ORNELIUS NEPOS 
 
 J. C. ROLFS 
 
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CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE 
 
 THE LIVES 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS 
 
 WITH NOTES, EXERCISES, AND VOCABULARY 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D. 
 
 University of Michigan 
 
 
 Boston 
 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 
 1894 
 
 

 Copyright, 1894, 
 By JOHN C. ROLFE. 
 
 
 tfop 
 
 Norfoooti iPrrss : 
 
 J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith. 
 
 Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 
 
TO 
 
 ^rofeggor BKilltam ffiartmer $?ale 
 
 OF 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 
 
 WITH GRATITUDE AND HIGH REGARD 
 

 PREFACE 
 
 In this edition of the Lives of Cornelius Nepos, the text is in 
 main that of Fleckeisen (Leipzig, 1890), with a few changes in 
 orthography and punctuation. In orthography and in marking 
 the quantities Lewis's " Latin Dictionary for Schools " and 
 " Elementary Latin Dictionary " have been followed, except 
 in the case of obvious misprints. In the difficult matter of 
 "hidden quantities," the editor does not wish to be understood 
 as agreeing in all cases with Dr. Lewis, but he believes that 
 uniformity on the subject of quantity and orthography is 
 highly desirable in our school text-books, and that agreement 
 on those subjects can be best reached by following the stand- 
 ard lexicons. 
 
 The grammatical references in the Notes are intended to 
 help the pupil to grasp the writer's meaning, and not for the 
 purposes of " parsing." The editor firmly believes that all the 
 " parsing " that is necessary should be done before translating, 
 and that instruction in syntax should be given entirely by 
 practice in turning English into Latin. For this purpose the 
 Exercises for Translation into Latin have been prepared. 
 In accordance with the recommendation of the Latin Con- 
 ference of 1892, these exercises have been confined to a 
 limited portion of the Text (about thirty pages) . The editor 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 would have preferred to have them cover the entire Text, if 
 space had permitted. 
 
 In preparing the Notes and Vocabulary, special obligation 
 has been incurred to the edition of Nipperdey, to Lupus's Der 
 Sprachgebrauch des Cornelius Nepos, and to Koch's Worter- 
 buch. For assistance in the proof-reading, and for helpful 
 suggestions, thanks are due to Professor Francis W. Kel- 
 sey, Assistant Professor Joseph H. Drake, and Messrs. C. L. 
 Meader and H. A. Sanders, of the University of Michigan ; to 
 Professor Willard K. Clement, of the University of Idaho ; 
 to Professor Isaac B. Burgess, of the University of Chicago ; 
 and to Miss Mary L. Miner, of the Detroit High School. The 
 Rules for the Pronunciation of Proper Names were kindly 
 furnished by Professor A. H. Pattengill, of the University of 
 Michigan. 
 
 I am also under great obligations to Professors Gildersleeve 
 and Bennett for furnishing me with advance sheets of their 
 Latin Grammars for purposes of reference. 
 
 Corrections or suggestions of any kind from those who may 
 use the book will be gratefully received. 
 
 JOHN C. ROLFE. 
 Ann Arbor, Mich., 
 July 15, 1894. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction ix 
 
 TEXT: 
 
 Liber de Excellentibus Ducibus Exterarum 
 
 Gentium 1-116 
 
 Praefatio 1 
 
 I. "Miltiades 3 
 
 II. "Themistocles 9 
 
 III. Aristldes 17 
 
 IV. Pausanias 19 
 
 V. CImon 23 
 
 VI. Lysander .26 
 
 VII. Alcibiades 29 
 
 VIII. Thrasybulus 38 
 
 IX. Conon 41 
 
 X. Dion 45 
 
 XI. Iphicrates 52 
 
 XII. Chabrias 54 
 
 XIII. TImotheus 57 
 
 XIV. Datames 60 
 
 XV. Epamlnondas 68 
 
 vii 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XVI. Pelopidas 76 
 
 XVII. Agesilaus go 
 
 XVIII. Eumenes 86 
 
 XIX. Phocion 06 
 
 XX. TTmoleon oo 
 
 XXI. De Regibus 103 
 
 XXII. Hamilcar 105 
 
 XXIII. -Hannibal 108 
 
 Ex Libro de Latinis Historicis .... 1 17-135 
 
 XXIV. <:ato 117 
 
 XXV» Atticus 120 
 
 Notes 139 
 
 Exercises for Translation into Latin 233 
 
 Rules for the Pronunciation of Proper Names . . . 246 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 MAPS. 
 Graecia cum InsulTs et Oris Maris Aegaei .... Frontispiece 
 
 Asia Citerior follows page 62 
 
 Italia et Hispania " " 94 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF NEPOS. 
 i. Life of Nepos. 
 
 Cornelius Nepos was born in Cisalpine Gaul, the native 
 country of Catullus, Vergil, and Livy. The elder Pliny * speaks 
 of him as Padi accola ; and since we know that he was a 
 native of that part of Cisalpine Gaul which was called Insu- 
 bria, it has been assumed with considerable probability that 
 his birthplace was Ticinum, the modern Pavia. 
 
 The dates of his birth and death are not certainly known, 
 but he appears to have lived from 99 to 24 B.C. We know 
 that he survived Atticus, who died in 32 B.C., and that he lived 
 to a good old age. His praeriomen is unknown. 
 
 Nepos took up his residence at Rome early in life. He 
 seems to have had an independent fortune and to have 
 devoted his whole attention to literary pursuits. He took no 
 part in politics ; at least, we know from one of Pliny's letters 2 
 that he was not of senatorial rank, and therefore that he had 
 not held even a quaestorship. 
 
 He was on terms of intimacy with Cicero, Atticus, and 
 Catullus. Catullus dedicated his book of poems to Nepos in 
 the following complimentary lines : 3 — 
 
 1 N. H. III. 127. 2 v. iii. 6. 3 Cat. i. 
 
 ix 
 
X INTRODUCTION 
 
 Cui dono lepidum novum libellum 
 Arido modo pumice expolitum? 
 Corneli, tibi; namque tu solebas 
 Meas esse aliquid putare nugas, 
 lam turn cum ausus es unus Italorum 
 Omne aevum tribus explicare chartis, 
 Doctis, Iuppiter, et laboriosis ! 
 Quare habe tibi quidquid hoc libelli 
 Qualecumque, quod, o patrona virgo, 
 Plus uno maneat perenne saeclo. 1 
 
 It is believed by some, from a reference of Fronto, that 
 Nepos, like his friend Atticus, was a publisher as well as a 
 writer. 
 
 it. The Works of Nepos. 
 
 Nepos was a prolific writer in several different departments 
 of literature. Most of his works have been lost and are 
 known to us only through references to them by other writers. 
 They included the following : — 
 
 i. Love poems, mentioned by the younger Pliny in the 
 letter cited above. 
 
 1 Translated as follows by Robinson Ellis, ' The Poems and Fragments of 
 Catullus, Translated in the Metres of the Original,' London, 1871 : — 
 
 Who shall take thee, the new, the dainty volume, 
 Purfied glossily, fresh with ashy pumice ? 
 
 You, Cornelius ; you of old did hold them 
 Something worthy, the petty witty nothings, 
 
 While you venture, alone of all Italians, 
 Time's vast chronicle in three books to circle, 
 Jove, how arduous, how divinely learned ! 
 
 Therefore welcome it, yours the little outcast, 
 This slight volume. O yet, supreme awarder, 
 Virgin, save it in ages on forever. 
 
INTRODUCTION XI 
 
 2. Chronica, referred to by Catullus in his dedication to 
 Nepos. This work comprised in three books an outline of 
 the world's history from the earliest times until the author's 
 own day. It was probably, like the Annates of Atticus, 1 of a 
 chronological character. 
 
 3. Exempla, a moral treatise in at least five books, 2 draw- 
 ing a comparison between the manners and customs of early 
 Rome and those of his own day. 
 
 4. A Life of Cato, mentioned by Nepos himself. 3 
 
 5. A Life of Cicero, a panegyric, apparently composed after 
 the death of the orator. 
 
 6. A Treatise on Geography, of which little or nothing is 
 known. 
 
 7. De Viris Illustribus, his last and greatest work. This 
 consisted of, at least, sixteen books. He arranged his biog- 
 raphies in classes or groups, giving two books to each class. 
 The first book of every class included the distinguished men 
 of foreign nations, mostly of Greece ; while the second treated 
 those of Rome. The following outline of Nipperdey, though 
 open to question in some particulars, gives a good idea of the 
 scope and arrangement of the work : — 
 
 I. De Regibus Exterarum Gentium. 
 
 II. De Regibus Romanorum. 
 
 III. De Excellentibus Ducibus Exterarum Gentium. 
 
 IV. De Excellentibus Ducibus Romanorum. 
 V. De Juris Consuliis Graecis. 
 
 VI. De Juris Cbnsultis Romanis. 
 VII. De Oraibribus Graecis. 
 VIII. De Oraibribus Romanis. 
 
 1 See p. 131, 1. 30 fol. 
 
 2 The fifth book is cited by Aulus Gellius, VI. xviii. 11. 
 8 p. 119, 1. 5. 
 
XI l INTRODUCTION 
 
 IX. De Poetis Graecis. 
 
 X. De Poetis Latinis. 
 
 XL De Historicis Graecis. 
 
 XII. De Historicis La tints. 
 
 XIII. De PhilosopKis Graecis. 
 
 XIV. De PhilosopKis Latinis. 
 XV. De Grammaticis Graecis. 
 
 XVI. De Grammaticis Latinis. 
 
 Of this work we have the entire book De Excellentibus 
 Ducibus Exterarum Gentium, and two lives from the book 
 De Historicis Latinis. The former was for a long time 
 believed to be the work of Aemilius Probus, a grammarian of 
 the time of Theodosius, on account of an epigram of his 
 which appears in the manuscripts after the life of Hannibal. 
 In this epigram Probus dedicates a work to Theodosius, which 
 was assumed to be the collection of biographies which pre- 
 ceded it. That view is now generally rejected and is altogether 
 untenable, especially on stylistic grounds. 
 
 Hi. His Style. 
 
 The style of Nepos is simple and pleasing. His vocabulary 
 is limited, and he expresses himself as a rule in short sen- 
 tences. When he occasionally attempts longer periods, it is 
 evident that he is not at home in them. He shows consider- 
 able skill and taste in the order of his words. He is some- 
 times careless, especially in the omission of pronouns, but as 
 a rule is very clear. 
 
 Although he was a contemporary of Caesar, his Latinity is 
 not so strictly classical as that of the author of the Commen- 
 taries. He is not free from archaism and colloquialisms, and 
 his language sometimes has a poetic coloring which reminds 
 
INTRODUCTION Xlll 
 
 one of Livy. As Asinius Pollio found a certain ' Patavinity ' 
 in the language of Livy, who was, like Nepos, a native of 
 Cisalpine Gaul, it is possible that some of the stylistic peculiar- 
 ities of our author may be due to his provincial origin. 
 
 The deviations of Nepos from classical usage have been 
 unduly exaggerated by those who have endeavored to prove 
 that Probus was the author of the Lives. Many of his irregu- 
 larities may be paralleled in Caesar and Cicero, and still more 
 in Livy. As Nipperdey says, we must remember that Caesar 
 and Cicero represent the highest literary perfection of their 
 time ; a period which includes Varro, and the writers of the 
 Bellum Africanum and Bellum Hispaniense, also has room for 
 a stylist like Cornelius Nepos. His Latin is pure enough to 
 prove beyond question that the Lives could have been written 
 only in the Classical Period. 
 
 Since it is desirable that beginners in Latin writing use only 
 regular constructions, the important deviations of Nepos from 
 good classical usage are pointed out in the Notes. The 
 teacher should consult the exhaustive monograph of Lupus, 
 Der Sprachgebrauch des Cornelius Nepos, Berlin, 1876. 
 
 iv. Nepos as a Historian. 
 
 As history the work of Nepos is not of great value. His 
 list of generals is not remarkably well chosen, for we miss 
 some great names, such as Brasidas, Aratos, Philopoemen, and 
 Cleomenes ; and the space allotted to each is by no means 
 proportionate to the importance of the subject of the biog- 
 raphy. Nepos is inclined to exaggeration, and he lacks the 
 critical faculty. It has been said that his work does more 
 credit to his heart than to his head, and this is notably the 
 case in his biography of his friend Atticus. 
 
XIV INTRODUCTION 
 
 For his lives of generals of foreign nations he had an abun- 
 dance of good authorities at his command, many of whom he 
 mentions by name ; but he seems not always to have chosen 
 wisely among them, and sometimes to have misunderstood 
 them. He is careless in details : his chronology is confused, 
 he makes mistakes in history and geography, and his work is 
 marred by contradictions and omissions. On the other hand, 
 he touches on most points of interest in Grecian history, and 
 for that reason, as well as on account of their simple style, 
 the Lives are well adapted for use as a school text-book. 
 Some allowance should be made for his shortcomings in view 
 of the fact, that in his day the Romans were just beginning 
 to cultivate the writing of history as an art ; and because he 
 was the first Roman writer to treat the history of foreign 
 nations. 
 
 v. His Sources. 
 
 The authorities whom Nepos cites, or appears to have con- 
 sulted, are the following : — 
 
 i. Herodotus, the ' father of history ' (about 484 to 425 B.C.). 
 His History gives an account of the struggle between the 
 Greeks and Persians, with numerous digressions in which the 
 history of other nations is treated. The work was divided by 
 some one of the grammarians into nine books, to which the 
 names of the nine Muses were given. Nepos does not men- 
 tion Herodotus, and although he sometimes agrees with the 
 History, it is by no means certain that he consulted it at all. 
 In his life of Miltiades he is at variance with Herodotus in 
 several details. 
 
 2. Thucydides (about 455 to 400 b.c.) undertook a History 
 of the Peloponnesian War, of which eight books, describing 
 the course of events until 411 B.C., were completed. Nepos 
 
INTRODUCTION XV 
 
 cites Thucydides in his life of Themistocles, 1 and says that he 
 followed him in preference to ' many other writers ' whom he 
 consulted ; but he differs from him in several particulars. In 
 his lives of Pausanias, Cimon, and Alcibiades, Nepos follows 
 Thucydides more closely, but he does not appear on the 
 whole to have recognized the importance of the Peloponnesian 
 War as an authority. 
 
 3. Xenophon (from about 434 until after 359 B.C.). His 
 Hellenica, in seven books, narrates the history of Greece from 
 411 B.C. — at which point the work of Thucydides ends — 
 until the battle of Mantinea in 362 B.C. This work Nepos 
 seems not to have consulted ; he is in direct conflict with it 
 in several of his lives. In his life of Agesilaus, Nepos cites 
 Xenophon as an authority. The work referred to is the Agesi- 
 laus, a panegyric of the Spartan king. This work Nepos fol- 
 lows closely in some parts of his own account of Agesilaus. 
 Some modern scholars deny that Xenophon wrote the Agesi- 
 laus, but it was accepted as his without question in ancient 
 times. 
 
 4. Philistus, of Syracuse, a contemporary of the Dionysii, 
 is mentioned by Nepos in his life of Dion, and may very likely 
 have been one of his authorities. He wrote the Sicilica 
 in thirteen books, of which the first seven treated the early 
 history of Sicily until the beginning of the rule of the elder 
 Dionysius (400 B.C.); the next four, the reign of the elder 
 Dionysius (until 366 B.C.) ; and the last two, that of the 
 younger Dionysius (until 362 B.C.). 
 
 5. Ephorus, of Cyme in Aeolia (died about 340 B.C.). He 
 wrote the first Universal History of Greece, in thirty- eight 
 books, beginning with the return of the Heracleidae and end- 
 
 *P- 15.1-5- 
 
XVI INTRODUCTION 
 
 ing with the siege of Perinthus in 340 B.C. Nepos does not 
 mention Ephorus, but his work, which was widely read although 
 of secondary value as an authority, seems to have been one of 
 our author's chief sources of information. 
 
 6. Theopompus, of Chios (born about 380 B.C.). He wrote 
 the Hellenica, in twelve books, which was, like the Hellenica 
 of Xenophon, a continuation of the work of Thucydides, cov- 
 ering the period from 410 B.C. until the battle of Cnidos in 
 394 B.C. ; and also the Philippica, in fifty-eight books, a his- 
 tory of the reign of Philip of Macedon, but with numerous 
 digressions, in the course of one of which he devoted three 
 books to the history of Sicily. Theopompus seems to have 
 lacked the impartiality which should characterize the historian. 
 Nepos, who cites him, calls him maledicentissimus scriptor} 
 and Polybius censures his partiality in his account of King 
 Philip. He was, however, a valuable authority, and was much 
 used by Nepos. 
 
 7. Timaeus, of Tauromena in Sicily (about 352 to 256 B.C.). 
 He wrote a History of Sicily, in thirty-eight books, from the 
 earliest times until 246 B.C., with numerous digressions. He 
 was a careful historian, and a good authority, but had the same 
 failing as Theopompus ; Nepos couples him with Theopompus 
 as a ?naledicentissimus scriptor, and among the Greeks he was 
 known as 'E7riTi7>iaios, 'the Carper.' Our author seems to have 
 made considerable use of Timaeus in his lives of Alcibiades, 
 Dion, and Timoleon. 
 
 8. Dinon wrote a History of Persia down to 340 B.C., which 
 Nepos cites as of great value. 2 
 
 9. Polybius, of Megalopolis (205 to 134 B.C.), one of the 
 very best Greek historians. His Universal History, in forty 
 
 1 p. 36, 1. 32. 2 p . 44, 1. s . 
 
INTRODUCTION XV11 
 
 books, seems to have been the chief authority for the lives of 
 Hamilcar and Hannibal, although Nepos does not always agree 
 with him. Sosilus and Silenus, who served in Hannibal's army 
 and wrote an account of the second Punic war, are cited by 
 Nepos ; ! also Sulpicius Blitho, who is known to us only by 
 name. 
 
 In some of his lives Nepos makes statements which are not 
 supported by any of our authorities, and must have been 
 derived from some unknown source. In his life of Epami- 
 nondas, 2 he says that ' very many writers ' wrote biographies of 
 illustrious men, and these he very probably had before him. 
 Of such writers we know of Antigonus Carystius, Hermippus 
 the Peripatetic, and Satyrus among the Greeks ; and Marcus 
 Terentius Varro and Santra among the Romans. 
 
 Two well-known writers of later times to some extent 
 described the same events, and used the same sources as 
 Nepos. These are Diodorus Siculus, who in the time of 
 Augustus wrote a Universal History in forty books ; and Plu- 
 tarch (46-120 a.d.), from whom we have forty-six Parallel 
 Lives of illustrious Greeks and Romans. With these writers 
 Nepos is frequently in conflict, although sometimes he agrees 
 with them against the testimony of the earlier authorities. 
 
 1 p. 116, 1. 22 fol. 2 p. 71, 1. 41. 
 
CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 LIBER DE EXCELLENTIBUS DUCIBUS 
 
 exterArum gentium. 
 
 PRAEFATIO. 
 
 Non dubito fore plerosque, Attice, qui hoc genus scrip- 
 turae leve et non satis dlgnum summorum virorum 
 personls iudicent, cum relatum legent quis musicam 
 docuerit Epaminondam, aut in eius virtutibus commemo- 
 rari, saltasse eum commode scienterque tibiis cantasse. 5 
 Sed hi erunt fere, qui expertes litterarum Graecarum nihil 
 rectum, nisi quod ipsorum moribus conveniat, putabunt. 
 II si didicerint non eadem omnibus esse honesta atque 
 turpia, sed omnia maiorum Institutis iudicari, non ad- 
 mirabuntur nos in Graiorum virtutibus exponendis mores 10 
 eorum secutos. Neque enim Cimoni fuit turpe, Atheni- 
 ensium summo viro, sororem germanam habere in 
 matrimonio, quippe cum elves eius eodem uterentur 
 Instituto ; at id quidem nostris moribus nef as habetur. 
 Nulla Lacedaemoni vidua tarn est nobilis, quae non ad 15 
 cenam eat mercede conducta. Magnis in laudibus tota fere 
 fuit Graecia victorem Olympiae citari; in scaenam vero 
 prodire ac populo esse spectaculo nemini in eisdem 
 gentibus fuit turpitudinl. Quae omnia apud nos partim 
 Infamia, partim humilia atque ab honestate remota po- 20 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
2 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE 
 
 nuntur. Contra ea pleraque nostris moribus sunt decora, 
 quae apud illos turpia putantur. Quem enim Roma- 
 norum pudet uxorem ducere in convlvium? Aut cuius 
 non mater familias priraum locum tenet aedium atque 
 5 in celebritate versatur? Quod multo fit aliter in Graecia; 
 nam neque in convivium adhibetur nisi propinquorum, 
 neque sedet nisi in interiore parte aedium, quae gynae- 
 conitis appellatur, quo nemo accedit nisi propinqua cogna- 
 tione coniunctus. Sed hie plura persequi cum magnitudo 
 io voluminis prohibet, turn festinatio, ut ea explicem, quae 
 exorsus sum. Qua re ad propositum veniemus et in hoc 
 exponemus libro de vita excellentium imperatorum. 
 
I. MILTIADES. 
 
 I. Miltiades, Cimonis filius, Atheniensis, cum et an- 
 tiquitate generis et gloria maiorum et sua modestia unus 
 omnium maxime floreret eaque esset aetate ut non iam 
 solum de eo bene sperare, sed etiam confidere elves 
 possent sui talem eum futurum qualem cognitum iudica- 5 
 runt, accidit ut Athenienses Chersonesum colonos vellent 
 mittere. Cuius generis cum magnus numerus esset et 
 multi eius demigrationis peterent societatem, ex els delect! 
 Delphos dellberatum missi sunt, quo potissimum duce 
 uterentur. Namque turn Thraeces eas regiones tenebant, 10 
 cum quibus armis erat dimicandum. His consulentibus 
 nominatim Pythia praecepit, ut Miltiadem imperatorem 
 sibi sumerent : id si f ecissent, incepta prospera futura. 
 Hoc oraculi responso Miltiades cum delecta manu classe 
 Chersonesum profectus cum accessisset Lemnum et in- 15 
 colas eius insulae sub potestatem redigere vellet Atheni- 
 ensium, idque ut Lemnii sua sponte facerent postulasset, 
 ill! inridentes responderunt turn id se factiiros, cum ille 
 domo navibus profectus vento aquilone venisset Lemnum ; 
 hie enim ventus ab septemtrionibus oriens adversum 20 
 tenet Athenls proficiscentibus. Miltiades morandi tempus 
 non habens cursum derexit quo tendebat, pervenitque 
 Chersonesum. 
 
 II. Ibi brevi tempore barbarorum copiis disiectis, tota 
 regione quam petierat potitus, loca eastern's idonea com- 25 
 muniit, multitudinem quam secum duxerat in agris conlo- 
 cavit crebrisque excursionibus locupletavit. Neque minus 
 
4 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [m. 
 
 in ea re prudentia quam felicitate adiutus est ; nam 
 cum virtute militum devlcisset hostium exercitus, summa 
 aequitate res constituit atque ipse ibidem manere de- 
 crevit. Erat enim inter eos dlgnitate regia, quamquam 
 5 carebat nomine, neque' id magis imperio quam iustitia 
 consecutus ; neque eo setius Atheniensibus, a quibus erat 
 profectus, officia praestabat. Quibus rebus fiebat ut non 
 minus eorum voluntate perpetuum imperium obtineret qui 
 miserant, quam illorum cum quibus erat profectus. Cher- 
 
 io soneso tall modo constituta Lemnura revertitur et ex 
 pacto postulat ut sibi urbem tradant — illl enim dixerant, 
 cum vento borea domo profectus eo pervenisset, sese 
 dedituros — se enim domura Chersonesi habere. 
 
 Cares, qui turn Lemnum incolebant, etsi praeter opin- 
 
 15 ionem res ceciderat, tamen non dicto, sed secunda 
 fortuna adversariorum capti resistere ausi non sunt atque 
 ex insula demigrarunt. Pari felicitate ceteras insulas, 
 quae Cyclades nominantur, sub i\theniensium redegit po- 
 testatem. 
 
 20 III. Eisdem temporibus Persarum rex Dareus ex Asia 
 in Europam exercitu traiecto ScythTs bellum inferre de- 
 crevit. Pontem fecit in Histro flumine, qua copias tra- 
 duceret. Eius pontis, dum ipse abesset, custodes reliquit 
 principes quos secum ex Ionia et Aeolide duxerat ; 
 
 25 quibus singularum urbium perpetua dederat imperia. Sic 
 enim facillime putavit se Graeca lingua loquentes qui 
 Asiam incolerent sub sua retenturum potestate, si amicis 
 suis oppida tuenda tradidisset; quibus se oppresso nulla 
 spes salutis relinqueretur. In hoc fuit turn numero Mil- 
 
 30 tiades. Hie cum crebri adferrent nuntii male rem gerere 
 Dareum premique a Scythis, hortatus est pontis custodes 
 ne a fortuna datam occasionem liberandae Graeciae 
 
iv.] MILTIADES 5 
 
 \ 
 
 dlmitterent. - Nam si cum els copiis, quas secum trans- 
 portarat, interisset Dareus, non solum Europam fore 
 tutam, sed etiam eos qui Asiam incolerent Graeci genere 
 liberos a Persarum futuros dominatione et periculo. Id 
 facile effici posse : ponte enim rescisso regem vel hos- 5 
 tium ferro vel inopia paucis diebus interiturum. Ad hoc 
 consilium cum plerique accederent, Histiaeus Milesius ne 
 res conficeretur obstitit, dicens non idem ipsls, qui 
 summas imperii tenerent, expedire et multitiidini, quod 
 Dare! regno ipsorum niteretur dominatio ; quo exstincto 10 
 
 \ ipsos potestate expulsos civibus suis poenas daturos. 
 \Jtaque adeo se abhorrere a ceterorum consilio, ut nihil 
 putet ipsls utilius quam confirmari regnum Persarum. 
 
 Hiiius cum sententiam plurimi essent secuti, Miltiades 
 non dubitans tam multis consciis ad regis aures consilia 15 
 sua perventura, Chersonesum reliquit ac rursus Athenas 
 demigravit. Cuius ratio etsi non valuit, tamen magno 
 opere est laudanda, cum amicior omnium libertatl quam 
 suae fuerit dominationl. 
 
 IV. Dareus autem, cum ex Europa in Asiam redisset, 20 
 hortantibus amicis ut Graeciam redigeret in suam potes- 
 tatem, classem qulngentarum navium comparavit eique 
 
 ^Datim praefecit et Artaphernem1|eisque ducenta peditum, 
 decern equitum milia dedit, causam interserens se hostem 
 esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio Iones Sardis ex- 25 
 pugnassent suaque praesidia interfecissent. 111! praefecti 
 regii classe ad Euboeam appulsa celeriter Eretriam cepe- 
 runt omnesque eius gentis cives abreptos in Asiam ad 
 regem miserunt. Inde ad Atticam accesserunt ac suas 
 copias in campum Marathona deduxerunt ; is abest ab 30 
 ^ppido circiter milia passuum decern.^ 
 
 [oc tumultu Athenienses tam propinquo tamque magno 
 
6 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [v. 
 
 permoti auxilium nusquam nisi a Lacedaemoniis petlve- 
 runt Phidippumque, cursorem eius generis, qui hemero- 
 dromoe vocantur, Lacedaemonem miserunt, ut nuntiaret 
 quam celerrimo opus esse auxilio. Dorm autem creant 
 5 decern praetores, qui exercitui praeessent, in els Miltia- 
 dem ; inter quos magna fuit contentio, utrum moenibus 
 se defenderent an obviam irent hostibus acieque de- 
 cernerent. Unus Miltiades maxime nltebatur ut primo 
 quoque tempore castra fierent : id si factum esset, et 
 
 io civibus animum accessurum, cum viderent de eorum vir- 
 tute non desperari, et hostes eadem re fore tardiores, si 
 animadverterent auderi adversus se tam exiguis copils 
 dimicarl. 
 
 V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus auxilio 
 
 15 fuit praeter Plataeenses ; ea mllle misit militum. Itaque 
 
 horum adventu decern milia armatorum completa sunt, 
 
 quae manus mirabili flagrabat pugnandi cupiditate ; quo 
 
 factum est ut plus quam conlegae Miltiades valeret. 
 
 Eius ergo auctoritate impulsi Athenienses copias ex 
 
 20 urbe eduxerunt locoque idoneo castra fecerunt. Dein 
 postero die sub montis radicibus acie regione instructa 
 non apertissima — namque arbores multis locis erant rarae 
 — proelium commlserunt hoc consilio, ut et montium 
 altitudine tegerentur et arborum tractu equitatus hostium 
 
 25 impediretur, ne multitudine clauderentur. Datis etsi non 
 aequum locum videbat suis, tamen fretus numero copi- 
 arum suarum confligere cupiebat, eoque magis quod, 
 priusquam Lacedaemonii subsidio venlrent, dimicare utile 
 arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum 
 
 30 decern milia produxit proeliumque commisit. In quo 
 tanto plus virtute valuerunt Athenienses, ut decemplicem 
 numerum hostium profligarint, adeoque. eos perterruerunt, 
 
vi., vii.] MILTIADES 7 
 
 ut Persae non castra, sed naves petierint. Qua pugna 
 nihil adhuc exstitit nobilius ; nulla enim umquam tam 
 exigua manus tantas opes prostravit. 
 
 VI. Cuius vlctoriae non alienum videtur quale prae- 
 mium MiltiadI sit tributum docere, quo facilius intellegl 5 
 possit eandem omnium clvitatum esse naturam. Ut enim 
 populi Roman! honores quondam fuerunt ran et tenues 
 ob eamque causam gloriosl, nunc autem effusl atque 
 obsoletl, sic olim apud Athenienses fuisse reperimus. 
 Namque huic MiltiadI, qui Athenas totamque Graeciam 10 
 llberarat, talis honos tributus est, in porticu quae Poecile 
 vocatur cum pugna depingeretur Marathonia, ut in decern 
 praetorum numero prima eius imago poneretur isque 
 hortaretur mllites proeliumque committeret. Idem ille 
 populus, postea quam maius imperium est nactus et largi- 15 
 tione magistratuum corruptus est, trecentas statuas Deme- 
 trio Phalereo decrevit. 
 
 VII. Post hoc proelium classem septuaginta navium 
 Athenienses eldem MiltiadI dederunt, ut Insulas quae 
 barbaros adiuverant bello persequeretur. Quo in imperio 20 
 plerasque ad onicium redlre coegit, nonnullas vi expugna- 
 vit. Ex his Parum Insulam opibus elatam cum oratione 
 reconciliare non posset, copias e navibus eduxit, urbem 
 operibus clausit omnlque commeatu privavit ; dein vlnels 
 ac testudinibus constitutls propius muros accessit. Cum 25 
 iam in eo esset ut oppido potlretur, procul in continentl 
 lucus, qui ex Insula conspiciebatur, nescio quo casu 
 nocturno tempore incensus est. Cuius flamma ut ab 
 oppidanls et oppugnatoribus est visa, utrisque venit in 
 oplnionem slgnum a classiarils regils datum. Quo factum 30 
 est ut et Paril a deditione deterrerentur et Miltiades, 
 timens ne classis regia adventaret, incensls operibus quae 
 
8 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vm. 
 
 statuerat, cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus 
 Athenas magna cum offensione civium suorum rediret. 
 Acciisatus ergo est proditionis, quod, cum Parum ex- 
 pugnare posset, a rege corruptus InfectTs rebus disces- 
 5 sisset. Eo tempore aeger erat vulneribus, quae in 
 oppugnando oppido acceperat. Itaque cum ipse pro se 
 dlcere non posset, verba fecit frater eius Stesagoras. 
 
 Causa cognita capitis absolutus pecunia multatus est, 
 eaque lis quinquaginta talentis aestimata est, quantus in 
 
 io classem sumptus factus erat. Hanc pecuniam quod 
 solvere in praesentia non poterat, in vincla publica 
 coniectus est ibique diem obiit supremum. 
 
 VIII. Hie etsl crimine Pario est acciisatus, tamen alia 
 causa fuit damnationis. Namque Athenienses propter 
 
 15 Plsistrati tyrannidem, quae paucis annis ante fuerat, 
 nimiam civium suorum potentiam extimescebant. Miltia- 
 des, multum in imperils magistratibusque versatus, non 
 videbatur posse esse privatus, praesertim cum consue- 
 tudine ad imperii cupiditatem trahi videretur. Nam in 
 
 20 Chersoneso omnes illos quos habitarat annos perpetuam 
 obtinuerat dominationem tyrannusque fuerat appellatus, 
 sed iustus. Non erat enim vi conseciitus, sed suorum 
 voluntate, eamque potestatem bonitate retinebat. Omnes 
 autem et dicuntur et habentur tyranni, qui potestate sunt 
 
 25 perpetua in ea civitate quae Hbertate usa est. Sed in 
 Miltiade erat cum summa humanitas turn mlra communi- 
 tas, ut nemo tam humilis esset, cui non ad eum aditus 
 pateret ; magna auctoritas apud omnes civitates, nobile 
 nomen, laus rei militaris maxima. Haec populus respi- 
 
 30 ciens maluit ilium innoxium plecti quam se diutius esse 
 in timore. 
 
II. THEMISTOCLES. 
 
 I. Themistocles, Neocll fllius, Atheniensis. Huius vitia 
 ineuntis adulescentiae magnis sunt emendata virtiitibus, 
 adeo ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur. 
 Sed ab initio est ordiendus. Pater eius Neocles genero- 
 sus fuit. Is uxorem Acarnanam civem duxit, ex qua 5 
 natus est Themistocles. Qui cum minus esset probatus 
 parentibus, quod et Hberius vivebat et rem familiarem 
 neglegebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia 
 non fregit eum, sed erexit ; nam cum iudicasset sine 
 summa industria non posse earn exstingui, totum se 10 
 dedidit rei publicae, diligentius amicis famaeque serviens. 
 Multum in iudiciis privatls versabatur, saepe in contionem 
 populi prodibat ; nulla res maior sine eo gerebatur ; 
 celeriter quae opus erant reperiebat, facile eadem ora- 
 tione explicabat, neque minus in rebus gerendis promptus 15 
 quam excogitandis erat, quod et de mstantibus, ut ait 
 Thucydides, verissime iudicabat et de futuris callidissime 
 coniciebat. Quo factum est ut brevi tempore inlustra- 
 retur. 
 
 II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rei publicae 20 
 bello Corcyraeo ; ad quod gerendum praetor a populo 
 factus non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam reliquo tem- 
 pore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam cum pecunia 
 publica, quae ex metallis redibat, largitione magistratuum 
 quotannis interiret, ille persuasit populo ut ea pecunia 25 
 classis centum navium aedificaretur. Qua celeriter effecta 
 primum Corcyraeos fregit, deinde maritimos praedones 
 
 9 
 
10 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [in. 
 
 consectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo cum divitiis 
 ornavit, turn etiam perltissimos belli navalis fecit Athe- 
 nienses. Id quantae saluti fuerit universae Graeciae, 
 bello cognitum est Persico. Nam cum Xerxes et man 
 5 et terra bellum universae inferret Europae, cum tantis 
 copils earn invasit, quantas neque ante nee postea habuit 
 quisquam : huius enim classis mille et ducentarum navium 
 longarum fuit, quam duo milia onerariarum sequebantur ; 
 terrestris autem exercitus septingenta peditum, equitum 
 
 io quadringenta milia fuerunt. 
 
 Cuius de adventii cum fama in Graeciam esset perlata 
 et maxime Athenienses peti dicerentur propter pugnam 
 Marathoniam, miserunt Delphos consultum, quidnam face- 
 rent de rebus suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit, ut 
 
 15 moenibus ligneis se munlrent. Id responsum quo valeret 
 cum intellegeret nemo, Themistocles persuasit consilium 
 esse Apollinis, ut in naves se suaque conferrent : eum 
 enim a deo significari murum ligneum. Tali consilio 
 probato addunt ad superiores totidem naves triremes 
 
 20 suaque omnia quae mover! poterant partim Salamina, 
 partim Troezena deportant ; arcem sacerdotibus paucis- 
 que maioribus natu ad sacra procuranda tradunt, reli- 
 quum oppidum relinquunt. 
 
 III. Huius consilium plerisque civitatibus displicebat 
 
 25 et in terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque mlssi sunt 
 delecti cum Leonida, Lacedaemoniorum rege, qui Ther- 
 mopylas occuparent longiusque barbaros progredi non 
 paterentur. II vim hostium non sustinuerunt eoque loco 
 omnes interierunt. At classis communis Graeciae tre- 
 
 30 centarum navium, in qua ducentae erant Atheniensium, 
 primum apud Artemisium inter Euboeam continentemque 
 terram cum classiarils regiis conflixit. Angustias enim 
 
iv., v.] THEMISTOCLES 1 1 
 
 Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine circumiretur. Hinc 
 etsi pari proelio discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt 
 ausl manere, quod erat periculum ne, si pars navium 
 adversariorum Euboeam superasset, ancipiti premerentur 
 periculo. Quo factum est ut ab Artemisio discederent 5 
 et exadversum Athenas apud Salamina classem suam 
 constituerent. 
 
 IV. At Xerxes Thermopylls expugnatis protinus ac- 
 cessit astu idque nullis defendentibus, interfectls sacer- 
 dotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. Cuius 10 
 flamma perterritl classiarii cum manere non auderent et 
 plurimi hortarentur ut domos suas discederent moenibus- 
 que se defenderent, Themistocles unus restitit et uni- 
 versos pares esse posse aiebat, dispersos testabatur 
 peritiiros, idque Eurybiadi, regi Lacedaemoniorum, qui 15 
 turn summae imperil praeerat, fore adfirmabat. Quem 
 cum minus quam vellet moveret, noctu de servls suls 
 quem habuit fidelissimum ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret 
 suls verbis, adversarios eius in fuga esse : qui si disces- 
 sissent, maiore cum labore et longlnquiore tempore 20 
 bellum confecturum, cum singulos consectari cogeretur; 
 quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum. 
 Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes 
 cogerentur. Hac re audita barbarus, nihil doll subesse 
 credens, postridie alienissimo sibi loco, contra opportu- 25 
 nissimo hostibus, adeo angusto marl conflixit, ut eius 
 multitudo navium explicari non potuerit. Vlctus ergo est 
 magis etiam consilio Themistocll quam armis Graeciae. 
 
 V. Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat 
 reliquias copiarum, ut etiam turn els opprimere posset 30 
 hostes. Iterum ab eodem gradu depulsus est. Nam 
 Themistocles, verens ne bellare perseveraret, certiorem 
 
12 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vi. 
 
 eum fecit id agi, ut por^i^aem ille in Hellesponto 
 fecerat, dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur, 
 idque el persuasit. Itaque qua sex mensibus iter fecerat, 
 eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est seque 
 5 a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum iudicavit. 
 Sic unius virl prudentia? Graecia liberata est Europaeque 
 succubuit Asia. Haec 4hera victoria, quae cum Mara- 
 thonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari modo apud 
 Salamina parvo numero navium maxima post hominum 
 
 io memoriam classis est devicta. 
 
 VI. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit neque minor 
 in pace. Cum enim Phalerico portu neque magno neque 
 bono Athenienses uterentur, huius consilio triplex Plrael 
 portus constitutus est. eisque moenibus circumdatus, ut 
 
 15 ipsam urbem digriitat^ aequiperaret, utilitate superaret. 
 Idem muros Atheniensium res^twit praecipuo suo periculo. 
 Namque Lacedaemonil causam idoneam nactl propter 
 barbarorum excurslones, qua negarent oportere extra 
 Peloponnesum ullam urbem muros habere, ne essent loca 
 
 20 munita, quae ijfcostes possiderent, Athenienses aedificantes 
 prohibere sunt conati. Hoc longe alio spectabat atque 
 videri volebant. Athenienses enim duabus victorils, Mara- 
 thonia et Salammia, tantam gloriam apud omnes gentes 
 erant consecuti, ut intellegerent Lacedaemonil de prin- 
 
 25 cipatu sibi cum els certamen fore. Qua re eos quam 
 Inflrmissimos esse volebant. Postquam autem audierunt 
 muros strui, legatos Athenas miserunt, qui id fieri veta- 
 rent. His praesentibus desierunt ac se de ea re legatos 
 ad eos mlssuros dixerunt. Hanc legationem suscepit 
 
 30 Themistocles et solus primo profectus est; reliqui legati 
 ut turn exlrent, cum satis alti tuendo muri exstructi 
 viderentur, praecepit : interim omnes, servl atque Hberl 
 
vii.] THEMISTOCLES 1 3 
 
 opus facerent neque iilli loco parcerent, sive sacer sive 
 privatus esset sive publicus, et undique, quod idoneum 
 ad muniendum putarent, congererent. Quo factum est ut 
 Atheniensium muri ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent. 
 
 VII. Themistocles autem ut Lacedaemonem venit, adire 5 
 ad magistrates noluit et dedit operam ut quam longissime 
 tempus duceret, causam interponens se conlegas exspec- 
 tare. Cum Lacedaemonil quererentur opus nihilo minus 
 fieri eumque in ea re conari fallere, interim reliqui le- 
 gati sunt consecuti. A quibus cum audlsset non multum 10 
 superesse munltionis, ad ephoros Lacedaemoniorum ac- 
 cessit, penes quos summum erat imperium, atque apud 
 eos contendit falsa els esse delata : qua re aequum esse 
 illos viros bonos nobilesque mittere quibus fides habe- 
 retur, qui rem explorarent ; interea se o^sidem retine- 15 
 rent. Gestus est el mos, tresque legati functi summis 
 honoribus Athenas missl sunt. Cum his conlegas suos 
 Themistocles iussit proficlscl elsque praedlxit, ut ne prius 
 Lacedaemoniorum legatos dlmitterent quam ipse esset 
 remissus. 20 
 
 Hos postquam Athenas pervenisse ratus est, ad magis- 
 tratus senatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit et apud eos 
 Hberrime professus est : Athenienses suo consilio, quod 
 communl iure gentium facere possent, deos publicos 
 suosque patrios ac Penates, quo facilius ab hoste possent 25 
 defendere, murls saepsisse neque in eo quod inutile esset 
 Graeciae fecisse. Nam illorum urbem ut propugnaculum 
 oppositum esse barbaris, apud quam iam bis copias 
 regias fecisse naufragium. Lacedaemonios autem male et 
 iniuste facere, qui id potius intuerentur, quod ipsorum 30 
 domination! quam quod universae Graeciae utile esset. 
 Qua re, si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas 
 
 : 
 
14 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vm. 
 
 miserant, se remitterent, cum aliter illos numquam in 
 patriam essent recepturi. 
 
 VIII. Tamen non effugit clvium suorum invidiam. 
 Namque ob eundem timorem, quo damnatus erat Mil- 
 5 tiades, testularum suffragiis e civitate eiectus Argos habi- 
 tatum concessit. Hie cum propter multas virtutes magna 
 cum dignitate vlveret, Lacedaemonii legatos Athenas 
 miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod societatem 
 cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam fecisset. Hoc 
 io crimine absens damnatus est. 
 
 Id ut audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, 
 Corcyram demigravit. Ibi cum principes animadvertisset 
 timere ne propter se bellum els Lacedaemonii et Atheni- 
 enses indlcerent, ad Admetum, Molossum regem, cum 
 
 15 quo el hospitium non erat, confugit. Hue cum venisset 
 et in praesentia rex abesset, quo maiore religione se re- 
 ceptum tueretur, filium eius parvulum adripuit et cum 
 eo se in sacrarium quod sum ma colebatur caerimonia 
 coniecit. Inde non prius egressus est, quam rex eum 
 
 20 data dextra in fidem reciperet, quam praestitit. Nam 
 cum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedaemonils exposceretur 
 publice, supplicem non prodidit monuitque ut consuleret 
 sibi : difficile enim esse in tam proplnquo loco tiito eum 
 versari. Itaque Pydnam eum deduci iussit et quod satis 
 
 25 esset praesidii dedit. Hie in navem omnibus ignotus 
 
 nautls escendit. Quae cum tempestate maxima Naxum 
 
 ferretur, ubi turn Atheniensium erat exercitus, sensit 
 
 Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum. 
 
 Hac necessitate coactus domino navis quis sit aperit, 
 
 30 multa pollicens, si se conservasset. At ille clarissimT viri 
 captus misericordia diem noctemque procul ab insula in 
 salo navem tenuit in ancoris neque quemquam ex ea 
 
ix., x.J THEMISTOCLES 1 5 
 
 exlre passus est. Inde Ephesum pervenit ibique The- 
 mistoclem exponit. Cul ille pro mentis postea gratiam 
 rettulit. 
 
 IX. Scio plerosque ita scrlpsisse, Themistoclem Xerxe 
 regnante in Asiam translsse. Sed ego potissimum Thu- 5 
 cydidi credo, quod aetate proximus de els, qui illorum 
 temporum historiam rellquerunt, et eiusdem clvitatis fuit. 
 Is autem ait ad Artaxerxen eum venisse atque his verbis 
 epistulam misisse : " Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima 
 mala omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intuli, quam diu 10 
 mihi necesse fuit adversum patrem tuum bellare pa- 
 triamque meam defendere. Idem multo plura bona feci, 
 postquam in tuto ipse et ille in periculo esse coepit ; 
 nam cum in Asiam revert! vellet, proelio apud Salamlna 
 facto, litteris eum certiorem feci id agl ut pons, quem 15 
 in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur atque ab hostibus 
 circumiretur ; quo nuntio ille periculo est Hberatus. Nunc 
 autem confugl ad te exagitatus a cuncta Graecia, tuam 
 petens amlcitiam ; quam si ero adeptus, non minus me 
 bonum amlcum habebis, quam fortem inimlcum ille ex- 20 
 pertus est. Te autem rogo, ut de els rebus, quas tecum 
 conloqul volo, annuum mihi tempus des eoque transacto 
 ad te venire patiaris." 
 
 X. Huius rex animl magnitudinem admlrans cupiens- 
 que talem virum sibi conciliarl veniam dedit. Ille omne 25 
 illud tempus litteris sermonlque Persarum dedit ; quibus 
 adeo erudltus est, ut multo commodius dlcatur apud 
 regem verba fecisse, quam il poterant qui in Perside 
 erant natl. Hie cum multa regi esset pollicitus gratissi- 
 mumque illud, si suls u.ti consilils vellet, ilium Graeciam 30 
 bello oppressurum, magnls muneribus ab Artaxerxe do- 
 natus in Asiam rediit domiciliumque Magnesiae sibi con- 
 
1 6 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [x. 
 
 ^tituit. Namque hanc urbem ei rex donarat, his quidem 
 verbis, quae el panem praeberet — ex qua regione quin- 
 quagena talenta quotannis redibant — Lampsacum autem, 
 unde vlnum sumeret, Myunta, ex qua obsonium haberet. 
 5 Huius ad nostram memoriam monumenta manserunt 
 duo : sepulcrum prope oppidum, in quo est sepultus, 
 statua in foro Magnesiae. De cuius morte multimodis 
 apud plerosque scrlptum est, sed nos eundem potissimum 
 Thucydidem auctorem probamus, qui ilium ait Magnesiae 
 
 io morbo mortuum neque negat fuisse famam, venenum sua 
 sponte sumpsisse, cum se quae regi de Graecia oppri- 
 menda pollicitus esset praestare posse desperaret. Idem 
 ossa eius clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoniam legibus 
 non concederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus, me- 
 
 15 moriae prodidit. 
 
III. ARISTIDES. 
 
 I. Aristldes, Lysimachi filius, Atheniensis, aequalis fere 
 fuit Themistocll atque cum eo de prlncipatu contendit ; 
 namque obtrectarunt inter se. In his autem cognitum 
 est, quanto antistaret eloquentia innocentiae. Quamquam 
 enim adeo excellebat Aristldes abstinentia, ut unus post 5 
 hominum memoriam, quern quidem nos audierimus, cog- 
 nomine Iustus sit appellatus, tamen a Themistocle conla- 
 befactus testula ilia exsilio decern annorum multatus est. 
 Qui quidem cum intellegeret reprimi concitatam multi- 
 tudinem non posse, cedensque animadvertisset quendam IO 
 scrlbentem, ut patria pelleretur, quaesisse ab eo dicitur 
 qua re id faceret aut quid Aristldes commisisset, cur tanta 
 poena dlgnus duceretur. Cui ille respondit se Ignorare 
 Aristiden, sed sibi non placere, quod tarn cupide labo- 
 rasset ut praeter ceteros Iustus appellaretur. Hie decern i 5 
 annorum legitimam poenam non pertulit. Nam postquam 
 Xerxes in Graeciam descendit, sexto fere anno quam erat 
 expulsus, populi scito in patriam restitutus est. 
 
 II. Interfuit autem pugnae naval! apud Salamlna, quae 
 facta est prius quam poena liberaretur. Idem praetor 20 
 fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in proelio quo fusus bar- 
 barorum exercitus Mardoniusque interfectus est. Neque 
 aliud est ullum huius in re mllitari inlustre factum quam 
 eius imperii memoria, iustitiae vero et aequitatis et inno- 
 centiae multa, in primis quod huius aequitate factum est, 25 
 cum in communi classe esset Graeciae simul cum Pausania 
 — quo duce Mardonius erat fugatus — ut summa imperii 
 
 17 
 
1 8 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [m. 
 
 maritiml ab Lacedaemoniis transferretur ad Athenienses ; 
 namque ante id tempus et marl et terra duces erant 
 Lacedaemonii. Turn autem et intemperantia Pausaniae 
 et iustitia factum est Aristldis, ut omnes fere civitates 
 5 Graeciae ad Atheniensium societatem se applicarent et 
 adversus barbaros hos duces deligerent sibi. 
 
 III. Quos quo facilius repellerent, si forte bellum 
 renovare conarentur, ad classes aedificandas exercitusque 
 comparandos quantum pecuniae quaeque civitas daret, 
 
 io Aristldes delectus est qui constitueret, eiusque arbitrio 
 quadringena et sexagena talenta quotannis Delum sunt 
 conlata; id enim commune aerarium esse voluerunt. 
 Quae omnis pecunia postero tempore Athenas translata 
 est. Hie qua fuerit abstinentia, nullum est certius indi- 
 
 15 cium quam quod, cum tantis rebus praefuisset, in tanta 
 paupertate decessit, ut qui efferretur vix reliquerit. Quo 
 factum est ut flliae eius publice alerentur et de communi 
 aerario dotibus datis conlocarentur. Decessit autem fere 
 post annum quartum quam Themistocles Athenis erat 
 
 20 expulsus. 
 
IV. PAUSANIAS. 
 
 I. Pausanias Lacedaemonius magnus homo, sed varius 
 in omni genere vitae fuit ; nam ut virtiitibus eluxit, sic 
 vitiis est obrutus. Huius inlustrissimum est proelium 
 apud Plataeas. Namque illo duce Mardonius, satrapes 
 regius, natione Medus, regis gener, in primis omnium 5 
 Persarum et manu fortis et consilii plenus, cum ducentis 
 milibus peditum, quos viritim legerat, et vlgintT equitum 
 haud ita magna manu Graeciae fugatus est, eoque ipse 
 dux cecidit proelio. Qua victoria elatus plurima miscere 
 coepit et maiora concupiscere. Sed primum in eo est 10 
 reprehensus, quod ex praeda tripodem aureum Delphis 
 posuisset epigrammate Inscrlpto, in quo haec erat sen- 
 tentia : suo ductu barbaros apud Plataeas esse deletos 
 eiusque victoriae ergo Apollini id donum dedisse. Hos 
 versus Lacedaemonii exsculpserunt neque aliud scripse- 15 
 runt quam nomina earum clvitatum, quarum auxilio 
 Persae erant vlcti. 
 
 II. Post id proelium eundem Pausaniam cum classe 
 commun! Cyprum atque Hellespontum mlserunt, ut ex els 
 regionibus barbarorum praesidia depelleret. Pari felici- 20 
 tate in ea re usus elatius se gerere coepit maioresque 
 appetere res. Nam cum Byzantio expugnato cepisset 
 complures Persarum nobiles atque in eis nonnullos regis 
 propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans ex vinclis 
 publicis effugisse, et cum eis Gongylum Eretriensem, qui 25 
 litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec fuisse scripta Thu- 
 cydides memoriae prodidit : " Pausanias, dux Spartae, 
 
 19 
 
20 C0RNEL1I NEPOTIS VITAE . [in. 
 
 quos Byzantii ceperat, postquam propinquos tuos cogno- 
 vit, tibi muneri misit seque tecum adfinitate coniungl 
 cupit ; qua re, si tibi videtur, des ei f iliam tuam nuptum. 
 Id si feceris, et Spartam et ceteram Graeciam sub tuam 
 
 5 potestatem se adiuvante te redacturum pollicetur. His 
 de rebus si quid agere volueris, certum hominem ad eum 
 mittas face, cum quo conloquatur." 
 
 Rex tot hominum salute tam sibi necessariorum magno 
 opere gavisus confestim cum epistula Artabazum ad Pau- 
 
 io saniam mittit, in qua eum conlaudat ac petit, ne cui rei 
 parcat ad ea efficienda, quae polliceretur : si perfecerit, 
 nullius rei a se repulsam laturum. Huius Pausanias vo- 
 luntate cognita alacrior ad rem gerendam factus in suspi- 
 cionem cecidit Lacedaemoniorum. Quo facto domum 
 
 15 revocatus, accusatus capitis absolvitur, multatur tamen 
 pecunia; quam ob causam ad classem remissus non est. 
 
 III. At ille post non multo sua sponte ad exercitum 
 rediit et ibi non stolida, sed dementi ratione cogitata 
 patef ecit ; non enim mores patrios solum, sed etiam 
 
 20 cultum vestitumque mutavit. Apparatu regio utebatur, 
 veste Medica ; satellites Medi et Aegyptii sequebantur ; 
 epulabatur more Persarum luxuriosius quam qui aderant 
 perpeti possent; aditum petentibus non dabat, superbe 
 respondebat, crudeliter imperabat. Spartam redire nole- 
 
 25 bat ; Colonas, qui locus in agro Troade est, se contu- 
 lerat ; ibi consilia cum patriae turn sibi inimica capiebat. 
 Id postquam Lacedaemonii rescierunt, legatos cum clava 
 ad eum miserunt, in qua more illorum erat scriptum : 
 nisi domum reverteretur, se capitis eum damnatiiros. 
 
 30 Hoc nuntio commotus, sperans se etiam turn pecunia et 
 potentia instans periculum posse depellere, domum rediit. 
 Hue ut venit, ab ephoris in vincla publica est coniectus ; 
 
iv.] PAUSANIAS 2 1 
 
 licet enim legibus eorum cirivis ephoro hoc facere regl. 
 Hinc tamen se expedlvit, neque eo magis carebat sus- 
 plcione ; nam opinio manebat eum cum rege habere 
 societatem. 
 
 Est genus quoddam hominum, quod Hilotae vocatur, 5 
 quorum magna multitudo agros Lacedaemoniorum colit 
 servorumque munere fungitur. Hos quoque sollicitare 
 spe llbertatis exlstimabatur. Sed quod harum rerum nul- 
 lum erat apertum crimen, quo coargui posset, non puta- 
 bant de tall tamque claro viro suspicionibus oportere 10 
 iudicarl et exspectandum, dum se ipsa res aperiret. 
 
 IV. Interim Argilius quidam adulescentulus cum epi- 
 stulam ab eo ad Artabazum accepisset eique in suspi- 
 cionem venisset aliquid in ea de se esse scriptum, quod 
 nemo eorum redlsset, qui eodem mlssl erant, vincla 15 
 epistulae laxavit slgnoque detracto cognovit, si pertulisset, 
 sibi esse pereundum. Erant in eadem epistula quae ad 
 ea pertinebant, quae inter regem Pausaniamque convene- 
 rant. Has ille litteras ephoris tradidit. 
 
 Non est praetereunda gravitas Lacedaemoniorum hoc 20 
 loco ; nam ne huius quidem indicio impulsl sunt ut 
 Pausaniam comprehenderent, neque prius vim adhiben- 
 dam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset. Itaque huic 
 indicl, quid fieri vellent, praeceperunt. Fanum NeptunI 
 est Taenari, quod violari nefas putant Graecl. Eo ille 25 
 confugit in araque consedit. Hanc iuxta locum fecerunt 
 sub terra, ex quo posset exaudlrl, si quis quid loqueretur 
 cum Argilio. Hue ex ephoris quidam descenderunt. 
 Pausanias, ut audlvit Argilium confugisse in aram, per- 
 turbatus venit eo. Quem cum supplicem del videret in 30 
 ara sedentem, quaerit causae quid sit tarn repentlnl con- 
 silil. Huic ille, quid ex litterls comperisset, aperit. Quo 
 
22 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [v. 
 
 magis Pausanias perturbatus orare coepit, ne enuntiaret 
 neu se meritum de illo optime proderet : quod si earn 
 veniam sibi dedisset tantisque implicatum rebus sub- 
 levasset, magno el praemio futurum. 
 
 5 V. His rebus ephorl cognitis satius putarunt in urbe 
 eum comprehend!. Quo cum essent profecti et Pausanias 
 placato Argilio, ut putabat, Lacedaemonem reverteretur, 
 in itinere, cum iam in eo esset ut comprehenderetur, ex 
 vultu cuiusdam ephori, qui eum admoneri cupiebat, In- 
 
 io sidias sibi fieri intellexit. Itaque paucis ante gradibus 
 quam qui eum sequebantur, in aedem Minervae, quae 
 Chalcioicos vocatur, confugit. Hinc ne exire posset, 
 statim ephori valvas eius aedis obstruxerunt tectumque 
 sunt demoliti, quo celerius sub divo interiret. Dicitur eo 
 
 15 tempore matrem Pausaniae vixisse eamque iam magno 
 natu, postquam de scelere filii comperit, in primis ad 
 filium claudendum lapidem ad introitum aedis attulisse. 
 Hie cum semianimis de templo elatus esset, confestim 
 animam efrlavit. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam 
 
 20 turpi morte maculavit. Cuius mortui corpus cum eodem 
 nonnulli dicerent inferri oportere quo ii qui ad supplicium 
 essent dati, displicuit pluribus, et procul ab eo loco 
 Tnfoderunt, quo erat mortuus. hide posterius dei Del- 
 phic! responso erutus atque eodem loco sepultus est ubi 
 
 25 vitam posuerat. 
 
V. CIMON. 
 
 I. Cimon, Miltiadis filius, Atheniensis, duro admodum 
 initio usus est adulescentiae ; nam cum pater eius litem 
 aestimatam populo solvere non potuisset ob eamque 
 causam in vinclls publicis decessisset, Cimon eadem 
 custodia tenebatur neque legibus Atheniensium emitti 5 
 poterat, nisi pecuniam, qua pater multatus erat, solvisset. 
 Habebat autem in matrimonii sororem germanam suam, 
 nomine Elpinicen, non magis amore quam more ductus ; 
 namque Atheniensibus licet eodem patre natas uxores 
 ducere. Huius coniugil cupidus Callias quldam, non tam 10 
 generosus quam peciiniosus, qui magnas pecunias ex me- 
 tallls fecerat, egit cum Cimone ut earn sibi uxorem 
 daret : id si impetrasset, se pro illo pecuniam soluturum. 
 
 Is cum talem condicionem aspernaretur, Elpinice negavit 
 se passuram Miltiadis progeniem in vinclls publicis in- 15 
 terire, quoniam prohibere posset, seque Calliae nupturam, 
 si ea quae polliceretur praestitisset. 
 
 II. Tali modo custodia liberatus Cimon celeriter ad 
 principatum pervenit. Habebat enim satis eloquentiae, 
 summam liberalitatem, magnam prudentiam cum iuris 20 
 civilis turn rei militaris, quod cum patre a puero in 
 exercitibus fuerat versatus. Itaque hie et populum urba- 
 num in sua tenuit potestate et apud exercitum plurimum 
 valuit auctoritate. 
 
 Primum imperator apud niimen Strymona magnas copias 25 
 Thraecum fugavit, oppidum Amphipolim constituit eoque 
 decern milia Atheniensium in coloniam misit. Idem 
 
 23 
 
24 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [ill., IV. 
 
 iterum imperator apud Mycalen Cypriorum et Phoenlcum 
 ducentarum navium classem devictam cepit eodemque die 
 pari fortuna in terra usus est. Namque hostium navi- 
 bus captis statim ex classe copias suas eduxit barbarorum- 
 
 5 que maximam vim uno concursu prostravit. Qua victoria 
 magna praeda potitus cum domura reverteretur, quod 
 iam nonnullae Insulae propter acerbitatem imperii defece- 
 rant, bene animatas confirmavit, alienatas ad omcium 
 redire coegit. Scyrum, quam eo tempore Dolopes inco- 
 
 io lebant, quod contumacius se gesserant, vacuefecit, posses- 
 sores veteres urbe insulaque eiecit, agros civibus divisit. 
 Thasios opulentia fretos suo adventu fregit. His ex 
 manubils arx Athenarum, qua ad meridiem vergit, est 
 ornata. 
 
 15 III. Quibus rebus cum unus in clvitate maxime flo- 
 reret, incidit in eandem invidiam quam pater suus ceterl- 
 que Atheniensium prlncipes ; nam testarum suffragils 
 decern annorum exsilio multatus est. Cuius factl celerius 
 Athenienses quam ipsum paenituit ; nam cum ille animo 
 
 20 fortl invidiae ingratorum clvium cessisset bellumque Lace- 
 daemonil Atheniensibus indlxissent, confestim notae eius 
 virtutis deslderium consecutum est. Itaque post annum 
 qulntum, quam expulsus erat, in patriam revocatus est. 
 Ille, quod hospitio Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius 
 
 25 exlstimans Graeciae clvitates de controversils suls inter se 
 iure disceptare quam armls contendere, Lacedaemonem 
 sua sponte est profectus pacemque inter duas potentis- 
 simas clvitates conciliavit. Post, neque ita multo, Cy- 
 prum cum ducentls navibus imperator missus, cum eius 
 
 3 o maiorem partem Insulae devlcisset, in morbum implicitus 
 in oppugnando oppido Citio est mortuus. 
 
 IV. Hunc Athenienses non solum in bello, sed etiam 
 
iv.] CIMON 25 
 
 in pace diu desideraverunt. Fuit enim tanta liberalitate, 
 cum compluribus locls praedia hortosque haberet, ut 
 numquam in els custodem posuerit fructus servandl gratia, 
 ne quis impediretur quo minus els rebus, quibus quisque 
 vellet, frueretur. Semper eum pedisequi cum nummis 5 
 sunt seciiti, ut, si quis opis eius indigeret, haberet quod 
 statim daret, ne differendo videretur negare. Saepe, cum 
 aliquem offensum fortunae videret minus bene vestitum, 
 suum amiculum dedit. Cottidie sic cena el coquebatur, 
 ut, quos invocatos vidisset in foro, omnes ad se vocaret, 10 
 quod facere nullo die praetermittebat. NullI fides eius, 
 nulli opera, nulli res familiaris defuit ; multos locuple- 
 tavit ; complures pauperes mortuos, qui unde efferrentur 
 non rellquissent, suo sumptu extulit. Sic se gerendo 
 minime est mirandum, si et vita eius fuit secura et mors 15 
 acerba. 
 
VI. LYSANDER. 
 
 I. Lysander Lacedaemonius magnam reliquit sul fa- 
 mam, magis felicitate quam virtute partam. Athenienses 
 enim adversus Peloponnesios bellum gerentes sexto et 
 vicesimo anno confecisse apparet, neque id qua ratione 
 
 5 consecutus sit latet. Non enim virtute sui exercitus, sed 
 immodestia factum est adversariorum, qui, quod dicto 
 audientes imperatoribus suis non erant, dispalatl in agris 
 relictis navibus in hostium venerunt potestatem. Quo 
 facto Athenienses se Lacedaemoniis dediderunt. Hac 
 
 io victoria Lysander elatus, cum antea semper factiosus au- 
 daxque fuisset, sic sibi indulsit, ut eius opera in maximum 
 odium Graeciae Lacedaemonil pervenerint. Nam cum 
 hanc causam Lacedaemonil dictitassent sibi esse belli, 
 ut Atheniensium impotentem dominationem refringerent, 
 
 15 postquam apud Aegos flumen Lysander classis hostium est 
 potltus, nihil aliud molitus est quam ut omnes civitates 
 in sua teneret potestate, cum id se Lacedaemoniorum 
 causa facere simularet. Namque undique, qui Athenien- 
 sium rebus studuissent eiectis, decern delegerat in una 
 
 20 quaque civitate, quibus summum imperium potestatemque 
 omnium rerum committeret. Horum in numerum nemo 
 admittebatur, nisi qui aut eius hospitio contineretur aut 
 se illius fore proprium fide confirmarat. 
 
 II. Ita decemvirali potestate in omnibus urbibus con- 
 25 stituta ipslus nutu omnia gerebantur. Cuius de crude- 
 
 litate ac perfidia satis est unam rem exempli gratia 
 proferre, ne de eodem plura enumerando defatigemus 
 
 26 
 
in., iv.] LYSANDER 2J 
 
 lectores. Victor ex Asia cum reverteretur Thasumque 
 devertisset, quod ea civitas praecipua fide fuerat erga 
 Athenienses, proinde ac si non iidem flrmissimi solerent 
 esse amici, qui constantes fuissent inimici, pervertere earn 
 concupivit. Vidit autem, nisi in eo occultasset volunta- 5 
 tem, futurum ut Thasii dilaberentur consulerentque rebus 
 suis. . . . 
 
 III. Itaque il decemviralem potestatem ab illo con- 
 stitutam sustulerunt. Quo dolore incensus iniit consilia 
 reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere. Sed sentiebat id se sine 10 
 ope deorum facere non posse, quod Lacedaemonii omnia 
 ad oracula referre consuerant. 
 
 Prlmum Delphicum corrumpere est conatus. Cum id 
 non potuisset, Dodonaeum adortus est. Hinc quoque 
 repulsus dixit se vota suscepisse, quae Iovi Hammoni 15 
 solveret, existimans se Afros facilius corrupturum. Hac 
 spe cum profectus esset in Africam, multum eum anti- 
 stites Iovis fefellerunt ; nam non solum corrumpi non 
 potuerunt, sed etiam legatos Lacedaemonem miserunt, 
 qui Lysandrum accusarent, quod sacerdotes fani cor- 20 
 rumpere conatus esset. Accusatus hoc crimine iudicum- 
 que absolutus sententiis, Orchomeniis missus subsidio 
 occisus est a Thebanis apud Haliartum. Quam vere de 
 eo secus foret iudicatum, oratio indicio fuit, quae post 
 mortem in domo eius reperta est, in qua suadet Lace- 25 
 daemoniis, ut regia potestate dissoluta ex omnibus dux 
 deligatur ad bellum gerendum, sed sic scripta, ut deum 
 videretur congruere sententiae, quam ille se habiturum 
 pecunia fidens non dubitarat. Hanc el scripsisse Cleon 
 Halicarnasius dicitur. 30 
 
 IV. Atque hoc loco non est praetereundum factum 
 Pharnabazi, satrapis regii. Nam cum Lysander praefectus 
 
28 CORN ELI I NEPOTIS VITAE [iv. 
 
 classis in bello multa crudeliter avareque fecisset deque 
 els rebus suspicaretur ad elves suos esse perlatum, petiit 
 a Pharnabazo ut ad ephoros sibi testimonium daret, 
 quanta sanctitate bellum gessisset sociosque tractasset, 
 
 5 deque ea re accurate scriberet : magnam enim eius auc- 
 toritatem in ea re futuram. Huic ille liberaliter pollice- 
 tur; librum grandem verbis multis conscripsit, in quibus 
 summis eum effert laudibus. Quern cum hie legisset 
 probassetque, dum signatur, alterum pari magnitudine et 
 
 io tanta similitudine ut discerni non posset, signatum sub- 
 iecit, in quo accuratissime eius avaritiam perfidiamque 
 accusarat. Lysander domum cum redisset, postquam de 
 suis rebus gestis apud maximum magistratum quae 
 voluerat dixerat, testimonii loco librum a Pharnabazo 
 
 15 datum tradidit. Hunc submoto Lysandro cum ephori 
 cognossent, ipsi legendum dederunt. Ita ille imprudens 
 ipse suus fuit accusator. 
 
 
VII. ALCIBIADES. 
 
 I. Alcibiades, Cliniae filius, Atheniensis. In hoc na- 
 tura quid efficere possit videtur experta ; constat enim 
 inter omnes, qui de eo memoriae prodiderunt, nihil illo 
 fuisse excellentius vel in vitiis vel in virtutibus. Natus 
 in amplissima civitate suramo genere, omnium aetatis suae 5 
 multo formosissimus, dives; ad omnes res aptus consilii- 
 que plenus — namque imperator fuit summus et marl et 
 terra — disertus, ut in primls dicendo valeret, quod tanta 
 erat commendatio oris atque orationis, ut nemo ei posset 
 resistere ; cum tempus posceret, laboriosus, patiens ; libe- 10 
 ralis, splendidus non minus in vita quam victu ; adfabilis, 
 blandus, temporibus callidissime serviens : idem, simul ac 
 
 se remiserat neque causa suberat qua re animi laborem 
 perferret, luxuriosus, dissolutus, libidinosus, intemperans 
 reperiebatur, ut omnes admlrarentur in uno homine 15 
 tantam esse dissimilitudinem tamque dlversam naturam. 
 
 II. Educatus est in domo Pericli — privlgnus enim 
 eius fuisse dicitur — eruditus a Socrate. Socerum habuit 
 Hipponicum, omnium Graeca lingua loquentium dltissi- 
 mum ; ut, si ipse fingere vellet, neque plura bona 20 
 eminisci neque maiora posset consequi, quam vel natura 
 vel fortuna tribuerat. 
 
 III. Bello Peloponnesio huius consilio atque auctori- 
 tate Athenienses bellum Syracusanls indixerunt. Ad quod 
 gerendum ipse dux delectus est, duo praeterea conlegae ?t> 
 dati, Nlcias et Lamachus. Id cum appararetur, prius 
 quam classis exiret, accidit ut una nocte omnes Hermae, 
 
 29 
 
30 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [iv. 
 
 qui in oppido erant Athenis, deicerentur praeter unum, 
 qui ante ianuam erat Andocidi — itaque ille postea Mer- 
 curius Andocidi vocitatus est. Hoc cum appareret non 
 sine magna multorum consensione esse factum, quae non 
 
 5 ad privatam, sed ad publicam rem pertineret, magnus 
 multitudini timor est iniectus ne qua repentlna vis 'in civi- 
 tate exsisteret, quae Hbertatem opprimeret populi. Hoc 
 maxime convenlre in Alcibiadem videbatur, quod et po- 
 tentior et maior quam privatus exlstimabatur ; multos 
 
 io enim Hberalitate devinxerat, pliires etiam opera forensl 
 suos reddiderat. Qua re fiebat ut omnium oculos, quo- 
 tienscumque in publicum prodlsset, ad se converteret 
 neque el par quisquam in civitate poneretur. Itaque non 
 solum spem in eo habebant maximam, sed etiam timo- 
 
 15 rem, quod et obesse plurimum et prodesse poterat. 
 Aspergebatur etiam Infamia, quod in domo sua facere 
 mysteria dicebatur — quod nefas erat more Atheniensium 
 — idque non ad religionem, sed ad coniurationem per- 
 tinere exlstimabatur. 
 
 20 IV. Hoc crimine in contione ab inimicls compella- 
 batur. Sed instabat tempus ad bellum profisciscendl. Id 
 ille intuens neque Ignorans civium suorum consuetiidinem 
 postulabat, si quid de se agi vellent, potius de praesente 
 quaestio haberetur, quam absens invidiae crimine accusa- 
 
 25 retur. Inimici vero eius quiescendum in praesenti, quia 
 noceri el non posse intellegebant, et illud tempus ex- 
 spectandum decreverunt quo exlsset, ut absentem aggre- 
 derentur; itaque fecerunt. Nam postquam in Siciliam 
 eum pervenisse crediderunt, absentem, quod sacra vio- 
 
 30 lasset, reum fecerunt. 
 
 Qua de re cum el nuntius a magistratu in Siciliam 
 missus esset, ut domum ad causam dicendam rediret ; 
 
v.] ALCIBIADES 3 r 
 
 essetque in magna spe provinciae bene administrandae, 
 non parere noluit et in triremem, quae ad eum erat 
 deportandum mlssa, ascendit. Hac Thurios in Italiam 
 pervectus, multa secum reputans de immoderate civium 
 suorum licentia crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum 5 
 ratus impendentem evltare tempestatem, clam se ab cus- 
 todibus subduxit et inde prlmum Elidem, dein Thebas 
 venit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum bonis pub- 
 licatis audivit, et, id quod numquam antea usu venerat, 
 Eumolpidas sacerdotes a populo coactos ut se devove- 10 
 rent, eiusque devotionis quo testatior esset memoria, 
 exemplum in plla lapidea inclsum esse positum in pub- 
 lico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi, ut ipse praedicare 
 consuerat, non adversus patriam, sed inimlcos suos bellum 
 gessit, qui iidem hostes essent civitati ; nam cum intel- 15 
 legerent se plurimum prodesse posse rel publicae, ex ea 
 eiecisse plusque irae suae quam utilitatl communi paru- 
 isse. Itaque huius consilio Lacedaemonii cum Perse rege 
 amicitiam fecerunt, dein Deceleam in Attica munierunt 
 praesidioque ibi perpetuo posito in obsidione Athenas 20 
 tenuerunt. Eiusdem opera Ioniam a societate averterunt 
 Atheniensium. Quo facto multo superiores bello esse 
 coeperunt. 
 
 V. Neque vero his rebus tarn amlci Alcibiadi sunt 
 facti quam timore ab eo alienatl ; nam cum acerrimi virl 25 
 praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognoscerent, 
 pertimuerunt ne caritate patriae ductus aliquando ab ipsis 
 desclsceret et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Itaque tem- 
 pus eius interficiendi quaerere Instituerunt. Id Alcibiades 
 diutius celari non potuit ; erat enim ea sagacitate, ut 30 
 decipl non posset, praesertim cum animum attendisset ad 
 cavendum. Itaque ad Tissaphernem, praefectum regis 
 
32 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vi. 
 
 Darei, se contulit. Cuius cum in intimam amlcitiam 
 pervenisset et Atheniensium male gestls in Sicilia rebus 
 opes senescere, contra Lacedaemoniorum crescere videret, 
 initio cum Plsandro praetore, qui apud Samum exercitum 
 
 5 habebat, per internuntios conloquitur et de reditu suo 
 facit mentionem. Is erat enim eodem quo Alcibiades 
 sensu, populi potentiae non amicus et optimatium fautor. 
 Ab hoc destitutus primum per Thrasybulum, Lycl fllium, 
 ab exercitii recipitur praetorque fit apud Samum; post 
 
 io suffragante Theramene populi scito restituitur parique 
 absens imperio praeficitur simul cum Thrasybulo et 
 Theramene. 
 
 Horum in imperio tanta commutatio rerum facta est, 
 ut Lacedaemonil, qui paulo ante vlctores viguerant, per- 
 
 15 territl pacem peterent. Vlctl enim erant qulnque proelils 
 terrestribus, tribus navalibus, in quibus ducentas naves 
 triremes amlserant, quae captae in hostium venerant potes- 
 tatem. Alcibiades simul cum conlegls receperat Ioniam, 
 Hellespontam, multas praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in 
 
 20 ora sitae sunt Thraeciae, quarum expugnarant complures, 
 in els Byzantium, neque minus multas consilio ad ami- 
 citiam adiunxerant, quod in captos dementia fuerant usl. 
 Ita praeda onustl, locupletato exercitu, maximls rebus 
 gestls Athenas venerunt. 
 
 25 VI. His cum obviam universa clvitas in Plraeum de- 
 scendisset, tanta fuit omnium exspectatio vlsendl Alcibi- 
 adis, ut ad eius triremem vulgus conflueret, proinde ac 
 si solus advenisset. Sic enim populo erat persuasum, et 
 adversas superiores et praesentes secundas res accidisse 
 
 30 eius opera. Itaque et exercitum in Sicilia amlssum et 
 Lacedaemoniorum victorias culpae suae tribuebant, quod 
 talem virum e clvitate expulissent. Neque id sine causa 
 
vii.j ALCIBIADES 33 
 
 arbitrari videbantur ; nam postquam exercitul praeesse 
 coeperat, neque terra neque marl hostes pares esse 
 potuerant. Hie ut e navi egressus est, quamquam Thera- 
 menes et Thrasybulus eisdem rebus praefuerant simulque 
 venerant in Plraeum, tamen unum omnes ilium prose- 5 
 quebantur, et, id quod numquam antea usu venerat 
 nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis laurels taeniisque vulgo 
 donabatur. Ille lacrimans talem benevolentiam clvium 
 suorum accipiebat, reminiscens pristini temporis acerbi- 
 tatem. 10 
 
 Postquam in astii venit, contione advocata sic verba 
 fecit, ut nemo tarn ferus fuerit quin eius casul inlacri- 
 marit inimicumque els se ostenderit quorum opera patria 
 pulsus fuerat, proinde ac si alius populus, non ille ipse 
 qui turn flebat, eum sacrilegii damnasset. Restituta ergo 15 
 huic sunt publice bona, eidemque ill! Eumolpidae sacer- 
 dotes rursus resacrare sunt coacti, qui eum devoverant, 
 pilaeque illae, in quibus devotio fuerat scripta, in mare 
 praecipitatae. 
 
 VII. Haec Alcibiadi laetitia non nimis fuit diuturna. 20 
 Nam cum el omnes essent honores decreti totaque res 
 publica domi bellique tradita, ut unius arbitrio gereretur, 
 et ipse postulasset ut duo sibi conlegae darentur, Thrasy- 
 bulus et Adimantus, neque id negatum esset, classe in 
 Asiam profectus, quod apud Cymen minus ex sententia 2 ; 
 rem gesserat, in invidiam recidit ; nihil enim eum non 
 emcere posse diicebant. Ex quo flebat ut omnia minus 
 prospere gesta culpae tribuerent, cum aut eum negle- 
 genter aut malitiose fecisse loquerentur, sicut turn ac- 
 cidit ; nam corruptum a rege capere Cymen noluisse 30 
 arguebant. Itaque huic maxime putamus malo fuisse 
 nimiam opinionem ingenii atque virtutis ; timebatur enim 
 
34 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vm. 
 
 non minus quam dlligebatur, ne secunda fortuna mag- 
 nisque opibus elatus tyrannidem concupisceret. Quibus 
 rebus factum est ut absent! magistratum abrogarent et 
 alium in eius locum substituerent. 
 5 Id ille ut audlvit, domum reverti noluit et se Pactyen 
 contulit ibique tria castella communiit, Ornos, Bizanthen, 
 Neontichos, manuque conlecta primus Graecae civitatis 
 in Thraeciam introiit, gloriosius existimans barbarorum 
 praeda locupletarl quam Graiorum. Qua ex re creverat 
 
 io cum fama turn opibus, magnamque amicitiam sibi cum 
 quibusdam regibus Thraeciae pepererat. 
 
 VIII. Neque tamen a caritate patriae potuit recedere. 
 Nam cum apud Aegos flumen Philocles, praetor Athe- 
 niensium, classem constituisset suam neque longe abesset 
 
 15 Lysander, praetor Lacedaemoniorum, qui in eo erat occu- 
 patus ut bellum quam diutissime duceret, quod ipsis 
 pecunia a rege suppeditabatur, contra Atheniensibus ex- 
 haustis praeter arma et naves nihil erat super, Alcibiades 
 ad exercitum venit Atheniensium ibique praesente vulgo 
 
 20 agere coepit : si vellent, se coacturum Lysandrum dimi- 
 care aut pacem petere ; Lacedaemonios eo nolle classe 
 confligere, quod pedestribus copiis plus quam navibus 
 valerent; sibi autem esse facile Seuthem, regem Thrae- 
 cum, adducere ut eum terra depelleret ; quo facto neces- 
 
 25 sario aut classe confllcturum aut bellum compositurum. 
 Id etsl vere dictum Philocles animadvertebat, tamen 
 postulata facere noluit, quod sentiebat se Alcibiade 
 recepto nullius momenti apud exercitum futurum et, si 
 quid secundi evenisset, nullam in ea re suam partem 
 
 30 fore, contra ea, si quid adversi accidisset, se unum eius 
 delicti futurum reum. Ab hoc discedens Alcibiades 
 " Quoniam," inquit, " victoriae patriae repugnas, illud mo- 
 
ix., x.] ALCIBIADES 35 
 
 neo, ne iuxta hostem castra habeas nautica ; perlculum 
 est enim, ne immodestia mllitum vestrorum occasio detur 
 Lysandro vestri opprimendl exercitus." Neque ea res 
 ilium fefellit ; nam Lysander cum per speculators com- 
 perisset vulgum Atheniensium in terram praedatum exisse 5 
 navesque paene inanes relictas, tempus rei gerendae non 
 dlmisit eoque impetu bellum totum delevit. 
 
 IX. At Alcibiades, victls Atheniensibus non satis tuta 
 eadem loca sibi arbitrans, penitus in Thraeciam se supra 
 Propontidem abdidit, sperans ibi facillime suam fortunam 10 
 occuli posse. Falso. Nam Thraeces, postquam eum 
 cum magna pecunia venisse senserunt, insidias fecerunt 
 eaque quae apportarat abstulerunt, ipsum capere non 
 potuerunt. Ille cernens nullum locum sibi tutum in 
 Graecia propter potentiam Lacedaemoniorum ad Pharna- 15 
 bazum in Asiam transiit, quern quidem adeo sua cepit 
 humanitate, ut eum nemo in amicitia antecederet. Nam- 
 que ei Grynium dederat, in Phrygia castrum, ex quo 
 qulnquagena talenta vectigalis capiebat. Qua fortuna 
 Alcibiades non erat contentus neque Athenas victas 20 
 Lacedaemoniis servlre poterat pati. Itaque ad patriam 
 liberandam omni ferebatur cogitatione. Sed videbat id 
 sine rege Perse non posse fieri, ideoque eum amicum 
 sibi cupiebat adiungl neque dubitabat facile se conse- 
 cuturum, si modo eius conveniendi habuisset potestatem. 25 
 Nam Cyrum fratrem ei bellum clam parare Lacedae- 
 moniis adiuvantibus sciebat ; id si aperuisset, magnam se 
 initurum gratiam videbat. 
 
 X. Hoc cum mollretur peteretque a Pharnabazo, ut 
 ad regem mitteretur, eodem tempore Critias ceterique 30 
 tyrannl Atheniensium certos homines ad Lysandrum in 
 Asiam mlserant, qui eum certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibia- 
 
36 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [XI. 
 
 dem sustulisset, nihil earum rerum fore ratum, quas ipse 
 Athenis constituisset ; qua re, si suas res gestas manere 
 vellet, ilium persequeretur. His Laco rebus commotus 
 statuit accuratius sibi agendum cum Pharnabazo. Huic 
 
 5 ergo renuntiat quae regi cum Lacedaemoniis convenis- 
 sent, nisi Alcibiadem vlvum aut mortuum sibi tradidisset. 
 Non tulit hoc satrapes et violare clementiam quam regis 
 opes minui maluit. 
 
 Itaque misit Susamithren et Bagaeum ad Alcibiadem 
 
 io interficiendum, cum ille esset in Phrygia iterque ad 
 regem compararet. Miss! clam viclnitatl, in qua turn 
 Alcibiades erat, dant negotium ut eum interficiant. 111! 
 cum ferro aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt 
 circa casam earn, in qua quiescebat, eaque succenderunt, 
 
 15 ut incendio conficerent, quern manu superari posse diffi- 
 debant. Ille autem ut sonitu flammae est excitatus, etsi 
 gladius el erat subductus, familiaris sui subalare telum 
 eripuit. Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, 
 qui numquam discedere voluerat. Hunc sequi se iubet 
 
 20 et id quod in praesentia vestimentorum fuit adripit. His 
 in ignem coniectis flammae vim transiit. Quem ut bar- 
 bari incendium effugisse viderunt, tells eminus missis 
 interfecerunt caputque eius ad Pharnabazum rettulerunt. 
 At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat, muliebri sua 
 
 25 veste contectum aedificii incendio mortuum cremavit, 
 quod ad vivum interimendum erat comparatum. Sic Al- 
 cibiades annos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit 
 supremum. 
 
 XL Hunc infamatum a plerisque tres gravissimi histo- 
 
 30 rid summls laudibus extulerunt : Thucydides, qui eius- 
 dem aetatis fuit, Theopompus, post aliquanto natus, et 
 Timaeus ; qui quidem duo maledicentissimi nescio quo 
 
XI.] ALCIBIADES 37 
 
 modo in illo uno laudando consentiunt. Namque ea, 
 quae supra scripsimus, de eo praedicarunt atque hoc 
 amplius : cum Athenis, splendidissima civitate, natus esset, 
 omnes splendore ac dignitate superasse vitae ; postquam 
 inde expulsus Thebas venerit, adeo studils eorum inser- 5 
 vlsse, ut nemo eura labore corporisque viribus posset 
 aequiperare — omnes enim Boeoti magis firmitatl corporis 
 quam ingenil acumini serviunt ; — eundem apud Lace- 
 daemonios, quorum moribus summa virtus in patientia 
 ponebatur, sic duritiae se dedisse, ut parsimonia victus 10 
 atque cultus omnes Lacedaemonios vinceret ; fuisse apud 
 Thraecas, homines vinolentos rebusque veneriis deditos : 
 hos quoque in his rebus antecessisse ; venisse ad Persas, 
 apud quos summa laus esset fortiter venari, luxuriose 
 vivere : horum sic imitatum consuetudinem, ut illi ipsi 15 
 eum in his maxime admirarentur. Quibus rebus effecisse 
 ut, apud quoscumque esset, princeps poneretur habere- 
 turque carissimus. Sed satis de hoc ; reliquos ordiamur. 
 
