive ac- 
 tion occurs. I cannot leave home now, though I want to go 
 to New York to raise money. I shall have to sell one share of 
 Tribune stock immediately, to pay Fred's pressing debts and 
 
 let him go. C L has enlisted, W C , G 's 
 
 boys ; everybody that can be spared, in fact. The old men are 
 forming a home guard for the defense of their households. 
 
 I never had such a day as last Thursday in Washington. I 
 had a private interview with Lincoln, which was very satisfac- 
 tory. I passed through Baltimore just before the attack on the 
 Massachusetts men, — four hours only. Wilmington is loyal, I 
 think ; the news to-day is favorable, but we live from hour to 
 hour in a state of terrible excitement. Show this letter to Put- 
 nam immediately (I have no time to write to him), and let me 
 ask him in this way immediately to send me a check for one 
 hundred dollars, or fifty dollars, or twenty-five dollars, any sum 
 he can spare, to buy arms. We are unarmed ; that is our great 
 danger. Just let him read this, as if written to him. Go to his 
 house ; if you don't find him at home, tell Fiske my situation. 
 I will send him a letter as soon as I can. Seward was not to be 
 seen when I was in Washington, and Sumner had just left. We 
 are courageous here, and full of hope for the final result, but 
 the next few days will decide our fate. I will write again soon. 
 God and Liberty ! 
 
 Tuesday, April 23. 
 
 We are fast getting armed and organized here. An armed 
 band of traitors has been within thirty-seven miles of us. We 
 have night patrols (mine armed with my African swords and 
 spears, in default of better weapons), and are preparing to de- 
 fend our homes. Cedarcroft will make a good castle. I was 
 out scouting yesterday, and I make patriotic addresses (extem- 
 poraneous) every night. To-day I am going into Delaware to 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 377 
 
 stir them up. The people here have acted splendidly, — the 
 women are heroes. Old Quaker women see their sons go, with- 
 out a tear. One of my aunts yesterday was lamenting that her 
 only boy was not old enough to fight. Money is poured out like 
 water. All the old arms are hauled out and put in order, and 
 ploughshares are beaten into swords. Yesterday we heard heavy 
 cannon, probably at Baltimore. My brother W. is still there, 
 and we can't hear a word from him. Mother is a model of 
 courage and patriotism. She is as cheerful as ever. We feel 
 more safe now than on Sunday, but we are still not beyond 
 danger. 
 
 I still hope that I shall be able to go to New York on Thurs- 
 day. I shall come back as soon as possible, however, for an im- 
 portant reverse of the national arms would very soon bring the 
 enemy here. God bless New York ! The country will be 
 saved at last, but these days in which we live are very mo- 
 mentous. 
 
 Write to me as often as you can. Don't be alarmed, for in 
 two or three days more we shall be so armed and organized as to 
 be safe against surprise, at least. Love to L. and W. from all 
 of us. The country is lovely. 
 
 To appreciate the excitement under which Bayard 
 Taylor labored, one must remember that in those days, 
 when there seemed to be scarcely any orderly action 
 on the part of the government, and the people were 
 rising - in a very grand but also in a helter-skelter 
 fashion, Chester County was sufficiently near the de- 
 batable ground and so strongly marked by its anti- 
 slavery character as to give its inhabitants a very vivid 
 sense of the reality of war. Bayard Taylor threw 
 himself into the movement, and when his brother 
 Frederick volunteered, sold a share in the " Tribune " 
 and devoted a thousand dollars of the proceeds as 
 his contribution to the needs of the country. He had 
 postponed the journey to Germany, but finally decided 
 to carry out his original plan. 
 
378 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 Cedaeceoft, Kennett Squaee, Pa., May 13, 1861. 
 
 Being in New York three or four days ago, I found the pack- 
 age at the Tribune office, where it had doubtless been lying 
 for some time. ... I have carefully read the proofs [of " The 
 Poet's Journal "], and find five easily corrected errors, a note of 
 which I inclose. 
 
 I am delighted with the appearance of the book, and will " pos- 
 sess my soul in patience " till the fitting time comes for its ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Our visit to Germany, which was postponed, has been again 
 determined upon, and we shall sail on Saturday, the 18th, in the 
 City of Baltimore. We shall make but a short stay, however. 
 I should not go at all, were it not for the fact that our passage 
 was secured some time ago, and preparations made for us at 
 Gotha. I can now go with an assured heart, feeling that all is 
 safe for the present, and that the principal operations will not 
 take place till fall. We expect to be home again early in Au- 
 gust. . . . 
 
 In addition to his wife and child, Bayard Taylor 
 took his mother with him, and after a two days' stay 
 in London went to Gotha. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 Gotha, June 15, 1861. 
 
 Even at this distance you are not safe from me. My wife 
 wishes very much to get a copy of the " Confessions of a Me- 
 dium " and the " Haunted Shanty," for translation and insertion 
 in a German periodical. 
 
 If you could take the two articles, and split the numbers of 
 the " Atlantic " so as to make but one, the postage would not be 
 enormous. If the third article, " Experiences of the A. C," 
 should be in type, perhaps you could include it also. M. thinks 
 the articles will be very striking and curious to German read- 
 ers. Thackeray, the other day, told me that he was completely 
 taken in by my " Confessions." 
 
 We had a rapid and delightful voyage across the Atlantic. 
 I spent two days in London, but saw no man of note except 
 Thackeray, who was very kind and very jolly. We found our 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 379 
 
 German relatives in good condition, and are pleasantly domiciled 
 here for two months. To-morrow I shall leave for a pedestrian 
 trip of ten days in the Franconian Mountains, taking Coburg on 
 the way, where the old poet Riickert lives. 
 
 Every post from America hrings more and more cheering 
 news. The deepest interest is felt here ; in fact, I find more 
 genuine sympathy and a more intelligent understanding of our 
 troubles here than in England. I hold up my head more proudly 
 than ever. But it is hard to be away at such a time. 
 
 After his return from his trip among the Fran- 
 conian Mountains, Bayard Taylor established himself 
 and family, on the first day of July, at Friedrichroda, 
 in the Thiiringian Forest, where they remained a 
 month. He filled the time with active literary work, 
 writing at once his letters to the " Tribune," a paper 
 for " Harper's Magazine," " A Walk through the 
 Franconian Switzerland," and for " The Independent " 
 a series of ten papers on " A Home in the Thiiringian 
 Forest," both of which were reprinted in the second 
 series of "At Home and Abroad." He included in the 
 sketches of their life at Friedrichroda an account of 
 an interesting interview which he had with the reign- 
 ing Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who took a gracious 
 interest in him and his writings. The whole expe- 
 rience of German country life both confirmed his 
 former familiarity with the people and gave him new 
 insight into a nationality in which he became almost 
 a son by adoption. 
 
 Another visit at Gotha, and the four sailed from 
 Hamburg for New York August 24th. They went im- 
 mediately to Cedarcroft, where Bayard Taylor busied 
 himself with writing, among other things, war songs 
 to German melodies, and in preparing a paper on 
 Hebel, the German Burns. He visited Washington 
 also, but found his greatest pleasure in the life at 
 
380 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Cedarcroft, which took on a rich glow as the autumn 
 changed the colors of earth and sky. 
 
 TO MRS. K. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Cedarcroft, Ociober 14, 1861. 
 There 's a deluge of pure golden light streaming through the 
 western window of my library, not a cloud in the sky nor a 
 breath o' wind among the trees (four p. M.), and I wish you were 
 here to enjoy the exquisite autumnal quiet. M. and I have just 
 picked three barrels of apples from our trees, and expect to have 
 cider in a few days. Mother has made about five gallons of good 
 Catawba wine. We have also gathered half a bushel of chest- 
 nuts, a cart-load of black walnuts, some filberts and hickory-nuts 
 besides, and have twelve water-melons in the cellar. The toma- 
 toes and Lima beans are inexhaustible. A salt mackerel costs six 
 cents, herrings still less, potatoes abound, coffee is bad, and the 
 last ice of the season has just been consumed. But on the whole 
 we live comfortably, and with astonishing cheapness. We can 
 get up a meal for six persons for about twenty-five cents. As 
 for the house, it is our great consolation. We have superb rooms, 
 books and pictures, nice beds (M.'s linen, you know, is of the 
 best), Ben and the buggy, Jack as watch-dog, a bottle of wine 
 (Bufleb's present) for birthdays, and three daily papers. You 
 are quite mistaken about possibilities being aggravating. No 
 such thing. Simply as we live, we have no rivalry to endure 
 anywhere in the neighborhood. Everybody else lives still more 
 simply. Our plain life, therefore, carries no air of reduction 
 with it, but is splendidly luxurious in our neighbors' eyes. This 
 would not be the case if we were near a large city, but as it is 
 we have the seclusion (which I like), the lovely climate, the 
 beauty of the scenery, tolerable society, and the comforts of the 
 house in addition. There is no house in the country more truly 
 comfortable. Never hot in summer, never cold in winter, never 
 damp, — it is really all that we could desire. We had a little 
 fire on the hearth last night for the first time, — not because it 
 was really necessary, but for the sight of it. Our roasted chest- 
 nuts were delicious. The trees here have just begun to turn ; 
 we have had no frost yet, and the country is fresh and beautiful. 
 I wish I could begin my novel, but I must write some pot-boilers 
 first. I am just finishing a long article on Hebel, the German 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 381 
 
 Burns, for the " Atlantic," with copious translations from the 
 Alemannie dialect. I think it will he very readable. There is 
 an article of mine in the " Cornhill " for October, — a " German 
 Shooting-Match." I must write something for money, — no mat- 
 ter what ; for the invitations to lecture don't come in, and with- 
 out them I am lost. I hope Putnam will do something with the 
 sew edition of my books ; it will be very handsome, but I must 
 wait until next summer for the first results. These war times 
 are hard on authors ; the sword of Mars chops in two the strings 
 of Apollo's lyre ! . . . 
 
