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TO THE PEOPLE 
 
 TWENTY-FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 A treaty has been signed for the annexation of Texas to the territories of the 
 United States. 1 now feel called upon to state to you, my fellow-citizens, and 
 late constituents, the grounds of my acquiescence in this momentous measure. 
 
 I have thought much upon this subject, and endeavored to give it a candid 
 and impartial consideration, which has produced the most decided conviction in 
 my mind, that it is of the highest importance to the welfare and happiness of 
 the whole countr)', and especially conducive to the great interests of you, who 
 so lately honored me with your confidence and support. 
 
 To the LTnited States, as a nation, it gives a compact territory, which is so 
 essential for defence in war, and so useful in peace, by removing all cause of 
 collision, arising from infraction of revenue laws, and from disputes about com- 
 mon rights in navigating rivers. 
 
 Eight years ago, Texas gained her independence on the fields of San Jacinto, 
 and has, ever since, maintained it. She has been recognised by the first powers 
 of Europe ; has preserved the character of an independent and sovereign State, 
 through all that time, and is now as thoroughly severed from Mexico as the 
 latter republic is from the kingdom of Spain, to which she belonged not more 
 than twenty-two years ago. I cannot perceive how the right of Texas to ne- 
 gotiate with foreign powers, to form alliances, or to transfer her territory to 
 another government, can be questioned. In 1819, we ceded Texas to Spain. 
 In 1822, we recognized the independence of Mexico. In March, 1825, one 
 of the first acts of the new adininistration, Mr. Adams President, Mr. Clay Sec- 
 retary of State, both uniting in the measure, was the offer to purchase Texas 
 from Mexico — in the face of the solemn protest of Spain, and while war was 
 still pending between that kingdom and its revolted province. The important 
 Fortress of San Juan d'LTlloa, which commanded the principal port and almost 
 the entire trade of Mexico, was, during all this time, in the possession of Spain, 
 and was not finally evacuated until December 23d, 1825. The naval warfare 
 
did not cease for many years afterwards ; Spain actually not recognising the in- 
 dependence of Mexico, until after Texas had established hers. If there be any 
 force in the objection that Texas is still unrecognised by Mexico, it would have 
 been much stronger to the proposed negotiation of Messrs. Adams and Clay, in 
 1825 ; for Mexico was then not only unrecognised by Spain, but, also, by 
 other of the principal powers of Europe. This proposition was made less yban 
 six years after we had, by solemn treaty, ceded Texas to Spain. Nor, at this 
 moment, is any war pending between Texas and Mexico, other than by paper 
 bulletins ; and even this has been suspended by a late armistice. What wrong, 
 then, is done to Mexico? What will she lose? Not Texas! — for that is al- 
 ready lost. There will be no loss ; Mexico will gain a peaceful and friendly 
 neighbor, having both the will and determination to guaranty the integrity of all 
 her actual territories against any European power. The law of nations autho- 
 rizes this treaty with Texas, for her independence is recognised and established. 
 Our treaty with Mexico is rescinded by the revolution in Texas, just as our prior 
 treaty with Spain was abrogated by the successful revolt of Mexico herself. It 
 is not, and never has been, a principle of the law of nations, that a revolted 
 province is not fully and absolutely sovereign, until she is recognised by the 
 power from which she has been severed by the revolution. This power must, 
 necessarily, be the very last among nations to recognise such independence. 
 
 This people were first invited to settle the wild lands of Texas by the King 
 of Spain, and afterwards encouraged in extending their settlement by the very 
 government of Mexico ; all under the pledge of the protection of those rights held 
 so dear and sacred by every American. A disregard of those pledges, and an 
 attempt at subjugation, were met on the part of the people of Texas by resist- 
 ance and successful revolt, which now constitute them a sovereign and inde- 
 pendent people. 
 
 The vast territory of nearly three hundred thousand square miles which belongs 
 to Texas, without any conflict with the actual possessions of the republic of Mex- 
 ico ; starting from the Gulf, is bounded on the south by the noble Rio Bravo del 
 Norte, to the point where that beautiful stream breaks forth from its mountain 
 passes, and from thence north, is separated to the westward from the well- 
 known Sante Fe province, by a strongly defined natural boundary of mountain- 
 ous and prairie country, which, if not uninhabitable, will for a long time be left 
 free to the Indian, buffalo, and roving trapper. 
 
 The most indisputable proof exists that Spain, in 1819, when she sold Florida 
 to the Union, and the latter ceded Texas to Spain, had actually instructed her 
 minister to acknowledge, if necessary, our title to the whole, or greater part, of 
 Texas, as part of the Louisiania territory purchased by us in 1803. 
 