 
VIII. THRASYBULUS. 
 
 I. Thrasybulus, Lyci fllius, Atheniensis. Si per se vir- 
 tus sine fortuna ponderanda est, dubito an hunc primum 
 omnium ponam ; illud sine dubio : neminem huic prae- 
 fero fide, constantia, magnitudine animi, in patriam 
 
 5 amore. Nam quod mult! voluerunt paucique potuerunt 
 ab uno tyranno patriam Hberare, huic contigit ut a 
 triginta oppressam tyrannis e servitude in libertatem vin- 
 dicaret. Sed nescio quo modo, cum eum nemo anteiret 
 his virtutibus, multi nobilitate praecucurrerunt. Primum 
 
 io Peloponnesio bello multa hie sine Alcibiade gessit, ille 
 nullam rem sine hoc ; quae ille uni versa natural! quodam 
 bono fecit lucri. Sed ilia tamen omnia communia im- 
 peratoribus cum militibus et fortuna, quod in proelii 
 concursu abit res a consilio ad vices rerum virtutemque 
 
 15 pugnantium. Itaque iiire suo nonniilla ab imperatore 
 miles, plurima vero fortuna vindicat seque his plus valu- 
 isse vere potest praedicare. Verum illud magnificentissi- 
 mum factum proprium est Thrasybuli; nam cum triginta 
 tyranni praepositi a Lacedaemoniis servitude oppresses 
 
 20 tenerent Athenas, plurimos cives, quibus in bello parserat 
 fortuna, partim patria expulissent partim interfecissent, 
 plurimorum bona publicata inter se divisissent, non solum 
 princeps, sed etiam solus initio bellum els indixit. 
 
 II. Hie enim cum Phylen confugisset, quod est cas- 
 25 tellum in Attica munltissimum, non plus habuit secum 
 
 triginta de suis. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atticorum, hoc 
 robur Hbertatis clarissimae civitatis. Neque vero hie non 
 
 38 
 
Hi.] THRASYBULUS 39 
 
 contemptus est primo a tyrannis atque eius solitudo. 
 Quae quid em res et illis contemnentibus perniciei et huic 
 despecto saluti fuit ; etenim illos segnes ad persequen- 
 dum, hos autem tempore ad compararidum dato fecit 
 robustiores. Quo magis praeceptum illud omnium in 5 
 animis esse debet, nihil in bello oportere contemn!, 
 neque sine causa dicitur matrem timid! flere non solere. 
 Neque tamen pro opinione Thrasybull auctae sunt opes ; 
 nam iam illis temporibus fortius boni pro libertate loque- 
 bantur quam pugnabant. Hinc in Piraeum transiit Mu- 10 
 nychiamque munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt 
 adorti, ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus in urbem armis 
 impedimentlsque amissls refugerunt. 
 
 Usus est Thrasybulus non minus prudentia quam forti- 
 tudine ; nam cedentes violarT vetuit — cives enim civibus 15 
 parcere aequum censebat — neque quisquam est vulnera- 
 tus nisi qui prior impugnare voluit. Neminem iacentem 
 veste spoliavit, nil attigit nisi arma, quorum indigebat, 
 quaeque ad vlctum pertinebant. In secundo proelio ce- 
 cidit Critias, dux tyrannorum, cum quidem adversus 20 
 Thrasybulum fortissime pugnaret. 
 
 III. Hoc deiecto Pausanias venit Atticis auxilio, rex 
 Lacedaemoniorum. Is inter Thrasybulum et eos, qui 
 urbem tenebant, fecit pacem his condicionibus : ne qui 
 praeter triginta tyrannos et decern, qui postea praetores 25 
 creati superioris more crudelitatis erant usi, adficerentur 
 exsilio neve bona publicarentur ; rei publicae procuratio 
 populo redderetur. Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasybull, 
 quod reconciliata pace, cum plurimum in civitate posset, 
 legem tulit ne quis ante actarum rerum accusaretur neve 30 
 multaretur, eamque illi oblivionis appellarunt. Neque 
 vero hanc tantum ferendam curavit, sed etiam ut valeret 
 

 40 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [iv. 
 
 effecit. Nam cum quidam ex els, qui simul cum eo in 
 exsilio fuerant, caedem facere eorum vellent cum quibus 
 in gratiam reditum erat publice, prohibuit et id quod 
 pollicitus erat praestitit. 
 
 5 IV. Huic pro tantls meritis honoris causa corona a 
 populo data est, facta duabus virgulis oleaginis ; quam 
 quod amor civium et non vis expresserat, nullam habuit 
 invidiam magnaque fuit gloria. Bene ergo Pittacus ille, 
 qui in septem sapientum numero est habitus, cum Mytile- 
 
 io naei multa milia iugerum agri ei muneri darent, " Nollte, 
 oro vos," inquit, " id mihi dare, quod multi invideant, 
 plures etiam concupiscant. Qua re ex istis nolo amplius 
 quam centum iugera, quae et meam animi aequitatem 
 et vestram voluntatem indicent ; nam parva munera diu- 
 
 15 tina, locupletia non propria esse consuerunt." Ilia igitur 
 corona contentus Thrasybulus neque amplius requisivit 
 neque quemquam honore se antecessisse existimavit. Hie 
 sequent! tempore, cum praetor classem ad Ciliciam ap- 
 pulisset neque satis diligenter in castrls eius agerentur 
 
 20 vigiliae, a barbaris ex oppido noctu eruptione facta in 
 tabernaculo interfectus est. 
 
IX. CONON. 
 
 I. Conon Atheniensis Peloponnesio bello accessit ad 
 rem publicam, in eoque eius opera magni fuit ; nam et 
 praetor pedestribus exercitibus praefuit et praefectus 
 classis magnas marl res gessit. Quas ob causas prae- 
 cipuus ei honos habitus est. Namque omnibus unus 5 
 insulis praefuit, in qua potestate Pheras cepit, coloniam 
 Lacedaemoniorum. Fuit etiam extremo Peloponnesio 
 bello praetor, cum apud Aegos flumen copiae Athenien- 
 sium ab Lysandro sunt devictae. Sed turn afuit, eoque 
 peius res administrata est; nam et prudens rel militaris i° 
 et diligens erat imperator. Itaque nemini erat eis tem- 
 poribus dubium, si adfuisset, illam Athenienses calamita- 
 tem accepturos non fuisse. 
 
 II. Rebus autem adflictis, cum patriam obsideri audis- 
 set, non quaeslvit ubi ipse tuto viveret, sed unde prae- J 5 
 sidio posset esse clvibus suis. Itaque contulit se ad 
 Pharnabazum, satrapem Ioniae et Lydiae eundemque 
 generum regis et propmquum ; apud quern ut multum 
 gratia valeret, multo labore multlsque eflecit periculis. 
 Nam cum Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus devictis in societate 20 
 non manerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant, Agesila- 
 umque bellatum misissent in Asiam, maxime impulsi a 
 Tissapherne, qui ex intimis regis ab amicitia eius def ecerat 
 
 et cum Lacedaemoniis coierat societatem, hunc adversus 
 Pharnabazus habitus est imperator, re quidem vera ex- 25 
 ercitui praefuit Conon eiusque omnia arbitrio gesta sunt. 
 Hie multum ducem summum Agesilaum impedivit saepe- 
 
 41 
 
42 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [m., iv. 
 
 que eius consiliis obstitit, neque vero non fuit apertum, 
 si ille non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus regi 
 fuisse erepturum. 
 
 Qui postea quam domum a suis civibus revocatus est, 
 5 quod Boeoti et Athenienses Lacedaemonils bellum indixe- 
 rant, Conon nihilo setius apud praefectos regis versabatur 
 elsque omnibus magno erat usui. 
 
 III. Defecerat a rege Tissaphernes, neque id tam 
 Artaxerxi quam ceteris erat apertum ; multis enim mag- 
 
 io nisque meritis apud regem, etiam cum in officio non 
 maneret, valebat. Neque id erat mlrandum, si non facile 
 ad credendum addiicebatur, reminiscens eius se opera 
 Cyrum fratrem superasse. Huius accusandi gratia Conon 
 a Pharnabazo ad regem missus postea quam ven it, primum 
 
 15 ex more Persarum ad chiliarchum, qui secundum gradum 
 imperii tenebat, Tithrausten accessit seque ostendit cum 
 rege conloqui velle. Huic ille, " Nulla," inquit, " mora 
 est, sed tu delibera, utrum conloqui malls an per litteras 
 agere quae cogitas. Necesse est enim, si in conspectum 
 
 20 veneris, venerari te regem ; nemo enim sine hoc admitti- 
 tur. Hoc si tibi grave est, per rne nihilo setius editis 
 mandatis conficies quod studes." 
 
 Turn Conon " Mihi vero," inquit, "non est grave 
 quemvis honorem habere regi, sed vereor ne civitati meae 
 
 25 sit opprobrio, si, cum ex ea sim profectus quae ceteris 
 gentibus imperare consuerit, potius barbarorum quam illlus 
 more fungar." Itaque quae volebat huic scripta tradidit. 
 
 IV. Quibus cognitis rex tantum auctoritate eius motus 
 est, ut et Tissaphernem hostem iudicarit et Lacedaemo- 
 
 30 nios bello persequi iusserit et el permiserit quern vellet 
 eligere ad dispensandam pecuniam. Id arbitrium Conon 
 negavit sin esse consilh, sed ipsius, qui optime suos nosse 
 
v.] CONON 43 
 
 deberet, sed se suadere, Pharnabazo id negotil daret. 
 Hinc magrris muneribus donatus ad mare est missus, ut 
 Cyprus et Phoenicibus ceterisque maritimis civitatibus 
 naves longas imperaret classemque, qua proxima aestate 
 mare tueri posset, compararet, dato adiutore Pharnabazo, 5 
 slcut ipse voluerat. Id ut Lacedaemoniis est nuntiatum, 
 non sine cura rem administrant, quod maius bellum 
 imminere arbitrabantur quam si cum barbaro solum 
 contenderent ; nam ducem fortem et prudentem regiis 
 opibus praefuturum ac secum dimicaturum videbant, quern 10 
 neque consilio neque copiis superare possent. Hac 
 mente magnam contrahunt classem ; proficiscuntur Pisan- 
 dro duce. Hos Conon apud Cnidum adortus magno 
 proelio fugat, multas naves capit, complures deprimit. 
 
 Qua victoria non solum Athenae, sed etiam cuncta 15 
 Graecia, quae sub Lacedaemoniorum fuerat imperio, libe- 
 rata est. Conon cum parte navium in patriam venit, 
 muros dirutos a Lysandro utrosque, et Piraei et Athena- 
 rum, reficiendos curat peciiniaeque quinquaginta talenta, 
 quae a Pharnabazo acceperat, clvibus suis donat. 20 
 
 V. Accidit huic, quod ceteris mortalibus, ut inconside- 
 ratior in secunda quam in adversa esset fortuna. Nam 
 classe Peloponnesiorum devicta, cum ultum se iniurias 
 patriae putaret, plura concupivit quam efficere potuit. 
 Neque tamen ea non pia et probanda fuerunt, quod 25 
 potius patriae opes augeri quam regis maluit. Nam cum 
 magnam auctoritatem sibi pugna ilia navali, quam apud 
 Cnidum fecerat, constituisset non solum inter barbaros, 
 sed etiam omnes Graeciae civitates, clam dare operam 
 coepit, ut Ioniam et Aeoliam restitueret Atheniensibus. 30 
 Id cum minus dlligenter esset celatum, Tiribazus, qui 
 S-irdibus praeerat, Cononem evocavit, simulans ad regem 
 
44 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [v. 
 
 eum se mittere velle magna de re. Huius nuntio parens 
 cum venisset, in vincla coniectus est, in quibus aliquamdiu 
 fuit. Inde nonnulli eum ad regem abductum ibique eum 
 perisse scriptum reliquerunt. Contra ea Dlnon historicus, 
 5 cui nos plurimum de Persicis rebus credimus, effugisse 
 scripsit ; illud addubitat, utrum Tlribazo sciente an im- 
 prudente sit factum. 
 
 
X. DION. 
 
 I. Dion, Hipparinl fllius, Syracusanus, nobili genere 
 natus, utraque impiicatus tyrannide Dionysiorum. Nam- 
 que ille superior Aristomachen, sororem Dionis, habuit in 
 matrimonio, ex qua duos fllios, Hipparinum et Nlsaeum, 
 procreavit totidemque fllias, nomine Sophrosynen et Are- 5 
 ten, quarum priorem Dionysio fllio, eidem cui regnum 
 rellquit, nuptum dedit, alteram, Areten, DionT. 
 
 Dion autem praeter generosam proplnquitatem nobilem- 
 que maiorum famam multa alia ab natura habuit bona, 
 in els ingenium docile, come, aptum ad artes optimas, 10 
 magnam corporis dignitatem, quae non minimum com- 
 mendat, magnas praeterea divitias a patre rellctas, quas 
 ipse tyranni muneribus auxerat. Erat intimus Dionysio 
 priori, neque minus propter mores quam adflnitatem. 
 Namque etsl Dionysil crudelitas el displicebat, tamen 15 
 salvum propter necessitudinem, magis etiam suorum causa 
 studebat. Aderat in magnis rebus, eiusque consilio mul- 
 tum movebatur tyrannus, nisi qua in re maior ipsius cupi- 
 ditas intercesserat. Legationes vero omnes, quae essent 
 inlustriores, per Dionem administrabantur ; quas quidem 20 
 ille diligenter obeundo, fideliter administrando crude- 
 lissimum nomen tyranni sua humanitate leniebat. Hunc 
 a Dionysio mlssum Carthaginienses sic suspexerunt, ut 
 neminem umquam Graeca lingua loquentem magis sint 
 admlratl. 25 
 
 II. Neque vero haec Dionysium fugiebant ; nam quanto 
 esset sibi ornamento, sentiebat. Quo flebat ut unl huic 
 
 45 
 
46 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [m. 
 
 maxime indulgeret neque eum secus diligeret ac filium ; 
 qui quidem, cum Platonem Tarentum venisse fama in 
 Siciliam esset perlata, adulescenti negare non potuerit 
 quin eum arcesseret, cum Dion eius audiendi cupiditate 
 5 flagraret. Dedit ergo huic veniam magnaque eum am- 
 bitione Syracusas perduxit. Quem Dion adeo admiratus 
 est atque adamavit, ut se el totum traderet. Neque vero 
 minus ipse Plato delectatus est Dione. Itaque cum a 
 tyranno criideliter violatus esset, quippe qui eum ve- 
 
 io numdari iussisset, tamen eodem rediit eiusdem Dionis 
 precibus adductus. Interim in morbum incidit Dionysius. 
 Quo cum gravius conflictaretur, quaesivit a medicls Dion, 
 quem ad modum se haberet, simulque ab els petiit, si 
 forte in maiore esset perlculo, ut sibi faterentur; nam 
 
 15 velle se cum eo conloqui de partiendo regno, quod soro- 
 ris suae filios ex illo natos partem regni putabat debere 
 habere. Id medic! non tacuerunt et ad Dionysium filium 
 sermonem rettulerunt. Quo ille commotus, ne agendi 
 esset Dioni potestas, patri soporem medicos dare coegit. 
 
 20 Hoc aeger sumpto sopitus diem obiit supremum. 
 
 III. Tale initium fuit Dionis et Dionysil simultatis, 
 eaque multis rebus aucta est. Sed tamen primis tempori- 
 bus aliquamdiii simulata inter eos amicitia mansit ; sicut, 
 cum Dion non desisteret obsecrare Dionysium, ut Plato- 
 
 25 nem Athenis arcesseret et eius consiliis uteretur, ille, qui 
 in aliqua re vellet patrem imitari, morem el gessit. Eo- 
 demque tempore Philistum historicum Syracusas reduxit, 
 hominem amicum non magis tyranno quam tyrannidi. 
 Sed de hoc in eo libro plura sunt exposita, qui de his- 
 
 30 toricis Graecis conscrlptus est. Plato autem tantum apud 
 Dionysium auctoritate potuit valuitque eloquentia, ut el 
 persuaserit tyrannidis facere finem libertatemque reddere 
 
iv., v.] DION 47 
 
 Syracusanis. A qua voluntate Philisti consilio deterritus 
 aliquanto crudelior esse coepit. 
 
 IV. Qui quidem cum a Dione se superari videret 
 ingenio, auctoritate, amore popull, verens ne, si eum 
 secum haberet, aliquam occasionem sui daret opprimendl, 5 
 navem el triremem dedit, qua Corinthum deveheretur, 
 ostendens se id utriusque facere causa, ne, cum inter se 
 timerent, alteruter alterum praeoccuparet. Id cum factum 
 multi indignarentur magnaeque esset invidiae tyranno, 
 Dionysius omnia, quae moverl poterant Dionis, in naves 10 
 imposuit ad eumque misit. Sic enim existimari volebat, 
 
 id se non odio hominis, sed suae salutis fecisse causa. 
 Postea vero quam audlvit eum in Peloponneso manum 
 comparare sibique bellum facere conari, Areten, Dionis 
 uxorem, alii nuptum dedit filiumque eius sic educari 15 
 iussit, ut indulgendo turpissimis imbueretur cupiditatibus. 
 Nam puer vino epulisque obruebatur, neque ullum tempus 
 sobrio relinquebatur. Is usque eo vitae statum commu- 
 tatum ferre non potuit, postquam in patriam rediit pater 
 — namque appositi erant custodes, qui eum a pristino 20 
 victu deducerent — ut se de superiore parte aedium 
 deiecerit atque ita interierit. Sed illuc revertor. 
 
 V. Postquam Corinthum pervenit Dion et eodem per- 
 fugit Heraclldes ab eodem expulsus Dionysio, qui prae- 
 fectus fuerat equitum, omni ratione bellum comparare 25 
 coeperunt. Sed non multum proficiebant, quod multorum 
 annorum tyrannis magnarum opum putabatur; quam ob 
 causam pauci ad societatem pericull perducebantur. 
 
 Sed Dion, fretus non tarn suis copiis quam odio ty- 
 ranni, maximo animo duabus onerariis navibus quin- 30 
 quaginta annorum imperium, munltum qulngentis longis 
 navibus, decern equitum centumque peditum milibus, pro- 
 
48 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [to. 
 
 fectus oppiignatum, quod omnibus gentibus admirabile est 
 visum, adeo facile perculit. ut post diem tertium, quam 
 Siciliam attigerat, Syraciisas introierit. Ex quo intellegi 
 potest nullum esse imperium tutum nisi benevolentia 
 5 infinitum. Eo tempore aberat Dionvsius et in Italia 
 classem opperiebatur adversariorum, ratus neminem sine 
 magnis copils ad se venturum. Quae res eum fefellit ; 
 nam Dion els ipsis, qui sub adversarii fuerant potestate, 
 regios spiritus repressit totiusque eius partis Siciliae poti- 
 
 10 tus est, quae sub Dionysii fuerat potestate, parique modo 
 urbis S\Tacusarum praeter arcem et insulam adiunctam 
 oppido, eoque rem perduxit, ut talibus pactiouibus pacem 
 tyrannus facere vellet : Siciliam Dion obtineret, Italiam 
 Dionvsius, Syracusas Apollocrates, cul maximam fidem unT 
 
 15 habebat Dionvsius. 
 
 VI. Has tam prosperas tamque inopinatas res conse- 
 cuta est subita commutatio, quod fortuna sua mobilitate, 
 quem paulo ante extulerat, demergere est adorta. Pri- 
 mum in filio, de quo coramemora\i supra, suam vim 
 
 20 exercuit. Nam cum uxorem reduxisset. quae alii fuerat 
 tradita, filiumque vellet revocare ad virtutem a perdita 
 luxuria, accepit gravissimum parens \ulnus morte fllil. 
 Deinde orta dissensio est inter eum et Heraclldem, qui, 
 quod ei principatum non concedebat, factionem compa- 
 
 25 ravit. Neque is minus valebat apud optimates, quorum 
 consensu praeerat class!, cum Dion exercitum pedestrem 
 teneret. Non tulit hoc animo aequo Dion, et versum 
 ilium Homerl rettulit ex secunda rhapsodia. in quo haec 
 sententia est : non posse bene geri rem publicam mul- 
 
 30 torum imperils. Quod dictum magna invidia conseciita 
 est; namque aperuisse videbatur omnia in sua potestate 
 esse velle. Hanc ille non lenlre obsequio, sed acerbitate 
 
 
vii., viii] DION 49 
 
 opprimere studuit, Heraclidemque, cum Syracusas venis- 
 set, interficiendum curavit. 
 
 VII. Quod factum omnibus maximum timorem iniecit ; 
 nemo enim illo interfecto se tutum putabat. Ille autem 
 adversario remoto licentius eorum bona, quos sciebat 5 
 adversus se sensisse, mllitibus dispertivit. Quibus dlvisls 
 cum cottidiani maximi fierent sumptus, celeriter pecunia 
 deesse coepit, neque quo manus porrigeret suppetebat, 
 nisi in amlcorum possessiones. Id eius modi erat, ut, 
 cum mllites reconciliasset, amitteret optimates. Quarum 10 
 rerum cura angebatur et insuetus male audiendi, non 
 animo aequo ferebat de se ab els male existimari, quorum 
 paulo ante in caelum fuerat elatus laudibus. Vulgus 
 autem offensa in eum militum voluntate liberius loque- 
 batur et tyrannum non ferendum dictitabat. 15 
 
 VIII. Haec ille intuens cum quern ad modum sedaret 
 nesciret, et quorsum evaderent timeret, Callicrates quidam, 
 civis Atheniensis, qui simul cum eo ex Peloponneso in 
 Siciliam venerat, homo et callidus et ad fraudem acutus, 
 sine ulla religione ac fide,, adiit ad Dionem et ait : eum 20 
 magno in periculo esse propter offensionem populi et 
 odium militum, quod nullo modo evltare posset, nisi 
 alicul suorum negotium daret, qui se simularet illl iniml- 
 cum. Quern si invenisset idoneum, facile omnium animos 
 cogniturum adversariosque sublaturum, quod inimici eius 25 
 dissident! suos sensus aperturi forent. 
 
 Tali consilio probato excepit has partes ipse Callicrates 
 et se armat imprudentia Dionis. Ad eum interficiendum 
 socios conquirit, adversarios eius convenit, coniuratione 
 conflrmat. Res, multis consciis quae ageretur, elata de- 30 
 fertur ad Aristomachen, sororem Dionis, uxoremque 
 Areten. Illae timore perterritae conveniunt, cuius de 
 
SO CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [ix., x. 
 
 periculo timebant. At ille negat a Callicrate fieri sibi 
 insidias, sed ilia, quae agerentur, fieri praecepto suo. 
 Mulieres nihilo setius Callicratem in aedem Proserpinae 
 deducunt ac iurare cogunt, nihil ab illo periculi fore 
 5 Dioni. Ille hac religione non modo non est deterritus, 
 sed ad matiirandum concitatus est, verens ne prius con- 
 silium aperiretur suum, quam cogitata perfecisset. 
 
 IX. Hac mente proximo die festo, cum a conventii 
 se remotum Dion domi teneret atque in conclavi edito 
 
 I0 recubuisset, consciis facinoris loca munitiora oppidi tradit, 
 
 domum custodiis saepit, a foribus qui non discedant 
 
 ' certos praeficit, navem triremem armatis ornat Philostrato- 
 
 que, fratri suo, tradit eamque in portu agitare iubet, ut 
 
 si exercere remiges vellet, cogitans, si forte consiliis ob- 
 
 i 5 stitisset fortuna, ut haberet qua aufugeret ad salutem. 
 Suorum autem e numero Zacynthios adulescentes quos- 
 dam eligit cum audacissimos turn viribus maximis, eisque 
 dat negotium, ad Dionem eant inermes, sic ut conve- 
 niendl eius gratia viderentur venire. Ii propter notitiam 
 
 20 sunt intromissi. At illius ut limen intrarant, foribus obse- 
 ratis in lecto cubantem invadunt, conligant ; fit strepitus, 
 adeo ut exaudiri posset foris. Hie, sicut ante saepe 
 dictum est, quam invisa sit singularis potentia et mise- 
 randa vita, qui se metui quam amari malunt, cuivis facile 
 
 25 intellectu fuit. Namque illi ipsi custodes, si prompta 
 fuissent voluntate, foribus effractis servare eum potuissent, 
 quoad illi inermes telum foris flagitantes vivum tenebant. 
 Cui cum succurreret nemo, Lyco quidam Syracusanus per 
 fenestram gladium dedit, quo Dion interfectus est. 
 
 3 o X. Confecta caede, cum multitudo visendi gratia in- 
 troisset, nonnulli ab insciis pro noxiis conciduntur. Nam 
 celeri rumore dilato, Dioni vim adlatam, multi concurre- 
 
x.] DION 5 1 
 
 rant, quibus tale facinus displicebat. II falsa susplcione 
 ductl immerentes ut sceleratos occidunt. Huius de morte 
 ut palam factum est, mlrabiliter vulgl mutata est voluntas ; 
 nam qui vlvum eum tyrannum vocitarant, eidem llbera- 
 torem patriae tyrannlque expulsorem praedicabant. Sic 5 
 subito misericordia odio successerat, ut eum suo sanguine 
 ab Acherunte, si possent, cuperent redimere. Itaque in 
 urbe celeberrimo loco, elatus publice, sepulcri monumento 
 donatus est. Diem obiit circiter annos quinquaginta 
 natus, quartum post annum quam ex Peloponneso in Sici- 10 
 liam redierat. 
 
XI. IPHICRATES. 
 
 I. Iphicrates Atheniensis non tam magnitudine rerum 
 gestarum quam disciplina mllitarl nobilitatus est. Fuit 
 enim talis dux, ut non solum aetatis suae cum primls 
 compararetur, sed ne de maioribus natu quidem quis- 
 
 5 quam anteponeretur. Multum vero in bello est versatus, 
 saepe exercitibus praefuit, nusquam culpa male rem ges- 
 sit, semper consilio vlcit tantumque eo valuit, ut multa in 
 re mllitarl partim nova attulerit, partim meliora fecerit. 
 Namque ille pedestria arma mutavit. Cum ante ilium 
 
 io imperatorem maximis clipeis, brevibus hastls, minutis 
 gladiis uterentur, ille e contrario peltam pro parma fecit 
 — a quo postea peltastae pedites appellabantur — ut ad 
 motus concursusque essent leviores, hastae modum du- 
 plicavit, gladios longiores fecit. Idem genus loricarum 
 
 15 novum Instituit et pro sertis atque aenels linteas dedit. 
 Quo facto expeditiores milites reddidit ; nam pondere 
 detracto, quod aeque corpus tegeret et leve esset curavit. 
 
 II. Bellum cum Thraecibus gessit, Seuthem, socium 
 Atheniensium, in regnum restituit. Apud Corinthum tanta 
 
 20 severitate exercitui praefuit, ut nullae umquam in Graecia 
 neque exercitatiores copiae heque magis dicto audientes 
 fuerint duel, in eamque consuetudinem addiixit ut, cum 
 proelii signum ab imperatore esset datum, sine ducis 
 opera sic ordinatae consisterent, ut singuli a peritissimo 
 
 25 imperatore dispositl viderentur. Hoc exercitu moram 
 Lacedaemoniorum interfecit, quod maxime tota celebra- 
 tum est Graecia. Iterum eodem bello omnes copias 
 
 52 
 
in.] IPHICRATES 53 
 
 eorum fugavit, quo facto magnam adeptus est gloriam. 
 Cum Artaxerxes Aegyptio regl bellum inferre voluit, 
 iphicraten ab Atheniensibus ducem petivit, quern prae- 
 ficeret exercitui conducticio, cuius numerus duodecim 
 milium fuit. Quern quidem sic omni disciplina mllitari 5 
 erudivit, ut quem ad modum quondam Fabiani milites 
 Romae, sic Iphicratenses apud Graecos in sum ma laude 
 fuerint. 
 
 Idem subsidio Lacedaemoniis profectus Epaminondae 
 retardavit impetus ; nam nisi eius adventus appropin- 10 
 quasset, non prius Thebani Sparta abscessissent, quam 
 captam ijicendio delessent 
 
 III. Fuit autem et animo magno et corpore imperato- 
 riaque forma, ut ipso aspectu cuivis iniceret admirationem 
 sul, sed in labore nimis remissus parumque patiens, ut 15 
 Theopompus memoriae prodidit, bonus vero clvis fideque 
 magna. Quod cum in aliis rebus declaravit, turn maxime 
 in Amyntae Macedonis Hberis tuendis. Namque Eury- 
 dice, mater Perdiccae et PhilippI, cum his duobus puerls 
 Amynta mortuo ad Iphicraten confiigit eiusque opibus 20 
 defensa est. Vixit ad senectutem placatis in se suorum 
 civium animis. Causam capitis semel dixit, bello social!, 
 simul cum Timotheo, eoque iudicio est absolutus. 
 
 Menesthea filium reliquit ex Thraessa natum, CotI 
 regis filia. Is cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris, patrem 25 
 matremne, faceret, " Matrem," inquit. Id cum omnibus 
 mirum videretur, at ille " Merito," inquit, " facio ; nam 
 pater, quantum in se fuit, Thraecem me genuit, contra ea 
 mater Atheniensem." 
 
XII. CHABRIAS. 
 
 I. Chabrias Atheniensis. Hie quoque in summis ha- 
 bitus est ducibus resque multas memoria dignas gessit. 
 Sed ex els elucet maxime inventum eius in proelio quod 
 apud Thebas fecit, cum Boeotis subsidio venisset. Nam- 
 
 5 que in eo victoria fidente summo duce Agesilao, 
 fugatis iam ab eo conducticiis catervis, reliquam pha- 
 langem loco vetuit cedere obnixoque genu scuto, proiecta 
 hasta impetum excipere hostium docuit. Id novum Age- 
 silaus contuens progredi non est ausus suosque iam in- 
 
 io. currentes tuba revocavit. Hoc usque eo tota Graecia 
 fama celebratum est, ut illo statu Chabrias sibi statuam 
 fieri voluerit, quae publice ei ab Atheniensibus in foro 
 constitute est. Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae 
 ceterique artifices eis statibus in statuis ponendis ute- 
 
 15 rentur, quibus victoriam essent adept!. 
 
 II. Chabrias autem multa in Europa bella admini- 
 stravit, cum dux Atheniensium esset ; in Aegypto sua 
 sponte gessit. Nam Nectenebin adiutum profectus reg- 
 num ei constituit. Fecit idem Cypri, sed publice ab 
 
 20 Atheniensibus Euagorae adiutor datus, neque prius inde 
 discessit, quam totam insulam bello devinceret ; qua ex 
 re Athenienses magnam gloriam sunt adepti. Interim 
 bellum inter Aegyptios et Persas conflatum est. Athe- 
 nienses cum Artaxerxe societatem habebant, Lacedae- 
 
 25 monii cum Aegyptiis, a quibus magnas praedas Agesilaus, 
 rex eorum, faciebat. Id intuens Chabrias, cum in re 
 nulla Agesilao cederet, sua sponte eos adiutum pro- 
 
 54 
 
in., iv. j CHABRIAS 55 
 
 fectus Aegyptiae class! praefuit, pedestribus copiis Agesi- 
 laus. 
 
 III. Turn praefecti regis Persae legatos miserunt Athe- 
 nas questum, quod Chabrias adversum regem bellum 
 gereret cum Aegyptiis. Athenienses diem certam Cha- 5 
 briae praestituerunt, quam ante domum nisi redisset, 
 capitis se ilium damnaturos denuntiarunt. Hoc ille nun- 
 tio Athenas rediit, neque ibi diutius est moratus, quam 
 fuit necesse. Non enim libenter erat ante oculos suorum 
 clvium, quod et vlvebat laute et indulgebat sibi Hberalius 10 
 quam ut invidiam vulgi posset effugere. Est enim hoc 
 commune vitium magnls liberisque civitatibus, ut invidia 
 gloriae comes sit et libenter de els detrahant quos 
 eminere videant altius, neque animo aequo pauperes 
 alienam opulentiam intueantur. Itaque Chabrias, quoad 15 
 ei licebat, plurimum aberat. Neque vero solus ille aberat 
 Athenis libenter, sed omnes fere principes fecerunt idem, 
 quod tantum se ab invidia putabant afuturos, quantum 
 
 a conspectii suorum recesserint. Itaque Conon plurimum 
 Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thraecia, Timotheus Lesbi, 20 
 Chares Sigei, dissimilis quidem Chares horum et factls et 
 moribus, sed tamen Athenis et honoratus et potens. 
 
 IV. Chabrias autem periit bello social! tall modo. 
 Oppugnabant Athenienses Chium. Erat in classe Chabrias 
 privatus, sed omnes, qui in magistrate erant, auctoritate 25 
 antelbat, eumque magis milites quam qui praeerant sus- 
 piciebant. Quae res el maturavit mortem. Nam dum 
 primus studet portum intrare gubernatoremque iubet 
 eo derigere navem, ipse sibi perniciei fuit ; cum enim eo 
 penetrasset, ceterae non sunt secutae. Quo facto circum- 30 
 fusus hostium concursu cum fortissime pugnaret, navis 
 rostro percussa coepit sidere. Hinc refugere cum posset, 
 
},6 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [iv. 
 
 si se in mare deiecisset, quod suberat classis Athenien- 
 sium quae exciperet natantes, perire maluit quam armls 
 abiectls navem relinquere, in qua fuerat vectus. Id ceteri 
 facere noluerunt, qui nando in tutum pervenerunt. At 
 5 ille, praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vTtae, 
 comminus pugnans tells hostium interfectus est. 
 
XIII. TIMOTHEUS. 
 
 I. Tlmotheus, Cononis filins, Atheniensis. Hie a patre 
 acceptam gloriam multis auxit virtutibus ; fuit enim diser- 
 tus, impiger, laboriosus, rei militaris perltus neque minus 
 civitatis regendae. Multa huius sunt praeclare facta, sed 
 haec maxime inlustria. Olynthios et Byzantios bello sube- 5 
 git. Samum cepit ; in quo oppugnando superiore bello 
 Athenienses mllle et ducenta talenta consumpserant, id 
 ille sine ulla publica impensa populo restituit. Adversus 
 Cotum bella gessit ab eoque mllle et ducenta talenta 
 praedae in publicum rettulit. Cyzicum obsidione llbe- 10 
 ravit. AriobarzanT simul cum Agesilao auxilio profectus 
 est, a quo cum Laco pecuniam numeratam accepisset, 
 ille cives suos agro atque urbibus augeri maiuit quam id 
 sumere, cuius partem domum suam ferre posset. Itaque 
 accepit CrTthoten et Sestum. 15 
 
 II. Idem class! praefectus circumvehens Peloponnesum, 
 Laconicen populatus, classem eorum fugavit, Corcyram 
 sub imperium Atheniensium redegit sociosque dein ad- 
 iunxit EpTrotas, Athamanas, Chaonas omnesque eas gentes, 
 quae mare illud adiacent. Quo facto Lacedaemonii de 20 
 diutina contentione destiterunt et sua sponte Atheniensi- 
 bus imperil maritimi principatum concesserunt, pacemque 
 els legibus constituerunt, ut Athenienses marl duces 
 essent. Quae victoria tantae fuit Atticis laetitiae, ut turn 
 prlmum arae Paci piiblice sint factae eique deae pulvinar 25 
 sit Institutum. Cuius laudis ut memoria maneret, TTmo- 
 theo piiblice statuam in foro posuerunt. Qui honos huic 
 
 57 
 
58 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [ill., IV. 
 
 uni ante id tempus contigit, ut, cum patri populus 
 statuam posuisset, filio quoque daret. Sic iuxta posita 
 recens filii veterem patris renovavit memoriam. 
 
 III. Hie cum esset magno natu et magistrates gerere 
 5 desisset, bello Athenienses undique premi sunt coeptl. 
 
 Defecerat Samus, descierat Hellespontus, Philippus iam 
 turn valens multa moliebatur; cm oppositus Chares cum 
 esset, non satis in eo praesidil putabatur. Fit Menes- 
 theus praetor, filius Iphicratis, gener TTmothel, et ut ad 
 
 io bellum proficiscatur decernitur. Huic in consilium dantur 
 viri duo usu sapientiaque praestantes, pater et socer, quod 
 in his tanta erat auctoritas, ut magna spes esset per eos 
 amlssa posse recuperari. II cum Samum profecti essent 
 et eodem Chares illorum adventu cognito cum suis copiis 
 
 15 proficisceretur, ne quid absente se gestum videretur, ac- 
 cidit, cum ad insulam appropinquarent, ut magna tem- 
 pestas oreretur ; quam ievltare duo veteres imperatores 
 utile arbitrati suam classem suppresserunt. At ille teme- 
 raria usus ratione non cessit maiorum natu auctoritati, 
 
 20 velut in sua manu esset fortuna. Quo contenderat per- 
 venit, eodemque ut sequerentur, ad Timotheum et Iphi- 
 craten nuntium misit. 
 
 Hinc male re gesta, compluribus amlssis navibus eo 
 unde erat profectus se recepit litterasque Athenas publice 
 
 25 misit, sibi procllve fuisse Samum capere, nisi a Timotheo 
 et Iphicrate desertus esset. Populus acer, suspicax ob 
 eamque rem mobilis, adversarius, invidus — etenim poten- 
 tia in crimen vocabatur — domum revocat ; accusantur 
 proditionis. Hoc iudicio damnatur Timotheus Usque eius 
 
 30 aestimatur centum talentis. Ille odio ingratae civitatis 
 exactus Chalcidem se contulit. 
 
 IV. Huius post mortem cum populum iudicii sul pae- 
 
iv.] TIMOTHEUS 59 
 
 niteret, multae novem partes detraxit et decern talenta 
 Cononem, filium eius, ad muri quandam partem reficien- 
 dam iussit dare. In quo fortunae varietas est animad- 
 versa. Nam quos avus muros ex hostium praeda patriae 
 restituerat, eosdem nepos cum summa Ignominia familiae 5 
 ex sua re familiar! reficere coactus est. Tlmothel autem 
 moderatae sapientisque vltae cum pleraque possimus pro- 
 ferre testimonia, uno erimus content!, quod ex eo facile 
 conic! poterit, quam cams suis fuerit. Cum Athenls adu- 
 lescentulus causam dlceret, non solum amlci privatique 10 
 hospites ad eum defendendum convenerunt, sed etiam in 
 els Iason, tyrannus Thessaliae, qui illo tempore fuit om- 
 nium potentissimus. Hie cum in patria sine satellitibus 
 se tutum non arbitraretur, Athenas sine ullo praesidio* 
 venit tantlque hospitem fecit, ut mallet se capitis perl- 15 
 culum adire quam Timotheo de fama dimicanti deesse. 
 Hunc adversus tamen Timotheus postea populi iussu 
 bellum gessit; patriae enim sanctiora iura quam hospitii 
 esse duxit. 
 
 Haec extrema fuit aetas imperatorum Atheniensium, 20 
 Iphicratis, Chabriae, Tlmothel, neque post illorum obitum 
 quisquam dux in t ilia urbe fuit dignus memoria. 
 
 Venio nunc ad fortissimum virum maximique consilii 
 omnium barbarorum, exceptls duobus Carthaginiensibus, 
 Hamilcare et Hannibale. De quo hoc plura referemus, 25 
 quod et obscuriora sunt eius gesta pleraque et ea quae 
 prospere ei cesserunt, non magnitudine copiarum, sed 
 consilii, quo turn omnes superabat, acciderunt ; quorum 
 nisi ratio explicata fuerit, res apparere non poterunt. 
 
XIV. DATAMES. 
 
 I. Datames, patre Camisare, natione Care, matre 
 Scythissa natus, primum mllitum in numero fuit apud 
 Artaxerxen eorum qui regiam tuebantur. Pater eius 
 Camisares, quod et manu fortis et bello strenuus et regi 
 
 5 multis locis fidelis erat repertus, habuit provinciam par- 
 tem Ciliciae iuxta Cappadociam, quam incolunt Leucosyrl. 
 Datames militare munus fungens primum qualis esset 
 aperuit in bello quod rex adversus Cadusios gessit. 
 Namque hie magni fuit eius opera. Quo factum est, 
 io cum in eo bello cecidisset Camisares, ut paterna el 
 traderetur provincia. 
 
 II. Pari se virtute postea praebuit, cum Autophradates 
 iussu regis bello persequeretur eos qui defecerant. Nam- 
 que huius opera hostes, cum castra iam intrassent, multis 
 
 15 mllibus regiorum interfectls profllgatl sunt exercitusque 
 reliquus conservatus regis est ; qua ex re maioribus 
 rebus praeesse coepit. Erat eo tempore Thuys dynastes 
 Paphlagoniae, antlquo genere, ortus a Pylaemene illo, 
 quern Homerus Troico bello a Patroclo interfectum ait. 
 
 20 Is regi dicto audiens non erat. Quam ob causam bello 
 eum persequl constituit eique rel praefecit Datamen, 
 proplnquum Paphlagonis ; namque ex fratre et sorore 
 erant natl. Quam ob causam Datames primum experlri 
 voluit ut sine armls proplnquum ad officium reduceret. 
 
 25 Ad quem cum venisset sine praesidio, quod ab amlco 
 nullas vereretur Insidias, paene interiit ; nam Thuys eum 
 clam interficere voluit. Erat mater cum Datame, amita' 
 
 6q 
 
in., iv.] DATAMES 6 1 
 
 Paphlagonis. Ea quid ageretur resciit, filiumque monuit. 
 Ille fuga perlculum evitavit bellumque indixit Thuyni. In 
 quo cum ab Ariobarzane, praefecto Lydiae et Ioniae 
 totiusque Phrygiae, desertus esset, nihilo segnius perseve- 
 ravit vivumque Thuyn cepit cum uxore et liberis. 5 
 
 III. Cuius fact! ne prius fama ad regem quam ipse 
 perveniret, dedit operam. Itaque omnibus Insciis eo, ubi 
 erat rex, venit posteroque die Thuyn, hominem maxim! 
 corporis terribilique facie, quod et niger et capillo longo 
 barbaque erat promlssa, optima veste texit, quam satrapae 10 
 regii gerere consuerant, ornavit etiam torque atque ar- 
 millis aurels ceteroque regio cultu ; ipse agresti duplicl 
 amiculo circumdatus hirtaque tunica, gerens in capite 
 galeam venatoriam, dextra raanu clavam, sinistra copulam, 
 ita vinctum ante se Thuynem agebat, ut si feram bestiam 15 
 captam duceret. Quae cum omnes aspicerent propter 
 novitatem ornatus Ignotamque formam ob eamque rem 
 magnus esset concursus, fuit non nemo qui agnosceret 
 Thuyn regique nuntiaret. Primo non accredidit itaque 
 Pharnabazum misit exploratum. 20 
 
 A quo ut rem gestam comperit, statim admitti iussit, 
 magno opere delectatus cum facto turn ornatu, imprimis 
 quod nobilis rex in potestatem inopmantl venerat. Ita- 
 que magnifice Datamen donatum ad exercitum misit, qui 
 turn contrahebatur duce Pharnabazo et Tithrauste ad 25 
 bellum Aegyptium, parique eum atque illos imperio esse 
 iussit. Postea vero quam Pharnabazum rex revocavit, ill! 
 summa imperii tradita est. 
 
 IV. Hie cum maximo studio compararet exercitum 
 Aegyptumque proficlscl pararet, subito a rege litterae sunt 30 
 ei mlssae, ut Aspim aggrederetur, qui Cataoniam tenebat; 
 quae gens iacet supra Ciliciam, confinis Cappadociae. 
 
62 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [v. 
 
 Namque Aspis, saltuosam regionem castellisque munitam 
 incolens, non solum imperio regis non parebat, sed etiam 
 finitimas regiones vexabat et quae regi portarentur ab- 
 ripiebat. Datames etsi longe aberat ab els regionibus et 
 5 a maiore re abstrahebatur, tamen regis voluntatl morem 
 gerendum putavit. Itaque cum paucis, sed viris fortibus 
 navem conscendit, existimans, quod accidit, facilius se 
 imprudentem parva manu oppressurum quam paratum 
 quamvis magno exercitu. Hac delatus in Ciliciam, egres- 
 
 io sus inde, dies noctesque iter faciens Taurum transiit 
 eoque quo studuerat venit. Quaerit quibus locis sit 
 Aspis ; cognoscit haud longe abesse profectumque turn 
 venatum. Quern dum speculatur, adventus eius causa 
 cognoscitur. Pisidas cum els quos secum habebat ad 
 
 15 resistendum Aspis comparat. Id Datames ubi audivit, 
 arma sumit, suos sequi iubet ; ipse equo concitato ad 
 hostem vehitur. Quern procul Aspis conspiciens ad se 
 ferentem pertimescit atque a conatu resistendi deterritus 
 sese dedidit. Hunc Datames vinctum ad regem ducen- 
 
 20 dum tradit Mithridatl. 
 
 V. Haec dum geruntur, Artaxerxes reminiscens a 
 quanto bello ad quam parvam rem principem ducum 
 misisset, se ipse reprehendit et nuntium ad exercitum 
 Acen misit, quod nondum Datamen profectum putabat, 
 
 25 qui dlceret ne ab exercitu discederet. Hie priusquam 
 pervenlret quo erat profectus, in itinere convenit, qui 
 Aspim ducebant. Qua celeritate cum magnam benevo- 
 lentiam regis Datames consecutus esset, non minorem 
 invidiam aulicorum excepit, quod ilium unum pluris quam 
 
 30 se omnes fieri videbant. Quo facto cuncti ad eum op- 
 primendum consenserunt. Haec Pandantes, gazae custos 
 regiae, amicus Datami, perscrlpta el mittit, in quibus 
 
rj J( ,,:,:^ 
 
 
 
 Ctv^ 
 
 
vi. j DATAMES 63 
 
 docet eum in magnd fore perlculo, si quid illo imperante 
 adversi in Aegypto accidisset. Namque earn esse con- 
 suetudinem regiam, ut casus adversos hominibus tribuant, 
 secundos fortunae suae. Quo fieri ut facile impellantur 
 ad eorum perniciem, quorum ductu res male gestae 5 
 nuntientur. Ilium hoc maiore fore in discrlmine, quod, 
 quibus rex maxime oboediat, eos habeat inimicissimos. 
 Talibus ille litterls cognitls, cum iam ad exercitum Acen 
 venisset, quod non Ignorabat ea vere scrlpta, desclscere 
 a rege constituit. 10 
 
 Neque tamen quicquam fecit quod fide sua esset 
 indignum. Nam Mandroclem Magnetem exercitul prae- 
 fecit ; ipse cum suls in Cappadociam discedit coniunc- 
 tamque huic Paphlagoniam occupat, celans qua voluntate 
 esset in regem. Clam cum Ariobarzane facit amlcitiam, 15 
 manum comparat, urbes munltas suls tuendas tradit. 
 
 VI. Sed haec propter hiemale tempus minus prospere 
 procedebant. Audit Pisidas quosdam copias adversus se 
 parare. Fllium eo Arsidaeum cum exercitu mittit; cadit 
 in proelio adulescens. Proficlscitur eo pater non ita 20 
 magna cum manu, celans quantum vulnus accepisset, 
 quod prius ad hostem pervenlre cupiebat, quam de male 
 re gesta fama ad suos pervenlret, ne cognita fllii morte 
 animl debilitarentur mllitum. . Quo contenderat pervenit 
 elsque locis castra ponit, ut neque circumlrl multitudine 25 
 adversariorum posset neque impediri, quominus ipse ad 
 dimicandum manum haberet expedltam. 
 
 Erat cum eo Mithrobarzanes, socer eius, praefectus 
 equitum. Is desperatls generl rebus ad hostes transfugit. 
 Id Datames ut audlvit, sensit, si in turbam exlsset ab 30 
 homine tarn necessario se rellctum, futurum ut ceteri 
 idem consilium sequerentur ; itaque in vulgus edit suo 
 
64 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vn. 
 
 iussii Mithrobarzanem profectum pro perfuga, ' quo facilius 
 receptus interficeret hostes ; qua re relinqui eum par non 
 esse et omnes confestim sequi. Quod si animo strenuo 
 fecissent, futurum ut adversarii non possent resistere, cum 
 5 et intra vallum et forls caederentur. Hac re probata 
 exercitum educit, Mithrobarzanem persequitur, qui tantum 
 quod ad hostes pervenerat, cum Datames signa inferri 
 iubet. Pisidae nova re commotl in opinionem addu- 
 cuntur perfugas mala fide compositoque fecisse, ut recepti 
 
 io maiori essent calamitati. Prlmum eos adoriuntur. 111! 
 cum quid ageretur aut qua re fieret ignorarent, coacti 
 sunt cum els pugnare ad quos transierant, ab eisque stare 
 quos reliquerant ; quibus cum neutri parcerent, celeriter 
 sunt concisi. Reliquos Pisidas resistentes Datames in- 
 
 15 vadit ; primo impetu pellit, fugientes persequitur, multos 
 interficit, castra hostium capit. 
 
 Tali consilio uno tempore et proditores perculit et 
 hostes profligavit et, quod ad perniciem suam fuerat 
 cogitatum, id ad salutem convertit. Quo neque acutius 
 
 20 ulllus imperatoris cogitatum neque celerius factum usquam 
 legimus. 
 
 VII. Ab hoc tamen viro Sisinas, maximo natu filius, 
 desciit ad regemque transiit et de defectione patris de- 
 tulit. Quo nuntio Artaxerxes commotus, quod intellege- 
 
 25 bat sibi cum viro fortl ac strenuo negotium esse, qui et 
 prius cogitare quam conari consuesset et, cum cogitasset, 
 facere auderet, Autophradatem in Cappadociam mittit. 
 Hie ne intrare posset, saltum in quo Ciliciae portae sunt 
 sitae Datames praeoccupare studuit. Sed tam subito 
 
 30 copias contrahere non potuit. A qua re depulsus cum 
 ea manu, quam contraxerat, locum delegit talem, ut 
 neque circumiretur ab hostibus neque praeteriret adver- 
 
viii.] DATAMES 65 
 
 sarius, quin ancipitibus locis premeretur, et, si dlmicare 
 vellet, non multum obesse multitude) hostium suae pauci- 
 tati posset. 
 
 VIII. Haec etsi Autophradates videbat, tamen statim 
 maluit congredl quam cum tantls copils refugere aut tarn 5 
 diu uno loco sedere. Habebat barbarorum equitum 
 vlgintl, peditum centum milia, quos ill! Cardacas appel- 
 lant, eiusdemque generis tria milia funditorum, praeterea 
 Cappadocum octo mllia, Armeniorum decern milia, Paph- 
 lagonum qulnque milia, Phrygum decern milia, Lydorum 10 
 quinque milia, Aspendiorum et Pisidarum circiter tria 
 milia, Cilicum duo milia, Captianorum totidem, ex 
 Graecia conductorum tria milia, levis armaturae maximum 
 numerum. 
 
 Has ad versus copias spes omnis consistebat DatamI in 15 
 se loclque natura ; namque huius partem non habebat 
 vlcesimam mllitum. Quibus fretus confllxit adversario- 
 rumque multa milia concldit, cum de ipslus exercitu non 
 amplius hominum mllle cecidisset. Quam ob causam 
 postero die tropaeum posuit, quo loco prldie pugnatum 20 
 erat. Hinc cum castra movisset semperque Inferior 
 copils superior omnibus proelils disced eret, quod num- 
 quam manum consereret, nisi cum adversarios locorum 
 angustils clausisset, quod perlto regionum callideque cogi- 
 tantl saepe accidebat, Autophradates, cum bellum duel 25 
 maiore regis calamitate quam adversariorum videret, pa- 
 cem amlcitiamque pristinam memorans eum hortatus est, 
 ut cum rege in gratiam redlret. Quam ille etsi fldam 
 non fore putabat, tamen condicionem accepit seque ad 
 Artaxerxem legatos mlssurum dixit. Sic bellum, quod rex 30 
 adversus Datamen susceperat,. sedatum est. Autophra- 
 dates in Phrygiam se recepit. 
 
66 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [lie, x. 
 
 IX. At rex, quod implacabile odium in Datamen sus- 
 ceperat, postquam bello eum oppriml non posse animad- 
 vertit, Insidiis interficere studuit; quas ille plerasque 
 evitavit. Slcut, cum el nuntiatum esset quosdam sibi 
 
 5 insidiarl, qui in amicorum erant numero, — de quibus, 
 quod inimici detulerant, neque credendum neque negle- 
 gendum putavit, — experiri voluit, verum falsumne sibi 
 esset relatum. Itaque eo profectus est, in quo itinere 
 futuras insidias dixerant. Sed elegit corpore ac statura 
 
 io simillimum sui eique vestitum suum dedit atque eo loco 
 ire, quo ipse consuerat, iussit; ipse autem ornatu vesti- 
 tuque militari inter corporis custodes iter facere coepit. 
 At insidiatores, postquam in eum locum agmen pervenit, 
 decepti ordine atque vestitu impetum in eum faciunt, qui 
 
 15 suppositus erat. Praedixerat autem els Datames, cum 
 quibus iter faciebat, ut parati essent facere quod ipsum 
 vidissent. Ipse, ut concurrantes insidiatores animum ad- 
 vertit, tela in eos coniecit. Hoc idem cum universl 
 fecissent, priusquam pervenirent ad eum quem aggredi 
 
 20 volebant, confixl conciderunt. 
 
 X. Hie tamen tam callidus vir extremo tempore 
 captus est Mithridatis, Ariobarzanis filii, dolo. Namque 
 is pollicitus est regi se eum interfecturum, si rex permit- 
 teret, ut quodcumque vellet liceret impune facere, ndem- 
 
 25 que de ea re more Persarum dextra dedisset. Hanc ut 
 accepit a rege missam, copias parat et absens amicitiam 
 cum Datame facit, regis provincias vexat, castella ex- 
 pugnat, magnas praedas capit, quarum partim suis dis- 
 pertit, partim ad Datamen mittit; pari modo complura 
 
 30 castella el tradit. Haec diu faciendo persuasit homini se 
 infinitum adversus regem suscepisse bellum, cum nihilo 
 magis, ne quam suspicionem ill! praeberet Insidiarum, 
 
xi.] DATAMES 67 
 
 neque conloquium eius petivit neque in conspectum 
 venire studuit. Sic absens amicitiam gerebat, ut non 
 benefices mutuls, sed communl odio, quod erga regem 
 susceperant, continerl viderentur. 
 
 XI. Id cum satis se conflrmasse arbitratus esset, cer- 5 
 tiorem facit Datamen, tempus esse maiores res parari et 
 bellum cum ipso rege suscipT, deque ea re, si ei vide- 
 retur, quo loco vellet, in conloquium veniret. Probata 
 re, conloquendi tempus sumitur locusque quo conveni- 
 retur. Hue Mithridates cum uno, cu* maxime habebat 10 
 fidem, ante aliquot dies venit compluribusque locis sepa- 
 ratim gladios obruit eaque loca diligenter notat. Ipso 
 autem conloquii die utrique, locum qui explorarent atque 
 ipsos scrutarentur, mittunt ; deinde ipsi sunt congress!. 
 Hie cum aliquamdiu in conloquio fuissent et divers! dis- 15 
 cessissent iamque procul Datames abesset, Mithridates, 
 priusquam ad suos perveniret, ne quam suspicionem pa- 
 reret, in eundem locum revertitur atque ibi, ubi telum 
 erat infossum, resedit, ut si lassitiidine cuperet adquie- 
 scere, Datamenque revocavit, simulans se quiddam in 20 
 conloquio esse oblltum. Interim telum, quod latebat, 
 protulit nudatumque vagina veste texit ac DatamI venienti 
 ait, dlgredientem se animadvertisse locum quendam, qui 
 erat in conspectu, ad castra ponenda esse idoneum. 
 
 Quern cum digito demonstraret et ille respiceret, 25 
 aversum ferro transflxit priusque quam quisquam posset 
 succurrere, interfecit. Ita ille vir, qui multos consilio, 
 neminem perfidia ceperat, simulata captus est amlcitia. 
 
XV. EPAMINONDAS. 
 
 I. Epamlnondas, Polymnii filius, Thebanus. De hoc 
 priusquam scribimus, haec praecipienda videntur lectori- 
 bus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant, neve ea quae 
 ipsis leviora sunt, pari modo apud ceteros fuisse arbi- 
 
 5 trentur. Scimus enim musicen nostris moribus abesse a 
 principis persona, saltare vero etiam in vitiis pom; quae 
 omnia apud Graecos et grata et laude digna ducuntur. 
 Cum autem exprimere imaginem consuetudinis atque vitae 
 velimus Epaminondae, nihil videmur debere praetermit- 
 
 io tere, quod pertineat ad earn declarandam. Qua re dice- 
 mus primum de genere eius, deinde quibus disciplinis et 
 a quibus sit eruditus, turn de moribus ingeniique facul- 
 tatibus et si qua alia memoria digna erunt, postremo 
 de rebus gestis, quae a plurimis animi anteponuntur 
 
 15 virtutibus. 
 
 II. Natus igitur patre quo diximus, genere honesto, 
 pauper iam a maioribus relictus est, eruditus autem sic 
 ut nemo Thebanus magis. Nam et citharizare et cantare 
 ad chordarum sonum doctus est a Dionysio, qui non 
 
 20 minore fuit in musicis gloria quam Damon aut Lamprus, 
 quorum pervulgata sunt nomina, cantare tibiis ab Olym- 
 piodoro, saltare a Calliphrone. At philosophiae prae- 
 ceptorem habuit Lysim Tarentlnum, Pythagoreum ; cul 
 quidem sic fuit deditus, ut adulescens tristem ac severum 
 
 25 senem omnibus aequalibus suis in familiaritate antepo- 
 suerit ; neque prius eum a se dimisit, quam in doctrinls 
 tanto antecessit condiscipulos, ut facile intellegi posset 
 
 68 
 
ii.] EPAMINONDAS 69 
 
 pari modo superaturum omnes in ceteris artibus. Atque 
 haec ad nostram consuetudinem sunt levia et potius con- 
 temnenda ; at in Graecia, utique olim, magnae laudl 
 erant. Postquam ephebus est factus et palaestrae dare 
 operam coepit, non tarn magnitudini vfrium servivit quam 5 
 velocitatl ; illam enim ad athletarum visum, hanc ad belli 
 existimabat utilitatem pertinere. Itaque exercebatur plu- 
 rimum currendo et luctando ad eura finem, quoad stans 
 complect! posset atque contendere. In armis vero pluri- 
 mum studii consumebat. 10 
 
 III. Ad hanc corporis firmitatem plura etiam animi 
 bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, priidens, gravis, 
 temporibus sapienter utens, perltus belli, fortis manu, 
 animo maximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne ioco quidem 
 mentiretur. Idem continens, clemens patiensque adml- 15 
 randum in modum, non solum populi, sed etiam amico- 
 rum»ferens iniurias, in prlmls commissa celans, quodque 
 interdum non minus prodest quam diserte dicere, studio- 
 sus audiendl; ex hoc enim facillime disci arbitrabatur. 
 Itaque cum in circulum venisset, In quo aut de re pub- 20 
 lica disputaretur aut de philosophia sermo haberetur, 
 numquam inde prius discessit, quam ad finem sermo 
 esset adductus. 
 
 Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut de re publica 
 nihil praeter gloriam ceperit. Amicorum in se tuendo 25 
 caruit facultatibus, fide ad alios sublevandos saepe sic 
 usus est, ut iudicaii possit omnia el cum amicis fuisse 
 communia. Nam cum aut civium suorum aliquis ab 
 hostibus esset captus aut virgo nubilis propter pauper- 
 tatem conlocarl non posset, amicorum concilium habebat 30 
 et quantum quisque daret pro facultatibus imperabat. 
 Eamque summam cum fecerat, potius quam ipse acci- 
 
70 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE 
 
 [iv. 
 
 peret pecuniam, adducebat eum qui quaerebat ad eos 
 qui conferebant, eique ut ipsi numerarent faciebat, ut 
 ille ad quern ea res perveniebat sclret quantum culque 
 deberet. 
 
 5 IV. Temptata autem eius est abstinentia a Diomedonte 
 Cyziceno : namque is rogatu Artaxerxis regis Epaml- 
 nondam pecunia corrumpendum susceperat. Hie magno 
 cum pondere auri Thebas venit et Micythum adule- 
 scentulum, quem turn Epaminondas plurimum diligebat, 
 
 io quinque talentis ad suam perduxit voluntatem. Micythus 
 EpamTnondam convenit et causam adventus Diomedontis 
 ostendit. 
 
 At ille Diomedonti coram " Nihil," inquit, " opus pe- 
 cunia est ; nam si rex ea vult quae Thebanis sunt utilia, 
 
 15 gratiis facere sum paratus, sin autem contraria, non habet 
 auri atque argenti satis. Namque orbis terrarum divitias 
 accipere nolo pro patriae caritate. Tu quod me incpgni- 
 tum temptasti tuique similem existimasti, non miror tibique 
 ignosco ; sed egredere propere, ne alios corrumpas, cum 
 
 20 me non potueris. Et tu, MTcythe, argentum huic redde, 
 aut, nisi id confestim facis, ego te tradam magistratui." 
 Hunc Diomedon cum rogaret, ut tuto exire suaque, quae 
 attulerat, liceret efferre, " Istud quidem," inquit, " faciam, 
 neque tua causa, sed mea, ne, si tibi sit pecunia adempta, 
 
 25 aliquis dicat id ad me ereptum pervenisse, quod delatum 
 accipere noluissem." 
 
 A quo cum quaesisset, quo se deduci vellet, et ille 
 Athenas dixisset, praesidium dedit, ut tuto perveniret. 
 Neque vero id satis habuit, sed etiam, ut inviolatus in 
 
 30 navem escenderet, per Chabriam Atheniensem, de quo 
 supra mentionem fecimus, effecit. Abstinentiae erit hoc 
 satis testimonium. Plurima quidem proferre possumus, 
 
v., vi.] EPAMINONDAS 7 1 
 
 sed modus adhibendus est, quoniam uno hoc volumine 
 vitam excellentium virorum complurium concludere con- 
 stituimus, quorum res separatim multis mllibus versuum 
 complures scriptores ante nos explicarunt. 
 
 V. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo el Thebanus par esset 5 
 eloquentia, neque minus concinnus in brevitate respon- 
 dendi quam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Habuit ob- 
 trectatorem Menecliden quendam, indidem Thebis, et 
 adversarium in administranda re publica, satis exercitatum 
 
 in dicendo, ut Thebanum scilicet ; namque ill! genti plus 10 
 inest virium quam ingenil. Is quod in re militari florere 
 Epaminondam videbat, hortari solebat Thebanos ut 
 pacem bello anteferrent, ne illius imperatoris opera desi- 
 deraretur. Huic ille " Fallis," inquit, "verbo elves tuos, 
 quod eos a bello avocas ; otil enim nomine servitutem 15 
 concilias; nam paritur pax bello. Itaque qui ea diutina 
 volunt frul, bello exercitati esse debent. Qua re si prin- 
 cipes Graeciae vultis esse, castris est vobls utendum, 
 non palaestra." Idem ille Meneclides cum huic obiceret, 
 quod liberos non haberet neque uxorem duxisset, max- 2 o 
 imeque Insolentiam, quod sibi Agamemnonis belli gloriam 
 videretur conseciitus : at ille " Desine," inquit, " Mene- 
 clida, de uxore mihi exprobrare ; nam nullius in ista re 
 minus uti consilio volo." Habebat enim Meneclides sus- 
 picionem adulterii. " Quod autem me Agamemnonem 25 
 aemulari putas, falleris. Namque ille cum universa 
 Graecia vix decern annis unam cepit urbem, ego contra 
 ea una urbe nostra dieque uno totam Graeciam Lacedae- 
 moniis fugatis libera vi." 
 
 VI. Idem cum in conventum venisset Arcadum, petens 30 
 ut societatem cum Thebanis et ArgTvTs facerent, con- 
 traque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui eloquentia 
 
72 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vii. 
 
 omnes eo praestabat tempore, postularet ut potius amici- 
 tiam sequerentur Atticorum, et in oratione sua multa 
 invectus esset in Thebanos et Argivos in eisque hoc 
 posuisset, animum advertere debere Arcades quales utra- 
 5 que civitas elves procreasset, ex quibus de ceteris possent 
 iudicare : Argivos enim fuisse Orestem et Alcmeonem 
 matricidas, Thebls Oedipum natum, qui, cum patrem 
 suum interfecisset, ex matre Hberos procreasset; huic in 
 respondendo Epaminondas, cum de ceteris perorasset, 
 
 io postquam ad ilia duo opprobria pervenit, admirari se 
 dixit stultitiam rhetoris xAttici, qui non animadverterit, 
 innocentes illos natos domi, scelere admlsso cum patria 
 essent expulsi, receptos esse ab Atheniensibus. 
 
 Sed maxime eius eloquentia eluxit Spartae legati ante 
 
 15 pugnam Leuctricam. Quo cum omnium sociorum con- 
 venissent legati, coram frequentissimo conventu sic Lace- 
 daemoniorum tyrannidem coarguit, ut non minus ilia 
 oratione opes eorum concusserit quam Leuctrica pugna. 
 Turn enim perfecit, quod post apparuit, ut auxilio Lace- 
 
 20 daemonii sociorum privarentur. 
 
 VII. Fuisse patientem suorumque iniurias ferentem 
 civium, quod se patriae irasci nefas esse duceret, haec 
 sunt testimonia. Cum eum propter invidiam elves sul 
 praeficere exercitui noluissent duxque esset delectus belli 
 
 25 imperitus, cuius errore res eo esset deducta, ut omnes 
 de salute pertimescerent, quod locorum angustils clausi 
 ab hostibus obsidebantur, desiderarl coepta est EpamT- 
 nondae diligentia; erat enim ibi privatus numero militis. 
 A quo cum peterent opem, nullam adhibuit memoriam 
 
 3° contumeliae et exercitum obsidione liberatum domum 
 reduxit incolumem. Nee vero hoc semel fecit, sed sae- 
 pius. Maxime autem fuit inlustre, cum in Peloponnesum 
 
viii.] EPAMINONDAS 73 
 
 exercitum duxisset adversus Lacedaemonios haberetque 
 conlegas duos, quorum alter erat Pelopidas, vir fortis ac 
 strenuus. 
 
 Hi cum criminibus adversariorum omnes in invidiam 
 venissent ob eamque rem imperium eis esset abrogatum 5 
 atque in eorum locum alii praetores successissent, Epami- 
 nondas populi scito non paruit idemque ut facerent per- 
 suasit conlegls, et bellum quod susceperat gessit. Namque 
 animadvertebat, nisi id fecisset, totum exercitum propter 
 praetorum imprudentiam Inscitiamque belli periturum. 10 
 Lex erat ThebTs, quae morte multabat, si quis imperium 
 diutius retinuisset quam lege praefinitum foret. Hanc 
 Epaminondas cum rei publicae conservandae causa latam 
 videret, ad perniciem civitatis conferri noluit et quattuor 
 mensibus diutius quam populus iusserat gessit imperium. 15 
 
 VIII. Postquam domum reditum est, conlegae eius 
 hoc crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille permisit, ut ora- 
 nem causam in se transferrent suaque opera factum con- 
 tenderent, ut legi non oboedirent. Qua defensione illis 
 periculo liberatis, nemo Epaminondam responsurum puta- 20 
 bat, quod quid diceret non haberet. At ille in iudicium 
 venit, nihil eorum negavit quae adversarii crimini dabant, 
 omniaque quae conlegae dixerant confessus est neque 
 recusavit quominus legis poenam subnet, sed unum ab 
 eis petivit, ut in sepulcro suo Inscriberent : 25 
 
 " Epaminondas a Thebanls morte multatus est, quod eos 
 coegit apud Leuctra superare Lacedaemonios, quos ante 
 se imperatorem nemo Boeotorum ausus sit aspicere in 
 acie, quodque uno proelio non solum Thebas ab interitu 
 retraxit, sed etiam universam Graeciam in libertatem 30 
 vindicavit eoque res utrorumque perduxit, ut Thebani 
 Spartam oppugnarent, Lacedaemonii satis haberent, si 
 
74 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [ix., x. 
 
 salvi esse possent, neque prius bellare destitit quara 
 Messene restituta urbem eorum obsidione clausit." 
 
 Haec cum dixisset, risus omnium cum hilaritate coortus 
 est, neque quisquam iudex ausus est de eo ferre suffra- 
 5 gium. Sic a iudicio capitis maxima discessit gloria. 
 
 IX. Hie extremo tempore imperator apud Mantineam 
 cum acie mstructa audacius instaret hostibus, cognitus a 
 Lacedaemoniis, quod in unius pernicie eius patriae sitam 
 putabant salutem, universi in unum impetum fecerunt 
 
 n neque prius abscesserunt, quam magna caede edita mul- 
 tisque occisis fortissime ipsum Epammondam pugnantem, 
 sparo eminus percussum, concidere vlderunt. Huius casu 
 aliquantum retardati sunt Boeoti, neque tamen prius 
 pugna excesserunt quam repugnantes profligarunt. At 
 
 35 Epaminondas, cum animadverteret mortiferum se vulnus 
 accepisse simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpore 
 remanserat, extraxisset, animam statim emissurum, usque 
 eo retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est vicisse Boeotos. Id 
 postquam audivit, "Satis," inquit, "vixi; invictus enim 
 
 20 morior." Turn ferro extracto confestim exanimatus est. 
 
 X. Hie uxorem numquam duxit. In quo cum rep- 
 rehenderetur a Pelopida, qui f ilium habebat Infamem, 
 maleque eum in eo patriae consulere diceret, quod 
 liberos non relinqueret, "Vide," inquit. "ne tu peius 
 
 25 consulas, qui talem ex te natum relictiirus sis. Neque 
 vero stirps potest mihi deesse ; namque ex me natam 
 relinquo pugnan Leuctricam, quae non modo mihi 
 superstes, sed etiam immortalis sit necesse est." Quo 
 tempore duce Pelopida exsules Thebas occuparunt et 
 
 30 praesidium Lacedaemoniorum ex arce expulerunt, Epa- 
 minondas, quam diu facta est caedes civium, domo se 
 tenuit, quod neque defendere malos volebat neque im- 
 
x.] EPAMINONDAS 75 
 
 pugnare, ne manus suorum sanguine cruentaret ; namque 
 omnem civllem victoriam funestam putabat. Idem, post- 
 quam apud Cadmeam cum Lacedaemoniis pugnari coep- 
 tum est, in primis stetit. 
 
 Huius de virtutibus vltaque satis erit dictum, si hoc 5 
 unum adiunxero, quod nemo ibit infitias, Thebas et ante 
 Epaminondam natum et post eiusdem interitum perpetuo 
 alieno paruisse imperio, contra ea, quam diu ille praefuerit 
 rei publicae, caput fuisse totius Graeciae. Ex quo intel- 
 legi potest unum hominem pluris quam civitatem fuisse. io 
 
XVI. PELOPIDAS. 
 
 I. Pelopidas Thebanus, magis historicis quam vulgo 
 notus. Cuius de virtutibus dubito quem ad modum ex- 
 ponam, quod vereor, si res explicare incipiam, ne non 
 vitam eius enarrare, sed historiam videar scribere ; sin 
 
 5 tantum modo summas attigero, ne rudibus Graecarum lit- 
 terarum minus dilucide appareat, quantus fuerit ille vir. 
 Itaque utrique rei occurram, quantum potuero, et mede- 
 bor cum satietati turn ignorantiae lectorum. 
 
 Phoebidas Lacedaemonius cum exercitum Olynthum 
 
 io duceret iterque per Thebas faceret, arcem oppidi, quae 
 Cadmea nominatur, occupavit impulsu paucorum Theba- 
 norum, qui adversariae faction! quo facilius resisterent, 
 Laconum rebus studebant, idque suo privato, non publico 
 fecit consilio. Quo facto eum Lacedaemonii ab exercitu 
 
 i 5 removerunt pecuniaque multarunt, neque eo magis arcem 
 Thebams reddiderunt, quod susceptis inimicitiis satius 
 ducebant eos obsideri quam liberari; nam post Pelopon- 
 nesium bellum Athenasque devictas cum Thebams sibi 
 rem esse existimabant et eos esse solos, qui adversus se 
 
 20 sistere auderent. Hac mente amicis suis summas potes- 
 tates dederant alteriusque factionis principes partim inter- 
 fecerant, alios in exsilium eiecerant; in quibus Pelopidas 
 hie, de quo scribere exorsi sumus, pulsus patria carebat. 
 
 II. Hi omnes fere Athenas se contulerant, non quo 
 25 sequerentur otium, sed ut, quem ex proximo locum fors 
 
 obtulisset, eo patriam recuperare niterentur. Itaque cum 
 tempus esset visum rei gerendae, communiter cum eis 
 
 76 
 
III.] PELOPIDAS JJ 
 
 qui Thebis idem sentiebant, diem delegerunt ad inimicos 
 opprimendos clvitatemque llberandam eum quo maximi 
 magistrates simul consuerant epulari. Magnae saepe res 
 non ita magnis copiis sunt gestae, sed profecto numquam 
 tarn ab tenul initio tantae opes sunt profllgatae ; nam 5 
 duodecim adulescentuli coierunt ex els, qui exsilio erant 
 multatl, cum omnino non essent amplius centum, qui 
 tanto se offerrent perlculo. Qua paucitate perculsa est 
 Lacedaemoniorum potentia. II enim non magis adver- 
 sariorum factionl quam Spartanls eo tempore bellum 10 
 intulerunt, qui principes erant totlus Graeciae ; quorum 
 imperil maiestas, neque ita multo post, Leuctrica pugna 
 ab hoc initio perculsa concidit. IllI igitur duodecim, 
 quorum dux erat Pelopidas, cum Athenls interdiu exls- 
 sent, ut vesperascente caelo Thebas possent pervenlre, 15 
 cum canibus venaticls exierunt, retia ferentes, vestltu 
 agrestl, quo minore susplcione facerent iter. Qui cum 
 tempore ipso quo studerant pervenissent, domum Cha- 
 ronis deverterunt, a quo et tempus et dies erat datus. 
 
 III. Hoc loco libet interponere, etsl seiunctum ab re 20 
 propositi est, nimia flducia quantae calamitatl soleat esse. 
 Nam magistratuum Thebanorum statim ad aures pervenit 
 exsules in urbem venisse. Id illl vino epullsque deditl 
 usque eo despexerunt, ut ne quaerere quidem de tanta 
 re laborarint. Accessit quod etiam magis aperlret eorum 25 
 dementiam. Adlata est enim epistula Athenls ab Archlno 
 unl ex els, Archiae, qui turn maximum magistratum Thebis 
 obtinebat, in qua omnia de profectione eorum perscripta 
 erant. Quae cum iam accubantl in convlvio esset data, 
 sicut erat slgnata, sub pulvlnum subiciens, " In crastinum," 30 
 inquit, " differo res serias." At illl omnes, cum iam nox 
 processisset, vlnolentl ab exsulibus duce Pelopida sunt 
 
7§ CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [iv., v. 
 
 interfecti. Quibus rebus confectis, vulgo ad arma liberta- 
 temque vocato, non solum qui in urbe erant, sed etiam 
 undique ex agris concurrerunt, praesidium Lacedaemoni- 
 orum ex arce pepulerunt, patriam obsidione liberarunt, 
 5 auctores Cadmeae occupandae partim occlderunt, partim 
 in exsilium eiecerunt. 
 
 IV. Hoc tarn turbido tempore, sicut supra docuimus, 
 Epaminondas, quoad cum civibus dimicatum est, domi 
 quietus fuit. Itaque haec liberatarum Thebarum pro- 
 
 io pria laus est Pelopidae, ceterae fere communes cum 
 Epaminonda. Namque Leuctrica pugna imperatore Epa- 
 minonda hie fuit dux delectae maniis, quae prima pha- 
 langem prostravit Laconum. Omnibus praeterea periculis 
 eius adfuit — sicut, Spartam cum oppiignavit, alterum 
 
 15 tenuit cornu — quoque Messena celerius restitueretur, le- 
 gatus in Persas est profectus. Denique haec fuit altera 
 persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda ita, ut proxima esset 
 Epaminondae. 
 
 V. Conflictatus autem est etiam adversa fortuna. Nam 
 20 et initio, sicut ostendimus, exsul patria caruit et, cum 
 
 Thessaliam in potestatem Thebanorum cuperet redigere 
 legationisque iure satis tectum se arbitraretur, quod apud 
 omnes gentes sanctum esse consuesset, a tyranno Alexan- 
 dro Pheraeo simul cum Ismenia comprehensus in vincla 
 
 25 coniectus est. Hunc Epaminondas recuperavit, bello per- 
 sequens Alexandrum. Post id factum numquam animo 
 placari potuit in eum, a quo erat violatus. Itaque per- 
 suasit Thebanis ut subsidio Thessaliae proficiscerentur 
 tyrannosque eius expellerent. Cuius belli cum ei summa 
 
 30 esset data eoque cum exercitu profectus esset, non du- 
 bitavit, simul ac conspexit hostem, confligere. In quo 
 proelio Alexandrum ut animadvertit, incensus ira equum 
 
v.] PELOPIDAS 79 
 
 in eum concitavit proculque digressus a suis coniectu 
 telorum confossus concidit Atque hoc secunda victoria 
 accidit ; nam iam incllnatae erant tyrannorurn copiae. 
 Quo facto omnes Thessaliae civitates interfectum Pelo- 
 pidam coronis aureis et statuls aeneis llberosque eius 5 
 multo agro donarunt. 
 
XVII. AGESILAUS. 
 
 I. Agesilaus Lacedaemonius cum a ceteris scriptoribus 
 turn eximie a Xenophonte Socratico conlaudatus est; eo 
 enim usus est familiarissime. 
 
 Hie primum de regno cum Leotychide, fratris filio, 
 5 habuit contentionem. Mos erat enim Lacedaemoniis a 
 maioribus traditus, ut binos haberent semper reges, no- 
 mine magis quam imperio, ex duabus familiis Procli et 
 Eurysthenis, qui principes ex progenie Herculis Spartae 
 reges fuerunt. Horum ex altera in alterius familiae 
 
 io locum fieri non licebat j ita suum utraque retinebat 
 ordinem. Primum ratio habebatur, qui maximus natii 
 esset ex liberis eius, qui regnans decessisset ; sin is virile 
 secus non reliquisset, turn deligebatur, qui proximus esset 
 propinquitate. Mortuus erat Agis rex, frater Agesilai ; 
 
 15 f ilium reliquerat Leotychidem. Quem ille natum non 
 agnorat, eundem moriens suum esse dixerat. Is de 
 honore regni cum Agesilao, patruo suo, contendit neque 
 id quod petivit consecutus est ; nam Lysandro suf- 
 fragante, homine, ut ostendimus supra, factioso et iis 
 
 20 temporibus potente, Agesilaus antelatus est. 
 
 II. Hie simul atque imperii potitus est, persuasit Lace- 
 daemoniis ut cum exercitu se mitterent in Asiam bellumque 
 regi facerent, docens satius esse in Asia quam in Europa 
 dimicari. Namque fama exierat Artaxerxen comparare 
 
 25 classes pedestresque exercitus, quos in Graeciam mitteret. 
 Data potestate tanta celeritate usus est, ut prius in Asiam 
 cum copiis pervenerit quam regii satrapae eum scirent 
 
 80 
 
in.] AGESILAUS 8 1 
 
 profectum. Quo factum est ut omnes imparatos impru- 
 dentesque ofifenderet. Id ut cognovit Tissaphernes, qui 
 summum imperium turn inter praefectos habebat regios, 
 indutias a Lacone petlvit, simulans se dare operam, ut 
 Lacedaemoniis cum rege conveniret, re autem vera ad 5 
 copias comparandas, easque impetravit trimenstres. Iura- 
 vit autem uterque se sine dolo indutias conservaturum. 
 
 In qua pactione summa fide mansit Agesilaus; contra 
 ea Tissaphernes nihil aliud quam bellum comparavit. Id 
 etsi sentiebat Laco, tamen iusiurandum servabat mul- 10 
 tumque in eo se consequi dicebat, quod Tissaphernes 
 periurio suo et homines suis rebus abalienaret et deos 
 sibi Iratos redderet, se autem conservata religione con- 
 firmare exercitum, cum animadverteret deum numen 
 facere secum, hominesque sibi conciliare amiciores, quod 15 
 els studere consuessent, quos conservare fidem viderent. 
 
 III. Postquam indutiarum praeteriit dies, barbarus non 
 dubitans, quod ipslus erant plurima domicilia in Caria et 
 ea regio els temporibus multo putabatur locupletissima, eo 
 potissimum hostes impetum facturos, omnes suas copias 20 
 eo contraxerat. At Agesilaus in Phrygiam se convertit 
 eamque prius depopulatus est, quam Tissaphernes usquam 
 se moveret. 
 
 Magna praeda militibus locupletatis Ephesum hiematum 
 exercitum reduxit atque ibi ofhcinTs armorum Institutls 25 
 magna industria bellum apparavit. Et quo studiosius 
 armarentur Insigniusque ornarentur, praemia proposuit, 
 quibus donarentur, quorum egregia in ea re fuisset in- 
 dustria. Fecit idem in exercitationum generibus, ut, qui 
 ceteris praestitissent, eos magnis adficeret muneribus. 30 
 His igitur rebus effecit ut et ornatissimum et exercita- 
 tissimum haberet exercitum. Huic cum tempus esset 
 
82 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [iv. 
 
 visum copias extrahere ex hibernaculis, vldit, si, quo esset 
 iter facturus, palam pronuntiasset, hostes non credituros 
 aliasque regiones praesidiis occupaturos neque dubitaturos 
 aliud eum facturum ac pronuntiasset. Itaque cum ille 
 5 Sardis iturum se dixisset, Tissaphernes eandem Cariam 
 defendendam putavit. In quo cum eum opinio fefellisset 
 victumque se vidisset consilio, sero suis praesidio profectus 
 est ; nam cum illo venisset, iam Agesilaus multis locis 
 expugnatis magna erat praeda potitus. Laco autem cum 
 
 io videret hostes equitatii superare, numquam in campo sui 
 fecit potestatem et eis locis manum conseruit, quibus plus 
 pedestres copiae valerent. Pepulit ergo, quotienscumque 
 congressus est, multo maiores adversariorum copias et 
 sic in Asia versatus est, ut omnium opinione victor 
 
 15 duceretur. 
 
 IV. Hie cum iam animo meditaretur proficisci in 
 Persas et ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit 
 ephororum missii, bellum Athenienses et Boeotos indixisse 
 Lacedaemoniis : qua re venire ne dubitaret. In hoc non 
 
 20 minus eius pietas suspicienda est quam virtus bellica ; 
 qui cum victori praeesset exercitui maximamque haberet 
 fiduciam regni Persarum potiundi, tanta modestia dicto 
 audiens fuit iussis absentium magistratuum, ut si privatus 
 in comitio esset Spartae. Cuius exemplum utinam im- 
 
 25 peratores nostri sequi voluissent ! Sed illuc redeamus. 
 Agesilaus opulentissimo regno praeposuit bonam existi- 
 mationem multoque gloriosius duxit, si institutis patriae 
 paruisset, quam si bello superasset Asiam. Hac igitur 
 mente Hellespontum copias traiecit tantaque usus est 
 
 30 celeritate, ut, quod iter Xerxes anno vertente confecerat, 
 hie transient triginta diebus. Cum iam haud ita longe 
 abesset a Peloponneso, obsistere ei conati sunt Atheni- 
 
v., vi.] AGESILAUS 83 
 
 enses et Boeoti ceterlque eorum socii apud Coroneam ; 
 quos omnes gravl proelio vlcit. Huius victoriae vel 
 maxima fuit laus, quod, cum plerlque ex fuga se in tem- 
 plum Minervae coniecissent quaerereturque ab eo, quid 
 els vellet fieri, etsi aliquot vulnera acceperat eo proelio 5 
 et Iratus videbatur omnibus qui adversus arma tulerant, 
 tamen antetulit Irae religionem et eos vetuit violari. 
 
 Neque vero hoc solum in Graecia fecit, ut templa 
 deorum sancta haberet, sed etiam apud barbaros summa 
 religione omnia simulacra arasque conservavit. Itaque 10 
 praedicabat mirarl se, non sacrilegorum numero haberi 
 qui supplicibus deorum nocuissent, aut non gravioribus 
 poenis adfici qui religionem minuerent, quam qui fana 
 spoliarent. 
 