 The sun is down and my room is beghming to darken. What 
 a mellow beauty in the broad flush of the western sky ! What 
 perfect silence and sweetness in the motionless woods ! A leaf 
 falls from the orange-tree in the box, and it sounds almost like a 
 crash. Now a chicken flaps its wings, and now again there is 
 only the scratch of this pen to be heard in all the world around 
 me. Good-by ! I have been watching the quiet while I wrote, 
 and the dusk now holds my hand. Good-night, dear friend ! 
 
 The reference in this letter to a new edition of his 
 writings is to the Caxton edition, which Mr. Putnam 
 had projected with the hope of reviving' the public in- 
 terest in the entire series. He proposed to lead off 
 with the first series of " At Home and Abroad," and 
 to follow that with a second and new series ; continu- 
 ing with new impressions of the older volumes on bet- 
 ter paper, and with such enticements of illustration, 
 binding, and style as a publisher depends upon for 
 persuading people into a new acceptance of familiar 
 works. As it turned out, the two series of " At Home 
 and Abroad " were separated by " Views Afoot." Mr. 
 Putnam held out only moderate promises of what the 
 series would do, and Bayard Taylor still placed his re- 
 liance on lecturing, but was puzzled over the general 
 indifference of the public. He wrote of this to Mr. 
 George W. Curtis, who shared the popularity which 
 he enjoyed as lecturer : — 
 
382 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 TO GEORGE W. CURTIS. 
 
 Cedarckoft, Kennett Square, Pa., October 31, 1861. 
 
 I hoped to have fallen in with you when I was in New York 
 t'other day, but my stay was so short that I could not go down to 
 the Island. 
 
 How are you, and how are wife and children ? I am living 
 here in comparative seclusion, and know the world only by the 
 newspapers. But I see that you are to lecture in Philadelphia, 
 which is a great satisfaction to me, and I presume it is a greater 
 to you. Who could have foreseen the changes of this year ? I 
 do not despair of lecturing in Richmond before I die. 
 
 Now, my object in writing is twofold : first, and most impor- 
 tant, to ask you to come out here for a day or two, if you possibly 
 can, when you lecture in Philadelphia ; you shall have pen, ink, 
 and silence, if you need 'em. Secondly, what is to be the state 
 of our business this winter ? I get precious few invitations, and 
 from widely scattered places. What is your experience ? Am I, 
 the individual, passed over, or has the institution " suspended " ? 
 As I have no other dependence for this winter, I am curious to 
 know what calculations to make. (Tribune dividends and copy- 
 rights silent inter arma.) 
 
 I am writing a lecture on the " American People, in their So- 
 cial and Political Aspects," being sufficiently cosmopolitan in my 
 experience to judge objectively, — at least, I so flatter myself. 
 What is your subject ? I wish you could give us a lecture here, 
 but the place is rather too small in these times. Our young men 
 are all away fighting. My wife sends love to you. . . . 
 
 Mr. Curtis made reply : " As for the ' business,' it is 
 certainly depressed. I have had, I think, not more 
 than half of the usual invitations. Chapin told me 
 some time since that he had fallen off in the same 
 way." With news from the front, and rallies, and 
 the drum-beat in every town, it was not surprising that 
 the public should be careless about the attractions of 
 a lyceum lecture. Throughout the winter, however, 
 Bayard Taylor was back and forth, lecturing as he 
 had opportunity, and resorting to his family at Cedar« 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 383 
 
 croft, or in New York, where they spent a few weeks. 
 In the interim he wrote a few poems, and continued 
 his work on " Hannah Thurston." 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa, January 24, 1862. 
 ... I have had a lonely and dismal journey through the West- 
 ern snows for the last three weeks, and have no adventures to re- 
 late, except that I gave niy new lecture in St. Louis to an audi- 
 ence one third secession, who ground their teeth with rage and 
 swore under their breath, but did not dare to utter a single hiss. 
 The faces were a study. Half the society were traitors, but they 
 did n't know what the lecture was going to be. I was all bland- 
 ness and suavity to the wretches after it was over, thus compel- 
 ling them to treat me with courtesy, which was utter misery and 
 disgust to them. . . . 
 
 He visited Washing-ton and the camps in the capac- 
 ity of head war correspondent of the " Tribune," and 
 later, when his family was again established at Cedar- 
 croft, went to the front, hoping, as others, to go with 
 the army to Richmond, — that little march which was 
 four years in making. Suddenly he returned to Ce- 
 darcroft to advise with his wife on a proposition made 
 to him by Mr. Simon Cameron to accompany him to 
 Russia, to which place he had just been accredited as 
 minister. Bayard Taylor was to go as secretary, but 
 assurances were given that Mr. Cameron's stay would 
 be short, and he would then remain as charge d'af- 
 faires. He returned to Washington the next day, 
 and telegraphed to his wife that he had accepted the 
 offer. 
 
 TO MR. AND MRS. R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Washington, Sunday, March 30, 1862. 
 You will have seen in yesterday's " Tribune " some intimation 
 of the new turn in my destiny. The ice is therefore broken, which 
 I am glad of, because my most unwelcome necessity will be the 
 
384 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 separation from you two. The facts of the case are simply these: 
 Cameron came to me and offered, the post. So urgent was he 
 that he employed several persons to persuade me to accept, and 
 spoke to the President in advance. I was surprised, undecided, 
 and inclined not to accept. I consulted with Forney, with Sum- 
 ner, with Vice-President Hamlin, and others, all of whom said, 
 ""Go ! this is only the first step. Cameron will not stay long, and 
 you will be his successor." Cameron himself said to me, " I 
 shall return in the fall, leaving you in charge of the legation 
 (acting charge d'affaires, with $6,000 a year), and if I should 
 not return I can manage to give you my place." The Vice- 
 President came afterwards, saying, " I earnestly request you to 
 go, and will almost insure you the succession." Thus urged, with 
 the chargeship certain and the ministership very probable, I de- 
 cided to accept. The President was evidently pleased when 
 Cameron announced it to him in my presence. I said to him 
 (Lincoln), "My only reason for accepting is the chargeship, af- 
 ter Mr. Cameron's departure." He smiled, nodded his head, 
 and said, "All right." I have seen numbers of senators, con- 
 gressmen, members of the cabinet, and others, who all say, " Go, 
 by all means, and consider this only the first step." The minis- 
 ter gets $12,000, which would enable me to live conformably to 
 the position. Besides, it would give me unbounded facilities for 
 exploring Central Asia, under Russian protection, — the great 
 ambition of my life. All things considered, I have decided to 
 make the venture. The stake is not so high but that I may win 
 it. This is a fortunate chance, which I do not dare to reject. It 
 chimes so wonderfully with my own secret desires and plans that 
 I trust myself to the promise. I may be disappointed ; if so, it 
 is a loss of one Tribune share, but so much more in my life. 
 If I have not good friends here to assist me, we are a race of 
 hypocrites. Do write to me — to Kennett. I must see Seward 
 to-morrow and a few senators, and then will return to make ready. 
 I ran home and consulted M. first before I decided. She agrees 
 cordially. 
 
 TO MRS. R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 Cedarckoft, Sunday, April 6, 1862. 
 . . . Since I determined to go, things smooth themselves before 
 my feet. Some difficulties which I apprehended have disappeared. 
 & go with a great deal of resolution and measured expectations. 
 
THE POET'S JOURNAL. 385 
 
 Cedarcrcft is getting to be lovely now, and it goes hard with me 
 to give up the summer's rest. My novel I shall finish, somehow 
 or other. I wrote two chapters to-day and yesterday. I shall 
 have one third written before starting, and as summer is a leisure 
 time in St. Petersburg am pretty sure I can get it through by 
 August. 
 
 ^ I sent my " Euphorion " 1 to Fields the other day. Have two 
 other poems in my head, which I shall try to write. . . . 
 
 I planted fifty pear-trees on Friday, and shall put out fifty 
 peach-trees to-morrow. Three summers hence we shall be over- 
 whelmed with fruit. Cedarcroft improves with age, from the 
 growth of things, although so much remains to be done. When 
 my debts are paid, and I have one thousand dollars over, I shall 
 transform the groimds. . . . 
 
 1 "Euphorion" was written upon the death of the oldest boy of the 
 Stoddards. 
 
 vol. I. 25 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE EUSSIAN MISSION. 
 
 1862-1863. 
 
 My door 
 Looks on the rushing Neva, cold and clear : 
 The swelling domes in hovering splendor lie 
 Like golden bubbles, eager to be gone ; 
 But the chill crystal of the atmosphere 
 Withholds them, and along the northern sky 
 The amber midnight smiles in dreams of dawn. 
 
 From the North. 
 