 The question of annexation, has been discussed in the various newspapers 
 published over the country. Every one who trusts in the perpetuity of our 
 
Union, of which no true American ever doubts, knows that the bonds of con- 
 nection have strengthened with the increase of territory, and that the confede- 
 rative system beautifully adapts itself to any extent of country. Local legislation 
 by Congress, or its interference with the strict province of the States, becomes 
 impossible, when national objects and interests engross its attention. In a con- 
 federacy of great extent, threats of disunion, when confined to so small a sphere 
 as the limits of a single State, carry with them no cause for alarm, and can never 
 instil into the most traitorous bosom any hope of success. 
 
 The elevated and mountainous districts of Texas extend on the southwest to 
 within one hundred miles of the Gulf coast. Its high table-lands, with its hills 
 and valleys, will be best adapted to the growing of graiti or raising stock ; 
 which class of labor is appropriate to the small proprietor and freeman. The 
 division between the planting and farming districts, is marked by the best natural 
 boundaries ; and no edict of man can change it. There is neither necessity nor 
 excuse for extending slave labor beyond the alluvial districts bordering on the 
 Gulf and the lower Red river, nor can it ever be so extended by law. The 
 rich lands of this region, running three degrees farther south than the best sugar 
 lands of Louisiana, must always be settled, if annexed, by a population whose 
 interests will be American. 
 
 This section of Texas, vv'hich must, chiefly, be a sugar-growing region, and 
 therefore identified with that portion of Louisiana now engaged in the same 
 culture, will unite in supporting the great principle of extending full and ade- 
 quate protection to American products and industry. Sugar is a crop which 
 must always look to the home-market for the surest sale and most certain return. 
 We shall thus gain in the southwest a powerful accession of strength upon that 
 great question which so deeply involves the interests of your district. I can- 
 didly believe that it will not be long before a majority of the people of the 
 South, when their labor is thus diverted into many different channels, will be- 
 come convinced of the sound policy of protecting and fostering American 
 industry. This will not only be important and decisive in favor of such policy, 
 but will be eminently calculated to harmonize and perpetuate our institutions — a 
 result to be hailed with gladness by every patriotic heart. 
 
 I am no advocate for slavery; nor would I see it introduced into one region, 
 unless I were at the same time assured that it would withdraw it from another, 
 and that without increasing it in the aggregate. The annexation of Texas must 
 soon be followed by the voluntary abolition of the institution of slavery in our 
 neighboring States — Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware ; and also, indeed, in 
 Kentucky and Missouri. We can all truly rejoice in its withdrawal from our 
 our own immediate vicinity. I am satisfied that the best interests of that class 
 of our fellow-beings, originally brought to, and forced on, these States by British 
 rapacity and injustice, and who must always be a marked and distinct race, as 
 
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 long as they abide among our own people, will be best consulted by securing the 
 only outlet, the only hope which has ever presented itself for their acquiring an 
 independent home, or attaining a position elevated and equal to the people amidst 
 whom they dwell. Such a refuge is offered beyond the Rio Bravo, among the 
 Mexican and South American nations, who have no prejudice either to caste or 
 color. 
 
 The treaty is now with the Senate, to be confirmed or rejected. You, as a 
 part of the great American family, are called upon to consider how it affects 
 your own immediate interests, as well as those of the nation to which you be- 
 long. 
 
 The inhabitants- of Allegheny county are a mining, manufacturing, com- 
 mercial, agricultural and navigating people. Every interest of these several 
 branches of industry, will be vastly promoted by securing to us, under our 
 present tariff, thus extended by annexation, over all its territory, the entire 
 markets of Texas. The navigation of the Red river, (one of the chief tributa- 
 ries of the Mississippi,) furnishing one thousand miles of navigation into the 
 heart of a rich country, now a divided and common right, will then be exclu- 
 sively our own. To that, add the important rivers — the Trinity, Brazos, 
 Colorado, Rio Bravo del Norte, and many other smaller but navigable streams, 
 and we behold the vast demand from that region on the boat-builders and me- 
 chanics of the Ohio valley, adding at least one hundred steamboats, large and 
 small, yearly, to the many now built for the wants of Western navigation. Our 
 boats, which will benefit by the great carrying-trade between Texas and her 
 sister States, will, in return for our manufactures of iron, cotton, wool, hemp, 
 and glass, and the products of the farms and forest carried there, receive and 
 bring back her cotton and sugar, her rice and indigo, and probably even her 
 coffee and other tropical products. 
 