 V. Post hoc proelium conlatum omne bellum est circa 15 
 Corinthum ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hie cum 
 una pugna decern milia hostium Agesilao duce cecidis- 
 sent eoque facto opes adversariorum debilitatae vide- 
 rentur, tantum afuit ab Tnsolentia gloriae, ut commiseratus 
 sit fortunam Graeciae, quod tam multi a se victl vitio 20 
 adversariorum concidissent : namque ilia multitudine, si 
 sana mens esset, Graeciae supplicium Persas dare potu- 
 isse. Idem cum adversaries intra moenia compulisset et 
 
 ut Corinthum oppugnaret multi hortarentur, negavit id 
 suae virtu ti convenire : se enim eum esse qui ad officium 25 
 peccantes redire cogeret, non qui urbes nobilissimas ex- 
 pugnaret Graeciae. " Nam si," inquit, " eos exstinguere 
 voluerimus, qui noblscum adversus barbaros steterunt, 
 nosmet ipsl nos expugnaverimus illls quiescentibus. Quo 
 facto sine negotio, cum voluerint, nos oppriment." 30 
 
 VI. Interim accidit ilia calamitas apud Leuctra Lace- 
 daemonils. Quo ne proficlsceretur, cum a plerlsque ad 
 
84 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vn. 
 
 exeundum impelleretur, ut si de exitu divinaret, excusavit 
 senectutem. Idem, cum Epaminondas Spartam oppugna- 
 ret essetque sine muris oppidum, talem se imperatorem 
 praebuit, ut eo tempore omnibus apparuerit, nisi ille 
 5 fuisset, Spartam futuram non fuisse. In quo quidem dis- 
 crimine celeritas eius consilii saluti fuit universis. Nam 
 cum quidam adulescentuli hostium adventu perterriti ad 
 Thebanos transfugere vellent et locum extra urbem editum 
 cepissent, Agesilaus, qui perniciosissimum fore videret, si 
 
 io animadversum esset quemquam ad hostes transfugere 
 conari, cum suis eo venit atque, ut si bono animo fecis- 
 sent, laudavit consilium eorum, quod eum locum occu- 
 passent ; id se quoque fieri debere animadvertisse. Sic 
 adulescentes simulata laudatione recuperavit et adiunctis 
 
 15 de suis comitibus locum tutum reliquit. Namque illi 
 adiecto numero eorum, qui expertes erant consilii com- 
 movere se non sunt ausi eoque libentius, quod latere 
 arbitrabantur quae cogitaverant. 
 
 VII. Sine dubio post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedae- 
 
 20 monii se numquam refecerunt neque pristinum imperium 
 recuperarunt, cum interim numquam Agesilaus destitit 
 quibuscumque rebus posset patriam iuvare. Nam cum 
 praecipue Lacedaemonii indigerent pecunia, ille omnibus 
 qui a rege def ecerant praesidio fuit ; a quibus magna 
 
 25 donatus pecunia patriam sublevavit. Atque in hoc illud 
 imprimis fuit admirabile, cum maxima munera ei ab 
 regibus ac dynastis civitatibusque conferrentur, quod nihil 
 umquam domura suam contulit, nihil de victu, nihil de 
 vestitu Laconum mutavit. Domo eadem fuit contentus, 
 
 30 qua Eurysthenes, progenitor maiorum suorum, fuerat 
 usus ; quam qui intrarat, nullum signum libidinis, nullum 
 luxuriae videre poterat ; contra ea plurima patientiae atque 
 
viii.] AGESILAUS 85 
 
 abstinentiae. Sic enim erat instructa, ut in nulla re 
 differret a cuiusvis inopis atque privatl. 
 
 VIII. Atque hie tantus vir ut naturam fautricem ha- 
 buerat in tribuendis animl virtutibus, sic maleficam nactus 
 est in corpore fingendo ; nam et statura fuit humili et 5 
 corpore exiguo et claudus altero pede. Quae res etiam 
 nonnullam adferebat deformitatem, atque ignoti, faciem 
 eius cum intuerentur, contemnebant ; qui autem virtutes 
 noverant, non poterant admirari satis. Quod ei usu 
 venit, cum annorum octoginta subsidio Tacho in Aegyp- 10 
 turn missus esset et in acta cum suis accubuisset sine 
 ullo tec to statu mque haberet tale, ut terra tecta esset 
 stramentis neque hue amplius quam pellis esset iniecta, 
 eodem quo comites omnes vestitu humili atque obsoleto, 
 ut eorum ornatus non modo in els regem neminem sig- 15 
 nificaret, sed homines esse non beatissimos susplcionem 
 praeberet. Huius de adventu fama cum ad regios esset 
 perlata, celeriter munera eo cuiusque generis sunt adlata. 
 His quaerentibus Agesilaum vix fides facta est, unum esse 
 ex eis qui turn accubabant. Qui cum regis verbis quae 20 
 attulerant dedissent, ille praeter vitulinam et eius modi 
 genera obsonii quae praesens tempus desiderabat, nihil 
 accepit ; unguenta, coronas secundamque mensam servis 
 dispertiit, cetera referrl iussit. Quo facto eum barbari 
 magis etiam contempserunt, quod eum ignorantia bona- 25 
 rum rerum vilia potissimum sumpsisse arbitrabantur. 
 
 Hie cum ex Aegypto reverteretur, donatus a rege Nec- 
 tanabide ducentls viginti talentis, quae ille muneri populo 
 suo daret, venissetque in portum, qui Menelai vocatur, 
 iacens inter Cyrenas et Aegyptum, in morbum implicitus 30 
 decessit. Ibi eum amici, quo Spartam facilius perferre 
 possent, quod mel non habebant, cera circumfuderunt 
 atque ita domum rettulerunt. 
 
XVIII. EUMENES. 
 
 I. Eumenes Cardianus. Huius si virtuti par data esset 
 fortuna, non ille quidem maior exstitisset — quod magnos 
 homines virtute metimur, non fortuna — sed multo in- 
 lustrior atque etiam honoratior. Nam cum aetas eius 
 
 5 incidisset in ea tempora, quibus Macedones florerent, 
 multum el detraxit inter eos viventi, quod alienae erat 
 civitatis, neque aliud huic defuit quam generosa stirps. 
 EtsT enim domestico summo genere erat, tamen Mace- 
 dones eum sibi aliquando anteponi indigne ferebant, neque 
 
 io tamen non patiebantur; vincebat enim omnes cura, vigi- 
 lantia, patientia, calliditate et celeritate ingenii. 
 
 Hie peradulescentulus ad amicitiam accessit Philippi, 
 Amyntae filii, brevique tempore in intimam pervenit fa- 
 miliaritatem ; fulgebat enim iam in adulescentulo indoles 
 
 15 virtutis. Itaque eum habuit ad manum scribae loco, 
 quod multo apud Graios honorincentius est quam apud 
 Romanos. Namque apud nos, re vera sicut sunt, mer- 
 cennarii scribae existimantur ; at apud illos e contrario 
 nemo ad id officium admittitur nisi honesto loco, et fide 
 
 20 et industria cognita, quod necesse est omnium consilio- 
 rum eum esse participem. Hunc locum tenuit amicitiae 
 apud Philippum annos septem. Illo interfecto eodem 
 gradu fuit apud Alexandrum annos tredecim. Novissimo 
 tempore praefuit etiam alterae equitum alae, quae He- 
 
 25 taerice appellabatur. Utrique autem in consilio semper 
 adfuit et omnium rerum habitus est particeps. 
 
 II. Alexandra Babylone mortuo, cum regna singulis 
 
 86 
 
in.] EUMENES 87 
 
 familiaribus dispertirentur et summa tradita esset tuenda 
 eidem, cm Alexander moriens anulum suum dederat, 
 Perdiccae — ex quo omnes coniecerant eum regnum el 
 commlsisse, quoad Hberi eius in suam tutelam pervenis- 
 sent ; aberat enim Crateros et Antipater, qui antecedere 5 
 hunc videbantur ; mortuus erat Hephaestio, quern unum 
 Alexander, quod facile intellegi posset, plurimi fecerat — 
 hoc tempore data est Eumeni Cappadocia sive potius 
 dicta; nam turn in hostium erat potestate. Hunc sibi 
 Perdiccas adiunxerat magno studio, quod in homine 10 
 fidem et industriam magnam videbat, non dubitans, si 
 eum pellexisset, magno usui fore sibi in els rebus quas 
 apparabat. Cogitabat enim, quod fere omnes in magnis 
 imperils concuplscunt, omnium partes corripere atque 
 complect!. Neque vero hoc ille solus fecit, sed ceteri 15 
 quoque omnes, qui Alexandrl fuerant amlci. Primus Le- 
 onnatus Macedonian! praeoccupare destinavit. Is multis 
 magmsque pollicitationibus persuadere Eumeni studuit, ut 
 Perdiccam desereret ac secum faceret societatem. Cum 
 perducere eum non posset, interficere conatus est, et 20 
 fecisset, nisi ille clam noctu ex praesidiis eius effugisset. 
 III. Interim conflata sunt ilia bella, quae ad inter- 
 necionem post Alexandrl mortem gesta sunt, omnesque 
 concurrerunt ad Perdiccam opprimendum. Quem etsi 
 Infirmum videbat, quod unus omnibus resistere cogebatur, 25 
 tamen amicum non deseruit neque salutis quam fidei fuit 
 cupidior. Praefecerat hunc Perdiccas el parti Asiae 
 quae inter Taurum montem iacet atque Hellespontum, 
 et ilium iinum opposuerat Europaels adversariis ; ipse 
 Aegyptum oppugnatum adversus Ptolemaeum erat profec- 30 
 tus. Eumenes cum neque magnas copias neque firmas 
 haberet, quod et inexercitatae et non multo ante erant 
 
88 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [iv. 
 
 contractae, adventare autem dicerentur Hellespontumque 
 transisse Antipater et Crateros magno cum exercitu Mace- 
 donum, viri cum claritate turn usu belli praestantes — 
 Macedones vero milites ea turn erant fama, qua nunc 
 5 Roman! feruntur j etenim semper habiti sunt fortissimi, 
 qui summi imperii potlrentur — Eumenes intellegebat, si 
 copiae suae cognossent adversus quos ducerentur, non 
 modo non ituras, sed simul cum nuntio dilapsiiras. 
 
 Itaque hoc ei visum est prudentissimum, ut deviis 
 
 io itineribus milites duceret, in quibus vera audire non pos- 
 sent, et eis persuaderet se contra quosdam barbaros 
 proficiscT. Atque tenuit hoc propositum et prius in aciem 
 exercitu m eduxit proeliumque commisit, quam milites sui 
 scirent cum quibus arma conferrent. Effecit etiam illud 
 
 15 locorum praeoccupatione, ut equitatu potius dimicaret, 
 quo plus valebat, quam peditatu, quo erat deterior. 
 
 IV. Quorum acerrimo concursu cum magnam partem 
 die! esset pugnatum, cadit Crateros dux et Neoptolemus, 
 qui secundum locum imperii tenebat. Cum hoc concur- 
 
 20 rit ipse Eumenes. Qui cum inter se complexi in terram 
 ex equis decidissent, ut facile intellegl possent inimica 
 mente contendisse animoque magis etiam pugnasse quam 
 corpore, non prius distract! sunt quam alterum anima 
 relinqueret. Ab hoc aliquot plagis Eumenes vulneratur, 
 
 25 neque eo magis ex proelio excessit, sed acrius hostes 
 institit. Hie equitibus profligatis, interfecto duce Cratero, 
 multis praeterea et maxime nobilibus captis, pedester 
 exercitus, quod in ea loca erat deductus ut invito 
 Eumene elabi non posset, pacem ab eo petiit. Quam 
 
 30 cum impetrasset, in fide non mansit et se, simul ac potuit, 
 ad Antipatrum recepit. Eumenes Craterum ex acie se- 
 mivivum elatum recreare studuit ; cum id non posset, 
 
v.] EUMENES 89 
 
 pro hominis dignitate proque pristina amicitia — namque 
 illo usus erat Alexandro vivo familiariter — amplo funere 
 extulit ossaque in Macedoniam uxor! eius ac liberis 
 remisit. 
 
 V. Haec dum apud Hellespontum geruntur, Perdiccas 5 
 apud Nilum flumen interficitur a Seleuco et Antigene, 
 rerumque summa ad Antipatrum defertur. Hie qui non 
 deseruerant, exercitu suffragium ferente, capitis absentes 
 damnantur, in els Eumenes. Hac ille perculsus plaga 
 non succubuit neque eo setius bellum administravit. Sed 10 
 exiles res animi magnitudinem, etsi non frangebant, ta- 
 men niinuebant. Hunc persequens Antigonus, cum omni 
 genere copiarum abundaret, saepe in itineribus vexabatur, 
 neque umquam ad manum accedere licebat nisi els locis 
 quibus pauci multis possent resistere. Sed extremo tern- 15 
 pore, cum consilio cap! non posset, multitudine circumi- 
 tus est. Hinc tamen multis suls amissis se expedivit et 
 in castellum Phrygiae, quod Nora appellatur, confugit. 
 In quo cum circumsederetur et vereretur ne uno loco 
 manens equos militares perderet, quod spatium non esset 20 
 agitandi, callidum fuit eius inventum, quern ad modum 
 stans iumentum concalfieri exercerique posset, quo liben- 
 tius et cibo uteretur et a corporis motu non removeretur. 
 Substringebat caput loro altius quam ut prioribus pedibus 
 plene terrain posset attingere, deinde post verberibus 25 
 cogebat exsultare et calces remittere ; qui motus non 
 minus sudorem excutiebat, quam si in spatio decurreret. 
 Quo factum est, quod omnibus mirabile est visum, ut 
 aeque nitida iiimenta ex castello ediiceret, cum compliires 
 menses in obsidione fuisset, ac si in campestribus ea locis 30 
 habuisset. In hac concliisione, quotienscumque voluit, 
 apparatum et munitiones Antigoni alias incendit, alias 
 
90 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vi., vii. 
 
 disiecit. Tenuit autem se uno loco quam diu hiems fuit, 
 quod castra sub divo habere non poterat. Ver appro- 
 plnquabat ; simulata deditione, dum de condicionibus 
 tractat, praefectis Antigoni imposuit seque ac suos omnes 
 5 extraxit incolumes. 
 
 VI. Ad hunc Olympias, mater quae fuerat Alexandri, 
 cum litteras et nuntios misisset in Asiam consultum, 
 utrum repetitum iret Macedoniam — nam turn in Epiro 
 habitabat — et suas res occuparet, huic ille primum suasit 
 
 io ne se moveret et exspectaret, quoad Alexandri filius 
 regnum adiplsceretur ; sin aliqua cupiditate raperetur in 
 Macedoniam, oblivisceretur omnium iniuriarum et in ne- 
 minem acerbiore uteretur imperio. Horum ilia nihil 
 fecit : nam et in Macedoniam profecta est et ibi criide- 
 
 15 lissime se gessit. Petiit autem ab Eumene absente ne 
 pateretur Philippi domus ac familiae inimicissimos stir- 
 pem quoque interimere, ferretque opem Hberis Alexandri. 
 Quam veniam si daret, quam primum exercitus pararet, 
 quos sibi subsidio adduceret. Id quo facilius faceret, se 
 
 20 omnibus praefectis, qui in officio manebant, misisse litte- 
 ras, ut el parerent eiusque consiliis uterentur. His rebus 
 Eumenes permotus satius duxit, si ita tulisset fortuna, 
 perire bene meritis referentem gratiam quam ingratum 
 vivere. 
 
 25 VII. Itaque copias contraxit, bellum adversus Antigo- 
 num comparavit. Quod una erant Macedones complures 
 nobiles, in els Peucestes, qui corporis custos fuerat Ale- 
 xandri, turn autem obtinebat Persidem, et Antigenes, 
 cuius sub imperio phalanx erat Macedonum, invidiam 
 
 30 verens — quam tamen effugere non potuit — si potius ipse 
 alienigena summi imperii potiretur quam aliquis Mace- 
 donum, quorum ibi erat multitudo, in principiis Alexandri 
 
viii.] EUMENES 91 
 
 nomine tabernaculum statuit in eoque sellam auream 
 cum sceptro ac diademate iussit pom eoque omnes 
 cottidie convenlre, ut ibi de summis rebus consilia cape- 
 rentur ; credens minore se invidia fore, si specie imperii 
 nominisque simulatione Alexandri bellum videretur ad- 5 
 ministrare. Quod effecit ; nam cum non ad Eumenis 
 principia, sed ad regia conveniretur atque ibi de rebus 
 deliberate tur, quodam modo latebat, cum tamen per eum 
 unum gererentur omnia. 
 
 VIII. Hie in Paraetacis cum Antigono conflTxit, non 10 
 acie instructa, sed in itinere, eumque male acceptum 
 in Mediam hiematum coegit redire. Ipse in finitima 
 regione Persidis hiematum copias divisit, non ut voluit, 
 sed ut militum cogebat voluntas. Namque ilia phalanx 
 Alexandri Magni, quae Asiam peragrarat deviceratque 15 
 Persas, inveterata cum gloria turn etiam licentia, non 
 parere se ducibus, sed imperare postulabat, ut nunc 
 veteran! faciunt nostri. Itaque periculum est ne faciant 
 quod ill! fecerunt, sua intemperantia nimiaque licentia ut 
 omnia perdant neque minus eos cum quibus fecerint, 20 
 quam adversus quos steterint. Quod si quis illorum vete- 
 ranorum legat facta, paria horum cognoscat neque rem 
 ullam nisi tempus interesse iudicet. Sed ad illos rever- 
 tar. Hiberna sumpserant non ad usum belli, sed ad 
 ipsorum luxuriam, longeque inter se discesserant. Hoc 25 
 Antigonus cum comperisset intellegeretque se parem non 
 esse paratis adversariis, statuit aliquid sibi consilii novl 
 esse capiendum. Duae erant viae qua ex Medis, ubi ille 
 hiemabat, ad adversariorum hlbernacula posset pervenm. 
 Quarum brevior per loca deserta, quae nemo incolebat 30 
 propter aquae inopiam, ceterum dierum erat fere decern; 
 ilia autem, qua omnes commeabant, altero tanto longio- 
 
92 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [ix. 
 
 rem habebat anfractum, sed erat copiosa omniumque 
 rerum abundans. Hac si proficisceretur, intellegebat prius 
 adversaries rescituros de suo adventu quam ipse tertiam 
 partem confecisset itineris ; sin per loca sola contende- 
 
 5 ret, sperabat se imprudentem hostem oppressiirum. 
 
 Ad hanc rem conficiendam imperavit quam plurimos 
 litres atque etiam culleos comparari ; post haec pabulum ; 
 praeterea cibaria cocta dierum decern, ut quam minime 
 fieret ignis in castris. Iter quo habeat oranes celat. 
 
 io Sic paratus, qua constituerat proficlscitur. 
 
 IX. Dimidium fere spatium confecerat, cum ex fumo 
 castrorum eius suspicio adlata est ad Eumenem hostem 
 appropinquare. Conveniunt duces ; quaeritur, quid opus 
 sit facto. Intellegebant omnes tam celeriter copias 
 
 15 ipsorum contrahi non posse, quam Antigonus adfuturus 
 videbatur. Hie omnibus titubantibus et de rebus summis 
 desperantibus Eumenes ait, si celeritatem velint adhibere 
 et imperata facere, quod ante non fecerint, se rem ex- 
 pediturum. Nam quod diebus quinque hostis transisse 
 
 20 posset, se erTecturum ut non minus totidem dierum spatio 
 retardaretur ; qua re circumirent, suas quisque contraheret 
 copias. Ad Antigoni autem refrenandum impetum tale 
 capit consilium. Certos mittit homines ad Infimos 
 montes, qui obvii erant itineri adversariorum, eisque 
 
 25 praecipit ut prima nocte quam latissime possint ignes 
 faciant quam maximos atque hos secunda vigilia minu- 
 ant, tertia perexiguos reddant, ut adsimulata castrorum 
 consuetudine suspicionem iniciant hostibus eis locis esse 
 castra ac de eorum adventu esse praenuntiatum ; idem- 
 
 30 que postera nocte faciant. Quibus imperatum erat, dili- 
 genter praeceptum curant. Antigonus tenebris obortis 
 ignes conspicatur; credit de suo adventu esse auditum 
 
x., xi.] EUMENES 93 
 
 et adversarios illuc suas contraxisse copias. Mutat con- 
 silium et, quoniam imprudentes adoriri non posset, flectit 
 iter suum et ilium anfractum longiorem copiosae viae 
 capit ibique diem unum opperitur ad lassitudinem se- 
 dandam militum ac reficienda iumenta, quo integriore 5 
 exercitu decerneret. 
 
 X. Sic Eumenes callidum imperatorem vicit consilio 
 celeritatemque impedivit eius, neque tamen multum pro- 
 fecit ; nam invidia ducum, cum quibus erat, perfidiaque 
 Macedonum veteranorum, cum superior proelio disces- 10 
 sisset, Antigono est deditus, cum exercitus el ter ante 
 separates temporibus iurasset se eum defensurum neque 
 umquam deserturum. Sed tanta fuit nonnullorum virtutis 
 obtrectatio, ut fidem amittere mallent quam eum non 
 perdere. Atque hunc Antigonus, cum ei fuisset Infestissi- 15 
 mus, conservasset, si per suos esset licitum, quod ab nullo 
 
 se plus adiuvari posse intellegebat in els rebus quas 
 impendere iam apparebat omnibus. Imminebant enim 
 Seleucus, Lysimachus, Ptolemaeus, opibus iam valentes, 
 cum quibus ei de summis rebus erat dimicandum. Sed 20 
 non pass! sunt il qui circa erant, quod videbant Eumene 
 recepto omnes prae illo parvi futuros. Ipse autem 
 Antigonus adeo erat incensus, ut nisi magna spe maxima- 
 rum rerum leniri non posset. 
 
 XI. Itaque cum eum in custodiam dedisset et prae- 25 
 fectus custodum quaesisset, quern ad modum servari 
 vellet, "Ut acerrimum," inquit, "leonem aut ferocissimum 
 elephantum " ; nondum enim statuerat, conservaret eum 
 necne. Veniebat autem ad Eumenem utrumque genus 
 hominum, et qui propter odium fructum oculis ex eius 30 
 casu capere vellent, et qui propter veterem amicitiam 
 conloqul consolarique cuperent, multl etiam, qui eius 
 
94 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [xn. 
 
 formam cognoscere studebant, qualis esset quem tarn diu 
 tamque valde timuissent, cuius in pernicie positam spem 
 habuissent victoriae. At Eumenes, cum diutius in vinclls 
 esset, ait Onomarcho, penes quem summa imperii erat 
 5 custodiae, se mlrari qua re iam tertium diem sic tenere- 
 tur ; non enim hoc convenire Antigoni prudentiae, ut sic 
 uteretur devicto ; quin aut interne! aut missum fieri 
 iuberet. Hie cum ferocius Onomarcho loqui videretur, 
 "Quid? Tu," inquit, " animo si isto eras, cur non in 
 
 io proelio cecidisti potius quam in potestatem inimici 
 venires?" Huic Eumenes " Utinam quidem istud evenis- 
 set ! Sed eo non accidit, quod numquam cum fortiore 
 sum congressus ; non enim cum quoquam arma contuli, 
 quin is mihi succubuerit." Neque id erat falsum ; non 
 
 15 enim virtute hostium, sed amicorum perfidia decidit. . . . 
 Nam et dignitate fuit honesta et viribus ad laborem 
 ferendum firmis neque tarn magno corpore quam figura 
 venusta. 
 
 XII. De hoc Antigonus cum solus constituere non 
 
 20 auderet, ad consilium rettulit. Hie cum omnes primo 
 perturbati admirarentur non iam de eo sumptum esse 
 supplicium, a quo tot annos adeo essent male habiti, ut 
 saepe ad desperationem forent adducti, quique maximos 
 duces interfecisset, denique in quo uno tan turn esset, ut, 
 
 25 quoad ille viveret, ipsi securi esse non possent, interfecto 
 nihil habituri negotii essent; postremo, si ill! redderet 
 salutem, quaerebant quibus amicis esset usurus : sese 
 enim cum Eumene apud eum non futuros. Hie cognita 
 consilii voluntate tamen usque ad septimum diem deli- 
 
 30 berandi sibi spatium reliquit. Turn autem, cum iam 
 vereretur ne qua seditio exercitiis oreretur, vetuit quem- 
 quam ad eum admitti et cottidianum victum removeri 
 
24 K 86 
 
 M 30 
 
 32 O 
 
 36 Q 
 
 i :'^*>" . 
 
 I I 24 K 
 
xiii.] EUMENES 95 
 
 iussit ; nam negabat se ei vim adlaturum, cui aliquando 
 fuisset amicus. Hie tamen non amplius quam triduum 
 fame fatlgatus, cum castra moverentur, insciente Antigono 
 iugulatus est a custodibus. 
 
 XIII. Sic Eumenes annorum qulnque et quadraginta, 5 
 cum ab anno vlcesim5, utl supra ostendimus, septem 
 annos Philippo apparuisset, tredecim apud Alexandrum 
 eundem locum obtinuisset, in els iinum equitum alae 
 praefuisset, post autem Alexandri Magni mortem im- 
 perator exercitus duxisset summosque duces partim rep- 10 
 pulisset, partim interfecisset, captus non Antigoni virtute, 
 sed Macedonum periurio talem habuit exitum vitae. In 
 quo quanta omnium fuerit opinio eorum, qui post Alexan- 
 drum Magnum reges sunt appellati, ex hoc facillime 
 potest iudicari, quod, quorum nemo Eumene vivo rex 15 
 appellatus est, sed praefectus, eidem post huius occasum 
 statim regium ornatum nomenque sumpserunt neque, 
 quod initio praedicarant, se Alexandri liberls regnum 
 servare, praestare voluerunt et hoc uno propugnatore sub- 
 lato quid sentlrent aperuerunt. Huius sceleris principes 20 
 fuerunt Antigonus, Ptolemaeus, Seleucus, Lysimachus, Cas- 
 sandrus. Antigonus autem Eumenem mortuum propin- 
 quls eius sepeliendum tradidit. II mllitari honestoque 
 funere, comitante toto exercitu, humaverunt ossaque eius 
 in Cappadociam ad matrem atque uxorem Hberosque eius 25 
 deportanda curarunt. 
 
XIX. PHOCION. 
 
 I. Phocion Atheniensis etsl saepe exercitibus praefuit 
 summosque magistrates cepit, tamen multo eius notior 
 est integrities vitae quam rel militaris labor. Itaque huius 
 memoria est nulla, illius autem magna fama, ex quo 
 
 5 cognomine Bonus est appellatus. Fuit enim perpetuo 
 pauper, cum divitissimus esse posset propter frequentes 
 delatos honores potestatesque summas, quae el a populo 
 dabantur. Hie cum a rege Philippo munera magnae 
 pecuniae repudiaret legatique hortarentur accipere simul- 
 
 io que admonerent, si ipse els facile careret, Hberis tamen 
 suis prospiceret, quibus difficile esset in summa paupertate 
 tantam paternam tueri gloriam, eis ille "Si mei similes 
 erunt, idem hie," inquit, " agellus illos alet qui me ad 
 hanc dignitatem perduxit ; sin dissimiles sunt futuri, nolo 
 
 15 meis impensis illorum all augerique luxuriam." 
 
 II. Idem cum prope ad annum octogesimum prospera 
 pervenisset fortuna, extremis temporibus magnum in 
 odium pervenit suorum civium, primo quod cum Demade 
 de urbe tradenda Antipatro consenserat eiusque consilio 
 
 20 Demosthenes cum ceteris, qui bene de re publica merit! 
 existimabantur, populi sclto in exsilium erant expulsl. 
 Neque in eo solum orTenderat, quod patriae male con- 
 suluerat, sed etiam quod amicitiae fidem non praestiterat. 
 Namque auctus adiutusque a Demosthene eum quem 
 
 25 tenebat ascenderat gradum, cum adversus Charetem eum 
 subornaret ; ab eodem in iudiciis, cum capitis causam 
 dfceret, defensus aliquotiens, Hberatus discesserat. Hunc 
 
 96 
 
in., iv] phocion 97 
 
 non solum in periculls non defendit, sed etiam prodidit. 
 Concidit autem maxime unci crimine, quod, cum apud 
 eum summum esset imperium popull iussu et Nicanorem, 
 Cassandri praefectum, insidiari Piraeo a Dercylo mone- 
 retur idemque postularet ut provideret ne commeatibus 5 
 civitas privaretur, huic audiente populo Phocion negavit 
 esse periculum seque eius rel obsidem fore pollicitus est. 
 Neque ita multo post Nicanor Piraeo est potltus. Ad 
 quern recuperandum cum populus armatus concurrisset, 
 ille non modo neminem ad arma vocavit, sed ne armatis 10 
 quidem praeesse voluit. 
 
 III. Erant eo tempore Athenis duae factiones, quarum 
 una popull causam agebat, altera optimatium. In hac erat 
 Phocion et Demetrius Phalereus. Harum utraque Mace- 
 donum patrociniis utebatur ; nam populares Polyperchonti 15 
 favebant, optimates cum Cassandro sentiebant. Interim 
 
 a Polyperchonte Cassandrus Macedonia pulsus est. Quo 
 facto populus superior factus statim duces adversariae 
 factionis capitis damnatos patria propulit, in els Phocio- 
 nem et Demetrium Phalereum, deque ea re legatos ad 20 
 Polyperchontem misit, qui ab eo peterent ut sua decreta 
 confirmaret. Hue eodem profectus est Phocion. Quo 
 ut venit, causam apud Philippum regem verbo, re ipsa 
 quidem apud Polyperchontem iussus est dicere ; namque 
 is turn regis rebus praeerat. Hie ab Agnone accusatus, 25 
 quod Piraeum Nicanori prodidisset, ex consilii sententia 
 in custodiam coniectus Athenas deductus est, ut ibi de 
 eo legibus fieret iudicium. 
 
 IV. Hue ut perventum est, cum propter aetatem pedi- 
 bus iam non valeret vehiculoque portaretur, magni con- 30 
 cursus sunt facti, cum alii, reminiscentes veteris famae, 
 aetatis misererentur, plurimi vero Ira exacuerentur propter 
 
98 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [iv. 
 
 proditionis suspicionem maximeque quod adversus populi 
 commoda in senectute steterat. Qua re ne perorandi 
 quidem el data est facultas dicenti causam in iudicio ; 
 legitimis quibusdam confectis damnatus traditus est un- 
 5 decimviris, quibus ad supplicium more Atheniensium 
 publice damnati tradi solent. Hie cum ad mortem duce- 
 retur, obvius el fuit Euphiletus, quo familiariter fuerat 
 usus. Is cum lacrimans dixisset " O quam indigna per- 
 peteris, Phocidn ! " huic ille " At non inopinata," in- 
 io quit j " hunc enim exitum plerique clan viri habuerunt 
 Athenienses." In hoc tantum fuit odium multitudinis, ut 
 nemo ausus sit eum liber sepelire. Itaque a sen is 
 sepultus est. 
 
XX. TIMOLEON. 
 
 I. Timoleon Corinthius. Sine dubio magnus omnium 
 iudicio hie vir exstitit. Namque huic unl contigit, quod 
 nescio an nulli, ut et patriam, in qua erat natus, oppres- 
 sam a tyranno llberaret, et a Syracusanis, quibus auxilio 
 erat missus, iam inveteratam servitutem depelleret totam- 5 
 que Siciliam, multos annos bello vexatam a barbarisque 
 oppressam, suo adventu in pristinum restitueret. Sed in 
 his rebus non simplici fortuna conflictatus est et, id quod 
 difficilius putatur, multo sapientius tulit secundam quam 
 adversam fortunam. Nam cum frater eius Timophanes, 10 
 dux a Corinthiis delectus, tyrannidem per milites mercen- 
 narios occupasset particepsque regni ipse posset esse, 
 tantum afuit a societate sceleris, ut antetulerit clvium 
 suorum libertatem fratris saluti et parere legibus quam 
 imperare patriae satius duxerit. Hac mente per haru- 15 
 spicem communemque adfinem, cm soror ex eisdem 
 parentibus nata nupta erat, fratrem tyrannum interficien- 
 dum curavit. Ipse non modo manus non attulit, sed ne 
 aspicere quidem fraternum sanguinem voluit. Nam dum 
 res conficeretur, procul in praesidio fuit, ne quis satelles 20 
 posset succurrere. 
 
 Hoc praeclarissimum eius factum non pari modo pro- 
 batum est ab omnibus ; nonnulli enim laesam ab eo 
 pietatem putabant et invidia laudem virtutis obterebant. 
 Mater vero post id factum neque domum ad se filium 25 
 admisit neque aspexit, quin eum fratricidam impiumque 
 detestans compellaret. Quibus rebus ille adeo est com- 
 
 99 
 
IOO CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [11., in. 
 
 motus, ut nonnumquam vitae flnem facere voluerit atque 
 ex ingratorum hominum conspectu morte decedere. 
 
 II. Interim Dione Syracusis interfecto Dionysius rursus 
 Syracusarum potitus est. Cuius adversarii opem a Co- 
 5 rinthils petierunt ducemque, quo in bello uterentur, 
 postularunt. Hue Timoleon missus incredibili felicitate 
 Dionysium tota Sicilia depulit. Cum interficere posset, 
 noluit tutoque ut Corinthum perveniret effecit, quod 
 utrorumque Dionysiorum opibus Corinthil saepe adiuti 
 
 io fuerant, cuius bemgnitatis memoriam volebat exstare, 
 eamque praeclaram victoriam ducebat in qua plus esset 
 clementiae quam crudelitatis ; postremo ut non solum 
 auribus acciperetur, sed etiam oculis cerneretur quern 
 ex quanto regno ad quam fortunam detulisset. Post 
 
 15 Dionysii decessum cum Hiceta bellavit, qui adversatus 
 erat Dionysio ; quem non odio tyrannidis dissensisse, 
 sed cupiditate indicio fuit, quod ipse expulso Dionysio 
 imperium dimittere noluit. Hoc superato Timoleon ma- 
 xima's copias Carthaginiensium apud Crinisum flumen 
 
 20 fugavit ac satis habere coegit, si liceret Africam obtinere, 
 qui iam complures annos possessionem Siciliae tenebant. 
 Cepit etiam Mamercum, Italicum ducem, hominem belli- 
 cosum et potentem, qui tyrannos adiutum in Siciliam 
 venerat. 
 
 25 III. Quibus rebus confectis cum propter diuturnitatem 
 belli non solum regiones, sed etiam urbes desertas vide- 
 ret, conqulsivit quos potuit, primum Siculos, dein Corintho 
 arcessivit colonos, quod ab eis initio Syracusae erant 
 conditae. Civibus veteribus sua restituit, novis bello 
 
 30 vacuefactas possessiones divisit, urbium moenia disiecta 
 fanaque detecta refecit, civitatibus leges libertatemque 
 reddidit ; ex maximo bello tantum otium totae insulae 
 
iv.] TIMOLEON IOI 
 
 conciliavit, ut hie conditor urbium earum, non illl qui 
 initio deduxerant, videretur. Arcem Syracusls, quam mu- 
 nierat Dionysius ad urbem obsidendam, a fundamentis 
 disiecit, cetera tyrannidis propugnacula demolitus est 
 deditque operam, ut quam minime multa vestigia servi- 5 
 tutis manerent. Cum tantis esset opibus, ut etiam invitis 
 imperare posset, tantum autem amorem haberet omnium 
 Siculorum, ut nullo reciisante regnum obtinere liceret, 
 maluit se dlligi quam metui. Itaque, cum primum potuit, 
 imperium deposuit ac privatus Syracusls, quod reliquum 10 
 vltae fuit, vlxit. Neque vero id imperlte fecit; nam 
 quod ceteri reges imperio potuerunt, hie benevolentia 
 tenuit. Nullus honos huic defuit, neque postea res ulla 
 Syracusls gesta est publice, de qua prius sit decretum 
 quam Timoleontis sententia cognita. Nullius umquam 15 
 consilium non modo antelatum, sed ne comparatum qui- 
 dem est. Neque id magis eius benevolentia factum est 
 quam prudentia. 
 
 IV. Hie cum aetate iam provectus esset, sine ullo 
 morbo lumina oculorum amisit. Quam calamitatem ita 20 
 moderate tulit, ut neque eum querentem quisquam au- 
 dierit neque eo minus privatls publicisque rebus inter- 
 fuerit. Veniebat autem in theatrum, cum ibi concilium 
 populi haberetur, propter valetudinem vectus iiimentis 
 iiinctis, atque ita de vehiculo quae videbantur dlcebat. 25 
 Neque hoc illl quisquam tribuebat superbiae ; nihil enim 
 umquam neque insolens neque gloriosum ex ore eius 
 exiit. Qui quidem, cum suas laudes audiret praedicari, 
 numquam aliud dixit quam se in ea re maxime dis agere 
 gratias atque habere, quod, cum Siciliam recreare con- 30 
 stituissent, turn se potissimum ducem esse voluissent. 
 Nihil enim rerum humanarum sine deorum numine geri 
 
I02 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [v. 
 
 putabat ; itaque suae domi sacellum Automatias consti- 
 tuerat idque sanctissime colebat. 
 
 V. Ad hanc hominis excellentem bonitatem mirabiles 
 accesserant casus ; nam proelia maxima natali suo die 
 5 fecit omnia, quo factum est ut eius diem natalem f estum 
 haberet universa Sicilia. Huic quidam Laphystius, homo 
 petulans et ingratus, vadimonium cum vellet imponere, 
 quod cum illo se lege agere diceret, et complures con- 
 currissent, qui procacitatem hominis manibus coercere 
 
 io conarentur, Timoleon oravit homines ne id facerent. 
 Namque id ut Laphystio et culvis liceret, se maximos 
 labores summaque adiisse pericula. Hanc enim speciem 
 llbertatis esse, si omnibus, quod quisque vellet, legibus 
 experiri liceret. Idem, cum quidam Laphystii similis, 
 
 15 nomine Demaenetus, in condone populi de rebus gestis 
 eius detrahere coepisset ac nonnulla inveheretur in Ti- 
 moleonta, dixit nunc demura se voti esse damnatum ; 
 namque hoc a dis immortalibus semper precatum, ut 
 talem libertatem restitueret Syracusanis, in qua cuivis 
 
 20 liceret de quo vellet quod vellet impune dicere. 
 
 Hie cum diem supremum obisset, publice a Syracusanis 
 in gymnasio, quod Timoleonteum appellatur, tota cele- 
 brante Sicilia sepultus est. 
 
 
XXL DE REGIBUS. 
 
 I. Hi fere fuerunt Graecae gentis duces qui memoria 
 digni videantur, praeter reges ; namque eos attingere 
 noluimus, quod omnium res gestae separatim sunt relatae. 
 Neque tamen ii admodum sunt multi. Lacedaemonius 
 autem Agesilaus nomine, non potestate fuit rex, sicut 5 
 ceteri Spartan!. Ex eis vero, qui dominatum imperio 
 tenuerunt, excellentissimi fuerunt, ut nos iudicamus, Per- 
 sarum Cyrus et Dareus, Hystaspi filius, quorum uterque 
 privatus virtute regnum est adeptus. Prior horum apud 
 Massagetas in proelio cecidit, Dareus senectute diem 10 
 obiit supremum. Tres sunt praeterea eiusdem gentis : 
 Xerxes et duo Artaxerxae r Macrochir cognomine et 
 Mnemon. Xerxi maxime est inliistre, quod maximis post 
 hominum memoriam exercitibus terra marique bellum 
 intulit Graeciae. At Macrochir praecipuam habet laudem 15 
 amplissimae pulcherrimaeque corporis formae, quam in- 
 credibili ornavit virtute belli ; namque illo Perses nemo 
 manu fuit fortior. Mnemon autem iustitiae f ama floruit ; 
 nam cum matris suae scelere amisisset uxorem, tantum 
 indulsit dolori, ut eum pietas vinceret. Ex his duo 20 
 eodem nomine morbo naturae debitum reddiderunt, ter- 
 tius ab Artabano praefecto ferro interemptus est. 
 
 II. Ex Macedonum autem gente duo multo ceteros 
 antecesserunt rerum gestarum gloria : Philippus, Amyntae 
 filius, et Alexander Magnus. Horum alter Babylone 25 
 morbo consumptus est, Philippus Aegiis a Pausania, cum 
 spectatum ludos iret, iuxta theatrum occisus est. Unus 
 
 103 
 
104 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [m. 
 
 Epirotes, Pyrrhus, qui cum populo Romano bellavit. Is 
 cum Argos oppidum oppugnaret in Peloponneso, lapide 
 ictus interiit. Unus item Siculus, Dionysius prior. Nam 
 et manu fortis et belli peritus fuit et, id quod in tyranno 
 5 non facile reperitur, minime libidinosus, non luxuriosus, 
 non avarus, nullius denique rei cupidus nisi singularis per- 
 petuique imperil ob eamque rem crudelis ; nam dum id 
 studuit munlre, nullius pepercit vitae, quern eius Insidiato- 
 rem putaret. Hie cum virtute tyrannidem sibi peperisset, 
 
 io magna retinuit felicitate ; maior enim annos sexaginta 
 
 natus decessit florente regno. Neque in tarn multis annis 
 
 cuiusquam ex sua stirpe funus vidit, cum ex tribus uxo- 
 
 ribus liberos procreasset multlque ei nati essent nepotes. 
 
 III. Fuerunt praeterea magni reges ex amicis Alexan- 
 
 15 dri Magni, qui post obitum eius imperia ceperunt, in eis 
 Antigonus et huius filius Demetrius, Lysimachus, Seleucus, 
 Ptolemaeus. Ex his Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus 
 Seleucum et Lysimachum dimicaret, occisus est. Pari 
 leto adfectus est Lysimachus ab Seleuco ; namque socie- 
 
 20 tate dissoluta bellum inter se gesserunt. At Demetrius, 
 cum filiam suam Seleuco in matrimonium dedisset neque 
 eo magis fida inter eos amicitia manere potuisset, captus 
 bello in custodia socer generi periit a morbo. Neque ita 
 multo post Seleucus a Ptolemaeo Cerauno dolo interfectus 
 
 25 est, quem ille a patre expulsum Alexandria alienarum 
 opum indigentem receperat. Ipse autem Ptolemaeus, 
 cum vivus filio regnum tradidisset, ab illo eodem vita 
 privatus dicitur. 
 
 De quibus quoniam satis dictum putamus, non incom- 
 
 30 modum videtur non praeterire Hamilcarem et Hanni- 
 balem, quos et animi magnitudine et calliditate omnes in 
 Africa natos praestitisse constat. 
 
XXII. HAMILCAR. 
 
 I. Hamilcar, Hannibalis filius, cognomine Barca, Car- 
 thaginiensis, primo Poenico bello, sed temporibus ex- 
 tremis, admodum adulescentulus in Sicilia praeesse coepit 
 exercitui. Cum ante eius adventum et man et terra 
 male res gererentur Carthaginiensium, ipse ubi adfuit, 5 
 numquam hosti cessit neque locum nocendl dedit, saepe- 
 que e contrario occasione data lacessivit semperque su- 
 perior discessit. Quo facto, cum paene omnia in Sicilia 
 Poem amlsissent, ille Erycem sic defendit, ut bellum 
 eo loco gestum non videretur. Interim Carthaginienses 10 
 classe apud insulas Aegates a C. Lutatio, consule Roma- 
 norum, superatl statuerunt belli facere finem eamque 
 rem arbitrio permiserunt Hamilcaris. Ille etsi flagrabat 
 bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci serviendum putavit, quod 
 patriam exhaustam sumptibus diutius calamitates belli 15 
 ferre non posse intellegebat, sed ita ut statim mente 
 agitaret, si paulum modo res essent refectae, bellum 
 renovare Romanosque armis persequi, donicum aut virtute 
 vicissent aut victi manus dedissent. Hoc consilio pacem 
 conciliavit, in quo tanta fuit ferocia, cum Catulus negaret 20 
 bellum compositurum, nisi ille cum suis, qui Erycem 
 tenerent, armis relictis Sicilia decederent, ut succumbente 
 patria ipse periturum se potius dlxerit, quam cum tanto 
 flagitio domum rediret : non enim suae esse virtutis 
 arma a patria accepta adversus hostes adversariis tradere. 25 
 Huius pertinaciae cessit Catulus. 
 
 II. At ille ut Carthaginem venit, multo aliter ac spe- 
 
 105 
 
I06 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [in., iv. 
 
 rarat rem publicam se habentem cognovit. Namque 
 diuturnitate externl mall tantum exarsit intestinum bel- 
 lum, ut numquam in pari periculo fuerit Carthago nisi 
 cum deleta est. Primo mercennaril mllites, quibus ad- 
 
 5 versus Romanos usT erant, desciverunt, quorum numerus 
 erat vlginti milium. Ii totam abalienarunt Africam, 
 ipsam Carthaginem oppugnarunt. Quibus mails adeo sunt 
 Poeni perterritl, ut etiam auxilia ab Romanls petierint ; 
 eaque impetrarunt. Sed extremo, cum prope iam ad 
 
 io desperationem pervenissent, Hamilcarem imperatorem fe- 
 cerunt. Is non solum hostes a muris Carthaginis remo- 
 vit, cum amplius centum milia facta essent armatorum, 
 sed etiam eo compulit, ut locorum angustiis clausi plures 
 fame quam ferro interirent. Omnia oppida abalienata, in 
 
 15 els Uticam atque Hipponem, valentissima totius Africae, 
 restituit patriae. Neque eo fuit contentus, sed etiam 
 fines imperii propagavit, tota Africa tantum otium red- 
 didit, ut nullum in ea bellum videretur multis annis 
 fuisse. 
 
 20 III. Rebus his ex sententia peractis fidenti animo 
 atque infesto Romanls, quo facilius causam bellandi re- 
 periret, effecit ut imperator cum exercitu in Hispaniam 
 mitteretur, eoque secum duxit filium Hannibalem anno- 
 rum novem. Erat praeterea cum eo adulescens inlustris, 
 
 25 f ormosus, Hasdrubal, cui ille filiam suam in matrimonium 
 dedit. De hoc ideo mentionem fecimus, quod Hamil- 
 care occlso ille exercitui praefuit resque magnas gessit et 
 princeps largitione vetustos pervertit mores Carthagini- 
 ensium eiusdemque post mortem Hannibal ab exercitu 
 
 30 accepit imperium. 
 
 IV. At Hamilcar, posteaquam mare transiit in Hi- 
 spaniamque venit, magnas res secunda gessit f ortuna ; 
 
iv.] HAMILCAR 107 
 
 maximas bellicdsissimasque gentes subegit, equis, armis, 
 virls, petunia totam locupletavit Africam. Hie cum in 
 Italiam bellum inferre meditaretur, nono anno postquam 
 in Hispaniam venerat, in proelio pugnans adversus Vetto- 
 nes occlsus est. Huius perpetuum odium erga Romanos 5 
 maxime concitasse videtur secundum bellum Poenicum ; 
 namque Hannibal, filius eius, adsiduis patris obtestatio- 
 nibus eo est perductus, ut interire quam Romanos non 
 experiri mallet. 
 
XXIII. HANNIBAL. 
 
 I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris fllius, Carthaginiensis. Si ve- 
 rum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus omnes 
 gentes virtute superarit, non est Infitiandum Hannibalem 
 tanto praestitisse ceteros imperatores prudentia, quanto 
 5 populus Romanus antecedat fortitudine cunctas nationes ; 
 nam quotienscumque cum eo congressus est in Italia, 
 semper discessit superior. Quod nisi doml civium suorum 
 invidia debilitatus esset, Romanos videtur superare potu- 
 isse. Sed multorum obtrectatio devicit iinius virtutem. 
 
 io II. Hie autem velut hereditate relictum odium pater- 
 num erga Romanos sic conservavit, ut prius animam 
 quam id deposuerit, qui quidem, cum patria pulsus esset 
 et alienarum opum indigeret, numquam destiterit animo 
 bellare cum RomanTs. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quem 
 
 15 absens hostem reddidit Romanls, omnium eis temporibus 
 potentissimus rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate 
 incendit bellandi, ut usque a rubro marl arma conatus sit 
 inferre Italiae. Ad quem cum legati venissent Roman!, 
 qui de eius voluntate explorarent darentque operam 
 
 20 consiliis clandestinis ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regi 
 adducerent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptus alia atque antea 
 sentiret, neque id frustra fecissent idque Hannibal com- 
 perisset seque ab interioribus consiliis segregari vidisset, 
 tempore dato adiit ad regem, eique cum multa de fide 
 
 25 sua et odio in Romanos commemorasset, hoc adiunxit : 
 " Pater meus," inquit, " Hamilcar puerulo me, utpote 
 non amplius novem annos nato, in Hispaniam imperator 
 
 108 
 
hi.] HANNIBAL 109 
 
 proficlscens Carthagine Iovl optimo maximd hostias im- 
 molavit. Quae divina res dum conficiebatur, quaesivit a 
 me vellemne secum in castra pronciscl. Id cum libenter 
 accepissem atque ab eo petere coepissem ne dubitaret 
 ducere, turn ille, ' Faciam,' inquit, ' si mihi fidem quam 5 
 postulo dederis.' Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud quam 
 sacrificare Instituerat, eamque ceteris remotls tenentem 
 iurare iussit numquam me in amicitia cum Romanls fore. 
 Id ego iusiurandum patri datum usque ad .hanc aetatem 
 ita conservavi, ut neminl dubium esse debeat, quln reliquo 10 
 tempore eadem mente sim futurus. Qua re si quid 
 amice de Romanis cogitabis, non imprudenter feceris, si 
 me celaris ; cum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum frus- 
 traberis, si non me in eo principem posueris." 
 
 III. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in Hi- 15 
 spaniam profectus est, cuius post obitum, Hasdrubale 
 imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit. Hoc quo- 
 que interfecto exercitus summam imperii ad eum detulit. 
 Id Carthaginem delatum publice comprobatum est. Sic 
 Hannibal minor quinque et vigintl annls natus imperator 20 
 factus proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispaniae bello 
 subegit, Saguntum, foederatam clvitatem, vi expugnavit, 
 tres exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex his unum in 
 African) mlsit, alterum cum Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania 
 rellquit, tertium in Italiam secum duxit. Ut saltum Py- 25 
 renaeum transiit, quacumque iter fecit, cum omnibus 
 incolls confllxit ; neminem nisi victum dlmlsit. Ad Alpes 
 postea quam venit, qua Italiam ab Gallia seiungunt, quas 
 nemo umquam cum exercitu ante eum praeter Herculem 
 Graium transierat — quo facto is hodie saltus Graius ap- 30 
 pellatur — Alpicos conantes prohibere transitu concidit, 
 loca patefecit, itinera muniit, erTecit ut ea elephantus 
 
IIO CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [iv., v. 
 
 ornatus ire posset, qua antea unus homo inermis vix 
 poterat repere. Hac copias traduxit in Italiamque per- 
 venit. 
 
 IV. Confllxerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio 
 5 Scipione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem 
 
 Clastidii apud Padum decernit sauciumque inde ac 
 fugatum dlmittit. Terti5 idem Sclpio cum conlega Ti. 
 Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cum els 
 manum conseruit, utrosque profligavit. Inde per Ligures 
 
 io Appenninum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc in itinere 
 adeo gravi morbo adficitur oculorum, ut postea num- 
 quam dextro aeque bene usus sit. Qua valetudine cum 
 etiamnum premeretur lecticaque ferretur, C. Flaminium 
 consulem apud Trasumenum cum exercitu insidils cir- 
 
 15 cumventum occidit, neque multo post C. Centenium 
 praetorem cum delecta manu saltus occupantem. Hinc 
 in Apuliam pervenit. Ibi obviam ei venerunt duo con- 
 sules, C. Terentius et L. Aemilius. Utriusque exercitus 
 uno proelio fugavit, Paulum consulem occidit et aliquot 
 
 20 praeterea consulages, in els Cn. Servilium (^eminum, qui 
 superiore anno fuerat consul. 
 
 V. Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus niillo re- 
 sistente in proplnquls urbi montibus moratus est. Cum 
 aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset et Capuam reverteretur, 
 
 25 Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Romanus, in agro Falerno 
 ei se obiecit. Hie clausus locorum angustiis noctu sine 
 ullo detrimento exercitus se expedivit Fabioque, callidis- 
 simo imperatori, dedit verba; namque obducta nocte 
 sarmenta in cornibus iuvencorum deligata incendit eius- 
 
 30 que generis multitudinem magnam dispalatam immisit. 
 Quo repentino visu obiecto tantum terrorem iniecit exer- 
 citu! Romanorum, ut egredi extra vallum nemo sit ausus. 
 
vi., vii.] HANNIBAL I I I 
 
 Hanc post rem gestam non ita multis diebus M. Minu- 
 cium Rufum, magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem 
 imperio, dolo productum in proelium fugavit. Ti. Sem- 
 pronium Gracchum, iterum consulem, in Lucanis absens 
 in Insidias inductum sustulit. M. Claudium Marcellum, 5 
 quinquiens consulem, apud Venusiam pari modo inter- 
 fecit. Longum est omnia enumerare proelia. Qua re 
 hoc unum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegl possit 
 quantus ille fuerit : quam diu in Italia fuit, nemo ei in 
 acie restitit, nemo adversus eum post Cannensem pugnam 10 
 in campo castra posuit. 
 
 VI. Hinc invictus patriam def ensum revocatus bellum 
 gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium eius Scipionis quem 
 ipse primo apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Padum, tertio 
 apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum hoc exhaustis iam patriae 15 
 facultatibus cupivit impraesentiarum bellum componere, 
 quo valentior postea congrederetur. Inde conloquium 
 convenit, condiciones non convenerunt. Post id factum 
 paucis diebus apud Zamam cum eodem confllxit ; pulsus 
 — incredibile dictu — biduo et duabus noctibus Hadru- 20 
 metum pervenit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia pas- 
 suum trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo 
 ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei, quos non solum 
 effugit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Hadrumeti reliquos 
 
 e fuga conlegit, novis dilectibus paucis diebus multos 25 
 contraxit. 
 
 VII. Cum in apparando acerrime esset occupatus, 
 Carthaginienses bellum cum RomanTs composuerunt. Ille 
 nihilo setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in Africa 
 gessit usque ad P. Sulpicium C. Aurelium consules. His 30 
 enim magistratibus legati Carthaginienses Romam vene- 
 mnt, qui senatui populoque Romano gratias agerent, quod 
 
112 O )RNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [vm. 
 
 cum eis pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea 
 eos donarent simulque peterent ut obsides eorum Fre- 
 gellis essent captivique redderentur. His ex senatus con- 
 sulted responsum est : munus eorum gratum acceptumque 
 5 esse ; obsides, quo loco rogarent, futuros ; captivos non 
 remissiiros, quod Hannibalem, cuius opera susceptum 
 bellum foret, inimicissimum nomini Romano, etiamnum 
 cum imperio apud exercitum haberent itemque fratrem 
 eius Magonem. Hoc responso Carthaginienses cognito 
 
 io Hannibalem domum et Magonem revocarunt Hue ut 
 rediit, rex factus est, postquam imperator fuerat anno 
 secundo et vlcesimo — ut enim Romae consules, sic Car- 
 thagine quotannis annul bini reges creabantur. In eo 
 magistratu pari dlligentia se Hannibal praebuit ac fuerat 
 
 15 in bello. Namque effecit ex novis vectlgalibus non solum 
 ut esset pecunia, quae Romanis ex foedere penderetur, 
 sed etiam superesset, quae in aerario reponeretur. 
 Deinde M. Claudio L. Furio consulibus Roma legati Car- 
 thaginem venerunt. Hos Hannibal ratus sui exposcendi 
 
 20 gratia missos, priusquam eis senatus daretur, navem as- 
 cendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum perfugit. 
 Hac re palam facta Poem naves duas, quae eum com- 
 prehenderent, si possent consequi, mlserunt, bona eius 
 publicarunt, domum a fundamentis disiecerunt, ipsum 
 
 25 exsulem iudicarunt. 
 
 VIII. At Hannibal anno quarto postquam domo pro- 
 fugerat, L. Cornelio Q. Minucio consulibus, cum quinque 
 navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenaeorum, si forte 
 Carthaginienses ad bellum inducere posset Antiochi spe 
 
 30 fiduciaque, cui iam persuaserat ut cum exercitibus in 
 Italiam proficisceretur. Hue Magonem fratrem excivit. 
 Id ubi Poeni resciverunt, Magonem eadem, qua fratrem, 
 
ix., x] HANNIBAL 113 
 
 absentem adfecerunt poena. 111! desperatis rebus cum 
 solvissent naves ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad 
 Antiochum pervenit. De Magonis interitu duplex me- 
 moria prodita est : namque alii naufragio, alii a servulis 
 ipslus interfectum eum scrip turn rellquerunt. Antiochus 5 
 autem si tam in gerendo bello consiliis eius parere 
 voluisset, quam in suscipiendo Instituerat, propius Tiberl 
 quam Thermopylis de summa imperil dimicasset. Quern 
 etsi multa stulte conari videbat, tamen nulla deseruit in 
 re. Praefuit paucls navibus, quas ex Syria iussus erat 10 
 in Asiam ducere, eisque adversus Rhodiorum classem in 
 Pamphylio mari conflixit. In quo cum multitudine ad- 
 versariorum sui superarentur, ipse quo cornu rem gessit 
 fuit superior. 
 
 IX. Antiocho fugato verens ne dederetur, quod sine 15 
 dubio accidisset, si sui fecisset potestatem, Cretam ad 
 Gortynios venit, ut ibi quo se conferret consideraret. 
 Vldit autem vir omnium callidissimus in magno se fore 
 periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam Cre- 
 tensium ; magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, de 20 
 qua sciebat exisse famam. Itaque capit tale consilium. 
 Amphoras complures complet plumbo, sum mas operit 
 auro et argento. Has praesentibus principibus deponit 
 
 in templo Dianae, simulans se suas fortunas illorum fidei 
 credere. His in errorem inductls statuas aeneas, quas 25 
 secum portabat, omni sua pecunia complet easque in 
 propatulo doml abicit. Gortynii templum magna cura 
 custodiunt, non tam a ceteris quam ab Hannibale, ne ille 
 inscientibus els tolleret sua secumque duceret. 
 
 X. Sic conservatls suis rebus omnibus Poenus inlusis 30 
 Cretensibus ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. Apud . 
 quern eodem animo fuit erga Italiam neque aliud quic- 
 
114 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE 
 
 [XI. 
 
 quam egit quam regem armavit et exacuit adversus Ro- 
 manos. Quern cum videret domesticis opibus minus esse 
 robustum, conciliabat ceteros reges, adiungebat bellicosas 
 nationes. Dissidebat ab eo Pergamenus rex Eumenes, 
 5 Romanls amlcissimus, bellumque inter eos gerebatur et 
 marl et terra; sed utrobique Eumenes plus valebat 
 propter Romanorum societatem. Quo magis cupiebat 
 eum Hannibal opprimi, quern si removisset, faciliora sibi 
 cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc interficiendum talem 
 
 io iniit rationem. Classe paucis diebus erant decreturi. 
 Superabatur navium multitudine ; dolo erat pugnandum, 
 cum par non esset armis. Imperavit quam plurimas 
 venenatas serpentes vivas conligl easque in vasa fictilia 
 conici. Harum cum effecisset magnam multitudinem, 
 
 15 die ipso, quo facturus erat navale proelium, classiarios 
 convocat eisque praecipit, omnes ut in unara Eumenis 
 regis concurrant navem, a ceteris tantum satis habeant 
 se defendere. Id illos facile serpentium multitudine con- 
 secuturos. Rex autem in qua nave veheretur, ut sclrent 
 
 20 se factiirum ; quem si aut cepissent aut interfecissent, 
 magno els pollicetur praemio fore. 
 
 XI. Tali cohortatione militum facta classis ab utrisque 
 in proelium deducitur. Quarum acie constituta, prius- 
 quam signum pugnae daretur, Hannibal, ut palam faceret 
 
 25 suis quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium in scapha cum 
 caduceo mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adversariorum pervenit 
 epistulamque ostendens se regem professus est quaerere, 
 statim ad Eumenem deductus est, quod nemo dubitabat 
 quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum. Tabellarius ducis 
 
 30 nave declarata suis eodem, unde erat egressus, se recepit. 
 At Eumenes soluta epistula nihil in ea repperit nisi quae 
 ad inridendum eum pertinerent. Cuius rei etsi causam 
 
xii.] HANNIBAL 11$ 
 
 mlrabatur neque reperiebat, tamen proelium statim com- 
 mittere non dubitavit. Horum in concursu Bithyni Han- 
 nibalis praecepto universl navem Eumenis adoriuntur. 
 Quorum vim rex cum sustinere non posset, fuga salutem 
 petiit, quam consecutus non esset, nisi intra sua praesidia 5 
 se recepisset, quae in proximo lltore erant conlocata. 
 Reliquae Pergamenae naves cum adversaries premerent 
 acrius, repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra men- 
 tionem fecimus, conici coepta sunt. Quae iacta initio 
 risum pugnantibus concitarunt, neque qua re id fieret 10 
 poterat intellegl. Postquam autem naves suas oppletas 
 conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum quid 
 potissimum vitarent non viderent, puppes verterunt seque 
 ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic Hannibal consilio 
 arma Pergamenorum superavit, neque turn solum, sed 15 
 saepe alias pedestribus copiis pari prudentia pepulit ad- 
 versaries. 
 
 XII. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu ut legati 
 Prusiae Romae apud T. Quinctium Flamininum consula- 
 rem cenarent, atque ibi de Hannibale mentione facta ex 20 
 eis unus diceret eum in Prusiae regno esse. Id postero 
 die Flamininus senatui detulit. Patres conscript!, qui 
 Hannibale vivo numquam se sine insidiis futiiros existima- 
 rent, legatos in Bithyniam mlserunt, in els Flamininum, qui 
 ab rege peterent ne inimicissimum suum secum haberet 25 
 sibique dederet. His Priisia negare ausus non est; illud 
 recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod adversus ius 
 hospitii esset : ipsi, si possent, comprehenderent ; locum, 
 ubi esset, facile inventuros. Hannibal enim uno loco se 
 tenebat, in castello, quod el a rege datum erat muneri, 30 
 idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus aedificil 
 exitus haberet, scilicet verens ne usu venlret quod accidit. 
 
u6 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE 
 
 [XIII. 
 
 Hue cum legati Romanorum venissent ac multitudine 
 domum eius circumdedissent, puer ab ianua prospiciens 
 Hannibal! dixit plures praeter consuetudinem armatos 
 apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii cir- 
 5 cumiret ac propere sibi nuntiaret num eodem modo 
 undique obsideretur. Puer cum celeriter, quid vidisset, 
 renuntiasset omnesque exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit 
 id non fortuito factum, sed se peti neque sibi diutius 
 vltam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio dimit- 
 
 io teret, memor pristinarum virtutum venenum, quod semper 
 secum habere consuerat, sumpsit. 
 
 XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunctus 
 laboribus, anno adquievit septuagesimo. Quibus consuli- 
 bus interierit non convenit. Namque Atticus M. Claudio 
 
 15 Marcello Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus mortuum in an- 
 nali suo scriptum reliquit, at Polybius L. Aemilio Paulo 
 Cn. Baebio Tamphilo, Sulpicius autem Blitho P. Cornelio 
 Cethego M. Baebio Tamphilo. Atque hie tantus vir tan- 
 tlsque bellis districtus non nihil temporis tribuit litteris. 
 
 20 Namque aliquot eius libri sunt, Graeco sermone confecti, 
 in eis ad Rhodios de Cn. Manlii Volsonis in Asia rebus 
 gestis. Hiiius belli gesta multi memoriae prodiderunt, 
 sed ex eis duo, qui cum eo in castris fuerunt simulque 
 vixerunt, quam diu fortuna passa est, Silenus et Sosilus 
 
 25 Lacedaemonius. Atque hoc Sosilo Hannibal litterarum 
 Graecarum usus est doctore. 
 
 Sed nos tempus est huius libri facere finem et Roma- 
 norum explicare imperatores, quo facilius conlatis utro- 
 rumque factis, qui viri praeferendi sint possit iudicari. 
 
EX LIBRO 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 DE LATlNIS HISTORIClS. 
 
 XXIV. CATO. 
 
 I. M. Cato, ortus municipio Tusculo, adulescentulus, 
 priusquam honoribus operam daret, versatus est in Sabi- 
 nls, quod ibi heredium a patre rellctum habebat. Inde 
 hortatu L. Valerii FlaccI, quern in consulatu censuraque 
 habuit conlegam, ut M. Perpenna censorius narrare solitus 5 
 est, Romam demigravit in foroque esse coepit. Primum 
 stipendium meruit annorum decern septemque. Q. Fabio 
 M. Claudio consulibus tribunus mllitum in Sicilia fait. 
 Inde ut rediit, castra secutus est C. Claudil Neronis, 
 magnlque opera eius exlstimata est in proelio apud Se- 10 
 nam, quo cecidit Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis. Quaestor 
 obtigit P. Africano consul!, cum quo non pro sortis 
 necessitu line vixit ; namque ab eo perpetua dissensit 
 vita. Aedilis plebei factus est cum C. Helvio. Praetor 
 provinciam obtinuit Sardinian!, ex qua quaestor superiore 15 
 tempore ex Africa decedens Q. Ennium poetam de- 
 duxerat, quod non minoris aestimamus quam quemlibet 
 amplissimum Sardiniensem triumphum. 
 
 II. Consulatum gessit cum L. Valerio Flacco. Sorte 
 provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeriorem, ex ea trium- 20 
 
 117 
 
Il8 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [m. 
 
 phum deportavit. Ibi cum diutius moraretur, P. Scipio 
 Africanus consul iterum, cuius in priore consulatu quaes- 
 tor fuerat, voluit eum de provincia depellere et ipse ei 
 succedere ; neque hoc per senatum efficere potuit, cum 
 5 quidem Scipio prlncipatum in civitate obtineret, quod 
 turn non potentia, sed iure res publica administrabatur. 
 Qua ex re iratus senatui consulatu peracto privatus in 
 urbe mansit. At Cato, censor cum eodem Flacco factus, 
 severe praefuit el potestatl ; nam et in complures nobiles 
 
 io animadvertit et multas res novas in edictum addidit, qua 
 re luxuria reprimeretur, quae iam turn incipiebat pullulare. 
 Circiter annos octoginta, usque ad extremam aetatem ab 
 adulescentia, rel publicae causa suscipere inimlcitias non 
 destitit. A multis temptatus, non modo nullum detrimen- 
 
 15 turn exlstimationis fecit, sed quoad vixit virtutum laude 
 crevit. 
 
 III. In omnibus rebus singular! fuit industria; nam et 
 agricola sollers et perltus iuris consultus et magnus 
 imperator et probabilis orator et cupidissimus litterarum 
 
 20 fuit. Quarum studium etsl senior adripuerat, tamen tan- 
 tum progressum fecit, ut non facile reperiri possit neque 
 de Graecls neque de Italicis rebus, quod el fuerit in- 
 cognitum. Ab adulescentia confecit orationes. Senex 
 historias scribere Instituit. Earum sunt libri septem. 
 
 25 Primus continet res gestas regum populT Roman!, se- 
 cuhdus et tertius unde quaeque clvitas orta sit Italica ; 
 ob quam rem oranes Origines videtur appellasse. In 
 quarto autem bellum Poenicum est prlmum, in quinto 
 secundum. Atque haec omnia capitulatim sunt dicta. 
 
 30 Reliqua quoque bella pari modo persecutus est usque ad 
 praeturam Ser. Galbae, qui diripuit Lusitanos ; atque 
 horum bellorum duces non nominavit, sed sine nominibus 
 
hi.] CATO 1 19 
 
 res notavit. In elsdem exposuit quae in Italia Hispaniis- 
 que viderentur admiranda ; in quibus multa industria et 
 diligentia comparet, nulla doctrina. 
 
 Huius de vita et moribus plura in eo libro persecuti 
 sumus, quem separatim de eo fecimus rogatu T. Pom- 5 
 ponii Atticf. Qua re studiosos Catonis ad illud volumen 
 delegamus. 
 
XXV. ATTICUS. 
 
 I. T. Pomponius Atticus, ab origine ultima stirpis 
 Romanae generatus, perpetuo a maioribus acceptam 
 equestrem obtinuit dignitatem. Patre usus est diligente 
 et, ut turn erant tempora, ditl imprimisque studioso lit- 
 
 5 terarum. Hie, prout ipse amabat litteras, omnibus doc- 
 trinis quibus puerilis aetas impertlri debet f Ilium erudlvit. 
 Erat autem in puero praeter docilitatem ingenil summa 
 suavitas oris atque vocis, ut non solum celeriter acciperet 
 quae tradebantur, sed etiam excellenter pronuntiaret. 
 
 io Qua ex re in pueritia nobilis inter aequales ferebatur 
 clariusque exsplendescebat quam generosi condiscipuli 
 animo aequo ferre possent. Itaque incitabat pmnes stu- 
 dio suo, quo in numero fuerunt L. Torquatus, C. Marius 
 f Ilius, M. Cicero ; quos consuetudine sua sic devinxit, ut 
 
 15 nemo els perpetua vita fuerit carior. 
 
 II. Pater mature decessit. Ipse adulescentulus prop- 
 ter adfinitatem P. Sulpicii, qui tribunus plebei interfectus 
 est, non expers fuit illius periculi ; namque Anicia, Pom- 
 ponii consobrina, nupserat Servio, fratri Sulpicii. Itaque 
 
 20 interfecto Sulpicio postea quam vidit Cinnano tumultii 
 clvitatem esse perturbatam neque sibi darl facultatem 
 pro dignitate vivendT, quin alterutram partem offenderet, 
 dissociatis animls civium, cum alii Sullanis, alii Cin- 
 nanis faverent partibus, idoneum tempus ratus studiis 
 
 25 obsequendi suis Athenas se contulit. Neque eo setius 
 adulescentem Marium hostem iudicatum iuvit opibus suis, 
 cuius fugam pecunia sublevavit. Ac ne ilia peregrinatio 
 
in., iv.] ATTICUS 121 
 
 detrimentum aliquod adferret rei familiar!, eodem magnam 
 partem fortunarum traiecit suarum. Hie ita vlxit, ut uni- 
 versls Atheniensibus merito esset carissimus ; nam praeter 
 gratiam, quae iam in adulescentulo magna erat, saepe 
 suls opibus inopiam eorum publicam levavit. Cum enim 5 
 versuram facere publice necesse esset neque eius con- 
 dicionem aequam haberent, semper se interposuit, atque 
 ita, ut neque usuram umquam ab els acceperit neque 
 longius quam dictum esset debere passus sit. Quod 
 utrumque erat eis salutare ; nam neque indulgendo in- 10 
 veterascere eorum aes alienum patiebatur neque multipli- 
 candis usuris crescere. Auxit hoc officium alia quoque 
 Hberalitate ; nam universos frumento donavit, ita ut 
 singulis sen! modil tritici darentur, qui modus mensurae 
 medimnus Athenis appellatur. 15 
 
 III. Hie autem sic se gerebat, ut communis Infimls, 
 par principibus videretur. Quo factum est ut huic omnes 
 honores, quos possent, publice haberent civemque facere 
 studerent ; quo beneficio ille ut! noluit. Quam diu adfuit, 
 ne qua sibi statua poneretur restitit, absens prohibere non 20 
 potuit. Itaque aliquot ipsi et Phidiae locls sanctissimis 
 posuerunt ; hunc enim in omni procuratione rei publicae 
 actorem auctoremque habebant potissimum. Igitur pri- 
 mum illud munus f ortunae, quod in ea urbe natus est, in 
 qua domicilium orbis terrarum esset imperil, ut eandem 25 
 et patriam haberet et doraum ; hoc specimen prudentiae, 
 quod, cum in earn se civitatem contulisset, quae antlqui- 
 tate, humanitate doctrlnaque praestaret omnes, unus el 
 fuit carissimus. 
 
 IV. Hue ex Asia Sulla decedens cum venisset, quam 30 
 diu ibi fuit, secum habuit Pomponium, captus adulescentis 
 
 et humanitate et doctrina. Sic enim Graece loquebatur, 
 
122 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [v. 
 
 ut Athenis natus videretur ; tanta autem suavitas erat 
 sermonis Latinl, ut appareret in eo nativum quemdam 
 leporem esse, non ascitum. Idem poemata pronuntiabat 
 et Graece et Latine sic, ut supra nihil posset addi. 
 5 Quibus rebus factum est ut Sulla nusquam eum ab se 
 dimitteret cuperetque secum deducere. Cui cum per- 
 suadere temptaret, " Noli, oro te," inquit Pomponius, 
 " adversum eos me velle ducere, cum quibus ne contra 
 te arma ferrem, Italiam reliqui." At Sulla adulescentis 
 
 io officio conlaudato omnia munera ei, quae Athenis acce- 
 perat, proficiscens iussit deferri. 
 
 Hie complures annos moratus, cum et rei familiarl 
 tantum operae daret, quantum non indiligens deberet 
 pater familias, et omnia reliqua tempora aut litteris aut 
 
 15 Atheniensium re! publicae tribueret, nihilo minus amicls 
 urbana officia praestitit ; nam et ad comitia eorum venti- 
 tavit et, si qua res maior acta est, non defuit. Sicut 
 Ciceroni in omnibus eius periculis singularem fidem 
 praebuit ; cui ex patria fugienti sestertium ducenta et 
 
 20 quinquaginta milia donavit. Tranquillatis autem rebus 
 Romanls remigravit Romam, ut opinor L. Cotta L. Tor- 
 quato consulibus ; quern discedentem sic universa civitas 
 Atheniensium proseciita est, ut lacrimis desiderii futuri 
 dolorem indicaret. 
 
 25 V. Habebat avunculum Q. Caecilium, equitem Roma- 
 num, familiarem L. Luculli, divitem, difficillima natiira ; 
 cuius sic asperitatem veritus est, ut, quern nemo ferre 
 posset, hiiius sine offensione ad summam senectutem 
 retinuerit benevolentiam. Quo facto tulit pietatis fruc- 
 
 30 turn. Caecilius enim moriens testamento adoptavit eum 
 heredemque fecit ex dodrante ; ex qua hereditate accepit 
 circiter centiens sestertium. Erat niipta soror Attici 
 
vi.] ATTICUS 123 
 
 Q. Tullio Ciceroni, easque niiptias M. Cicero conciliarat, 
 cum quo a condiscipulatu vlvebat coniunctissime, multo 
 etiam familiarius quam cum Quinto ; ut iudicarl possit 
 plus in amicitia valere similitudinem morum quam adfl- 
 nitatem. Utebatur autem intime Q. Hortensio, qui els 5 
 temporibus principatum eloquentiae tenebat, ut intellegl 
 non posset uter eum plus dlligeret, Cicero an Hortensius 
 et, id quod erat difficillimum, efficiebat ut, inter quos 
 tantae laudis esset aemulatio, nulla intercederet obtrec- 
 tatio essetque talium virorum copula. 10 
 
 VI. In re publica ita est versatus, ut semper optima- 
 rum partium et esset et existimaretur, neque tamen se 
 civilibus fluctibus committeret, quod non magis eos in 
 sua potestate existimabat esse, qui se his dedissent, quam 
 qui maritimls iactarentur. Honores non petiit, cum el 15 
 paterent propter vel gratiam vel dignitatem ; quod neque 
 pet! more maiorum neque cap! possent conservatis legi- 
 bus in tam effusis ambitus largitionibus neque geri e 
 re publica sine periculo corruptis clvitatis moribus. x\d 
 hastam publicam numquam accessit. Nullius rei neque 20 
 praes neque manceps factus est. Neminem neque suo 
 nomine neque subscribens accusavit, in ius de sua re 
 numquam iit, iudicium nullum habuit. Multorum con- 
 sulum praetorumque praefecturas delatas sic accepit, ut 
 neminem in provinciam sit secutus, honore fuerit con- 25 
 tentus, rei familiaris despexerit fructum ; qui ne cum 
 Quinto quidem Cicerone voluerit Ire in Asiam, cum apud 
 eum legatl locum obtinere posset. Non enim decere se 
 arbitrabatur, cum praeturam gerere noluisset, adseclam 
 esse praetoris. Qua in re non solum dlgnitatl serviebat, 30 
 sed etiam tranquillitatl, cum susplciones quoque vltaret 
 criminum. Quo flebat ut eius observantia omnibus esset 
 
124 
 
 CORNELII XEPOTIS VITAE 
 
 [VII., VIII. 
 
 carior, cum earn officio, non timorl neque spei tribul 
 viderent. 
 
 VII. Incidit Caesarianum civile bellum. Cum haberet 
 annos circiter sexaginta, usus est aetatis vacatione neque 
 
 5 se quoquam movit ex urbe. Quae amicis suis opus 
 fuerant ad Pompeium proficlscentibus, omnia ex sua re 
 familiar! dedit, ipsum Pompeium coniunctum non offendit. 
 Nullum ab eo habebat ornamentum, ut ceterl, qui per 
 eura aut honores aut divitias ceperant ; quorum partim 
 
 io invitissimi castra sunt secutl, partim summa cum eius 
 offensione domi remanserunt. Caesari autem Attic! quies 
 tanto opere fuit grata, ut victor, cum privatis pecunias 
 per epistulas imperaret, huic non solum molestus non 
 fuerit, sed etiam sororis filium et Q. Ciceronem ex Pom- 
 
 15 pel castris concesserit. Sic vetere Instituto vltae effugit 
 nova pericula. 
 
 VIII. Secutum est illud. Occlso Caesare cum res 
 publica penes Brutos videretur esse et Cassium ac tota 
 civitas se ad eos convert! sset, sic M. Bruto usus est, ut 
 
 20 nullo ille adulescens aequall familiarius quam hoc sene, 
 neque solum eum prlncipem consilil haberet, sed etiam 
 in convlctu. Excogitatum est a quibusdam, ut privatum 
 aerarium Caesaris interfectoribus ab equitibus Romanis 
 constitueretur. Id facile efficl posse arbitratl sunt, si 
 
 25 principes eius ordinis pecunias contulissent. Itaque ap- 
 pellatus est a C. Flavio, Bruti familiar!, Atticus, ut eius 
 rel princeps esse vellet. 
 
 At ille, qui officia amicis praestanda sine factione 
 exlstimaret semperque a talibus se consilils removisset, 
 
 30 respondit : si quid Brutus de suis facultatibus uti volu- 
 isset, usurum, quantum eae paterentur, se neque cum 
 quoquam de ea re conlocuturum neque coiturum. Sic 
 
ix.] ATTICUS 125 
 
 ille consensionis globus huius unius dissensione disiectus 
 est. Neque multo post superior esse coepit Antonius, 
 ita ut Brutus et Cassius omissa cura provinciarum, quae 
 els dicis causa datae erant a consule, desperatls rebus in 
 exsilium proficiscerentur. Atticus, qui pecuniam simul 5 
 cum ceteris conferre noluerat florenti ill! parti, abiecto 
 Bruto Italiaque cedent! sestertium centum milia muneii 
 mlsit. Eidem in Epiro absens trecenta iussit dari, neque 
 eo magis potent! adulatus est Antonio neque desperatos 
 reHquit. I0 
 
 IX. Secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam. In 
 quo si tantum eum prudentem dicam, minus quam 
 debeam praedicem, cum ille potius divinus merit, si di- 
 vinatio appellanda est perpetua naturalis bonitas, quae 
 nullis casibus agitatur neque minuitur. Hostis Antonius 15 
 iudicatus Italia cesserat; spes restituendi nulla erat. 
 Non solum inimici, qui turn erant potentissiml et pluriml, 
 sed etiam qui adversariis eius se venditabant et in eo 
 laedendo aliquam consecuturos sperabant commoditatem, 
 Antonii familiares insequebantur, uxorem Fulviam omnibus 20 
 rebus spoliare cupiebant, Hberos etiam exstinguere para- 
 bant. Atticus, cum Ciceronis intima familiaritate uteretur, 
 amicissimus esset Bruto, non modo nihil els indulsit ad 
 Antonium violandum, sed e contrario familiares eius ex 
 urbe profugientes, quantum potuit, texit, quibus rebus 25 
 indiguerunt, adiuvit. Publio vero Volumnio ea tribuit, ut 
 plura a parente proficlsci non potuerint. IpsI autem 
 Fulviae, cum Htibus distineretur magnisque terroribus 
 vexaretur, tanta diligentia officium suum praestitit, ut 
 nullum ilia stiterit vadimonium sine Attico, Atticus 30 
 sponsor omnium rerum fuerit. Quin etiam, cum ilia 
 fundum secunda fortuna emisset in diem neque post 
 
126 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE 
 
 [x 
 
 calamitatem versuram facere potuisset, ille se interposuit 
 pecuniamque sine faenore sineque ulla stipulatione credi- 
 dit, maximum existimans quaestum, memorem gratumque 
 cognosci, simulque aperiens se non fortunae, sed homini- 
 
 5 bus solere esse amicum. 
 
 Quae cum faciebat, nemo eum temporis causa facere 
 poterat existimare ; nemini enim in opinionem veniebat 
 Antonium rerum potiturum. Sed sensus eius a nonnullis 
 optimatibus reprehendebatur, quod parum odisse malos 
 
 io elves videretur. Ille autem, sui iudicil, potius quid se 
 facere par esset intuebatur quam quid alii laudaturi 
 forent. 
 
 X. Conversa subito fortuna est. Ut Antonius rediit in 
 Italiam, nemo non magno in periculo Atticum putarat 
 
 15 propter intimam familiaritatem Ciceronis et Bruti. Ita- 
 que ad adventum imperatorum de foro decesserat, timens 
 proscriptionem, latebatque apud P. Volumnium, cui, ut 
 ostendimus, paulo ante opem tulerat — tanta varietas eis 
 temporibus fuit fortunae, ut modo hi, modo illi in 
 
 20 summo essent aut fastigio aut periculo — habebatque 
 secum Q. Gellium Canum, aequalem simillimumque sui. 
 Hoc quoque Attic! bonitatis exemplum, quod cum eo, 
 quern puerum in ludo cognorat, adeo coniuncte vixit, ut 
 ad extremam aetatem amicitia eorum creverit. Antonius 
 
 25 autem, etsi tanto odio ferebatur in Ciceronem, ut non 
 solum ei, sed etiam omnibus eius amicis esset inimicus 
 eosque vellet proscribere multis hortantibus, tamen Attic! 
 memor fuit officii et el, cum requisisset ubinam esset, 
 sua manu scripsit, ne timeret statimque ad se veniret : 
 
 30 se eum et eius causa Canum de proscriptorum numero 
 exemisse. Ac ne quod periculum incideret, quod noctu 
 fiebat, praesidium el mlsit. Sic Atticus in summo timore 
 
xi.] ATTICUS 127 
 
 non solum sibi, sed etiam ei quern carissimum habebat 
 praesidio fuit, ut appareret nullam seiunctam sibi ab eo 
 velle for tun am. Quod si gubernator praecipua laude effer- 
 tur, qui navem ex hieme marique scopuloso servat, cur non 
 singularis eius exlstimetur priidentia, qui ex tot tamque 5 
 gravibus procellis civilibus ad incolumitatem pervenit? 
 
 XI. Quibus ex malis ut se emersit, nihil aliud egit 
 quam ut quam plurimis, quibus rebus posset, esset auxilio. 
 Cum proscrlptos praemils imperatorum vulgus conquireret, 
 nemo in Eplrum venit, cui res ulla defuerit, nemini non 10 
 ibi perpetuo manendi potestas facta est ; quln etiam post 
 proelium Philippense interitumque C. Cassil et M. Bruti 
 L. Iulium Mocillam praetorium et filium eius Aulumque 
 Torquatum ceterosque pari fortuna perculsos instituit 
 tueri atque ex EpTro els omnia Samothraciam supportari 15 
 iussit. Difficile est omnia persequi et non necessarium. 
 Illud unum intellegi volumus, illius Hberalitatem neque 
 temporariam neque callidam fuisse. Id ex ipsis rebus 
 ac temporibus iudican potest, quod non florentibus se 
 venditavit, sed adflictis semper succurrit : qui quidem 20 
 Serviliam, Bruti matrem, non minus post mortem eius 
 quam florentem coluerit. Sic liberalitate utens nullas in- 
 imlcitias gessit, quod neque laedebat quemquam neque, 
 si quam iniuriam acceperat, non malebat oblivisci quam 
 ulciscl. Idem immortali memoria percepta retinebat 25 
 beneficia ; quae autem ipse tribuerat, tam diu meminerat, 
 quoad ille gratus erat qui acceperat. Itaque hie fecit ut 
 vere dictum videatur : 
 
 Sul cuique mores fingunt fortunam h6minibus. 
 
 Neque tamen ille prius fortunam quam se ipse fmxit, qui 30 
 cavit ne qua in re iure plecteretur. 
 
128 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [xn., xm. 
 
 XII. His igitur rebus effecit ut M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 
 intima familiaritate coniunctus adulescentl Caesari, cum 
 propter suam gratiam et Caesaris potentiam nullius con- 
 dicionis non haberet potestatem, potissimum eius deligeret 
 5 adfinitatem praeoptaretque equitis Roman! flliam genero- 
 sarum nuptiis. Atque harum nuptiarum conciliator fuit 
 — non est enim celandum — M. Antonius, triumvirum rel 
 publicae constituendae. Cuius gratia cum augere posses- 
 sion^ posset suas, tantum afuit a cupiditate pecuniae, ut 
 
 io nulla in re usus sit ea nisi in deprecandis amicorum aut 
 periculis aut incommodis. 
 