 Two motives were uppermost in Bayard Taylor's 
 mind when lie accepted the appointment as secretary 
 of legation under Mr. Cameron. He saw an oppor- 
 tunity to release himself from the distasteful drudgery 
 of lecturing, and he was fired with a new zeal to use 
 his position in Russia for making a study of the al- 
 most unknown interior of the country and writing a 
 book which should crown his works of travel. He 
 was confident also that his duties would not preclude 
 him from finishing his novel of " Hannah Thurston," 
 in which he had become deeply interested. He sailed, 
 therefore, with his wife and child, in company with 
 Mr. Cameron and his family, on the 7th of May for 
 Liverpool. Mr. Cameron's party remained in Eng- 
 land for a short excursion, and Bayard Taylor took his 
 family to Gotha, stopping on the way at Paris, where 
 they were guests of Mr. and Mrs. James Lorimer 
 Graham, Jr. Leaving his family at Gotha, he went 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 387 
 
 on to St. Petersburg with the Camerons, with whom 
 he made his home until he was rejoined by his wife 
 and child, five or six weeks later. The intimate rela- 
 tions which he thus formed with his chief laid the 
 foundation for a strong and lasting friendship, in 
 which each recognized the other's sterling qualities 
 and fidelity of affection. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 St. Petersburg, June 19, 1862. 
 
 We reached here at midnight on Sunday, the loth, after 
 thirty-two hours' railroad travel from Konigsberg in Prussia, — 
 six hundred and sixty miles. This is my first chance to write a 
 line, there has been so much to look after. Clay 1 is still here, 
 having waited for our arrival, but will leave in a few days, and 
 I have been posting myself up with regard to the affairs of the 
 legation, besides assisting Cameron in various ways. It is now 
 nearly eleven o'clock, and I will at least commence this, adding 
 to it as I get leisure. After we get fairly installed in the lega- 
 tion, there will really be next to nothing to do except to make 
 and return visits. We had an interview with Prince Gortcha- 
 koff, Minister of Foreign Affairs, on Tuesday, and are to be pre- 
 sented to the Emperor at the Winter Palace on Tuesday next. 
 The Prince was very cordial and friendly, and expressed himself 
 towards our country as kindly as we could have desired. Cam- 
 eron has taken the house occupied by Clay, and the family moved 
 into it this evening. They have invited me to live with them 
 until M. comes, and I shall probably go to-morrow. This will 
 save me something, and give me time to make the best arrange- 
 ments for her. Americans who have lived here some years tell 
 me I can get along very comfortably on thirty-five hundred dol- 
 lars per annum. I think, with management, three thousand dol- 
 lars will answer. . . . 
 
 I like St. Petersburg even better than on my first visit. What 
 little Russian I knew has come back, and I already know enough 
 to make bargains ! I think I could speak it fluently in three 
 months, if I had time to study hard, but I must first attend to 
 
 1 Hon. Cassius M. Clay, whom Mr. Cameron succeeded as Minister to 
 Russia. 
 
388 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 " Hannah Thurston." My " Travels in Russia " have been ap- 
 proved by the censor, and are permitted to be sold here, which 
 is a lucky thing for me. I shall not be able to go to Pulkowa i 
 before Saturday night, and shall spend Sunday there. Wagners 
 are overjoyed at our coming. The country is entirely green and 
 beautiful, but the lilacs and horse-chestnuts are just in bloom. 
 The weather is delightful, — neither too warm nor too cold ; 
 sunshine all day, and no darkness at night. . . . 
 
 Our last news is the destruction of the rebel fleet and the tak- 
 ing of Memphis. Good and bad are so mixed, however, that we 
 hardly know how to feel ; only this, — that since I am again in 
 Europe I don't want the war to end too soon. The longer it 
 lasts, the more certain is the doom of slavery. And if the war 
 is over without slavery being utterly crushed, we shall have a 
 second war in ten years. Being farther off, I can see all sides 
 more clearly, and I say that slavery must fall, or all this strug- 
 gle has been thrown away. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 St. Petersburg, July 1, 1862. 
 
 I was going to write to you from Paris, but Graham had so 
 much company (and I, as guest, was bound to help entertain) 
 that the quiet moment never came. Since then, I have had 
 pretty much everything to do ; but at last am settled in my 
 place, with a tolerably clear understanding of my duties, and my 
 mind has come back to its usual equilibrium. Graham was un- 
 affectedly kind and cordial, and our stay of ten days with him, 
 his wife, and Fiske was marked with white. We had good 
 weather, and so M. got a fair outside idea of Paris. Besides, we 
 saw Him and Her. They passed our carriage so close that we could 
 have shaken hands. He turned towards us and bowed. I as- 
 sure you She is very beautiful, — more so than her portraits. 
 Unfortunately, we did not see their Napkin, which was to be re- 
 gretted. . . . 
 
 For myself, everything goes well so far. I like St. Peters- 
 burg and the Russians better than ever. I am on the best of 
 terms with the Cameron family, whom, indeed, I heartily like, 
 and my prospects for the future do not look any the worse. We 
 were received by the Emperor a week ago, and with unusual cor- 
 
 1 Mrs. Taylor's sister is the wife of Mr. von Wagner, one of the as- 
 tronomers connected with the Imperial Observatory at Pulkowa. 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 389 
 
 diality. The general was delighted with him, and I — satisfied. 
 To be sure, ray interview was very brief, but it gave me a com- 
 plete impression of the man. He has more energy and determi- 
 nation than I expected. Since then, we have been twice to the 
 Summer Palace of Tzarsko-Selo to see the Hereditary Prince 
 and the Empress, both of whom won our affections. The prince 
 is about nineteen, — thoroughly good, amiable, sincere, and un- 
 spoiled, and, withal, very handsome. The Empress is neither 
 beautiful nor plain, but wonderfully graceful, self-possessed, and 
 refined. She spoke for some time with me in German. They 
 treated us well, — gave us carriages and footmen, breakfasts, 
 wine, cigars, and all other accompaniments. I have made the 
 acquaintance of various counts and princes of the court, none of 
 whom are intellectually formidable, and consequently don't em- 
 barrass me. One of the most marked men I have seen is Prince 
 Italinski, grandson of the old fighter Suwarrow. I live with 
 Camerons at the legation until M. comes. We have a stylish 
 open carriage, with a footman in livery, — cocked hat, with half 
 a bushel of red, white, and blue chicken-feathers on it, — and ride 
 out every day to make state calls. The government has fur- 
 nished us with a list of one hundred and eighty-three names, all 
 of which we must acknowledge in this official style. The busi- 
 ness of the legation, otherwise, is very slight, and I am already 
 fully up to it. Besides, the consul, who left here three weeks 
 ago on account of ill health, has appointed me his vice, giving me 
 half his salary. As the fees amount to four dollars in threw 
 months, the business, you may suppose, is not onerous, while the 
 additional thousand dollars a year will be a great help to me. 
 
 As soon as he was fairly at home in his work and 
 social life, Bayard Taylor resumed his writing. " Han- 
 nah Thurston " was always at his side ; he began the 
 papers which he contributed to the " Atlantic," de- 
 scriptive of Russian life and scenery; he wrote two 
 or three poems, among them "The Test," and he 
 worked from time to time upon a longer poem, " The 
 Picture of St. John." " The Poet's Journal " was pub- 
 lished by Ticknor & Fields in the fall of the year. 
 His mind, however, was not at leisure, for he was liar- 
 
390 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 assed by the uncertainty of his position. Mr. Cam- 
 eron spent the summer only in St. Petersburg, when he 
 returned, after travel in Europe, to the United States, 
 leaving Bayard Taylor as charge d'affaires. This was 
 in accordance with the understanding by which the 
 latter accepted the post of secretary. The charge 
 d'affaires was minister in everything but rank and 
 salary, and after a trial of the place Bayard Taylor 
 could have no question as to his ability to occupy the 
 higher position. He was thoroughly equipped by his 
 education, which had given him command of several 
 languages ; he had won the respect and confidence of 
 the court and the diplomatic circle ; he was familiar 
 with the ways of court life; and above all he had a 
 profound faith in his country and was alive to the ex- 
 igencies of the situation. He was eager to serve the 
 nation. Above and beyond his own private fortunes, 
 he was sure that he could so represent the United 
 States at this important court as to secure essential 
 advantage to his country. 
 
 He had the qualifications for the post, and he was 
 conscious of his fitness. His services were recognized 
 by those who were best able to judge of them, and upon 
 the face there was every reason why he should receive 
 the appointment. But Bayard Taylor was not a per- 
 son of political influence. He was connected, indeed, 
 with a journal of marked political power, but this fact 
 rather hindered than helped him. The editor of the 
 "Tribune" had severed the famous partnership of 
 Seward, Weed, and Greeley, and in his criticism of 
 the war was not singularly subservient to the admin- 
 istration. Bayard Taylor's position on the journal, to 
 be sure, was not on its political side, and his name in 
 the public mind was associated only with literature 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 391 
 
 and travel. He had friends who gave him their hearty 
 support, and a few of these, notably Mr. Cameron, 
 were men of weight with the administration. But 
 Bayard Taylor knew very well how many considera- 
 tions came in to affect the administration in making 
 appointments, aside from the peculiar fitness of a man 
 for his post. There were accounts to settle, ulterior 
 ends to accomplish, and nice adjustments of the ma- 
 chinery of government to regulate. Accordingly he 
 set in motion all the proper and natural means which 
 he could, at that distance, employ. The most natural, 
 and one would think the most effective, was a faithful 
 fulfillment of the duties of his place and a vigilant 
 watch for opportunities to serve his country. Long- 
 before the winter was over, however, he made up his 
 mind that he should fail of receiving the appointment, 
 and after he had recovered from the first annoyance 
 of failure he dismissed the whole matter. He was no 
 place-hunter for the sake of place, and when fairly 
 plunged into literature he forgot his disappointment 
 and took delight in his native work. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 United States Legation, 
 St. Petersburg, August 18, 1862. 
 