 The Santa Fe trade, which has already become so lucrative to many among 
 you, would be cut off from us by a foreign, and by no means necessarily 
 friendly, power, whose territories intervene between us and that region, if the 
 treaty should fail to be ratified. The Manchester wagon, and Hartley's strong 
 harness, will no longer serve to carry American domestics and Pittsburg wares 
 across the prairies, to be converted at Santa Fe into bullion and Mexican dollai-s. 
 On the other hand, with our territories bordering on New Mexico, this trade 
 would soon be vastly increased ; for a Pittsburg steamboat, with cargo on 
 board, can ascend the Red river to a point less than three hundred miles remote 
 from Santa Fe, and at a distance of five hundred miles from Chihuahua, the 
 first great interior city of the integral provinces of Mexico, which is but slightly 
 further than that city is from Santa Fe, the present mart at which our traders 
 meet those from the region of Chihuahua. 
 
 To the entire people of the United States, this question is of vast and weighty 
 
moment. If the treaty for the annexation should now be rejected, the reaction 
 of feeUng in Texas must be intense and overwhelming. She must then, inevi- 
 tably, become a commercial dependency, in fact, if not in name, of Great 
 Britain. You may rest assured that even should a free-trade treaty not be con- 
 cluded between England and Texas, the latter will so modify and relax 
 her tariff by discriminating duties — augmenting the imposts upon flour, grain, 
 beef, pork, lard, and such articles, whilst taking off those on iron and all its ;, x j ■^''_U, 
 
 "' manufactures, glass, cotton bagging, and all cotton and woollen fabrics, and 
 similar articles ; thereby excluding American products, and admitting England's 
 free of duty. Such is the avowed policy pf Texas, as a separate republic ; ancL- 
 thus, even without a treaty with England, that country will monopolize her 
 markets. But it will not end here. Texas, like Gibraltar and Portugal to 
 Spain, will be made the great entrepot and channel of British commerce, by 
 means of which her active merchants will, in defiance of all imposts and tariffs, 
 not only flood the interior of Mexico with British wares, but, through the chan- 
 nels of the Trinity, Sabine, and Red rivers, glut our own country with a multi- 
 plicity of every kind of her extensive manufactures, breaking up our very best 
 establishments, and carrying ruin and bankruptcy into every manufacturing dis- 
 
 >/A-' trict of the United States. 
 
 The imports, which we must receive from abroad, instead of being brmjght, 
 as they now are, chiefly in American vessels into our ports, will, to escape the 
 duties, be carried to Texas, to be smuggled into the United States. This will 
 impair, if not destroy, our great navigating interests on the high seas, which it 
 has always been the policy of our Government to foster. This was clearly fore- 
 seen by Mr. Van Buren, who, in his despatch to Mr. Poinsett, the American 
 minister at Mexico, on the 25th August, 1829, the very first year of General 
 Jackson's administration, directly alludes to this question of smuggling, when 
 instructing that minister to endeavor to procure the annexation of Texas to this 
 Union by a purchase and cession from Mexico. 
 
 But the evil does not cease with the injury to the shipping interest. Our 
 revenues from imposts on foreign commerce necessarily falling short of the wants 
 of the Government, we shall be forced to resort to direct taxation to support and 
 maintain the Government. 
 
 In 1839, our exports to Texas, which was then recognised by no other power, 
 amounted to one and three-quarter million of dollars ; but now, instead of having 
 doubled with her population, they have dwindled down to two hundred thou- 
 sand dollars in value, being not one-seventh of what they were in 1839. In 
 that year those exports to Texas embraced over one-fourth of the total exports 
 of our manufactures to all the rest of the world. As a tariff man, I have always 
 viewed the home as the best market for our manufactures ; and where such markets 
 can be extended with honor and propriety, it would be madness in the advocate 
 
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 for the protection of domestic industry to oppose such an extension. These 
 markets are beyond the influence of foreign diplomacy, or the rivalry and jeal- 
 ousy of other nations, and must forever remain exclusively our own. 
 
 Should Texas be refused admission into the Union, she must become a most 
 dangerous theatre for foreign intrigue, from which the most deplorable conse- 
 quences to our welfare may ensue. Indeed, at some future and not distant day. 
 we may be compelled, for the safety and perpetuity of the Union, to gain by 
 conquest what is now so freely offered for our acceptance. 
 
 But with the coast of Texas added to ours, we should then have nearly the 
 entire shore of our own great sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and would then not only 
 be beyond the reach of smugglers, but would also set at defiance any attempt 
 at invasion directed against New Orleans or the great outlet of the commerce 
 of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. 
 
 Now, my fellow-citizens, having given you my views on this subject, let me 
 recall your attention, without reference to Florida, to the acquisition of Louisiana, 
 without which we should not at this moment be the united and happy people 
 which constitute this great nation. Yet that noble purchase was not without 
 opposition of a decided, and, indeed, most violent character ; however, no patriot 
 of that day lives to regret that addition to our territories. 
 
 I am, fellow-citizens, your grateful and obliged friend, 
 
 WM. WILKINS. 
 
 Washington, April 13, 1844. 
 
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