 Quod quidem sub ipsa proscriptione perinlustre fuit. 
 Nam cum L. Saufel equitis Roman!, aequalis sui, qui 
 complures annos studio ductus philosophiae habitabat 
 
 15 Athenis habebatque in Italia pretiosas possessiones, tres- 
 viri bona vendidissent consuetiidine ea qua turn res 
 gerebantur, Attic! labore atque industria factum est ut 
 eodem nuntio Saufeius fieret certior se patrimonium 
 amisisse et recuperasse. Idem L. Iulium Calidum, quem 
 
 20 post Lucre tii Catullique mortem multo elegantissimum 
 poetam nostram tulisse aetatem vere videor posse con- 
 tendere, neque minus virum bonum optimisque artibus 
 eruditum, post proscriptionem equitum propter magnas 
 eius Africanas possessiones in proscriptorum numerum a 
 
 25 P. Volumnio, praefecto fabrum Antonii, absentem relatum 
 expedivit. Quod in praesenti utrum ei laboriosius an 
 gloriosius fuerit, difficile est iudicare, quod in eorum 
 periculis non secus absentes quam praesentes amicos 
 Attico esse curae cognitum est. 
 
 30 XIII. Neque vero ille minus bonus pater familias ha- 
 bitus est quam civis ; nam cum esset pecuniosus, nemo 
 illo minus fuit emax, minus aedificator. Neque tamen 
 
xiv.] ATTICUS 129 
 
 non imprimis bene habitavit omnibusque optimis rebus 
 usus est ; nam domum habuit in colle Quirinali Tamphili- 
 anam, ab avunculo hereditate relictam, cuius amoenitas 
 non aedificio, sed silva constabat — ipsum enim tectum 
 antiquitus constitutum plus salis quam sumptus habebat 5 
 — in quo nihil commutavit, nisi si quid vetustate coactus 
 est. Usus est familia, si utilitate iudicandum est, optima; 
 si forma, vix mediocrl. Namque in ea erant pueri lit- 
 teratissimi, anagnostae optiml et plurimi librarii, ut ne 
 pedisequus quidem quisquam esset qui non utrumque 10 
 horum pulchre facere posset; pari modo artifices ceteri, 
 quos cultus domesticus desiderat, apprime boni. Neque 
 tamen horum quemquam nisi doml natum domique 
 factum habuit ; quod est signum non solum continentiae, 
 sed etiam diligentiae. Nam et non intemperanter con- 15 
 cupiscere, quod a plurimis videas, continentis debet duel, 
 et potius industria quam pretio parare non mediocris est 
 diligentiae. Elegans, non magnificus, splendidus, non 
 sumptuosus ; omnisque diligentia munditiam, non adflu- 
 entiam adfectabat. Supellex modica, non multa, ut in 20 
 neutram partem conspici posset. 
 
 Nee praeteribo, quamquam nonnullis leve visum Iri 
 putem, cum imprimis lautus esset eques Romanus et non 
 parum liberaliter domum suam omnium ordinum homines 
 invitaret, non amplius quam terna milia peraeque in 25 
 singulos menses ex ephemeride eum expensum sumptui 
 ferre solitum. Atque hoc non auditum, sed cognitum 
 praedicamus ; saepe enim propter familiaritatem domes- 
 ticis rebus interfuimus. 
 
 XIV. Nemo in convivio eius aliud acroama audivit 30 
 quam anagnosten, quod nos quidem iucundissimum arbi- 
 tramur; neque umquam sine aliqua lectione apud eum 
 
130 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [xv., xvi. 
 
 cenatum est, ut non minus animo quam ventre convlvae 
 delectarentur. Namque eos vocabat, quorum mores a 
 suis non abhorrerent. Cum tanta pecuniae facta esset 
 accessio, nihil de cottidiano cultu mutavit, nihil de vltae 
 5 consuetudine, tantaque usus est moderatione, ut neque 
 in sestertio viciens, quod a patre acceperat, parum se 
 splendide gesserit neque in sestertio centiens adfluentius 
 vixerit, quam Instituerat, parique fastigio steterit in utra- 
 que fortuna. Nullos habuit hortos, nullam suburbanam 
 
 io aut maritimam sumptuosam villain, neque in Italia, praeter 
 Arretinum et Nomentanum, rusticum praedium, omnisque 
 eius pecuniae reditus constabat in EpTroticis et urbanis 
 possessionibus. Ex quo cognosci potest usum eum pecu- 
 niae non magnitiidine, sed ratione metiri solitum. 
 
 15 XV. Mendacium neque dicebat neque pati poterat. 
 Itaque eius comitas non sine severitate erat neque gra- 
 vitas sine facilitate, ut difficile esset intellectu utrum eum 
 amici magis vererentur an amarent. Quidquid rogabatur, 
 religiose promittebat, quod non liberales, sed leves arbi- 
 
 20 trabatur polliceri quod praestare non possent. Idem in 
 tenendo quod semel adnuisset tanta erat cura, ut non 
 mandatam, sed suam rem videretur agere. Numquam 
 suscepti negotii eum pertaesum est ; suam enim existima- 
 tionem in ea re ag! putabat, qua nihil habebat carius. 
 
 25 Quo flebat ut omnia Ciceronum, M. Catonis, Q. Hor- 
 
 tensii, A. Torquati, multorum praeterea equitum Roma- 
 
 norum negotia procuraret. Ex quo iudicari potest non 
 
 inertia, sed iudicio fugisse rei publicae procurationem. 
 
 XVI. Humanitatis vero nullum adferre maius testimo- 
 
 30 nium possum, quam quod adulescens Idem sen! Sullae fuit 
 iucundissimus, senex adulescenti M. Bruto, cum aequalibus 
 autem suis Q. Hortensio et M. Cicerone sic vixit, ut 
 
xvn., xvin.] ATTICUS 131 
 
 iudicare difficile sit cul aetatl fuerit aptissimus. Quam- 
 quam eum praecipue dilexit Cicero, ut ne frater quidem 
 el Quintus carior fuerit aut familiarior. EI rei sunt 
 indicio praeter eos libros in quibus de eo facit men- 
 tionem, qui in vulgus sunt edit!, sedecim volumina 5 
 epistularum, ab consulatu eius usque ad extremum tem- 
 pus ad Atticum mlssarum ; quae qui legat, non multum 
 desideret historiam contextam eorum temporum. Sic 
 enim omnia de studils principum, vitiis ducum, miitatio- 
 nibus rei publicae perscripta sunt, ut nihil in els non 10 
 appareat et facile existimari possit prudentiam quodam 
 modo esse divlnationem. Non enim Cicero ea solum, 
 quae vivo se acciderunt, futura praedixit, sed etiam, quae 
 nunc usu veniunt, cecinit ut vates. 
 
 XVII. De pietate autem Attici quid plura commemo- 15 
 rem ? Cum hoc ipsum vere gloriantem audierim in 
 funere matris suae, quam extulit annorum nonaginta, 
 cum ipse esset septem et sexaginta, se numquam cum 
 matre in gratiam redisse, numquam cum sorore fuisse 
 
 in simultate, quam prope aequalem habebat. Quod est 20 
 signum aut nullam umquam inter eos querimoniam in- 
 tercessisse, aut hunc ea fuisse in suos indulgentia, ut, 
 quos amare deberet, irasci els nefas duceret. Neque id 
 fecit natura solum, quamquam omnes ei paremus, sed 
 etiam doctrina ; nam principum philosophorum ita per- 25 
 cepta habuit praecepta, ut els ad vitam agendam, non ad 
 ostentationem uteretur. 
 
 XVIII. Moris etiam maiorum summus imitator fuit 
 antiquitatisque amator, quam adeo diligenter habuit co- 
 gnitam, ut earn totam in eo volumine exposuerit, quo 30 
 magistrates ordinavit. Nulla enim lex neque pax neque 
 bellnm neque res inlustris est populi Roman!, quae non 
 
132 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE [xix. 
 
 in eo suo tempore sit notata, et, quod difficillimum fuit, 
 sic familiarum originem subtexuit, ut ex eo clarorum viro- 
 rum propagines possimus cognoscere. Fecit hoc idem 
 separatim in aliis libris, ut M. Bruti rogatu Iuniam 
 
 5 familiam a stirpe ad hanc aetatem ordine enumeraverit, 
 notans quis a quo ortus quos honores quibusque tempo- 
 ribus cepisset ; pari modo Marcelll Claudii Marcellorum, 
 Sclpionis Cornelii et Fabii Maximi Fabiorum et Aemilio- 
 rum. Quibus libris nihil potest esse dulcius els qui 
 
 io aliquam cupiditatem habent notitiae clarorum virorum. 
 Attigit poeticen quoque, credimus, ne eius expers esset 
 suavitatis. Namque versibus de eis qui honore rerumque 
 gestarum amplitiidine ceteros populi Roman! praestiterunt 
 exposuit ita, ut sub singulorum imaginibus facta magis- 
 
 15 tratusque eorum non amplius quaternis quimsve versibus 
 descripserit ; quod vix credendum sit tantas res tam 
 breviter potuisse declarari. Est etiam unus liber Graece 
 confectus, de consulatu Ciceronis. 
 
 XIX. Haec hactenus Attico vfvb edita a nobis sunt. 
 
 20 Nunc, quoniam fortuna nos superstites el esse voluit, 
 reliqua persequemur et, quantum potuerimus, rerum ex- 
 emplls lectores docebimus, sicut supra significavimus, suos 
 cuique mores plerumque conciliare fortunam. Namque 
 hie contentus ordine equestri, quo erat ortus, in adfini- 
 
 25 tatem pervenit imperatoris, Divi filii, cum iam ante 
 familiaritatem eius esset consecutus nulla alia re quam 
 elegantia vitae, qua ceteros ceperat principes civitatis 
 dlgnitate pari, fortuna humiliores. Tanta enim pro- 
 sperities Caesarem est consecuta, ut nihil el non tribuerit 
 
 30 fortuna quod cuiquam ante detulerat, et conciliarit, quod 
 nemo adhuc civis Romanus quivit consequi. Nata est 
 autem Attico neptis ex Agrippa, cui virginem filiam con- 
 
xx., xxi.] ATTICUS 133 
 
 locarat. Hanc Caesar vix anniculam Ti. Claudio Neroni, 
 Drusilla nato, privigno suo, despondit ; quae coniunctio 
 necessitudinem eorum sanxit, familiaritatem reddidit fre- 
 quentiorem. 
 
 XX. Quamquam ante haec sponsalia non solum, cum 5 
 ab urbe abesset, numquam ad suorum quemquam litteras 
 misit, quln Attico scriberet quid ageret, imprimis quid 
 legeret quibusque in locis et quam diu esset moraturus, 
 sed etiam, cum esset in urbe et propter Infinitas suas 
 occupationes minus saepe quam vellet Attico frueretur, 10 
 nullus dies temere intercessit quo non ad eum scriberet, 
 cum modo aliquid de antiquitate ab eo requireret, modo 
 aliquam quaestionem poeticam ei proponeret, interdum 
 iocans eius verbosiores eliceret epistulas. Ex quo accidit, 
 cum aedis Iovis Feretril in Capitolio, ab Romulo con- 15 
 stituta, vetustate atque incuria detecta prolaberetur, ut 
 Attic! admonitu Caesar earn reficiendam curaret. Neque 
 vero a M. Antonio minus absens litteris colebatur, adeo 
 
 ut accurate ille ex ultimis terns quid ageret curae sibi 
 haberet certiorem facere Atticum. Hoc quale sit, facilius 20 
 existimabit is qui iudicare poterit quantae sit sapientiae 
 eorum retinere iisum benevolentiamque, inter quos ma- 
 ximarum rerum non solum aemulatio, sed obtrectatio 
 tanta intercedebat, quantam fuit necesse inter Caesarem 
 atque Antonium, cum se uterque principem non solum 25 
 urbis Romae, sed orbis terrarum esse cuperet. 
 
 XXI. Tali modo cum septem et septuaginta annos 
 complesset atque ad extremam senectutem non minus 
 dignitate quam gratia f ortunaque crevisset — multas enim 
 hereditates nulla alia re quam bonitate consecutus est 30 
 — tantaque prosperitate usus esset valetudinis, ut annis 
 triginta medicina non indiguisset, nactus est morbum, 
 
134 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS VITAE 
 
 [xxn. 
 
 quern initio et ipse et medici contempserunt ; nam puta- 
 runt esse tenesmon, cm remedia celeria faciliaque propo- 
 nebantur. In hoc cum tres menses sine ullls doloribus, 
 praeterquam quos ex curatione capiebat, consumpsisset, 
 
 5 subito tanta vis morbi in Imum intestinum prorupit, ut 
 extremo tempore per lumbos fistulae puris eruperint. 
 Atque hoc priusquam ei accideret, postquam in dies 
 dolores accrescere febresque accessisse sensit, Agrippam 
 generum ad se arcessi iussit et cum eo L. Cornelium 
 
 io Balbum Sextumque Peducaeum. Hos ut venisse vidit, 
 in cubitum innixus " Quantam," inquit, " curam diligen- 
 tiamque in valetudine mea tuenda hoc tempore ad- 
 hibuerim, cum vos testes habeam, nihil necesse est 
 pluribus verbis commemorare. Quibns quoniam, ut spero, 
 
 15 satisfeci, me nihil reliqui fecisse, quod ad sanandum me 
 pertineret, reliquum est ut egomet mihi consulam. Id 
 vos ignorare noluT ; nam mihi stat alere morbum de- 
 sinere. Namque his diebus quidquid cibi sumpsi, ita 
 produxi vitam, ut auxerim dolores sine spe salutis. Qua 
 
 20 re a vobis peto, pnmum ut consilium probetis meum, 
 deinde ne frustra dehortando impedire conemini." 
 
 XXII. Hac oratione habita tanta constantia vocis atque 
 vultus, ut non ex vita, sed ex domo in domum videretur 
 migrare, cum quidem Agrippa eum flens atque osculans 
 
 25 oraret atque obsecraret ne id quod natura cogeret ipse 
 quoque sibi acceleraret, et, quoniam turn quoque posset 
 temporibus superesse, se sibi suisque reservaret, preces 
 eius taciturna sua obstinatione depressit. Sic cum bi- 
 duum cibo se abstinuisset, subito febris decessit leviorque 
 
 30 morbus esse coepit. Tamen propositum nihilo setius 
 peregit itaque die quinto postquam id consilium inierat, 
 pridie Kal. Apriles Cn. Domitio C. Sosio consulibus 
 
xxii.] ATTICUS I35 
 
 decessit. Elatus est in lectlcula, ut ipse praescripserat, 
 sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, 
 maxima vulgl frequentia. Sepultus est iuxta viam Appiam 
 ad quintum lapidem in monumento Q. Caecilii, avunculi 
 
 sui. 5 
 
NOTES 
 
NOTES. 
 
 Page 1. Cornelii Nepotis : the praenomen is unknown. For 
 the three names which a Roman commonly had see A.* 80 ; H. 649. 
 For an account of the De Virls Illustribus of Nepos, see the 
 Introduction, p. xi. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 1. Non dubito fore plerosque : < I do not doubt that there will 
 be very many people. 1 The best Latin writers use quin and the 
 subj. with non dubito, meaning ' I do not doubt. 1 Nepos commonly 
 uses the ace. and the inf., although he occasionally uses the subj. 
 (e.g. p. 114, 1. 29). See B. 298, and a\ A. 319, d\ G. 555, 2, and 
 N. ; H. 505, 1, 1. plerosque: here and frequently in Nepos = 
 plurimos. Attice : T. Pomfionius Atticus, to whom the work is 
 dedicated. See p. 120 fol. 2. et non : instead of neque, because 
 «<?« modifies satis especially. 3. persoms : ' characters. 1 Per- 
 sona means, first, the mask worn by actors on the stage, then the 
 character personated by the actors. For the case, see B. 226, 2; 
 A. 245, a, 1 ; G. 397, N. 2; H. 421, in. iudicent : B. 283, 1 
 and 2; A. 320, a\ G. 631, 2; H. 503, 1. relatum : part, agree- 
 ing with the subst. clause quis . . . docuerit. musicam . . . 
 
 * B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar; A. = Allen and Greenough's, Revised edition; G. = 
 Gildersleeve's, Revised edition; H. = Harkness's, the 'Standard' edition. References 
 like this, p. 10, 1. 8, are to the pages of this book. References to the maps like this, 
 A. 2, are to the divisions at the tops and sides of the maps. Translations of Latin words 
 or phrases are in single quotation marks. The explanations of proper names are given 
 mainly in the Vocabulary. 
 
 abl. = " ablative " ; abs. = " absolute " ; cf. {confer') = " compare "; sc. {scilicet) = 
 " supply," " understood"; N. =" note"; Rem. =" remark"; Vocab. = " Vocabulary," at 
 the end of the book; dir. disc. = " direct discourse"; ind. disc. = " indirect discourse" 
 {oratio obliqua) ; constr. = " construction " ; 1. = " line " ; p. = " page " ; pp. = " pages " ; 
 lit. = " literally"; trans. = " translate " or " translation." 
 
 For other abbreviations, see the list preceding the Vocabulary. 
 
 139 
 
140 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Page 1 
 
 Epaminondam: B. 178, b\ A. 239, 2, c ; G. 339; H. 374. 
 4. docuerit: note the mood and tense. See B. 300; A. 334; 
 G. 467; H. 529, 1. virtutibus : do not trans, by the cognate 
 Eng. word. See Vocab. commemorari : sc. videbunt, implied 
 \nlegent. 5. saltasse = saltdvisse. Nepos prefers the contracted 
 forms in cases where -vi- is followed by -s-. Cf. cantasse. tibiis 
 cantasse : « played the flute ' ; the plu., because two pipes joined 
 together were commonly played at the same time. For the case see 
 B. 218, 7 ; A. 248, c, 1 ; G. 401 ; H. 420, and 2). 6. fere : ■ for 
 the most part.' expertes litterarum G-raecarum : ' unacquainted 
 with Grecian literature. 1 For the case see B. 204, 1 ; A. 218, a; 
 G. 374, n. 2; H. 399, 1, 3. nihil rectum: sc. esse. 7. ipso- 
 rum: * their own.' See B. 249, 3 ; A. 196, a, 2, n. ; G. 521, 5, 
 n. 4 ; H. 452, 5. moribus : B. 187, III, 1 ; A. 227 and c\ G. 347, 
 Rem. 2; H. 386, 4. conveniat : for the mood, see B. 314, 1; 
 
 A. 336, 2 ; G. 650 ; H. 524. 8. II : subject of didicerint, a common 
 order in Latin. didicerint : B. 302, 1 ; A. 307, c ; G. 595 ; 
 H. 508, 2. omnibus: <in the eyes of all'; dat. of the person 
 judging. See B. 188, 2, c\ A. 235 ; G. 352 ; H. 384, 4. honesta : 
 do not trans, by the cognate Eng. word. 9. institutes : see 
 
 B. 220, 3 ; A. 253, n. ; G. 397 ; H. 416, n. 2. 10. nos . . . 
 exponendls : it may be noted as a curiosity that these words form 
 an hexameter verse. Such an arrangement is censured by Cicero, 
 but it occurs occasionally in his own writings. 11. secutos : sc. 
 esse. Nepos frequently omits esse in such forms, especially in the 
 fut. act. inf. 
 
 11. Cimoni : see p. 23 fol. For the case, B. 192, 1; A. 234; 
 G. 359; H. 391. turpe : modifies the clause habere in matrimo- 
 nium. Atheniensium summo viro : 'a distinguished man 
 among the Athenians.' The superlative is absolute, not relative, 
 and, as is frequently the case, may be best translated by the posi- 
 tive. For the case of Atheniensium see B. 201, 1 ; A. 216, a, 2; 
 G. 372; H. 397, 3. 12. sororem germauam : 'his own sister,' 
 properly used of a sister by the same father and mother, here of a 
 half-sister by the same father. 14. instituto : B. 218, 1 ; A. 249 ; 
 G. 407 ; H. 421, 1. quidem : emphasizes id, i but thatS nos- 
 tris moribus : see note on institiitis, 1. 9, above. 15. Lace- 
 daemonl : < at Sparta.' B. 232, 4 ; A. 258, c, 2 ; G. 41 1, Rem. 1 ; H. 
 
Page 3] MILTIADES 141 
 
 425, 11. nobilis : ' high-born. 1 Note the derivation. 16. eat : 
 B. 284, 2; A. 319, 2; G. 631 ; H. 500, 1. mercede conducta : 
 i.e. hired to entertain the guests. tota fere Graecia : i through- 
 out almost the whole of Greece. 1 See B. 228, 1, b\ A. 258,/, 2; 
 G. 388 ; H. 425, 2. 17. Olympiae : B. 232, 1 ; A. 258, c, 2 ; 
 G. 411; H. 425, 11. Olympiae modifies victor em, and the two 
 together = , 0\vfjL7novtKr)<;, * an Olympic victor. 1 citari : < to be 
 proclaimed, 1 i.e. by the herald. in scaenam prodire : 'to 
 
 appear on the stage. 1 18. populo . . . spectaculo : B. 191, 
 2, a ; A. 233, a\ G. 356; H. 390, 1. So nemini . . . turpitudini '. 
 in eisdem gentibus : i.e. among the peoples of Greece. 20. ho- 
 nestate : do not trans, by the cognate Eng. word ; note the deriva- 
 tion and meaning. See Vocab. ponuntur : ' are counted. 1 
 
 Page 2. 1. Contra ea : ' on the other hand, 1 frequent in 
 Nepos instead of the more common contra. pleraque : 'many 
 things, 1 cf. pierosque, p. 1, 1. 1. nostris moribus : see note on 
 institutis, p. i,l. 9. 2. Quern . . . ducere : B. 209, a\ A. 221, 
 c \ G. 377, Rem. 3 ; H. 410, iv. 4. mater familias : see Vocab. 
 under familia. primum locum tenet aedium : i.e. appears in 
 the atrium, the principal room of the Roman house, instead of 
 being confined to special women's apartments. 5. in celebri- 
 tate versatur : ' moves in the midst of society ' ; in celebritate, ' in 
 the presence of many people, 1 is contrasted with the seclusion of the 
 Greek women. 6. proplnquorum : sc. in convivium. 9. hie : 
 ' at this point. 1 10. voluminis : the whole work De Viris Illiis- 
 tribns (see Introduction, p. ix) contrasted with libro below. 
 11. exorsus sum: sc. explicare. veniemus . . . expongmus : 
 the editorial plural, used for modesty. Nepos sometimes uses the 
 singular; e.g. p. 59, 1. 23. 
 
 I. MILTIADES. 
 
 Page 3. Chapter I. 1. Miltiades : Nepos usually begins 
 with the name of the person whose life he is describing. Miltiades 
 is subject oifloreret and esset. See note on Ii, p. 1, 1. 8, above. In 
 the first part of the life of Miltiades, Nepos confuses the victor of 
 Marathon with his uncle of the same name. 2. antlquitate 
 
142 NOTES [Page 3 
 
 generis : Miltiades claimed descent from Aeacus of Aegina, son of 
 Zeus. unus omnium maxime : * most of all ' ; units, is pleo- 
 nastic. For the case of omnium see B. 201. 1 : A. 216, 2; G. 370: 
 H. 397, 2. 3. eaque aetate : B. 224; A. 251, and a] G. 400, 
 and Rem. 1 ; H. 424. non iam solum : ' no longer merely/ 
 possent: B. 284, 1 ; A. 319, 1 ; G. 552, 2; H. 500. 11. 4. elves 
 sui : ■ his fellow-citizens.' 1 In clauses of result se and suus are not 
 commonly used to refer to the subject of the main verb ; sui is used 
 here on the principle of B. 244. 4; A. 196.^; G. 309, 2 ; H. 449. 
 4. 5. futurum : sc. esse. Cf. note on secfitos, p. 1, 1. 11. cog- 
 nitum : sc. eum* ' after experience, ' more literally, • when known, 1 
 = cum cognovissent. The thought is that the Athenians at that 
 time had hopes that Miltiades would turn out to be the kind of man 
 that he did actually afterwards become. 6. Chersonesum : ' to 
 the (Thracian) Chersonese,' see map of Greece, in the front of the 
 book, I. 1. The word is used without a prep., as if it were the name 
 of a town or island. This construction is common with Greek geo- 
 graphical names in -us. colonos . . . mittere : the Greeks were 
 very active in that regard ; their colonies were to be found all along 
 the shores of the Mediterranean. vellent : B. 297, 2; A. 332, 
 a, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 501, 1, 1. This construction should be distin- 
 guished from clauses of pure result ; cf. possent in 1. 5. above. 
 7. Cuius generis : ' of such people," i.e. colonoriun. 8. eius demi- 
 grationis : B. 200 ; A. 217 : G. 363, 2 ; H. 396, 111. 9. Delphos : 
 B. 182, 1, a; A. 258, b\ G. 337; H. 380, 11. deliberatum : 
 'to consult the oracle,' B. 340; A. 302; G. 435; H. 546. quo 
 potissimum duce uterentur : ' whom they should choose in pref- 
 erence to all others as their leader.' For the case of quo see note 
 on instituto, p. 1, 1. 14; duce is in apposition with quo. For the 
 mood of uterentur see note on docuerit, p. 1, 1. 4. 
 
 11. cum quibus : the more common order is quibus cum. See 
 B. 142, 4; A. 104, £, and x. : G. 413, Rem. 1; H. 187, 2. 
 His consulentibus : dative, ind. obj. of praecepit. 12. no- 
 minating i.e. mentioning his name, instead of returning an 
 ambiguous answer as was frequently done. 13. id si fecissent : 
 the construction changes to ind. disc, depending on dixit, implied 
 in praecepit. Note the moods and tenses, and see B. 302, 1, and 
 319 ; A. 307, c, and 337 ; G. 595 and 657 : H. 508, 2, and 527, 1. The 
 
Page 4 J MILTIADES I4 3 
 
 direct form might be: id si feceritis (tut. perf.), incepta prosper a 
 crimt. ut . . . sumerent : a substantive purpose clause, see 
 B. 295, 1 ; A. 331 ; G. 546; H. 498, and cf. note on vellent, 1. 6, 
 above. 14. Miltiades: subject of accessisset ; cf. Miltiades, 1. 
 I, above, and /f, p. 1, 1. 8. Trans. 'When Miltiades had set out 
 for the Chersonesus . . . and had reached. 1 classe : 'with a 
 fleet,' B. 218, 7; A, 248, c, I ; G. 401 ; H. 420. 15. Chersone- 
 sum : cf. 1. 6, above, and the note. Lemnum : cf. Deiphos, 
 
 I. 9, above, and the note. 17. idque : i.e. ut se sub potestatem 
 redigerent Athenicnsium. ut . . . facerent : cf. ut . . . sume- 
 rent, 1. 13, above. 19. venisset : represents what mood and 
 tense of the dir. disc. ? Give the reply of the Lemnians in dir. 
 disc. ; cf. note on id si fecissent, 1. 13, above. 20. adversum 
 tenet Athenis proficiscentibus : ' is dead ahead for those who 
 are on their way from Athens. 1 For the case of proficiscentibus see 
 B. 188, 2, a ; A. 235, b ; G. 353 ; H. 384, 4, N. 3. 21. morandl 
 tempus : B. 338, I, a \ A. 298; G. 428; H. 542, 1. 22. non 
 habens : trans, by a causal clause. quo tendebat : 'towards 
 his destination ' ; what is the literal meaning ? 
 
 II. 24. brevi tempore: B. 231 ; A. 256; G. 393; H. 429. 
 copiis disiectis : do not translate the abl. abs. literally. 
 25. regione : B. 218, 1; A. 249; G. 407 and N. 2, d\ H. 410, 
 v, 3. quam petierat : i.e. at the possession of which he had 
 aimed. castellis : B. 192, 2; A. 234, a; G. 359; H. 391. 
 27. locupletavit : sc. ebs, implied in midtitiidinem. 
 
 Page 4. 1. prudentia : note the derivation and be careful about 
 the meaning. SeeVocab. 2. devicisset : note the force of de-. 
 See Vocab. summa. aequitate : B. 220, 1 ; A. 248; G. 399; H. 
 419,111. 3. res constituit : 'he arranged matters, 1 ' set affairs 
 in order. 1 4. Erat enim . . . dignitate regia : his reason for 
 remaining in the Chersonesus; he was given royal honors. For 
 the case of dignitate see B. 224, 1 ; A. 251 and n; G. 400; H. 419, 
 
 II. 5. nomine : sc. regis, implied in regia. For the case see B. 214, 
 1, c\ A. 243, a ; G. 390, 2; H. 414, 1. id: 'that position, 1 i.e. ut 
 esset regia digfiitate. imperio : i.e. by his position as a general 
 of the Athenians. 6. consecutus : sc. est. 8. voluntate : see 
 note on institictis, p. 1, 1. 9. 9. illorum : sc. voluntate. 
 
I44 NOTES [Pack 4 
 
 10. revertitur et . . . postulat: I>. 259, 3 ; A. 276, d; G. 229 ; H. 
 467, 111. 11. ex pacto : 'according to the agreement. 1 ut . . . 
 tradant : object of postulat. 
 
 12. cum . . . dedituros : express this in the form of dir. disc. 
 Note the omission of the subject of deditiiros, which is common in 
 Nepos. Here it is justified by euphonic reasons, to avoid the repe- 
 tition of se or sese. 13. se . . . habere : ind. disc, after dixit, 
 implied in -postulat. Cf p. 3, 1. 19; since Miltiades now lived in 
 the Chersonesus, he could sail to Lemnus with a north wind ; hence 
 he demanded the fulfilment of the promise. Chersonesi: cf. 
 p. 3, 1. 6, and the note. 15. dicto : : 'argument,' lit., 'what was 
 said. 1 16. capti : 'caught. 1 17. Pari felicitate . . . potesta- 
 teni : Nepos makes a double mistake. In the first place, there are 
 other islands in the Aegean besides Lemnus and the Cyclades ; and 
 secondly, it was Conon who reduced the islands of the Aegean. 
 
 III. 20. Eisdem temporibus : i.e. B.C. 513. 22. qua: 
 the adverb (cf. p. 91, 1. 28) instead of the rel. pron. quo, ' by which. 1 
 traduceret: B. 282, 2 ; A. 317, 2; G. 630 : H. 497, 1. 23. Eius 
 pontis : B. 200; A. 217; G. 363, 2; H. 396, ill. abesset : 
 'while he should be gone. 1 The subjunctive is used because it rep- 
 resents the thought of Darius, which in the dir. form might be 
 expressed thus : pontem custodite, dum abero. B. 323 ; A. 341 ; 
 G. 662 and 2; H. 528. 25. Sic: refers to the clause si . . . 
 trddidisset, which follows. 26. Graeca lingua loquentes : ' the 
 Greek-speaking peoples. 1 Graeca lingua is abl. of manner. 28. se 
 oppresso : trans, by a conditional clause. Express the thought of 
 Darius in dir. disc. 32. a fortuna : the prep, is used because 
 fortune is thought of as personified. 
 
 Page 5. 1. Nam si . . . interisset : ind. disc, after a verb 
 of saying implied in hortatus est. Give the sentence in the dir. 
 form. Note that trdnsportarat (= transportaverat) is ind.; it is 
 an explanation of the writer, not forming part of the speech of 
 Miltiades. See B. 314, 3; A. 336, 2, b; G. 508, 3; H. 524, 2, 1). 
 
 3. genere: 'by birth. 1 B. 226; A. 253; G. 397; H. 424. 
 
 4. Persarum dominatione et periculo : ' from the rule of the 
 Persians and the danger arising from it. 1 5. rescisso ponte : 
 see note to p. 4, 1. 28. 6. paucis diebus : 'within a few days/ 
 
Page 6] MILTIADES I45 
 
 See note on brevi tempore, p. 3, 1. 24. 8. ne res conficeretur 
 obstitit : 'opposed the carrying out of the plan. 1 ipsis : see 
 note on ipsdriun, p. 1, 1. 7. Cf. ipsorum in 1. 10, below, and se~, 
 referring to Histiaeus alone, in 1. 12. 9. summas imperii: the 
 plural because several generals are referred to. 10. regno : 
 
 B. 218, 3; A. 254, b, 1 ; G. 401, N. 6; H. 425, 1, 1), n. quo : 
 i.e. Darius. Trans, the abl. abs. by a conditional clause. 
 
 As 
 
 tarn multis consciis : = quod tam multl conscii essent. 
 16. perventura : note the constr., and cf. p. I, 1. 1. 17. ratio : 
 
 'way of thinking, 1 'advice. 1 
 
 IV. 23. ducenta peditum : sc.milia. ^24. causam inter- 
 serens : 'alleging as a reason. 1 25. Atheniensibus : dat. gov- 
 erned by hostem, instead of the usual objective gen. 25. Sardis 
 expugnassent : B.C. 499. Sardis is ace. plu., for the Greek ISapSeis. 
 
 27. Eretriam : see map of Greece, in the front of the book, F. 3. 
 
 28. eius gentis : i.e. of the Eretrians. abreptos miserunt : 
 ' carried off and sent. 1 30. Marathona : Greek form of the ace. 
 sing., 'to the plain of Marathon, 1 lit., 'to the plain Marathon. 1 
 The battle of Marathon was fought in 490 B.C. 31. oppido : 
 i.e. Athens ; urbe is more usual in speaking of so important a city. 
 32. tumultu : 'threatening danger 1 ; tumultus was applied by the 
 Romans to a sudden uprising within the limits of Italy, an insur- 
 rection. Here it is used of a danger which unexpectedly presented 
 itself within the limits of Attica. 
 
 Page 6. 2. eius generis, qui: 'of the kind called. 1 qui 
 agrees not with the antecedent generz's, but with the predicate nom. 
 /zemerodromoe. See B. 250, 3 ; A. 199 ; G. 614, Rem. 3, b ; H. 445, 
 4. hemerodromoe : 'day-runners, 1 i.e. couriers who could run 
 all day and cover great distances. Herodotus tells us that Phidippus 
 made the 140 miles between Athens and Sparta within 48 hours. 
 4. auxilio : B. 218, 2; A. 243, e ; G. 406; H. 414, iv. 4. cre- 
 ant : see note on revertitur, p. 4, 1. 10. 5. praetores : in speak- 
 ing of the Greeks, = 'generals, 1 the Greek o-rpar^yos. The word 
 also meant ' general 1 in early Latin, but was afterwards used in a 
 different sense. Note the derivation ; see Vocab. praeessent : 
 see note on tradiiceret, p. 4, 1. 23. 6. moenibus : abl. of means. 
 7. utrura . . . defenderent an . . . decernerent : B. 300, and 
 
I4 6 NOTES [Pace 6 
 
 4 ; A. 21 1 and 334 ; G. 458 and 467 ; H. 353 and 529, 1. 8. Unus . 
 k alone.' primo quoque tempore : l at the first possible moment. 1 
 Cf. B. 252, 5, c\ A. 93, c\ G. 318, 2; H. 458, 1. 9. castra 
 fierent: i.e. that they should take the field. 10. eorum : we 
 might expect sua (cf. adversus sc, 1. 12), but the demonstrative is 
 sometimes used instead of the reflexive to avoid a possible ambiguity. 
 The best writers show occasional irregularities in the use of se and 
 suns. 11. non desperari : ' that no discouragement was felt,' 
 representing an impersonal verb of the dir. disc. So auderi, in 
 1. 12. tardiores : ' more cautious. 1 
 
 V. 15. ea : refers to civitas, instead of qui referring to Platae- 
 enses. militum : partitive gen. with mille. The subst. use of 
 mille is rare in the sing., although it is found three times in Cicero. 
 It is regular in the plural. 18. plus . . . valeret : i had more influ- 
 ence, 1 i.e. his view prevailed. 20. locoque idSneo : B. 228, 
 1, b\ A. 258,/; G. 385, 3, n. 1; H. 425, 2. 21. sub montis 
 radicibus : < at the foot of a mountain. 1 acie regione Instructs 
 11611 apertissima: note the order. See B. 350, 11, d ; A. 344, h. 
 regione non apertissima — ' in a place which was not very open. 1 
 The omission of the prep, in is unusual, unless, perhaps, regione 
 apertissima may be regarded as abl. abs. 22. multis locis : 
 see note on locoque idoneo, 1. 20, above. rarae : ' scattered, 1 an 
 attributive adj. 23. hoc consilio : 'with this design, 1 an abl. 
 of attendant circumstance. See B. 221. 26. aequum : sc. esse. 
 videbat: note the mood and tense. B. 309, 2, a\ A. 313, c\ G. 
 604; H. 515, 11. fretus numero : 'relying on the number. 1 
 For the case of numero, see B. 218, 3 ; A. 254, b, 2 ; G. 401, n. 6; 
 H. 425, 1, i),n. 
 
 28. venirent: B. 291, a\ A. 327; G. 577; H. 520, 11. The 
 subj. is used because at the time of arbitrdbatur the action repre- 
 sented by venirent had no existence except in the mind of Miltiades. 
 In general, when the action of the priusquam clause is anticipated 
 or prevented by that of the main clause, the subjunctive is used. 
 Nepos always uses priusquam, never antequam. utile : sc. esse. 
 29. peditum centum: <a hundred foot-soldiers"; centum is used 
 substantively, like mille in 1. 15, above. 31. tanto : B. 223; 
 A. 250; G. 403; H. 417, 2. 32. profligarint: Nepos has a 
 
Page 7] MILTIADES T ^y 
 
 great many cases of the perf. subj. in a result clause after a past 
 tense. See B. 268, 6; A. 287, c\ G. 513; H. 495, vi. In this 
 so-called exception to the rule of the ' sequence of the tenses,' the 
 verb of the result clause is independent so far as its tense is con- 
 cerned. When the imp. subj. is used, the result is more closely 
 connected with the time represented by the main verb. 
 
 Page 7. 1. petierint : see note on profligarint, p. 6, 1. 32. 
 2. adhuc : i.e. up to the writer's own time. nobilius : 'more 
 famous. 1 Note the derivation ; see Vocab. nulla enim um- 
 quam tam exigua manus : 'for never did so small a force.' In 
 Eng. we transfer the negative to the adv. 3. opes: 'power,' 
 including men, ships, money, and resources of all kinds. 
 
 VI. 4. Cuius victoriae : 'for this victory,' gen. modifying 
 Praemium. Note the order, which is involved but natural. Read 
 the sentence carefully through in the Latin order, noting the end- 
 ings of the words and their relation to one another. alienum : 
 'out of place,' i.e. foreign to the subject. 5. quo: 'in order 
 that.' Why is quo used rather than tit? ■ 6. eandem : predi- 
 cate adj., emphatic position. 7. quondam : 'in former times.' 
 8. effusi : ' lavish,' contrasted with both rarl and tenuis, while 
 obsoleti, 'worthless,' lit. 'worn out,' is contrasted with gloriosi. 
 11. liberarat : = liberaverat. talis honos tributus est, etc. : 
 note the order; cf. note to 1. 4, above, talis honos is explained by 
 the clause ut . . . com/nitteret ; the clause cum . . . depingeretur, 
 which modifies the ut clause, is put before it, instead of being in- 
 cluded within it, an order of which Nepos is rather fond, talis — 
 hie, as is frequently the case in Nepos. The special honor was 
 that Miltiades was represented as foremost among the ten generals, 
 encouraging the soldiers and directing the battle. 15. largitione 
 magistratuum : it is not clear to what Nepos refers. He probably 
 speaks generally, and with some confusion of Greek and Roman 
 conditions. 
 
 VII. 21. plerasque : sc. iusulas. 22. Parum : see map of 
 Greece in the front of the book, G. 4. opibus elatam : ' full of 
 confidence in its strength' ; for the meaning of opibus see 1. 3, 
 above. Parum : object of reconciliare. The position of cum is 
 not unusual; cf. 1. 12, above. 24. vineis ac testudinibus : 
 
148 NOTES [Page 7 
 
 these were movable sheds, with strong roofs, which were pushed 
 up to the walls of the besieged city. Protected by these from the 
 weapons thrown from above, the soldiers attacked the wall with 
 the battering-ram. 25. muros : governed by propius. See B. 
 141, 3 ; A. 234, e\ G. 359, N. 1 ; H. 437, 1. 26. in eo esset ut 
 oppido potiretur: 'was on the point of taking the town.' 
 27. nescio quo casu : 'by some chance. 1 Do not trans, nescio by 
 a verb ; nescio quo forms a compound indef. pron. See B. 253, 6 ; 
 A. 202, a ; G. 467, Rem. 1 ; H. 191, n. 28. Cuius flamma : 'the 
 light of this,' more literally, ' the flame caused by this.' 29. utris- 
 que venit in opinionem : 'both sides got the idea. 1 For the 
 case of utrisque see B. 188, 1 ; A. 235, a\ G. 350, 1 ; H. 384, 4, 
 N. 2. 31. deterrerentur : see note on profligai'int, p. 6, 1. 32. 
 
 Page 8. 3. proditionis: B. 208, 1; A. 220; G. 378; 
 
 H. 409, 11. 4. infectis rebus : 'without accomplishing his pur- 
 pose. 1 discessisset : subj., because it gives the reason alleged 
 by the accusers of Miltiades. 6. ipse: 'in person. 1 7. Ste- 
 sagoras : a mistake of Nepos. Stesagoras died some time before 
 these events. 8. capitis : see note on proditionis, 1. 3, above. 
 pecuniar B. 208, 2, b ; A. 220, b, 1 ; G. 378, Rem. 3 ; H. 410, III. 
 9. lis . . . aestimata est : see Vocab., under lis. quinquaginta 
 talentis : abl. of price ; we should say ' estimated at." quan- 
 tus . . . factus erat : ' the sum which had been expended on the 
 fleet 1 ; i.e. tanta peciniia multatus est qna?itns sumptus factus est. 
 11. vincla piiblica : ' the public prison, 1 ' stated prison. 1 
 
 VIII. Hie : note the position; see note on li, p. 1, 1. 8. 
 13. crimine Pario : 'a complaint about Paros. 1 For the case cf. 
 pecfmia, 1. 8; for a different constr. proditionis, 1. 3. 15. quae 
 paucis annis ante fuerat : the rule of the sons of Pisistratus is 
 included, hence the period from 560 to 510 B.C. is meant. The 
 trial of Miltiades was in 489. 17. multum . . . versatus : ' who 
 had had long experience.' 18. Miltiades . . . non videtur 
 posse esse : we should say ' it did not seem possible that Miltiades 
 could be, 1 i.e. that he could be satisfied to be. 20. habitarat : 
 = habit aver at. 21. fuerat appellatus : here = erat appellatiis. 
 22. erat . . . conseciitus : sc. tyrannidem, implied in tyrannus 
 fuerat appellatus. 24. potestate sunt perpetua : abl . of 
 
Page 9] THEMISTOCLES 149 
 
 quality (see note to p. 4, 1. 4) — potestatem perpetuam obtinent, 
 ' have absolute power. 1 27. ut . . . esset : result clause with- 
 out any introductory word meaning 'so. 1 28. patgret : B. 283, 
 2; A. 320, a\ G. 631, 1; H. 503, I. magna auctoritas : sc. 
 ei fuit. 
 
 II. THEMISTOCLES. 
 
 Page 9. Chapter I. 1. Themistocles . . . Atheniensis : 
 
 this abrupt beginning is found in several of the lives. Neocli : 
 gen. oiNeocles. See Vocab. Huius : governs the expression vitia 
 ineuntis adidesceutiae, i his early faults,' ' the faults of his early life.' 
 4. est ordiendus : ' his story must be told/ lit., ' he must be 
 described. 1 generosus : do not translate by the cognate Eng. 
 word. Note the derivation; see Vocab. 5. duxit : sc. in 
 mdtrimonium. 6. Qui cum : 'since he.' minus esset pro- 
 batus parentibus : ' incurred the displeasure of his parents, 1 more 
 lit., ' was not approved of by his parents 1 ; parentibus is dat. of the 
 person judging, cf. omnibus, p. 1, 1. 8. 7. liberius : 'too freely, 1 
 ' too fast, 1 a common meaning of the comparative. 9. non f regit 
 eum : 'did not crush him, 1 ' did not break his spirit. 1 10. earn : 
 sc. contumeliam. 11. amicis famaeque serviens : 'devoting 
 himself to his friends and to (acquiring) fame. 1 12. multum . . . 
 versabatur : 'he took an active part. 1 privatis iudiciis : i.e. 
 ' in the legal difficulties of his friends. 1 contionem populi : 
 i.e. the popular assembly. 13. maior : i.e. of more than ordinary 
 importance. 14. quae opus erant reperiebat : 4 he discovered 
 the course of action which was necessary. 1 For the construction of 
 quae see B. 218, 2, a ; A. 243, e, Rem. ; G. 406; H. 414, iv, n. 4. 
 eadem : i.e. ea quae opus erant. 16. excogitandls : i.e. in 
 rebus excogitandls. Instantibus : ' the present,' more lit., 
 
 'what was immediately urgent, 1 contrasted with futiiris, 1. 17. 
 18. Quo : i.e. on account of the course of conduct described in lines 
 12-18 ; quo factum est might be translated 'and so it happened. 1 
 
 II. 20. Primus autem gradus : ' now his first step. 1 capes- 
 sendae rei publicae : see Vocab. under capesso. 21. bello 
 CorcyraeS : Nepos is in error here. Themistocles was not a gen- 
 eral in the war between Athens and Corinth about Corcyra, and 
 
150 NOTES [Page 9 
 
 his advice to build ships was given in connection with the war 
 against Aegina, B.C. 482. 22. reliquo tempore : ' in the future, 1 
 contrasted with praesentl bello. B. 231, 1 ; A. 256, b, x; G. 393, 
 and Rem. 2; H. 379, 1. 24. metallis : the silver mines of 
 Mount Laurium in Attica, southeast of Athens ; these mines are 
 worked at the present time by a French company., and still yield 
 considerable amounts of silver. largltione magistratuum : see 
 note to p. 7. 1. 15. largltione publico, would be more appropriate 
 here, since the money yielded by the mines was distributed by a 
 law passed in the regular way. 26. Qua : = classe. 27. mari- 
 timos praedones : 'pirates.' 
 
 Page 10. 1. In quo: 'and by this policy, 1 lit., 'in which, 1 
 i.e. in making Athens a maritime power Cf. quo factum est, p. 9, 
 1. 18. These relative expressions to connect two sentences are a 
 favorite usage with Nepos, especially quo facto. 2. belli navalis : 
 'naval warfare. 1 For the constr. see B. 204, 1 ; A. 218, a\ G. 374; 
 H. 399. Athenienses : object of both omavit and fecit. Nepos 
 is fond of reserving the object or the subject until the end of the 
 sentence. Cf. ferociorem reddidit clvitatem, p. 9, 1. 23. 3. quan- 
 tae saluti: B. 191, 2 ; A. 233, a ; G. 356, 3 : H. 390, I. fuerit : 
 see note on profllgarint, p. 6, 1. 32. Result clauses and ind. ques- 
 tions are less closely subordinated to the main clause than purpose 
 clauses (for instance), and hence admit these so-called exceptions 
 to the rule of the ' sequence of tenses.* 4. bello . . . Persico : the 
 second Persian invasion is meant, under Xerxes. B.C. 480. et 
 
 marl et terra : the more common expression is terra marlque. 
 For the constr. see B. 228, 1, c\ A. 258, d\ G. 385, n. i ; H. 425. 2. 
 7. quisquam : see note on Athenienses. 1. 2, above. navium : 
 B. 203, 2; A. 215, b\ G. 365. Rem. 2; H. 395, v. 8. fuit : 
 • consisted of. 1 10. fuerunt : agrees by attraction with mllia. 
 instead of with the subject exercitus. 
 
 13. miserunt : sc. Athenienses. quidnam facerent : an in- 
 direct dubitative question ; the direct form would be quidnam faci- 
 dmus ! These differ from ordinary indirect questions, which are 
 indicative in the direct form. See B. 300, 2; A. 334, £; G. 467. 
 14. Deliberantibus : sc. els. respondit ut . . . munlrent : 
 the subj. is due to the idea of command or advice in respondit, 
 
PageIIJ THEMISTOCLES x ^ T 
 
 which = monuit or persuasit. What would the ace. with the inf. 
 mean? 15. Id responsum . . . nemo: note the order. See 
 note on Athenienses, 1. 2, above, and cf. quisquam, 1. 7, above. 
 Id responsum quo valeret : ' what this reply meant ' ; quo is the 
 adv. What is the literal meaning? 16. persuasit consilium 
 esse : 'persuaded them that the advice was.' Some verbs are used 
 with either the inf. or the subj. with a difference of meaning ; the 
 former if the idea is ind. disc, the latter if it is purpose. See note 
 oxvrespondit ut . . . munirentA. 14, above. 17. ut . . . con- 
 ferrent : in apposition with consilium. What kind of a clause, and 
 why subj. ? 18. eum enim . . . murum ligneum : 'for that was 
 the wooden wall meant by the god. 1 eum agrees by attraction with 
 murum ligneum. Note that murum is used here, and moenibus in 
 1. 15. The distinction in meaning is shown by Caesar, B. G. 2, 6: 
 circumiecta multitiidine hominum totis moenibus undique in murum 
 lapides iaci coepti sunt. The distinction is observed here. They 
 were to protect themselves in a city with wooden walls (moenibus 
 ligneis), of which the wooden wall {murum) was to be the fleet. 
 Tali: = hoc ; so frequently in Nepos. Cf. p. 7, 1. 11. 19. su- 
 periores : ' the former,' sc. naves. 20. sua omnia quae mover! 
 poterant : ' all their movable property,' including their wives and 
 children. 21. arcem . . . tradunt : according to Herodotus, 
 
 those who remained behind did so because they did not accept the 
 interpretation of Themistocles. They barricaded the Acropolis 
 (arcem) with a 'wooden wall.' 
 
 III. 24. Hiiius : i.e. Themistoclis. 25. in terra dimicari : 
 
 ' that the war be waged on land ' ; dimicari stands for an impersonal 
 verb in the direct form. missi sunt : the battle of Thermopylae 
 took place before the events described at the end of Chap. II. 
 27. longiusque . . . non paterentur : instead of neve longius . . . 
 paterentur, because non modifies paterentur especially ; non pate- 
 rentur — prohibcrent. Cf. et non instead of neque, p. 1, 1. 2. 
 29. omnes : used loosely of the dilecti in 1. 26. Only the Lace- 
 daemonians and Thespians remained until the end. 32. Angus- 
 tias : ' a narrow part of the sea. 1 
 
 Page 11. 1. Hinc : ' from there, 1 i e. from Artemisium. pari 
 proelio : 'after an indecisive battle- 1 Abl. of attendant circum- 
 
152 NOTES [Page II 
 
 stance. See B. 221. 4. superasset : = superdvisset, 'should 
 
 round. 1 The subj. is due to implied ind. disc, their thought being : 
 si pars navium Eitboeam super aver it, ancipiti prememur periculo. 
 prcmerentur is subj. after the expression pertculum erat = timebant. 
 See B. 296, 2 ; A. 331, f\ G. 550; H. 498, m. 
 
 IV. 9. astu : the omission of ad with accessit is not common. 
 10. Cuius: sc. iuceudii. 11. cum . . . non auderent : note the 
 position of cum in the clause. Cf. note to p. 7, 1. 11. 13. uni- 
 versos : • all together,' ; united,' opposed to dispersds. 14. tes- 
 tabatur : an emphatic word. 16. summae imperii praeerat : 
 ' held the chief command ' ; imperii is partitive gen. 17. minus 
 quam vellet : the subj. represents the thought of Themistocles 
 transferred to past time, eum moved, minus quam void, or perhaps 
 minus quam velim. Cf. B. 280, 2, a ; A. 311, b ; G. 257 ; H. 486, 1. 
 de servis suis : sc. eum. 19. suis verbis : i in his name,' i.e. 
 in the name of Themistocles. 21. confecturum : sc. eum. Give 
 the words of Themistocles in dir. disc. 23. Hoc eo valebat : 
 'the purpose of this was.' Cf. quo valeret, p. 10, 1. 15. ad 
 depugnandum: ' to fight it out.' Note the force of de-. 24. bar- 
 barus : i.e. Xerxes. 27. potuerit : note the tense. See note 
 on profligarint, p. 6, 1. 32, above. The battle was fought in 480 B.C. 
 
 V. 29. Hie : adv. male rem gesserat : ' he had been unsuc- 
 cessful.' 31. ab eodem gradu depulsus est : do not connect 
 eodem and gradii ; gradu depellere, i to drive from one's position,' 
 hence ; to baffle, 1 is a metaphor from the gladiatorial contests. 
 eodem refers to Themistocles. 
 
 Page 12. 1. id agi: 'that this was being agitated,' i.e. that 
 steps were being taken. in Hellesponto : we should say, 'over 
 the Hellespont. 1 2. fecerat : see note on trdusportarat. p. 5. 
 1. 2. excluderetur : sc. ille. 3. sex mensibus : on p. S2, 
 1. 30, Nepos gives the time as a year. The actual time was four 
 months. 4. eadem : adv. minus diebus triginta : the 
 
 actual time was 46 days. 7. Haec altera victoria : sc. est, 
 ; this is a second victory.' 8. possit : B. 283, 2; A. 320; 
 
 G. 631 ; H. 503, 1. tropaeo : = victoria. 10. devicta : note 
 the force of de-. See Vocab. 
 
Page 12] THEMISTOCLES ^3 
 
 VI. 12. Cum enim . . . uterentur : the emphatic words are 
 bono and magno. We should say in English, ' for since the harbor 
 at Phalerum which the Athenians used was neither large nor good.' 
 13. triplex Piraei portus : the port at the Piraeus included three 
 separate harbors, — the Piraeus, in a narrower sense, Munychia, and 
 Zea. See the plan on the map of Greece, in the front of the book. 
 It was begun in 482 B.C., and finished in 477. 14. eisque : 
 'such,' 'so strong.' 15. dignitate : 'splendor.' 16. Idem: 
 'he also.' praecipuo suo periculo: 'at particular personal 
 risk'; suo represents an objective gen. ; periculo is abl. of attend- 
 ant circumstance. 18. qua negarent oportere: 'for saying 
 that it was not necessary.' For the mood of negarent, see B. 282, 
 3 ; A. 320,/; G. 631, 1 ; H. 503, 11, 2. 20. quae hostes possi- 
 derent: 'for the enemy to seize.' B. 282, 2; A. 317, 2; G. 630; 
 H. 497, 1. aedificantes : ' in their building,' instead of quo minus 
 aedificarent. 21. Hoc . . . volebant : ' this had a far different 
 purpose than they were willing to let appear,' lit., ' looked in a very 
 different direction.' Cf. hoc eo valebat, p. 11, 1. 23. 25. prin- 
 cipatu: 'the hegemony'; i.e. the chief place among the states of 
 Greece. 28. desierunt : sc. Ml = Athenienses. The omission 
 of the subject in such a case as this is careless writing. 31. tu- 
 endo : modifies satis alti. B. 338, 2, a ; A. 299 ; G. 429 ; H. 541, it. 
 exstructi : cf. strut, 1. 27 ; ex- gives the idea of completeness. 
 
 Page 13. 1. neque : instead of the more exact neve. 
 
 2. esset : subj. because it forms part of the command of Themis- 
 tocles ; so putdrent in 1. 3. 
 
 VII. 5. Themistocles : subject of venit. Cf '. Il si, p. 1,1.8. 
 6. dedit operam ut . . . diiceret : ' did his best to prolong the time, 1 
 i.e. before appearing before the ephors. 7. causam interpo- 
 nens : ' alleging as a reason.' 11. superesse : ' remained to be 
 done.' ephorSs : seeVocab. 12. summum . . . imperium : 
 sunima potestds would be a more proper term for the civil power of 
 the ephors ; the imperium, or military command, belonged to the 
 kings. 13. falsa eis esse delata : 'that a false report had been 
 made to them.' 14. illos : subject of mittere. nobiles : 
 'prominent.' Note the derivation. quibus fides haberetur : a 
 clause of characteristic, quibus is dat. governed by the phrase fides 
 
1 54 NOTES [Page 13 
 
 haberetur = f icier ent. 15. retiiierent : representing an impera- 
 
 tive of the dir. disc. B. 316; A. 339; G. 652; H. 523, III. Give 
 the words of Themistocles to the ephors in dir. disc. 16. functi 
 summls honoribus : * who had held the highest offices.' 18. ut 
 ne . . . dimitterent : subj. on account of the idea of command in 
 praedixit. On at ne, see B. 282, 1, b; A. 331, e, n. 2 ; G. 545. 
 Rem. 1. 19. esset remissus: part of the injunction of Themis- 
 tocles, which in the dir. form might be : ne prim Lacedaemoniorum 
 legdtos dimittite, quam ipse remissus ero. 
 
 21. magistrates senatumque : i.e. to the ephors and the gerusia, 
 or council of elders. 23. liberrime professus est: 'declared 
 with the utmost frankness.' quod . . . facere possent : l a 
 thing which they had a right to do according to the common law of 
 nations.' The antecedent of quod is the clause deos . . . saepsisse, 
 below. In such cases id quod is more usual; see B. 247, i,b\ A. 
 200, e, and N. ; G. 614, Rem. 2. 24. deos publicos : i.e. the 
 gods of Greece, while patrios (sc. deos) are the gods of Athens, and 
 Penates, the household gods. 26. neque . . . fecisse : i.e. in 
 so doing had acted for the best interests of Greece, neque . . . 
 inutile is litotes. See B. 375, 1 ; A. 209, c ; G. 449. 2 : H. 637, vin. 
 27. illorum : i.e. Atheniensium. 28. oppositum esse : agrees 
 in form with the predicate ace. propugndculum, instead of with the 
 subject urbem. bis: in what battles? 29. fecisse: note the 
 inf. in a rel. clause. See B. 314, 4; A. 336, c\ G. 655, Rem. 1 ; 
 H. 524, 1, 1). 30. facere: ; were acting.' Note the tense. 
 intuereutur : B. 283. 3, a ; A. 320, e ; G. 626, Rem. ; H. 5 17. 
 
 Page 14. 1. miserant : not part of the words of Themisto- 
 cles. Cf. note to p. 5, 1. 2. remitterent : see note on retiiierent* 
 p. 13,1. 15, above. illos : i.e. legdtos. 2. essent recepturi : 
 'they were not likely to recover.' See B. 115; A. 129; G. 247; 
 H. 233. 
 
 VIII. effugit : sc. Themistocles. 4. quo damnatus erat 
 Miltiades : seep. 8,1. 18. 5. testarum suffragiis e civitate 
 expulsus : under certain conditions, after due notice and discus- 
 sion, the Athenians might vote for the banishment of a citizen who 
 was so powerful as to seem to menace the freedom of the state. 
 Each voter wrote a name on an oyster-shell (ocrrpaKoi/, whence the 
 
Page 15] THEMISTOCLES jtjij 
 
 name ostracism) or on a potsherd, and if 6000 shells bore the same 
 name, the person so designated was banished for ten years (see 
 p. 17, 1. 13), but without loss of honor or possessions. Themistocles 
 was ostracised about 476 B.C. 8. absentem : 'in his absence, 1 
 i.e. without a hearing. 9. cum rege Perse: with the king of 
 the Persians ; the more common expression is rex Persdrum. 
 fecisset : the reason of the Lacedaemonians, hence the mood. See 
 B. 286, 1 ; A. 321, 2; G. 541 ; H. 516, II. 10. Hoc crimine : 
 'on this charge.' See note on crimine Pario, p. 8, 1. 13. 
 11. tutum se : sc. esse. 12. principes: 'the leading men' of 
 the state. 13. se : Themistocles, while eis refers to the people 
 of Corcyra, including principes. 14. Molossum : an old gen. 
 pi., instead of Molossorum ; not a contraction. 15. cum quo el 
 hospitium 11611 erat : i.e. to whom he was bound by no ties of 
 hospitality. Note the order cum quo, and cf. note on cunt quibus. 
 p. 3, 1. n. 17. receptum: trans, by a finite verb. The subject 
 of tueretur is rex understood. 
 
 20. eum ... in fidem reciperet : ' received him under his 
 protection. 1 When the verb of the main clause is negative, the 
 perf. ind. is usual in the prius quam clause. Here the subj. 
 denotes the thought of Themistocles, who had resolved to remain 
 in the shrine until the king pledged him his protection. quam 
 praestitit: 'which (pledge) he kept.' 22. publice : 'officially, 1 
 'in the name of the state.' 23. sibi : B. 188, 1; A. 227, c\ 
 
 G. 346, N. 2 ; H. 385, 1. tuto : adv. 25. esset : represents 
 the thought of the king, ' such guard as (he thought) would be 
 sufficient.' omnibus: B. 192, 1; A. 234, a\ G. 359; H. 391. 
 27. ferretur: 'was being carried ' ; note the tense. 28. sibi: 
 B. 189, 1; A. 232; G. 354; H. 388. 30. conservasset: im- 
 plied ind. disc. ; si me cdnservdris, tibi mult a dado. 32. neque 
 quemquam . . . passus est : 'and did not allow any one.' 
 
 Page 15. Chapter IX. 5. potissimum: 'in preference to 
 all others.' 6. aetate proximus : ' nearest in time,' i.e. he 
 came nearest to being contemporary with the events described. 
 8. Is autem ait : ' Now he says.' his verbis : ' in these terms ' ; 
 abl. of means modifying the expression epistulam mlsisse = scrip- 
 sisse. 9. Themistocles, veni: we should say, ' I, Themistocles, 
 
156 NOTES [Page 15 
 
 am come/ 10. omnium Graiorum : part. gen. modifying qui. 
 12. Idem: 'On the other hand, I.' 13. ipse: sc. esse coepi. 
 Note the chiastic order of in tftto ipse, ille in perlculo. See 
 B. 350, II, c\ A. 344,/, and n. ; G. 682 ; H. 562. 15. id agi ut 
 pons . . . dissolveretur : cf. p. 11, 1. 32, fol., and notice the real 
 motive of Themistocles. 16. fecerat : what does the mood 
 denote? See note to p. 5, 1. 2. 17. circumlretur : sc ille — rex. 
 The omission of the subject under the circumstances is careless 
 writing. 19. quam : tmns. by a demonstrative and a conjunc- 
 tion. 21. quas : dc quibus is more usual. In the best writers 
 conloqul governs the ace. only of neu. prons. or num. adjs. 
 22. annuum . . . tempus : ' the space of a year.' 23. venire : 
 sc. me. 
 
 X. 24. Hiiius : ' his. 1 25. veniam dedit : ' granted his 
 request.' 26. litterls sermonique Persarum : i.e. to reading 
 and speaking Persian. quibus : has for its antecedent I Uteris 
 sermonlque. 21. multo commodius . . . verba fecisse : 'to 
 have made a speech in much better style.'' 29. gratissimum- 
 que illud : sc. pollicitus esset, i and what pleased him most of all, 
 that.' 32. Asiam : Nepos speaks from the Roman point of 
 view, meaning the Roman province of Asia. Asia Minor. 
 
 Page 16. 3. redibant : i.e. there was a revenue of: cf. our 
 Eng. expression 'returns.' 4. unde . . . sumeret : rel. clause of 
 purpose, like ex qua haberet. obsonium : ' dainties.' including 
 everything but bread, which was regarded as the only essential 
 article of diet : obsdtiium, therefore, means meat, vegetables, fruits, 
 and especially fish. 6. oppidum : i.e. Magnesia. 8. eun- 
 dem: 'the aforesaid,' referring to p. 15, 1. 5. 9. auctorem 
 probamus : 'accept as authority. 1 On the number of probaimis 
 see note to p. 2, 1. 11. 10. neque negat : 'and yet he does not 
 deny.' 11. sumpsisse : sc. eum. 12. pollicitus esset : 
 
 subj. as part of the thought of Themistocles. Express his thought 
 in a direct form. Idem : i.e. Thucydides. 13. sepulta : sc. 
 esse. quoniam legibus non concederetur : explains clam. 
 
Page 17] ARISTIDES 157 
 
 III. ARISTIDES. 
 
 Page 17. Chapter I. 2. Themistocli : gen., see B. 238; 
 A. 218, d, and 234, d, 1 ; G. 359, Rem. 1 ; H. 391, 11, 4, and cf. 
 Neocli, p. 9, 1. I. prmcipatu : ' the foremost place 1 in the state. 
 3. obtrectarunt inter se : ' they worked against each other,' 
 1 were rivals.' 5. abstinentia : ' integrity. 1 This word and 
 
 innocentiae above are used especially of incorruptibility in money 
 matters on the part of public officers. 6. quern quidem 116s 
 audierimus : ' at least that we have heard of. 1 Note the ace. 
 quern, instead of the more common de with the abl., and cf. quas, 
 p. 15, 1. 21. Audierimus is subj., because it is thought of as a part 
 of the result clause ut . . . sit appellatus. 7. sit appellatus : 
 for the tense see p. 6, 1. 32. 8. testula ilia: ' the well-known 
 (institution of) ostracism, 1 a common force of tile, Cf. note to p. 
 14, 1. 5. exsilio : see note on peciinid, p. 8, 1. 8. 10. cedens : 
 1 giving up the struggle, 1 ' abandoning hope. 1 11. ut . . . pelle- 
 retur : the subj. is due to the idea of command implied in scriben- 
 tem. 13. ille : ' the man. 1 se Ignorare : ' that he did not 
 
 know. 1 The more common word in such a sense is nosse. 
 16. legitirnam : ' fixed by law. 1 non pertulit : ' did not com- 
 plete 1 ; note the force of per-. 17. descendit : B. 287; A. 324; 
 G. 561 ; H. 518, n. 1. sexto fere anno : ' nearly six years after 1 ; 
 Post is often omitted after an ordinal numeral in the abl. of time. 
 On the tense of expulsus erat see B. 287, 3 ; A. 324, a ; G. 563, 2 ; 
 H. 518, n. 2. The pluperf. is usual with such exact designations of 
 time as in the present instance. 
 
 II. 19. Interfuit: 'He took part, 1 independently, that is. 
 He did not serve on the Athenian fleet, but attacked and slew the 
 Persians who had taken refuge on the little island of Psyttalea. 
 19. pugnae navali apud Salamina : ' the naval battle at Sal- 
 amis. 1 A prepositional phrase modifying a noun is used quite com- 
 monly by Latin writers, but by Cicero less commonly than an adj. 
 {pugnae Salaminiae) or a rel. clause {quae apud Salamina facta 
 est). It is better to avoid the construction in writing Latin. 
 See B. 352, 5. 20. prius quam . . . liberaretur : 'before he 
 was (to be) recalled from banishment. 1 A somewhat unusual use of 
 
158 NOTES [Page 17 
 
 the subj. with prius quant. The writer puts himself at the stand- 
 point of facta est, from which liberaretur is something looked for- 
 ward to, as yet not existing. idem praetor fuit : < Also he was 
 general. 1 fusus : sc. est. 25. multa : sc. facta. factum 
 est : the subject is ut . . . transferretur. For the order see note 
 to p. 7, 1. 11. 
 
 Page 18. 2. et marl et terra: see note to p. 10, 1. 5. 
 3. intemperantia : ' extravagant conduct, 1 ' want of self-control. 1 
 See p. 20, 1. 18, fol. 6. hos duces: ; these as leaders. 1 See B. 
 177, 1 ; A. 239, a ; G. 340., b ; H. 373. 
 
 III. 7. Quos : i.e. barbarbs. 8. conarentur : not a condition 
 contrary to fact, but a future condition in implied ind. disc. ad 
 classes aedificandas, etc. : note the order ; quantum . . . daret 
 (ind. quest.) is object of constitueret, while ad . . . comparandos 
 modifies daret. 10. arbitrio : see note on institiitis, p. 1, 1. 9. 
 
 11. quadringena et sexagena talenta : note the distributive 
 numerals, '460 talents each year, 1 about $500,000. Delum sunt 
 conlata : i.e. the money was contributed and sent to Delos. 
 
 12. id : refers to Delum, but as usual agrees by attraction with the 
 predicate ace. 14. Hie : i.e. Aristides. qua fuerit absti- 
 nentia : an ind. question governed by the verbal idea in indicium. 
 16. qui efferretur : ; enough to bury him ^ ; qui is an old form of 
 the abl., = quo. 17. publice alerentur : i were supported at the 
 expense of the state. 1 commurii := fiublicb. 18. dotibus 
 datis conlocarentur : i.e. marriages were arranged for them ; 
 and the dowries, which were an essential feature of the marriages 
 of the Greeks and Romans, were paid from the public treasury. 
 Decessit : B.C. 468. 19. post annum quartum : = anno quarto 
 post. 20. erat expulsus : see note on erat expulsus, p. 17, 
 1. 17. Here, too, the time is exactly defined. 
 
 IV. PAUSANIAS. 
 
 Page 19. Chapter I. 1. varius in omni genere vitae : 
 
 'unreliable in all the relations of life. 1 3. inlustrissimum : used 
 as subst. ' his most glorious exploit. 1 proelium apud Plataeas : 
 see note to p. 17, 1. 19. The battle was fought in 479 B.C. 
 
Page 20] PAUSANIAS 159 
 
 5. regius : -of the king. 1 Medus : the Romans commonly 
 confused the Medes and Persians. Mardonius was a Persian. 
 
 6. manu f ortis : 'a man of personal bravery.' What is the lit. 
 trans.? 7. viritim : 'man by man 1 ; i.e. it was an army of 
 picked men. viginti: sc. milia. 8. haud ita magna manu 
 Graeciae : k by a comparatively small band of Greeks'; lit. trans. ? 
 Only 61,000 Lacedaemonians, Tegeans, and Athenians took an 
 actual part in the battle. 9. plurima miscere : ' to cause a great 
 deal of disturbance.' 10. in eo : ' in this respect,' explained by 
 the clause quod . . . posuisset. The subj. shows that it was the 
 reason given by those who censured him. 12. in quo haec erat 
 sententia : ' of which this was the purport.' What follows is a free 
 rendering of the metrical inscription {epigrammd) on the tripod. 
 14. ergo: ' on account of.' Used only in antiquated style, — laws, 
 inscriptions, etc. dedisse : sc. se, a careless omission. 
 16. nomina earum civitatum : the brazen support of this tripod, 
 composed of three serpents twisted together, on whose coils the 
 names are inscribed, is now in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. 
 
 II. 18. classe communi : sc. Graeciae. 19. Cyprum atque 
 Hellespontum : note the omission of the prep, with Hellespontum. 
 See note on Chersonesum, p. 3, 1. 6. The influence of Cyprum is 
 also to be taken into account. 20. praesidia : ' garrisons.' 
 
 25. effugisse : sc. eos. Gongylum : sc. misit, since remlsit can 
 only be used properly of the captives. A case of zeugma. B. 374, 
 2, a ; A. 385, I ; G. 690 ; H. 636, II, 1. 
 
 Page 20. 1. ceperat: B. 265; A. 282; G. 252; H. 472, 1. 
 2. misit : sc. eos, antecedent of quos. 3. des : B. 274; A. 266; 
 G. 263, 1, N. ; H. 484. 11. nuptum : 'in marriage.' B. 340, 1 ; A. 
 302; G. 435; H. 546. 5. se : ace, while te is abl. 6. certum : 
 'reliable.' 7. mittas face : 'see to it that you send,' 'pray send. 1 
 face is an archaic form iorfac. See B. 1 16, 3 ; A. 128, c, and 269,^; 
 G. 271 ; H. 238 and 489, 2. Put the letter of Pausanias into ind. 
 disc. 8. tam sibi necessariorum : 'so nearly related to him.' 
 10. ne cui rei parcat : 'that he spare no means.' 11. pollice- 
 retur : the imp. subj. instead of the present, petit is historical 
 present. See note to p. 4, 1. 10. In vivid narration the tenses in 
 both the ind. and the subj. are often changed from pres. to past or 
 
l6o NOTES [Page 20 
 
 from past to pres. in the same sentence. 12. laturum : sc. eum 
 esse. Hiiius : 'his? i.e. the king's. 14. Quo facto: 'on 
 
 account of this, 1 = cum in susplcionem cecidisset. See note on in 
 quo, p. io, 1. i. 15. capitis: modifies both acciisatus and 
 
 absolvitur ; - he was accused on a capital charge and acquitted. 1 
 16. remissus 11611 est: Dorcio was sent in his place, but found 
 the hegemony transferred to the Athenians. See p. 17, 1. 25, fol. 
 This was in 477 B.C. 
 
 III. 17. post 11611 multo : a common order in Nepos for the 
 usual non multo post. sua sponte : i.e. as a volunteer. 
 
 18. c6g?tata : 'ideas. 1 He developed ideas which were not fool- 
 ish (i.e. that expression is not strong enough), but those of a mad- 
 man. 19. mores: 'ways, 1 'habits. 1 20. regio : i.e. of a 
 Persian king. 22. qui aderant : sc. ei y 'his associates. 1 pos- 
 sent : B. 283, 2, a ; A. 320, c ; G. 631, 3 : H. 503, II, 3. 27. clava : 
 a means of secret communication used by the Spartan ephors. 
 When a king or general left home, he was given a staff, or cylin- 
 drical piece of wood, exactly similar to one in the possession of the 
 ephors. When they wished to communicate with him, they cut the 
 writing material into strips, wound it around the staff, and wrote 
 their message along the length of the staff. When it was unrolled, 
 only detached letters or fragments of words were seen ; but the 
 person to whom it was sent could read it by wrapping it around his 
 staff. Both the staff and the despatch were called a-KvrdXrj, of 
 which clava is the Latin equivalent. 28. more illorum : 'after 
 their fashion, 1 i.e. as just described. On more, see note to p. 1, 1. 9. 
 32. vincla publica : cf. p. 8, 1. n. 
 
 Page 21. 1. regi : Pausanias was not king, but as guardian 
 of the young King Pleistarchus, who was his cousin, he acted as 
 regent. 2. Hinc : = ex vinclis. 3. rege : i.e. the king of the 
 Persians. 5. quod : qui would be more in accordance with the 
 common usage. Hilotae : lit. ' captives, 1 prisoners taken in war 
 or their descendants ; they were the original owners of the country, 
 and were serfs rather than slaves. 7. munere : B. 218, 1 ; 
 
 A. 249; G. 407; H. 421, 1. 9. crimen: 'charge. 1 11. et 
 
 exspectandum : sc. esse, ' but that they ought to wait ' ; putct- 
 bant has a negative force with oportere iiidicari, but not with 
 
Page 22] PAUSANIAS l6l 
 
 exspectandum aperiret. B. 293, III, 2; A. 328, 1; G. 572; H. 
 519» ", 2. 
 
 IV. 12. Argilius : see Vocab. Subject of accepisset. 13. eo : 
 i.e. Pausanias. eique : refers to adulescentulus ; trans, as sub- 
 ject. 15. redisset . . . missi erant: meaning of the moods? 
 vincla epistulae : the tablet on which the letter was written was 
 fastened together by a cord, which was secured by a seal. 16. si 
 pertulisset : ' if he should deliver it 1 ; force of per- ? 17. Erant 
 in eadem epistula : i there were also contained in the letter.' 
 18. quae: l correspondence which.' 20. gravitas : 'deliberate- 
 ness. 1 They were unwilling to take decisive measures until they 
 had absolute proof. hoc loco : ' on this occasion. 1 23. indi- 
 casset : the subj. is due to ind. disc. huic : i.e. Argilio adule- 
 scentulo. 25. violari nefas : hence one who took refuge there 
 was secure from molestation. ille : cf. 1. 29, below. 26. banc 
 iuxta : B. 144, 3; A. 263, n. ; G. 413, Rem. 1; H. 636, v, 1. 
 27. posset : subj. representing the design of the ephors. loque- 
 retur : see note on conarentur, p. 18, 1. 8. 28. Hue : ' into this.' 
 30. supplicem : ' as a supplicant, 1 in apposition with Quern. 
 causae quid sit : = quae causa sit ; causae is part. gen. 
 
 Page 22. 2. neu : = neve, the regular connective of two nega- 
 tive purpose clauses. See note to p. 13, 1. 1. meritum : trans, 
 by a rel. clause. si earn veniam . . . dedisset : 'if he granted 
 him that request 1 ; cf. p. 15, 1. 25. 4. magno el praemio futu- 
 rum 1 the subject is id understood = earn veniam sibi dedisse et . . . 
 sublevasse. On praemio see B. 191, 2; A. 233, a\ G. 356; H. 
 390, 1. 
 
 V. 5. His rebus ephori cognitis : this position of the sub- 
 ject of the sentence is common, when it would also be the subject 
 of the clause represented by the abl. abs. ; here the abl. abs. = quae 
 {has res) cum ephori cogtwssent. putarunt : = putaverunt. 
 6. Quo : = in urbem. 8. in eo esset ut : * was on the point of 
 being 1 ; cf. p. 7, 1. 26. 9. ex vultu cuiusdam ephori: 'from 
 the expression of one of the ephors. 1 10. gradibus : B. 223 ; 
 A. 250 ; G. 403 ; H. 423. 11. quae : refers to Minervae. 
 12. Cbalcioicos : see Vocab. The temple was one of the most 
 ancient in Sparta. The statue of the goddess was of bronze, and 
 
1 62 NOTES [Page 22 
 
 the part of the temple in which it stood was sheathed with bronze 
 plates, decorated with bas-reliefs. 15. vixisse : k was still alive. 1 
 The personal construction, mater dicitur vixisse. is better. iam 
 niaguo natu : * then very old, 1 abl. of quality modifying earn ; the 
 more common expression is grandem natu or maximum natu. 
 16. comperit : why indie. ? See note to p. 5, 1. 2. 21. quo ii 
 sc. inferrentur. The place was a ravine near Sparta called Caeddas 
 (Kcu'aSas). 22. pluribus : 'the majority. 1 23. procul ab : 
 
 here means, as the words of Thucydides show, * a little way from, 1 
 i.e. outside the sacred precinct, but not very far off. del Delphic! : 
 Apollo at Delphi. eodem loco : ' in the very place, 1 i.e. just out- 
 side the temple. 
 
 V. CIMOX. 
 
 Page 23. Chapter I. 2. usus est : ' experienced. 1 litem 
 aestimatani : cf. p. 8, 1. 9. 5. eadem custodia : this story of 
 Cimon's imprisonment has no foundation. The Athenian law 
 merely imposed arlfxia on him, i.e. deprived him of political rights 
 until the fine should be paid. legibus : see note on fnstitutls. 
 p. 1. 1. 9. 6. solvisset : implied ind. disc, representing the lan- 
 guage of the law, nisi pecuniam solverit (fut. perf.). 7. sororem 
 germanam : see note to p. 1, 1. 12. 9. eodem patre natas 
 uxores ducere : natas is object of ducere, while uxores is a pred. 
 ace. ; uxores ducere = in mdtrimonium ducere. 10. Huius con- 
 iugii : ' of marriage with her. 1 Callias quidam : ' one Callias, 1 
 ' a man named Callias. 1 11. generosus : note the derivation and 
 meaning. See Vocab. metallis : the silver mines at Laurium. 
 See note to p. 9, 1. 24. 13. illo : refers to id. pecuniam : 
 ' the money, 1 i.e. the amount of the fine imposed on Miltiades. 
 16. seque Calliam nupturum : sc. dixit, implied in negavit, 
 1. 14, above. 
 
 II. 18. Tali modo : = hoc modo, as often in Nepos. 19. prin- 
 cipatum : cf. note to p. 17,1.2. 20. prudentiam : 'knowledge.* 
 the usual meaning of the word when joined with an obj. gen. 
 Note the derivation of prudentiam. 21. a puero : * from boy- 
 hood. 1 22. fuerat versatus : Nepos is fond of this form of the 
 pluperf., and frequently uses it with the same force as the ordinary 
 
Page 24] CIMON 163 
 
 form with erat. populum urbanum : the citizens, as distin- 
 guished from exercitum. 25. Frimum : 'In the first place. 1 
 imperator: 'as general. 1 26. Amphipolim constituit : Nepos 
 is in error here. Amphipolis was founded in 437 B.C. by Agnon. 
 Two unsuccessful attempts had previously been made, neither under 
 Cimon^ leadership. 27. Idem : < he also. 1 
 
 Page 24. 1. iterum imperator : i (appointed) general for 
 
 the second time. 1 iterum is not parallel to Primum, but modifies 
 imperator; the correlative to Primum, which would be deinde, is 
 implied in Idem. Mycalen : another error. The battle at 
 
 at Mycale was fought in 479 B.C., and the leaders were Leotychides 
 and Xanthippus. The connection shows that Nepos refers to the 
 battle fought off the mouth of the river Eurymedon, in Pamphylia, 
 in 469 B.C. 2. devictam : trans, by a finite verb ; note the force 
 of de-. 7. acerbitatem imperii: sc. Atheniensium. For the 
 formation of the Confederacy of Delos, and the acquiring of the 
 hegemony by Athens, see p. 17, 1. 25, fol. The Athenians abused 
 their power, and many of the islands revolted. 8. bene anima- 
 tes . . . alienatas : trans, by rel. clauses. confirmavit : sc. 
 in officio. 9. Scyrum : see the map of Greece, in the front of 
 the book, G. 3. 10. gesserant : sc. incolae, implied in Scyrum. 
 
 12. opulentia: B. 218, 3 ; A. 254, b ; G. 401, N. 6; H. 425, 1, 1), n. 
 suo adventu : ' immediately on his arrival, 1 — an exaggeration, 
 since the revolt of Thasos lasted two years (464-463 B.C.). His 
 ex manubiis : i.e. with the booty taken from all the rebels. 
 
 13. arx : ' the Acropolis. 1 qua ad meridiem vergit : 'on the 
 south side. 1 14. est ornata : here = est miinlta ; the reference is 
 to Cimon's wall. 
 
 III. 15. unus . . . maxime : see note on unus omnium maxiine, 
 p. 3. 1. 2. 16. quam : = in quam. The omission of the prep, is 
 regular when the verb of the rel. clause and of the demonstrative 
 clause is the same. 17. testarum suffragiis : see note to p. 14, 
 1. 5. 18. Cuius fact! . . . Athenienses : B. 209, 1 ; A. 221, b; 
 G. 377 ; H. 409, in. 22. virtutis : note the derivation and 
 
 meaning. 23. post annum quintum, quam expulsus erat : 
 on post annum quintum, see B. 356, 1 ; A. 259, d\ G. 403, N. 4; 
 H. 430. On the tense of expulsus erat, see note on erat expulsus, 
 
164 NOTES [Page 24 
 
 p. 17, 1. 17. 24. hospitio Lacedaemoiiidrum utebatur : 
 
 1 enjoyed the guest friendship of the Lacedaemonians,' i.e. was 
 bound to the Lacedaemonians by ties of hospitality. Cimon, as 
 official guest friend (7rp6£evo<s) of the Lacedaemonians, entertained 
 those Lacedaemonians who came to Athens, and was himself enter- 
 tained at Sparta. Such ties arose from interchange of hospitality, 
 were hereditary, and were very strictly observed. 28. Post, 
 neque ita multo : = Post, neque ita multo post, a fuller expression 
 for hand ita multo post. Trans. ' afterwards, but not so very long 
 after. 1 29. imperator : < as general.' 
 
 Page 25. Chapter IV. 2. cum . . . haberet: modifies the fol- 
 lowing ut clause. Cf. p. 7, 1. 11, and the note. 4. quibus : abl. 
 governed by j rut understood. 6. opis : B. 212, 1 ; A. 223 and 
 243,/"; G. 383, 1 ; H. 410, v, 1. haberet quod statim daret : 
 ' he might have something to give him on the spot ' ; daret is subj. 
 of purpose. 8. videret : subj. of repeated action in a general 
 condition. B. 288, 4, a ; A. 309, b\ G. 625, Rem. 4, 9. suum : 
 'his own.' 10. vidisset: the subj. represents the thought of 
 Cimon. quos invocatos videro, omnes vocabo ; invocatos = non 
 vocatos, sc. ad cenam. 13. unde efferrentur : ' the means for 
 their burial,' i.e. funeral expenses. B. 283, 1 ; A. 320; G. 631, 2; 
 H. 503, 1. 14. reliquissent : B. 283, 3, a ; A. 320, e ; G. 633 ; 
 H. 517. sic se gerendo : Nepos begins the sentence as if 
 Cimon were to be the subject. The logical expression would be 
 cum sic se gereret. 15. si . . . fuit : a substantive clause, subject 
 of est mirandum, = eius mortem fuisse, etc. 16. acerba : to the 
 Athenians. 
 
 VI. LYSANDER. 
 
 Page 26. Chapter I. 1. sui: objective gen. 2. felicitate: 
 
 ' good luck.' Athenienses : object of confecisse. 4. confe- 
 cisse apparet : sc. eu7n. confecisse = ' finally defeated,' lit. ' fin- 
 ished,' < did for.' id . . . latet : id is object of conseciltus est, 
 while the whole clause id . . . conseciltus est is subject of latet. 
 5. sui : ' his own,' contrasted with adversariorum. See B. 244, 3 ; 
 A. 196, g\ G. 309, 2; H. 449, 2. 6. immodestia: what does 
 this word mean here? Note the derivation and the explanatory 
 
Page 27] LYSANDER r 6c; 
 
 clause qui . . . venerunt. 7. imperatoribus : dat. governed by 
 the phrase dicto audientes non erant — non pdrebant. dicto is 
 probably dat. governed by audientes, in the sense of ' obedient, 1 
 though it is variously explained as abl. abs., abl. of cause, and 
 abl. of specification. 8. relictis navibus : modifies dis- 
 
 pdldtl. Trans, so as to show this. 10. factiosus : note the 
 derivation. 11. sic sibi indulsit : i.e. allowed himself such 
 license. 13. dictitassent : note the derivation and meaning. 
 