 I have delayed writing to you for four weeks past, only that I 
 might finish and send the accompanying article, 1 which I think 
 you may find suitable for the " Atlantic." At least, it may do to 
 thrust in between the heavier articles ; the ground it goes over 
 is wholly untrodden. If the article pleases, pray send the com- 
 pensation to the Tribune office for me ; if not, send the article 
 itself to Greeley, who may be able to dispose of it otherwise for 
 me. I am very glad that you like my Quaker story, 2 which I 
 find in the July number. I have ordered Triibner to send me 
 the numbers regularly, and have the August also. I have the 
 
 1 " A Cruise on Lake Ladoga." 
 
 2 "Friend Eli's Daughter." 
 
392 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 subject of a curious Russian story, to be called " Beauty and the 
 Beast," if you think the banks of the Volga are not too far off 
 for a reality which is more astonishing than romance. . . . 
 
 to his mother. 
 
 United States Legation, 
 St. Petersburg, September 24, 1862. 
 
 ... I have been really sick for the last four or five days over 
 the horrid news x we receive ; and yet I have, under all, a half- 
 confidence that it may be for the best. Our people must have 
 their eyes opened ; the government must appreciate the immen- 
 sity of its task ; the half-and-half system must be dropped at 
 once, or we are lost. I would rather be at home and share the 
 humiliation which all loyal men must feel than be here and be 
 obliged to put a good face on it, and make all sorts of excuses 
 and explanations. But I can do more good here, perhaps, than I 
 could at home. 
 
 Camerons have now been gone nearly a week, and I have 
 everything in my own hands. We are rather lonely in these big 
 rooms, but must accustom ourselves to it. It will be another 
 month before St. Petersburg becomes gay and social. The 
 weather is already quite cold, but a great many families are still 
 in the country. ... I recently wrote a poem on the one thou- 
 sandth anniversary of the Russian Empire, a copy of which Cam- 
 eron gave to Prince Gortchakoff, who showed it to the Emperor. 
 The latter sent word to me that he was very much touched and 
 delighted. I have sent a copy to Greeley, and you will see it in 
 the " Tribune." I thus commence my chargeship under good 
 auspices. 
 
 October 22, 1862. 
 
 . . . We are in better spirits about our cause. The last news 
 is very cheering, and the English are furious. I avoid them as 
 much as possible, except the embassy, where they are very po- 
 lite, and avoid the subject. We are all very well and cheerful. 
 The weather is now delightful. We have had what is called 
 " the little winter," snow and cold weather for a week, and now 
 the days are sunny and mild, and the trees not yet bare. The 
 leaves mostly are green until they drop off, — there are scarcely 
 any autumnal colors, — so that the parks and gardens look more 
 like spring than fall. The court is still at the country palace, 
 1 Of the second battle of Manassas. 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 393 
 
 and will not come to the city for nearly a month yet. I have 
 now no important business on hand, and have renewed my ac- 
 quaintance with " Hannah Thurston." 
 
 TO MRS. R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 St. Petersburg, November 5, 18G2. 
 
 Your letter and Dick's came to-day, just after M. had started 
 for Pulkowa (about twelve miles from here) with L. and Minna 
 to spend the night. I was making out a report of a shipwreck 
 (consular business) to send to the State Department, and the 
 mail-hour was near at hand, but I stopped and read your tardy, 
 welcome pages before I went farther. Now, after four hours 
 more of work ; after receiving visits and turning two vile seces- 
 sionists out of the house by the freezing dignity of my maimers 
 and the indignant eloquence of my speech ; after a walk in the 
 cold air, among the trees of the Admiralty Place, so crusted 
 with rime that tbey resemble avenues of ivory and pearl, I come 
 back to sit down by candle-light at four P. M. in this northern dark- 
 ness, and put you to shame by my punctuality in replying. The 
 fact is, I cannot do anything else until I have written to you 
 both. I have no longer the spur of my own interests, because 
 my fate will have been decided before tins reaches you, but I 
 have the inspiration of our old friendship. 
 
 ... The only literature I get is the "Atlantic Monthly." 
 Thoreau's articles are very fine, but Winthrop's " Life in the 
 Open Air " is in the most wretched maimer. I cannot read it. 
 The stories are full of " cool brows " and " purple hair " and 
 convulsed conversation. I turn from them to continue the even 
 tenor of Hannah Thurston's way with refreshment. I am mak- 
 ing a book which shall be entertaining from beginning to end, 
 without violent passion, though with an occasional approach to it. 
 I get on slowly with it, because it is my recreation, and I do not 
 want to exhaust it too soon. I often think of Dick and you as I 
 write. Besides my Russian poem I have written another, called 
 " The Test," which M. likes, and I shall send to the " Atlantic." . . . 
 My literary yearnings increase and improve under the weight of 
 this diplomatic business. I often say to M. that I shall be glad 
 when my stay here is over, and I can return to our old Olympian 
 life, only with fewer distracting cares than before. 
 
 I am sorry that neither Dick nor you yet seem to understand 
 the true reason of my desire for the higher post. It can give mo 
 
394 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 no new honor. I have now been for nearly two months the sole 
 American representative at this court ; have had important offi- 
 cial interviews, and know just what it is. If I succeed, however, 
 I can carry out the only remaining bit of ambitious travel I care to 
 make ; I can complete my studies of the human cosmos ; I can 
 discard lecturing when I come home, and devote a few quiet years 
 to the production of something which may extort praise even from 
 you. I inherit a late development, both from father and mother, 
 and my mind is not yet at its ripest. I would rather represent 
 the interests of the United States even here, on the sixtieth de- 
 gree of latitude, than wear out my life in whiter lecturing tours. 
 How much rest have I had at home ? How much freedom from 
 anxiety in the last four years ? I am tired of it, worn out, and 
 don't want to come home just now to resume it. I like this city 
 and my position because I have determined to do so. If I were 
 free to do what I please, I should leave next week. . . . You 
 ought to know that I have no political ambition and don't value 
 political distinction one fig. I sigh for my felt hat, and swear at 
 my uniform every time I put it on. But I have a pride in doing 
 a thing well, when I once undertake it. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 St. Petersburg, November 26, 1862. 
 . . . Since I last wrote I have had to take care of American 
 interests all through the recent crisis. I have represented our 
 country, alone, for more than two months, and there has been no 
 more important period for us for the past fifty years than during 
 the past three weeks. We have gotten safely through, and I am 
 glad that I had a share in it. I think the government will be 
 satisfied with my energy and activity. I have already written 
 ten dispatches, eight of them very important ones, since being 
 charge. I shall therefore always be glad that I came. 
 
 The crisis referred to in this letter was the pro- 
 posed intervention in American affairs by France and 
 England in connection with Russia. In an interview 
 which Bayard Taylor had with Prince Gortchakoff 
 October 29th, the Russian minister had intimated that 
 proposals for intervention were in the air, and not 
 long after an announcement appeared in the " Lon- 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 395 
 
 don Morning- Post " and " La Patrie " of Paris to 
 the effect that France had submitted a proposition 
 to England and Russia. It will be remembered that 
 the Union cause had met with reverses, and that there 
 was a general feeling of despondency as to the issue 
 of the conflict. Bayard Taylor saw the great impor- 
 tance of preventing Russia from accepting the propo- 
 sition, and he immediately sought another interview 
 with Prince Gortchakoff, the account of which is con- 
 tained in a dispatch to the government. 
 
 TO HON. WILLIAM H. SEWARD, SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 Legation of the United States, 
 
 St. Petersburg, November 12, 1862. 
 
 Sir, — I hasten to communicate to you the information prom- 
 ised in my dispatch of yesterday. I have just returned from 
 an interview with Prince Gortchakoff, who, with the generous 
 frankness which has hitherto characterized his intercourse with 
 me, has placed me in possession of all the facts of which it is 
 necessary that the government of the United States should be 
 informed. 
 
 I first asked him whether the proposition of France, announced 
 in the journals of Paris and London, had actually been made to 
 the imperial government. He replied in the affirmative. I then 
 asked whether he was willing to communicate to me its exact 
 terms. He answered in French, apparently quoting the words 
 of the official communication : " A conjunctive proposition on 
 the part of France, Russia, and England, to the belligerent par- 
 ties in America, to agree to an armistice of six months." He 
 further informed me that the proposal was to be considered by 
 the English cabinet on the 11th (yesterday). 
 
 I stated to the Prince that the declarations of Russia had 
 heretofore been sufficiently frank and explicit ; that we could 
 rely upon her action hi the matter as that of a fiiend, and what- 
 ever it might be the government of the .United States was as- 
 sured in advance of the friendly consideration which would in- 
 spire it. I judged it necessary to add, however, that the moment 
 was ill chosen for the presentation of such a proposal. After 
 a campaign the unsatisfactory character of which I could not 
 
396 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 deny, and the non-fulfillment of promises which ought never to 
 have been made, the prospect of the suppression of the rebellion 
 was now decidedly encouraging. The government was aware 
 of the necessity of the most speedy and vigorous action ; three 
 hundred thousand men had been added to our army within the 
 last two months, and the new iron-clad vessels, probably afloat 
 by this time, would, I hoped, soon enable us to dispense with the 
 blockade by putting us in possession of all the Southern ports. 
 
 The Prince assured me, in reply, that the action of Russia 
 would be governed entirely, as heretofore, by the most friendly 
 feelings toward the United States. He would take no step 
 which could not receive that interpretation. He then offered to 
 read to me his instructions to M. de Stoeckl in regard to the 
 proposed action of the three powers. After stating the proposi- 
 tion, the dispatch refers to the position which Russia has occu- 
 pied since the commencement of the struggle, repeats her desire 
 for a settlement by conciliatory measures, and expresses her 
 willingness to tender her good offices in a way that shall be ac- 
 ceptable, and that shall seem to promise a good result. • . . 
 
 The dispatch having been rapidly read, and in a foreign lan- 
 guage, I do not pretend to give you the precise words, but I am 
 sure of having reproduced the material substance of it. Its 
 prevailing tone was a delicate and friendly consideration of the 
 views of the government of the United States. 
 
 " There," said Prince Gortchakoff, when the reading was fin- 
 ished, " now you know the worst so far as Russia is concerned." 
 I considered myself justified in assuring him that there was 
 nothing in his instructions to M. de Stoeckl to which the govern- 
 ment of the United States could take exception, for it would 
 interpret every act of Russia in the light of her motives. An 
 assurance of this kind seemed to me necessary in return for his 
 frankness. I then retired. 
 
 I should do the government ill service by disguising from it 
 the truth that the European powers most friendly to it are at 
 last becoming impatient. The failure of two campaigns is the 
 prominent fact in their eyes ; the important advantages which 
 have been gained are overlooked. Nearly all the news which 
 is received comes distorted through English and French chan- 
 nels. The correspondents of the London journals, in particular, 
 continually give currency to malicious falsehoods, the absence of 
 which in American newspapers they pretend to account for by a 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 397 
 
 tyrannical censorship. These statements, copied throughout the 
 continent, and persistently repeated, are beginning to produce 
 their natural effect ; to which is added the prestige of apparent 
 success, to a certain extent, on the part of the rebel government. 
 There is a universal sympathy, independent of the principles at 
 stake, with success against odds, and this sympathy is beginning 
 ■to tell, not only against the government of the United States, 
 but against the wisdom of its friends. 
 
 What Russia evidently fears at present is the ultimate ex- 
 haustion of the two sections of the Union, which will leave them 
 either divided or reunited, helpless to resist the encroachments 
 of hostile powers. The political equilibrium which she sees in 
 the maintenance of the Union in its original strength would thus 
 be destroyed. No news could be more welcome to her than that 
 which should indicate the speedy overthrow of the rebellion, 
 but a struggle protracted much longer seems to her not less un- 
 fortunate than immediate separation. 
 
 I believe this to be a strictly correct statement of the predom- 
 inating feeling of the imperial government. My duty terminates 
 in communicating it, for the possibility of its existence and the 
 course which it suggests have undoubtedly been foreseen by the 
 President and by yourself. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, your obedient 
 servant, Bayard Taylor, 
 
 Charge d' Affaires. 
 
 So anxious was the charge to impress upon the 
 Russian government the resolution of the United 
 States and the resources which enabled that country 
 to put down the rebellion, that he went beyond the 
 strict demands of his place, and prepared an elabo- 
 rate paper, which he submitted to Prince Gortchakoff, 
 reporting his proceeding at once to Mr. Seward. 
 
 TO HON. W. H. SEWARD, SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 Legation of the United States, 
 
 St. Petersburg, November 28, 1862. 
 
 Sir, — Judging that you may desire to have regular reports 
 from this legation at the present time, I have the honor to trans- 
 mit to you an account of all that has occurred in relation to 
 American interests since my dispatch of the 15th instant. 
 
398 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 With regard to the project of intervention made by France, 
 the impression here is that since the replies of Russia and Eng- 
 land it has been temporarily suspended, but not relinquished, by 
 that power. If a renewal of it at any time shall be made to 
 this court, I am convinced that Prince Gortchakoff, with the en- 
 tire absence of reserve which has characterized all his intercourse 
 with me, will inform me promptly of the fact. I have received 
 a confidential communication from Mr. Dayton, giving me an 
 account of his interview with M. Drouyn de l'Huys, and have in 
 return transmitted to him a report of my own conversations 
 with Prince Gortchakoff. I have also forwarded a similar con- 
 fidential dispatch to Mr. Adams, as I judged it important that 
 both he and Mr. Dayton should be officially informed of the sen- 
 timents of the imperial government. I trust that this proceed- 
 ing will meet your approval. 
 
 Since my last dispatch I have had no further personal inter- 
 course with Prince Gortchakoff, but I have prepared and sent to 
 him a statement, drawn up with great care, of the present national 
 debt of the United States ; the estimated annual revenue under 
 the new laws ; the additions made to the active force of our 
 armies during the last three months ; the number of iron-clad 
 vessels in process of construction ; and the important movements 
 already commenced in the West and on the sea-coast. This 
 statement was forwarded with a private (unofficial) note, inform- 
 ing him that it was not intended as an indirect prediction of re- 
 sults, but as a simple exposition of facts, which would clearly 
 show that an armistice at this time could only be of advantage to 
 the rebellious States, and that no proposition of the kind could 
 be entertained by the Federal government. I am aware that 
 in this act I have exceeded the strict line of my duty, but I felt 
 that some such presentation of the brighter aspects of our cause 
 was necessary to strengthen the hopes and refresh the sympathies 
 of the government most friendly to us. 
 
 I had a conversation yesterday with the ambassador of France, 
 the Duke de Montebello, in which I expressed to him the same 
 views concerning the proposed intervention of his government. 
 He informed me that immediately after receiving the dispatch 
 of M. Drouyn de l'Huys he had called upon me, in order to 
 communicate its contents to me, but had not found me at home. 
 I infer from his expressions, both on this and other occasions, 
 that his personal sympathies are in favor of the preservation of 
 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 399 
 
 the Union. The only defense of the proposition which he offered 
 was that it was very carefully worded, did not betray a hostile 
 spirit, and that an armistice need not necessarily include the 
 raising of the blockade. 
 
 The British ambassador, Lord Napier, has been especially kind 
 and cordial in his personal intercourse, but seems disposed to 
 avoid any discussion of our national struggle, or the European 
 proposition concerning it. 
 
 There are in Russia about 237,000 stand of arms, which have 
 been condemned, and offered for sale by the government. Eight 
 or ten thousand of them have percussion locks and bayonets ; but 
 the remainder are flint-lock muskets and carbines of an obsolete 
 pattern, and may be had for seventy-five copeks (about fifty- 
 eight cents) apiece. A few clays ago I discovered that an Amer- 
 ican here, well known for his treasonable sentiments, had been 
 examining the specimens offered, with the expressed intention of 
 making a large purchase. In the absence of any fund for de- 
 tective service, I have been voluntarily assisted by two loyal 
 American residents, who have been so successful in following up 
 the transaction that no further steps can be taken without their 
 knowledge. The arms are so worthless, however, that I do not 
 anticipate their purchase. 
 
 The imperial court is at present at Moscow, where it will re- 
 main for the next three weeks. The internal condition of the 
 empire is generally quiet and satisfactory. Since the promulga- 
 tion of the plan of judicial reform, the increase in public confi- 
 dence has been very remarkable. Count Panin, who opposed its 
 adoption, has been dismissed from the ministry. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, your obedient 
 servant, Bayard Taylor, 
 
 Charge d' Affaires. 
 
 Mr. Seward's reply is as follows : — ■ 
 
 to bayard taylor. 
 
 Department of State, 
 Washington, December 23, 1862. 
 
 Sir, — Your dispatch of November 28th has been submitted 
 to the President. A perusal of it produces the same impression 
 which follows the reading of the dispatches of all our represen- 
 
400 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 tatives in Europe, namely, that the government of the United 
 States is regarded by foreign governments as weak and in crit- 
 ical circumstances. The existence of such an opinion in Europe 
 is natural. Our utterances, which are controversial, because we 
 are really free and confident of the national safety, however we 
 may seem to despond, too often present the government in this 
 light. This is the result of a commendable impatience for 
 greater activity, with the promise of greater, and speedier re- 
 sults. The insurgent emissaries in Europe inculcate the same 
 opinion, and their prejudiced or interested European sympa- 
 thizers have the public ear in Europe, as insurgent exiles always 
 do. Nothing, however, could be more injurious to the country 
 than a seeming admission of the justice of the opinion in ques- 
 tion by this government. This sentiment was among those 
 which induced my instructions to yourself, Mr. Dayton, and 
 Mr. Adams, to ask no explanations, and make no comments on 
 any explanations which should be offered by any of the three 
 powers which lately engaged in a correspondence with each other 
 concerning American affairs. The note which you have ad- 
 dressed to Prince Gortchakoff, exhibiting our resources and ad- 
 vantages, was written before you received this instruction ; and 
 it is believed that, from your known ability, you have made the 
 argument presented a strong one, and therefore the President, 
 so far from censuring you for the performance, is rather grat- 
 ified with it. But it will be well for you, nevertheless, to explain 
 to Prince Gortchakoff that this government would not have in- 
 structed you to write the paper, and that for the special reason 
 before mentioned it would not have approved of it had the gov- 
 ernment been advised of the preparation of the document. At 
 no previous time since this civil war began has this government 
 been better assured of its ultimate success in the present contest, 
 or had more gratifying proofs of the strength of the very ex- 
 traordinary political system which was bequeathed to us by our 
 fathers ; and the President is no more likely to accept overtures 
 of foreign mediation in our affairs than the government of the 
 United States is likely to offer its mediation in similar affairs to 
 any other nation. 
 