 14. impotentem : 'unrestrained, 1 lit. 'powerless 1 to restrain itself. 
 
 15. classis : B. 218, i, a; A. 223, a; G. 407, vt. 2, d\ H. 410, v, 3. 
 potior with the gen. is comparatively rare, except in the expression 
 rerum potlrl. Nepos, however, uses it more frequently than the abl. 
 est potitus : see note on desceudit, p. 17, 1. 17. 18. undique : 
 = ex omnibus civitatibus. 19. eiectls : sc. els, antecedent of qui. 
 studuissent : subj. of characteristic, defining the class of people 
 who were driven out. 21. omnium rerum: objective gen. 
 22. contineretur . . . confirmarat: note the change of mood. 
 contineretur is subj. of characteristic like studuissent in 1. 19, while 
 confirmarat states a fact. The latter class is naturally more definite 
 than the former or than the qui . . . studuissent, above. 23. fide: 
 modifies confirmarat, 'had pledged his faith. 1 What is the lit. 
 trans. ? 
 
 II. 24. decemvirali potestate : i.e. government by boards 
 of ten men, selected from the citizens of the place, but known to 
 be devoted to the interests of Sparta. 
 
 Page 27. 2. quod . . . fuerat : modifies pervertere . . . con- 
 cupivit. 3. proinde ac si: 'just as if. 1 4. fuissent : subj. 
 because it is an essential part of the condition contrary to fact, si 
 non . . . sole rent. 4. pervertere : ' destroy. 1 futurum ut . . . 
 dilaberentur : a paraphrase for dllapsuros esse. The rest of the 
 chapter is lost. Nipperdey suggests the following as giving the 
 purport of it : Ttaque his in sanctissimo Herculis /and fidem dedit 
 neminem a se violdtum Irl. Qui cum sine metu in publico versaren- 
 tur, post paucos dies maximum caedem fecit. Qua re Lacedaemonem 
 perldta. cum in ceteris civitatibus non minus atrocia per Lysandri 
 factiones gererentur, regis potentiae eius infcnsl sudserunt Lace- 
 daemonils, ut clvitates dominatione Lysandri liber arent. 
 
1 66 NOTES [Page 27 
 
 III. 8. il : i.e. the Lacedaemonians. 9. Quo dolore : • by 
 
 resentment at this. 1 quo represents an objective gen. See B. 243, 2; 
 A/217, a. 10. tollere : < to abolish.' The inf. is used substantively 
 in apposition with consilium, instead of the gen. of the gerund. 
 12. omnia ad oracula referre : i.e. they took no important step 
 without consulting the gods through an oracle. consuerant : 
 note the tense, consuesco means ' I accustom myself,' hence the 
 perf. consuevl means ' I have accustomed myself,' ' I am accus- 
 tomed,' and the pluperf. ' I was accustomed.' 13. Delphicum : 
 sc. oraculum. id 11611 potuisset : sc. corrumpere. 14. Dodo- 
 naeum : sc. oraculum. 15. quae . . . solveret : ' which he must 
 pay.' solveret would be subj. also in the dir. disc. ; the idea is 
 very close to that of purpose. 18. fef ellerunt : ' disappointed.' 
 21. conatus esset : the subj. shows that that was the reason given 
 by the accusers of Lysander. 22. subsidio : dat. of purpose. 
 For Orchomenos and Haliartus, see the map of Greece, in the front 
 of the book, E. 3. 23. occisus est: 395 B.C. quam 
 
 vere . . . secus foret iudicatum : ' how well justified the oppo- 
 site verdict would have been,' i.e. a verdict of guilty, foret is often 
 used by Nepos instead of esset. 24. indicio : dat. of purpose. 
 Trans, as if it were a predicate nominative. 25. in domo eius : 
 ' in his house.' Note the case and the prep. This construction is 
 usual when domus means ' house,' i.e. refers to the building. 
 26. dux deligatur : ' that a leader be chosen.' Of course he 
 hoped that the choice would fall on him. 27. deiim : gen. phi. 
 Cf. note to p. 14, 1. 14. 28. se habiturum : see note on non 
 dubito /ore, p. 1,1. 1. 29. pecunia : B. 219, 1; A. 254, b\ G. 
 346, N. 2; H. 425, 1, 1), N. 
 
 Page 28. Chapter IV. 1. multa crudeliter avareque fecis- 
 set : ' had committed many acts of cruelty and greed.' 2. esse 
 perlatum : ' that news had been carried,' impersonal. 3. testimo- 
 nium : here = ' a testimonial,' ' letter of commendation.' 4. quanta 
 sanctitate : (telling) i with what thorough honesty.' sdnctitdte is 
 used in the same special sense as abstinentid and innocentid, p. 17, 
 11. 4 and 5. 5. accurate : ' in detail,' i.e. a full and exact account. 
 7. librum: 'document.' 9. signatur : B. 293, 1; A. 328, a; 
 
 G. 570 ; H. 467, 4. 10. signatum : sc. librum. While the first 
 document was being sealed, he managed to substitute for it a second 
 
Page 29] ALCIBIADES 167 
 
 which was already sealed. subiecit : sc. Me, referring to Pharna- 
 bazus. 11. accuratissime : * in the fullest detail.' Cf. accurate, 
 I.5. 12. accusarat : = accusaverat. Lysander: subj. oi re- 
 disset, the usual order; but cf. p. 27, 1. 32. 13. maximum 
 
 magistratum : collective, meaning the ephors. 14. dlxerat : 
 note the tense. See note on erat expulsus, p. 17, 1. 17. The idea is 
 ' after he had said his say.' testimonii loco : ' by way of proof.' 
 The word is used in a different sense than in 1. 3. 15. submoto 
 Lysandro : ' after asking Lysander to withdraw.' 16. legen- 
 dum : ' to be read.' legendum (fut. pass, part.) modifies hunc 
 understood. imprudens : 'unwittingly,' appositive. 17. ille 
 . . . accusator : these words form an hexameter line. See note to 
 P- I, I- 10. 
 
 VII. ALCIBIADES. 
 
 Page 29. Chapter I. 2. possit : for the tense, see B. 259, 1 ; 
 A. 276; G. 227; H. 467, 11. experta: sc. esse. 3. nihil: 
 stronger than neminem. 5. aetatis suae : ' of his time.' 
 
 8. disertus, ut : 'so eloquent, that.' oris atque orationis : 
 'address and delivery.' Nepos is rather fond of pairs of words 
 which resemble each other in sound. Cf. firius cogitare quatn 
 conari, p. 64, 1. 26; actor em aicctoremque, p. 121, 1. 23; percepta 
 habuit praecepta, p. 131, 1. 26. 11. in vita quam victu: cf. 
 note on oris atque orationis, 1. 8, above, victu, sc. in, refers to the 
 externals of life, — food, clothes, etc., — while vita refers to the 
 conduct of life. 12. temporibus . . . serviens : 'adapting 
 himself to circumstances.' simul ac se remiserat : i.e. as soon 
 as he ceased to make a special effort to accomplish some pur- 
 pose. Note the tense of remiserat, and see note to p. 17, 1. 17. 
 14. luxuriosus, etc. : be cautious of translating these adjs. by the 
 corresponding Eng. word. Consider just what the derivation and 
 exact meaning of each term is. 15. ut: supply sic with the 
 
 preceding adjs., or trans. ' to such a degree that.' admlrarentur 
 . . . esse : ' were surprised that there was,' i.e. i were surprised to 
 find.' 16. dissimilitudinem : 'contradictions.' diversam 
 
 naturam : ' diversity of character.' 
 
1 68 NOTES [Page 29 
 
 II. 17. in domo : cf. note on in domo eius, p. 27, 1. 25. 
 Pericli: gen., like Neocli, p. 9, 1. 1. privignus : Pericles was 
 not the stepfather of Alcibiades. The grandfather of Alcibiades 
 and the mother of Pericles were brother and sister. 18. erudl- 
 lus : sc. est. 19. Graeca lingua loquentium : cf. p. 4, 1. 26. 
 20. ut si ipse fingere vellet : expresses the result of all that has 
 been said of Alcibiades in 11. 4-19. Trans, 'so that if he himself 
 were desirous of fashioning his own fortune, he could not have 
 imagined more blessings, or acquired greater ones, than nature or 
 fortune (whichever it be) had (already) bestowed on him."' On 
 the tenses of vellet and posset, see B. 304, 2; A. 308, a\ G. 597, 
 Rem. 1 ; H. 510, n. 2. 
 
 III. 24. bellum . . . indlxerunt : B.C. 415. 26. dati: 
 sc. sunt. 27. exlret : see note on liberaretur, p. 17, 1. 20. The 
 writer puts himself at the standpoint of accidit and looks forward to 
 exiret ; the idea is, ' the night before the fleet was going to sail, 1 
 although of course Una node means ' in a single night.' Hermae : 
 since Hermes was the god of traffic, square pillars surmounted with 
 his bust were placed in the streets in different parts of the city. 
 
 Page 30. 2. Andocidi : gen. 3. vocitatus est : ' was 
 
 nicknamed,' 'was commonly called.' cum appareret : ' since it 
 was evident.' 4. quae . . . pertineret : the antecedent of quae 
 is consensione ; trans, 'which had for its object (was directed 
 towards) not private but public business.' 6. ne qua . . . 
 exsisteret : subj. governed by timor est iniectus, which is equiva- 
 lent to a verb of fearing. 7. opprimeret: subj. because it forms 
 an essential part of the sentence ne . . . exsisteret. 8. con- 
 venire in : 'to apply to. 1 10. devinxerat : sc. sibi. opera 
 forensi: cf. p. 9, 1. 12. 12. prodisset : subj. of repeated action 
 in a general condition ; see B. 302, 3, a ; A. 309, b; G. 625, Rem. 4. 
 13. poneretur : used in the sense of haberetur. 14. timorern : 
 used by zeugma with in eo habebant. Cf. note to p. 19, 1. 25. 
 16. Aspergebatur infamia : ' he was the object of scandal.' 
 facere mysteria : i.e. to imitate the Eleusinian mysteries, which 
 were celebrated at Eleusis with great secrecy, in honor of Demeter 
 and Persephone. 18. idque : i.e. mysteria facere. It was 
 
 thought that the meetings had political aims. 
 
Page 31] ALCIBIADES 1 69 
 
 IV. 20. in contione : * in the popular assembly. 1 Note the 
 derivation of contione. 22. neque ignorans : ' and being fully 
 aware'; litotes. civium suorum consuetudinem : i.e. their 
 envy of men in power and desire to humble them, as shown by the 
 ostracism of Aristides. invidiae crimine : <a charge based 
 
 on envy'; invidiae is obj. gen. 25. quiescendum : sc. esse. 
 26. nocerl el : note the construction. See B. 187, 11, b\ A. 230; 
 G. 346, Rem. 1; H. 384, 5. 26. intellegebant : why indie? 
 Cf. p. 5, 1. 2 and the note. 27. exisset : represents what tense 
 of the dir. disc. ? absentem : sc. ewn. 30. violasset : why 
 subj. ? 31. nuntius a magistrate : ' a message from one of 
 the magistrates.' 32. ut . . . redlret : a subst. clause of pur- 
 pose in apposition with nuntius. 
 
 Page 31. 1. essetque : depends on cum, which has a con- 
 cessive force with esset. provinciae bene administrandae : 
 ' of successfully performing his mission ' ; provinciae refers to his 
 military command in Sicily, see p. 29, 1. 25. 3. Hac : sc. tri- 
 reme. Thurios : see map of Italy, follows p. 94, O. 5. In 
 Italiam : note the case ; see B. 182, 2, b ; A. 259, h ; G. 337, Rem. 6. 
 5. immoderata . . . licentia: i.e. their unrestrained political 
 power, their irresponsibility. erga : the best writers rarely use 
 this word of unfriendly feelings ; Nepos, however, commonly so 
 uses it. nobiles : ' prominent men.' 7. Elidem : note the 
 omission of the preposition ; the const, is doubtless influenced by 
 Thebas which follows. 8. capitis damnatum : sc. esse, ' con- 
 demned to death.' bonis publicatis : ' with confiscation of 
 his property ' ; the idea is of time contemporaneous with damnatum, 
 a use of the perf. part, found also in Livy. 9. usii venerat : 
 ' had been resorted to ' ; usu is an old form of the dat, instead of 
 Usui 1 a dat. of purpose. 
 
 10. Eumolpidas sacerdotes : they were employed in the Eleu- 
 sinian mysteries, being the descendants of Eumolpus, the reputed 
 founder of the mysteries. se : refers to Alcibiades. 11. quo 
 testatior esset memoria : i.e. that the record might be more 
 public (than usual). 12. exemplum : ' a copy.' esse: be- 
 longs with positum. in publico : sc. loco. 14. consuerat : 
 see note to p. 27, 1. 12. 16. se : refers to Alcibiades. 17. eie- 
 
I jo NOTES [Page 31 
 
 cisse : sc. eos as subject and se as object. suae : ' their own.' 
 referring to inimlci. See note to p. 3, 1. 4. 18. cum Perse 
 rege : see p. 14, 1. 9. 20. in obsidione : 'in a state of siege.' 
 21. Eiusdem opera : ' through his aid also.' 21. Ioniam : refers 
 to the cities on the coast of Asia Minor which were subject to 
 Athens. 22. Atheniensium: we should say, 'with the Athe- 
 nians. 1 Quo facto : cf. note to p. 10, 1. 1. 
 
 V. 24. neque vero : ' but after all . . . not. 1 amici . . . 
 sunt fact! : sc. Lacedae?nonii ; amici is an adj. 25. acerrimi 
 viri: * of that most energetic man. 1 26. prudentiam in omni- 
 bus rebus : ' sagacity on all occasions. 1 27. pertimuerunt : 
 ' they had great fear 1 ; note the force of per-. 29. Id Alcibia- 
 des . . . potuit : ' this could not be concealed very long from Al- 
 cibiades. 1 For the constr. see B. 178, 1, e\ A. 239, d, and n. ; 
 G. 339, Rem. 3; H. 374, N. 1. 30. ea : ' such. 1 
 
 Page 32. 2. Atheniensium : modifies opes. 3. contra : 
 serves as a conjunction. Lacedaemoniorum : sc. opes. 4. ini- 
 tio := primum. 8. destitutus: 'disappointed. 1 9. prae- 
 tor : ' general. 1 10. suffragante Theramene : ' on motion of 
 Theramenes. 1 parique . . . imperio praeficitur : i.e. is made 
 general on equal terms. 11. simul cum : ' in company with. 1 
 13. Horum : ' of these three men. 1 14. victores viguerant : 
 ' had been in the flush of victory. 1 15. Victi . . . erant : be- 
 tween 41 1 and 409 B.C. Nepos exaggerates the successes of the 
 Athenians. 16. terrestribus : cf. p. 10, 1. 9. The more com- 
 mon expression is pedestribus . 17. captae . . . venerant : 
 trans, by two finite verbs. 18. simul cum: cf. 1. n, above. 
 21. neque minus multas : ' and quite as many. 1 Cf. p. 13, 1. 26. 
 24. venerunt : note the change of tense ; after the successful 
 operations just described had been accomplished, they returned to 
 Athens. 
 
 VI. 25. His: dat. governed by obviam. descendisset : 
 of going down to the sea-coast. 26. omnium exspectatio 
 visendi Alcibiadis : subj. gen. (omnium) and obj. gen. (vfsendi 
 Alcibiadis) modifying the same word. 27. proinde ac si : ' ex- 
 actly as if. 1 28. Sic : explained by the following clause et 
 adversas . . . secundas res. Note the chiastic order; see note 
 
Page 34] ALCIBIADES ! y Y 
 
 to p. 15, 1. 18. On the constr. of the clause see note to p. 30, 1. 26 
 30. exercitum . . . amissum : 'the loss of the army.' 32. ex- 
 pulissent : what does the subj. show ? 
 
 Page 33. 2. coeperat: pluperf. because the main clause also 
 has the pluperf. 6. usu venerat : cf. p. 31, 1. 9 7. Olympiae 
 victoribus : see note to vlctorem Olympiae, p. 1, 1. 17. The Olympic 
 victors received crowns and other manifestations of honor when they 
 made their triumphal entry into their native city. Such honors had 
 been conferred on other victorious generals, in spite of the assertion 
 of Nepos to the contrary. coronis taeniisque : B. 187, 1, a\ 
 A. 225, d\ G. 348; H. 384, 11, 2. vulgo : adv. = < from every 
 hand. 1 12. fuerit : note the tense. Cf. inlacrimarit and ostende- 
 rit, below. See note on profllgarint, p. 6, 1. 32. 16. publice : 
 4 by the state. 1 17. rursus resacrare : ' to revoke the curse. 1 
 19. praecipitatae : sc. sunt. 
 
 VII. 20. non nimis . . . diuturna : ' none too long. 1 
 
 21. totaque res publica : ' and the management of all affairs. 1 
 
 22. domi bellique: B. 232, 2; A. 258, d\ G. 411, Rem. 2; H. 
 426,. 2. unius arbitrio : ' according to his sole will. 1 For the 
 case of arbitrio, see note on institiitis, p. 1, 1. 9. 24. neque id 
 negatum esset : i and that had not been refused. 1 classe : abl. 
 of means. 25. Cymen : see map of Greece, I. 3. minus ex 
 sententia : sc. eorum =Atheniensium. Trans. ' not exactly accord- 
 ing to their wish, 1 i.e. he had been less successful than they thought 
 he ought to have been. 26. recidit : note the force of re-. 
 nihil enim . . . non . . . ducebant : l for they thought there was 
 nothing that he could not accomplish. 1 29. malitiose : < treach- 
 erously. 1 turn : i in that instance. 1 30. corruptum : trans, by 
 a causal clause. capere noluisse : sc. eum. 32. opinionem : 
 sc. Atheniensiwn, subjective gen. ; ingenil and virtutis are objective 
 gen. 
 
 Page 34. 2. tyrannidem : see Vocab. 3. absent! . . . ab- 
 rogarent : sc. el, ' deposed him from his command in his absence.' 
 For the case of abseiiti, see B. 188, 2, d; A. 229; G. 347, Rem. 5 ; 
 H. 386, 2. 4. alium : ten generals were appointed, of whom 
 Conon was the chief. 5. Pactyen : see map of Greece, in the 
 front of the book, I. 1. 6. Blzanthen : map of Greece, K. 1. 
 
172 NOTES [Page 34 
 
 Onios and Xeontichos must have been in the vicinity of Biz ant hi. 
 Their exact location is uncertain. 7. primus . . . introiit : ' he 
 was the first man of any Greek state to make his way into (the 
 interior of) Thrace. 1 See, however, p. 3, 1. 24 fol. The coast of 
 Thrace was colonized by the Greeks in very early times. 8. glori- 
 osius : sc. esse, agrees with locupletari ; locupletari is used in a 
 middle sense, = ' to enrich himself. 1 9. creverat . . . pepererat : 
 the tense indicates that these things had happened before the battle 
 at Aegospotami. 
 
 VIII. 12. neque tamen . . . potuit recedere : k but yet he 
 
 could not give up his love for his country. 1 13. Aegos flumen : 
 a translation into Latin of the Greek Aiyos irora/MH, Aegospotami. 
 praetor : here = ' admiral. 1 Lysander was vavapxos of the Lacedae- 
 monian fleet. 15. qui in eo . . . ut duceret : was busily engaged 
 in prolonging the war as much as possible. The clause ut . . . duceret 
 is in apposition with eo. 17. contra : ' while on the other hand. 1 
 Cf. p. 32, 1. 3. exhaustis : trans, by a rel. clause. 18. erat 
 super : = sufiererat. 19. praesente vulgo : ' in the presence of 
 the whole army. 1 vulgo here = ' the common soldiers. 1 21. eo : 
 • therefore, 1 ' on that account. 1 22. pedestribus copiis : here, as 
 often, = ' land forces. 1 24. eum : i.e. Lysander. 25. conflictu- 
 rum : sc. eiun (= Lysandruni) and esse. bellum compositurum : 
 = pdcemfactiirum. 26. dictum: sc. esse. animadvertebat : 
 B. 309, 2, a\ A. 313, c\ G. 604; H. 515, 11. 27. postulata : 
 •' what was demanded. 1 Used substantively. Alcibiade recepto : 
 trans, by a conditional clause. 29. nullam . . . fore : i.e. in the 
 opinion of the soldiers. 30. contra ea : like contra, 1. 17, 
 above. 31. futurum reum : ' would be held responsible. 1 
 
 discedens : note the tense. Give the words of Alcibiades in ind. 
 disc. 
 
 Page 35. 2. immodestia: Hack of discipline. 1 Note the 
 
 derivation. 3. neque . . . fefellit : 'and he was not deceived. 1 
 5. vulgum : cf. 1. 19, above. praedatum : supine. 6. rel 
 
 gerendae : ' for action,' gen. 7. delevit : ; brought to an end. 1 
 
 IX. 8. victis Atheniensibus : ' after the defeat of the 
 Athenians. 1 9. eadem loca : those named on p. 34, 1. 6 fol. 
 supra : i.e. to the north of- H- Falso : sc. speravit. 14. tu- 
 
Page 36] ALCIBIADES 173 
 
 turn : sc esse. 16. in Asiam : cf. note on in /taiiam, p. 31, 1. 3. 
 cepit : 'won. 1 17. humanitate : 'amiability. 1 in amlcitia : 
 sc iius = Phamabazl. 18. dederat . . . capiebat : note the 
 tenses. in Phrygia castrum : see note to p. 17, 1. 19. 
 
 19. qumquagena : note the distributive, * fifty talents a year. 1 
 vectigalis : gen. of definition. Qua fortima : B. 219, 1 ; A. 254, 
 />, 2 ; G. 401, n. 6 ; H. 421, in. 22. omni ferebatur cogitatione : 
 • all his thoughts were directed. 1 23. rege Perse : Artaxerxes 
 Mnemon. See Vocab. 24. se consecuturum : sc. id, = ut eum 
 sibi amicum adiungeret. On the constr., see note to p. 1, 1. 1. 
 Give the thought of Alcibiades in dir. disc. 26. Cyrum : he 
 was then (408 B.C.) satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia. 
 Lacedaemoniis adiuvantibus : ' with the help of the Lacedaemo- 
 nians. 1 28. se initurum gratiam : ' he would gain great favor, 1 
 i.e. with Artaxerxes. 
 
 X. 30. eodem tempore: 'at that very time. 1 Critias 
 ceterique tyranni : the Thirty Tyrants, to whom the government 
 of Athens had been assigned after the Peloponnesian War. 
 31. certos : ' trusty. 1 
 
 Page 36. 1. fore ratum : < would remain in force. 1 2. suas 
 res gestas : here = ' his arrangements. 1 3. Laco : i.e. Lysander. 
 
 4. acciiratius sibi agendum : 'that he must deal more decidedly. 1 
 
 5. remintiat : •' threatens to renounce. 1 The force of re- is that of 
 the English un-, i.e. it reverses the action of the verb. 7. cle- 
 mentiam : < the laws of humanity. 1 11. vicmitati, in qua : ' to 
 those who lived near the place in which, 1 the abstract for the con- 
 crete, vlclnitati is dat. with dant negotiant. 12. interficiaiit : 
 the subject is Ml understood, referring to the neighbors implied in 
 vlclnitati. 13. cum : what part of speech ? What shows it to 
 be so ? 16. etsl : the force of the conjunction is peculiar. The 
 meaning is that he found means for defending himself, although 
 his sword had been removed. 17. ei : see note to p. 34, 1. 3. 
 f amiliaris sul : ' belonging to his intimate friend. 1 18. quidam 
 ex Arcadia hospes : 'a friend from Arcadia. 1 On the constr., see 
 note to p. 17, 1. 19. 20. id quod in praesentia vestimentorum 
 f uit : 'what clothing he had by him 1 (at hand), vestimentorum is 
 partitive gen., depending on quod. 
 
1 74 NOTES [Page 36 
 
 21. His . . . coniectis : what is denoted by the abl. abs. ? 
 How then should it be translated ? flammae vim : ' the raging 
 flame.' What is the literal translation? Quem : * he. 1 24. con- 
 suerat : on the tense see note to p. 27, 1. 12. 25. contectum 
 . . . mortuum . . . cremavit : ' after his death, wrapped him . . . 
 and burned him.'' 26. vivum : sc. eum. Sic : what force has 
 this word? 
 
 XI. 29. gravissimi : ' of the highest authority.' 30. eius- 
 dem aetatis : cf. aetdte firoximus, p. 15, 1. 6. 31. et Timaeus : 
 see B. 341, 4, b ; A. 208, b, 1 and 2 ; G. 481, 2, n. ; H. 554, 1, 6. Here 
 the rel. clause which follows divides the historians who are men- 
 tioned into two classes, Thucydides on the one hand, and Theo- 
 pompus and Timaeus on the other. On these historians see the 
 Introduction. 32. qui quidem duo : ' for these two.' male- 
 dicentissimi : trans, by a concessive clause. nescio quo 
 
 modo : see Vocab. under nescio, and note to p. 7, 1. 2. 
 
 Page 37. 2. praedicarunt : the subject is Theopompus and 
 Timaeus. 3. amplius : ' besides/ cum Athenis . . . natus 
 esset : trans, by a participle, ' born at Athens. 1 5. venerit : note 
 the tense; see B. 287, 1 ; A. 324; G. 561 ; H. 518, n. 1. The per- 
 fect is usually retained in the ind. disc, although the rule of the. 
 1 sequence of tenses ' would require the pluperf. studiis eorum 
 mservisse : sc. ilium, referring to Alcibiades ; trans. * adapted him- 
 self to their ways of life.' eorum — Thebanorum, implied in Thebas. 
 9. patientia" : what does this word mean here? 10. ponebatur : 
 what is the meaning of the mood ? 15. illi ipsi : ' even they.' 
 18. satis de hoc : sc. dictum est. reliquos : sc. duces. 
 
 VIII. THRASYBULUS. 
 
 Page 38. Chapter I. 2. dubito an : like nescio an, implies 
 the affirmative ; = ' I am inclined to think. 1 3. illud sine dubio : 
 sc /acid. 4. in patriam : takes the place of an obj. gen. 
 
 5. quod : < whereas. 1 B. 299, 2 ; A. 333, a ; H. 516, 11, n. pauci : 
 ' but few.' 7. in libertatem vindicaret : see Vocab. under vin- 
 dico. 9. nobilitate : do not trans, by the cognate Eng. word. 
 
Page 39] THRASYBULUS iy$ 
 
 Ms virtutibus : i.e. those enumerated in 1. 4. 10. ille nullam 
 rem sine hoc : this is not true ; Alcibiades was by far the abler 
 general. 11. natural! quodam bono: 'by a kind of natural 
 gift,' a frequent meaning of quidam. 12. fecit lucri : • turned 
 to account, 1 lit., ' made (a matter of) profit ' ; lucri is part. gen. 
 omnia communia : sc sunt. 13. in proelii concursu : * in 
 the heat of battle ; what is the literal trans. ? 14. abit res : 
 ' the issue turns ' ; note the literal meaning. a consilio : sc. 
 imperatorum. vices rerum : ' chance ' ; rerum is often added 
 to such expressions in Latin, where it is not to be translated into 
 Eng., e.g. natiira rerum, i nature.' 15. iure suo : ' with per- 
 fect justice. 1 16. his : i.e. imperatore militibusque. 17. illud : 
 ' the following. 1 18. proprium est Thrasybuli : ' is Thrasy- 
 bulus's own. 1 19. praepositi : trans, by a rel. clause. 20. te- 
 nerent : note the tense. parserat : archaic pluperf. of pared 
 
 instead of the usual pepercerat. 22. publicata : see note on 
 Praepositi, 1. 19. non solum princeps . . . bellum els in- 
 dixit : * he was not only the first, but in the beginning he was the 
 only one to take up arms against them. 1 princeps = primus ; 
 bellu»i els indixit does not here imply a formal declaration of war. 
 
 II. 24. quod : as usual, the rel. agrees with the pred. nom., 
 instead of with the antecedent. 25. castellum in Attica mu- 
 nitissimum : ' a very strongly fortified fortress in Attica. Cf. ex 
 Arcadia nospes, cf. p. 36, 1. 18, and the note. 26. Atticorum : 
 = Al/ieuiensium, which is commonly used as a political designation. 
 Atticus is mostly used of language, customs, etc. 27. robur : 
 'the (only) support. 1 
 
 Page 39. 1. solitudo: do not trans, by the cognate Eng. 
 word. Note the derivation and meaning. 2. Quae quidem 
 res: 'and this fact, as it happened, 1 i.e. it was just this very cir- 
 cumstance; note the force of quidem. perniciei f uit : 'proved 
 the ruin. 1 4. tempore . . . dato : what does the abl. abs. denote? 
 trans, accordingly. 5. Quo: abl. of cause. illud: cf. illud, 
 p. 38, 1. 17. 8. Thrasybuli: modifies opinionem. 9. iam : 
 'even, 1 lit. 'already 1 ; the idea is ' even as long ago as that time. 1 
 boni : ' (even) patriotic citizens 7 ; bonl is used in a political sense. 
 10. Hinc : i.e. from Phyle. Munychianique : see the plan 
 
[ ^6 NOTES [Page 39 
 
 of Athens on the map of Greece, at the beginning of the book. 
 14. Usus est : ' displayed. 1 16. aequum : sc. esse. 17. ia- 
 centem : = occlsnm. 18. quorum: B. 212, I, and a\ A. 223, 
 and n. ; G. 383, 1; H. 410, v, 1. 20. quidem : 'to be sure 1 ; 
 quidcm modifies the clause C7im . . . piigndret ; the idea is that 
 one would not have expected a man like Critias to show valor 
 in battle. 
 
 III. 22. Atticis : see note on Atticortwi, p. 38, 1. 26. 
 
 24. his condicionibus : abl. of attendant circumstance. B. 221. 
 
 25. postea : i.e. after the death of Critias. praetorgs : here 
 means ' chief magistrates. 1 26. more . . . erant usi : ' has 
 followed the example. 1 superioris crudelitatis refers to that of 
 the Thirty Tyrants. 28. Praeclarum hoc : sc. est. 29. cum 
 plurimum in civitate posset : i.e. cum principdtum teneret : see 
 p. 17, 1. 2, and the note. 31. illi: 'the Athenians. 1 obli- 
 vionis : sc. legem. 32. tantum : 'merely. 1 hanc . . . ferendum 
 curavit : l took care that this (law) should be passed. 1 See 
 B. 337, 7> 2 ), b\ A. 294, d\ G. 430; H. 544, 2, n. 2. 
 
 Page 40. 3. publice : ' by the state. 1 prohibuit . . . prae- 
 stitit : sc. Me. 
 
 IV. 6. virgulis oleaginis : B. 218, 6; A. 244, 2; G. 396, 3; 
 H. 415, in. 7. expresserat : must be given one meaning with 
 amor, and another with vis, a case of zeugma. See note to p. 19, 
 1. 24. 10. iugerum : gen. pi. See note on Molossiim, p. 14,1. 15. 
 darent : i wished to give, 1 a conative imperfect. Nolite . . . 
 dare : see B. 276, c ; A. 269, a, 2 ; G. 271 , 2 ; H. 489, 1). 11. in- 
 videant . . . concupiscant : B. 280, 2; A. 311, «, and Rem.; 
 G. 257; H. 486. 12. istis: sc. hlgeris, 'that gift of yours. 1 
 13. animi aequitatem : ' contentment. 1 14. voluntatem : 'good 
 will. 1 15. propria: here = ' permanent, 1 contrasted with non 
 diutina. consuerunt : see note to p. 27, 1. 12. 18. sequent! 
 tempore : in 390 B.C. 20. a barbaris : he was killed by the 
 inhabitants of Aspendos, in Pamphylia, who were exasperated by 
 the riotous conduct of his soldiers. 
 
Page 42] CONON iyy 
 
 IX. CONON. 
 
 Page 41. Chapter I. 1. bello : abl. of time. accessit ad 
 rem publicam : ' began his public career.' 2. magnl: ' of great 
 value. 1 B. 211, 3, a ; A. 252, a; G. 379; H. 404. 3. pedestri- 
 bus : see note to p. 34, 1. 22. 6. praefuit : i.e. in the service of 
 the king of Persia. Pheras : the Messenian Pherae is referred 
 to. See map of Greece, at the beginning of the book, D. 4. 
 coloniam : the word is used in the Roman rather than in the 
 Greek sense. The Lacedaemonians had made the inhabitants of 
 Pherae helots (see note to p. 21, 1. 5), and divided their land 
 among the citizens of Sparta. 7. extremo Peloponnesio 
 
 bello: 'in the last part of the Peloponnesian war.' 9. devic- 
 tae : force of de-. afuit : an error of Nepos. Conon was present 
 at the battle, and his ship was one of the ten that escaped. 
 13. accepturos non fuisse : see note to p. 1, 1. I ; and cf. B. 321, 
 2, a ; A. 337, b, 2 ; G. 597, Rem. 4 ■ H. 527, m. 
 
 II. 14. Rebus . . . adflictis : 'after this defeat.' 15. non 
 quaesivit : this statement is not true. He remained seven years 
 in Cyprus (b.c. 405-398) because he was ashamed to return to 
 Athens. unde : 'from what quarter.' 17. Ioniae et Lydiae : 
 these formed part of the province of Tissaphernes. Pharnabazus 
 was satrap of Phrygia. eundemque : ' and also.' 22. bella- 
 tum : supine. 23. ex intimls regis : ' (although) one of the inti- 
 mates of the king.' 24. nunc adversus : anastrophe. See note 
 on hanc iuxta, p. 21, 1. 26. 25. habitus est : 'was regarded as.' 
 
 Page 42. 2. si ille non fuisset : ' if it had not been for him.' 
 regi: 'from the king.' See note to p. 34, 1. 3. 3. fuisse 
 erepturum : see grammatical reference on accepturos non fuisse, 
 p. 41, 1. 13. 4. Qui: i.e. Agesilaus. 5. bellum : the Co- 
 
 rinthian war (395-387 B.C.). 
 
 III. 10. multis . . . magnisque meritis : ' his many great 
 services.' Do not translate -que. apud regem : modifies vale- 
 bat. 11. si non . . . adducebatur : a substantive clause in 
 apposition with id, an unusual construction. 12. reminiscens : 
 'remembering (as he did).' 13. superasse : at the battle of 
 
1 78 NOTES [Page 42 
 
 Cunaxa (B.C. 401). 14. ad regem : modifies missus, but is under- 
 stood also with venit. 15. secundum gradum : i.e. next to 
 the king. 17. mora : ' cause of delay. 1 20. veneris : fut. perf. 
 venerari: do not trans, by the cognate Eng. word. 23. Mini 
 vero : ' to me personally. 1 vero emphasizes mihi. 2A. quemvis 
 honorem habere : ' to pay any honor whatever. 1 Note the deriva- 
 tion of quemvis. 26. consuerit : subj. of characteristic. 
 
 IV. 28. eius : i.e. Tithraustes. 30. bello persequi: sc. 
 eum, referring to Conon. 31. eligere : object of permlserit. 
 32. sui . . . consilii : ' within his prerogative, 1 i.e. it was not a 
 matter for him to decide. ipsius : refers to the king. 
 
 Page 43. 1. se suadere : sc. dixit, implied in negdvit. 
 
 2. Hinc : i.e. from the king's court. 5. posset : subj. of purpose. 
 5. Pharnabazo : in apposition with adiutore. This constr. with 
 the abl. abs. occurs in Nepos only here and p. 109, 1. 17. 7. non 
 sine cura : 'very carefully 1 ; litotes. 9. contenderent : subj. 
 in ind. disc. Give the thought of the Lacedaemonians in the 
 direct form. 11. Hac mente : abl. of attendant circumstance. 
 13. apud Cnidum : B.C. 394. See map of Greece, in the front of 
 the book, K. 5. 14. complures : sc. naves. 19. reficiendos 
 curat : see note to p. 39, 1. 32. 
 
 V. 21. quod ceteris mortalibus : sc. accidit. quod has for 
 its antecedent the clause ut . . . esset, which is the subject of 
 accidit. inconsideratior : 'less circumspect. 1 23. ultum : sc. 
 esse. 24. patriae : objective gen. 25. Neque . . . non : litotes. 
 Cf. non sine curd, 1. 7, above. ea : ' those acts. 1 pia : ' patri- 
 otic. 1 Note the different meanings of phis. quod: 'that. 1 The 
 whole sentence may be translated : ' but yet it was praiseworthy and 
 patriotic that, 1 etc. 26. potius : pleonastic, since mdluit = magis 
 voluit. The expression, however, is common in the best writers. 
 29. omnes Graeciae civitates : sc. inter. 31. minus diligen- 
 ter : 'with too little care. 1 
 
 Page 44. 1. Huius nuntio parens : ' in obedience to this 
 command. 1 4. scriptum reliquerunt : = memoriae prodideriuit. 
 5. nos : the ' editorial 1 plural, of modesty. effugisse : sc. eutn. 
 
Page 46] DION T yg 
 
 X. DION. 
 
 Page 45. Chapter I. utraque . . . tyrannide Dionysiorum : 
 
 = tyrannide utriusque Dionysii. 3. ille superior : ' the earlier 
 Dionysius. 1 On ille, see B. 246, 3 ; A. 102, b\ G. 307, 2 ; H. 450, 4. 
 7. nuptum : supine. See note on nftptum, p. 20, 1. 3. 8. gene- 
 rosam propmquitatem : 'noble connections,' the abstract for the 
 concrete. 10. docile : note the derivation. artes optimas : 
 'the highest accomplishments. 1 artes includes all the arts and sci- 
 ences, — geometry, for instance, as well as music. 13. intimus : 
 'very intimate.' Dionysio : B. 192, 1; A. 234, a ; G. 359; 
 H. 391, 1. 14. neque minus : 'and that, not less. 1 mores: 
 be careful in translating this word. See Vocab. adfinitatem : 
 sc. propter. 
 
 16. salvum : sc. eum esse. necessitudinem : do not trans, 
 by the cognate Eng. word. suorum : 'of his own family. 1 
 
 17. Aderat : sc. <?f, ' he assisted him' (i.e. Dion assisted Diony- 
 sius). 18. maior ipslus cupiditas : 'some stronger desire of 
 his own.' 19. essent : subj. of characteristic. 20. quas : 
 how should the rel. at the beginning of a sentence be translated? 
 22. crudelissimum nomen tyranni : ' the tyrant's reputation for 
 great cruelty.' 24. Graeca lingua loquentem : cf. p. 4, 1. 26. 
 
 II. 26. Neque . . . fugiebant : ' did not escape the notice 
 of.' 27. sentiebat : ' he realized.' Quo : abl. of cause. 
 
 Page 46. 2. qui quidem : ' so much so, in fact, that he ' ; a 
 rel. clause of result. 3. adulescenti : i.e. his son, the younger 
 Dionysius. 4. eum arcesseret : in 389 B.C. ; Plato came to 
 Sicily of his own accord to visit Mount Aetna. 5. ambitione : 
 ' state.' 9. violatus esset : sc. ille, referring to Plato. 10. ius- 
 sisset : B. 283, 3, a ; A. 320, e, note 1 ; G. 626, n. i, and 633 ; H. 
 517,3, 1). eodem : adv., ' to Syracuse.' 11. Interim: B.C. 367. 
 Plato returned to Syracuse just after the death of the elder Dio- 
 nysius. 13. quern ad modum se haberet : * how he did.' 
 14. sibi : refers to Dion. 16. putabat : what does the mood 
 show ? 17. Id : object of tacuerunt. 18. rettulerunt : the 
 regular spelling of this perfect. agendi : sc. aun patre, and 
 
l8o NOTES [Page 46 
 
 see Vocab. under ago. 19. soporem : ' a sleeping draught. 1 
 
 20. Hoc aeger sumpto : this order is common when the subject 
 of the verb represented by the abl. abs. and that of the main verb 
 are identical, = hoc aeger (' the sick man ') cum swnpsisset . . . 
 obiit\ cf. p. 22, 1. 5, and the note. sopitus : 'in his sleep'; lit. 
 meaning ? 
 
 III. 23. sicut : < for instance.' 26. vellet : B. 283, 3, a ; 
 A. 320, e\ G. 633 ; H. 517. 27. Philistum : see Introduction, 
 p. xv. reduxit : he had been banished by the elder Dio- 
 
 nysius. 28. rion magis . . . quam : i.e. he was friendly to 
 
 both. 29. de historicis Graecis : see the Introduction, p. ix, 
 in the account of the De Virls Illiistribus of Nepos. 30. tan- 
 tum : modifies both fiotuit and vahiit. 31. auctoritate . . . 
 eloquentia : chiastic order; see p. 15, 1. 13, and the note. 
 32. facere . . . reddere : see note to 1. 31. The inf. with per- 
 suaded in the sense of persuade to do anything is very rare in 
 good prose. 
 
 Page 47. Chapter IV. 2. Qui quidem : see note to p. 47, 
 1. 3. superari : note the tense. 6. deveheretur : subj. of 
 purpose. 7. ostendens : l explaining.' inter se timerent : 
 ' they feared each other.' 8. factum : subst., object of indlgna- 
 rentur. 9. esset : the subj. is id factum understood. 10. om- 
 nia, quae mover! poterant Dionis : ' all Dion's movable prop- 
 erty ' ; cf. p. 10, 1. 20. 12. odio : abl. of cause, parallel to the 
 following salutis causa. hominis : ' of the man,' i.e. personal 
 hatred of Dion ; obj. gen. 15. nuptum : supine. 16. indul- 
 gendo: trans, by a subst. 18. sobrio : sc. <?f,= qui sobrius 
 
 esset. usque eo . . . non potuit : ' was so little able to bear.' 
 
 21. deducerent : what is the meaning of the mood ? 22. illuc : 
 ' to my subject.' 
 
 V. 24. expulsus : in 361 B.C. 27. multorum annorum : 
 < of many years' standing ' ; the father had reigned 38 years (b.c. 
 406-367), and the son, so far, 10 years. magnarum opum : sc. 
 esse. Both multorum annorum and magnarum opinn are descrip- 
 tive genitives, the latter being predicate with esse. 29. tyranni : 
 obj. gen. 
 
Page 49] DION iSi 
 
 Page 48. 1. quod: the antecedent is adeo facile perculit ; 
 id quod is more common when the antecedent of a rel. is a clause. 
 3. attigerat: on the tense see note on erat expulsus, p. 17, 1. 17. 
 6. classem : emphatic ; he was expecting a fleet, not a few ships ; 
 the fleet actually consisted of five ships, instead of two as Nepos 
 says. 7. Quae res eum fefellit : * but he was deceived in that 
 regard. 1 9. regios : « of the king, 1 or ' of the tyrant ' ; both rex 
 and tyrannus are used to trans, the Greek rvpo.wo%. The one term 
 was as odious to the Romans as the other. totiusque eius 
 partis : see note to p. 26, 1. 15. 11. insulam : ' the island,' i.e. 
 Ortygia. The citadel was on this island, which was joined to the 
 rest of the city by a mole. 12. talibus : 'the following 1 ; abl. 
 of attendant circumstance. 13. obtineret : quoting the language 
 of the agreement. B. 316; A. 339; G. 652 ; H. 523, in. 14. cui: 
 dat. governed by fidem habebat = fidebat. uni : cf. units omnium 
 maxiuie. p. 3, 1. 2. 
 
 VI. 17. sua mobilitate : ' with her usual fickleness ' ; abl. of 
 manner. 18. quem : the antecedent is eum understood, object of 
 mergere. 19. commemoravi supra: p. 47, 1. 15, fol. 20. re- 
 duxisset : sc. in matrimonium ; note the force of re-. 22. gra- 
 vissimum parens vulnus : ' the severest wound a father could 
 receive. 1 Note the position of parens. 23. Heraclidem : see p. 
 47, 1. 24. 25. minus: sc. quam Dion. 28. rettulit : see note 
 on rettulerunt. p. 46, 1. 18. 28. ex secunda rhapsodia" : 'from 
 the second book ' of the Iliad ; the line is 204, and reads : ovk ayaOov 
 iroXvKoipavLr}, eh Koipavo? «farco, i.e. ' a multitude of rulers is not a 
 good thing, let there be one lord. 1 in quo haec sententia est : 
 ' in which this sentiment is expressed, 1 or ' of which this is the pur- 
 port. 1 Cf. p. 19, 1. 12. 32. velle : sc. se. Hanc : sc. invidiam. 
 
 Page 49. 2. interficiendum curavit : 'had . . . killed, 1 i.e. 
 caused to be killed. See note to p. 39, 1. 32. All through this 
 chapter Nepos has confused the facts and the chronology. The 
 death of Heraclides, for instance, did not take place until after the 
 banishment of Dion to Leontini and his return, of which Nepos 
 makes no mention. 
 
 VII. 4. adversario remoto : do not trans, the abl. abs. lit- 
 erally ; what does it denote? 7. cottidiani: trans, as if it were 
 
1 82 NOTES [Page 49 
 
 cottidie. 8. neque quo mantis porrigeret suppetebat : i there 
 was nothing for him to lay hands on. 1 quo (adv.) is literally ' to 
 which, 1 parallel to the following in amicorum possessiones. 9. Id : 
 ' This course, 1 referring to the conduct mentioned in lines 4-9. 
 10. amitteret : 'lost the favor of. 1 Quarum rerum : 'caused 
 by this * ; subj. gen. 11. male audiendi : l to censure, 1 ' to being 
 spoken ill of. 1 For the case see B. 204, 1 ; A. 273, b, n. ; G. 421, 
 n. 1, c, and 428; H. 542, 1. 12. ferebat: the object is de se 
 exlstimari. quorum : modifies laudibus. Note the emphatic 
 position of laudibus. 14. offensa . . . voluntate : trans, by a 
 clause. loquebatur : 'began to speak. 1 15. dictitabat : 
 
 note derivation and meaning. 
 
 VIII. . 16. Haec : does duty both as the object of intuens 
 and seddret and the subject of evaderent. 17. Callicrates qui- 
 dam : ' one Callicrates 1 ; the man^s name was really Calippus. 
 20. religione : ' scruples, 1 ' conscience. 1 22. quod : the ante- 
 cedent is perlculo. 23. qui . . . simularet : a substantive 
 purpose clause in apposition with negotiant. 24. Quern si in- 
 venisset idoneum : l And if he should find such a person, who 
 was suited to the purpose 1 ; idoneum is in apposition with quern. 
 25. cogniturum . . . sublaturum : sc. se and esse. 26. dis- 
 sident! : = el qui se simularet se esse illl inimicum ; see 1. 23. 
 aperturi forent : = aftertiiri essent. 21. Tali : = hoc. ex- 
 cepit : i took upon himself, 1 the more common word is suscepit. 
 
 29. convenit : i calls on. 1 coniuratione : ' by mutual oath. 1 
 
 30. multis consciis : what is denoted by the abl. abs. ? Trans, 
 accordingly. elata defertur : trans, by two finite verbs. 
 32. conveniunt : sc. eum ; for the meaning cf. convenit in 1. 29. 
 
 Page 50. 3. PrSserpinae : oaths by the deities of the under- 
 world were especially solemn and binding. 4. fore : —futflruni 
 esse. 5. hac religione : ' by this solemn rite, 1 referring to the 
 oath b/ Proserpina. 7. perfecisset : subj. as representing the 
 thought of Callicrates. Give his thought in dir. disc. 
 
 IX. 8. Hac mente : ' with this purpose 1 ; abl. of attendant 
 circumstance. die . . . festo : the day was the festival of 
 Proserpina, the very goddess by whom he had sworn. conventu : 
 ' the throng, 1 who were engaged in celebrating the festival. 9. in 
 
Page 51] DION . ^3 
 
 conclavi edito : 'in an upper room. 1 10. loca munitiora 
 
 oppidi : Syracuse was a very strongly fortified town with several 
 citadels. 11. domum : sc. Didnis. a foribus qui lion dis- 
 cSdant : * who were not to leave the doors ' ; subj. because it indi- 
 cates the design of Callicrates. 14. vellet : B. 307: A. 312; 
 G. 602; H. 513, 11. 15. qua effugeret : 'a means of escape'; 
 for the mood cf. discedant, 1. 11, above. 18. eant : sc. ut, 
 
 and cf. p. 49, 1. 23. sic ut : 'in such a way that.' 19. vi- 
 derentur : note the change of tense. In vivid narration the tenses 
 of both ind. and subj. sometimes change from pres. to past, or from 
 past to pres. in the same sentence. 20. intrarant : = intrave- 
 rant. For the tense see note on erat exfiulsus, p. 17, 1. 17. 
 21. invadunt, conligant : sc. et. B. 346 ; A. 208. b ; G. 474, N. ; 
 H. 636. 1. 1. 22. Hie : ' In this case. 1 23. sit: for the tense 
 see note on fiosszt, p. 29, 1. 2. singularis : ' absolute ' ; lit. mean- 
 ing? miseranda : sc. quam. 24. qui : sc. eorwn. 25. in- 
 tellects : B. 340. 2; A. 253, a\ G. 436: H. 547. ill! ipsi 
 custodes : Nepos speaks as if he had mentioned the guards 
 before, but he has not done so ; possibly he confuses them with 
 hose mentioned in 1. 11. 26. potuissent : the ind. is more com- 
 mon; see B. 304. 3, a ; A. 308, c\ G. 597, 3, a and b\ H. 511, n. 3. 
 27. foris : * from without/ i.e. of those outside ; cf. 1. 29. vi- 
 vum : sc. eum — Dionem. 
 
 X. 31. ab Insciis pro noxiis conciduntur : l are killed 
 instead of the guilty parties (i.e. the assassins) by those who did 
 not know the truth/ or more freely, ' are killed by mistake instead 
 of the assassins. 1 32. adlatam : sc. esse. 
 
 Page 51. 4. qui . . . eidem : ' the very men who. 1 vi- 
 vum : 'when he was alive 1 ; an appositive adj. vocitarant : = 
 vocit aver ant. 7. possent : subj. in a condition contrary to fact. 
 For the tense see note to p. 29, 1. 20. 8. celeberrimo : ' much 
 frequented. 1 sepulcri monuments : ' a sepulchral monument. 1 
 9. Diem obiit: 353 B.C. 11. redierat : for the tense see note 
 on erat expulsus, p. 17, 1. 17. 
 
1 84 NOTES [Page 52 
 
 XI. IPHICRATES. 
 
 Page 52. Chapter I. 2. discipllna mllitarl : i.e. his 
 
 knowledge of the art of war. 3. aetatis suae : ' of his own 
 time." 4. maioribus natu : here means 'men of former times,' 
 contrasted with aetatis suae homines. 6. culpa: abl. of cause. 
 7. eo: i.e. consilio. 8. attulerit : 'introduced.' 9. pedes- 
 tria arma : l the arms of the infantry. 1 ante ilium imperato- 
 rem : ' before he was general ' ; iniperCxtorejii is in apposition with 
 ilium. 11. uterentur : sc. pedites, implied in pedestria arma. 
 13. modum : 'length/ lit. ' measure.'' 15. sertis atque aeneis : 
 sc. lorids. linteas : sc. lorlcas. 16. pondere detracts : 
 
 trans, by a clause introduced by ' while.' 17. quod . . . cura- 
 vit : ' he contrived something which should ' ; tege?-et and esset are 
 subj. because they indicate the design of Iphicrates. 
 
 II. 18. gessit . . . restituit: see note to p. 50,1. 21. The 
 chronology is confused ; Iphicrates waged war in Thrace B.C. 389- 
 387, and at Corinth 393-390. 20. nullae . . . neque . . . 
 
 neque : B. 347, 2 ; A. 209, «, 2 ; G. 445 ; H. 553, 2. 22. ducT : 
 
 dat. governed by the phrases audientes dido ; see note to p. 26, 1. 7. 
 23. esset datum: the mood is assimilated (or attracted) to that 
 of consisterent, since the cum clause forms an essential part of the 
 ut clause. 26. quod: 'a deed which. 1 27. tota. Graecia: 
 see note to p. 1, 1. 15. iterum . . . fugavit : an error on the 
 part of Nepos. 
 
 Page 53. 2. Cum Artaxerxes : the more usual order is 
 Artaxerxes cum ; see note to p. 1, 1. 8. Artaxerxes Mnemon is re- 
 ferred to. The war was from 377 to 374 B.C. voluit : note the 
 mood and tense. The cum clause gives the date when Iphicrates 
 distinguished himself. 4. duodecim milium : gen. of measure. 
 6. Fabia.ni milites : the reference is to Ouintus Fabius Maximus, 
 surnamed Cunctator, or ' the Lingerer, 1 whose policy of masterly 
 inactivity checked Hannibal's victorious career during the early part 
 of the second Punic war, and contributed greatly to the final 
 triumph of Rome. ' Fabian policy ' became proverbial. 9. Ep- 
 ammondae retardavit impetus : in 368 B.C. ; this praise is given 
 
Page 54] CHABRIAS ^ 
 
 by Nepos with more justice to Agesilaus in his life of that general ; 
 see p. 84, 11. 2-5. 10. eius adventus appropinquasset : ' he 
 had drawn near 1 ; a pleonastic expression. 12. delessent : = 
 delevissent. For the mood see note p. 14, 1. 20. 
 
 III. 14. ipso aspectu : ' by his mere appearance, 1 or ' merely 
 by his appearance. 1 Do not always translate ipse by 'self,' or 
 'very. 1 15. sui: obj. gen. 15. patiens : should this be 
 
 translated by the cognate Eng. word ? 16. Theopompus : see 
 Introduction, p. xvi. 17. Quod : i.e. se esse bonum civem jide- 
 que magna. 18. liberis tuendis : in 368 B.C., when Iphicrates 
 was serving in Thrace. 20. Amynta mortuo : ' after the death 
 of Amyntas. 1 21. Vixit : sc. Iphicrates. 22. semel : 'only 
 once. 1 causam capitis . . . dixit : ' defended himself against 
 a capital charge 1 ; in 355 B.C. ; capitis is gen. of the stake, or issue 
 involved, closely allied to the gen. of price. social! bello : the 
 revolt of the allies of Athens in 357-355 B.C. 25. utrum : 
 ' which of the two. 1 26. matremne : ne is used instead of an in 
 brief double questions where there is a strong contrast made. 
 29. mater Atheniensem : sc. me genuit. 
 
 XII. CHABRIAS. 
 
 Page 54. Chapter I. 4. Boeotis subsidio : B.C. 378. 5. in 
 eo: sc. proelio. victoria: B. 219, 1 ; A. 254, b\ G. 346, N. 2; 
 H. 425,1, 1), N. fidente . . . Agesilao : abl. abs. This sentence 
 is badly constructed, since the subject of vetuit is Me understood, 
 referring to Agesilaus. Some texts read fidentem summum ducem 
 Agesilainn ; in that case Nepos began the sentence with the inten- 
 tion of making Agesilaum the object of the main verb, but changed 
 his mind ; such a change of construction is called anacoluthon. 
 See B. 374, 6 ; A. 385, 1 ; G. 697 ; H. 636, iv, 6, and cf. p. 74, 1. 7. 
 7. obnixoque genu scuto : ' resting the shield against the knee,'' 
 that is, they knelt on their right knee and rested the shield on the 
 left, so as to cover the whole body ; genii is dat. 10. tota 
 Graecia : see note to p. 1, 1. 15. 11. illo statu: 'in that 
 
 attitude, 1 i.e. the one described in 1. 7. 14. artifices: refers to 
 contestants for prizes other than athletes, i.e. musicians, actors, 
 
I $6 NOTES [Page 54 
 
 orators, etc. The custom regarding the attitude of the statues was 
 older than the time of Chabrias. 
 
 II. 17. sua sponte : ' independently/ ' on his own account/ 
 i.e. as a free lance. 18. adiutum : supine. 19. Cypri : 
 
 B. 232, 1; A. 258, c, 2; G. 411; H. 426, 1. sed : contrasts 
 pnblice . . . datus with sua sponte above. 21. devinceret : 
 see note to p. 14, 1. 20 ; the subj. represents the design of Chabrias. 
 27. cederet : ' wished to yield. 1 
 
 Page 55. Chapter III. 5. gereret: what does the mood 
 show? certam : do not trans, by the cognate Eng. word. 
 
 6. quam ante: = ante quam. See note to p. 21, 1. 26. re- 
 dissent : represents what mood and tense of the dir. disc. ? 
 
 7. Hoc . . . nuntio : ' in consequence of this message, 1 abl. of 
 cause. On the position oiille see note to p. 46, 1. 20. 11. libera- 
 lius quam ut . . . posset: 'too freely to be able. 1 For the 
 mood see B. 283, 2, a\ A. 320, c\ G. 631, 3; H. 503, 11, 3. 
 14. videant : subj. because it forms an essential part of the result 
 clause. altius : i.e. than their fellows. 15. alienam : — 
 aliorum. 17. omnes fere principes fecerunt idem : this state- 
 ment is refuted by Grote, History of Greece, ch. lxxvii, p. 324, note 
 3. 19. recesserint : recessissent would be more usual, but see 
 note to p. 6, 1. 32. 21. quidem : 'it is true. 1 Chares: re- 
 peated for definiteness ; there is no verb understood. horum : 
 governed by dissimilis ; see B. 204, 3 ; A. 234, d, 2 ; G. 359, Rem. 
 1 ; H. 391, 11, 4- 
 
 IV. 23. autem : resumes the account of Chabrias after the 
 digression. How should it be translated? bello social!: see 
 note to p. 53, 1. 22. 25. privatus : l unofficially, 1 i.e. without a 
 regular command. 26. quam qui : sc. eos. 28. primus stu- 
 det . . . intrare : 'is striving to be the first to enter. 1 On the tense 
 of studet see note to p. 28, 1. 9. 29. eo : = in poi'tum. 30. ce- 
 terae : sc. naves. 31. pugnaret : settle. 32. rostro per- 
 cussa: i.e. rammed by one of the enemy^ ships. Hinc : i.e. 
 from the ship. 
 
 Page 56. 2. exciperet : subj. of purpose. 3. fuerat vec- 
 tus = erat vectus. What is the force of the tense? 
 
Page 58] TIMOTHEUS 1 87 
 
 XIII. TIMOTHEUS. 
 
 Page 57. Chapter I. 3. laboriosus : note the derivation and 
 meaning. 4. clvitatis regendae : sc. perltus. praeclare 
 facta: 'glorious deeds'; note the lit. meaning. 5. subegit: 
 364 B.C. 6. cepit : 365 B.C. in quo oppugnando . . . id : i a 
 place, on the siege of which. 1 id does not agree with Samum, but 
 is used indefinitely, as in 1. 13. superiore bello: B.C. 440-439, 
 under Pericles. 9. Cotum : see p. 53, 1. 24. 10. praedae : 
 B. 197; A. 213; G. 361 ; H. 395. The statement is undoubtedly 
 an exaggeration. publicum : what does this word mean in this 
 connection? See Vocab. 12. peciiniam numeratam : 'cash'; 
 lit. meaning? 13. id : 'something. 1 Cf. id in 1. 7 and the note. 
 14. posset : subj. of characteristic. 15. Crithoten et Sestum : 
 see Map of Greece, at the beginning of the book, I. 1. 
 
 II. 16. circumvehens : ' sailing around, 1 part, of the depo- 
 nent verb. 17. eorum : i.e. Lacedaemoniorum, implied in Laco- 
 nicen. 18. socios : 'as allies, 1 in apposition with Epirotas, etc. 
 23. marl duces : the Athenians did not really obtain this position 
 until 367 B.C., seven years later. 24. tantae . . . laetitiae : 'a 
 cause of such rejoicing, 1 pred. gen. of quality. turn, primum arae : 
 altars to peace existed earlier ; the annual festival was instituted at 
 this time. 26. Cuius laudis : 'of this praiseworthy deed. 1 
 27. in foro : i.e. in the agora. posuerunt : sc. Athenienses. 
 
 Page 58. 1. huic uni ante id tempus : an illogical expres- 
 sion for iiemini umqiiam ante hunc or nulli alii ante id tempus. 
 2. ut . . . daret : subject of contigit. posita : sc. statua ; the 
 omission of the subject is misleading, since we should naturally 
 supply me?noria from the following memoriam. 
 
 III. 4. magno natii : abl. of quality, instead of the more usual 
 magnus natu. See note to p. 22, 1. 15. 5. bello: sc. social!, 
 and see note to p. 53, 1. 22. Philip took no part- in this war. 
 premi sunt coepti: B. 133, 1; see A. 143, a\ G. 423, n. 3. 
 6. Defecerat . . . moliebantur : note the order, which is a com- 
 bination of chiasmus and anaphora. See B. 350, \\,c\ A. 344, f\ 
 G. 682 ; H. 636, v, 4. Note the tenses. iam turn : < even then, 1 i.e. 
 
1 88 NOTES [Page 58 
 
 as early as that, modifies valens. 7. Chares: see p. 55, 1. 21 fol. 
 8. uon satis . . . praesidii : sc. esse. 10. in consilium : • to 
 advise him, 1 ' as advisers.' 11. usu : see Vocab. 12. aucto- 
 ritas : be careful in translating this word. 13. amissa : * what 
 had been lost. 1 14. eodem : i.e. to Samos. 15. proficisce- 
 retur : note the tense. gestum : sc. esse. 18. utile : sc. esse. 
 20. esset: B. 307; A. 312; G. 602; H. 513, 11. quo conten- 
 deret : sc. eo, ' to the place to which he had directed his course/ 
 i.e. for which he had started. 
 
 Hinc : ' after this.' 24. publice : ' officially,* or ' sent an 
 official letter. 1 25. fuisse : represents f tier at of the dir. disc. ; 
 see B. 304, 3; A. 308, b; G. 597, Rem. 3, b\ H. 511, 1, n. 4. How 
 would fuisset be represented? 26. acer, etc. : be careful in the 
 translation of these adjs. 28. in crimen vocabatur : = accusa- 
 batur. Force of the tense? 28. revocat : sc. eum. accii- 
 santur : sc. Mi, i.e. Timotheus and his fellow-generals. Nepos is 
 frequently careless in his omission of pronouns. 29. Usque . . . 
 aestimatur : see Vocab. under lis. civitatis : what kind of a 
 gen.? 31. Chalcidem : see Map of Greece, in the front of the 
 book, F. 3. 
 
 IV. 32. populum iudicii sui : B. 209, 1 ; A. 221, b\ G. 377 ; 
 H. 409, in. 
 
 Page 59. 1. multae : 'of the fine 1 ; part. gen. detraxit : 
 sc. populus. 3. In quo : * In this case. 1 4. quos muros . . . 
 eosdem : * the very walls which/ ex hostium praeda : cf. p. 43, 
 1. 18 fol. The money was furnished by Pharnabazus through hatred 
 of Sparta. 7. pleraque : -very many.* Cf. p. i.l. 1. 9. adu- 
 lescentulus : as Timotheus at that time (373 B.C.) was nearly 40 
 years old, adulescens or iuvenis would be more appropriate, but the 
 diminutive is sometimes used without any special force. 10. pri- 
 vati : ' of private station, 1 contrasted with tyrannus below. 
 13. cum: has what meaning? 14. se tutum : sc. esse. 
 16. de fama : because the penalty was death or exile (infamia, 
 drl/xta). 17. Hunc adversus : see note to p. 21, 1. 25. 
 
 21. Iphicratis, etc.: sc. aetas. 23. maximique consilii 
 gen. of quality, modifying virum. 26. gesta: neu. pi. used sub- 
 
Page 61] DATAMES 1 89 
 
 stantively. The more common expression is res gestae. 28. turn 
 oranes : i all the men of his time. 1 quorum : the antecedent is 
 gesta in 1. 26. 29. ratio : * the true inwardness, 1 i.e. the exact 
 manner in which his deeds were done. res : < the facts. 1 ap- 
 parere : ' be manifest, 1 ; be made clear. 1 
 
 XIV. DATAMES. 
 
 Page 60. Chapter I. 1. natione : ' by birth, 1 modifying Care, 
 which is in apposition with Camisare. 3. qui regiam tueban- 
 tur : i.e. the king^ body-guard. 5. multis locis : 'on many 
 
 occasions. 1 6. partem Ciliciae iuxta Cappadociam : see note 
 on p. 17, 1. 19. 7. militare munus : an archaic expression, 
 instead of the abl. See B. 218, 1; A. 249, b\ G. 407, n. 2, c\ 
 H. 421, N. 4. 8. qualis esset aperuit : < showed his quality, 1 
 ' showed what he was made of. 1 8. Cadusios : see Map of Asia 
 Citerior, follows p. 62, G. 3. 9. hie : = in hoe bello. 
 
 II. 14. intrassent: = intravissent. 15. regiorum : l of the 
 king's troops. 1 18. a Pylaemene illo : 'from that Pylaemenes, 1 
 or 'from the Pylaemenes. 1 B. 215, 2; A. 244, «, Rem. ; G. 395 ; 
 H. 415. 19- aPatroclo : Homer {Iliad v. 576) says that Pylae- 
 menes was slain by Menelaus. 20. regi: see note to p. 26, 1. 7. 
 22. Paphlagonis : ' of the Paphlygonian, 1 i.e. Thuys. ex fra- 
 tre : see note to 1. 18, above. 24. ut . . . reduceret : an ind. 
 quest, introduced by si is more usual with experior. Cf. p. 66, 1. 7. 
 26. vereretur : the subj. implies that it was the idea of Datames. 
 
 Page 61. 1. Paphlagonis: cf. p. 60, 1. 22. 5. Thuyn : 
 
 corresponds to one of the Greek forms of the ace, ®ovw ; the other 
 form, ®ovwa, is represented by the corresponding Latin form Thuy- 
 nem, in 1. 15. 
 
 III. 8. maxim! corporis terribillque facie : a combination 
 of the gen. and abl. of quality is not common. They are used here 
 without difference of meaning. See B. 224, and 3; A. 251, a ; 
 G. 400, Rem. 1 ; H. 419, 2. 
 
 9. niger : i.e. he was of dark complexion. 10. texit : ' clothed. 1 
 The subject is Datames. 12. aurels: modifies both torque and 
 
IQO NOTES [Page 61 
 
 armillfs. 16. Quae: ' this proceeding. 1 18. fuit non nemo : 
 • there were a few.' Cf. note to p. 13, 1. 26. 
 
 21. admitti: sc. eos, i.e. Datames and Thuys. 23. inopi- 
 nanti : sc. sib/, ' when he least expected it.' 24. mlsit : B.C. 379. 
 25. duce : agreeing with Phamabazo, instead of ducibus agreeing 
 with both nouns. 27. ill! : i.e. to Datames. 
 
 IV. 29. Hie : adv. 30. Aegyptumque : without a prep., 
 like the name of a town. Cf. Chersoncsum, p. 3, 1. 6. Cicero and 
 Caesar use Aegyptum, alone of names of countries, in this way. 
 31. el: for the case, see B. 258, 2, a ; A. 225, 2; G. 345, Rem. 2; 
 H. 384, 3, N. 2. 32. quae gens: i.e. the people of Cataonia. 
 See Map of Asia Citerior, follows p. 62, D. 3. supra: 'above, 1 
 i.e. to the north of. 
 
 Page 62. 3. portarentur : subj. of repeated action. B. 302, 3 ; 
 A. 309, b\ G. 625, Rem. 4. 5. a maiore re : 'from more impor- 
 tant business. 1 morem gerendum : sc. esse. See Vocab., under 
 gero. 6. cum paucis, sed viris f ortibus : 'with a few follow- 
 ers, who were, however, brave men. 1 panels is used substantively. 
 7. quod accidit : 'as actually happened. 1 The antecedent of 
 quod is si . . . oppressiiriun. 8. imprudentem : sc. eum, refer- 
 ring to Aspis ; an appositive adj.; so paratum. 9. quamvis 
 magno exercitu : 'with ever so large an army, 1 sc. se oppressiirum. 
 Hac : sc. nave, abl. of means. 10. inde : ' from there, 1 i.e. from 
 the coast of Cilicia. dies noctesque : we should say, ' day 
 and night. 1 11. quo studuerat : sc. ventre. Cf. quo te?idebat, 
 p. 3, 1. 22. 16. sumit . . . iubet : see note to p. 50, 1. 21. 
 18. ferentem : = se ferentem, ' rushing. 1 20. Mithridati : see 
 p. 66, 1. 22 fol. 
 
 V. 21. geruntur : see note on dum signatur, p. 28, 1. 9. 
 24. Acen : see Map of Asia Citerior, follows p. 62, D. 4. For the 
 case, see note on in Italiam,^. 31, 1. 3. 24. profectum : sc. 
 esse. 25. diceret: sc. ei, 'should tell him '; = imperavit, hence 
 the following ut clause. 26. perveniret : subj., because at the 
 time of convenit it represents merely the design of the niintius, not 
 an accomplished fact. convenit : sc. eos. 27. Qua. celeri- 
 tate : 'by this prompt action, 1 more lit, 'by this promptness. 1 
 
Page 64] DATAMES \q\ 
 
 29. excepit : — susccpit. Cf. p. 49, 1. 27. pluris : gen. of value. 
 
 30. Quo facto: 'and for this reason. 1 Cf. note to p. 10, 1. 1. 
 32. Dataml: gen. Cf. Neocll, p. 9, 1. 1. Haec . . . per- 
 scripta : 'an account of this, 1 'a letter about this, 1 i.e. of the con- 
 spiracy against him. el: see note to p. 61, 1. 31. quibus : 
 sc. litteris, implied in haec perscripta. 
 
 Page 63. 1. illo : refers to the same person as cum and ei, 
 i.e. Datames. 3. ut . . . tribuant : subst. result clause in ap- 
 position with consuetudinem. The subject is Ml friges), implied 
 in regiam. 4. secundos fortunae suae : i.e. secundos casiis 
 fdrt2l?iae sitae tribuant. Quo fieri: cf. note to p. 10, 1. 1. 
 6. hoc : ' on this account. 1 7. Quibus rex maxime oboediat : 
 'who have the greatest influence with the king, 1 more lit. 'to whom 
 the king most gives ear. 1 8. Talibus : = his. cognitis : for 
 the meaning cf. cognossent, p. 28, 1. 16. Acen : see note to p. 62, 
 I.24. 9. scripta : sc. esse. 13. coniunctam : —finitimam ; 
 trans, by a rel. clause. 
 
 VI. 17. haec : ' these operations. 1 18. Audit : sc. Datames. 
 19. eo : i.e. adversus Pisidas. 23. de male re gesta : the more 
 usual order is de re male gesta or de ?nale gesta re. perveniret : 
 ' should come 1 ; the subj. denotes the design of Datames. Cf. note 
 on perveniret, p. 62, 1. 26. 27. expeditam : ' free, 1 ' ready. 1 
 28. praefectus : 'as commander. 1 30. in turbam exisset : 
 ' should get abroad among the common soldiers 1 ; as we say, 
 ' should get out. 1 It is the pass, equivalent of in vulgus edit in 1. 32. 
 
 31. necessario : do not trans, by the cognate Eng. word. See 
 Vocab. relictum : sc. esse. futurum ut . . . sequerentur : 
 sc. esse, a paraphrase for the fut. pass. inf. secutum iri. 
 
 Page 64. 1. facilius : modifies interficeret. Why is quo 
 used rather than ut ? 2. eum : i.e. Mithrobarzanes. 3. et 
 omnes confestim sequi : 'but for all to follow him immediately 1 ; 
 sequi depends on par esse understood. 5. f oris : = extra vallum. 
 6. tantum quod : ' only just, 1 an adverbial phrase. 8. iubet : 
 B. 288, 3; A. 325, b\ G. 581; H. 521, 11, 1, and foot-note. 
 nova: 'unexpected. 1 9. composito : = ex compositd, which is 
 the strictly classical expression. 10. calamitati : dat. of pur- 
 pose, sc. sifri, referring to the Pisidians. 13. neutri : 'neither 
 
!Q 2 NOTES [Page 64 
 
 side.' 15. pellit . . . persequitur, etc. : note the asyndeton, 
 
 which gives liveliness to the account; see note to p. 50, 1. 21. 
 17. uno tempore: 'at one and the same time. 1 18. fuerat 
 cogitatum: 'had been planned.' 20. cogitatum : 'device, 1 
 ' stratagem. 1 
 
 VII. 22. maxirno natu : instead of maximus natu, which is 
 the usual expression. See note to p. 22, 1. 15. 25. sibi . . . 
 negotium esse: 'that he had to do. 1 27. facere : 'to act. 1 
 28. Hie : 'he. 1 29. tarn subito : 'suddenly enough, 1 i.e. ut 
 salt urn praeoccuparet. 
 
 Page 65. 1. quin . . . premeretur : ' without being attacked. 1 
 2. vellet : a future condition transferred to past time, representing 
 the thought of Datames, which in the direct form might be ex- 
 pressed : si dimicare volet (adver sarins), non midtnm obesse multi- 
 tiido hostium meae paucitati poterit. 
 
 VIII. 5. tam diu : i.e. so long as would be necessary if he 
 waited for the enemy to take the offensive. 6. barbarorum : 
 modifies both equitum and peditum. The term includes all those 
 who were not Greeks. 8. eiusdem generis : i.e. Cardacum. 
 14. ex Graecia conductorum : = Graecorum conductorum. See 
 note to p. 17, 1. 19. 15. Datami : B. 188, 1 ; A. 235, a; G. 350, 
 1 ; H. 384, 11, 4, N. 2. 16. huius : ' his, 1 i.e. of Autaphradates ; 
 modifies militum. 17. Quibus : i.e. si locique natiira. For the 
 case see note to p. 54, 1. 5. 19. hominum mille : see note on 
 mille militum, p. 6, 1. 15. 20. quo loco : = eo loco, in quo. 
 2.Z. numquam manum consereret : ' he never would join battle, 1 
 the subjunctive represents the design of Datames transferred to 
 past time, 7iumquam manum conseram, nisi cum . . . clausero. 
 
 24. quod : ' a thing which 1 the antecedent is ut adversarios locorum 
 angustiis clauderet, implied in the preceding clause. perito . . . 
 cogitanti : sc. ei, and trans, perito and cogitantl by a causal clause. 
 
 25. duel: note the tense and the meaning. 27. eum : an ace. 
 with hortor is rare, except in the case of neu. prons. 28. Quam : 
 i.e. gratiam. 
 
 Page 66. Chapter IX. 3. quas . . . plerasque : 'very 
 many of which. 1 4. SIcut : ' For instance. 1 6. inimici : ' their 
 
Pac;i:67] DATAMES 1 93 
 
 personal enemies, 1 i.e. the enemies of those who were accused of 
 treachery. 7. verum falsumne : see note on patron matremne^ 
 P- 53> 1- 2 S- 8. eo . . . in quo itinere : = eo itinere, . . . in quo. 
 10. eo loco : 'in that part 1 of the line of march. 11. consu- 
 erat : sc. ire. 11. ornatu vestituque militari: i in the 
 
 equipment and dress of a common soldier 1 ; abl. of attendant cir- 
 cumstance. 13. in eum locum : i.e. where the ambuscade had 
 been laid ; the expression is somewhat loose. 14. drdine : i.e. 
 the position in which the pretended Datames rode. 17. vidis- 
 sent: subj. in implied ind. disc. Datames said facitote quod me 
 (facientem) videritis (fut. perf.). animum advertit : = ani- 
 
 madvertit. 19. pervenirent : they never reached Datames, 
 but only designed to do so, hence the subj. Cf. note to p. 6, 
 1. 28. 
 
 X. 21. tamen : 'and yet. 1 22. captus est: 'was out- 
 witted. 1 25. more : see note on institietis, p. 1, 1. 9. Hanc : 
 sc. dextratn. dextram missam implies that the king sent a repre- 
 sentative to pledge his faith. 26. absens : i.e. by messenger, 
 without a personal interview. 28. partim : used substantively = 
 partem. 31. infinitum : < irreconcilable, 1 lit. ' endless. 1 32. ne 
 . . . neque . . . neque : see note to p. 52, 1. 20. 
 
 Page 67. 1. eius : we should say, 'with him.' petivit 
 
 . . . studuit : see note on iubet, p. 64, 1. 8. 4. susceperant : 
 
 since Mithridates did not really hate the king, we might have 
 expected suscepissent. 
 
 XI. 5. Id : i.e. si erga rigem odium suscipisse. The subject 
 is Mithriddtis understood. 6. tempus esse, etc. : give the 
 words of Mithridates in dir. disc. 9. quo conveniretur : a 
 clause of characteristic; it is equal to an adj., 'a meeting place. 1 
 quo is an adv. = in quern. 10. maxime : modifies habibat ftdem, 
 = maximum habibatfidem. 11. ante aliquot dies : i some days 
 before. 1 13. utrique : we should expect titer que, of two indi- 
 viduals. 14. ipsos : 'each other. 1 16. procul : ' a little dis- 
 tance. 1 Cf. procul ab, p. 22, 1. 22, and the note. 17. perveniret : 
 see note on pervenlrent, p. 66, 1. 19. 18. ubi telum erat In- 
 fossum : i.e. one of the places mentioned in 1. 11. telum here 
 = gladium. 19. cuperet : see note on vellet, p. 50, 1. 14. 
 
1 94 NOTES [Page 67 
 
 20. quid dam : 4 a certain point, 1 whereas aliquid would be indefi- 
 nite. 26. posset: cf. pcrveniret in 1. 17. 28. ceperat : for 
 the meaning, cf. captus est, p. 66, 1. 22. 
 
 XV. EPAMINONDAS. 
 
 Page 68. Chapter I. 2. scrlbimus : B. 292, a; A. 327, a; 
 G. 574; H. 520, 1, 1. praecipienda : sc. esse. 3. alienos 
 mores ad suos referant : i.e. judge the customs of other nations 
 by comparison with their own. 4. ipsis : dat. of the person 
 
 judging. See note on omnibus, p. 1, 1. 8. leviora : ' somewhat 
 trivial.'' fuisse : note the tense. Nepos is thinking of times 
 gone by, especially the time of the Greek generals of whom he 
 writes. 5. abesse a: — alienam esse a, 'is inconsistent with. 1 
 6. principis persona: 'the character of a great man. 1 Cf. p. 1, 
 1. 3, and the note on personis. 8. exprimere imaginem : ' to 
 give a picture, 1 ' to give a clear idea. 1 10. earn : refers to imaginem. 
 12. a quibus : note the prep. What does it show? 
 
 II. 16. quo diximus : sc. eum natum esse. 17. iam a 
 maioribus : iam implies that his ancestors had been poor for some 
 generations back. 17. eruditus : sc. est. 18. ut nemo 
 
 Thebanus magis : sc. erndlhis sit, i.e. his education was equal to 
 that of any Theban whatsoever. 20. musicis : see Vocab., 
 
 under miisicus. 24. tristem ac severum : 'grave and austere. 1 
 21. cantare tibiis : see note to p. I, 1. 5. 27. antecessit : see 
 note to p. 14, 1. 20. 
 
 Page 69. 1. superaturum : sc. enm esse. 2. ad: 'accord- 
 ing to. 1 4. ephebus : see Vocab. 5. servivit : 'aimed at, 1 
 'devoted himself to. 1 6. illam . . . pertinere : sc. exlstimavit. 
 Trans, 'for he thought the former was necessary for athletes, while 
 the latter was helpful in war. 1 7. exercebatur : = se exercebat. 
 8. ad eum finem, quoad stans complect! posset atque con- 
 tendere : ' so far as to be able to grapple standing up and to fight 
 in that way. 1 There was another style of wrestling, in which the 
 contestants grappled lying down, posset is subj. of design or pur- 
 pose. B. 293, in, 2 ; A. 328 ; G. 572 ; H. 519, 11, 2. 
 
Page 70] EPAMINONDAS 195 
 
 III. 12. modestus, prudens, etc.: be careful in translating 
 these adjs. 13. temporibus : ' circumstances.' 14. ioco : 
 B. 220, 2; A. 248, Rem.; G. 399, N. 1; H. 419, ill, n. 2. 
 15. Idem: k He was also.' 17. commissa celans : 'keeping 
 secrets 1 ; more lit., 'things confided to him.' quod: refers to 
 studiosus audiendl as its antecedent. 18. studiosus audiendi : 
 'a good listener'; lit. trans.? 19. ex hoc: i.e. ex studiose 
 audiendo. 20. cum venisset : subj. of repeated action. B. 302, 
 2, a; A. 309, b\ G. 583 and 625, Rem. 4. re public a : 'poli- 
 tics. 1 23. esset adductus : see note to p. 14, 1. 20. 26. caruit : 
 = 11011 usus est. For the constr., see B. 214, 1, c\ A. 243, a ; 
 G. 390, 2; H. 414, 1. 27. iudicari possit : 'it can be judged. 1 
 Note the tense of possit. Cf. B. 259, 1; A. 287, c\ G. 513; 
 H. 495, vj ; and the note to p. 6, 1. 32. 29. propter pauper- 
 tatem . . . non posset : the dowry was an important feature in 
 ancient marriages, as in those of European nations of to-day. The 
 subj. in esset cafitus and posset is that of repeated action. See note 
 on 1. 20, above. 31. pro facultatibus : ' according to his means.' 
 32. fecerat : note the mood. The idea is temporal, and cum — 
 ' as soon as.' The pluperf. ind. with cum is not common. potius 
 quam acciperet: = ne ipse acciperet. The subj. represents the 
 design of Epaminondas. 
 
 Page 70. 1. quaerebat : sc. peciiniam. 2. ipsi: nom., 
 'the donors themselves.' 3. quantum cuique deberet : 'how 
 much he owed each man ' ; so that he could pay the money back at 
 some future time, if he should be able. 
 
 IV. 5. temptata est: 'was tested.' abstinentia : 'in- 
 tegrity.' Cf. p. 17, 1. 5, and the note. 6. Artaxerxis : Artax- 
 erxes Mnemon is meant. 7. corrumpendum susceperat : 'had 
 undertaken to bribe.' corrumpendum is gerundive agreeing with 
 Epamindiidam. 10. quinque talentis : abl. of price. 11. con- 
 venit : 'called on,' 'went to see.' 13. coram: adv., 'to his 
 face,' 'in a personal interview. 1 Note the deviation of coram. 
 Nihil : adv. ace, an emphatic non. 14. peciinia : see note 
 to p. 6, 1. 4. 15. contraria : sc. vult. non habet . . . 
 satis: sc. ad me corrumpendum. 17. Tu : emphatic, with a ges- 
 ture towards Diomedon. 20. tu : like Tum\. 17. 21. facis : 
 
196 NOTES [Page 70 
 
 instead oifeceris on account of confestim. Cf. B. 261, 2 ; A. 276, c ; 
 G. 228; II. 467, 5. 23. attulerat: ind. because it is not part 
 of the request of Diomedon. but is an explanation of Nepos. 
 Istud : 'what you ask. 1 What is the lit. meaning of /stud f 
 24. neque tua causa : 'and that, not for your sake.' tibi. See 
 regi, p. 42, 1. 2. 25. aliquis : quis is usual after ne ; aliquis 
 
 is more emphatic. See B. 252, 2; A. 105. d % x. ; G. 315.x. 1: 
 H.455, 1. ereptum . . . delatuni : appositive adjs. ; they may 
 be translated, 'by force' . . . 'as a gift. 1 27. deduci: 'to be 
 escorted, 1 ' to be conducted.' 28. Athenas : sc. si diduci velle. 
 29. Neque . . . satis habuit : 'and he was not even satisfied with 
 that. 1 31. supra: p. 54 fol. Abstinentiae : obj. gen. ; for 
 the meaning see 1. 5, above. 32. possumus : ' we might.' For 
 the mood see B. 271, i 9 a\ A. 264, b\ G. 254, Rem. 1 ; H. 476, 4. 
 
 Page 71. 1. uno hoc volumine : refers to the book De Excel- 
 lentibus Ducibus Ext er arum Gentium, not to the whole work, De 
 Virls /llfistribus . 3. versuum : we should speak of so many 
 pages, but the ancients measured their rolls of manuscript, each, 
 of which formed a volfimeti. by the number of lines. 4. comp- 
 lures scriptores. See Ixtroductiox, p. xvii. 
 
 V. 5. disertus : sc. ita. ut nemo . . . Thebanus : not 
 
 very high praise. Cf. 1. 10, below. Nepos, however, thinks highly 
 of the oratory of Epaminondas, as we see by Ch. VI. 6. con- 
 cinnus : 'happy. 1 8. indidem Thebis : see Vocab. under indi- 
 dem ; the expression is an unusual one. et : connects obtrecta- 
 torem and adversarium. 10. ut Thebanum scilicet: 'for a 
 Theban, of course. 1 13. imperatoris : ' as a general, 1 in apposi- 
 tion with illlus. 14. verbo : ' by your use of terms, 1 i.e. ' of the 
 terms pax and dtium? 16. paritur pax bello : note the alliter- 
 ation; the expression was doubtless a proverbial one. diutina : 
 trans, by an adv. 17. Qua re si . . . vultis : addressed to the 
 Thebans generally, principes Graeciae : i.e. to be the chief 
 state in Greece, to hold the hegemony, castris . . . utendum, 
 non palaestra : • you must practise in the camp, not in the gymna- 
 sium 1 ; lit. trans.? 21. insolentiam : object of obiceret. like the 
 quod clauses which precede. 23. millius : used as the gen. of 
 fie mo ; see Vocab. under nemo. 24. habebat suspicionem : 
 
Pace 73] EPAMINONDAS 197 
 
 'was suspected of. 1 25. Quod . . . putas : 'As to your sup- 
 posing. 1 See note to p. 38,1. 5. Lacedaemoniis fugatis : at 
 Leuctra, B.C. 371. 
 