 To-day members of Congress arrive here who have been duly 
 elected in Louisiana ; and this is a palpable demonstration that 
 the crisis of disunion has passed, and the process of restoration 
 has begun. . . . 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 401 
 
 In regard to Russia, the case is a plain one. She has our 
 friendship, in every case, in preference to any other European 
 power, simply because she always wishes us well, and leaves us 
 to conduct our affairs as we think best. 
 
 I do not misunderstand the seductions which partisan divisions 
 existing here, not in reality disloyal, offer to foreign powers. 
 Such seductions are always offered in every civil war. I can, 
 however, hardly remember a case in history in which any foreign 
 state listened to such persuasions with any advantage accruing 
 to itself or to the state in whose behalf its sympathy was moved. 
 I am, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 William H. Seward. 
 
 TO HON. W. H. SEWARD, SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 Legation of the United States, 
 
 St. Petersburg, January 21, 1863. 
 
 Sir, — Your dispatch No. 10, of December 23d, was received 
 on the 17th instant. The first portion of it, which relates to the 
 impression conveyed by my dispatch No. 21, of November 28, 
 1862, has, I trust, been already answered by my subsequent dis- 
 patches. I consider that a part of my official duty is to acquaint 
 you, without reserve or modification, with the state of public 
 opinion at this capital concerning the events of our national 
 struggle. These statements, however, are entirely of an objec- 
 tive character, and I have unfortunately chosen my words if they 
 suggest the inference that I have in any manner shared the 
 doubts and anxieties which I have described as being prevalent 
 here. 
 
 On the contrarj', I have invariably expressed my confidence in 
 the strength of the Federal power and the successful issue of the 
 struggle, not from a sense of official propriety, but from my own 
 unshaken, individual faith. I believe, however, that you will not 
 have misunderstood me in this respect. 
 
 I have just returned from an interview with Prince Gortcha- 
 koff, which I had requested immediately upon receiving your 
 dispatch. ..." Tell Mr. Seward," said he, " that the policy of 
 Russia in regard to the United States is fixed, and will not be 
 changed by the course adopted by any other nation. We greatly 
 desire, as you know, the termination of your unfortunate struggle, 
 but we shall not offer our friendly mediation until it is certain of 
 being accepted on both sides, — by the Federal government and 
 vol. i. 2G 
 
402 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 the Southern States. We earnestly hope for the maintenance 
 of the Union, but at the same time we have no hostility to the 
 Southern people ; and for the sake of both sides we shall gladly 
 proffer our services when they are mutually requested, but not 
 until then." This reply, I trust, will prove as explicit and satis- 
 factory as you could have desired ; but it is probably no more 
 than the course of Russia hitherto has led you to anticipate. 
 
 I also gave the Prince the explanation you required, concern- 
 ing the statement of the strength and resources of the United 
 States, which I sent to him, unofficially, in November. In com- 
 pliance with your request, I informed him that you would not 
 have instructed me to take this step, and therefore would not 
 have given your sanction, had you been informed of it in advance. 
 He answered that he regarded the paper at the time he received 
 it entirely as a confidential communication ; that he had read it 
 with great interest, and was very glad that I had prepared it, as 
 it contained important facts which had not previously come to 
 his knowledge. He further said that he regarded the relations 
 between the two countries as possessing, necessarily, something 
 of an intimate and confidential character, and my act was there- 
 fore especially that of a friend. 
 
 The best justification which I can offer for an unauthorized 
 step of the kind is the good effect which it evidently produced. 
 I did not venture upon it without careful deliberation, nor can I 
 now perceive, looking back to that period, that it was ill-judged. 
 For the previous two months our military operations only had 
 been watched by European observers ; and in November the im- 
 pression was very general here, even among our friends, that the 
 national cause was about to fail. I do not suppose that, except 
 myself, a single diplomatic representative at this court had faith 
 in our success : our real sources of strength were overlooked ; 
 and the imperial government, hearing nothing but unfavorable 
 opinions from all quarters, showed signs of impatience and de- 
 spondency. It seemed to me that Russia had deserved, by her 
 steady friendship towards us, that her confidence in our national 
 power and stability should be supported. Such support I knew 
 would, under the circumstances, be acceptable to her, no less 
 than advantageous to us. The paper I prepared was a simple 
 exhibition of our actual strength and resources ; it contained no 
 argument ; it was sent to Prince Gortchakoff unofficially ; and, 
 as I have to-day learned from his excellency, the act was under- 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 403 
 
 stood precisely as I had desired. Before receiving your last dis- 
 patch I had considered that I was incidentally justified by the 
 closing words of your dispatch No. 9, of December 7th, stating 
 that the President's message and the accompanying reports would 
 be very useful in enabling me " to show to Prince Gortchakoff 
 the grounds of the public confidence in the stabibty of the Union." 
 I had already endeavored to do the same thing by anticipating 
 some of the statements contained in these documents. . . . 
 
 I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, your obedient 
 servant, Bayard Taylor, 
 
 Charge d' Affaires. 
 
 The diplomatic correspondence attests the closeness 
 with which Bayard Taylor applied himself to the du- 
 ties of his office, and the assiduity with which he fol- 
 lowed every clew which seemed likely to lead to im- 
 portant results. He did his work with something 
 more than conscientious fidelity ; he was inspired by 
 patriotic zeal. Nevertheless, it was with delight that 
 he seized upon every free hour for his novel, for the 
 articles which he was able to send home, and for the 
 poems which came to him. " The Poet's Journal " ap- 
 peared at this season, and his American correspond- 
 ents kept him informed of its fortunes. The poem 
 from its structure was so far a reflection of his personal 
 history that the public, which does not trouble itself 
 with fine distinctions, insisted upon accepting it as a 
 literal transcript of his experience. No artist who al- 
 lows himself to use the results of his own moods and 
 thoughts, careless of the likeness or unlikeness to ex- 
 ternal circumstances, can help feeling a sense of an- 
 noyance when his work is treated as a thinly disguised 
 revelation of his personal history, and Bayard Taylor 
 had the mortification of seeing his poem set forth by 
 the publishers in such a way as to give a quasi-confir- 
 mation to the popular conception of its intention. 
 
404 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 United States Legation, 
 St. Petersburg, December 16, 1862. 
 . . . The days are now at their darkest, — five hours of sun- 
 shine, — but the season, thus far, has been rather mild. With 
 my pelisse of raccoon and my cap of skunk-skin, I take my daily 
 walk beside the frozen Neva. Sables are so expensive as to be 
 vulgar, and skunk (if you only knew it) is infinitely handsomer. 
 I see that my " Journal " is published. But why, oh why, did 
 you issue such an advertisement ? It implicates me, indirectly, 
 
 as being 
 
 " Of the race 
 Who hawk their sorrows in the market-place," 
 
 gives a false idea of the book, and will be no advantage to its re- 
 ception by the public. I see the newspapers are beginning to 
 speak of the book as my " Life-Story," which is dreadful. The 
 "Journal" is not entirely the record of my own experience, 
 though that certainly forms its basis. Ernest is only half myself, 
 and Edith is only one fourth my wife. The story is a mixture of 
 truth and poetry, and was never intended to be put forth as a 
 personal record. The advertisement will be accepted everywhere 
 as having my sanction, the thought of which gives me a cold 
 shudder. If you had said nothing of the kind, you would have 
 left an air of mystery about the book, which would have been far 
 more attractive (for business purposes) than an explanation so 
 naked as to be almost shameless. But the mischief is done, and 
 for all the rest of my life I shall be annoyed with impertinent 
 questions about an experience which the public might have sur- 
 mised, but would have had no right to assume, if it had not been 
 stated in this way. I never thought to warn you against any- 
 thing of the kind, because you have always been so discreet and 
 considerate heretofore. 
 
 Please send me a dozen copies of the book, to Triibner, from 
 whom I can get them through the English bookseller here. I 
 should also like to have copies sent in my name to Thackeray, 
 Tennyson, Kingsley, Arnold, Browning, Proctor, Freiligrath, 
 Tom Taylor, and Hughes ; also, to Adolf Strodtmann (care of 
 Hoffman & Campe, Hamburg), a German poet, who translates 
 American authors better than any other living man. Let me 
 also know how the book is received at home. I shall be glad if 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 405 
 
 yon can forward me any notice of it which is really intelligent 
 and discriminating. The usual wishy-washy notices I don't care 
 to see. 
 
 My novel is nearly finished. My wife thinks it fine, hut she 's 
 not impartial. It is at least entertaining, which is the first requi- 
 site, and also quite original in its subject. It ought to he a suc- 
 cess, hut there 's no telling in advance. We send greetings to 
 all friends. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 United States Legation, 
 St. Petersburg, December 23, 1862. 
 Many thanks for your letter, which came yesterday. I am too 
 glad at hearing from you to scold you for what you have not told 
 me — though I might reasonably complain of your not sending 
 me your " column " from the " World." Pray send me any sen- 
 sible and discriminating criticisms. Of course, I don't care about 
 seeing the usual wishy- washy stuff of which " book notices " are 
 made. You are quite right about the advertisement of the book. 
 I am very much vexed and mortified, and have written so to 
 Fields. My object was simply to represent in poetry the moods 
 of such an experience as mine, not the experience itself. Your 
 criticism, nevertheless, is correct, and I wish you had made it 
 when you read the MSS. The poems, as a whole, lack distinct 
 form, and I could easily have corrected this fault. I could very 
 much improve them now. I think I am a better poet now than 
 ever before ; at least, I see my own deficiencies more clearly. I 
 have lost, may be, a little lyric swing, but I had an overplus of 
 it at the start. Why do you give your opinion so — hesitatingly, 
 I was about to write, but not quite that — with a half -apology 
 for it ? I detect, in fact, Dick, or rather feel, in reading your let- 
 ter, a lack of your usual downright utterance to me, almost im- 
 plying a fear that I shall not understand you properly. When- 
 ever I write trash I want one man to tell me of it, and that man 
 is yourself. You and I, I think, will always understand each 
 other completely. ... I have made a number of lofty titled ac- 
 quaintances, but, between ourselves, I wouldn't give you for 
 five crowned heads, nor L. for twenty-five princesses in moire 
 antique, with pearls as big as walnuts. These people are fear- 
 fully and wonderfully dressed, speak French nothings with great 
 elegance, but a square mile of them couldn't get up such an 
 evening as we two and you two, with Stedman, Tom, Graham, 
 
406 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Booth, George, and the rest. The fact is, I have been used to 
 the best society in the world at home, and this is coming down 
 a little. I study hard at Russian, which is a tough but most 
 attractive language. I like it hugely. " Hannah Thurston " is 
 nearly at the end of her rope. I shall be sorry when I get her 
 off my hands, for she is pleasant company for me. . . . 
 
 TO JAMES T. FIELDS. 
 
 United States Legation, 
 St. Petersburg, January 24, 1863. 
 
 . • . Your account of the sale of my poems and the reception 
 they met with is very pleasant to receive, though nothing can 
 quite console me for the manner of the announcement. The first 
 effect of it reached me in the New York " Times," so thoroughly 
 mean and nasty that I tore up the paper lest my wife should 
 see it. If I had chosen to represent my own history, out and 
 out, with real name, I should have boldly done so. Petrarca, 
 Dante, Byron, and Longfellow (in " Hyperion ") have described 
 theirs, and no one finds anything wrong in it. But I have not 
 chosen to represent more than certain moods or phases of pas- 
 sion out of what is not an unusual experience, and therefore do 
 not wish the poems to be read with the impression now given 
 to them. However, I shall write nothing more of the kind, in all 
 probability. My present plans, at least, include something very 
 different as my next poetic venture. I hope you will have given 
 heed to my request, and have sent me any really critical notices, if 
 such have appeared. I have not written any rhyme since " The 
 Test," but have two poems in process of mental incubation. 
 
 For the last month I have devoted myself to sickness, balls, 
 and diplomacy. First, I had a week's attack, then my wife, and 
 now our little girl is just turning the crisis of a violent fever. 
 The winter is disgustingly warm, and correspondingly unhealthy. 
 Our skating melts as fast as it freezes, the ice-hills loosen and 
 slip down in avalanches, and the splendid winter teams of the 
 noblesse bump along the streets, more in mud than in snow. We 
 have had some grand balls at the court and elsewhere, but one 
 soon gets enough of this brilliant artificial life. My wife has been 
 presented to the Empress (the Emperor presented himself with- 
 out ceremony), and we are now invited to all the solemnities 
 going. My diplomacy, owing to circumstances, has both been 
 very important to the country and very successful (" though I say 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 407 
 
 it that should n't "), and I shall therefore take iny probahle fail- 
 ure of the appointment very philosophically. The fact is, I 
 scarcely expect it, knowing so well the usual practice of our re- 
 publican government to consider only party services, without re- 
 gard to fitness or propriety. But I shall soou have completed six 
 months' service as independent representative, and can then re- 
 turn home, if need be, without pecuniary loss, and with a good 
 deal of valuable experience. I am satisfied, at least, that I was 
 right in coming here, however my further plans may fad. 
 
 In Russian I begin to read with tolerable facility, even poetry. 
 It is a tough language, though, I assure you. But in society 
 here one rarely hears anything except French. The tone of the 
 higher Russian society is quite free and agreeable, with a certain 
 democratic air. I saw the Emperor the other night, at a private 
 ball given by Count Apraxin, sit down and play a game of cards 
 like any other mortal, and the dancing and conversation went 
 on as if he were not present. You would n't see such a thing in 
 London or Paris. 
 
 I get the " Atlantic " regularly from Trubner, and find it a 
 great consolation. I must say, however, that I am glad to reach 
 the end of " Mr. Axtell." Holmes's " Hunt " is admirably writ- 
 ten. I congratulate you on keeping up the magazine so suc- 
 cessfully, and am glad to hear of your good publishing business. 
 Remember me to all the good fellows (and there are many of 
 them) in Boston. 
 
 United States Legation, 
 St. Petersburg, February 18, 1863. 
 Your kind little note, with the photos — excellent ones — reached 
 me safely. I am very glad to find that you had no hand in the 
 unfortunate announcement : it was incredible to me that it could 
 be so. I have never been more astonished than when I saw it. 
 We will let the matter drop, as one of those unpleasant features 
 of life which must be forgotten, as far as possible. . . . 
 
 Just now I am completely used up with splendid festivities. 
 The marriage of the young Duchess of Leuchtenberg with Prince 
 Wilhelm of Baden has given rise to a succession of court balls, 
 which last nearly all night, which I must attend (for official 
 reasons), and can't slip away from before the end, because such 
 delinquency would be noticed and reported. I am heartily 
 fatigued in body and mind, and look forward to my approaching 
 departure with complacency. 
 
408 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 I shall certainly not get the appointment. If I had succeeded 
 in bringing ridicule on the legation, if my dispatches were writ- 
 ten in shocking English and without the least evidence of pru- 
 dence or judgment, I might have some chance. But as every 
 dispatch from home expresses complete satisfaction with my pro- 
 ceedings, I am sure that I shall fail. Every evidence of fitness 
 tells against me. I am not square enough to be put into this 
 round hole. I am serious. . . . 
 
 I shall leave here about the 1st of April, on a flying trip to the 
 Caspian and the Caucasus, first sending my family to Germany. 
 Shall reach home in July or August, entirely satisfied that I 
 came here, but not sorry to get back again. 
 
 I have been treated this winter with the most grateful kind- 
 ness and courtesy by all members of the imperial family. They 
 know something about my books, it seems ; the Empress, in par- 
 ticular, has questioned me a great deal about my travels. She 
 is one of the most charming women in Europe. Lent begins 
 next Monday, and then I shall get a little rest from these social 
 labors ; for labors in some respects they are. 
 
 In the early spring Bayard Taylor had the good 
 fortune to intercept dispatches from Mr. Benjamin, 
 Jefferson Davis's Secretary of State, to Mr. Lamar, 
 who had been appointed agent of the Confederacy at 
 St. Petersburg. The dispatches contained instructions 
 not to permit the introduction of a clause prohibiting 
 the African slave-trade in any treaty of amity and 
 commerce which the Confederate States might make, 
 after Russia should have recognized their independ- 
 ence, on the ground that the treaty-making power of 
 the States was not authorized to deal with the subject. 
 It was classed among those powers which the Confeder- 
 ate States, " without delegating them to the general 
 government, have thought proper to exercise by direct 
 agreement among themselves." In transmitting these 
 dispatches to Mr. Seward, Bayard Taylor caustically 
 remarks, " It is a curious illustration of the combat 
 of the powers of light and darkness for the possession 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 409 
 
 of the world that, on this 3d day of March, 1863, the 
 day of jubilee, on which twenty millions of serfs be- 
 come free forever, I forward to you an insidious doc- 
 ument in the interest of human slavery. " 
 
 He sent copies of the dispatches to Mr. Dayton, the 
 United States Minister at Paris, and to Mr. Adams, 
 at London. Mr. Dayton, in his acknowledgment, 
 says, " As its use was intended solely for the season 
 subsequent to the acknowledgment by foreign powers 
 of the Confederacy, it may be questioned whether Mr. 
 Benjamin has lately read the story of the milkmaid, 
 her eggs and her chickens ! " Mr. Adams, after ex- 
 posing the sophistry of the dispatch, says shrewdly, 
 " The truth is that the President's proclamation [of 
 January 1, 1863] has laid a stumbling-block in the 
 way of all these intriguers in Europe, which they do 
 not yet manage to evade. In this country it has de- 
 veloped an amount of popular sympathy which for 
 the moment checkmates the energies of all the upper 
 classes. In all Europe the issue is plain between 
 vested rights and popular liberty. The bald pretense 
 that these people are struggling with oppression is re- 
 futed by the proof given that on the contrary they are 
 fighting only to establish it. In opposition to all this, 
 what is the effect of such a document as the present 
 but to show the way in which the conspirators cower 
 under the apprehension of a possible application to 
 their case of the opinion of the civilized world ? Ver- 
 ily such is the doom of the unrighteous ! Jefferson 
 was right in saying that he trembled for his country- 
 men when he reflected that God is just." 
 