 Page 72. Chapter VI. 1. omnes : object of praestabat, 
 
 which usually governs the dat. in classical prose. 2. multa : 
 adv. 3. in eisque : i.e. among the charges, implied in invectus 
 esset. 4. animum advertere : = animadvertere. 7. natum : 
 sc. esse. 9. perorasset : 'had said what he had to say. 1 
 
 11. rhetoris : said contemptuously, ' speechifier. 1 14. legati: 
 in apposition with eius ; trans, as if it were cum legatus esset. 
 15. pugnam Leuctricam : cf. note top. 17,1. 19. 19. quod: 
 i.e. eum perfecisse ut auxilio . . . privarentur. They were led to 
 desert by the speech of Epaminondas. 
 
 VII. 21. Fuisse : sc. eum. 24. praeficere . . . nolu- 
 issent : in 368 B.C. 25. res eo esset deducta : ' affairs had 
 been brought to such a pass. 1 esset deducta is subj. because it 
 forms part of the cum clause. 27. obsidebantur : what does 
 the mood show? desiderari coepta est : see note to p. 58, 1. 5. 
 28. privatus numero militis : ' without command, in the capacity 
 of a common soldier. 1 30. contumeliae : see 1. 23 fol. et : 
 'but. 1 31. hoc . . . fecit: i.e. ostendit se esse patient em sudrum- 
 que iniiirias ferentem civiuni. See 1. 21. 32. Mazime autem 
 fuit inlustre : sc. hoc, ' But the most remarkable instance was." 
 Maxime . . . inlustre is pred.. and hoc the subject ; hoc has the 
 same meaning as the hoc in 1. 31. 
 
 Page 73. 1. duxisset: B.C. 370. 5. els : for the case see 
 regl, p. 42, 1. 2. 6. alii praetores successissent : the term of 
 the Boeotarchs, or generals, expired naturally. The whole account 
 of the part played by Epaminondas is exaggerated by Nepos. 
 11. multabat : sc. eum. 12. retinuisset . . . praefinitum 
 foret : subj. in implied ind. disc. ; the language of the law is quoted. 
 Give it in the direct form. 14. conferri: 'to be turned," • to 
 be employed. 1 15. mensibus : see note to p. 22, 1. 10. 
 
 VIII. 17. crimine : see note to p. 8, 1. 13. 18. factum : 
 
 sc. esse ; the subject is the following ut clause. 21. quid diceret 
 non haberet : ' he would not know what to say ^ ; diceret is an ind. 
 
198 NOTES [Page 73 
 
 dubitative question, of which the direct form would be quid dicam ! 
 ' what am I to say.' 22. criniini: dat. of purpose. 25. els: 
 •the judges," implied in indicium in 1. 21. 28. se : instead of 
 eum, as if Nepos were quoting a speech of Epaminondas and not 
 an inscription for his tomb. ausus sit: subj. of characteristic, 
 with the idea of concession, B. 283, 3, b\ A. 320, e\ G. 634; H. 
 515, in ; the perfect tense is used because the clause is parenthetical, 
 and hence the tense is independent. Cf. profligarint, p. 6, 1. 32. 
 31. utrorumque : 'of both nations, 1 i.e. the Thebans and the 
 Lacedaemonians . 
 
 Page 74. 1. possent : represents the thought of the Lacedae- 
 monians, satis habebimics, si salvl esse fioteri?nus. 2. clausit : 
 see note to p. 14, 1. 20. 3. risus omnium : ' general laughter.' 
 4. ferre suffragium : ' to cast a vote/ i.e. for his condemnation. 
 
 IX. 6. extremo tempore : = tandem. The battle of Man- 
 tinea was in 362 B.C. 7. cognitus . . . universl : Nepos 
 begins as if he were going to make Epaminoudas the subject, but 
 changes his mind. See note to p. 54, 1. 5. Trans. ' he was recog- 
 nized by the Lacedaemonians, and they in a body,' etc. unius and 
 iius belong together. 12. viderunt : cf. clausit in 1. 2. 
 13. neque tamen : 'but yet they did not. 1 profligarunt : cf. 
 clausit in 1. 2. 18. retinuit : sc. ferrum. 
 
 X. 21. In quo : 'And . . . with regard to this. 1 23. in eo : 
 cf. in quo in 1. 21. patriae : B. 188, 1 : A. 227, c ; G. 346. x. 2 : 
 H. 385, 1. relinqueret : the subject is Epamiuondas, while that of 
 the preceding verb is Pelopidas ; this is careless writing. 25. con- 
 sults : sc. patriae. ex te natum : ' as your son. 1 relictu- 
 rus sis: note the tense. 26. ex me natarn : 'as my daughter.' 
 28. sit: see B. 295, 8; A. 332; G. 553, 4, Rem. 1; H. 502, 1. 
 Quo tempore: = eo tempore, quo, 'at the time when. 1 B.C. 379. 
 31. domo : 'in his house '; see note to p. 27, 1. 25 ; do mo is abl. 
 of place influenced by means] see B. 218, 7 ; A. 258, f, 1 ; G. 389 ; 
 H. 425, 1, 1). 32. malos : 'traitors'; the word is used in a 
 political sense. 
 
 Page 75. 1. suorum : 'of his fellow-citizens.' 2. civi- 
 lem : ' over citizens. 1 3. pugnari coeptum est : see note to p. 58, 
 
Page 77] PELOPIDAS jgg 
 
 1. 5. 6. ibit infitias : see Vocab. under infitiae, and B. 182, 
 5; A. 258, b, Rem.; G. 333, 2, Rem.; H. 380, 2, 3). 7. per- 
 petuo : adv. 8. alieno paruisse imperio : i.e. they never 
 held the hegemony, but followed the lead of other states of Greece ; 
 they had not, however, been actually subject to any other state. 
 praefuerit : the perf. of dir. disc, retained in the ind. disc, after a 
 past tense. See note to p. 37, 1. 5. 
 
 XVI. PELOPIDAS. 
 
 Page 76. Chapter I. 1. historicis : here = 'readers of his- 
 tory.' vulgo : ' the general public.' 2. de virtutibus : 
 modifies expdnam. 3. res : = illius res gestas. explicare : 
 'to give a full account.' 5. summas attigero : sc. renew, 
 'mention the main points,' opposed to explicare, in 1. 3. 6. lit- 
 terarum : see note on litterarum, p. 1, 1. 6. 7. utrlque rei 
 occurram : 'I will meet both difficulties.' medebor : 'I will 
 furnish a remedy.' 10. diiceret : in 382 B.C. per Thebas : 
 i.e. through the territory of Thebes. 11. paucorum Thebano- 
 rum : the oligarchical party, headed by Leontiades. 13. rebus 
 studebant : ' favored the interests.' 15. neque eo magis : i but 
 nevertheless did not'; what is the lit. trans.? 17. obsideri: 
 ' to be kept in a state of siege.' 18. devlctas : trans, by a 
 substantive. sibi rem esse : i that they had to do with,' i.e. 
 that the Thebans were their only formidable rivals. 21. dede- 
 rant . . . interfecerant . . . eiecerant . . . carebat : note the 
 tenses ; the standpoint is the time of the occupation of the Cadmea. 
 partim . . . alios : in place of the more common alios . . . alios. 
 
 II. Hi omnes : i.e. el, qui in exsilium eiecti erant. 25. non 
 quo sequerentur : B. 286, 1, b\ A. 321, Rem. ; G. 541, n. 2 ; H. 516, 
 II, 2. quern ex proximo locum fors obtulisset, eo : = eo loco 
 quern ex proximo fors obtulisset, the subj. represents the thought of 
 the exiles, quern . . . locum fors obtulerit (fut. perf.). 27. cum 
 tempus esset visum : in 379 B.C. 
 
 Page 77. 2. eum : trans, with diem. 7. cum omiilnS : 
 'while in all.' 8. offerrent : subj. of characteristic, designating 
 
200 NOTES [Page 77 
 
 a class. Qua paucitate : ' yet by this small band. 1 II : refers 
 to the exiles under Pelopidas. 12. neque ita multo post : 'and 
 that too, not so very long afterward. 1 16. exierunt : an instance 
 of careless writing. Nepos evidently forgets that he has written 
 exissent above, and repeats the word as the main verb of the 
 sentence. vestitu agresti : abl. of attendant circumstance. 
 
 18. tempore ipso: 'just at the right time. 1 quo stu- 
 duerant : sc. pervenire, 'their destination 1 ; quo is the adv. 
 
 19. tempus : sc. diet, datus est agrees with the nearer of the 
 two substs. 
 
 III. 20. libet: sc. mihi. re propositi: 'my subject. 1 
 21. nimia fidiicia : emphatic position. 24. ne quaerere qui- 
 dem . . . laborarint : ' they did not even take the trouble to en- 
 quire. 1 quod: 'a circumstance which. 1 25. aperiret : defines 
 an indefinite antecedent. B. 283, 1 ; A. 320, a ; G. 631, 2 ; H. 503, 1. 
 28. obtinebat : note the tense and meaning. omnia . . . per- 
 scripta erant : 'a full account was given. 1 eorum : i.e. of the 
 exiles ; a rather loose expression, since the exiles were last mentioned 
 five lines above. 29. iam accubanti : i.e. he had already taken 
 his place at the table. 30. sicut erat signata : 'just as it was, 
 without breaking the seal. 1 
 
 Page 78. 3. ex agris : = agrestes, contrasted with qui in urbe 
 erant. 
 
 IV. 7. supra: p. 74, 1. 31. 9. liberatarum : trans, by a 
 subst. 10. Pelopidae : gen. governed by propria. ceterae 
 fere: sc. laudes, 'most of his other glorious deeds. 1 11. im- 
 peratore : note the difference of meaning of imperator and dux. 
 12. delectae manus : the famous 'Sacred Band, 1 a force of 300 
 hoplites, or heavy-armed soldiers, consisting of young Thebans of 
 good family, distinguished for their strength and courage. It was 
 so arranged that pairs of intimate friends fought side by side. 
 
 14. oppugnavit: sc. Epaminondas , while the subject of tenuit is 
 Pelopidas, another example of careless writing. Note the mood 
 and tense of oppugnavit. The clause gives the date of tenuit. 
 
 15. quoque : = et quo. Note the quantity. 16. haec : 'he. 1 
 The pronoun refers to Pelopidas, but agrees in gender with the 
 pred. nom. persona. altera persona: 'the second great per- 
 
 
Page 80] AGESILAUS 201 
 
 sonage. 1 The use of altera implies that there were but two. 
 17. proxima : ' very near.' 
 
 V. 21. cuperet redigere : in 368 B.C. 23. consuesset : 
 
 the subj. shows that this was the thought of Pelopidas. 27. per- 
 suasit Thebanis : B.C. 364. 29. tyrannosque : the plu. refers 
 to Alexander and his court. 
 
 Page 79. secunda victoria: 'after the victory was won, 1 
 more lit. ' when victory had declared in his favor. 1 Quo facto : 
 see note to p. 10, 1. 1. 
 
 XVII. AGESILAUS. 
 
 Page 80. Chapter I. 3. eo enim usus est f amiliarissime : 
 
 'he was very intimate with him, 1 i.e. 'he lived with him on most 
 familiar terms. 1 5. erat : note the tense. In the time of Nepos 
 there were no longer any kings at Sparta. Lacedaemoniis : 
 dat. of the possessor. 6. binos : 'two at a time. 1 Note the 
 distributive. 7. nomine magis quam imperio : the real power 
 was in the hands of the ephors. Cf. p. 20, 1. 32, and p. 21, 1. 1. 
 
 8. principes: =.priml; they were the first of the lines of kings. 
 
 9. Horum . . . fieri non licebat: a condensed expression for 
 Horum ex altera familia in alterius familiae locum aliquem regein 
 fieri non licebat. 10. ita : i.e. so unbroken. 12. virile 
 secus : sc. liberos. B. 185, 1 ; A. 240, b ; G. 336, 4, n. 2 ; H. 378, 2. 
 13. reliquisset : subj. in ind. disc, representing the fut. perf. 
 indie, of the dir. form, so decessisset in 1. 12 ; esset is subj. for the 
 same reason. deligebatur : sc is. 14. Mortuus erat Agis : 
 BC - 397- 15. uatum : 'at his birth. 1 18. Lysandro suffra- 
 gante : ' by the support of Lysander. 1 19. supra : see p. 26, 
 1. 10 fol. 
 
 II. 21. imperii: see note to p. 26, 1. 15. persuasit : in 
 396 B.C. The Lacedaemonians had been at war with the Persians 
 since 400 B.C. 23. regi: the king of Persia, regl is dat. with 
 the expression bellnm facere, on the principle of B. 187, 1 ; A. 225 ; 
 G. 345; H. 384, 11. 25. quos : has for its antecedent both 
 classes and exercitiis. It is ;//. to agree with the persons making up 
 the classes exercitiis que. 27. scirent : see note to p. 6, 1. 28. 
 
202 NOTES [Page 81 
 
 Page 81. 1. imprudentes offenderet : note the derivation 
 and meaning of the words. 2. Id: i.e. Agesilaum in Asiain 
 pervenisse. 3. praefectos regios : 'the king's officers, 1 a more 
 general term than satrapae, which it includes. 4. se dare ope- 
 ram, ut . . . conveiriret : * that he was endeavoring to bring 
 about an agreement between the Lacedaemonians and the king * ; 
 conveuiret is impersonal, and Lacedaemoniis is dat. of the person 
 concerned. 6. easque : i.e. indutias. 9. nihil aliud quam 
 bellum comparavit : a common abbreviation for nihil aliud fecit 
 quam bellum comparavit. 10. sentiebat : see note to p. 34, 
 1. 26. 11. in eo: i.e. hi iureiura?idd conservando ; trans. ' by 
 so doing/ 12. suis rebus : abl. of separation. 13. conser- 
 vata religione : 'by keeping his oath.' confirmare : -was 
 
 encouraging. 1 14. animadverteret : the subj. is exercitus. 
 
 deum: see note to p. 14,1. 14. 15. facere secum : 'was on 
 their side, 1 i.e. of Agesilaus and his army. conciliare : the sub- 
 ject is se. 16. els studere: =eorum rebus studere ; cf. p. 26, 
 1. 19 and the note. 
 
 III. 17. dies: ' the appointed time. 1 barbarus : i.e. Tis- 
 saphanes. 18. domicilia : here = ' palaces, 1 or 'castles. 1 
 23. moveret : see note to p. 6, 1. 28. 27. armarentur . . . 
 ornarentur : = se armarent . . . ornarent. 28. donarentur : 
 sc. el. The subj. because of the implied ind. disc. : Agesilaus 
 said, praemils donentur, quorum egregia . . . fuerit industria. 
 32. cum tempus esset visum: B.C. 395. 
 
 Page 82. 4. eum : Agesilaus. We might expect se, but the 
 writer at this point thinks of hostes as the subject of the sentence, 
 facturum : for the constr. see p. 1, 1. 1. ac : see Vocab. 
 5. eandem Cariam : ' Caria, again.' or ' Caria. as before. 1 
 10. sui fecerit potestatem : 'gave a chance of attacking him': 
 sui is objective gen. As a matter of fact Nepos exaggerates both 
 the skill and the success of Agesilaus. 11. et : 'but. 1 12. vale- 
 ret: the subj. denotes the design of Agesilaus. 14. versatus 
 est: 'conducted his campaign. 1 
 
 IV. 17. ei : see note to p. 61, 1. 30. 19. ne dubitaret : repre- 
 sents an imperative expression of the dir. disc, e.g. noli dubitare. 
 19. In hoc: 'on this occasion/ 'in this instance.' 20. pietas : 
 
Page 83] AGESILAUS 203 
 
 what does the word mean here ? suspicienda : ' worthy of 
 admiration. 1 What is the literal meaning? 22. regni . . . 
 potiundi: gerundive construction. In early Latin potior was 
 transitive and governed the ace. 23. iussis : see note to p. 26, 
 1. 7; ordinarily the dat. of persons only is used after dicto audiens. 
 24. comitio : really the comitium (see Vocab.) ; here used by 
 Nepos as the equivalent of icf>ope7ov, the Ephoreum. 25. voluis- 
 sent : B. 279, 2 ; A. 267 ; G. 260 ; H. 483. 2. The reference is to 
 Julius Caesar, Antony, and Octavian, who had disobeyed the com- 
 mands of the senate and overthrown the republic. illuc : cf. 
 p. 47, 1. 22. 26. existimationem : ' reputation/ i.e. the opinion 
 which others had of him. 27. gloriosus : so futurum esse. 
 
 28. Hac . . . mente : see note on hoc consilio, p. 6, 1. 23. 
 
 29. Hellespontum : B. 179, 1 ; A. 239, b, Rem. ; G. 331. Rem. 1 ; 
 H. 372. 30. anno vertente : see Vocab. under verto. Cf. note 
 to p. 12, 1. 3. 31. hie transierit: so id. 
 
 Page 83. 1. Coroneam : see Map of Greece, in the front of 
 the book, E. 3. 2. vicit : in 394 B.C. 3. ex fuga : we 
 should say, 'in flight.' 5. els : abl. of means; as we should 
 say, 'what he wished to be done with them. 1 6. adversus : 
 adv.. = adversus se. 8. ut . . . haberet : a subst. clause in 
 apposition with hoc. 11. praedicabat : = palam dlcebat, 'ex- 
 pressed the opinion.' 12. deorum : obj. gen. Cf. del, p. 21, 
 1. 30. 13. adfici: so eos. 
 
 V. 15. conlatum . . . est : l was concentrated.' 17. Age- 
 silao duce : Agesilaus took no part in this battle, which was fought 
 while he was on his way home from Asia, in 394 B.C. The number 
 of the slain is exaggerated ; Diodorus gives it as 2800. 19. Inso- 
 lentia gloriae : = Insolentl gloria. What meaning has gloria here? 
 See Vocab. 21. ilia multitudine : i.e. those slain in the 
 
 battle. 22. Sana mens esset : sc. m. On the tense of esset see 
 B. 304, 2 ; A. 308, a ; G. 597, Rem. 1 : H. 510, x. 2. potuisse : 
 represents ftotuerunt of the dir. disc. See B. 304, 3, a ; A. 309, c ; 
 G. 597, Rem. 3, a ; H. 511. 1, n. 3. 23. idem cum: 'Again 
 when he. 1 25. suae virtuti : i.e. a man of his character. 
 What meanings has virtiis ? What is its derivation ? se enim 
 . . . esse : sc. dixit, implied in negavit. 28. voluerimus . . . 
 
204 NOTES [Page 83 
 
 expugnaverimus : in Eng. we should use the pres. followed by 
 the fut. expugno with a personal object is rare ; trans. ' we shall 
 overthrow.' The fut. perf. in the conclusion is not common ; here 
 it expresses the act as completed. 30. voluerint : fut. perf. ; 
 a general condition in fut. time. Hence the indie. 
 
 VI. ilia calamitas : 'that memorable defeat.' See B. 246, 3 ; 
 A. 102, b\ G. 307, 2 ; H. 450, 4. A better expression than calami- 
 tas aptid Leuctra would be calamitas Leuctrica. Cf. p. 84, 1. 19. 
 and the note to p. 17, 1. 19. 
 
 Page 84. 1. excusavit senectutem : i he pleaded old age as 
 an excuse.' 2. cum . . . oppugnaret : B.C. 370. 4. nisi 
 ille fuisset : 'if it had not been for him.' 5. futuram 11611 
 fuisse : 'would have ceased to exist,' i.e. would have been taken 
 and destroyed. See B. 321, 2, a ; A. 337, £,2; G. 597, Rem. 4; 
 H. 527,111. 9. qui . . . videret: 'since he saw.' 10. quem- 
 quam : 'any one whatever,' emphatic. See B. 252, 4; A. 105, 
 d, n. ; G. 317, 1; H. 457. 13. occupassent : what is the 
 
 meaning of the mood ? id se quoque : sc. dixit, implied in 
 laudavit. Cf. p. 83, 1. 25. 14. adiunctis de suis : sc. non- 
 nidlis. 15. tutum: predicate adj. 17. eoque libentius : 
 'and the more willingly,' sc. se non C07nmdverunt. 18. quae 
 cogitaverant : ' their designs.' 
 
 VII. 21. destitit: see note on iubet, p. 64, 1. 8. 22. pos- 
 set : subj. of repeated action. See note to p. 62, 1. 3. 25. illud : 
 'the following,' while in hoc refers to what precedes. 28. nihil 
 . . . mutavit : i.e. he remained a true Spartan in his dress and 
 mode of life. 30. Eurysthenes : Agesilaus belonged to the line 
 of Procles, not that of Eurysthenes. Cf. Ch. I. 32. plurima : 
 sc. sigan. 
 
 Page 85. 1. erat instructa : sc. domus. 2. a ciiiusvis 
 inopis atque privati : sc. domo. 
 
 VIII. 3. hie tantus vir : we should say, ' this great man,' or 
 ' this man, great as he was.' ut . . . sic: 'although . . . never- 
 theless.' 4. maleficam : sc. cam, — natiiram. 6. exiguo : 
 'puny.' altero pede : 'in one foot.' 7. ignoti: active in 
 
Page 86] EUMENES 20$ 
 
 meaning, ' strangers,' i.e. those who did not know him. 9. Quod : 
 i.e. /// ignotl eum contemner ent. el usu. venit : ' befell him. 1 
 10. annorum octoginta : gen. of measure, instead of the com- 
 mon expression annos octoginta natus. 13. hue : ' on these, 1 
 referring to stramentls. iniecta : cf. aftposittim, p. 13, 1. 28. 
 14. humili atque obsoleto : sc. tarn. 15. ornatus : ; cos- 
 tume. 1 16. non beatissimos : 'not very well off 1 ; beatus often 
 = dives. 17. regios : the people of King Tachus. 19. His 
 quaerentibus : refers to the ab els implied in munera sunt adlata. 
 unum esse: = ilium esse ununi. 20. regis verbis: 'in the 
 name of the king. 1 21. eius modi genera obsonii: a pleo- 
 nastic expression for ea genera obsonii or eius modi obsonia. 
 23. secundam mensam : 'the dessert. 1 29. daret : subj. of 
 purpose. portum . . . qui Menelai vocatur : see Map of 
 Asia Citerior, follows p. 62, B. 4. 32. mel : the bodies of Spar- 
 tan kings who died abroad were always embalmed in honey and 
 taken to Sparta. 
 
 XVIII. EUMENES. 
 
 Page 86. Chapter I. 2. quidem : 'it is true.' exsti- 
 
 tisset : about =fuisset. 3. metimur : see note to p. 12, 1. 8. 
 5. florerent : = ftotentes essent : subj. of characteristic. 6. mul- 
 tum el detraxit : t it was a great disadvantage to him, 1 the subject 
 is quod . . . erat. For the constr. of el, cf. regl, p. 42, 1. 2. 
 7. neque aliud : 'and yet nothing else.' generosa stirps : 
 'noble descent'; i.e. in Macedonia. 8. domestico : trans, as 
 if it were doml. 9. aliquando : ' occasionally.' 10. neque 
 tamen non patiebantur : ' but yet they endured it.' 12. pera- 
 dulescentulus : cf. p. 95, 1. 6. amicitiam . . . familiaritatem : 
 note the difference of meaning. 14. in adulescentulo : i.e. in 
 eo, adulesce7iUdo. 15. habuit : sc. ille = Philippus ; the omis- 
 sion of the subject is careless, since the subject of the preceding 
 sentence is a different one. 16. quod : ' a position which,' lit., 
 'a thing which.' honorificentius est: the statement is true 
 only of special positions, such as that which Eumenes held. The 
 ordinary scribes were on the same footing in Greece and at Rome. 
 19. honesto loco : abl. of quality. 20. omnium consiliorum : 
 
206 NOTES [Page 86 
 
 B. 204, 1; A. 218, a\ G. 374; H. 399, 3. 23. annos tredecim : 
 B-C. 336-323. 24. alterae : an old form of the dat. used for the 
 regular alter!. 25. Utrique : i.e. Philippo et Alexandro. 
 
 II. 27. Alexandro . . . mortuo: B.C. 323. regna : i.e. 
 provinciae. 
 
 Page 87. 1. summa: subst. = 'the chief authority. 1 3. ex 
 quo: 'from which circumstance, 1 i.e. from the giving of the ring. 
 eum : an instance of an author's carelessness in the use of pro- 
 nouns ; eum refers to Alexander, el to Perdiccas, eius (in the next 
 line) to Alexander. 4. in suam tutelam pervenissent : i.e. 
 had come of age; the subj. represents the design of Alexander; 
 Perdiccas was to hold the chief power until Alexander's children, 
 Hercules and Alexander, should grow up. See B. 293, m, 2 ; A. 
 328; G. 572; H. 519, n, 2. 5. aberat: note the number. 
 Crateros was away, and Antipater also. 6. iinum : 'above all'; 
 cf. p. 3, 1. 2. 7. posset: potential subj. 8. hoc tempore: 
 i.e. Alexandro mortuo ; the sentence is resumed after the parenthet- 
 ical remarks in lines 3-7. 9. dicta : here = ' assigned. 1 erat : 
 sc. Cappadocia. It was held by Ariarathes, a Cappadocian prince. 
 12. fore: sc. eum', for the constr. see p. 1, 1. 1. 14. omnium 
 partes : i.e. the shares of the other generals of Alexander. 
 15. ceteri . . . omnes : sc. id fecerunt. 17. multis mag- 
 nisque : ' many great ' ; the English idiom differs from the Latin. 
 20. perducere : sc. ad se. 21. ex praesidiis eius: 'out of 
 his territory, 1 i.e. the regions held by the garrisons of Leonnatus. 
 
 III. 25. videbat : sc. Eumenes. 28. montem : used 
 here, as frequently, of a range of mountains. See the Map of Asia 
 Citerior, follows p. 62, D. 3. 29. Europaeis adversariis : 'his 
 opponents in Europe 1 ; cf. note to p. 17, 1. 19. They were Crate- 
 ros, Antipater, Pytho, and Philip Arrhidaeus, a half-brother of 
 Alexander the Great. 30. Aegyptutr : object of the supine 
 oppugnatum. 31. firmas : 'reliable. 1 
 
 Page 88. 4. qua . . . feruntur : i.e. qua fama . . . ferun- 
 tur, for which the Roman soldiers are celebrated. 5. habit! 
 sunt: gnomic perfect, see B. 262, b, 1 ; A. 279, c\ G. 236, 2, N. ; 
 H. 471, 5. 6. Eumenes : repeated on account of the length of 
 
Page 89] EUMENES 207 
 
 the sentence. 7. cognossent : = cognovissent. 8. simul cum 
 nuntio : 'as soon as the announcement was made. 1 dilapsuras : 
 note the force of the prefix dl-. 10. devils itineribus : B. 218, 
 7; A. 258, g\ G. 389; H. 425, 1, 1). possent: the subj. rep- 
 resents the design of Eumenes. 11. s§ . . . proficiscl: 'that 
 he was proceeding. 1 On the constr. cf. note to p. 10, 1. 6. quos- 
 dam barbaros : cf. note on quiddam, p. 67, 1. 20. 14. scirent : 
 see note to p. 6, 1. 28. 
 
 IV. 17. Quorum : refers to the two contending parties, led by 
 Eumenes on the one side and Crateros and Neoptolemus on the 
 other. 18. cadit : for the number cf. aderat,p. 87, 1. 5. Here 
 the second subject is more definitely separated from the first by the 
 rel. clause. 20. inter se complex!: 'grappling together. 1 
 21. inimica : how does this word differ from hostlli in meaning? 
 24. reliuqueret : see note to p. 14, 1. 20. 25. neque eo 
 magis : 'but not the more for that. 1 26. Hie : 'thereupon. 1 
 27. maxime nobilibus : = nobilissimls. 28. in ea loca . . . 
 ut : ' into such a position, that. 1 
 
 Page 89. 2. illo tisus erat familiariter : cf. p. 80, 1. 3. 
 Alexandro vivo : ' during Alexander's lifetime. 1 
 
 V. 8. deseruerant : sc. Perdiccam. exercitu suffra- 
 gium ferente : ' by vote of the army "* ; cf. p. 74, i. 4. 11. exiles 
 res: 'adversity. 1 animi : 'courage. 1 14. ad manum acce- 
 dere : ' to come to a contest, 1 'to fight. 1 17. Hinc : i.e. from 
 this dangerous situation. 18. Nora : see Map of Asia Citerior, 
 follows p. 62, D. 3. 20. equos militares : 'war-horses. 1 
 spatium agitandi : 'room to ride them about, 1 i.e. to exercise 
 them. 22. iumentum : 'an animal, 1 including the eqiil mili- 
 tares and the pack-horses. concalfieri: 'sweated. 1 23. et 
 cibo uteretur et : the first et is out of place, since libenthis modi- 
 fies only iiteretur ; with the second sc. ut, implied in quo. Neve 
 would be better 24. caput: seems to mean the front part of 
 the body. The fore-legs were raised clear of the floor by a rope 
 suspended from the ceiling. 25. post: adv., 'from behind. 1 
 27. spatio : 'race-course, 1 'track. 1 decurreret : the verb means 
 'to run a course, 1 'to run to the end. 1 32. apparatum : 'siege- 
 implements. 1 
 
208 NOTES [Page 90 
 
 Page 90. 2. ver approplnquabat : 318 B.C., the second spring 
 of the siege. 4. imposuit : = our expression, 'imposed on. 1 
 
 VI. 6. fuerat : note the tense. It is used because Alexander 
 was dead at the time. 7. consultum : supine. 8. utrum . . . 
 iret : the second part of the double question is omitted, a rare 
 usage. 11. adipisceretur : see note on pervenisset, p. 87, 1. 4. 
 aliqua cupiditate : ' by any passion ' ; that is, a desire for power, 
 or for revenge. 12. iniuriarum : B. 206, 2 ; A. 219 ; G. 376 ; H. 
 406, 11. 16. domus ac familiae : gen. governed by inimlcissi- 
 7)ios. stirpem quoque : sc. Philippi. 18. Quam veniam : 
 ' this favor.' pararet : imperative clause in ind. disc. 20. ma- 
 nebant : apparently a remark interposed by the writer ; but as qui 
 manebant forms a necessary part of the rest of the sentence, the ind. 
 seems due rather to carelessness. 22. tulisset: represents what 
 mood and tense of the direct form? 23. bene meritis : 'to 
 those who had deserved well of him. 1 
 
 VII. 26. una erant : i.e. with Eumenes. 27. corporis 
 custos : a high official, one of Alexander's staff. 28. Persidem : 
 see Map of Asia Citerior, follows p. 62, G. and H., 4 and 5. 
 29. phalanx . . . Macedonum : the Argyraspides, so called from 
 their silver shields. 30. si . . . ipse alienigena : ' if he, a. for- 
 eigner. 1 32. in principiis : 'at headquarters, 1 a Roman expres- 
 sion, prlncipia was the name of an open place in the Roman camp, 
 in which stood the general's tent {praetoriuni), the altars, and the 
 standards. Alexandri nomine : i.e. as if he were the represen- 
 tative of the dead Alexander. 
 
 Page 91. 4. minore invidia : abl. of quality. imperii : 
 'authority.' 6. Quod: i.e. ut minore esset invidia. 8. quodam 
 modo latebat : ' he in a way escaped notice.' 
 
 VIII. 10. conflixit: B.C. 316. 11. male acceptum : see 
 
 Vocab., under accipio. 12. flnitima : sc Mediae (dat.). 16. in- 
 veterata . . . gloria: abl. of quality. 17. parere se : the usual 
 constr. with postulo is ut with the subj. ; the ace. with the inf. is 
 rare. 18. ut . . . veteran! faciunt nostri : referring to the 
 numerous mutinies during the civil wars. faciant : subj. gov- 
 erned by periculum est, which is equivalent to a verb of fearing. 
 
Page 93] EUMENES 209 
 
 20. fecerint . . . steterint : fut. perf. cum quibus fecerint = ' on 
 whose side they are. 1 Cf. p. 81, 1. 15. Nepos seems to forget that 
 he has used fecerunt in a different sense in the preceding line. 
 22. paria horum : sc. facta and esse. 23. neque rem ullam 
 nisi tempus interesse : ' that there is no difference except one of 
 time.' 27. consilii novi : i.e. some novel piece of strategy; 
 partitive gen. 28. qua : adv. instead of quibus, ' by which. 1 
 29. posset perveniri : impersonal. What is the meaning of the 
 subj.? 30. per loca deserta : sc. erat. 32. altero tanto 
 longiorem : l as long again. 1 What is the lit. trans. ? 
 
 Page 92. 5. imprudentem : appositive adj. 7. compa- 
 rari : the pass. inf. with impero is found in Cicero, and is not 
 uncommon. An ut clause with the subj. is, however, the usual 
 constr. post haec : = deinde. 8. dierum decern : B. 203, 2 ; 
 A. 215, b\ G. 365, Rem. 2; H. 395, v. 9. iter quo habeat : 
 i.e. his destination. omnes : B. 178,1,*; A. 239, d\ G. 339, a ; 
 H. 374. 10. qua constituerat : sc. proficisci. 
 
 IX. 11. ex fumo : in spite of the precautions of Eumenes. 
 See 1. 9, above. 12. adlata est: see note to p. 64, 1. 8. 
 14. facto: see note to p. 6, 1. 4. 15. Antigonus adfuturus 
 videbatur : trans, as if it were Antigonum adfuturum esse vide- 
 batur. 16. de rebus summis : 'their highest interests, 1 i.e. 
 'their own safety. 1 18. quod: what is the antecedent? se 
 rem expediturum : < that he would help them out, 1 very like our 
 colloquial expression, 'straighten the thing out. 1 19. quod: 
 'whereas. 1 Cf. note to p. 38, 1. 5. transisse : sc. ad se. 
 Note the tense. 23. Certos : 'reliable. 1 24. obvii: 'in the 
 way, 1 i.e. they lay across the line of march. 25. prima nocte : 
 contrasted with secundd vigilid and tertid. 30. Quibus : B. 187, 
 11, b\ A. 230; G. 346, Rem. 1 ; H. 384, 5. 
 
 Page 93. 2. imprudentes : sc. adversarios, and cf. p. 92, 
 1. 5, and the note. posset: what is the meaning of the mood? 
 3. anfractum . . . viae: cf. p. 92, 1. 1. 5. iumenta : see 
 
 note to p. 89, 1. 22. 
 
 X. 7. consilio : 'in strategy. 1 11. Antigono est dedi- 
 tus : B.C. 315. 13. nonnullorum virtutis : subjective and 
 
2io NOTES [Page 93 
 
 objective gen. with the same word. 16. esset licitum : 'if his 
 soldiers would have allowed it.' On the mood, see B. 304, 3, a ; 
 
 A. 308. c and n. ; G. 597, Rem. 3, b\ H. 511, n. 3. 18. omni- 
 bus : dat. with apparebat. 20. el: B. 189, 1 ; A. 232 ; G. 355 ; 
 H. 388. de summis rebus : 'for the supremacy.' 21. 11 qui 
 circa erant : 'his staff, 1 'his intimates.' 23. maximarum 
 rerum: 'of the greatest success. 1 
 
 XI. 28. conservaret : B. 300, 4; A. 211, a\ G. 458, n. 2; 
 H. 529, 3, 2). 30. qui : sc. eorum. fructum oculis capere : 
 'to feast their eyes ' \- oculls is dat. 31. vellent . . . cuperent : 
 subj. of characteristic, defining the two classes of men. 
 
 Page 94. 1. studebant: note the indie, instead of the subj. 
 as in the two preceding rel. clauses ; multi is a more definite ante- 
 cedent. 3. diutius : ' some time.' 1 4. summa imperii . . . 
 custodiae : ' the chief command of his guards,' i.e. he was com- 
 mander of the force appointed to guard Eumenes. 7. quin : cf. 
 
 B. 281, 3; A. 269,/; G. 273; H. 504, footnote 2. The subj. 
 because it is a dubitative question. See note to p. 10, 1. 13. 
 11. venires : B. 284, 4; A. 332, b ; G. 644, Rem. 3, b. Utinam 
 quidem : sc. inquit. 14. succubuerit : B. 284, 3, b\ A. 319, 
 d\ G. 556; H. 500, 11; for the tense see note to p. 6, 1. 32. 
 15. Nipperdey suggests the following words, to fill the gap : nam 
 cum in proelils acerri7ne comminns pugnare cons ties set, nemo 
 eonwi qui manum cum eo conseruerunt par el esse potuit. Id 
 quod mlrabilis eius as pectus facie bat. 
 
 XII. 20. ad consilium: 'to a council.' prim 6 : corre- 
 sponds to postremo in 1. 26. 22. male habit! : cf. male accept urn, 
 p. 91, 1. 11. 23. maximSs duces: Crateros and Neoptole- 
 mus. 25. interfecto : sc. eo ; trans, by a conditional clause. 
 
 27. quibus : abl. with esset usiirus, while amlcis is in apposition. 
 
 28. Hie : — Antigonus. 32. eum: refers to Eumenes. 
 
 Page 95. Chapter XIII. 5. Eumenes : subject of habuit 
 
 in 1. 12. annorum quinque et quadraginta : cf. p. 85, 1. 10, 
 and the note. The years enumerated in what follows amount to 
 forty-seven, but in some cases parts of years are reckoned as whole 
 ones. 7. apparuisset: see Vocab. 10. diixisset . . . rep- 
 
 
Page 97] PHOCION 2 1 1 
 
 pulisset : these words form an hexameter verse. See note to p. I, 
 1. io. 12. In quo . . . opinio: we should say ' the opinion of 
 him, 1 lit. 'in the case of whom.' 15. quorum: the antecedent 
 is eidem in 1. 16. 17. statim : they did not assume the title of 
 king until 306 B.C., while Eumenes was killed in 315. regium 
 ornatum : ' royal insignia,' i.e. the crown, sceptre, and purple robe. 
 19. propugnatore : ' champion, 1 i.e. of the children of Alexander. 
 The children were, however, already dead. 20. quid sentirent : 
 i.e. their real sentiments. 24. humaverunt : ' performed his 
 funeral rites : ; humaverunt does not have its literal meaning of 
 'bury 1 (cf. humus), but means 'burned, 1 as we see from ossa . . . 
 deport anda curarunt. 
 
 XIX. PHOCION. 
 
 Page 96. Chapter I. 3. huius : ' of the latter. 1 4. illlus : 
 ' of the former. 1 7. honores potestatesque : ' offices and com- 
 missions ' ; the former refers to regular offices of state, the latter to 
 extraordinary appointments. 8. a rege Philippo : modifies 
 
 munera, instead of a gen. See note to p. 17, 1. 19. 9. accipere : 
 instead of ut acciperet. Cf. p. 46, 1. 32, and note. 11. prospi- 
 ceret : sc. tit. 13. erunt : 'are going to be, 1 'are destined to be. 1 
 14. sunt futuri: see note on erunt, 1. 13, above. 15. meis 
 impensis : 'at my expense, 1 i.e. at the expense of my integrity. 
 
 II. 16. prope ad annum octogesimum : B.C. 322. 
 
 21. erant expulsi: note the number; De?nosthenes cum ceteris 
 = Demosthenes et ceteri. 23. amicitiae fidem : ' the faith due 
 to friendship 1 ; amicitiae is objective gen. 26. subornarat : = 
 
 s/iborndverat, sc. Demosthenes. Subornarat here = ' secretly sup- 
 ported. 1 
 
 Page 97. 2. concidit : in 317 B.C. apud eum : 'in his 
 
 hands. 1 3. summum . . . imperium : he was strategus, or gen- 
 eral. 4. insidiari : the ace. and the inf. are used with moneretur, 
 because it is equivalent to a verb of saying. 5. idemque : i.e. 
 Dercylus. 6. Phocion negavit : negavit depends on quod like 
 concidit in 1. 2 ; the subject Phocion is expressed on account of the 
 length of the sentence. 
 
212 NOTES [Page 97 
 
 III. 13. causam agebat : ' supported the cause.' erat : 
 see note on aberat, p. 87, 1. 5. 18. superior factus : 'having 
 got the upper hand.' 17. Macedonia: abl. of separation. The 
 prep, is found with fiello in the best prose. 19. patria: see 
 note on Macedonia, 1. 17 above. 21. sua decreta: i.e. their 
 sentence of banishment, see 1. 19. 22. hue eodem : 'to this 
 same place/ i.e. ad Polyperchontem. 23. Philippum regem : 
 Philippus Arrhidaeus ; see Vocab. verbo : ' nominally, 1 con- 
 trasted with re ipsa. Note the order. 26. ex: 'in accordance 
 with.' consilii: i.e. the king's council. 
 
 IV. 32. aetatis : B. 209, 2; A. 221, a\ G. 377; H 406, 1. 
 
 Page 98. 2. commoda: 'interests.' 2. perorandi: 'of 
 
 finishing his plea.' Note the force of per-. 4. legitimis quibus- 
 dam : see Vocab. under legitimus. undecimviris : see Vocab. 
 11. In hoc: cf. In quo, p. 95, 1. 12. 12. liber: emphatic 
 position, ' no freeman.'' 
 
 XX. TIMOLEON. 
 
 Page 99. Chapter I. 1. sine dubio : modifies magmts, ' un- 
 questionably great.' 2. exstitit : 'showed himself; what is 
 the literal meaning? 3. nescio an nulli: sc. contigit, 'which 
 I rather think happened to no one.' nescio an always implies the 
 truth of the supposition. patriam, in qua erat natus : Corinth, 
 distinguished from his adopted country, Syracuse. 4. a tyranno : 
 modifies oppressam. 8. simplici: 'unvaried,' i.e. his fortune 
 was not uniformly good. What is the derivation of simplex? 
 12. particeps regni : ' partner in the sovereignty.' 13. sceleris : 
 i.e. the crime of establishing a tyranny in a free state. 15. Hac 
 mente : abl. of attendant circumstance. Cf. p. 6, 1. 23. 
 16. communem : i.e. common to his brother and himself. Since 
 haruspicem and adfinem refer to different persons, we should expect 
 per to be repeated, but Nepos rarely repeats the preposition after 
 et, -que, ac, and atque. 20. dum res conficeretur : ' until the 
 deed should be done'; the subj. shows the design of Timoleon. 
 procul : cf. note to 22, 1. 22. 24. pietatem : be careful in the 
 translation of this word. 27. detestans : do not trans, by the 
 
Page 101] TIMOLEON 2 1 3 
 
 cognate Eng. word. See Vocab. 27. compellaret : see note 
 to p. 94, 1. 14- 
 Page 100. Chapter II. 4. Syracusarum potitus est : B.C. 
 346. For an account of the murder of Dion see p. 50. For the 
 case of Syracusarum see note to p. 26, 1. 15. 5. quo . . . ute- 
 rentur : < to use 1 ; subj. of purpose. 9. utror unique : cf. note to 
 p. 67, 1. 13. 10. exstare : 'to survive,' i.e. not to be forgotten. 
 13. quem . . . detulisset: note the three interrog. words; we 
 should trans, only the first by an Eng. interrog. detulisset = 'he 
 had reduced. 1 16. dissensisse : sc. a Dioiiysio. 17. cupi- 
 ditate : sc. tyrannidis, l ambition for absolute power. 1 19. Cri- 
 nisum flumen: see Map of Italy and Spain, follows p. 94, N. 5. 
 20. fugavit : in 341 B.C. satis habere: sc. eos. 21. qui: 
 the antecedent is els, understood with liceret. tenebant : note 
 the tense. See B. 260, 4; A. 277, b, and n. ; G. 234; H. 469, 2. 
 22. cepit Mamercum : in 339 B.C. 
 
 III. 26. regiones : here means ' the country, 1 in distinction 
 from urbes. The more common expression would be agros. 
 28. els = Corinthils, implied in Corintho. 29. novis : sc. clvi- 
 bus. 32. ex: here = ' immediately after. 1 totae : an archaic 
 form for toil. Cf. alterae, p. 86, 1. 24. 
 
 Page 101. 2. dediixerant: sc. colonos, implied in urbium. 
 Arcem Syracusis : see note to p. 17, 1. 19. It is rare to join a 
 locative to any but a verbal subst. 3. Dionysius : the elder 
 Dionysius is meant. obsidendam : the meaning is the same as 
 in p. 76, 1. 17. See the note. 5. quam minime multa : 'as 
 few as possible. 1 6. tantis esset opibus : ' he had such power, 1 
 abl. of quality. invitis : sc. Skulls ; invltis is an appositive adj. 
 8. Siculorum : subjective gen. obtingre : do not trans, by 
 
 the cognate Eng. word. 11. vitae : partitive gen. with quod. 
 imperlte : 'unwisely. 1 14. sit decretum : subj. of character- 
 istic. For the tense, see note to p. 6, 1. 32. 15. quam . . . 
 sententia cognita : abl. abs. = quam . . . sententia cognita esset. 
 Nullius . . . ne comparatum quidem est : ' no one's advice was 
 compared with his, much less preferred, 1 more lit. i no one's advice 
 was, I won't say preferred, but even compared. 1 For the double 
 neg., see note to p. 52, 1. 20. 
 
2i4 NOTES [Page 101 
 
 IV. 20. lumina oculorum: i his eye-sight 1 ; lumina is pi. 
 because of the number of oculorum. Cf. summas imperii, p. 5, 1. 9. 
 23. theatrum : there are extensive remains of the great theatre of 
 Syracuse. The assemblies of the people were often held by the 
 Greeks in the theatres. 24. valetudinem : • his infirmity,' i.e. 
 his blindness. 26. superbiae : 'as pride,' dat. of purpose. 
 
 nihil . . . neque . . . neque : cf. 1. 15, above. 28. Qui qui- 
 dem : i In fact, he ' ; an additional proof of his freedom from pride. 
 29. in ea re : explained by the clause quod . . . voluisset. 
 29. agere gratias atque habere : sc. gratia??! with habere. See 
 Vocab., under gratia. 
 
 Page 102. Chapter V. 7. petulans : note the derivation and 
 meaning. huic . . . vadimonium . . . imponere : i.e. to require 
 him to give bail. See Vocab., under vadimonium. 8. se lege 
 agere : ' that he had a case at law.' dlceret : the subj. implies that 
 the claim was a false one. 9. qui . . . conarentur : ' to attempt.' 
 12. speciem : here = i the ideal,' i.e. a true picture. 14. quldam 
 . . . similis : ' a man like.' 17. voti esse damnatum : see 
 Vocab., under damno. The meaning is that he had reached the 
 summit of his hopes. 19. in qua : i that under it.' 20. vellet 
 . . . vellet : essential parts of the result clause, hence subj. 22. in 
 gymnasio : he was buried in the agora, and the gymnasium was 
 built around his tomb. celebrante : ' thronging' to the funeral. 
 
 XXI. THE KINGS. 
 
 Page 103. Chapter I. 1. fuerunt : l were ' ; the perf. is used 
 because Nepos has concluded that part of his account. Graecae 
 gentis : Nepos should have written exterdrum gentium, since Data- 
 mes and Eumenes were not Greeks. He adds this outline because 
 some of the generals were also kings. Their lives had been treated 
 at length in another book of the De Virls Illustribus. See the 
 Introduction, p. xi. qui videantur : 'who seem. 1 The pres- 
 ent expresses the opinion of Nepos at the time of writing, videantur 
 is subj. of characteristic. 5. nomine, non potestate : cf. p. 80, 
 1. 7, and the note. This is mentioned to explain the fact that the 
 full account of Agesilaus is given in the book De Ducibus, and not 
 
Page 105] HAMILCAR 2 1 5 
 
 in that De Regibus Exterarum Gentium. 6. ceteri Spartan! : 
 i.e. the other Spartan kings. 8. Hystaspi : gen. Cf. p. 9,1. 1. 
 11. eiusdem gentis : i.e. Persians ; sc. qui excellentes fuerunt, im- 
 plied in excellent issi mi fuerunt,\. 7 . 13. Xerxl : gen. 16. for- 
 mae : subjective gen. 18. manu fuit fortior : i.e. showed 
 
 greater prowess. 19. tantum : ' only so much. 1 20. pietas : 
 ' filial duty.' duo eodem nomine : * the two of the same name,' 
 i.e. Artaxerxes Macrochir and Artaxerxes Mnemon. 21. naturae : 
 dat. ; we should say, 'paid the debt of nature. 1 
 
 Page 104. Chapter II. 1. Uiius Eplrotes : sc. ?nultos cete- 
 ros Efiirotas antecessit rerum gestdrum gloria; cf. p. 103, 1. 23. 
 cum populo Romano bellavit : B.C. 281-274. 3. Unus . . . 
 Siculus : see note to line 1, above. 6. singularis : for the 
 meaning cf. p. 50, 1. 23. 8. studuit : B. 293, 11 ; A. 276, 3, n. ; 
 G. 569; H. 519, 1. eius : i.e. singularis perpetuique imperii. 
 10. maior annos sexaginta natus : = maior quam annos sexa- 
 ginta natus, lit. 'older than sixty years (old) 1 ; sexaginta annos 
 modifies natus. 
 
 III. 16. Demetrius : surnamed Poliorcetes. 17. Antigo- 
 nus : the events are not given in chronological order : Antigonus 
 fell in 301 B.C., Demetrius and Ptolemy in 283, Lysimachus in 281, 
 Seleucus in 280. 18. Pari leto : 'by a similar death, 1 i.e. in 
 proelio. 23. socer : in apposition with Demetrius ; generi modi- 
 fies custodid ; socer is placed between the two words to emphasize 
 the relationship. a : ' from, 1 ' as the result of. 1 25. alienarum 
 opum : ' aid from others. 1 28. privatus : sc. esse. 29. dic- 
 tum : sc. esse; i.e. in the book De Regibus Exterarum Gentium. 
 31. omnes in Africa natas : see note to p. 72, 1. 1. 
 
 XXII. HAMILCAR. 
 
 Page 105. Chapter I. 1. Barca: the Latin form of BdpKas 
 meaning 'lightning. 1 2. Poenico : — Pilnico. temporibus 
 extremis : ' towards the end. 1 Hamilcar came into Sicily in 247 
 B.C., seventeen years after the beginning of the war. 5. male 
 res gererentur : the Carthaginians retained only a few strongholds 
 
2l6 NOTES [Page 105 
 
 in Sicily, but held the supremacy on the sea. 6. locum : ' oppor- 
 tunity.' 7. locessivit : sc. hostem. 9. bellum eo loco ges- 
 tum non videretur : ' that the war did not seem to have been 
 finished in that quarter. 1 11. apud insulas Aegates : in 241 
 B.C. 14. serviendum: sc. esse, 'ought to be striven for'; for 
 the meaning cf. p. 69, 1. 5. 17. essent refectae : subj. in 
 implied ind. disc. Hamilcar's thought was, si res enmt refectae, 
 bellum renovabimus. 18. donicum : an archaic form of donee. 
 19. manus dedissent : 'should submit/ lit. 'should stretch out 
 their hands/ to receive the fetters. The subj. represents the design 
 of Hamilcar. 20. in quo : ' and in this matter,' i.e. in the 
 
 negotiations for peace. ferocia: 'high spirit. 1 21. com- 
 positurum : sc. si and esse. 22.. decederent : pi. because Me 
 cum suis forms the subject. ut . . . dixerit : modifies tanta 
 
 ferocia ; for the order cf. p. 7, 1. 10 fol. 24. suae . . . virtu - 
 tis : = suae virtuti convenire, see p. 83, 1. 25 ; for the case see 
 B. 187, in; A. 214, d\ G. 366, Rem. 2; H. 401. 26. cessit : 
 to the extent of letting them march out under arms. 
 
 Page 106. Chapter II. 1. se habentem: cf. p. 46, 1. 13. 
 4. cum deleta est : note the mood ; the cum clause gives the date. 
 6. abalienarunt : i.e. 'caused to revolt. 1 9. eaque impetra- 
 runt : the Romans sent no troops, but aided them in various ways. 
 10. imperatorem : in 239 B.C. 12. cum . . . facta essent : 
 i.e. although the number of the enemy had been increased to 
 more than 100,000 men. 17. tota Africa: locative abl. See 
 note to p. 1, 1. 16. 
 
 III. 21. causam : 'pretext. 1 bellandl: sc. cum Romanls. 
 23. annorum novem : cf. p. 85, 1. 10, and the note. 24. in- 
 lustris : i.e. ' of noble birth. 1 28. princeps : —primus. 
 
 Page 107. Chapter IV. 3. in Italiam . . . inferre: 'to 
 
 carry war into Italy, 1 while Italiae bellum inferre would mean ' to 
 make war on Italy. 1 4. venerat : for the tense see note to p. 17, 
 I.17. 5. erga Romanos : see note to p. 31, 1. 5. 8. Romanos 
 non experiri: i.e. than not to try conclusions with the Romans. 
 
Page 109] HANNIBAL 2 \y 
 
 XXIII. HANNIBAL. 
 
 Page 108. Chapter I. 2. ut . . . superarit : a subst. clause 
 subject of est. The usual constr. with verum est is the ace. and 
 the inf. 4. tanto . . . quanto : abl. of degree of difference. 
 imperatores : see note to p. 72, 1. 1. 6. cum eo : i.e. cum 
 populo Romano. 7. discessit superior : as we say, ' came off 
 victor.' Quod nisi : ' And if he had not ' ; quod is really the 
 neu. of the rel. pron. in the adverbial ace. = 'as to which.' Cf. 
 p. 38. 1. 5. 
 
 II. 11. erga Romanos : see note to p. 31, 1. 5, and cf. in 
 Romdnos, 1. 25 below. 12. qui quidem : i.e. as is shown by 
 the fact that he. patria : see note to p. 97, 1. 17. 14. omit- 
 tam: B. 282, 4; A. 317, c; G. 545, Rem. 3; H. 499, 2, n. 
 15. absens : i.e. without a personal interview, while he himself 
 was carrying on war with the Romans in Italy. hostem : from 
 215 to 205 B.C. 17. rubro marl: here refers to the Persian 
 Gulf. 20. consiliis : abl. of means modifying addiicerent. 
 
 regi : B. 188, 1 ; A. 235, a ; G. 350, 1 ; H. 384, 4, n. 2. 21. tam- 
 quam : i.e. 'alleging that. 1 atque : 'than.' 23. ab interio- 
 ribus consiliis : i.e. of Antiochus. 24. tempore : ' opportunity.' 
 26. puerulo me : trans, by a temporal clause modifying ftro- 
 ficlscens. 
 
 Page 109. 1. Iovi optimo maximo : the sacrifice was made 
 to Baal, the great divinity of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, 
 but the Romans identified the gods of foreign nations with their 
 own. 2. conficiebatur : the pres. with dum is the rule, unless 
 the action of the dum clause and that of the main clause are coex- 
 tensive in time. See G. 569 and 570, n. 3. 3. in castra profi- 
 cisci: i.e. to go to war. 5. fidem : for the meaning cf. p. 26, 1. 
 23, and the note. 7. tenentem : the person who took oath by a 
 god before an altar laid hold of the altar. 10. quiii . . . sim 
 futurus : the usual constr. with non dubinm. The more common 
 constr. in Nepos is, however, the inf.; see p. 1, l. 1. 13. me: 
 see note to p. 31, 1. 29. celaris : = celdveris. cum quidem : 
 'when, however.' 14. si non: why not nisi? in eo: i.e. 
 in bello or in bello parando. 
 
2 1 8 NOTES [Page 109 
 
 III. 18. detulit: 'offered. 1 19. Id: «that action,' of 
 making Hannibal commander-in-chief. delatum : l reported. 1 
 20. minor quinque et vlgintl annls natus : an unusual expres- 
 sion. Cf. p. 104, 1. 10. Hannibal was really 26 years old at the 
 time. 22. civitatem : here = urbem. vl expugnavit : 219 
 B.C. 25. duxit: in 218 B.C. 30. quo facto: abl. of cause. 
 32. muniit : ' built, 1 the regular Roman expression. 
 
 Page 110. 1. ornatus : i.e. fully equipped, contrasted with 
 
 inermis, as is repere with ire. The elephants carried towers. 
 
 IV. 4. Confilxerat . . . pepulerat : note the tense. These 
 events were concluded at the time of decemit, which begins the 
 main narration. The affair at the Rhone was a mere cavalry 
 skirmish, in which the Romans were victorious. 6. Clastidii: 
 locative, instead of ad or a.pnd with the ace, the usual expression for 
 a battle near a town; cf. apud Plataeas, p. 19, 1. 13. Nepos con- 
 fuses the battle of Clastidium with that at the Ticinus river in 218 
 B.C. 9. utrosque : see note to p. 67, 1. 13. 10. petens : 
 * on his way to, 1 in 217 B.C. 11. adficitur : historical present. 
 12. valetudine : cf. p. 101, 1. 24, and the note. 16. praeto- 
 rem : i.e. legatus pro praetore. saltus occupantem : ' while 
 holding the mountain passes. 1 He was actually defeated and killed 
 in Umbria, while marching to the aid of Flaminius. Hinc . . . 
 pervenit : the account of Hannibal's campaigns is confused and 
 inaccurate. 18. utriusque : the usual usage ; cf. utrosque, 1. 9, 
 and the note. 19. uno proelio : at Cannae, in 216 B.C. 
 Paulum : L. Aemilius Paulus. 
 
 V. 25. Q. Fabius Maximus : see note to p. 53, 1. 6. 
 28. dedit verba : see Vocab. under ve7'bum. obducta nocte : sc. 
 nubibus, ' on a cloudy night. 1 30. eiusque generis : i.e. iuven- 
 corum quorum in cor nib its sarmenta deligata erant. 32. extra 
 vallum: 'outside the rampart 1 of their camp. The Romans for- 
 tified their camp in regular order whenever they halted for the 
 night. 
 
 Page 111. 1. Hanc . . . diebus : a favorite order with 
 Nepos. Cf. 1. 18, below, and p. 20. 1. 17. 2. pari ac dictato- 
 rem imperio : the master of horse was usually the lieutenant of 
 
Page 112] HANNIBAL 219 
 
 the dictator, and Rufus held that relation to the dictator Q. Fabius 
 Maximus. He succeeded, however, in exciting distrust of the 
 'Fabian policy' (see note to p. 53, 1. 6), and finally induced the 
 people to give him equal authority with the dictator. 4. iterum 
 cdnsulem : this expression is used strictly of a man who is holding 
 his second consulship ; as Sempronius was killed after his second 
 consulship, the proper expression would be bis cdnsulem. On the 
 other hand, Marcellus, who was holding his fifth consulship when 
 he fell, should be designated as quintum (adv.) cdnsulem. Gracchus 
 was killed in 212 B.C., Marcellus in 208 B.C. 4. in Lucanis : 
 modifies sustulit. absens : i.e. through one of his lieutenants. 
 7. longum est : we should expect the subjunctive. See note to 
 p. 70, 1. 32, and the note. 8. possit : subj. of characteristic. 
 
 VI. 12. revocatus : in 203 B.C. 13. P. Scipionem : called 
 Africanns, on account of his victory over Hannibal. 16. bel- 
 lum componere : cf. p. 34, 1. 25. 18. Post . . . diebus : cf. 1. 
 1, above. 19. apud Zamam : B.C. 202. 24. ipsos : emphatic, 
 ' them ' ; i.e. he ruined the very men who expected to ruin him. 
 
 VII. 30. P. Sulpicium . . . consules : B.C. 200. His 
 . . . magistratibus : ' in their consulship.' 
 
 Page 112. 1. cumeis . . . eorum: we should expect secnm 
 and sut ; the ambassadors, however, speak of the Carthaginians as 
 a third party. 4. acceptum : adj.; see Vocab. 5. obsides 
 . . . f utiiros : a condensed expression for obsides eo loco futiiros 
 in quo ut essent rogarent. 6. remissuros : sc. se. 11. rex : 
 here stands for the highest magistrate of Carthage, the suffes, or 
 'judge.' 15. ex: 'in consequence of,' 'through.' 16. pen- 
 deretur : 'to be paid': subj. of design or purpose. 18. M. 
 Claudio . . . consulibus : B.C. 196. 20. senatus daretur : 
 ' an opportunity of addressing the senate was given them.' For the 
 mood, see note to p. 6, 1. 28. 21. Antiochum : cf. p. 108, 1. 16. 
 23. possent : subj. because it forms part of the design of the 
 Carthaginians and of the instructions given to the commander of 
 the ships. 
 
 VIII. 27. L. Cornelio . . . consulibus: B.C. 193. 
 29. si forte . . . inducere posset: 'if haply he might be able to 
 
220 NOTES [Page 112 
 
 induce, 1 a colloquial expression for ut, si forte posset, induceret. 
 29. Antiochi: objective gen. depending on spe fiduciaque. 
 31. Hue: i.e. in fines Cyrenaeornm. 
 
 Page 113. 1. H1I: i.e. Hannibal et Mago. 3. duplex 
 memoria : i.e. two accounts. 4. servulis : the diminutive has 
 no force, cf. p. 86, 1. 12. Diminutives were common in the lan- 
 guage of the people. 5. interfectum : a case of zeugma, since 
 with naufragio alone perisse would have been used; cf. p. 19, 
 1. 24. 6. eius : = Hannibalis, a careless use of the pron. 
 7. Tiber! : dat. of nearness ; the ace. is the usual construction 
 with propius. 8. Thermopylis : locative. Antiochus was de- 
 feated there in 191 B.C. de summa imperii: ' for dominion 1 ; 
 i.e. for the rule of the world. 11. Asiam : see note to p. 15, 
 1. 32. 12. Pamphylio marl: see Map of Asia Citerior, follows 
 p. 62, C. 3. 13. sui: i his own men. 1 
 
 IX. 15. fugato : the battle was fought near Magnesia, in 
 190 B.C. See Map of Greece, in the front of the book, K. 4. 
 16. si sui fecisset potestatem : i.e. if he had allowed himself 
 to be taken. Note the literal trans, and cf. p. 82, 1. 1 r. 17. quo 
 se conferret : an ind. dubitative question ; in the dir. form quo 
 me conferaml 22. summas : sc. amphor as. He filled the jars 
 nearly full of lead, and then put a little gold and silver on top of 
 the lead. 24. illorum : i.e. of the Gortynians ; cf. eis, p. 14, 
 1. 13. 27. abicit : i.e. as if they were of no value. 29. els : 
 we should expect sibi. 
 
 X. 30. Poenus inlusis Cretensibus : it was a case of ' dia- 
 mond cut diamond, 1 for both the Carthaginians and the Cretans 
 were noted for their craft. 32. neque aliud quicquam egit : 
 i.e. ' he devoted all his attention. 1 
 
 Page 114. 3. conciliabat . . . adiungebat : sc. Prusiae. 
 4. ab eo : i.e. Prusias. This happened in 184 B.C. Eumenes : 
 Eumenes II. is meant. See Vocab. 6. utrobique : i.e. et mari 
 et terra. 8. quem si removisset . . . arbitrabatur : < for he 
 thought that if he got him out of the way. 1 11. Superabatur : 
 'he was inferior,' i.e. Hannibal to Eumenes. 13. conligi : see 
 note to p. 92, 1. 7. 14. ef fecisset : ' had brought together. 1 
 
Page 116] HANNIBAL 221 
 
 17. a ceteris . . . se defendere : 'that they should be satisfied 
 merely to defend themselves against the rest. 1 19. rex . . . se fac- 
 turum : note the order. 21. els : to be taken with praemium fore. 
 
 XI. 23. Quarum : i.e. classium. 29. ducis : i.e. regis. 
 
 31. soluta epistula : cf. vincla epistulae laxavit, p. 21, 1. 15, and 
 the note. 32. Cuius rei: i.e. of sending the letter. 
 
 Page 115. 3. praecepto : 'at the command.' 5. sua 
 
 praesidia : i.e. his naval camp (castra nauticd) on shore. See 
 1. 14, below. 9. conici coepta sunt: see note to p. 58, 1. 5. 
 12. nova: 'strange. 1 
 
 XII. 19. apud: 'at the house of. 1 22. detulit : 'reported. 1 
 25. suum . . . sibique : refer to the Romans, while secum refers 
 to Prusias. 26. Prusia : another form of the nom. Prusias. 
 21. illud recusavit, ne . . . postularent : ' he objected to their 
 asking. 1 id a se fieri: for the constr. see note to p. 91, 1. 17. 
 
 32. usu : cf. p. 31, 1. 9, and the note. veniret : the subject is 
 quod accidit. 
 
 Page 116. 2. puer : 'a slave 1 ; slaves were designated as 
 puer without regard to age. 5. circumiret : 'go around to, 1 
 ' make the round of. 1 num : expecting a negative answer. It 
 implies that Hannibal had hope that not all the outlets were block- 
 aded. 7. sensit : sc. Me, = Hannibal. 8. se peti : se is the 
 emphatic word ; ' that he was the object of the attack. 1 9. alieno 
 arbitrio: see note on arbitrio, p. 18, 1. 10. 10. pristinarum 
 virtutum : ' his former deeds of valor, 1 note the plu. 
 
 XIII. 13. septuagesimo : Hannibal was sixty-three years old 
 at the earliest of the dates which Nepos gives. 14. M. Claudio 
 Marcello . . . consulibus : B.C. 183; the other dates are 182 and 
 181. 19. litteris : i.e. to composition. 21. ad Rhodios : 
 sc. oratio or liber. 21. rebus gestis : Volso conquered the 
 Galatians in 189 B.C. 22. Huius : i.e. Hannibalis. gesta : 
 instead of res gestas. Cf. p. 59, 1. 26. 23. simul : —cum eo. 
 25. hoc Sosilo . . . doctore : cf. quo . . . duce, p. 3, 1. 9, and 
 the note. 28. explicare : ' to give an account of,' i.e. in the lost 
 book, De Excellentibus Ducibus Rd?nanorum. 29. qui : i.e. utri ; 
 the distinction is not always made. 
 
222 NOTES [Page 117 
 
 XXIV. CATO. 
 
 Page 117. Chapter I. 1. muncipio : a municipium was a 
 
 town to whose inhabitants Roman citizenship had been granted. 
 
 2. daret : for the mood see note on liberaretur, p. 17, 1. 20. 
 
 3. heredium : < an hereditary estate ' of two iiigera, assigned to 
 him in the distribution of the land by the Romans. 6. in foro 
 esse : < to frequent the forum, 1 at first to get acquainted with public 
 business and the method of conducting it ; then to take an active 
 part. 7. stipendium meruit : see Vocab. under stipendium. 
 annorum septem decemque : 'at the age of seventeen,' gen. of 
 measure. See note to p. 85,1. 10. Q. Fabio . . . consulibus : 
 in 214 B.C. 9. castra secutus est: cf. in castra proficiscens, 
 p. 108, 1. 27. 10. in proelio apud Senam : known also as the 
 battle of the Metaurus River. See Map of Italy, following p. 94, 
 n. 3. The battle "was fought in 207 B.C. 12. obtigit : 'fell to 
 the lot of ' ; the quaestors were assigned by lot. This was in 205 B.C. 
 pro sortis necessitudine : for the meaning of necessitiidine, see 
 Vocab. The relations of the consul and his quaestor were usually 
 very intimate ; Cicero says that they should be like those of father 
 and son. 14. Aedilis : in 199 B.C. Praetor: in 198 B.C. 
 16. ex Africa decedens : i on his way home from Africa. 1 That 
 Ennius came back with Cato was mere chance. Cato had no love 
 for poets, and was bitterly opposed to the tendencies which Ennius 
 represented. 
 
 II. 19. consulatum gessit : in 195 B.C. sorte . . . nac- 
 tus : the provinces were assigned to the consuls by lot. 20. tri- 
 umphum deportavit : in 194 B.C. 
 
 Page 118. 4. cum quidem : ' even although, 1 ' in spite of 
 the fact that. 1 5. principatum . . . obtineret: i.e. he was the 
 most influential man in the state. Note the tense and meaning of 
 obtineret. 6. turn : ' in those days, 1 contrasted with the writer's 
 own time. potentia : ' personal influence. 1 Cf. potestas in 1. 9. 
 7. privatus in urbe mansit : i.e. he refused to accept another 
 province. 8. censor: in 184 B.C. 9. nobiles: at that time 
 the nobiles were those .whose ancestors had held such offices as 
 
Page 120J ATTICUS 223 
 
 admitted them to senatorial rank. 10. multas res novas . . . 
 addidit : i.e. he introduced many innovations into the usual edict 
 which was published by the censors on their entrance to office. 
 11. reprimei etur : subj. of purpose, qua re is relative, referring 
 to multas novas res. 12. Circiter annos octoginta : he died in 
 149 B.C., at the age of 85. 15. fecit: we should say ' suffered. ' 
 
 III. 19. probabilis : note the derivation and meaning. Nepos 
 is appraising Cato by the standard of his own times. Cato was the 
 greatest orator of his day. 20. adripuerat : ' had taken up.' 
 
 21. reperiri posset: sc. aliqnid. 24. historias : ' history. 1 
 
 26. unde quaeque civitas : i.e. the origin of each state, including 
 that of Rome, and also the history of Rome from the expulsion of 
 the kings until the first Punic war. 27. omnes : sc. libros, i.e. 
 'the whole work. 1 31. diripuit Lusitanos : in 150 B.C. In 
 
 149 Galba was tried for his mismanagement. 32. horum bello- 
 rum duces : i.e. those after the second Punic war. He spoke of 
 them merely as consul, praetor, etc. 
 
 Page 119. 3. comparet : 'are shown.' 6. studiosos 
 
 Catonis : ' those who are interested in Cato.' 
 
 XXV. ATTICUS. 
 
 Page 120. Chapter I. 2. generatus : ' descended from,' an 
 unusual use of the word. The Pompdnii claimed to be descended 
 from Pompo, a son of Numa Pompilius. perpetuo : modifies 
 obtinuit ; i.e. his ancestors were all of equestrian rank, which was 
 based on a property qualification of 400,000 sesterces (about $16,000), 
 but were not nobiles (see note to p. 118, 1. 9). 3. iisus est : 'he 
 had. 1 Cf. usus est, p. 23, 1. 2. 4. ut turn erant tempora : 
 i.e. for those times, when money was less abundant. 8. oris 
 atque vocis : cf. oris atque orationis, p. 29, 1. 9. ut 11611 
 
 s51um . . . pronuntiaret : i.e. he not only understood quickly 
 what was taught him, but was able to make good use of it. 
 10. nobilis : 'distinguished. 1 Note the derivation, and cf. p. 118, 
 1. 12. 11. generosi : here = ' high-spirited. 1 Derivation ? 
 
 12. possent: B. 283, 2, a ; A. 320, c\ G. 631, 3; H. 503, II, 3. 
 
224 NOTES [Page 120 
 
 13. suo : represents an objective gen. 14. filius : i.e. son of 
 the famous C. Marius. 
 
 II. 16. decessit : sc. e vita. 18. illius periculi: i.e. 
 that in which Sulpicius was involved. 20. Cinnano tumultu : 
 in 87 B.C. On tumultu, see note to p. 5, 1. 32. 22. pro digni- 
 tate : ' as suited his rank. 1 24. ratus : see note to p. 112, 1. 19. 
 25. Athenas se contulit : B.C. 86. 26. adulescentem Marium : 
 'the younger Marius.' See 1. 13, above. He was killed in 88 B.C. 
 
 Page 121. 4. gratiam: 'influence,' i.e. with distinguished 
 men at Rome. 5. suis : 'his own.' 6. neque . . . haberent : 
 i.e. they could not arrange it on favorable terms. 7. se inter- 
 posuit : 'came to their rescue,' i.e. by lending them the money. 
 atque ita : 'and that too on such terms.' 9. dictum esset : 
 'had been agreed,' when the loan was made. For the mood, see 
 B. 324, 1 ; A. 342; G. 663, 1 ; H. 529, 11. 11. multiplicands 
 usuris : i.e. by adding interest to principal. 12. officium : 
 
 'service.' 14. seni: note the distributive. 
 
 III. 18. possent : for the mood, cf. dictum esset, 1. 9, above. 
 haberent: 'conferred.' 21. aliquot: sc.statuds. 22. nunc : 
 i.e. Phldiam. 23. actor em auctoremque : ' agent and adviser.' 
 See note to p. 29, 1. 9. 24. primum illud : sc. fuit, of which 
 Prlmum illud is the subject, and miinus fortiinae the predicate. 
 25. imperii: modifies domicilium. 26. hoc: sc. fuit. 28. hu- 
 manitate : 'culture. 1 doctrinaque : B. 341, 4, b ; A. 208, 1 
 and 2; G. 481, 2, N. ; H. 554, 1, 6. unus . . . carissimus : 
 cf. p. 3, 1. 2. 
 
 IV. 30. Hue: i.e. Athenas. decedens : cf. p. 117,1. 16. 
 
 Page 122. 2. sermonis Latini: 'of his Latin discourse.' 
 3. ascitum : 'acquired.' 7. Noli . . . velle : this pleonasm 
 
 is not uncommon in Latin. 10. officio: 'sense of duty. 1 
 
 12. moratus : see note to p. 112, 1. 19. 13. deberet : sc. dare. 
 
 16. urbana officia : 'services in the city, 1 i.e. in Rome. ad 
 comitia eorum : i.e. when they were candidates for office. 
 
 17. nondefuit: 'he did not fail them. 1 19. fugienti: i.e. when 
 he went into voluntary exile in 58 B.C., after the return of Atticus 
 to Rome. Cicero did this to avoid banishment for putting to death 
 
Pack 123] ATTICUS 225 
 
 Lentulus and his fellow-conspirators in 63 B.C. sestertium 
 . . . mllia : about $10,000. sestertium is partitive gen. Cf. 
 note to 1. 32, below. 21. L. Cotta . . . consulibus : B.C. 55. 
 23. prosecuta est : 'attended, 1 i.e. to the ship, desiderii: sub- 
 jective gen. 
 
 V. 26. difficillima : ' most churlish,' ' very hard to get on 
 with.' 27. veritus est : ' treated with respect, 1 i.e. humored. 
 28. ad summam senectutem : i.e. of Caecilius. 29. pietatis : 
 'of his dutiful conduct.' 30. moriens : * on his death bed.' 
 31. ex dodrante: 'to the extent of three quarters' of his prop- 
 erty. Note the derivation of dodrante. 32. centiens sester- 
 tium : ' ten million sesterces,' over $400,000. sestertium is a subst. 
 in the ace. case, which with the multiplicatives = 100,000 sesterces ; 
 sestertitim in 1. 19 (note the difference in quantity) is gen. pi. of 
 sestertius. 
 
 Page 123. 5. Utebatur . . . intime : cf. p. 80, 1. 3. 9. esset : 
 subj. of characteristic, with an idea of concession. 10. essetque : 
 
 sc. Me, = Atticus. 
 
 VI. 11. re publica : ' politics.' Cf. p. 69, 1. 24. optima- 
 rum partium : i.e. optimdtium. 12. neque tamen : 'but yet 
 did not.' 13. civilibus : ' of public life.' 15. maritimis : 
 sc. fluctibus. Honores : 'public offices.' 17. possent : what 
 does the mood show? conservatis legibus : i.e. without resort- 
 ing to unlawful means, viz., to unlimited bribery (effiisis ambitus 
 largltionibus) . 18. e re publica : ' to the advantage of the State,' 
 i.e. a man could not perform the duties of his office conscientiously 
 without incurring danger. 20. hastam publicam : here = ' sales 
 of confiscated property.' The hasta publica was a spear set up as 
 a sign of the sale of booty taken in war, and usually means merely 
 'public auction.' 21. neque praes neque manceps : i.e he 
 took no part in the farming of the public revenues, either as a prin- 
 cipal (manceps) or as a surety (praes) ; the latter had a share in 
 the profits. The farmers of the revenues were in bad repute 
 on account of the extortion which was commonly practised. 
 22. accusavit : i.e. he brought no accusations against any one, nor 
 did he support any one in making complaints. The reference is 
 to public impeachments, from which the accuser derived profit. 
 
226 NOTES [Page 123 
 
 24. praefecturas : ' appointments, 1 i.e. subordinate positions under 
 governors of provinces, which might be made very lucrative. 
 
 27. voluerit : the idea is that of result, qui — usque adeo ut Me. 
 
 30. dignitati serviebat : ' had an eye to his reputation. 1 
 
 31. quoque : 'even, 1 lit. ' also, 1 i.e. as well as actual guilt. 
 
 Page 124. Chapter VII. 3. Incidit: in 49 B.C. 4. aeta- 
 tis vacatione : ' the exemption due to his time of life. 1 6. fue- 
 rant : note the tense ; the time is past with reference to dedit. 
 7. coniunctum : sc. amicitia, 'although he was a friend of his. 1 
 non offendit : i.e. by remaining at home. 8. ornamentum : 
 ' mark of distinction, 1 explained by honor es and divitias below. 
 9. honores : cf. p. 123, 1. 15. partim : = alii; partim is really 
 ace. of pars, but is sometimes used as an indecl. subst. 10. castra 
 suntsecuti: cf. p. 117,1.9. eius: i.e. Pompel. 11. quies : 
 'neutrality. 1 15. concesserit : sc. ei, i.e. ' pardoned at his 
 request. 1 vetere instituto vitae : cf. p. 123, 1. 11 fol. 
 
 VIII. 17. illud: ' the following events. 1 Occiso Caesare : 
 B.C. 44. 18. Brutos : i.e. Marcus and Decimus Brutus. 
 
 20. nullS . . . familiarius : sc. titer etur ; Me adolesce us is 
 Brutus, who was then 41 years old, while Atticus was 65. 
 22. convictu : 'daily life. 1 25. eius ordinis: i.e. ordinis 
 
 equestris. appellatus est: 'was called on, 1 ' was appealed to. 1 
 
 28. sine factione : 'without party-spirit. 1 31. usurum : sc. 
 eum, stands for the fut. ind. as a mild imperative, almost = titeretur. 
 His wealth was at the service of Brutus, as far as it would go, but 
 he would take no active part in such a plan himself. 
 
 Page 325. 4. dicis causa : ' for form's sake. 1 a consule : 
 i.e. by Antony. The provinces were Crete and Cyrene. 5. in 
 exsilium : to Macedonia and Syria, which had originally been 
 assigned to them by Caesar. 6. flSrenti : 'when in power, 1 'in 
 its prosperity, 1 appositive adj. 8. in Epiro : modifies dart ; 
 according to Cicero the money was only lent. Atticus had large 
 estates in Epirus. absens : i.e. while he (Atticus) was in Rome. 
 trecenta : sc. milia sestertium. 9. eo magis : i.e. on account of 
 the change of fortune. Cf. p. 21, 1. 2, and the note. Antonio : 
 the dat. with adtilor is not common before Livy. 
 
Page 127] ATTICUS 227 
 
 IX. 11. bellum : in 43 B.C. 13. debeam : subj. as a part 
 of the apodosis. 14. si divinatio appellanda est: 'if the term 
 inspiration ought to be applied, 1 i.e. it was neither human foresight 
 nor divine inspiration, but merely natural goodness of heart which 
 actuated Atticus and carried him through those dangerous times. 
 18. sed etiam qui: sc. el. 21. etiam : modifies exstinguere. 
 23. amicissimus esset : see note to p. 50, 1. 21. nihil els in- 
 dulsit ad . . . violandum : * did nothing to please them in the 
 way of injuring Antony.' 26. ea tribuit : 'he did so much. 1 
 28. distineretur : sc. ea. 30. nullum . . . stiterit vadimo- 
 nium : 'never answered her bail, 1 i.e. appeared in court. Cf. p. 
 102, 1. 7. 32. secunda fortuna : ' in the time of her prosperity. 1 
 in diem : i.e. to be paid for at some future time. 
 
 Page 126. 1. versuram facere . . . se interposuit : cf. p. 
 121, 1. 6 and 7. 6. Quae cum faciebat : 'at the time he did 
 this. 1 B. 288, 1, a; A. 325,^; G. 580; H. 521,11, 1. 10. sui 
 iudicii : 'a man of independence, 1 gen. of quality. 
 
 X. 13. Conversa . . . fortuna est : by the formation of 
 the second triumvirate in 43 B.C. 14. nemo non : an emphatic 
 'every one. 1 putarat: = putaverat. For the mood see note on 
 possumus, p. 70. 1. 32. 16. ad adventum. : 'just before the 
 arrival. 1 imperatorum : 'of the triumvirs, 1 Octavius, Lepidus, 
 and Antonius. de foro decesserat : 'he had withdrawn from 
 public business 1 ; cf. in ford esse, p. 117,1. 16. 17. apud : cf. 
 p. 115, 1. 19. 22. Hoc quoque : sc. est. 23. cognorat : = 
 cognoverat. 25. ferebatur in: cf. p. 35, 1. 22. 28. officii: 
 'kindness 1 ; cf. p. 123, 1. 23 fol. 
 
 Page 127. 2. ab eo : i.e. Cano. 4. hieme : 'storm. 1 
 6. civilibus : ' political. 1 
 
 XI. 7. se emersit : eniergo is usually intransitive. nihil 
 aliud egit : 'he aimed at nothing else. 1 9. praemiis : abl. of 
 cause. 10. in Epirum : see note on in Eftiro, p. 125, 1. 8. 
 defuerit: subj. of result. 12. proelium Philippense : 'the 
 battle of Philippi, 1 B.C. 42. Cf. note to p. 17, 1. 19. 16. Diffi- 
 cile est: see note to 1. 14, above. 18. temporariam : see 
 Vocab. 19. florentibus : see note to p. 125, 1. 6. 20. qui 
 
228 NOTES [Page 127 
 
 quidem: 'since for instance he. 1 22. titens : 'practising. 1 
 24. oblivisci quam ulcisci : sc. earn = iniuriam. 28. videa- 
 tur : pies, of an existing state of affairs. The author of the verse 
 which follows is unknown, sul is pronounced as a monosyllable, 
 and cut as a dissyllable ; hominibus is in apposition with cuique — 
 cuique hominum. 30. Neque tamen ille : 'And yet he did 
 
 not. 1 The meaning is that Atticus did not mould his own fortune, 
 but made himself worthy of the best fortune. qui cavit: ' inas- 
 much as he took care. 1 
 
 Page 128. Chapter XII. 2. adulescenti Caesari: 'the 
 younger Caesar, 1 referring to C. Octavius, who, after his adoption 
 by Julius Caesar, took the name of C. Julius Caesar Octavianus. Cf. 
 adulescentem Marium,p. 120, 1. 26. 3. nullius condicionis non 
 haberet potestatem : = a strong affirmative, ' had the opportunity 
 of forming any (matrimonial) alliance whatever. 1 5. generosa- 
 rum nuptiis : ' to marriage with ladies of noble birth. 1 7. trium- 
 virum : partitive gen. = units ex triumviris. The marriage was 
 arranged in 37 B.C., when Octavian and Antony met at Tarentum. 
 8. augere : i.e. by taking possession of the property of proscribed 
 citizens. 10. ea: = gratia. 12. sub ipsa : ' just at the time 
 of. 1 perinlustre : 'very evident. 1 13. L. Saufei: modifies 
 bona in 1. 16. sui : instead of eius because Atticus is virtually 
 the subject of the sentence. See B. 244, 4; A. 196, c\ G. 309, 2; 
 H. 449, 3. 16. consuetudine ea : 'in accordance with the 
 custom, 1 i.e. of proscribing rich men merely for the sake of seizing 
 their property. 19. L. Iulium Calidum : object of expedlvit in 
 1. 26. Calidus is unknown except for this reference. quern : 
 object of tulisse. We should say ' the most graceful poet that our 
 time has produced. 1 23. equitum : the equites as a class had 
 favored Brutus and Cassius. 26. in praesenti : modifies labo- 
 riosius. 21. in eorum periculis : i.e. in periculis Saufei et 
 Calidi. 
 
 Page 129. Chapter XIII. 1. omnibus optimis rebus usus 
 est : ' enjoyed the best of everything. 1 4. silva : 'park, 1 'grove. 1 
 tectum: 'the building. 1 5. salis : 'taste. 1 7. familia : 
 
 'household, 1 i.e. slaves. 8. forma: 'beauty, 1 'display 1 ; the 
 wealthy Romans laid much stress on the beauty of their slaves. 
 
Pace 130] ATTICUS 229 
 
 pueri: = servi ; cf. p. 116, 1. 2, and the note. 10. utrumque 
 horum : implied in anagnostae and librarii. 11. pari modo : sc. 
 in ea {familia) erant. 12. cultus domesticus deslderat : ' the 
 management of a house requires. 1 born: appositive adj. with 
 ceteri ; apprimi is not used by Cicero or Caesar. 14. factum : 
 ' trained. 1 16. videas : sc. concupisci. For the mood see B. 
 302. 3 ; A. 309, a ; G. 625, Rem. 3 ; H. 508, 5, 2). continentis : 
 B. 198, 3 ; A. 214, d\ G. 366, Rem. 2 ; H. 401, n. 2 ; so dlligentiae 
 in 1. 18. 18. elegans : sc. erat. splendidus : 'stylish.' 
 