 It was not long after this incident that Bayard Tay- 
 lor learned of the appointment as Minister to Russia 
 of Hon. Cassius M. Clay, who had regretted his resig- 
 
410 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 nation when Mr. Cameron came to take his place, and 
 had sought a reappointment upon Mr. Cameron's re- 
 turn to America. Bayard Taylor resigned his posi- 
 tion at once as secretary of legation, remaining only 
 long enough in St. Petersburg, after Mr. Clay re- 
 turned, to pass over the papers of the office and make 
 necessary explanations. 
 
 TO R. H. STODDARD. 
 
 St. Petersburg, March 15, 1863. 
 
 ... I have not much news to give since I wrote to L. There 
 is a slight let-up in the social tread-mill, and I have made use 
 of it to work at my novel. I am at the thirty-first chapter, 
 and there will he only five more. It will be finished in a fort- 
 night, greatly to my regret, for the writing of it has been a pos- 
 itive pleasure to me. I have written only one poem recently, 
 " The Neva." We are both now rather glad that I shall not be 
 appointed minister ; we could hardly endure two more years of 
 exile. If my novel succeeds, I have two more planned out in 
 my brain, and that will give me occupation at home. All I want 
 is to get above the necessity of lecturing. The " Tribune " is 
 now making money, and my lost revenue from that source will 
 soon be restored, I hope. I have learned a great deal here this 
 winter, and the knowledge is satisfactory in every way. Not the 
 least refreshing result is the new delight in our old life with 
 you, after the contrast of this splendid but hollow existence. I 
 always wanted to know this sort of thing as a part of my cos- 
 mical experience. I have it now as thoroughly as if I had lived 
 here twenty years. 
 
 I suppose Clay will be here in five or six weeks, and then I 
 shall at once go " where the sands of the Caspian are sparkling " 
 with a tooral looral, etc. (see Tom Moore). " My friend," the 
 Grand Duke Michael, is now commander of the Caucasus, and 
 I expect he will entertain me properly when I visit him. But 
 I will write to you again as my fate develops further. . . . 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 St. Petersburg, April 11, 1863. 
 . . . We are delighted at the prospect of getting home again, 
 and shall come back thoroughly rested and refreshed. If I could 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 411 
 
 only manage to live without being obliged to lecture, I should be 
 perfectly satisfied. Perhaps my novel may prove a success, and 
 then I shall be able to do it. I did not know how much my 
 mind had been exhausted until this relief showed it to me. 
 
 St. Petersburg, May 11, 1863. 
 I believe I have not written to you since the arrival of the new 
 minister. I will do so now, as I shall probably leave here in a 
 week, at farthest, and will be hurried during the last days of my 
 stay. Clay came on the 29th of April, but was not received by 
 the Emperor until the 7th instant, until which time I remained 
 charge. Since then, I have been posting him in the business of 
 the legation and putting the papers in complete order, so that he 
 can do without a secretary until somebody is appointed for him. 
 I wrote to the President in the most positive terms that I would 
 stay under no conditions, and a letter from Cameron, dated April 
 20th, says that he told Liucoln the same thing. Cameron says he 
 is just about to visit Cedarcroft, and I presume he will have 
 been there long before this reaches you. In that case he has 
 probably hinted that the government (President and Secretary 
 of State) feel that I have been treated rather shabbily in the 
 matter of this mission, and propose a special piece of work for 
 me. What it is I am not now permitted to say, because I shall 
 not decide whether to accept it or not until I get further details 
 from Washington. I will only say this, — that it will postpone my 
 return about six months. It is something special and temporary, 
 involving the highest confidence and trust, and altogether more 
 distinguished and important than the Russian mission. You are 
 to keep the matter a profound secret, not even telling thus much 
 to any one outside of our immediate household. In case I accept 
 I shall be sorry not to get home so soon, — though the delay will 
 be slight in proportion to the great advantage gained, — more 
 sorry for your sakes than for ours, because I know you must 
 miss us, having less variety and entertainment to fill out the time 
 than we have. But I must ask you to have a little patience, for 
 the sake of the great advantage. My one ambition is to be able 
 to live without lecturing, so as to be more at home and devote my 
 time to authorship ; this business will enable me to do that. 
 
 The special mission thus referred to was to the 
 Persian court. The amity between the Russian and 
 
412 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 United States governments had been strengthened by 
 the ordeal of the war for the Union, since Russia 
 alone of the great powers had unequivocally shown 
 herself a friend of the Union. It was conceived that 
 this friendship could be sealed more completely if the 
 United States were to enter into diplomatic relations 
 with Persia, since it was clear to statesmen that the 
 movements of Russia in the future would be on that 
 frontier, and any moral support which the United 
 States, as an English-speaking people, might thus 
 grant to Russia would be of peculiar value. All this 
 appears to have been only vaguely outlined. Explicit 
 instructions were to follow, and for these Bayard Tay- 
 lor impatiently waited, first at St. Petersburg, and 
 then at Gotha. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Gotha, June 22, 1863. 
 ... I am looking every day for the dispatches promised to me 
 from Washington. My presentiment is that the new offer will 
 be, on the whole, hardly worth my acceptance, and that we shall 
 return home this summer. The work proposed for me to do is 
 very agreeable, but I fear the remuneration will not be what it 
 should be. I shall only take it in case it pays well, and can be 
 accomplished in six months. . . . M. and I have an intense long- 
 ing to be back in Cedarcroft. . . . M. has translated " Hannah 
 Thurston," except the last three chapters. There are thirty-six 
 in all. You only heard seven before I left home. A publisher 
 in Hamburg has already offered to bring out the translation, and 
 will pay two hundred thalers for it. Putnam is very anxious 
 
 to get the original. I have also a letter from about the 
 
 " Tribune," which is doing remarkably well, in spite of the high 
 price of paper. 
 
 While waiting for definite news from Washington, 
 Bayard Taylor made excursions to the Bohemian For- 
 est, and with his wife to Coburg, where they were the 
 guests of their Highnesses the Duke and Duchess, and 
 
THE RUSSIAN MISSION. 413 
 
 to Switzerland and the Italian lakes. On their return 
 finally to Gotha, July 23d, they found letters from 
 home announcing the death of Bayard Taylor's young- 
 est brother, Frederick, who fell at Gettysburg. This 
 decided them to return at once to America. 
 
 TO HIS MOTHER. 
 
 Gotha, July 24, 1863. 
 
 I hoped this blow might have heen spared for your sake. I 
 will bear ray share of it, though to me it is very, very hard. No- 
 body knows how dear Fred was to me : through him I knew 
 what a brother's love meant. I had brighter hopes for him than 
 for myself : he was better and nobler than I. A purer, braver, 
 and more beautiful soul never visited the earth. Let us at least 
 be thankful, even in our sorrow, that we possessed him, — that 
 the glory of his life and death has become a treasure that cannot 
 be taken away from us. If we must lose him, we could not lose 
 him at a better time, or in a more glorious way. Thank God 
 that his precious blood was not shed in vain, but helped to buy 
 the victory which saved our country ! Thank God that he fell in 
 the front rank, and that his passing away was painless and sub- 
 lime ! We must think of these things : they are a sad consola- 
 tion in our bitter loss. No stain rests on his memory. He 
 stands in the ranks of the perfect heroes. 
 
 I anticipated the news. I awoke on the morning of the 4th 
 with a terrible weight in my heart, — a weight which I carried 
 with me and could not shake off. When I saw the outside of the 
 letter yesterday, I knew what it contained. The blow was not 
 less severe because it was softened by anticipation. I had tried 
 to overcome my fear, to create an artificial hope, but in vain. 
 Something told me a great sorrow had fallen upon us. Try and 
 bear it until we come to you ; for we are coming. I have no 
 heart to serve an administration which has so prolonged the war 
 by its miserable incompetency. You need us now more than the 
 country. We shall be back in six weeks from this time. I have 
 to-day written to Liverpool to take passage, and to St. Petersburg 
 to have my boxes sent on. 
 
 I will write to A. to-morrow. I cannot write more now. I can 
 no longer see through my tears. My poor mother and father ! 
 I would gladly bear a greater pain, if I could make yours less. 
 God bless and keep you ! 
 
414 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 Bayard Taylor and his family reached America 
 September 8th, and went immediately to Cedarcroft. 
 Later, he sought an explanation of the Secretary of 
 State for the singular manner in which he had been 
 treated. No satisfactory explanation was ever given. 
 Some faint murmur of " no funds " was allowed to 
 take the place of an explanation, and when he went to 
 see Mr. Lincoln the latter was astonished to find he 
 was not in Persia. Mr. Lincoln had left everything 
 to Mr. Seward, and had taken it for granted that in- 
 structions and funds had been sent months before. 
 
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