 19. omnesque dlligentia . . . adfectabat : 'his every effort 
 aimed at.' 20. Supellex : sc. erat. 21. in ueutram partem : 
 i.e. neither as too much or too little. conspici: i.e. 'attract 
 attention. 1 23. putem : the subj. with quamqiiam is not a 
 classical construction. 25. terna milia : sc. sestertium ; about 
 $120. 26. ex ephemeride : 'according to his account-book. 1 
 expensum ferre : 'to enter as expended. 1 27. solitum : sc. 
 esse, depends on praeterlbo. non audltum, sed cognitum : 
 ' not from hearsay, but from personal knowledge. 1 
 
 Page 130. Chapter XIV. 3. abhorrerent: subj. of charac- 
 teristic, tanta pecuniae . . . accessio : through the inheri- 
 tance from his uncle. See p. 122, 1. 30. 6. sestertio viciens : 
 2,000,000 sesterces (over $80,000). See note to p. 122, 1. 32. 
 parum se splendide : i.e. with any lack of style. 7. sestertio 
 centiens : 10,000,000 sesterces. 8. parique fastigio : i.e. on the 
 same high level. 11. omnisque . . . reditus constabat : he 
 also derived revenue from money lending, from book publishing, 
 and from dealing in gladiators. 14. ratione : i.e. the method 
 of its investment. 
 
 XV. 16. Itaque : 'And to such an extent.' 18. Quid- 
 quid rogabatur : i.e. si quid rogabatur. 19. religiose: 'scru- 
 pulously, 1 i.e. with regard to his ability to fulfil his promise. 
 21. adnuisset : cf. videret, p. 25, 1. 8. 22. mandatam : sc. 
 rem. 23. negotii eum pertaesum est: B. 209, : , A. 221, b; 
 G. 377; H. 409, in. suam existimationem : 'his reputation.' 
 suam stands for an objective gen. Cf. p. 27, 1. 9. 24. agi: 
 'was at stake. 1 28. iudicio : 'from conviction, 1 'on principle. 1 
 fugisse : sc. eum. 
 
230 NOTES [Page 130 
 
 XVI. 30. adulescens Idem . . . senex : ' he was both in 
 his youth . . . and in his old age.' 
 
 Page 131. 1. Quamquam : < And yet,' ' But after all.' 2. ut : 
 i.e. usque eo ut. 4. facit : sc. Cicero. 5. in vulgus : 'for the 
 general public.'' sSdecim volumina epistularum : these letters 
 are still extant. They cover the period from 68 B.C., five years 
 before Cicero's consulship, to 44 B.C., the year before his death. 
 7. legat . . . desideret : a less vivid future condition. 9. stu- 
 diis : 'party-strife.' vitiis : ' errors in judgment.' 11. appa- 
 reat : 'is clear,' 'is manifest.' 12. divinationem : cf. p. 125, 
 1. 14. 14. usu veniunt : cf. p. 31, 1. 9. cecinit : the regular 
 word of prophetic utterances, since the responses of oracles and 
 the like were given in a metrical form. 
 
 XVII. 15. pietate: ' affection,' for his relatives. 16. hoc 
 ipsum : object of gloriantem. This constr. is confined to neu. 
 prons. and num. adjs. 17. annorum : cf. p. 85, 1. 10. 19. in 
 gratiam redisse : 'had never been reconciled,' i.e. it had never 
 been necessary, since they had never quarrelled. 20. habebat : 
 what does the mood show? How should quam be translated? 
 
 23. deberet : the mood shows that this was the view of Atticus. 
 
 24. el: i.e. naturae. 25. doctrina : 'on account of his train- 
 ing, 1 i.e. in philosophy. 26. habuit percepta : differs in mean- 
 ing from perceperat. The idea is that he had mastered them, and 
 had them available for the conduct of his life. 
 
 XVIII. 29. habuit cognitam : see note on 1. 26, above. 
 31. magistrates ordinavit : ' has given the lists of offices.' The 
 work was called Annates, and was published in 47 B.C. It gave an 
 outline of Roman history until 54 B.C., with a list and genealogy of 
 the curule magistrates for each year. Cf. p. 132, 1. 9 fol. 
 
 Page 132. 1. in eo : sc. libro. suo tempore: 'at its 
 
 proper time.' See B. 244, 4; A. 196,^; G. 309, 2; H. 449, 2. 
 3. propagines : ' lineage,' a poetic use of the word. 7. Marcelli 
 Claudii, Marcellorum : a condensed expression. Cf. the preced- 
 ing sentence, and sc. Marcelli Claudii rogatu Marcellorum familiam 
 . . . enumeravit ; so with Scipionis . . . Aemiliorum, below. Note 
 the inversion of the names Claudii Marcelli and Scipionis Cornelii, 
 
Page 133] ATTICUS 23 1 
 
 a not uncommon practice with Latin writers. 11. attigit : as 
 we say, 'dipped into/ 'tried his hand at/ 12. honore : political 
 ' distinction. 1 14. imaginibus : ' portraits. 1 The reference is, 
 perhaps, to an illustrated work, consisting of portraits of distin- 
 guished men with a few descriptive verses ; or the verses may have 
 been written under the busts in Atticus's house on his estate in 
 Epirus. 16. quod : ace. of specification. 
 
 XIX. 19. Attico vivo : Atticus died in 32 B.C. 21. re- 
 rum exemplis : ' actual instances, 1 more literally, ' instances drawn 
 from facts. 1 22. supra: p. 127, 1. 28. 25. imperatoris 
 Divi filii : ' of the imperator, son of the deified Julius. 1 Since 
 Julius Caesar was the only one on whom divine honors had been 
 conferred, he is referred to merely as Divi. 28. dignitate pari, 
 fortuna humiliores : sc. quam Octavianus . The reference is to 
 the other political leaders (principes), such as Caesar, Antony, 
 Brutus, etc., who were of equal worth with Octavian, but less 
 favored by fortune. 29. Caesarem : i.e. Octavian. Cf. note 
 to p. 128, 1. 2. est consecuta : 'attended. 1 30. concilia- 
 rit: = conciliaverit, sc. ei, 'gained for him. 1 
 
 Page 133. 1. Ti. Claudio NerSni: he was afterward the 
 emperor Tiberius. 3. necessitudinem : ' relationship. 1 
 
 XX. 10. quam vellet : 'than he could wish, 1 potential 
 subj., representing velim in the thought of Cicero. frueretur : 
 ' enjoyed the society of. 1 14. eius : we should say 'from him 1 ; 
 subjective gen. Ex quo : ' from this circumstance, 1 i.e. from 
 their friendly relations. 16. incuria : note the derivation, 
 detecta : ' which had lost its roof. 1 prolaberetur : note 
 the tense. 18. absens : 'when separated from him, 1 i.e. 
 when Antony was abroad and Atticus was at home in Rome. 
 19. accurate : ' fully, 1 modifies certiorem facer e Atticum, which 
 depends on curae sibi haberet. 20. Hoc quale sit : ' what 
 this means. 1 22. usum: 'intimacy, 1 referring both to personal 
 intercourse and to correspondence. 24. quantum fuit necesse : 
 sc. intercedere. 
 
 XXI. 30. bonitate: cf. p. 125, 1. 14. 32. indiguisset: 
 
 'he had not needed 1 ; note the tense, indiguisset is independent 
 
232 NOTES [Page 133] 
 
 of usus esset so far as its tense is concerned. Cf. note to p. 6, 1. 32. 
 nactus est : as we say, ' he caught.' 
 
 Page 134. 2. tenesmon : 'dysentery. 1 6. fistulae puris : 
 4 discharges of matter,' 'ulcers.' 7. accideret : cf. note to p. 6, 
 1. 28. 14. Quibus : has for its antecedent vos ; trans, as if it 
 were vobls. 
 
 XXII. 23. ex domo in domum : ' from one house to an- 
 other'; see note on p. 27, 1. 25. 26. et . . . reservaret : sc. 
 ut, implied in ne. 27. temporibus : 'the crisis.' 30. pro- 
 positum : ' his purpose.' 32. Kal. : = Kalendas. Cn. Domitio 
 . . . consulibus : B.C. 43. 
 
 Page 135. 1. lecticula : ' a common bier,' the force of the 
 diminutive. 2. bonis: here, distinguished from vulgl, means 
 ' well-to-do people,' ' society.' 4. ad quintum lapidem : ' at the 
 fifth milestone.' Burial within the city was prohibited by law. 
 
EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO 
 LATIN. 
 
 In the following exercises no attempt has been made to prepare a series 
 of graded lessons in Latin syntax, but merely to illustrate the language and 
 constructions of the text on which they are based. 
 
 The sentences are intended for rapid oral work, to increase the pupil's 
 vocabulary, to train him in expressing himself fluently in Latin, and to cultivate 
 the habit of carefully noting the meaning of all the Latin words while reading. 
 The continuous passages may be written or recited orally. It is strongly 
 recommended that when they are written the pupil mark the quantity of all the 
 long vowels. 
 
 References like this, p. 6, I. 14, are to the pages and lines of the Text; they 
 refer sometimes to the meaning and sometimes to the construction, and should 
 be used carefully. Words between parentheses are to be omitted in translating 
 into Latin. 
 
 I. MILTIADES. 
 
 i . Miltiades, the son of Cimon, was the most prominent * of 
 all the Athenians. 2. It happened that the Athenians had 
 good hope of Miltiades. 3. Miltiades was of such an age that 
 his fellow-citizens had good hope of him. 4. When the Athe- 
 nians wished to send settlers to the Chersonesus, many wished 
 to take 2 part in the expedition. 5 . The Athenians are said to 
 have sent delegates 3 to Delphi to consult the oracle. 6. Let 
 us ask the Pythia whom we shall employ 4 as our leader. 7. It 
 will be necessary 5 to fight with the Thracians, who possess the 
 Chersonesus. 8. The Pythia said that if the Athenians should 
 employ Miltiades as their leader, they would succeed 6 in their 
 undertakings. 9. The Lemnians said to Miltiades that they 
 would submit 7 themselves to the power of the Athenians when 
 
 1 p. 3, 1. 3. 3 p. 3, 1. 8. 5 p. 3, 1. n. ~ p. 3, 1. 16. 
 
 - p- 3, i- 8. 4 p. 3, 1. 10. 6 p. 3, 1. 13. 
 
 233 
 
234 
 
 EXERCISES FOR 
 
 he could set out from Athens with a ship and come to Lemnus 
 with a north wind. 10. The north wind will blow in the faces 
 of those who have set out from Athens to Lemnus. 
 
 ii. Miltiades in a short time got possession of the whole Cher- 
 sonesus. 12. Although Miltiades had royal power, 1 he held it 
 with the consent of those who had sent him to the Chersonesus. 
 13. When Miltiades had made himself a home in the Cher- 
 sonesus, he demanded that the Lemnians should give up their 
 city to him. 14. Since Miltiades had a home in the Chersone- 
 sus, he could sail to Lemnus with a north wind. 15. Miltiades 
 said that the city would have 2 to be given up, since he had 
 sailed from his home to Lemnus with a north wind. 16. Since 
 the matter had turned out contrary to their expectation, the 
 Lemnians gave up their city to Miltiades. 17. The Lemnians 
 said that they did not dare to hold 3 the city, although the 
 matter had turned out contrary to their expectation. 
 
 18. Darius, king of the Persians, led his army from Asia into 
 Europe in order to make war on the Scythians. 19. Darius 
 gave orders 4 that a bridge be made across the river Hister, and 
 that it be held while he was away. 20. Miltiades said that 
 since Darius was hard pressed by the Scythians, an opportunity 
 was given the guards of the bridge to free Greece. 21. If 
 Darius had perished with the forces which he led with him, 
 Europe would have been freed from the rule of the Persians. 
 22. If the bridge be cut down, it will happen 5 that the king 
 will perish within a few days. 23. They say that Histiaeus of 
 Miletus prevented the thing from being done. 24. If Darius 
 shall be slain, we shall suffer 6 punishment at the hands of 
 our fellow-citizens. 25. It is expedient for us to strengthen 
 the royal power, because our own rule depends upon it. 
 26. Miltiades said that he left the Chersonesus, because he did 
 not doubt that 7 his designs would come to the ears of the king. 
 
 1 p. 4, 1. 4. 3 p. 3, 1. 10. 5 p. 3, 1. 6. "' Use quia and the subj. 
 
 2 p. 3, 1. 11. 4 p . 3) 1. I2 . 6 p# s> 1. u. 
 
TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 
 
 235 
 
 27. When Darius returns 1 from Europe into Asia, his friends 
 will urge him to prepare a fleet in order to reduce Greece 
 under his power. 28. Darius said that the Ionians had stormed 
 Sardis with the aid of the Athenians. 29. Datis said that 
 he would take Eretria and send all the citizens to the king. 
 30. Nepos says that the plain of the Marathon 2 is distant 
 about ten miles from the city of Athens. 31. If the Athenians 
 had not been terrified by the great danger, they would not have 
 sent Phidippus to Lacedaemon to 3 ask for help. 32. There 
 will be need of as prompt aid as possible, if you do not wish 
 the city of Athens to be reduced under the power of the Per- 
 sians. ^^. They say that there is a discussion 4 among the 
 generals, whether to protect themselves by the city walls or to 
 go against the enemy. 
 
 34. Nepos says that a thousand soldiers 5 came from Plataea 
 as aid to the Athenians. 35. Miltiades said that the soldiers 
 would be fired 6 with a wonderful eagerness for battle. 36. Mil- 
 tiades will urge 7 the Athenians to lead their forces from the 
 city and to draw up a line of battle. 37. Miltiades said to the 
 Athenians, " If you draw up your line of battle at the foot of a 
 mountain, you will be protected by the height of the mountain, 
 and the enemy will be prevented by the trees from 8 surround- 
 ing you." 38. Datis desired to fight before the Lacedaemonians 
 came to the aid of the Athenians. 39. If the Persians had not 
 been greatly terrified, they would have gone to the ships and 
 not to the camp. 
 
 40. Nepos says that the reward which was given to Miltiades 
 shows that the nature of all states is the same. 41. Nepos 
 said that Miltiades freed 9 Athens and all Greece from the rule 
 of the Persians. 10 42. The Athenians are said to have been 
 
 1 p. 3, 1. 13. 6 See note to p. 6, 1. 15. 8 p. 6, 1. 25. 
 
 2 P- 5. 1- 3°- 6 P- 6. 1. 17. 9 p. 4, 1- 32. 
 8 P- 3. 1- 9 ; P- 3. !• I2 - 7 P- 4. 1- 31- 10 P- $> ] - 4- 
 
 4 p. 6, 1. 6. 
 
236 EXERCISES FOR 
 
 so corrupted that they voted thirty statues for Demetrius of 
 Phalerum. 
 
 43. Miltiades, with the fleet of seventy ships which the 
 Athenians had given him, took several of the islands by 
 storm. 44. When Miltiades had surrounded Paros with siege 
 works, he was on the point of capturing the city. There was 
 a grove on the mainland which caught fire by some chance, 
 and since Miltiades feared that it was a signal that the king's 
 fleet was coming, he returned to Athens. 45. Nepos says that 
 Miltiades was accused of treason because he had not captured 
 Paros, and fined fifty talents ; and that because he was not able 
 to pay the money, he died in the public prison. 46. Since 
 Pisistratus had been tyrant a few years before, the people said 
 that it was better for Miltiades to be punished, although he was 
 innocent, than that they should be longer in fear. 
 
 When the Athenians wished to send settlers to the Cherso- 
 nesus, they did not know whom to choose as their leader. 
 Therefore they sent to Delphi to consult the oracle. When 
 the delegates came to Delphi, the Pythia told them that if they 
 chose Miltiades as their leader, they would prosper in all their 
 undertakings. 
 
 After Miltiades had been chosen leader, he set out for the 
 Chersonesus, but on the way he went to Lemnus, and wished 
 to reduce the inhabitants of that island under the power of the 
 Athenians. The Lemnians said that if he should come from 
 his home to Lemnus with a north wind, they would surrender 
 themselves. Miltiades went on to the Chersonesus, and after 
 he had in a short time routed the forces of the barbarians, he 
 got possession of the entire region and decided to remain there. 
 When he had made himself a home in the Chersonesus, he sailed 
 with a north wind to Lemnus and demanded that the inhabitants 
 should surrender themselves to him. And it is said that the 
 Lemnians did not dare refuse, but left the island. 
 
TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 
 
 237 
 
 After King Darius had made war on the Scythians, and had 
 been unsuccessful/ he was urged by his friends to reduce Greece 
 under his power. Accordingly he built a fleet, of which Datis 
 and Artaphernes were given the command, 2 and sent it against 
 the Athenians. They went first to Eretria, which they captured, 
 and then to Attica, where they encamped in the plain of Mara- 
 thon, which is about ten miles from the city. The Athenians 
 sent to Lacedaemon to ask for aid, and also elected ten generals 
 at home, one of whom was Miltiades. 
 
 It is said that there was a dispute among the generals, 
 whether to go to meet the enemy or to remain 3 in the city, 
 but that Miltiades persuaded them to fight. 4 He drew up his 
 troops at the foot of a mountain, together with a thousand 
 Plataean soldiers who had come to the aid 5 of the Athenians. 
 The Persians attacked them, but were utterly defeated. 
 
 II. THEMISTOCLES. 
 
 i. Nepos says that few are considered equal to Themistocles 
 inability. 2. It happened 6 that Themistocles so neglected his 
 property that he was disinherited by his father. 3. He thought 
 that he must devote 7 himself wholly to his country, in order to 
 blot out the disgrace. 4. Thucydides tells us that Themis- 
 tocles judged present events very sagaciously, and formed con- 
 jectures about future events very clearly. 
 
 5. Themistocles will be made general by the people, to carry 
 on the war with Corcyra. 6. Let us persuade the people to 
 build a fleet with the money which comes from the mines. 
 7. When Themistocles had persuaded the Athenians to build a 
 fleet, they became so skilled in naval war that they crushed the 
 Corcyreans. 8. The report was brought to Athens that Xerxes 
 was going to make war on all Europe both by land and by sea. 
 
 1 p. 4, 1. 30. 3 p. 4, 1. 3. 5 p. 6, 1. 28. 7 p. 9, 1. 11 ; p. 3, 1. 11. 
 
 2 p. 5, 1. 23. 4 p. 6, 1. 28. « p. 3, 1. 6. 
 
238 EXERCISES FOR 
 
 9. If the Athenians had not sent to Delphi, they would not 
 have known ' what to do about their affairs. 10. The Pythia 
 told the Athenians that if they fortified themselves with wooden 
 walls, it would be a means of safety 2 for all Greece, n. Be- 
 cause the Athenians thought that the ships were the wooden 
 walls, they embarked 3 upon them with all their movable 
 property. 4 
 
 12. Since very many of the citizens thought it would be bet- 
 ter to fight on land, they sent a band 5 of picked men to take 
 possession of Thermopylae. 13. Leonidas and the Lacedae- 
 monians died at Thermopylae in order that they might prevent 6 
 the barbarians from advancing further. 14. Themistocles will 
 fight a naval battle at Artemisium, in order that he may not be 
 surrounded by the enemy's ships. 15. If a part of the enemy's 
 ships round 7 Euboea, we shall be assailed by a double danger. 
 
 16. Themistocles said that if the Greeks should scatter and 
 withdraw to their own homes, they would perish. 17. The 
 slave who has been sent by Themistocles to the king will 
 announce to him that the Greeks are in flight. 18. Themis- 
 tocles compelled the Greeks to fight against their will. 
 19. Xerxes is said to have been conquered at Salamis because 
 he could not use his great number of ships in the strait. 8 
 
 20. When Xerxes had been unsuccessful in the battle, he was 
 informed by Themistocles, who feared that he would continue 
 to wage war, that the Greeks would destroy the bridge which 
 he had made over the Hellespont. 21. Xerxes is said to have 
 returned to Asia in less 9 than thirty days by the same road by 
 which he had marched into Europe in six months. 22. The 
 battle which was fought at Salamis may be compared with that 
 of Marathon. 
 
 23. Themistocles surrounded the triple harbor of the Piraeus 
 
 1 p. 10, 1. 13. 4 p. io, 1. 20. 7 p. 11,1.4. 
 
 2 p. 10, 1. 3. 5 p. 7, 1. 3. 8 p. ii, 1. 26. 
 
 3 p. 10, 1. 17. 6 p. 6, 1. 25. 9 p. 12, 1. 4. 
 
TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 
 
 239 
 
 with walls. 24. The Lacedaemonians said that if any city out- 
 side of the Peloponnesus had walls, the enemy would take 
 possession of them. 25. Themistocles will restore the walls 
 at special personal risk, 1 because the Lacedaemonians have 
 attempted to prevent the Athenians from- building them. 
 26. The Lacedaemonians knew that the Athenians had gained so 
 much glory because they had crushed the Persians at Marathon 
 and at Salamis, that they would have to contend 3 with them for 
 the hegemony. 3 27. Let us send ambassadors to Athens, to pre- 
 vent the citizens from surrounding the city with walls. 28. The 
 other ambassadors will not return until they see that the walls 
 are high enough to protect. 4 29. Let us spare no place, but 
 let us collect from all sides what is suitable for fortifying the 
 city. 30. Nepos says that the walls of Athens were made of 
 shrines and tombs. 
 
 31. When Themistocles had come to Lacedaemon, he said 
 that he did not wish to go before the magistrates until his col- 
 leagues came. 32. Themistocles attempted to deceive the 
 Lacedaemonians, in order that the Athenians might surround 
 their city with walls, 33. When the ambassadors said that not 
 much of the fortification remained (unfinished), Themistocles 
 said to the Lacedaemonians that they ought 5 to send trustworthy 
 men to look into the matter. 34. Do not let the ambassadors 
 of the Lacedaemonians go until I myself have been released. 
 35. After the city had been surrounded by high walls, Themis- 
 tocles said that the Athenians had done it by his advice, 6 and 
 that what they had done was advantageous to the whole of 
 Greece. 36. The Lacedaemonians will act unjustly, if they do 
 not send Themistocles back to Athens. 
 
 37. Since Themistocles could not escape the envy of his 
 fellow-citizens, he went to live at Argos. 38. Although 7 Themis- 
 tocles had been driven from Athens by ostracism 8 and had gone 
 
 1 p. 12, 1. 16. 3 p. 12, 1. 25. 5 p. 12, 1. 18. 7 p. 11. 1. 29. 
 
 2 p. 6, 1. 25. 4 p. 12, 1. 31. 6 p. 13, 1. 23. s p # i^ t i # 2. 
 
240 EXERCISES FOR 
 
 to Argos to live, he was accused in his absence by the Lacedae- 
 monians, who alleged ' that he had made a league with the king 
 of Persia to overthrow Greece. 39. The chief men of Corcyra 
 said that they were afraid that the Lacedaemonians and Atheni- 
 ans would make war on them because they had received Themis- 
 tocles. 40. In order that the king of the Molossians might 
 protect him, Themistocles is said to have taken the king's little 
 son and to have fled into a shrine. He said that he would not 
 come out of the shrine until the king received 2 him under his 
 protection. 41. "If I am carried by the storm to Naxos," 
 said Themistocles, " I must perish, since the army of the 
 Athenians is there." 42. Themistocles told the master of the 
 ship who he was, and said that he would give him many gifts 
 if he would save him. 43. When the master of the ship was 
 seized with pity and had taken Themistocles to Ephesus, the 
 latter said that afterwards he would requite 3 him for his service. 
 44. Although many have written that Themistocles went 
 to Asia when Xerxes was king, Nepos says that he believes 
 Thucydides when he says that Themistocles went to Artaxerxes. 
 45 . Themistocles, in the letter which he wrote to King Artaxerxes, 
 said that although he had inflicted very many injuries on the 
 Persians, he would be a good friend of the king if he should 
 obtain his friendship. 46. Themistocles said that he had 
 informed Xerxes by a letter that the Greeks were going to 
 destroy the bridge which the king had made over the Helles- 
 pont. 47. The king said that he would pardon Themistocles, 
 because he admired his high spirit. 4 48. After Themistocles 
 had given the space of a year to the literature and language of 
 the Persians, he was able to speak more elegantly than the 
 native Persians. 49. The king said : " I will give you three 
 cities, — Magnesia to furnish you with bread, Lampsacus from 
 which you may get wine, and Myus to supply you with dainties." 
 
 1 Express by quod and the subj. ; cf. p. 14, 1. 8. 2 p. 14, 1. 20. 
 
 3 p. 15, 1. 24. 4 p. 14, 1. 20. 5 p. 15, 1. 2. 
 
TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 
 
 241 
 
 50. Many writers say that Themistocles was not able to keep 
 his promise to the king, and that, therefore, he took poison ; 
 but Thucydides, who was nearest 1 to Themistocles in time, 
 says that he died a natural death. 2 
 
 Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to build a fleet with 
 the money which came in from the mines, in order that they 
 might become skilled in naval warfare. When Xerxes invaded 
 Greece with a great army, and wished especially to attack 3 
 the Athenians, because they had defeated Darius at Marathon, 
 this fleet was a means of safety for all Greece ; for with it 
 Themistocles fought with 4 Xerxes at Salamis and conquered 
 him. 
 
 Although Themistocles had been a means of great glory to 
 the Athenians in peace and in war, he was not requited accord- 
 ing to his deserts ; for on account of the envy of his fellow- 
 citizens he was driven from the city and forced to go to Argos, 
 and afterwards to Persia. Artaxerxes pardoned 5 him for the 
 many evils which he had inflicted on his house and gave him 
 many gifts. Themistocles had promised that he would over- 
 throw Greece, and since he could not fulfil his promises he is 
 believed by many to have taken poison. 
 
 III. ARISTIDES. 
 
 Aristides, who was of about the same age as Themistocles, 
 was called the Just on account of his integrity. But neverthe- 
 less, Themistocles, who excelled him in eloquence, was able to 
 cause him to be punished by ostracism with a ten years' exile. 
 It is said that Aristides himself saw a man writing the name of 
 Aristides upon a potsherd, in order that he might be banished 
 from his country, and that when he asked him what Aristides 
 had done that he should be considered worthy of such a pun- 
 
 1 p. 15, 1. 6. 2 p. 16, 1. 10. 3 p. 10, 1. 12. 4 p. 10, 1. 32. 5 p. 15, 1. 25. 
 
242 EXERCISES FOR 
 
 ishment, the man said that he did not like it because Aristides 
 had worked so hard to be called the Just. 
 
 Nepos tells us that Aristides was recalled to his native coun- 
 try six years after he had been banished, and that he took part 
 in the battles of Salamis and Plataea ; but that his most glori- 
 ous deed was that he caused the leadership on the sea to 
 be transferred from the Lacedaemonians to the Athenians. 
 
 IV. PAUSANIAS. 
 
 The most illustrious deed 1 of Pausanias the Lacedaemonian 
 was that he defeated Mardonius at Plataea. After the battle of 
 Plataea, Pausanias was so elated by the victory, that he wrote 
 on the tripod which he set up at Delphi that he had conquered 
 the Lacedaemonians at Plataea. The Lacedaemonians, however, 
 when they had erased the epigram which Pausanias had written, 
 wrote nothing but the names of the States whose forces had 
 been present 2 at the battle. 
 
 Pausanias is said to have stormed Byzantium, and to have 
 taken several relatives of the king, and when he learned that 
 they were his relatives, to have sent them to the king as a gift. 
 He promised that if the king would give him his daughter in 
 marriage, he would crush 3 Sparta and the rest of Greece. The 
 king replied that if Pausanias did what he had promised, he 
 would give him his daughter in marriage, but before Pausanias 
 could act 4 he was recalled to Lacedaemon. 
 
 When Pausanias not long afterward had returned to the 
 army of his own accord, he is said not only to have changed 
 his native habits, but also to have assumed royal state, and to 
 have banqueted more luxuriously than the Spartans could 
 endure. As soon as the Lacedaemonians knew that he was 
 unwilling to return to Sparta, and had formed plans unfriendly 
 
 1 p. 17, 1. 23. 2 p. 17, 1. 19. 3 p. 15, 1. 31. 
 
 , 4 p. 6, 1. 23 ; p. 20, 1. 13. 
 
TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 
 
 243 
 
 to his country, they are said to have sent ambassadors to him 
 to order him to return home. 
 
 When Pausanias had returned to Sparta, the Lacedaemonians 
 feared that he would stir up the Helots, who perform the ser- 
 vice of slaves among the Lacedaemonians, by promising them 
 that he would give them liberty ; but although/ according to 
 the laws of Sparta, any ephor might throw the king into prison, 
 they did not wish to arrest Pausanias until they had clear 1 
 proof. Now there was a youth from Argilus, to whom Pausa- 
 nias had given a letter for Artabazus. He suspected that Pau- 
 sanias had written something about him, because no one of 
 those who had carried letters from Pausanias to Artabazus had 
 ever returned. So he opened 2 the letter and found that 
 Pausanias had ordered that he be killed. So the youth fled 
 to the shrine of Neptune at Taenarum, 3 and sat on the altar as 
 a suppliant of the god. Pausanias came to the same place, 
 and asked the Argilian why he had done this. The youth 
 replied that he had found out that if he delivered the letter 
 to Artabazus, he must die. When Pausanias begged him not 
 to tell what he had learned, the ephors, who were in a place 
 under ground near the temple of Neptune, heard what was 
 said, and returned to Sparta with Pausanias, in order to arrest 
 him in the city. But Pausanias is said to have guessed 4 from 
 the face of one of the ephors that he was going to be arrested, 
 and to have fled into the temple of Minerva. The ephors 
 ordered the doors of the temple to be blocked up, and the 
 roof to be destroyed, and his own mother is said to have 
 brought the first stone. Pausanias died near the temple, after 
 he had been carried out half dead, and was buried not far off. 
 
 1 p. 21, 1. IO. 2 p. 21, 1. l6. 3 p. 31, 1. 3. 4 p. 9( J, x g 
 
244 
 
 EXERCISES FOR 
 
 V. CIMON. 
 
 Cimon was the son of Miltiades, who conquered the Persians 
 at Marathon. In his youth he was cast into prison, because 
 his father had not been able to pay the fifty talents which he 
 had been fined 1 because he had not captured the island of 
 Paros. But he was freed by his wife Elpinice, who said that 
 she would marry one Callias, who wished to wed her, if he 
 would pay the money. 
 
 After Cimon was freed from prison, he speedily became the 
 chief man 2 of the Athenians. Nepos says that his most glorious 3 
 deed was that he defeated the Cypriotes and Phoenicians near 
 Mycale in a naval battle. But he incurred the same hatred on 
 the part 4 of his fellow-citizens that his father had incurred, and 
 was ostracized. It is said that the Athenians soon regretted 
 their action, and recalled Cimon five years after he had been 
 banished, although he had been condemned to an exile of ten 
 years. 5 He died not long afterwards while besieging the town 
 of Citium in Cyprus. 
 
 Cimon was a man of great generosity. It is said that every 
 day he invited to dinner all those whom he saw uninvited in 
 the market place, and that he buried many poor Athenians at 
 his own expense. 
 
 VI. LYSANDER. 
 
 Nepos says that if the reputation of Lysander, the Lacedae- 
 monian, was great, he acquired it by good luck rather than by 
 merit ; for although he brought the war to an end, which had 
 been waged against the Peloponnesians for twenty years, it was 
 not done by the valor of his own army, but by the want of 
 discipline of his opponents. 
 
 After the victory Lysander began to conduct himself with 
 great cruelty. He drove out of all the states those who favored 
 
 1 p. 8, 1. 8. 3 p. 17, 1. 23. G p. 24, 1. 18. 
 
 2 p. 23, 1. 19. 4 Express by the gen. 
 
TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 245 
 
 the interests l of the Athenians, and entrusted the government in 
 each state to ten men, all of whom were bound to him by (ties 
 of) hospitality. Then he is said to have planned to do away 
 with kings at Sparta. In order to do this he is said to have 
 attempted first to bribe the Delphic oracle, then that at Dodona. 
 When he had failed 2 in this, and had been unable to bribe the 
 priests of Jupiter Hammon, he was accused by the Africans of 3 
 having attempted to bribe them. Although he was acquitted, 
 he was killed by the Thebans, when he was on his way to 
 Orchomenos. 
 
 The action of Pharnabazus regarding Lysander is worth 
 telling ; 4 Lysander is said to have asked him for a letter, which 
 he might give to the ephors as a proof of the uprightness with 
 which he had carried on the war in Asia. Pharnabazus is 
 reported to have given him a weighty document in which he 
 praised 5 Pausanias greatly ; but while the letter was being 
 sealed, to have substituted another of the same size and so 
 like it that it could not be distinguished from it, in which 
 Pausanias was accused of avarice and treachery. Thus 
 Pharnabazus made Pausanias his own accuser. 
 
 1 p. 26, 1. 19. 4 Use dlgnus with a rel. clause with the subj. 
 
 2 p. 27, 1. 18. 5 p. 28, 1. 8. 
 
 3 p. 27, 1. 30. 
 
RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND 
 LATIN PROPER NAMES. 1 
 
 Accent. 
 
 i. A word may have two, or even three or four, accents; e.g. , 
 Cap-pa-do-ci-a. 
 
 2. If only two syllables precede the primary accent, the secondary 
 
 accent is on the first; e.g., Ar-ta-xer-xes. 
 
 3. In words of two syllables, accent the first; eg., Lem-nus. 
 
 4. In words of more than two syllables, accent the penult, if long, other- 
 
 wise the antepenult; e.g., Cor-o-ne-a, Cor-in-thus, Ed-men-es. 
 
 Syllabication. 
 
 1. Two vowels coming together, and not forming a diphthong, must be 
 
 divided; e.g., De'us. 
 
 2. A single consonant, or mute with / or r, between the last two vowels 
 
 of a word, or between the vowels of any two unaccented syllables, 
 must be joined to the latter vowel; e.g., Cy' -prus, Pel-o-/0?z-ne'-sus. 
 
 3. A single consonant, or mute with / or r, before an accented vowel 
 
 must be joined to that vowel, so also a single consonant after it, 
 except in the penult; e.g., Meg-z-ba-zus. 
 Exceptions. 
 
 1. A single consonant, or mute with / or r, after an accented a, e, or 0, 
 
 and before two vowels the first of which is e, i, or y, must be joined 
 to the following vowel; e.g., Pau-sa'-m-as. 
 
 2. A single consonant, or mute with /or r, after an accented u, must be joined 
 , to the following vowel; e.g., Su'-;«-um, U-^'-ca, except Pub-\\-xvs>. 
 
 Sounds of the Letters. 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 I. A vowel ending an accented syllable has its long English sound; 
 e.g., Gor-7j/-na. 
 
 1 Owing to the great number of proper names in the Lhies, it has been thought best to 
 publish these rules. They were prepared by Professor A. H. Pattengill, of the Univer- 
 sity of Michigan, and have been used by him for several years. They are given without 
 change, except that the examples have been taken as far as possible from the text. 
 
 The marks of quantity are intended to indicate the sound of the vowels in English. 
 
 246 
 
RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION 
 
 247 
 
 (a) But a at the end of an unaccented syllable has the sound 
 of a in America; e.g., Do-d6-;w, Lamp-ja-cus. 
 
 (b*) E, 0, and // at the end of an unaccented syllable have nearly 
 the same sound as when accented, only not so distinct; 
 e.g., Lac-<f-dse-mon. 
 c) (1) I final has its long sound, eg., De\-fi/ii. 
 
 (2) I at the end of unaccented syllable, not final, has 
 
 an obscure sound much like e; e.g., At-/*-ca. 
 
 (3) I has its long sound in the first syllable of a 
 
 word, the second of which is accented, when it 
 either stands alone before a consonant; eg., 
 I-phfc-ra-tes; or ends a syllable before a vowel; 
 eg., Z>z-a-na. 
 (d) Y = I in all cases. 
 2. A vowel has its short English sound when followed by a consonant 
 
 in the same syllable; e.g., Or-c/iJm-e-nos. 
 Exception. — Es at the end of a word is pronounced like the English 
 word ease; e.g., Mil-ti-a-^. 
 
 Diphthongs. 
 
 1. Ae and ce — e in all cases; e.g., Bce-6-X\-z, Tan-a-rum. 
 
 2. When at, ei, oi, and yi are accented and followed by another vowel, 
 
 the i — initial y, as in your, and the vowel before it has its long 
 sound; e.g., A-chai-a (pronounced A-cha-ya). 
 
 3. Au = aw, in law; e.g., Clau-di-xxs, Tau-r\is. 
 
 4. Etc — u long; e.g., Eu-boe-a.. 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 The consonants have in general the same sounds as in English. 
 
 1. C zndg are soft before e, i, y, se and ce; e.g., A-ges-i-\a-\is, Cor-ry-ra. 
 
 2. Ch always has the sound of k; e.g., C/ii-os. 
 
 3. C, s, and / before i preceded by an accented syllable and followed by 
 
 a vowel have the sound of sh ; eg., Sic-y-on (Sish-e-on), Bce-6-/i-a. 
 
 4. After s, t, or x, t keeps its hard sound ; e.g., Clas-//</-i-um. So also 
 
 in the termination, -Hon. 
 
 Note. — These rules are not intended to be complete, but they are 
 complete enough for all practical purposes. The most important rules 
 are those for syllabication, and without a correct knowledge of these, 
 accuracy is impossible. 
 
VOCABULARY, 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 a. 
 
 = active ; with verbs, ac- 
 
 indef. 
 
 = indefinite. 
 
 
 tive or transitive. 
 
 indie. 
 
 = indicative. 
 
 abl. 
 
 = ablative. 
 
 inf. 
 
 = infinitive. 
 
 abs. 
 
 — absolute. 
 
 insep. 
 
 — inseparable. 
 
 ace. 
 
 — accusative. 
 
 intens. 
 
 = intensive. 
 
 adj. 
 
 = adjective. 
 
 inter. 
 
 = interrogative. 
 
 adv. 
 
 = adverb, adverbial. 
 
 interj. 
 
 = interjection. 
 
 causat. 
 
 = causative. 
 
 irr. 
 
 = irregular. 
 
 chap. 
 
 = chapter. 
 
 lit. 
 
 = literally. 
 
 coll. 
 
 = collective, collectively. 
 
 loc. 
 
 = locative. 
 
 comp. 
 
 = comparative. 
 
 m. 
 
 = masculine. 
 
 conj. 
 
 = conjunction. 
 
 n. 
 
 = neuter,; with verbs, neu 
 
 dat. 
 
 = dative. 
 
 
 ter or intransitive. 
 
 decl. 
 
 = declension. 
 
 nom. 
 
 = nominative. 
 
 def. 
 
 = defective. 
 
 num. 
 
 = numeral. 
 
 dem. 
 
 = demonstrative. 
 
 p., pp. 
 
 = page, pages. 
 
 dep. 
 
 (in vocabulary) = depo- 
 
 part. 
 
 — participle. 
 
 
 nent. 
 
 pass. 
 
 = passive. 
 
 desid. 
 
 = desiderative. 
 
 pers. 
 
 = person, personal. 
 
 dim. 
 
 = diminutive. 
 
 pf. 
 
 = perfect. 
 
 distr. 
 
 = distributive. 
 
 Pi- 
 
 — plural. 
 
 e.g. 
 
 = exempli gratia = for ex- 
 
 plup. 
 
 = pluperfect. 
 
 
 ample. 
 
 pos. 
 
 = positive. 
 
 Eng. 
 
 = English. 
 
 pred. 
 
 = predicate. 
 
 etc. 
 
 = et cetera = and so forth. 
 
 prep. 
 
 = preposition. 
 
 excl. 
 
 = exclamation. 
 
 pres. 
 
 — present. 
 
 f. 
 
 = feminine. 
 
 pron. 
 
 = pronoun, pronominal. 
 
 fol. 
 
 — following, and what fol- 
 
 reflex. 
 
 = reflexive. 
 
 
 lows. 
 
 rel. 
 
 = relative. 
 
 freq. 
 
 = frequentative. 
 
 semi-dep 
 
 — semi-deponent. 
 
 fut. 
 
 = future. 
 
 sing. 
 
 = singular. 
 
 gen. 
 
 = genitive. 
 
 subj. 
 
 = subjunctive. 
 
 i.e. 
 
 — id est — that is. 
 
 subst. 
 
 = substantive. 
 
 imp. 
 
 — imperative. 
 
 sup. 
 
 = superlative. 
 
 impeis. 
 
 = impersonal, imperson- 
 
 trans. 
 
 = transitive. 
 
 
 ally. 
 
 v. 
 
 = verb. 
 
 impf. 
 
 = imperfect. 
 
 voc. 
 
 = vocative. 
 
 inch. 
 
 — inchoative. 
 
 I. 2, 3» 4 
 
 with verbs = 1st, 2d, 3d, 
 
 indecl. 
 
 — indeclinable. 
 
 or 4th conjugation. 
 
 Note 
 
 . — In abicio, subicio, etc., the acti 
 
 al pronunciation was probably abiicio, sn- 
 
 biicio, etc. At any rate, the first syllable wa 
 
 s in some way long. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 A. , with proper names = Aulus, a 
 Roman praenomen, or forename. 
 
 a, ab, and abs, [cf. Eng. of, off], 
 prep, with abl., originally implying 
 separation, from, away from, out 
 of; of place or direction, from, out 
 of, at, on ; of time, from, since, 
 after ; of agency, by; of source, 
 from, through, especially with 
 verbs and adjectives signifying 
 hoping, fearing, and expecting. 
 
 abalieno. -are, -avi, -atus, [ab + 
 alieno], I, convey away, remove ; 
 estrange, make hostile. 
 
 abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [ab -f 
 do], 3, put away, remove; con- 
 ceal, hide. 
 
 abduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 [ab + duco], 3, lead off, lead 
 away. 
 
 abed, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, — , fut. part, 
 abiturus, [ab + eo], irr., go 
 away, depart. 
 
 abhorreo, -horrere, -horrui, — , 
 [ab + horreo], 2, shrink from ; 
 be averse to, be disinclined to, 
 disagree with. 
 
 abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [ab 
 + iacid], 3, throw away, throw 
 down, throw ; give up, lay aside. 
 
 abiectus, -a, -urn, [part, of abicio], 
 adj., low; cast down, dispirited, 
 despondent. 
 
 abreptus, -a, -um, part, of ab- 
 ripid. 
 
 abripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, 
 [ab + rapio], 3, take forcibly 
 away, tear away ; carry off, re- 
 move; drag away, hurry off. 
 
 abrogo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ab + 
 rogo], 1, of a law, repeal, an- 
 nul, alicui magistratum abro- 
 gate, to depose any one from office. 
 
 abscedd, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 [abs -(- cedd] , 3, go azvay, depart, 
 withdraw ; desist, give up. 
 
 absens, -entis, [part, of absum], 
 adj., absent, away. 
 
 absolutus, -a, -um, part, of ab- 
 solvo. 
 
 absolvo, -solvere, -solvi, absolu- 
 tus, [ab + solvd], 3, set free, 
 acquit, declare innocent. 
 
 abstinentia, -ae, [abstinens, part, 
 of abstineo], f., abstinence, self- 
 restraint, integrity. 
 
 abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, 
 [abs + teneo], 2, keep back, hold 
 off ; refrain front, abstain; absent 
 oneself. 
 
 abstraho, -trahere, -traxi, abs- 
 tractus, [abs + traho], 3, draw 
 off, drag axvay ; divert, withdraw, 
 cut off. 
 
 absum, abesse, afui, — , fut. part, 
 afutiirus, [ab + sum], irr., be 
 away, be absent, be distant, be 
 far from ; be free from ; be dis- 
 inclined to; be unsuitable to, be 
 inappropriate. 
 
ABUNDANS 
 
 ACROAMA 
 
 abundans, -antis, comp. abun- 
 dantior, sup. abundantissimus, 
 [part, of abundo], adj., over/low- 
 ing, full ; possessing in abundance, 
 rich, abounding. 
 
 abundo, -are, -avi, — , [ab + 
 undo], I, overflow ; be rich in, 
 possess in abundance. 
 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 Acarnanus, -a, -um, adj., Acarna- 
 nian, of Acarnania, the most 
 westerly province of central 
 Greece. 
 
 accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus, 
 [ad + cedo], 3, go to, come to, 
 approach; be added; assent, ap- 
 prove; enter upon, undertake; 
 happen, befall. ad amicitiam 
 accedere alicuius, to become a 
 friend of any one. 
 
 accelero, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad 
 + celero] , 1 , hasten, quicken ; 
 make haste. 
 
 acceptus, -a, -um, [part, of ac- 
 cipio], adj., acceptable, pleasing. 
 
 accessio, -onis, [accedo], f., com- 
 ing to, approach ; increase, en- 
 largement. 
 
 accido, -cidere, -cidi, — , [ad + 
 cado] , 3, fall upon ; come to pass, 
 happen, befall. 
 
 accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [ad + capio], 3, take to oneself 
 receive, accept; welcome, take in, 
 understand, hear, learn ; deal 
 with, treat; suffer, undergo, male 
 acceptus, roughly handled, de- 
 feated. 
 
 accredo, -credere, -credidi, — , 
 [ad + credo], 3, accord belief, 
 believe fully. 
 
 accresco, -crescere, -crevi, accre- 
 tus, [ad + cresco], 3, grow, in- 
 crease. 
 
 accubo, -are, — , — , [ad + cubo], 
 
 I, lie beside ; recline at table. 
 
 accumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, ac- 
 cubitus, [ad -f cumbo], 3, lie 
 down, recline at table. 
 
 accurate, comp. accuratius, sup. 
 accuratissime, [accuratus, cf. 
 cura], adv., carefully, precisely, 
 exactly; expressly. 
 
 accusator, -oris, [accuso], m., 
 accuser, prosecutor, plaintiff. 
 
 accuso, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad, 
 causa], 1, accuse, blai?ie ; of 
 things, find fault with, throw 
 blame on. 
 
 Ace, -is, [ v Ak?j], f., Ace, a town in 
 Phoenicia, afterwards called Ptole- 
 mais or Acca, now St. Jean d'Acre. 
 
 acer, acris, acre, comp. acrior, 
 sup. acerrimus, adj., sharp, pierc- 
 ing; bitter; sagacious, shrewd; 
 eager, active, vigorous; fierce, 
 spirited, brave; hasty,- severe. 
 
 acerbitas, -atis, [acerbus], f., bit- 
 terness, harshness ; rigor, severity. 
 
 acerbus, -a, -um, comp. acerbior, 
 sup. acerbissimus, [cf. acer], 
 adj., sharp to the taste, bitter; 
 severe, harsh, cruel ; grievous, dis- 
 tressing. 
 
 Acheruns, -untis, collateral form 
 of AcherSri, -ontis, ['Ax^w»], 
 m., Acheron, a river of the lower 
 world; hence, the lower world. 
 
 acies, -el, f., sharp edge, sharp 
 point; line of battle ; battle, en- 
 gagement. 
 
 acriter, comp. acrius, sup. acer- 
 rime, [acer], adv., sharply, 
 fiercely, energetically. 
 
 acroama, -atis, [dK/)6d/«i], n., en- 
 tertainment for the ear, enter- 
 tainment ; reader, musician, buf- 
 foon. 
 
ACTA 
 
 ADHIBEO 
 
 acta, -ae, [d/cr^], f., seashore, sea- 
 beach. 
 
 actor, -oris, [ago], m., driver; 
 doer, performer, actor; worker, 
 manager, actorem auctorem- 
 que, worker and counsellor. 
 
 acumen, -inis, [acuo, sharpen"], 
 n., point ; sharpness, keenness, 
 acuteness. 
 
 acute, comp. acutius, sup. acu- 
 tissime, [acutus], adv., sharply ; 
 shrezodly, with discernment. 
 
 acutus, -a, -um, comp. acutior, 
 sup. acutissimus, [part, of acud], 
 adj., sharpened, pointed ; acute, 
 keen ; discerning, cunning. 
 
 ad, prep, with ace, to; of motion 
 and direction, to, towards; of 
 place, at, near ; of time, till, un- 
 til; of purpose, for, in order to; 
 of other relations, according to; 
 almost, about. 
 
 adamo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
 amo], i, fall in love with, de- 
 sire greatly ; approve highly. 
 
 addo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [ad -f 
 do], 3, put to, add. addere in 
 aliquid, to make additions to 
 anything. 
 
 addubito, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad 
 + dubitd], i, entertain a doubt, 
 be uncertain. 
 
 adduco, -diicere, -diixi, -ductus, 
 [ad + duc5], 3, lead to, bring 
 to ; bring under ; move, induce, 
 persuade, incite. 
 
 ademptus, part, of adimo. 
 
 adeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, [ad 
 + eo], irr., go to, approach ; 
 enter upon, take possession of; 
 undergo, submit to, expose oneself 
 to. 
 
 adeo, [ad + eo], adv., to this, so 
 far ; so, so much, so very, to such 
 
 a degree; even, indeed. adeo 
 non, so little. 
 
 adeptus, part, of adipiscor. 
 
 adfabilis, -e, [adfor, to speak 
 to], adj., approachable, amiable, 
 friendly. 
 
 adfecto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
 of adficio], 1, strive after, seek 
 to obtain, aim at. 
 
 adfectus, part, of adficio. 
 
 adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatus, 
 [ad + fero], irr., bring to, bring ; 
 announce, report ; produce, cause ; 
 introduce ; bring forward, allege, 
 assign. vim adferre, manus 
 adferre, to use force, offer vio- 
 lence, do violence. 
 
 adficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [ad + facio], 3, do something to, 
 affect ; visit with, afflict, exsilio 
 adficere, to banish, muneribus 
 adficere, to reward. 
 
 adfinis, -e, [ad + finis], adj., 
 bordering on, related to by mar- 
 riage. As subst., adfinis, -is, m. 
 and f., relation by marriage. 
 
 adfinitas, -atis, [adfinis], f., re- 
 lationship, usually by marriage. 
 
 adfirmo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad 
 + firmS], 1, strengthen ; assert 
 positively, declare. 
 
 adflictus, -a, -um, comp. adflic- 
 tior, [part, of adfligd], adj., 
 cast down; unfortunate, pitiful, 
 wretched, shattered. 
 
 adfluenter, comp. adfluentius, 
 [adfluens] adv., used only in 
 comp., lavishly, extravagantly. 
 
 adfluentia, -ae, [adfluens], f., 
 flowing to ; affluence, abundance ; 
 extravagance. 
 
 adbibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [ad -f 
 habeo], 2, hold to, apply ; fur- 
 nish, bestow; employ, use; invite 
 
ADHUC 
 
 ADSIDUUS 
 
 to a dinner; turn to for counsel, 
 consult. 
 
 adhuc. [ad 4- hue], adv., until 
 now, heretofore, hitherto, as yet. 
 
 adiaceo, -iacere, -iacui, — , [ad 
 4- iaced], 2, lie near, border on, 
 touch. 
 
 adicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [ad 
 + iacio], 3, throw to, add to, 
 join to. 
 
 Adimantus, -1, ['ASetVairos], m., 
 Adimantus, an Athenian naval 
 commander who was captured at 
 the battle of Aegospotami. 405 B.C. 
 
 adimo. -imere, -emi, -emptus, 
 [ad + emo], 3, take away, de- 
 prive of 
 
 adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus sum, 
 [ad -f apiscor], 3, dep., arrive 
 at; obtain by effort, get, acquire, 
 win. 
 
 aditus. -us, [adeo], m., approach, 
 access, aditum petere, to ask for 
 a hearing, ask for an interview. 
 
 adiunctus, -a, -urn, [part, of ad- 
 iungo], adj., closely connected, 
 joined, united. 
 
 adiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, ad- 
 iunctus, [ad 4- iungo], 3, join to, 
 add to, add ; win over, gain as a 
 friend. 
 
 adiutor, -oris, [adiuvo], m., 
 helper, assistant ; aid, deputy. 
 
 adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutus, [ad + 
 iuvo], 1, help, aid, support. 
 
 adlatus, part, of adfero. 
 
 adlaturus, part, of adfero. 
 
 Admetus, -1, ['AS/a^tos] , m., Ad- 
 metus, a king of the Molossians 
 in Epirus, a contemporary of 
 Themistocles. 
 
 administro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad 
 + ministro], 1, manage, regulate, 
 direct, govern. 
 
 admirabilis, -e, comp. admira- 
 bilior. [admiror], adj., admira- 
 ble, wonderful; strange. 
 
 admirandus, -a, -um, [part, of ad- 
 miror], adj., to be wondered at, 
 wonderful, strange. 
 
 admiratio, -onis, [admiror], f., 
 wonder, admiration, surprise. 
 
 admiror, -ari, -atus sum, [ad 4- 
 miror], 1, dep., wonder at, ad- 
 mire ; be astonished. 
 
 admitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, 
 [ad -f mittS], 3, send to, let 
 go ; admit, receive ; permit, com- 
 mit. 
 
 admodum, [ad -f modum] , adv., 
 to the limit ; quite, very. 
 
 admoneo, -monere, -monui, ad- 
 monitus, [ad 4- moneo], 2, re- 
 mind, admonish, warn. 
 
 admonitus, -us, [admoneo], m., 
 only in the abl. sing, admonitu, 
 reminding, suggestion, request. 
 
 adnuo, -nuere, -nui, — , [ad + 
 nuo] , 3, nod assent, assent ; 
 promise. 
 
 adopto, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad 4- 
 opto], I, choose, adopt. 
 
 adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, [ad 
 + orior] , 4, dep., approach as an 
 enemy, fall upott, attack; accost, 
 address ; undertake, engage in. 
 
 adquiesco, -quiescere, -quievi, 
 — , [ad 4- quiescd], 3, come to 
 rest, rest ; be at rest ; die. 
 
 adripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, 
 [ad 4- rapio], 3, catch hurriedly, 
 seize ; seize upon, learn with 
 avidity. 
 
 adsecla, -ae, [adsequor], m., fol- 
 lower, attendant. 
 
 adsiduus, -a, -um, [ad, cf. sedeo], 
 adj., attending, continually pres- 
 ent ; continual. 
 
ADSIMULO 
 
 AEGIAE 
 
 adsimulo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad 
 -f simuld], i, liken, compare; 
 copy, imitate. 
 
 adsum, -esse, -fui, — , [ad + sum], 
 irr., be present, be at hand ; sup- 
 port, aid; give attention, take 
 part in. 
 
 adulescens, -entis, [part, of ado- 
 lesco], adj., young. As subst., m. 
 and f., youth, young man or ivoman. 
 
 adulescentia, -ae, [adulescens], 
 f., youth, adulescentia iniens, 
 early youth. 
 
 adulescentulus, -I, [dim. of adu- 
 lescens], m., very young man, 
 youth. 
 
 aduloi, -ari, -atus sum, [cf. aula], 
 I, dep.,jlatter. 
 
 adulterium, -1, [adulter] , n., adul- 
 tery. 
 
 advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, 
 [ad + venid], 4, come to, arrive. 
 
 advento, -are, — , — , [intens. of 
 advenid], 1, advance, press for- 
 ward, come quickly. 
 
 adventus, -us, [cf. advenio], m., 
 coming, approach, arrival. 
 
 adversarius, -a, -um, [adversor], 
 adj., opposed, opposite; hostile. 
 As subst., adversarius, -i, m., 
 opponent, enemy. 
 
 adversor, -ari, -atus sum, [adver- 
 sus], I, dep., resist, oppose. 
 
 adversus, -a, -um, [part, of ad- 
 verto], adj., turned tozvard, oppo- 
 site, in front, facing ; unfavor- 
 able. As subst., adversum, -i, n., 
 calamity, disaster. 
 
 adversus and adversum, adv. 
 and prep. : 
 
 (1) As adv., opposite, against; to 
 meet. 
 
 (2) As prep, with ace, opposite to, 
 against. 
 
 adverto, -vertere, -verti, -versus, 
 [ad + verto], 3, turn towards, 
 direct, turn. animum adver- 
 tere = animadvertere, to notice. 
 
 advoco, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad -f 
 voco], I, call, summon; call to 
 aid. 
 
 aedes, see aedis. 
 
 aedificator, -oris, [aedifico], m., 
 builder ; one fond of building. 
 
 aedificium, -i, [aedifico], n., 
 building, edifice, structure ; house. 
 
 aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus, [aedis, 
 cf. facio], I, build, construct. 
 
 aedilis, -is, [aedis], m., aedile, 
 commissioner of public works, the 
 designation of certain magistrates 
 at Rome, who had charge of build- 
 ings and public works, and had an 
 oversight of public exhibitions and 
 dramatic performances. 
 
 The aediles plebei had as their 
 special duty the keeping of the 
 decrees of the senate and other 
 public documents; they were two 
 in number, as were also the aediles 
 curules. 
 
 aedis or aedes, -is, f., temple ; pi., 
 house, dwelling. 
 
 Aegates, -ium, f., pi., the Aegates, 
 three islands in the Mediterranean 
 Sea, west of Sicily, near the prom- 
 ontory of Lilybaeum. They were 
 celebrated for the naval victory of 
 the Romans over the Carthagini- 
 ans (241 B.C.), through which the 
 first Punic war was brought to an 
 end. 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., unwell, 
 sick, feeple. 
 
 Aeglae, -arum, [Afyeicu], f., Ae- 
 giae, a town in Macedonia, where 
 Philip, the father of Alexander the 
 Great, was murdered. 
 
AEGINETAE 
 
 8 
 
 AGER 
 
 Aeglnetae. -arum, [Atylva], m., 
 pi., Aeginetans, inhabitants of 
 Aegina. an island in the Saronic 
 Gulf, not far from Athens. 
 
 Aegineticus, -a, -um, [A^Im], 
 adj., Aeginetan, of Aegina, with 
 Aegina. 
 
 Aegos Flumen, [ = Alybs ttotol- 
 lAof], n., Goat-river, a river and | 
 town on the east coast of the | 
 Thracian Chersonesus, celebrated 
 for the defeat of the Athenians by 
 the Spartans in 405 B.C., which 
 ended the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 Aegyptius, -a, -um, [Aegyptus], 
 adj., Egyptian, of Egypt, with 
 Egypt. As subst., Aegyptius, -1, 
 m., Egyptian, inhabitant of Egypt. 
 
 Aegyptus. -I, f., Egypt, a country 
 in northeastern Africa, about the 
 lower course of the Nile. 
 
 Aemilius. -a, the name of a cele- 
 brated Roman gens. In this book 
 are mentioned : 
 
 (1) L. Aemilius Panlus, who fell : 
 in the battle of Cannae, 216 B.C. j 
 
 (2) L. Aemilius Paulus, consul ' 
 in 182 B.C. 
 
 Aemilii, -drum, m. pi., the Aemilii, 
 members of the Aemilian gens. 
 aemulatio, -onis, [aemulor], f., 
 
 rivalry, emulation, competition. 
 aemulor, -ari, -atus sum, [aemu- 
 
 lus], I, dep., rival, vie vcith, 
 
 emulate. 
 aeneiis, -a, -um, [aes], adj., of 
 
 copper, of bronze. 
 Aeolia, see Aeolis. 
 Aeolis, -idis. or Aeolia, -ae, 
 
 [AioXts, AioXi'a], f., Aeolis, Aeolia, 
 
 a country of Asia Minor, north of 
 
 Ionia. 
 aequalis, -e, [aequus], adj., equal, 
 
 of the same age. As subst., aequa- 
 
 lis, -is, m., companion of equal 
 age, comrade, contemporary. 
 
 aeque, comp. aequius, sup. aequis- 
 sime, [aequus], adv., equally, in 
 a like manner. 
 
 aequipero, -are, -avi, -atus, [ae- 
 quus -f par], 1, compare ; liken; 
 equal, rival. 
 
 aequitas. -atis, [aequus], {.even- 
 ness; equity, fairness. animi 
 aequitas, calmness, equanimity. 
 
 aequus, -a, -um, comp. aequior, 
 sup. aequissimus, adj., even; 
 equal, fair; favorable, advan- 
 tageous ; calm, patient. 
 
 aerarium, -i, [aes], n., treasury, 
 state-treasury ; public money. 
 
 aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze; 
 money, aes alienum, debt. 
 
 aestas, -atis, f., summer. 
 
 aestimo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, deter- 
 mine the value of; estimate, value. 
 
 aetas. -atis, [for aevitas from 
 aevum], f., life, age, time of life ; 
 time._ 
 
 Afer, Afra, Afrum, adj., African. 
 As subst., Afer, Afri, m., African, 
 inhabitant of Africa. 
 
 Africa, -ae, f., Africa, at first refer- 
 ring only to the dominions of 
 Carthage; afterwards to the Ro- 
 man province of Africa; then to 
 the whole continent. 
 
 Africanus, -a, -um, [Africa], adj., 
 African, in Africa. 
 
 Agamemnon, -onis. [' Aya/xe/xpcov'], 
 m., Agamemnon, king of Myce- 
 nae, commander-in-chief of the 
 Greeks during the siege of Troy. 
 
 agellus, -i, [dim. of ager], m., 
 little field, small estate. 
 
 ager, agri, [cf. Eng. acre], m., 
 field, farm, estate ; territory, land; 
 the country. 
 
AGESILAUS 
 
 ALIENUS 
 
 Agesilaus, -I, ['Ayr)<rl\aos], m., 
 Agesilaus, one of the bravest of 
 the kings of Sparta. See xvn. 
 
 aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 [ad -f gradior], 3, dep., ap- 
 proach; attack; attempt. 
 
 Agis, -idis, ['A71S], m., Agis, king 
 of Sparta, brother of Agesilaus. 
 
 agito, -are, -avi, -atus, [intens. of 
 ago], I, set in violent motion; 
 drive onward, drive about, row 
 about ; rouse, excite ; disturb, dis- 
 tress ; consider, meditate. 
 
 agmen, -inis, [ago], n., troop, 
 crowd; army on the march, march- 
 ing column. 
 
 Agnon, -dnis, \? k.yvuv~\, m., Ag- 
 non, an Athenian orator, a con- 
 temporary of Phocion. 
 
 agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus, 
 [ad -f gnosco] , 3, recognize, ac- 
 knowledge. 
 
 ag5, agere, egi, actus, 3, put in 
 motion, drive, lead ; act, do, man- 
 age ; transact, discuss; speak, 
 deliberate; treat, deal, confer; 
 pass., be in question, be at stake. 
 vitam agere, to pass one's life. 
 gratias agere, see gratia, cum 
 aliquo agere, to try to persuade 
 any one. 
 
 agrestis, -e, [ager], adj., of the 
 fields or country, rural, rustic; 
 rough, uncultivated, rude. 
 
 agricola, -ae, [ager, cf. colo], m., 
 husbandman, farmer. 
 
 Agrippa, -ae, m., Agrippa, family 
 name of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 
 son-in-law of Augustus. 
 
 aio, pres. ind. aio, a'is, ait, aiunt, 
 impf. aiebam, 3, def., say yes, 
 assent ; assert, say, tell. 
 
 ala, -ae, f., wing; division of the 
 cavalry, squadron. 
 
 alacer, -cris, -ere, comp. alacrior, 
 adj., lively, quick ; eager, excited. 
 
 Alcibiades, -is, ['A\ki/3i<£577s], m., 
 Alcibiades, an Athenian general of 
 the time of the Peloponnesian 
 war. See vn. 
 
 Alcmaeon, -onis, [' A\K/j.alwp], 
 m., Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus 
 and Eriphyle. In obedience to 
 the command of his father he 
 killed his mother, who by treach- 
 ery had caused Amphiaraus to 
 take part in the expedition of the 
 Seven against Thebes, during 
 which he met his death. 
 
 Alexander, -dri, ['AX^avSpos], 
 m., Alexander, in this book refer- 
 ring to : 
 
 (i) Alexander, tyrant of Pherae 
 in Thessaly from 370 to 357 
 B.C. 
 
 (2) Alexander III., surnamed the 
 Great, king of Macedonia from 
 336 to 323 B.C. 
 
 (3) Alexander, second son of 
 Alexander the Great and Rox- 
 ana. 
 
 Alexandria, -ae, ['A\e£c£j>§/)eia], 
 f., Alexandria, a city in Egypt, at 
 the mouth of the Nile, founded by 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 alias, [alius], adv., at another time ; 
 in other respects, otherwise. 
 
 alienigena, -ae, [alius, cf. gigno], 
 adj., born in another land, foreign. 
 As subst, m., foreigner, alien. 
 
 alieno, -are, -avi, -atus, [alienus], 
 I, make strange ; estrange, alien- 
 ate, set at variance. 
 
 alienus, -a, -um, comp. alienior, 
 sup. alienissimus, [alius], adj., 
 of another, another's ; foreign, 
 strange ; unfitting, unfavorable, 
 Unseasonable, improper. 
 
ALIO 
 
 IO 
 
 AMITA 
 
 alio, [old dat. of alius], adv., to 
 another place, elsewhere, longe 
 ali5 spectare, to have a very dif- 
 ferent purpose. 
 
 aliquamdiu, [aliquam, diu] , adv., 
 for a while, for some time. 
 
 aliquando, [alius, quando], adv., 
 at some time or other, sometimes, 
 once ; at length, at last. 
 
 aliquanto, [aliquantus] , adv., 
 by some little, somewhat, rather. 
 
 aliquantum, -i, [aliquantus], n., 
 a little, a considerable amount, 
 something. 
 
 aliquantum, [aliquantus] , adv., 
 somewhat, in some degree, consid- 
 erably. 
 
 aliquantus, -a, -um, [alius, quan- 
 tus], adj., some, considerable. 
 
 aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, gen. ali- 
 cuius, dat. alicui, [alius, qui], 
 indef. pron. adj., some, any. 
 
 aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, gen. ali- 
 cuius, dat. alicui, nom. and ace. 
 pi. n. aliqua, [alius, quis], in- 
 def. pron., some one, some one or 
 other; something, anything; pi., 
 some, any. 
 
 aliquot, [alius, quot], indef. num. 
 adj., indecl., some, several. 
 
 aliquotiens, [aliquot], adv., sev- 
 eral times. 
 
 aliter, [alis, old form of alius], 
 adv., in another way, otherwise. 
 
 alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, 
 adj., another, other, different ; the 
 rest of alius . . . alius, one . . . 
 another, the one . . . the other ; pi. 
 alii . . . alii, some . . . others. 
 
 alo, alere, alui, altus or alitus, 3, 
 feed, nourish, support, maintain. 
 
 Alpes, -ium, f. pi., the Alps. 
 
 Alpicus, -a, -um, a rare form for 
 Alpinus, [Alpes], adj., Alpine. 
 
 As subst, Alpici, -orum, m. pi., 
 dwellers among the Alps, inhabi- 
 tants of the Alpine regions. 
 
 arte, comp. altius, sup. altissime, 
 [altus], adv., high, on high; 
 deeply, far ; profoundly, highly. 
 
 alter, altera, alterum, gen. alte- 
 rius, dat. alteri, pron. adj., one 
 of two, the one, the other, the sec- 
 ond, a second, alter . . . alter, 
 the one . . . the other ; pi. alteri 
 . . . alteri, the one party . . . the 
 other. 
 
 alteruter, -utra, -utrum, gen. al- 
 terutrius, dat. alterutri, [alter 
 + uter], pron. adj., one of the 
 other, one of two. 
 
 altitudo, -inis, [altus], f., height, 
 loftiness. 
 
 altus, -a, -um, comp. altior, sup. 
 altissimus, adj., high, tall, deep. 
 
 amator, -oris, [amo], m., lover, 
 friend. 
 
 ambitio, -onis, [ambio], f., going 
 about ; soliciting of votes ; desire 
 for popularity, ambition; ostenta- 
 tion. 
 
 ambitus, -us, [ambio], m., going 
 about; canvassing for votes. 
 
 amice, [amicus], adv., in a 
 friendly manner. 
 
 amicitia, -ae, [amicus], {^friend- 
 ship. 
 
 amiculum, -i, [amicio], n., outer 
 garment, mantle, cloak. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, comp. amicior, 
 sup. amicissimus, adj., loving, 
 friendly, kind, favorable. 
 
 amicus, -i, [amicus], m., loving 
 one, dear one, friend. 
 
 amissus, -us, [amitto], m., loss. 
 
 amissum, -i, [part, of amitto], n., 
 loss. 
 
 amita, -ae, f., father's sister ; aunt. 
 
AMITTO 
 
 I I 
 
 ANTE 
 
 amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, 
 [a + mitto], 3, send away, let 
 go; lose. 
 
 amo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, love, be 
 fond of, 
 
 amoenitas, -atis, [amoenus], f., 
 pleasa ntness, delight/ 'illness. 
 
 amor, -oris, [amo], m., love. 
 
 amoved, -movere, -mdvi, -motus, 
 [a + moved], 2, move away, take 
 away, remove. 
 
 Amphipolis, -is, ['A/^hroXis], f., 
 Amphipolis, a celebrated city in 
 Macedonia, on the river Strymon. 
 
 amphora, -ae, [a/j.cpopeus'], f., am- 
 phora, a long, pointed jar, with 
 two handles at the top; wine-jar. 
 
 amplitudo, -inis, [amplus], f., 
 extent, size ; greatness. 
 
 amplius, [comp. of amplus and 
 ample], indecl. subst., adj., and 
 adv., more, further ; besides, more 
 than. 
 
 amplus, -a, -um, comp. amplior, 
 sup. amplissimus, adj., great, 
 large ; grand, noble, distinguished. 
 
 Amyntas, -ae, ['A/xiJvTas], m., 
 Amyntas, king of Macedonia, 
 father of Philip, and grandfather 
 of Alexander the Great. 
 
 an, conj. introducing the second part 
 of a double question, or, or rather, 
 or indeed. The first member ordi- 
 narily has utrum or -ne, but is 
 sometimes omitted. In direct 
 questions an is often not trans- 
 lated; in indirect questions, 
 whether. 
 
 anagnostes, -ae, [avayvucrTris], 
 m., reader. 
 
 anceps, -cipitis, [an = ambi-, cf. 
 caput], adj., two-headed; double, 
 two-sided; uncertain, indecisive ; 
 dangerous, perilous. 
 
 ancora, -ae, [#7*17)0], f., anchor. 
 in ancoris, at anchor. 
 
 Andocides, -is or -i, ['AvdoKLSrjs], 
 m., Andocides, a celebrated orator 
 and general at Athens during the 
 Peloponnesian war. 
 
 anfractus, -us, [am- = ambi-, cf. 
 frango], m., turning, bending 
 around ; circuitous route. 
 
 ango, -ere, — , — , 3, press tight, 
 choke; vex, trouble, torment, an- 
 noy. 
 
 angustiae, -arum, [angustus], f. 
 pi., narrowness ; narrotu place; 
 difficulty, perplexity. 
 
 angustus, -a, -um, comp. angu- 
 stior, sup. angustissimus, [cf. 
 ango], adj., narrow, contracted, 
 difficult, angustum mare, strait. 
 J Anicia, -ae, f., Anicia, wife of Ser- 
 vius Sulpicius. 
 
 anima, -ae, f., air ; breath, spirit ; 
 life, soul. 
 
 animadverto, -vertere, -verti, 
 -versus, [animum -f- adverto], 
 3, turn the mind to, notice ; per- 
 ceive, see ; censure, punish. 
 
 animatus, -a, -um, [part, of ani- 
 md], adj., disposed, minded. 
 
 animus, -i, m., soul, life; mind, 
 reason; courage, spirit; inclina- 
 tion, purpose; feeling. esse 
 alicui in animo, to intend. 
 
 annalis, -is, abl. annali, [annus], 
 m., record of events, chronicles, 
 annals. 
 
 anniculus, -a, -um, [annus], adj., 
 for a year, a year old. 
 
 annus, -i, m.,year. 
 
 annuus, -a, -um, [annus], adj., 
 for a year, lasting a year. 
 
 ante, adv. and prep., before. 
 
 (1) As adv., of space, before, in 
 front; of time, before, pre- 
 
ANTEA 
 
 12 
 
 APPELLO 
 
 viously, ago. ante quam or 
 antequam, sooner than, before. 
 (2) As prep, with ace, of space 
 and time, before; in compari- 
 sons, before, superior to, in com- 
 parison with. 
 
 antea, [ante + ea], adv., before, 
 formerly, previously. 
 
 antecedo, -cedere, -cessi, — , 
 [ante + cedo], 3, go before, pre- 
 cede ; surpass, excel. 
 
 anteeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, — , [ante 
 4- eo], irr., go before, precede ; 
 surpass, excel. 
 
 antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 
 [ante + fero], irr., bear before; 
 place before, prefer. 
 
 antepono, -ponere, -posui, ante- 
 positus, [ante 4- pond] , 3, set 
 before ; prefer. 
 
 ante quam, see ante. 
 
 Antigenes, -is, ['Aj/tty^s], m., 
 Antigenes, one of Alexander's 
 generals. 
 
 Antigonus, -1, ['Avrlyovos'], m., 
 Antigonus, one of the most cele- 
 brated of Alexander's generals, 
 the first to assume the title of 
 king after Alexander's death. 
 
 Antiochus, -1, [ 'AvtLox<>s~\, m., An- 
 tiochus, the name of several kings 
 of Syria. In this book refers to 
 Antiochus III., surnamed the 
 Great ; he was induced by Hanni- 
 bal to declare war against the 
 Romans, but was defeated near 
 Mt. Sipylus, in Magnesia, in 
 190 B.C. 
 
 Antipater, -tri, [' Avrlirarpos'], m., 
 Antipater, one of the generals and 
 successors of Alexander. 
 
 antiquitas, -atis, [antiquus], f., 
 age, antiquity ; ancient times, his- 
 tory of ancient times. 
 
 antiquitus, [antiquus], adv., of 
 old, long ago. 
 
 antiquus, -a, -um, comp. anti- 
 quior, sup. antiquissimus, [an- 
 te], adj., ancient, former ; old. 
 
 antistes, -itis, [ante, cf. sto], m. 
 and f., guardian of a temple, 
 priest. 
 
 antisto, -stare, -steti, — , [ante + 
 sto], I, stand before; surpass, 
 excel. 
 
 Antonius, -a, the name of a Ro- 
 man gens. In this book refers to 
 Marcus Antonius, Mark Antony, 
 the triumvir. 
 
 anulus, -1, m., ring, finger-ring. 
 
 aperio, -Ire, -ui, -tus, 4, un- 
 cover ; open, disclose, show ; dis- 
 close, reveal, make known. 
 
 apertus, -a, -um, comp. apertior, 
 sup. apertissimus, [part, of ape- 
 ri5], adj., unclosed; open; clear, 
 manifest. 
 
 Apollo, -inis, ['Air6X\w»'], m., 
 Apollo, son of Zeus and Latona, 
 god of divination, of the healing 
 art, of poetry and music. 
 
 Apollocrates, -is, ['AiroWoKpd- 
 tt7s], m., Apollocrates, eldest son 
 of Dionysius II., tyrant of Syra- 
 cuse. 
 
 apparatus, -us, [appar5], m., 
 preparation ; implements, sup- 
 plies, instruments ; magnificence. 
 
 appared, -parere, -parui, — , fut. 
 part, appariturus, [ad + pareo], 
 2, appear, come in sight ; be plain, 
 be manifest; appear as servant, 
 serve, attend. 
 
 apparo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad 4- 
 paro], 1, prepare, make ready. 
 
 appello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 [ad 4- pelld], 3, drive to, bring 
 to land. 
 
APPELLO 
 
 ARGUO 
 
 appello, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + I 
 pelld], I, address, call by name ; ' 
 term, entitle. 
 
 Appenninus, -I, m., the Apenni/ns, 
 a long range of mountains running 
 the length of the Italian penin- 
 sula. 
 
 appeto, -ere, -ivi, -Itus, [ad + 
 petd], 3, strive for, desire, seek. 
 
 Appius, -a, -urn, [Appius], adj., 
 Appian, applied to the Appia 
 via, the Appian Way, running 
 southward from Rome to Capua. 
 For some miles from the Porta 
 Capena, by which it left the city, 
 it was bordered on each side by 
 tombs, the remains of many of 
 which are still to be seen. 
 
 applied, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus, 
 I, attach, add. 
 
 appono, -ponere, -posui, appo- 
 situs, [ad + ponoj, 3, put at, 
 place near, set before, set over. 
 
 apporto, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
 porto], I, carry, bring. 
 
 apprime, [ad, primus], adv., first 
 of all, in the highest degree, chiefly. 
 
 appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [ad + propinquo], 1, draw near, 
 approach. 
 
 Aprilis, -e, [aperio], adj., of the 
 7iio nth of April, of April. 
 
 aptus, -a, -um, comp. aptior, sup. 
 aptissimus, adj., fitted ; suitable, 
 fit. 
 
 apud, prep, with ace, at, near, 
 with, among ; in the presence of; 
 
 _ at the house of; in the works of. 
 
 Apulia, -ae, f., Apulia, one of the 
 divisions of Italy, in the south- 
 eastern part; it lies north of Cala- 
 bria, east of Lucania and Sam- f 
 nium. 
 
 aqua, -ae, f., water. 
 
 aquilo, -onis, also aquilo ventus, 
 
 m., the north wind. 
 
 ara, -ae, f., altar. 
 
 arbitrium, -i, [arbiter, Judge] , n., 
 Judgment, decision; authority, 
 power. 
 
 arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, [arbi- 
 ter], I, dep., testify ; be of an 
 opinion, think, consider. 
 
 arbor, -oris, f., tree. 
 
 Arcadia, -ae, ['ApicaSia], f., Ar- 
 cadia, one of the divisions of 
 Greece, situated in the middle of 
 the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Areas, -adis, ['Ap/cds], adj., of 
 Arcadia, Arcadian. As subst., 
 m., Arcadian, inhabitant of Ar- 
 cadia. 
 
 arcesso, -ere, arcessivi, arcessi- 
 tus, [intens. of accedo], 3, cause 
 to come, summon, invite. 
 
 Archias, -ae, ['Apxia.s'], m., Ar- 
 chias, a Theban magistrate. 
 
 Archinus, -1, ['Apx^os], m., Ar- 
 chinus, a Theban magistrate. 
 
 Arete, -es, ['Aper^], f., Arete, a 
 daughter of Dionysius the Elder, 
 tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 argentum, -1, n., silver; by me- 
 tonymy, money. 
 
 Argi, -orum, see Argos. 
 
 Argilius, -a, -um, adj., of Argi lius, 
 a city in Thrace, Argilian. As 
 subst., Argilius, -1, m., Argilian, 
 inhabitant of Argilius. 
 
 Argivus, -a, -um, adj., of Argos, 
 Argive. As subst., Argivus, -i, 
 m., inhabitant of Argos, Argive. 
 
 Argos, only nom. and ace. n., also 
 Argi, -orum, m. pi, ['A/t^os], 
 Argos, a city in Argolis, in the north- 
 eastern part of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 arguo, -ere, -ui, -utus, 3, make 
 known ; accuse, complain of blame. 
 
ARIOBARZANES 
 
 14 
 
 ASPENDIUS 
 
 Ariobarzanes, -is. [ 'Apio/3ap£a- 
 nys], m., Ariobarzanes, satrap of 1 
 Phrygia, father of Mithridates. 
 
 Aristides, -is, ['ApurrdSTjs], m., 
 Aristides, an Athenian statesman 
 and general, surnamed the Just [ 
 on account of his integrity. See ill. 
 
 Aristomache. -es, ['Apio-rop-dx??], 
 f., Aristomache, wife of Dionysius 
 the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 Aristocrates, -is, [ 'ApiaroKpd- 
 Trjs~\, m., Aristocrates. 
 
 arrua. -orum, n. pi., implements, 
 outfit ; implements of war, arms, 
 weapons. 
 
 arrnatura. -ae, f., armor, equip- 
 ment. 
 
 armatus, -a, -um, [part, of armo], 
 adj., armed, in arms. As subst., 
 armati, -orum, m. pi., armed 
 men, soldiers. 
 
 Armenius, -a, -um, Armenian, 
 of Arjnenia, a country in the 
 northeastern part of Asia Minor. 
 As subst., Armenius. -i, m., in- 
 habitant of Armenia, Ar?nenian. 
 
 armilla. -ae, [armus, shoulder, 
 arm], {., bracelet, armlet. 
 
 armo, -are, -avi, -atus, [arma], 
 I, furnish with arms, arm, 
 equip. 
 
 Arretimis, -a, -um, of Arreiium, at 
 Arretium, a town in the eastern 
 part of Etruria, modern Arezzo. 
 
 ars. artis, f., art, skill ; knowledge, 
 accomplishment ; device, strata- 
 gem. 
 
 Arsidaeus, -i, m., Arsidaeus, son 
 of Datames. 
 
 Artabanus, -i, [ "Aprdfidpos], m., j 
 Artabanus, a Persian prefect. 
 
 Artabazus, -i. ['Aprd,3afos], m. 
 Artabazus, prefect of Phrygia un 
 der Xerxes. 
 
 Artaphernes, -is, [ 'AprcKpefp^s], 
 m., Artaphernes, nephew of Darius 
 Hystaspis. With Datis he com- 
 manded the Persian forces at 
 Marathon. 
 
 Artaxerxes, -is, ['Apra^p^s], 
 m., Artaxerxes, the name of two 
 Persian kings. 
 
 (1) Artaxerxes Macrochir, or 
 ' long-handed,' son of Xerxes, 
 reigned from 465 to 424 B.C. 
 
 (2) Artaxerxes Mn'emon, or 'of 
 the good memory,' son of Darius 
 Nothus, reigned from 405 to 
 362 B.C. 
 
 Artemisium, -i, ['Apre/uaiov], n., 
 Artemisiztm, a promontory forming 
 the northern end of the island of 
 Euboea, famous for the sea-fight 
 between the fleet of Xerxes and 
 that of the Greeks under Eurybi- 
 ades in 480 B.C. 
 
 artifex, -icis, [ars, cf. facio], m. 
 and f., artist, artificer ; builder. 
 
 arx. arcis, [cf. arceo]. f., castle, 
 citadel ; stronghold ; the acropolis 
 of Athens. 
 
 ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, as- 
 census, [ad + scando], 3, mount, 
 climb, ascend ; embark. 
 
 ascisco, -ere, -ivi, -itus, [ad + 
 scisco], 3, take to oneself, adopt, 
 assume. 
 
 ascitus. -a, -um, [part, of ascisco], 
 adj., adopted, foreign, assumed. 
 
 Asia, -ae, f.. Asia, referring to Asia 
 as distinguished from Europe, to 
 Asia Minor, or to the Roman prov- 
 ince of Asia. 
 
 aspectus, -us, [aspicio], m., seeing, 
 looking at, sight, view, glance ; 
 appearance, look, aspect. 
 
 Aspendius. -a, -um. adj., Aspen- 
 dian, of Aspen dos. a town of Pam- 
 
ASPERGO 
 
 15 
 
 AUGEO 
 
 phylia on the Eurymedcm. As 
 subst., Aspendius, -1, m., Aspen- • 
 dian, inhabitant of Aspendos. 
 
 aspergo. -spergere. -spersi. as- 
 persus, [ad + spargd], 3, scatter, ! 
 sprinkle ; stain, asperse. 
 
 asperitas. -atis, [asper], f., rough- 
 ness, harshness, cruelty. 
 
 aspernor, -ari. -atus sum, [a 4- 
 spernor], 1, dep.. a., disdain, de- 
 v. reject. 
 
 aspicio. -spicere. -spexi, aspec- 
 tus. [ad -r speci5J, 3, look upon ; 
 regard, inspect. 
 
 Aspis. -idis, m., Aspis, a king 
 of Cataonia in southern Cappa- 
 docia. 
 
 asporto. -are. -avi. -atus. [abs + 
 portd], I, carry away, remove. 
 
 astu. [dtrri'], n.. indecl., city, espe- 
 cially Athens. 
 
 at. conj., but. but yet; however, 
 nevertheless ; but on the contrary. 
 
 Athamanes. -um, m., Athamanes, 
 a people in Epirus, on the boun- 
 dary of Acarnania and Aetolia. 
 
 Athenae. -arum, ['Atf^cu], f. 
 pi., Athens, chief city of Greece, 
 situated in Attica, in the south- 
 eastern part of central Greece. 
 
 Atheniensis, -is. adj., of Athens, 
 Athenian. As subst., m., an 
 Athenian, inhabitant of Athens. 
 
 athleta, -ae, [00X77x775], m., -wrest- 
 ler, athlete, competitor in public 
 games. 
 
 atque. before consonants ac, [ad 
 + -que], conj., and also, and, 
 and moreover ; with words imply- 
 ing comparison, as, than. 
 
 attendo, -tendere, -tendi. atten- 
 tus. [ad + tendo], 3. stretch 
 toward, direct; with animum. 
 give attention, attend to, consider. 
 
 Attica, -ae, ['Attract}] , f., Attica. 
 a division of central Greece. 
 
 Atticua, -a, -um, adj., of Attica. 
 Attic. As subst. Attici, -drum, 
 m. pi., the Attics, i.e. the Athe- 
 nians. 
 
 Atticus. -I. m., Atticus, surname of 
 T. Pomponius Atticus, a friend of 
 Cicero. See XXV. 
 
 attingo, -tingere, -tigi, attactus, 
 [ad + tango], 3, touch; reach, 
 arrive at ; be near, border on ; 
 enter upon, engage in ; touch 
 upon, mention. 
 
 attuli, see adfero. 
 
 auctor, -oris, [augeo], m., pro- 
 ducer ; promoter, adviser ; au- 
 thority, narrator ; originator, 
 cause. 
 
 auctoritas, -atis, [auctor], f., au- 
 thority, power ; influence, dignity ; 
 weight, prestige, importance. 
 
 audacter, comp. audacius, sup. 
 audacissime, [audax], adv., 
 boldly. 
 
 audax. -acis, comp. audacior, 
 sup. audacissimus, [audeo], adj., 
 daring, bold. 
 
 audeo, -ere, ausus sum, 2, semi- 
 dep., dare, venture, risk. 
 
 audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, 4, hear, 
 know ; listen to ; assent to ; be 
 called, be named, be regarded. 
 dicto audientem esse alicui, to 
 be obedient to any one, obey any 
 one. 
 
 aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus, 
 [ab + fero], irr., take away, carry 
 away, remove ; steal. 
 
 aufugio. -fugere, -fugi, — , [ab + 
 fugio] , 3, flee azvay, escape ; flee 
 from. 
 
 augeo, augere, auxi, auctus, 2, 
 increase, enlarge ; advance. 
 
AULICUS 
 
 BENEFICIUM 
 
 aulicus, -I, [aula, court], m., 
 
 courtier. 
 Aurelius, -a, the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. In this book refers to 
 
 C. Aurelius Cotta, consul B.C. 
 
 200. 
 aureus, -a, -um, [aurumj, adj., 
 
 of gold, golden. 
 auris, -is, [cf. audio], f., ear. 
 aurum, -I, n., gold. 
 aut, conj., marking an important 
 
 difference, or; corrective or em- 
 phatic, or at least, or rather, 
 
 or else, aut . . . aut, either . . . 
 
 or. 
 autem, conj., always postpositive, 
 
 but, however, moreover, and now. 
 Automatia, -ae, [Auro/xar/a], f., 
 
 Automatia, the goddess of Chance. 
 Autaphradates, -is, [Avra^pd- 
 
 SctTTjs], m., Autaphradates, satrap 
 
 of Lydia under Artaxerxes II., and 
 
 one of his best generals. 
 auxilium, -i, [cf. auged], n., help, 
 
 aid; pi. often auxiliary troops, 
 
 auxiliaries. 
 avare, [avarus], adv., greedily, 
 
 covetously, avariciously. 
 avaritia, -ae, [avarus] f., greed, 
 
 avarice. 
 avarus, -a, -um, adj., greedy, grasp- 
 ing, covetous. 
 aversus, -a, -um, [part, of averto], 
 
 adj., turned away, turned back; 
 
 behind, in the rear. 
 averto, -vertere, -verti, -versus, 
 
 [a + vertd], 3, turn away, turn 
 
 aside, keep off, avert. 
 avoco, -are, -avi, -atus, [a + 
 
 voco] , 1 , call off, call azvay ; %vith- 
 
 draw ; divert, turn. 
 avunculus, -i, [dim. of avus], m., 
 
 mother's brother, uncle. 
 avus, -i, m., grandfather. 
 
 Babylon, -onis, [BapvXwv], f., 
 Babylon, the chief city of Babylo- 
 nia, on the Euphrates. 
 
 Baebius, -a, the name of a Roman 
 gens. In this book are mentioned : 
 
 (1) Cn. Baebius Tamphilus, con- 
 sul in B.C. 182. 
 
 (2) M. Baebius 7'amphilus, con- 
 sul in B.C. 181. 
 
 Bagaeus, -I, [Btrycuos], m., Bagae- 
 
 us, the name of a Persian. 
 Balbus, -i, m., Balbus, surname of 
 
 L. Cornelius Balbus. 
 barba, -ae, f., beard. 
 barbarus, -a, -um, [/3dp/3a/>os] , 
 
 adj., of strange speech, foreign, 
 
 strange ; barbarous, uncivilized. 
 
 As subst., barbarus, -i, m., for- 
 eigner, barbarian. 
 Barca, -ae, [Bap/ccts], m., Barca, 
 
 surname of Hamilcar, the father 
 
 of Hannibal. 
 beatus, -a, -um, comp. beatior, 
 
 sup. beatissimus, [part, of bed], 
 
 adj., happy, prosperous, fortunate ; 
 
 rich. 
 bellicosus, -a, -um, comp. belli- 
 
 cosior, sup. bellicosissimus, [bel- 
 
 licus], adj., warlike, given to 
 
 fighting. 
 bellicus, -a, -um, [bellum], adj., 
 
 of war, military, warlike. 
 bello, -are, -avi, -atus, [bellum], 
 
 I, wage ioar, fight, contend. 
 bellum, -1, [for duellum from 
 
 duo], n., war. Loc. belli, in 
 
 war. 
 bene, comp. melius, sup. optime, 
 
 [bonus], adv., well, successfully ; 
 
 very. 
 beneficium, -i, [bene, cf. facio], 
 
 n., favor, kindness, service. 
 
BENEVOLENTIA 
 
 17 
 
 CAECILIUS 
 
 benevolentia, -ae, [bene, cf. 
 volo], f., good-will, kindness, 
 favor. 
 
 benlgnitas, -atis, [benignus], f., 
 kindness, friendliness, courtesy. 
 
 bestia, -ae, f., beast, animal. 
 
 bi-, insep. prep. , twice, double. 
 
 biduum, -i, [bi-, cf. dies], n., 
 period of two days, two days. 
 
 bini, -ae, -a, [cf. bis], distr. num., 
 two by two, tioo at a time. 
 
 bis, num. adv., twice, on tzvo occa- 
 sions. 
 
 Bithynia, -ae, f., Bithynia, a prov- 
 ince in the northern part of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Bithynus, -a, -urn, adj., of Bithy- 
 nia, Bithynian. As suhst., Bithy- 
 nus, -i, m., Bithynian, inhabitant 
 of Bithynia. 
 
 Bizanthe, -es, \J5i(ravdrf\, f., Bi- 
 zanthe, a city in Thrace, on the 
 Propontis. 
 
 blandus, -a, -um, adj., flattering, 
 caressing ; pleasant, agreeable. 
 
 Blitho, -onis, m., Blitho, surname 
 of Snlpicius Blitho, a Roman 
 historian. 
 
 Boeotus, -a, -um, [Botwros], adj., 
 Boeotian, of Boeotia, a province 
 of central Greece, northwest of 
 Attica. As subst., Boeotus, -i, 
 Boeotian, inhabitant of Boeotia. 
 
 bonitas, -atis, [bonus], f., good- 
 ness, friendliness, kindness ; vir- 
 tue, blamelessness. 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, 
 sup. optimus, adj., good. As 
 subst., bonum, -i, n., good thing, 
 the good ; boni, -orum, m. pi., 
 the good, good men, a term applied 
 to themselves by the optimates, or 
 aristocracy, bona, -orum, n. pi., 
 goods, possessions. 
 
 boreas, -ae, m., also boreas ven- 
 tus, the north wind. 
 
 brevi, [abl. of brevis], adv.. in a 
 little while, in a short time, soon. 
 
 brevis, -e, adj., short, brief. 
 
 brevitas, -atis, [brevis], f., short- 
 ness ; brevity, conciseness. 
 
 breviter, [brevis], adv., shortly, 
 briefly. 
 
 Brutus, -i, m., Brutus, a surname 
 of the Junian gens. In this book 
 refers to : 
 
 (1) M. Junius Brutus, the 
 leader, with Cassius, of the 
 assassins of Julius Caesar. 
 
 (2) D. Junius Brutus, brother 
 of M. Junius Brutus. 
 
 Byzantium, -i, [Bi^di/noi/], n., 
 Byzantium, a city of Thrace on 
 the Bosphorus, now Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Byzantius, -a, -um, of Byzantium, 
 Byzantine. As subst., Byzantius, 
 -I, m., Byzantine, inhabitant of 
 Byzantium. 
 
 C, originally = C and G; with 
 proper names = Gaius. a Roman 
 forename. 
 
 Cadmea, -ae, properly adj., supply 
 arx, [KaS/xeia], f., the Cadmea, 
 the citadel of Thebes. 
 
 cado, -ere, cecidi, casurus, 3, 
 fall; be killed ; take place, happen. 
 
 caduceus, -1, [/c^pwcaoy], m., her- 
 ald's staff. 
 
 Cadusil, -orum, m. pi., the Cadu- 
 sians, a race of mountaineers 
 dwelling on the western shore of 
 the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Caecilius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens. In this book refers to Q. 
 Caecilius, uncle of Atticus. 
 
CAEDES 
 
 8 
 
 CAPITOLIUM 
 
 caedga, -is, [cf. caedo], f., killing, 
 slaughter, murder, massacre. 
 
 caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesus, 3, 
 cut, cut to pieces, kill, slay ; van- 
 quish, destroy. 
 
 caelum, -I, n., the sky, heaven, 
 heavens. 
 
 caerimonia. -ae, f, religious usage, 
 sacred rite ; veneration, reverence. 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar, the 
 name of a famous family of the 
 Julian gens. In this book are 
 mentioned : 
 
 (1) C. Julius Caesar, the dic- 
 tator. 
 
 (2) C. Julius Caesar Octavia- 
 nus, afterward called Augustus, 
 the first emperor of Rome. 
 
 Caesarianus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Caesar, relating to Caesar. Cae- 
 sarianum civile bellum, the civil 
 war between Caesar and Pompey. 
 
 calamitas, -atis, f., loss, injury, 
 harm ; calamity, disaster. 
 
 Calidus, -i, m., Calidus, cognomen 
 of C. Julius Calidus, a Roman 
 poet of the Ciceronian Period. 
 
 Callias, -ae, [KaXXtas], m., Cal- 
 lias, a rich Athenian who married 
 Elpinice, sister and formerly wife 
 of Cimon. 
 
 Callicrates, -is, [KaXXt/cpdr^s], 
 m., Callicrates, an Athenian, the 
 author of a successful conspiracy 
 against the life of Dion. 
 
 callide, comp. callidius, sup. 
 callidissime. [callidus], adv., 
 shrewdly, skilfully, cutiningly. 
 
 calliditas, -atis, [callidus], f., 
 shrewdness ; cunning, craft. 
 
 callidus, -a, -um, comp. callidior, 
 sup. callidissimus, [called], adj., 
 practised, shrewd, cunning; cal- 
 culating. 
 
 Calliphron, -onis, [KaXX^pwi/], 
 m., Calliphron, a teacher of danc- 
 ing, from whom Epaminondas 
 learned the art. 
 
 Callistratus, -I, [KaXXhrrpa-ros], 
 m., Callistratus, an Athenian 
 orator, a contemporary of Epami- 
 nondas. 
 
 calx, calcis, f., heel ; hind foot. 
 
 Camisares. -is, m., Camisares, a 
 Persian general, father of Datames. 
 
 campester, -tris, -tre, [campus], 
 adj., of a level field, flat, level. 
 
 campus, -i, m., plain, level field. 
 
 canis, -is, m. and f., dog. 
 
 Cannensis, -e, adj., of Cannae, at 
 Cannae, a town in Apulia, in 
 southeastern Italy, the scene of 
 the defeat of the Romans by 
 Hannibal in 216 B.C. 
 
 cano, canere, cecini, — , 3, sing, 
 chant; prophesy, predict, utter. 
 
 canto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
 of cano], 1, sing, play. 
 
 Canus, see Gellius. 
 
 capesso, -ere, -ivi, -iturus, [desid. 
 of capio], 3, eagerly seize, lay 
 hold of. rem publicam capes- 
 sere, to undertake public business, 
 to se?-ve one's country. 
 
 capillus, -i, [cf. caput], m., hair 
 of the head, hair. 
 
 capio, capere, cepi, captus, 3, 
 take hold of, take, seize ; take cap- 
 tive, make prisoner ; captivate, 
 charm ; cheat, deceive, betray ; 
 choose, select ; affect, move, influ- 
 ence; receive, obtain. 
 
 Capitolium, -i, [caput], n., the 
 Capitol, a temple on the southern 
 apex of the Capitoline Hill, dedi- 
 cated to Jupiter, Juno, and Mi- 
 nerva; often the Capitoline Hill, 
 the hill on which the capitol stood. 
 
CAPITULATIM 
 
 19 
 
 CATO 
 
 capitulatim. [caput], adv., by 
 heads, summarily. 
 
 Cappadocia, -ae, [KairiradoKia], 
 f., Cappadocia, a country in the 
 eastern part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Cappadox, -ocis, [Kairirddo^], m., 
 a Cappadocia n. 
 
 Captiani, -drum, m. pi., the Cap- 
 tiani. a people of Asia whose ex- 
 act location is unknown. 
 
 captivus, -a, -um, [capio], adj., 
 taken prisoner, captive. As subst, 
 captivus, -1, m., prisoner, captive. 
 
 captus, -1, [part, of capio], m., 
 prisoner, captive. 
 
 Capua, -ae, f., Capua, a city in 
 Campania, 136 miles southeast of 
 Rome. 
 
 caput, -itis, n., head ; by metony- 
 my, life, person, capitis abso- 
 lutus, not condemned to death. 
 
 Car. Caris, [Caria], m., a Carian, 
 inhabitant of Caria. 
 
 Cardaces, -um, [K6.p8a.Kes], m. 
 pi., Cardaces, a class of Persian 
 soldiers. 
 
 Cardianus, -a, -um, adj., of Car- 
 dia, a town of the Thracian Cher- 
 sonese. 
 
 careo. carere, carui, — , fut. part, 
 cariturus, 2, be without, be free 
 from, be destitute of; do without, 
 refrain from ; hold aloof from, 
 be absent from, patria carere, 
 to be in exile. 
 
 Caria, -ae, [Kcip/a], f., Caria, a 
 province in the southwestern part 
 of Asia Minor, south of Lydia. 
 
 caritas, -atis, [carus], f., affection, 
 love. 
 
 Carthaginiensis, -e, adj., of Car- 
 thage, Carthaginian. As subst., 
 Carthaginiensis, -is, m.. Cartha- 
 ginian, inhabitant of Carthage. 
 
 Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage, a 
 city on the northern coast of 
 Africa, near the modern Tunis. 
 
 cams, -a, -um, comp. carior, sup. 
 carissimus, adj., dear, precious; 
 beloved ; costly. 
 
 casa. -ae, [cf. castra], f., small 
 house, cottage, hut. 
 
 Caspianus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 Caspian Sea. As subst., Caspi- 
 anus, -i, m., dweller on the Cas- 
 pian Sea. 
 
 Cassandrus, -i, [KdoraavSpos], m., 
 Cassander, son of Antipater and 
 king of Macedonia. 
 
 Cassius, -a, the name of a Roman 
 gens. In this book refers to C. 
 Cassius Longinus, originator of 
 the conspiracy against Caesar. 
 
 castellum. -i, [dim. of castrum], 
 n., castle, fort, stronghold. 
 
 castrum, -i, n., fortress, castle; pi. 
 castra, -5rum. camp. 
 
 casu. [casus], adv., by chance, ac- 
 cidentally. 
 
 casus, -us, [cado], m., fall ; event, 
 occurrence ; chance, fortune ; over- 
 throw, destruction ; misfortune, 
 mischance, calamity. 
 
 Cataonia, -ae, [Karao^a], f., Ca- 
 taonia, a division of southern 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 caterva, -ae, f., crowd, throng ; 
 troop, company, band. 
 
 Cato, -onis, [catus, shrewd], m., 
 Cato, name of a noted family of 
 the Porcian gens. In this book 
 are mentioned : 
 
 (1) M. Porcius Cato, the censor. 
 Born B.C. 234; died in 149. 
 
 (2) M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, so 
 called from Utica in Africa, where 
 he committed suicide in 46 B.C. 
 rather than surrender to Caesar. 
 
CATULLUS 
 
 20 
 
 CERTAMEN 
 
 Catullus, -l, m., Catullus, family 
 name of Q. Valerius Catullus, the 
 famous lyric poet, born B.C. 87 at 
 Verona; died B.C. 54. 
 Catulus, -1, m., Catulus, family 
 name of Q. Lutatius Catulus, who 
 defeated the Carthaginians at the 
 Aegates Islands in 241 B.C. 
 causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; op- 
 portunity; excuse; condition, situ- 
 ation ; case at law; abl. causa, 
 with preceding gen., for the sake 
 of, for the purpose of causam 
 dicere, to plead a case. 
 caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, 2, be 
 on one's guard, take care, beware of 
 cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus, 3, go 
 from, give place, depart, retire ; 
 yield to, submit to ; fall to the lot 
 of; result, happen, turn out. 
 celeber, -bris, -bre, comp. cele- 
 brior, sup. celeberrimus, adj., 
 frequented, thronged, crowded, 
 populous ; renowned, famous. 
 celebritas, -atis, [celeber], f., 
 great number, throng; society; 
 fame, renown, in celebritate 
 versari, to appear in society. 
 celebro, -are, -avi, -atus, [cele- 
 ber], I, throng, crowd ; solemnize, 
 celebrate, keep; make famous, 
 praise. 
 celer, -eris, -ere, comp. celerior, 
 sup. celerrimus, adj., swift, speedy, 
 quick, lively. 
 celeritas, -atis, [celer], f., swift- 
 ness, quickness, speed. 
 celeriter, comp. celerius, sup. ce- 
 lerrime, [celer], adv., quickly, 
 speedily, promptly. 
 celo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, hide, 
 
 conceal, keep secret. 
 cena, -ae, f., dinner, the principal 
 meal of the Romans, taken in 
 
 early times at noon, afterwards 
 later in the day; banquet. 
 ceno, -are, -avi, -atus, [cena], 
 
 1, dine, eat dinner ; eat, dine upon. 
 censed, censere, censui, census, 
 
 2, assess ; be of the opinion ; sup- 
 pose, think ; determine, decide. 
 
 censor, -oris, [censeo], m., censor, 
 a Roman magistrate. Two censors 
 were chosen every five years, and 
 served for eighteen months. They 
 held the census, or rating of the 
 citizens; chose the members of 
 the senate from those eligible to 
 that dignity, and removed them 
 for cause; exercised a general 
 supervision over public morals; 
 and administered the finances of 
 the state. 
 
 censorius, -a, -urn, [censor], adj., 
 of the censor, censorial. As subst., 
 censorius, -i, m., one who has 
 been censor, ex-censor. 
 
 censura, -ae, [censor], f., office of 
 censor, censorship. 
 
 Centenius, -i, m., Centenius, gen- 
 tile name of C. Centenius, a Roman 
 praetor, defeated by Hannibal in 
 216 B.C. 
 
 centiens, [centum], adv., a hun- 
 dred times, centiens sestertium 
 (sc. centena milia), ten million 
 sesterces. 
 
 centum, num. adj. indecl., a hun- 
 dred. 
 
 cera, -ae, f., wax ; writing-tablet. 
 
 Ceraunus, -i, m., Ceraunus, sur- 
 name of Ptole7iiaeus Ceraunus, 
 son of Ptolemy the First of Egypt. 
 
 cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus, 3, 
 separate ; perceive, see ; decide. 
 
 certamen, -inis, [certo], n., con- 
 test, battle ; match, trial of strength 
 or skill; rivalry, competition. 
 
CERTUS 
 
 21 
 
 CIRCUMDO 
 
 certus, -a, -um, comp. certior, 
 sup. certissimus, [part, of cerno], 
 adj., determined, fixed, certain ; 
 definite, specified; certain, as- 
 sured, reliable, aliquem certio- 
 rem facere, to inform any one. 
 
 ceterum, [ceterus], adv., for the 
 rest, in other respects, but. 
 
 ceterus, -a, -um, nora. sing. m. not 
 found, adj., other, the other, rest; 
 pi., the rest, the other. As subst., 
 ceteri, -orum, m. pi., the rest, 
 every one else, cetera, -drum, n. 
 pi., the rest, everything else. 
 
 Cethegus, -I, m., Cethegus, cogno- 
 men of P. Cornelius Cethegus, 
 consul in 181 B.C. 
 
 Chabrias, -ae, [Xa.pplds~], m., Cha- 
 brias, an Athenian general. See 
 
 XII. 
 
 Chalcioicos, -I, [XclKkIoikos], f., 
 the Goddess of the Brazen House, a 
 surname of Minerva derived from 
 a brazen temple erected to her in 
 Sparta. 
 
 Chalcis, -idis or -idos, [XoXkIs], 
 f., Chalcis, the chief town of Eu- 
 boea, the modern Negroponte. 
 
 Chaones. -um, [Xdoves], m. pi., 
 the Chaonians, inhabitants of 
 Chaonia, a country in Epirus. 
 
 Chares, -etis, [Xdprjs], m., Chares, 
 an Athenian general of the time 
 of Philip of Macedon. 
 
 Charon, -onis, [Xdpwv], m., 
 Charon, a Theban, a contempo- 
 rary of Pelopidas. 
 
 Chersonesus, -i, [Xep<r6vr}<ros~\, f., 
 the Chersonese, a peninsula of 
 Thrace west of the Hellespont. 
 
 chUiarchus, -1, [xtXfapxos], m., 
 co?nmander of a thousand men ; 
 in Persia, the officer next in rank 
 to the king, chiliarch. 
 
 Chius, -I, [Xros], f., Chios, an 
 
 island in the Aegean Sea, near 
 
 the coast of Ionia. 
 chorda, -ae, [xo/aS^], f., string, of 
 
 a musical instrument. 
 cibaria, -orum, [cibusj, n. pi., 
 
 food, provisions. 
 cibus, -I, Yd., food, victuals. 
 Cicero, -dnis, [cicer, chickpea'], m., 
 
 Cicero, name of a family of the 
 
 Tullian gens. In this book refers 
 
 to: 
 
 ( i ) M. Tidlius Cicero, the orator 
 and statesman. 
 
 (2) Q. Tullius Cicero, brother 
 of the orator. 
 Cilicia, -ae, [KiX«c/a], f., Cilicia, a 
 
 province in the southeastern part 
 
 of Asia Minor. Ciliciae portae, 
 
 the Cilician Gates, a mountain pass 
 
 in the eastern part of Cilicia. 
 Cilix, -icis, [K/Xif], adj., Cilician. 
 
 As subst., m., inhabitant of Cilicia, 
 
 Cilician. 
 Cimon. -onis, [Kip.wi>~], m., Cimon, 
 
 referring to : 
 
 (1) the father of Miltiades. 
 
 (2) the son of Miltiades. See V. 
 cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus, 3, 
 
 go around, encompass ; surround, 
 
 blockade. 
 Cinnanus, -a, -um, [Cinna], adj., 
 
 of Cinna, with Cinna. 
 circa, adv. and prep, with ace, 
 
 around, round about. 
 circiter, adv. and prep, with ace, 
 
 of duration or distance, about, 
 
 not far from; of time, about, 
 
 near. 
 circulus, -i, [dim. of circus], m., 
 
 circular figure, circle; company, 
 
 social gathering. 
 circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus, 
 
 [circum + do], 1, place around ; 
 
CIRCUMEO 
 
 22 
 
 COEO 
 
 surround, encompass, enclose, en- 
 velop. 
 
 circumeo, -ire, -ivi, or -ii, cir- 
 cumitus or circuitus, [circum 
 4- ed], irr., go around, surround, 
 enclose. 
 
 circumfundo, -fundere, -fudi, 
 -fusus, [circum + fundo], 3, 
 pour around, surround, envelop. 
 
 circumsedeo. -sedere, -sedi, cir- 
 cumsessus, [circum + sedeo], 2, 
 sit around, surround, besiege. 
 
 circumvehor, -vehi, -vectus sum, 
 [circum + vehor] , 3, semi-dep., 
 ride around, sail around. 
 
 circumvenio, -venire, -veni, cir- 
 cumventus, [circum + venio], 4, 
 come around, encompass, surround. 
 
 citerior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj., 
 comp., (sup. citimus), on this 
 side ; nearer, next. 
 
 citharizo, -are, — , — , [/afla/nfo], 
 1, play on the cithara. 
 
 Citium. -i, n., Citium, a seaport in 
 Cyprus, in the eastern part of the j 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 cito, -are, -avi, -atus, [intens. of | 
 cieo], 1, put in motion, rouse, 
 excite ; summon ; proclaim t an- ; 
 nou?ice. 
 
 civilis, -e, [civis], adj., of citizens, 
 civic, civil ; courteous, polite, civil. \ 
 
 Civis, -is, m. and f., citizen, fellow- 
 citizen. 
 
 civitas, -atis, [civis], f., citizen- 
 ship, state ; city. 
 
 clam, [cf. celo], adv. and prep. 
 with ace., secretly, without the 
 knowledge of 
 
 clandestinus, -a, -um, [clam], 
 adj. secret, concealed, clandestine. 
 
 clare, comp. clarius, sup. claris- 
 sime, [clarus], adv., clearly, 
 plainly ; illustriously, splendidly. 
 
 claritas, -atis, [clarus], f., bright- 
 ness, splendor ; renown, fame. 
 clarus, -a, -um, comp. clarior, 
 
 sup. clarissimus, adj., clear, 
 
 bright; conspicuous, celebrated, 
 
 famous, illustrious. 
 classiarius, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 
 fleet. As subst, classiarii, -drum, 
 
 m. pi., marines, naval forces. 
 classis, -is, f., class, division of the 
 
 people ; army ; fleet. 
 Clastidium, -i, n., Claslidium, a 
 
 town in Cisalpine Gaul. 
 Claudius, -a, name of a Roman 
 
 gens. See Marcellus, Nero, 
 claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus, 
 
 3, shut, close ; shut in, surround ; 
 
 imprison, besiege. 
 claudus, -a, -um, adj., limping, 
 
 halting, lame ; crippled. 
 clava, -ae, f., cudgel, club; dis- 
 patch-staff, a staff used by the 
 
 Spartans for cipher dispatches. 
 
 See note to p. 20, 1. 27. 
 Clemens, -entis, adj., mild, gentle, 
 
 kindly, compassionate. 
 dementia, -ae. [clemens], f., mod- 
 eration, forbearance, mercy. 
 Cleon, -onis, [KXewv], m., Cleon, a 
 
 rhetorician of Halicarnassus in 
 
 Caria. 
 Cllnias, -ae, [KAem'as], m., Cli- 
 
 neas, the father of Alcibiades. 
 clipeus, -i, m., round shield of 
 
 metal. 
 Cn., see Gnaeus. 
 Cnidus, -i, [Kvl8os~\, f., Cnidus, a 
 
 city of Caria, in southwestern Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 coarguo, -arguere, -argui, — , 
 
 [com- -f arguo], 3, overwhelm 
 
 with proof, refute, prove guilty ; 
 
 prove, show. 
 coed, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, [com- 
 
COEPIO 
 
 23 
 
 COMMEO 
 
 -f-ed], irr., come together, assem- 
 ble ; unite, combine, societatem 
 coire, to form a league. 
 
 coepio, coepere, coepi, coeptus, 
 pres. not found in classical Latin, 
 3, def., begin, commence. 
 
 coerceo, -ercere, -ercul, -ercitus, 
 [com- + arceo], 2, confine on 
 all sides, shut in ; hold in check, 
 control, tame. 
 
 cogitatio, -onis, [cogito], f., con- 
 sideration, thought, reflection ; 
 resolution, plan, project. 
 
 cogitatum, -1, [cogito], n., thought, 
 idea ; in pi. often purpose. 
 
 cogito, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- + 
 agitol, 1, consider thoroughly, 
 ponder, reflect on, think ; have in 
 mind, design, plan. 
 
 cognatio, -onis, [cognatus], f., 
 blood-relationship, connection by 
 birth. 
 
 cognitus, -a, -um, [part, of cog- 
 n5sc5], adj., known, acknowl- 
 edged, approved. 
 
 cognomen, -inis, [com- + gno- 
 men], n., surname, family name ; 
 name. 
 
 cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, 
 -gnitus, [com- -f gnoscd], 3, 
 become acquainted with ; learn, 
 perceive ; investigate, examine, 
 read; understand, recognize. 
 
 cogo, cSgere, coegi, coactus, 
 [com- + ago], 3, drive together ; 
 collect ; force, compel. 
 
 cohortatio, -onis, [cohortor], f., 
 exhorting, inciting, exhortation, 
 encouragement. 
 
 collis, -is, m., elevation, hill. 
 
 colo, colere, colui, cultus, 3, till, 
 cultivate ; dwell in, inhabit ; 
 clothe, adorn ; honor, revere, 
 esteem. 
 
 Colonae, -arum, \Ko\uval~], f. pi., 
 Colonae, a town in the Troad, in 
 northwestern Asia Minor. 
 
 colonia, -ae, [cf. colo], f., colony, 
 settlement. 
 
 colonus, -i, [cf. colo], m., tiller 
 of the soil, husbandman ; settler, 
 colonist. 
 
 com-, prep., old form of cum, used 
 only in composition. See cum. 
 
 comes, -itis, [com-, cf. eo],m. and 
 f., companion, comrade ; retainer. 
 
 comis, -e, adj., courteous, affable, 
 kind, obliging, friendly. 
 
 comitas, -atis, [comis], f., cour- 
 tesy, kindness, affability. 
 
 comitia, -orum, [pi. of comitium], 
 n. pi., Comitia, the Roman people 
 in assembly; election. 
 
 comitium, -1, [com- -f eo], n., 
 place of meeting, place of assembly ; 
 at Rome, the Comitium, an open 
 place in which assemblies were 
 held; it was north of the Forum, 
 from which, prior to 44 B.C., it 
 was separated by the Rostra; at 
 Sparta, the Ephoreion. 
 
 comitor, -ari, -atus sum, [comes], 
 1, dep., attend, accompany. 
 
 commeatus, -us, [commeo], m., 
 going to and fro ; leave of absence, 
 furlough ; provisions, supplies. 
 
 commemoro, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 I, recall to me?nory, keep in mind, 
 remember ; recount, relate. 
 
 commendatio, -onis, [com- 
 mendo], f., recommending, rec- 
 ommeudation ; excellence, worth. 
 
 commendo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [com- + mando], 1, commit for 
 protection, entrust, confide ; com- 
 mend, recommend. 
 
 commeo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, 
 go and come, go about. 
 
TOMMINISCOR 
 
 2 4 
 
 COMPOSITUM 
 
 comminiscor, -minisci, -mentus 
 sum, [com- + miniscor], 3, dep., 
 devise, contrive ; invent, feign. 
 
 comminus, [com- + manus], adv., 
 in close contest, hand to hand, at 
 close quarters. 
 
 commiseror, -Sri, -atus sum, 
 [com- + miseror], 1, dep., com- 
 miserate, pity, bewail. 
 
 commissum, -1, [committo], n., 
 undertaking ; fault, crime, offence. 
 
 committo, -mittere, -misi, com- 
 missus, [com- + mitto], 3, bring 
 together, unite ; match, engage in ; 
 entrust, commit; commit, do, be 
 guilty of. proelium committere, 
 to join battle, fight. 
 
 commode, comp. commodius, 
 sup. commodissime, [commo- 
 dus], adv., properly, rightly, 
 suitably ; appropriately, well, skil- 
 fully. 
 
 commoditas, -atis, [commodus], 
 f., fitness, co7ivenience ; advan- 
 tage. 
 
 commodum, -1, [commodus], n., 
 convenience ; advantage, profit. 
 
 commoveo, -movere, -mdvi, com- 
 motus, [com- + moveo] , 2, put 
 in violent motion, move, stir ; agi- 
 tate, disturb, se commovere, to 
 undertake anything. 
 
 communio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [com- 
 + miinid] , 4, fortify on all sides, 
 secure, fortify strongly. 
 
 communis, -e, [com- + munus] , 
 adj., common, general. 
 
 communitas, -atis, [communis], 
 f., community, fellowship ; cour- 
 tesy, affability. 
 
 communiter, [communis], adv., 
 in common, together. 
 
 commutatio, -onis, [commuto], 
 f., changing, change. 
 
 commuto, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 + muto] , 1 , alter wholly, change ; 
 exchange, substitute. 
 
 compareo, -parere, -parui, — , 
 [com- + pareo], 2, appear, be 
 plain ; be present, be at hand. 
 
 comparo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 + paro], 1, provide, make ready, 
 prepare, organize ; obtain. 
 
 comparo, -are, -avi, -atus, [corn- 
 par], I, bring together as equal, 
 pair, ??iatch ; count equal, rank 
 with. 
 
 compello, -pell ere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 [com- + pello], 3, drive together, 
 collect ; force, compel. 
 
 compello, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 pello], I, accost, address; re- 
 proach, call to account ; summon, 
 arraign. 
 
 comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertus, 
 4, obtain knowledge of, find out, 
 learn. 
 
 complector, -plecti, -plexus sum, 
 [com- + plecto, braid], 3, dep., 
 clasp, embrace, encircle, surround ; 
 include. 
 
 compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletus, 
 [com- + pleo], 2, /// full, fill; 
 complete, fill up, make full. 
 
 complexus, part, of complector. 
 
 complures, -a or -ia, gen. com- 
 plurium, [com- + plures], adj., 
 pi., many, several. 
 
 componS, -ponere, -posui, com- 
 positus, [com- + pono], 3, put 
 together, unite ; set in order, ar- 
 range ; co?npose, settle, end. 
 
 composito, [compositus] , adv., 
 by agreement, by preconcert. 
 
 compositum, -i, [compono], n., 
 agreeme7it, compact. ex com- 
 posito, by agreement, by precon- 
 cert. 
 
COMPREHENDO 
 
 25 
 
 CONDO 
 
 comprehends, -hendere, -hendi, 
 -hensus, [com- + prehendd], 3, 
 
 bind together ; seize, catch, grasp ; 
 arrest; undo stand, comprehend. 
 
 comprobo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 -f probo], 1, approve, assent to ; 
 prove, confirm. 
 
 conata, -drum, [conatus], n. pi., 
 undertaking, attempt, plan. 
 
 conatus, -a, -urn, part, of conor. 
 
 conatus, -us, [conor], m., attempt, 
 undertaking. 
 
 concalefacio, -facere, -feci, cale- 
 factus, pass., concalfio, -fieri, 
 -factus sum, [com- + calefacio], 
 3, irr. in pass., warm thoroughly. 
 
 concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 [com- + cedoj , 3, go away, de- 
 part ; yield, submit ; concede, al- 
 low, give up. 
 
 concido, -cidere, -cidi, — , [com- 
 -f cado], 3, fall together, fall 
 down; be slain; be overthrozvn, 
 be defeated, go to ruin. 
 
 concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, 
 [com- -f- caedo], 3, cut to pieces, 
 kill. 
 
 conciliator, -oris, [concilio], m., 
 negotiator, promoter. 
 
 concilio, -are, -avi, -atus, [con- 
 cilium], I, bring together ; win 
 over, conciliate ; cause, bring 
 about, win. 
 
 concilium, -i, n., meeting; assem- 
 bly ; council. 
 
 concinnus, -a, -um, adj., neat, ele- 
 gant, pleasing ; apt, happy. 
 
 concitatus, -a, um, [part, of con- 
 cito], adj., rapid, szuift, at full 
 speed. 
 
 concito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
 of concio] , 1 , put in motion ; 
 drive, spur ; rouse, excite; move, 
 instigate. 
 
 conclave, -is, [com- + clavis, 
 
 key], n., room, chamber, apart- 
 ment. 
 
 concliido, -cludere, -clusi, con- 
 clusus, [com- + claudo], 3, shut 
 up, imprison, confine; include, 
 comprise ; end, close ; conclude. 
 
 conclusio, -onis, [concludo], f., 
 shutting zip, siege, blockade ; con- 
 clusion, end ; inference. 
 
 concupisco, -cupiscere, -cupivi, 
 -cupitus, [com- + inch, of cu- 
 pio], 3, be very desirous, long 
 for, strive after. 
 
 concurro, -currere, -cucurri or 
 -curri, -cursus, [com- + curro], 
 3, run together, assemble ; rush 
 together, engage in co7>ibal, fight ; 
 coincide, happen. 
 
 concursus, -us, [concurro], m., 
 running together, concourse, 
 throng ; attack ; meeting, collision, 
 shock. 
 
 concutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus, 
 [com- + quatio], 3, strike to- 
 gether ; shatter, i?npair ; terrify, 
 alarm. 
 
 condicio, -onis, [com-, cf. dico], 
 f., agree?7ient, condition, terms. 
 
 condico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus, 
 [com- + dico], 3, agree, make an 
 engagement. 
 
 condiscipulatus, -us, [condisci- 
 pulus], m., companionship in 
 school. 
 
 condiscipulus, -i, [com- -f disci- 
 pulus], m., school-mate, fellow- 
 pupil. 
 
 conditor, -oris, [condo], m., maker, 
 founder, author. 
 
 condo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [com- 
 + do], 3, put together, found, 
 establish, build; compose, write; 
 lay aivay, conceal. 
 
CONDUCO 
 
 26 
 
 CONIUNCTUS 
 
 conduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 [com- + duco], 3, draw together, 
 assemble ; hire, employ. 
 
 conduct!, -drum, [part, of con- 
 duco], m. pi., hired soldiers, mer- 
 cenaries. 
 
 conducticius, -a, -um, [conduco], 
 adj., hired, mercenary. 
 
 confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 
 [com- + fero], irr., bring to- 
 gether, collect ; pay in, contribute ; 
 bear, carry, convey; compare; con- 
 sult, confer ; devote, apply ; bestow. 
 se conferre, to betake oneself, go. 
 arma conferre, to engage in battle. 
 
 confestim, [com-, cf. festlno], 
 adv., immediately, forthwith. 
 
 conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [com- + facid], 3, make ready, 
 bring about, acconiplish, execute, 
 do; compose, end, finish; exhaust, 
 wear out, subdue ; kill. 
 
 confido, -fidere, -fisus sum, 
 [com- -f fido], 3, semi-dep., 
 trust, rely on, believe, be assured. 
 
 configo, -figere, -fixi, -fixus, 
 [com- -f f igd] , 3, join ; pierce 
 through, transfix. 
 
 confinis, -is, [com- + finis], adj., 
 neighboring, adjoining. 
 
 conffrmo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 -ffirmo], 1, make firm, strengthen, 
 establish ; confirm in fidelity ; eti- 
 courage ; assert. 
 
 coniiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, [com- 
 + fateor], 2, dep., acknowledge, 
 confess. 
 
 confixus, part, of configd. 
 
 conflicto, -are, -avi, -atus, [in- 
 tens. of confligo], 1, come in 
 conflict, collide. 
 
 conflictor, -ari, -atus sum, [con- 
 fligo], I, dep., struggle, contend ; 
 be afflicted. 
 
 confligS, -fligere, -flixi, -fiictus, 
 [com- -(- fligo], 3, strike together ; 
 dash together, collide ; contend, 
 fight. 
 
 confio, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- + 
 fid], I, blow up, kindle; bring 
 together ; bring about, cause. 
 
 confiuo, -fluere, -fluxi, — , [com- 
 -f fluo], 3, fiow together, flock 
 together, assemble. 
 
 confodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fossus, 
 [com- + fodio] , 3, dig up ; stab, 
 pierce. 
 
 confugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , [com- 
 + fugio], 3, flee, take refuge ; 
 have recourse, resort. 
 
 congero, -gerere, -gessi, -gestus, 
 [com- + gero], 3, bring together, 
 heap together, accumulate ; build, 
 construct. 
 
 congredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 [com- + gradior], 3, dep., meet 
 together ; contend, join battle. 
 
 congruo, -gruere, -grui, — , 3, 
 coincide, agree ; harmonize. 
 
 conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, 
 [com- -f iacio], 3, throw to- 
 gether, unite; throw, hurl; put, 
 place; conjecture. 
 
 coniectus, -us, [conicio], m., 
 throwing, hurling. 
 
 coniugium, -i, [coniungo], n., 
 marriage. 
 
 coniuncte, comp. coniunctius, 
 sup. coniunctissime, [coniungd], 
 adv., unitedly ; in friendship, in- 
 timately. 
 
 coniunctio, -onis, [com-, cf. iun- 
 go], f., connecting, union, agree- 
 ment; marriage, relationship. 
 
 coniunctus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 coniungd], adj., connected, ad- 
 joining; united by relationship, 
 intimate, friendly. 
 
CONIUNGO 
 
 27 
 
 CONSILIUM 
 
 coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, con- 
 iunctus, [com- -f iungo], 3, 
 fasten together, join, unite. 
 
 coniuratio, -onis, [coniuroj, f., 
 union under oath, conspiracy. 
 
 conlabefio, -fieri, -factus sum, 
 [com- + labefid], irr., fall to 
 pieces, collapse, be ruined ; be 
 overthrown. 
 
 conlatus, part, of confero. 
 
 conlaudo, -are, avi, -atus, [com- 
 + laudo], 1, praise highly, extol. 
 
 conlega, -ae, m., colleague, associ- 
 ate. 
 
 conligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectus, 
 [com- -f lego], 3, collect, as- 
 semble, gather. 
 
 conligo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- + 
 ligo], I, bind together, bind. 
 
 conloco, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 + loco], I, set right, arrange; 
 place, station ; establish in mar- 
 riage. 
 
 conloquium, -i, [conloquor], n., 
 conversation, conference. 
 
 conloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, 
 [com- + loquor], 3, dep., talk, 
 confer, parley. 
 
 Conon, -onis, [K6i>a}v],m., Conon: 
 
 (1) A famous Athenian general 
 who defeated the Lacedaemo- 
 nians at Cnidus in 394 B.C. 
 See IX. 
 
 (2) The son of Timotheus. 
 conor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 
 endeavor, attempt, try. 
 
 conquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, con- 
 quisitus, [com- + quaero], 3, 
 seek for, search for, seek out, hunt 
 up ; bring together, collect. 
 
 conscendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
 -scensus, [com- -f scandS], 3, 
 mount, ascend ; go on board a 
 ship. 
 
 conscius, -a, -um, [com- -f scio], 
 adj., knowing in common, privy, 
 accessory. As subst, cdnscius, 
 -i, m., partaker, accomplice. 
 
 conscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 -scriptus, [com- -f scribd], 3, 
 write together, enroll, enlist ; draw 
 up, compose, write, patres con- 
 scripti, see pater. 
 
 consector, -ari, -atus sum, [freq. 
 of cdnsequor], 1, dep., follow 
 eagerly, pursue, overtake. 
 
 consensio, -onis, [consentio], f., 
 agreement ; plot, conspiracy. 
 
 consensus, -us, [consentio], m., 
 agreement, unanimity, concord. 
 
 consentio, -sentire, -sensi, con- 
 sensus, [com- + sentiS], 4, agree 
 together, be in accord ; conspire, 
 plot. 
 
 consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 [com- + sequor], 3, dep., follow, 
 follozv up; overtake, come up 
 with ; arrive ; attain, acquire, 
 gain; result, arise from; per- 
 ceive, learn. 
 
 consero, -serere, -serui, -sertus, 
 [com- + sero], 3, connect, join. 
 manum cSnserere, to join battle. 
 
 conservo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 + servo], 1, retain, keep safe, 
 preserve, keep. 
 
 considers, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, 
 look closely at, examine ; consider, 
 reflect upon. 
 
 consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, 
 [com- -f sido], 3, sit down, be 
 seated ; settle ; encamp. 
 
 consilium, -i, [cf. consulo], n., 
 council, assembly ; deliberation, 
 counsel; determination, resolu- 
 tion, plan ; device, stratagem ; 
 advice; judgment, wisdom, pru- 
 dence. 
 
CONSISTO 
 
 28 
 
 CONTENTUS 
 
 consists, -sistere, constiti, con- 
 
 stitus, [com- -f sisto], 3, stand 
 still, stand, take position ; stop, 
 halt; be firm, endure, continue; 
 exist, be ; consist of. 
 
 consobrina, -ae, [com- + soror], 
 f., first cousin, cousin. 
 
 consolor, -ari, -atus sum, [com- 
 -f solor], 1, dep., encourage, con- 
 sole, cheer. 
 
 conspectus, -us, [conspiciS], m., 
 sight, vieza, range of vision. 
 
 conspicio, -spicere, -spexl, con- 
 spectus, [com- + specio], 3, get 
 sight of, perceive, see ; pass., be in 
 sight, be conspicuous. 
 
 conspicor, -ari, -atus sum, [com-, 
 cf. specio], 1, dep., get sight of, 
 perceive, see. 
 
 constans, -antis, [part, of consto], 
 adj., firm, constant, steadfast, res- 
 olute ; consistent. 
 
 constantia, -ae, [constans], f., 
 firmness, steadiness ; perseverance ; 
 faithfulness. 
 
 constituS, -stituere, -stitui, c5n- 
 stitutus, [com- + statuS], 3, 
 put, place ; set in order, draw up, 
 form, organize ; found, build, con- 
 struct ; make, prepare, establish; 
 resolve, determine. 
 
 consto, -stare, -stiti, — , fut. part. 
 -staturus, [com 4 sto], 1, agree ; 
 stand firm, be fixed ; consist of; 
 be certain, be known. 
 
 consuesco, -suescere, -suevi, 
 -suetus, [com- + suesco], 3, ac- 
 custom, inure; accustom oneself, 
 be accustomed. 
 
 consuetudo, -inis, [consuesco], 
 f., custom, habit ; character ; social 
 intercourse, companionship, fain il- 
 iarity. 
 
 consul, -ulis, m., consul, title of the 
 
 two chief magistrates of Rome, 
 who were chosen annually. In 
 dates the names of the consuls, 
 usually in the abl. abs., are used 
 to designate their year of office. 
 
 consularis, -e, [cdnsul], adj., of a 
 consul, consular, of consular rank. 
 As subst, consularis, -is, m., a 
 man of consular rank, ex-consul. 
 
 consulatus, -us, [consul], m., con- 
 sulship. 
 
 consulo, -ere, -ui, -tus, [com-, cf. 
 salio], 3, take counsel, consult, 
 take care, be mindful. 
 
 consultum, -i, [consultus], n., 
 deliberation; decree, plan, resolu- 
 tion. 
 
 consultus, -a, -um, [part, of c5n- 
 sulo], adj., well considered; skil- 
 ful, experienced, learned. 
 
 consumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, 
 -sumptus, [com- + sumo], 3, use 
 up, devour ; waste, destroy ; pass, 
 consume ; spend. 
 
 contego, -tegere, -texi, -tectus, 
 [com- + teg5], 3, cover, roof; 
 hide, conceal. 
 
 contemnendus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 contemno], adj., contemptible, 
 unworthy of notice. 
 
 contemno, -temnere, -tempsi, 
 -temptus, [com- + temno], 3, 
 value little, disdain, despise. 
 
 contendo, -tendere, -tendi, con- 
 tentus, [com- + tendd] , 3, stretch ; 
 hasten, march rapidly; strive, 
 vie ; fight, dispute, contend ; defend 
 an action; insist. 
 
 contentio, -onis, [contends], f., 
 straining, effort; dispute, contro- 
 versy ; strife, contest. 
 
 contentus, -a, -um, [part, of con- 
 tineo], adj., satisfied, pleased, con- 
 tent. 
 
CONTEXO 
 
 2 9 
 
 COPULA 
 
 contexo, -texere, -texui, -textus, 
 [com- 4- texo], 3, weave, join; 
 
 compose' ; devise. 
 
 contextus, -a, -urn, [part, of con- 
 texo j, adj., woven together, closely 
 connected, continuous. 
 
 continens, -entis, [part, of con- 
 tined], adj., bounding, limiting; 
 bordering, adjacent ; connected, 
 continuous; moderate, temperate. 
 continens terra, the mainland. 
 
 continens, -entis, [continens, sc. 
 terra], f., mainland, continent. 
 
 continentia, -ae, [continens], f., 
 restraint, continence, moderation. 
 
 contineo, -tinere, -tinui, conten- 
 tus, [com- -f teneo], 2, hold to- 
 gether, contain ; holdfast, retain ; 
 shut in, keep, restrain ; embrace, 
 include; curb, rule. 
 
 contingo, -tingere, -tigi, contac- 
 tus, [com- + tango], 3, touch, 
 take hold of; extend to; happen, 
 fall to the lot of. 
 
 contio, -onis, [for conventio, from 
 convenio], f., meeting, assembly ; 
 harangue, speech. 
 
 contra, adv. and prep. : 
 
 (i) As adv., opposite, in front of; 
 
 face to face ; on the contrary. 
 (2) As prep., with ace, against, 
 before, opposite to, contrary to; 
 in reply to. 
 
 contraho, -trahere, -traxi, con- 
 tractus, [com- + traho], 3, 
 draw together, collect. 
 
 contrarius, -a, -um, [contra], adj., 
 opposite; contrary, opposed. As 
 subst., contrarium, -i, n., the oppo- 
 site, contrary, reverse, e contrario, 
 on the other hand, on the contrary. 
 
 controversia, -ae, [controver- 
 sus]. f., contention, quarrel, dis- 
 pute, controversy. 
 
 contueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, 
 [com- 4- tueor], 2, look at, be- 
 hold ; observe. 
 
 contumaciter, comp. contuma- 
 cius, sup. contumacissime, 
 [contumax], adv., obstinately, 
 stubbo mly, disobedie ntly. 
 
 contumelia, -ae, [cf. contemnS], 
 f., reproach, insult, abuse ; injury. 
 
 convenio, -venire, -veni, conven- 
 tus, [com- + venio], 4, come 
 together, assemble; meet; be fit, 
 be suitable, belong, correspond; be 
 agreed, be settled. Impers. conve- 
 nit, it is agreed. 
 
 conventus, -us, [cf. convenio], 
 m., meeting, assembly, throng. 
 
 converts, -vertere, -verti, con- 
 versus, [com- + verto) , 3, turn 
 around, turn; change; of the 
 sight, fix, rivet, attract; use for, 
 use as ; divert, misuse. 
 
 convictus, -us, [com-, cf. vivo], 
 m., living together, intimacy, in- 
 tercourse. 
 
 conviva, -ae, [com-, cf. vivo], m. 
 and f., table companion, guest, 
 
 convivium, -i, [com-, cf. vivo], n., 
 feasting together, banquet, feast. 
 
 convoco, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 + voco], I, call together, sum- 
 mon. 
 
 coorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, [com- 
 4- orior], 4, dep., come forth, 
 arise, appear. 
 
 copia, -ae, [co-opia, from com- 4- 
 ops], f., abundance, abundant sup- 
 ply, plenty ; opportunity ; mostly 
 in pi., resources, forces, troops. 
 
 copiosus, -a, -um, [copia], adj., 
 abundant, well supplied, abotind- 
 iug in. 
 
 copula, -ae, f., band, rope, thong ; 
 bond, tie. 
 
COQUO 
 
 30 
 
 CRITHOTE 
 
 coquo, coquere, c5xi, coctus, 3, 
 
 cook, prepare by cooking. 
 coram, [com-, cf. 6s], adv. and 
 prep, with abl., before : 
 
 (1) As adv., before the eyes, pres- 
 ent, in person. 
 
 (2) As prep., with abl., before, in 
 the presence of 
 
 Corcyra, -ae, [Kef/wOpa], f., Cor- 
 cyra, an island in the Ionian Sea 
 west of Epirus, the modern Corfu. 
 
 Corcyraeus, -a, -um, adj., of Cor- 
 cyra, at Corcyra, Corcyraean. As 
 subst, Corcyraei, -drum, m. pi., 
 Corcyraeans, inhabitants of Cor- 
 cyra. 
 
 Corinthius, -a, -um, adj., of Cor- 
 inth, Corinthian. As subst., Co- 
 rinthii, -orum, m. pi., Corinthi- 
 ans, inhabitants of Corinth. 
 
 Corinthus, -1, [K6/hp0os], f., Cor- 
 inth, a city of Greece, situated on 
 the Isthmus of Corinth; modern 
 Corinto. 
 
 Cornelius, -a, the name of a Roman 
 gens which contained a number of 
 distinguished families. See Bal- 
 bus, Cethegus, Scipio. 
 
 cornu, -us, n., horn ; wing of an 
 army. 
 
 corona, -ae, f., crown, zureath. 
 
 Coronea, -ae, [Kopwveia], f., Co- 
 ronea, a town in the central part 
 of Boeotia. 
 
 corpus, -oris, n., body; person; 
 dead body, corpse. 
 
 corripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, 
 [com- + rapid], 3, seize, grasp; 
 catch up. morbo corripi, to fall 
 sick. 
 
 corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, cor- 
 ruptus, [com- -f- rumpo], 3, de- 
 stroy, ruin, spoil ; corrupt, seduce, 
 mislead, bribe. 
 
 cottidianus, -a, -um, [cottidie], 
 adj., of every day, daily ; usual, 
 ordinary, common. 
 
 cottidie, [quot + dies], adv., 
 daily, every day. 
 
 Cotta, -ae, m., cognomen of L. 
 Aurelius Cotta, consul in B.C. 65. 
 
 Cotus, -i, [Kotvs], m., Cotus, name 
 of a Thracian prince. 
 
 crastinus, -a, -um, [eras], adj., 
 'of to-morroxv, to-morrow 's. in 
 crastinum, sc. tempus, until to- 
 morrow. 
 
 Crateros, -i, [Kpdre/jos], m., Cra- 
 teros, one of the generals of Alex- 
 ander the Great. 
 
 creber, -bra, -brum, adj., thick, 
 frequent, numerous, abundant. 
 
 credo, credere, credidi, creditus, 
 3, give as a loan, lend ; believe 
 in, trust ; believe, be of the opin- 
 ion, think. 
 
 cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, burn, 
 consume by fire. 
 
 creo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, produce, 
 create ; make, choose, elect. 
 
 cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus, 
 [creo], 3, inch., spring up, grow, 
 increase. 
 
 Creta, -ae, [Kp^rr/], f., Crete, a 
 large island in the Mediterranean 
 southeast of Greece, now called 
 Candia. 
 
 Cretensis, -e, adj., of Crete, Cretan. 
 As subst., Cretensis, -is, m., Cre- 
 tan, inhabitant of Crete. 
 
 crimen, -inis, [cf. cerno], n., judg- 
 ment, accusation, charge; crime, 
 offence. 
 
 Crinisus, -i, m., Crinisus, a river 
 in western Sicily, near Segesta. 
 
 Crithote, -es, [Kpidurr)], {., Cri- 
 thote, a town on the eastern coast 
 of the Thracian Chersonese. 
 
CRITIAS 
 
 31 
 
 CYPRIUS 
 
 Critias, -ae, [KpiWds], m., Critias, 
 chief of the thirty tyrants. 
 
 crudelis, -e, comp. crudelior, sup. 
 crudelissimus, adj., rude, unfeel- 
 ing, cruel. 
 
 crudelitas, -atis, [crudelis], f., 
 cruelty. 
 
 crudeliter, comp. crudelius, sup. 
 crudelissime, [crudelis], adv., 
 cruelly. 
 
 cniento, -are, -avi, -atus, [cruen- 
 tus], 1, make bloody, stain with 
 blood, stain. 
 
 cubitum, -i, [cf. cubo], n., elbow. 
 
 cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitus, 1, 
 lie down, recline. 
 
 culleus, -i, m., leather bag, sack. 
 
 culpa, -ae, f., fault, error, blame, 
 guilt. 
 
 cultus, -us, [colo], m., labor, care, 
 cultivation ; civilization, refine- 
 ment, luxury ; dress, attire. 
 
 cum, prep., with abl., with ; of 
 association, iviih, in company 
 with ; of comparison, with, com- 
 pared 'with ; of time, together with, 
 at the same time with ; of manner 
 and circumstance, with. 
 
 In composition the form corn- 
 is used. 
 
 cum, conj., of time, when, while, 
 as long as, whenever, whereas ; of 
 cause or concession, since, inas- 
 much as, although, cum . . . turn, 
 both . . . and, not only . . . but 
 also. 
 
 cunctus, -a, -um, [coniunctus], 
 adj., all together, the whole, all. 
 
 cupide, [cupidus], adv., eagerly. 
 
 cupiditas, -atis, [cupidus], f., 
 longing, desire, eagerness, ambi- 
 tion. 
 
 cupidus, -a, -um, comp. cupidior, 
 sup. cupidissimus, [cupid], adj., 
 
 longing, desirous, eager; greedy, 
 
 covetous. 
 cupio, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, 3, 
 
 long for, desire, wish, 
 cur, [for older quor, from early 
 
 dat. quoi + rei], adv. : 
 
 (1) Interrog., why? for what 
 reason ? 
 
 (2) Rel., why, wherefore, on ac- 
 count of which. 
 
 cura, -ae, f., care, anxiety ; dili- 
 gence. 
 
 curatio, -onis, [curd], f., caring 
 for, oversight ; means of healing, 
 remedy, cure. 
 
 euro, -are, -avi, -atus, [cura], 1, 
 care for, take pains for, attend 
 to, look to, regard ; with gerundive, 
 see to it that, have done, order. 
 
 curro, currere, cucurri, cursus, 
 3, run. 
 
 cursor, -oris, [cf. curro], m., 
 runner, courier, messenger. 
 
 cursus, -us, [curro], m., running; 
 passage, course ; speed. 
 
 custodia, -ae, [custos], f., waich- 
 ing, guard, protection ; guard- 
 house, prison. 
 
 custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [cus- 
 tos] , 4, watch, guard, defend. 
 
 custos, -5dis, m. and f., guard, 
 protector. 
 
 Cyclades, -um, [Ki)K\d5es], f. pi., 
 the Cyclades, the islands about 
 Delos in the Aegean Sea, east of 
 Greece. 
 
 Cyme, -es, [Kim], f-> Cyme, a 
 town in Aeolis on the western 
 coast of Asia Minor, not far from 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Cyprius, -a, -um, adj., of Cyprus, 
 Cyprian. As subst., Cyprius, 
 -i, m., inhabitant of Cyprus, 
 Cypriote. 
 
CYPRUS 
 
 32 
 
 DECEO 
 
 Cyprus, -1, [KvTrpos], f., Cyprus, 
 a large island at the eastern end 
 of the Mediterranean, south of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Cyrenae, -arum, [K up 771/77], f. pi., 
 Cyrene, a city on the northern 
 coast of Africa south of Greece. 
 
 Cyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Cy- 
 rene. As subst., Cyrenaeus, -1, 
 m., inhabitant of Cyrene. 
 
 Cyrus, -1, [KOpos], m. , Cyrus, re- 
 ferring to : 
 
 (1) Cyrus the Elder, the founder 
 of the Persian monarchy; he 
 ruled from 559 to 529 B.C. 
 
 (2) Cyrus the Younger, a prince 
 of Persia who tried to make 
 himself king in place of his 
 brother Artaxerxes in 401 B.C. 
 
 Cyzicenus, -a, -um, adj., of Cyzi- 
 
 cus. As subst., Cyzicenus, -1, m., 
 
 inhabitant of Cyzicus. 
 Cyzicus, -1, [Ktffr/cos], f., Cyzicus, 
 
 a town on the northern coast of 
 
 Mysia, on the Propontis. 
 
 D., with proper names = Decimus, 
 a Roman forename. 
 
 damnatio, -onis, [damno], f., 
 condei?ination, conviction. 
 
 damno, -are, -avi, -atus, [dam- 
 num], I, judge guilty, condemn, 
 sentence. voti damnari, to be 
 rendered liable to fulfil a vow, to 
 have one's prayer granted. 
 
 Damon, -onis, [Ad/xuv], m., Da- 
 mon, an Athenian musician, the 
 teacher of Socrates. 
 
 Dareus, -i, [Aapeios~\, m., the name 
 of several kings of Persia. In this 
 book refers to : 
 
 (1) Dareus Hystaspis, or Da- 
 reus I., who ruled from 521 to 
 485 B.C. 
 
 (2) Dareus Xothus, or Dareus II., 
 who ruled from 424 to 405 B.C. 
 
 Datames, -is or -I, [AdTctjUTjs], m., 
 Datames, a satrap and general of 
 Artaxerxes Memnon. See xiv. 
 
 Datis, -idis, [Adrts], m., Datis, a 
 Mede who with Artaphernes was 
 in command of the Persians de- 
 feated at Marathon in 490 B.C. 
 
 de, prep, with abl. denoting sepa- 
 ration, from ; of place and motion, 
 from, out of; of time, after, 
 during, in ; of source, from, 
 out of ; of cause, on account of, 
 through; of relation, concerning, 
 in respect to. 
 
 dea, -ae, [deus], f., goddess. 
 
 debeo, debere, debui, debitus, 
 [de + habed], 2, withhold ; owe, 
 be in debt, be under obligation ; 
 ought, must, should. 
 
 debilito, -are, -avi, -atus, [debi- 
 lis, feeble^, I, lame, cripple, 
 weaken ; dishearten. 
 
 debitum, -i, [debed], n., debt. 
 naturae debitum reddere, to pay 
 the debt of nature, to die. 
 
 decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 [de + cedo], 3, go away, with- 
 draw ; cease, die. 
 
 Decelea, -ae, [Ae/c<?\eia], f., De- 
 celea, a town in the northern part 
 of Attica. 
 
 decern, indecl. num., ten. 
 
 decemplex, -icis, [decern, cf. 
 plied], adj., ten-fold. 
 
 decemviralis, -e, [decemvir], adj., 
 decemviral, of the Decemviri. 
 
 deceo, -ere, -ui, — , found only in 
 the 3d pers., 2, be seemly, be- 
 come, be suitable, be proper. 
 
DECERNO 
 
 33 
 
 DELICTUM 
 
 decerno, -cernere, -crevi, de- 
 cretus, [de -f cerno], 3, decide, 
 determine, settle, resolve ; decree, 
 vote, entrust by a decree; contend, 
 fight 
 
 decessus. -us, [decedo], m., going 
 away, departure; withdrawal. 
 
 decidS, -cidere, -cidi, — , [de + 
 cadd], 3, fall down, fall ; die; 
 sink, perish ; come to pass. 
 
 decipiS, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [de + capio], 3, catch; cheat, 
 deceive. 
 
 declaro, -are, -avi, -atus, [de, 
 cf. clarus], 1, make evident, 
 disclose, show. 
 
 decorus, -a, -um, [decor], adj., 
 becoming, fitting, seemly, proper ; 
 beautiful, handsome. 
 
 decretum, -1, [decerno], n., de- 
 cree, decision, vote ; determina- 
 tion. 
 
 decurro, -currere, -cucurrl or 
 -curri, -cursus, [de + currd], 
 3, run down, hasten down ; run, 
 hasten ; run over, run through. 
 
 deditio, -orris, [dedd], f., giving 
 up, stu rendering; surrender. 
 
 deditus, -a, -um, [part, of dedd], 
 ad]., given up, surrendered. 
 
 dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus, 
 [de + do], 3, give up, surren- 
 der ; abandon; devote, dedicate. 
 
 deduco, -ducere, -duxi, deduc- 
 tus, [de -f duco], 3, lead away, 
 withdraw ; conduct, bring ; escort, 
 attend. 
 
 defatigS, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + 
 fatigd], 1, weary out, fatigue, 
 exhaust. 
 
 defectiS, -onis, [deficio], f , fail- 
 ure, want; desertion, rebellion, 
 revolt. 
 
 defendo, -fendere, -fendi, defen- 
 
 sus, [de -f- fendo], 3, ward off, 
 repel ; defend, protect. 
 
 defensiS, -onis, [defendo], f., de- 
 fending, defence. 
 
 deferS, -ferre, -tali, -latus, [de + 
 feroj, irr., bring away, carry 
 off, remove ; carry ; transfer, de- 
 liver ; drive away; give, allot, 
 offer; report, submit. 
 
 deficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [de + facio], 3, withdraw, re- 
 volt, desert ; fail, disappear, run 
 out, give out. 
 
 deformitas, -atis, [deformis], 
 f., ugliness, disfigurement. 
 
 dehortor, -ari, -atus sum, [de + 
 hortor], 1, dep., advise to the 
 contrary, dissuade. 
 
 deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, 
 [de -f iacid], 3, throw down, 
 throw ; lay down ; kill, destroy. 
 
 deinde, or dein, adv., then, next; 
 thereafter, from that time on. 
 
 delatus, part, of deferd. 
 
 delecto, -are, -avi, -atus [in- 
 tens. of delicid, entice'], 1, allure, 
 charm, delight. 
 
 delectus, -a, -um, [part, of de- 
 ligo], adj., picked, select, chosen. 
 As subst, delecti, -brum, m., 
 pi., picked men, delegates. 
 
 delegS, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + 
 lego], I, send away, despatch; 
 refer. 
 
 deleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, 2, erase; 
 blot out, destroy ; finish, put an 
 end to. 
 
 delibero, -are, -avi, -atus [de, 
 cf. libra, balance], I, weigh well, 
 consider, deliberate ; consult an 
 oracle. 
 
 delictum, -i, [cf. delinqud], n., 
 fault, offence, crime, transgres- 
 sion. 
 
DELIGO 
 
 34 
 
 DEPRIMO 
 
 deligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectus, 
 [de + lego J, 3, choose, pick out, 
 select. 
 deligo, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + 
 
 ligo], I, bind together, bind fast. 
 Delphi, -orum, [AeX0oi], m. pi., 
 Delphi, a town of Phocis in central 
 Greece, the modern Castri ; it 
 was the seat of a famous oracle 
 of Apollo. 
 Delphicus, -a, -urn, adj., of Delphi, 
 
 Delphic. 
 Delos, -i, [AtJXos], f., Delos, a small 
 island in the Aegean Sea, in the 
 centre of the Cyclades; it was the 
 birthplace of Diana and Apollo. 
 Demades, -is, [A^aS^s], m., 
 Demades, an Athenian orator and 
 statesman of the time of Demos- 
 thenes. 
 Demaenetus, -i, [A^a^eros], m., 
 Demaenetus, a Syracusan, an 
 enemy of Timoleon. 
 demens, -mentis, [de -f mens], 
 adj., out of one's senses; mad, 
 iiisane ; wild, foolish. 
 dementia, -ae, [demens], f., in- 
 sanity, madness, folly . 
 demergo, -mergere, -mersi, de- 
 mersus, [de + mergo], 3, sink, 
 submerge, bury ; cast down, lower, 
 overzvhelm. 
 Demetrius, -i, [A^^t/hos], m., 
 Demetrius. In this book refers to : 
 (i) Demetrius Phalereus or 
 Demetrius of Phalerum, a 
 famous orator, statesman, phi- 
 losopher, and poet. He was 
 born B.C. 345, and died about 
 283. 
 (2) Demetrius I., king of Mace- 
 don, surnamed Poliorcetes, or 
 'the Besieger'; he ruled from 
 294 to 283 B.C. 
 
 demigratio, -onis, [demigrd], f., 
 
 emigration. 
 
 demigro, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + 
 migro], 1, migrate, depart, go 
 away. 
 
 demolior, -iri, -itus sum, [de + 
 molior], 4, dep., throw down, 
 demolish, raze. 
 
 demonstro, -are, -avi, -atus, [de 
 -I- monstrd], 1, point out, desig- 
 nate, show; prove, demonstrate ; 
 name, describe. 
 
 Demosthenes, -is, [ArifMocrdiprjs^, 
 m., Demosthenes, the most famous 
 of Athenian orators, born about 
 382 B.C., died 322. 
 
 demum, [de], adv., at last, at 
 length. 
 
 denique, adv., and thereafter ; af- 
 terwards, at last, finally . 
 
 denuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, [de 
 -fnuntio], 1, announce, declare, 
 proclai?n ; denounce, threaten ; or- 
 der. 
 
 depello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 [de + pello], 3, drive out, expel, 
 dislodge ; avert, remove. 
 
 depingo, -pingere, -pinxi, deplc- 
 tus, [de + pingd], 3, depict, 
 paint, draw. 
 
 depono, -ponere, -posui, deposi- 
 tus, [de -f pono], 3, lay down, set 
 down, place ; lay aside. 
 
 depopulor, -ari, -atus sum, [de 
 -f populor], 1, dep., lay waste, 
 ravage, pillage. 
 
 deporto, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + 
 porto], I, carry off, take away ; 
 bring home ; acquire, obtain. 
 
 deprecor, -ari, -atus sum, [de -f 
 precor], I, dep., avert by prayer, 
 plead against ; decline. 
 
 deprimo, -primer e, -pressi, de- 
 pressus, [de + premo], 3, press 
 
DEPUGNO 
 
 35 
 
 DEVICTUS 
 
 down, sink down ; overwhelm ; 
 silence, 
 
 depugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [de + 
 pugno], i, fight decisively, fight 
 out, join battle, contend. 
 
 Dercylus, -i, [Aep/ctf\os], m., Der- 
 cylus, an Athenian envoy. 
 
 derigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus, 
 [de + rego], 3, set straight, 
 direct, steer. 
 
 descends, -scendere, -scendi, 
 -scensus, [de -f scando] , 3, climb 
 down, come down, descend ; march 
 down ; dismount. 
 
 desciscS, -sciscere, -scivi, desci- 
 tus, [de -f sciscoj, 3, withdraw, 
 desert, depart, rebel. 
 
 describS, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 -scriptus, [de + scribo], 3, copy 
 off, zvrite dozen; describe; mark 
 off, define. 
 
 desero, -serere, -semi, -sertus, 
 [de -f sero, join], 3, leave, for- 
 sake, abandon. 
 
 desertus, -a, -um, [part, of de- 
 sero], adj., deserted, desert, soli- 
 tary ; lonely. 
 
 desiderium, -I, [desidero], n., 
 longing, desire ; grief, regret. 
 
 desidero, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, 
 long for ; ask, demand, need, re- 
 quire; miss, lack. 
 
 desino, -sinere, -sii, -situs, [de 
 -f sino], 3, cease, give up, leave 
 
 off 
 desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus, 
 
 [de + sisto] , 3, leave off, cease, 
 
 give up. 
 desperatiS, -onis, [despero], f., 
 
 desperation, despair. 
 desperS, -are, -avi, -atus, [de -+- 
 
 spero], 1, be hopeless; despair of, 
 
 give up. 
 despiciS, -spicere, spexi, de- I 
 
 spectus, [de -f- specio], 3, look 
 down upon, despise, disdain. 
 
 despondeS, -spondere, -spondi, 
 -sponsus, [de + spondeo], 2, 
 promise, pledge ; promise in mar- 
 riage. 
 
 destinS, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, make 
 fast, fix; resolve, design, intend ; 
 assign, devote. 
 
 destituS, -stituere, -stitui, de- 
 stitutus, [de + statuo], 3, set 
 down, leave alone ; desert, betray. 
 
 desum, deesse, defui, — , fut. inf., 
 defuturum esse or defore, [de 
 + sum], irr., be away ; be %vant- 
 ing, be absent, be missing ; fail, 
 abandon, desert. 
 
 detego, -tegere, -texi, -tectus, 
 [de + tego], 3, uncover, expose, 
 unroof; reveal, betray. 
 
 deterior, -ius, adj., comp., (sup. de- 
 terrimus), lozver, worse, poorer, 
 meaner, weaker. 
 
 deterreS, -terrere, -terrui, deter- 
 ritus, [de + terreo], 2, frighten 
 off ; deter, avert. 
 
 detestor, -ari, -atus sum, [de + 
 testor], 1, dep., curse, execrate; 
 denounce ; avert, ward off, depre- 
 cate. 
 
 detrahS, -trahere, -traxi, detrac- 
 tus, [de + traho], 3, draw off, 
 remove, withdraw, subtract, de- 
 prive ; disparage, detract. 
 
 detrimentum, -i, [detero, rub 
 away], n., loss, damage, detriment. 
 
 deus, -i, m., god, deity. 
 
 devehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus, 
 [de + veho], 3, carry off, con- 
 vey, take azvay. 
 
 de vertS, -vertere, -verti, — , [de 
 + verto], 3, turn away, turn 
 aside, betake oneself. 
 
 devictus, part, of devinco. 
 
DEVINCIO 
 
 36 
 
 DILIGENTIA 
 
 devincio, -vinclre, -vinxi, de- 
 vinctus, [de + vincio], 3, bind 
 fast, fetter ; oblige, lay under obli- 
 gation. 
 
 devinco, -vincere, -vici, devic- 
 tus, [de + vinco], 3, conquer 
 completely, subdue, overthrow. 
 
 devius, -a, -um, [de + via], adj., 
 off the road, devious ; retired. 
 devium iter, a by-way. 
 
 devotio, -onis, [devoved], f., self- 
 sacrifice, offering ; cursing, exe- 
 cration. 
 
 devoveo, -vovere, -vdvi, -votus, 
 [de + voveo], 2, devote, sacri- 
 fice ; curse, execrate. 
 
 dexter, -tera or -tra, -terum or 
 -trum, adj., to the right, on the 
 right ; skilful. As subst., dextera 
 
 s or dextra, -ae, f., (sc. manus), 
 the right hand. 
 
 diadema, -atis, [SidS^/m], n., dia- 
 dem, royal crown. 
 
 Diana, -ae, f., Diana, an ancient 
 Italian goddess of the moon, later 
 identified with the Greek Artemis, 
 goddess of the chase. 
 
 dicis, gen., [cf. dico], only in the 
 phrase dicis causa, for form's 
 sake, for the sake of appearance. 
 
 dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, 3, say, 
 speak; tell, name, call; mean; 
 appoint, ius dicere, administer 
 justice, hold court. causam 
 dicere, to plead one's cause, to 
 defend oneself. 
 
 dictator, -oris, [dicto], m., dic- 
 tator, a Roman magistrate of un- 
 limited power, at first appointed 
 only in great emergencies. 
 
 dictito, -are, -avi, -atus, [intens. of 
 dico], 1, say often, assert, insist. 
 
 dictum, -i, [dico], n., saying 
 word, remark; command. 
 
 dies, diei, m., sometimes f. in sing., 
 day ; appointed time, in diem, 
 at a date, i.e. for payment, in 
 dies, from day to day. 
 
 differo, differre, distuli, dilatus, 
 [dis- + fero], irr., scatter, dis- 
 perse ; spread abroad, circulate ; 
 disturb, confound; defer, delay, 
 postpone, put off ; differ, be differ- 
 ent. 
 
 difficilis, -e, comp. difficilior, sup. 
 difficillimus, [dis- + facilis], adj., 
 hard, difficult; troublesome ; mo- 
 rose, ill-natured, surly. 
 
 diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum, [dis- 
 + fido], 3, semi-dep., distrust, 
 be distrustful of despair. 
 
 digitus, -i, m., finger. 
 
 dignitas, -atis, [dignus], f., worth, 
 merit, grandeur ; rank, eminence; 
 reputation, honor, corporis dig- 
 nitas, presence. 
 
 dignus, -a, -um, adj., woi-thy, de- 
 serving; fitting, suitable, proper, 
 becoming. 
 
 digredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 [di- + gradior] , 3, dep., go asun- 
 der, go away, depart. 
 
 dHabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [di- 
 + labor], 3, dep., fall asunder ; 
 scatter, disperse; fall to pieces, 
 perish, be lost. 
 
 dHatus, part, of differo. 
 
 dilectus, -us, [diligo], m., choos- 
 ing, selecting; enrolment, draft. 
 
 diligens, -entis, [part, of diligo], 
 adj., industrious, attentive, dili- 
 gent ; scrupulous. 
 
 diligenter, comp. diligentius, sup. 
 diligentissime, [diligens], adv., 
 industriously, assiduously, care- 
 fully. 
 
 diligentia, -ae, [diligens], f., at- 
 tentiveness, diligence, industry. 
 
nii.iGO 
 
 37 
 
 DISPONO 
 
 diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum, [di- 
 -f lego], 3, single out; value, 
 prize, love. 
 
 dlhicide, [dilucidus], adv., 
 plainly, clearly, evidently. 
 
 diniico, -are, -avi, -atus, i, fight, 
 struggle, contend. 
 
 dimidius, -a, -urn, [di- + me- 
 dius], adj., half, one-half. 
 
 dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, 
 [di- + mitto], 3, send in differ- 
 ent directions, dismiss ; forego, let 
 go, lose. 
 
 Dinon. -onis, [AeLvuv'], m., Dinon, 
 the author of a history of Persia; 
 he lived about 350 B.C. 
 
 Diomedon, -ontis, [Ato^5w^], m., 
 Diomedon, an inhabitant of Cyzi- 
 cus, sent to bribe Epaminondas. 
 
 Dion, -5nis, [Atwi/], m., Dion, a 
 friend of the elder Dionysius, 
 tyrant of Syracuse. See x. 
 
 Dionysius, -i, [Aiorwnos], m., Di- 
 onysius, referring in this book to : 
 
 ( 1 ) Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of 
 Syracuse. 
 
 (2) Dionysius the Younger, tyrant 
 of Syracuse. 
 
 (3) Dionysius, a music teacher of 
 Thebes. 
 
 diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, 
 
 [di- + rapio], 3, tear asunder; 
 
 phtnder, pillage ; take away. 
 diruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutus, [di- + 
 
 ruo], 3, tear asunder ; overthrozv, ! 
 
 demolish, destroy. 
 dis, ditis, n. dite, comp. ditior, 
 
 sup. ditissimus, [cf. dives], adj., 
 
 rich, 7oealthy, opulent. 
 dis- or di-, inseparable prep., apart, 
 
 asunder, in different directions ; 
 
 not, un- ; utterly, entirely. 
 discedo, -ceiere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 
 [dis- + cedo], 3, go apart, sepa- 
 
 rate ; go away, withdraw ; come 
 off, remain ; give up, resign. 
 
 discepto, -are, -avi, -atus, [dis- 
 -f capto], I, decide, determine, 
 judge. 
 
 discerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretus, 
 [dis- + cerno], 3, separate, set 
 apart ; distinguish, discern. 
 
 disciplina, -ae, [discipulus], f., 
 instruction, teaching, training, 
 education ; learning, knowledge, 
 science, culture. 
 
 disco, discere, didici, — , 3, learn, 
 learn to know, become acquainted 
 with ; learn hozv. 
 
 discrimen, -inis, [discerno], n., 
 intervening space ; difference ; 
 turning-point, decision ; crisis, 
 peril. 
 
 diserte, [disertus], adv., clearly, 
 eloquently. 
 
 disertus, -a, -um, comp. diser- 
 tior, sup. disertissimus, [part, of 
 disserd, argue], adj., skilful; 
 clear, well-spoken, fluent, eloquent. 
 
 disicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [dis- 
 + iaci5], 3, throw asunder, dis- 
 perse, scatter ; rout ; dash to pieces, 
 ruin, destroy. 
 
 dispalatus, -a, -um, adj., strag- 
 gling, astray. 
 
 dispenso, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, dis- 
 burse, pay out. 
 
 dispergo, -spergere, -spersi, di- 
 spersus, [di + spargo], 3, scatter, 
 disperse. 
 
 dispertio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [dis- + 
 partio], 4, distribute, divide ; ap- 
 portion. 
 
 displiceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [dis- + 
 placeo] , 2, displease, be unsatis- 
 factory. 
 
 dispond, -ponere, -posui, disposi- 
 tus, [dis- + pond], 3, place here 
 
DISPUTO 
 
 38 
 
 DOCEO 
 
 and tin- re ; array, arrange ; ad- 
 just, order, dispose. 
 
 disputo, -are, -avi, -atus, [dis- + 
 puto], 1, weigh, examine, discttss ; 
 argue. 
 
 dissensio, -onis, [dissentiS], f. , 
 difference of opinion, disagree- 
 ment; dissension, strife. 
 
 dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, dissen- 
 sus, [dis- + sentid], 4, differ, dis- 
 agree, dissent ; be at odds, quarrel. 
 
 dissideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, 
 [dis- + seded], 2, sit apart ; be 
 at variance, differ. 
 
 dissimilis, -e, [dis- + similis], 
 adj., dissimilar , different. 
 
 dissimilitude, -inis, [dissimilis], 
 f. , unlikeness, difference. 
 
 dissocio, -are, -avi, -atus, [dis- 
 -f socio], 1, disjoin, disunite; set 
 at variance, estrange. 
 
 dissoliitus, part, of dissolvo. 
 
 dissolutus, -a, -um, [part, of dis- 
 solvo], adj., disjointed, discon- 
 nected; negligent, careless, disso- 
 lute, abandoned. 
 
 dissolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solutus, 
 [dis- + solvo], 3, disunite, de- 
 stroy; abolish, annul. 
 
 distineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, 
 [dis- + tene5], 2, keep apart, 
 separate ; occupy, engage, employ ; 
 hinder, prevent ; distract, perplex. 
 
 distraho, -trahere, -traxi, distrac- 
 tus, [dis- + traho], 3, pull asun- 
 der, divide ; tear away, separate ; 
 estrange. 
 
 districtus, -a, -um, [part, of di- 
 stringd], adj., drawn in opposite 
 waySy hesitating ; harassed, dis- 
 tracted, busy. 
 
 distringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
 -strictus, [di- + stringo], 3, draw 
 asunder ; keep busy, engage. 
 
 ditior, ditissimus, see dis. 
 
 diti, comp. diutius, sup. diutis- 
 
 sime, [ef. dies], adv., by day, 
 
 all day ; a long time, long. 
 diutinus, -a, -um, [diu], adj., of 
 
 long duration, lasting, long. 
 diuturnitas, -atis, [diuturnus], 
 
 f., length of time, long duration. 
 diuturnus, -a, -um, [diu], adj., 
 
 of long duration, long ; lingering, 
 
 prolonged. 
 diversus, -a, -um, [part, of di- 
 
 verto], adj., turned different ways, 
 
 in different directions, opposite, 
 
 contrary ; separate, different, in 
 
 diversa, apart, asunder. 
 dives, -itis, no n. pi. nom. or ace, 
 
 comp. divitior, sup. divitissi- 
 
 mus, [cf. dis], adj., rich, wealthy. 
 divido, -videre, -visi, -visus, 3, 
 
 divide, force asunder, part ; dis- 
 tribute, share. 
 divinatio, -onis, [divino], f., 
 
 divination, foresight. 
 divino, -are, -avi, -atus, [divi- 
 
 nus] , I , foresee, predict, prophesy. 
 divinus, -a, -um, [divus], adj., 
 
 of a god, godlike, divine ; divinely 
 
 inspired, prophetic. 
 dlvitiae, -arum, [dives], f. pi., 
 
 riches, wealth. 
 divum, -i, [divus], n., the sky. 
 
 Only with sub in sub divo, under 
 
 the sky, in the open air. 
 divus, -a, -um, adj., of a deity, 
 
 godlike ; deified, sainted, a term 
 
 applied to Julius Caesar, and to 
 
 many of the Roman emperors, 
 
 after death. 
 do, dare, dedi, datus, 1, hand 
 
 over, surrender ; give, present; 
 
 grant, confer, poenas dare, to 
 
 suffer punishment. 
 doceo, docere, doeui, doctus, 
 
DOCILIS 
 
 39 
 
 DUPLICO 
 
 2, cause to know, teach, instruct ; 
 Show, tell. 
 
 docilis, -e, [doceo], adj., easily 
 
 taught, teachable, tractable, docile. 
 
 docilitas, -atis, [docilis], f., teach- 
 ableness, docility. 
 
 doctor, -oris, [doceo] , m., teacher, 
 instructor. 
 
 doctrina, -ae, [doceo], (., teach- 
 ing, instruction ; learning. 
 
 Dodonaeus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Dodona, a city in Epirus contain- 
 ing a famous oracle of Zeus. 
 
 dodrans, -antis, [de + quadrans], 
 m., a quarter off, three fourths. 
 
 Dolopes, -um, [A6Ao7res], m., the 
 Dolopes, a Thessalian people, set- 
 tled also in Scyros. 
 
 dolor, -dris, [doled], m., pain, 
 smart ; trouble, affliction. 
 
 dolus, -I, m., artifice, device ; deceit, 
 cunning. 
 
 domesticus, -a, -um, [domus], 
 adj., of the house; of the family, 
 private, domestic ; at home, in 
 one's own country. 
 
 domicilium, -i, [domus] , n., hab- 
 itation, dwelling ; dwelling-place. 
 
 dominatio, -onis, [dominor], f., 
 rule, dominion, supremacy, des- 
 potism. 
 
 dominatus, -us, [dominor], m., 
 rule, command, mastery. 
 
 dominus, -l, [domo], m., master, 
 ruler, lord ; of a ship, captain. 
 
 Domitius. -a, name of a Roman 
 gens. In this book refers to Cn. 
 Domitius, consul in 32 B.C. 
 domus, -us, f., house, dwelling, 
 home. Loc. domi, at home. Ace. 
 domum, homewards, home, to the 
 house. Abl. domo, from home, 
 from the house. 
 
 donee, [shortened from ddnicum], 
 
 conj., as long as, while, until. 
 
 donicum, conj., while, until. 
 
 dono, -are, -avi, -atus, [donum], 
 l, give as a present, present, bestow ; 
 endow, gift. 
 
 donum, -i, n., gift, present, reward. 
 
 dos, dotis, [cf. do], f., marriage 
 portion, dozory. 
 
 Drusilla, -ae, f., Drusilla, surname 
 of Llvia Drusilla, the wife of the 
 emperor Augustus. . 
 
 dubito, -are, -avi, -atus, [du- 
 bius], 1, waver, be in doubt, 
 doubt, question ; hesitate ; delib- 
 erate. 
 
 dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, 
 uncertain, undecided ; critical. 
 sine dubio, without doubt, cer- 
 tainly. 
 
 ducenti, -ae, -a, [duo + centum], 
 num. adj., two hundred. 
 
 duco, ducere, duxi, ductus, 3, 
 lead, conduct, guide, direct, bring, 
 take; prolong; consider, reckon. 
 uxdrem ducere, in matrimonium 
 ducere, and sometimes ducere 
 alone, to marry. 
 
 ductus, -us, [cf. duco], m. , lead- 
 ing; generalship, command. 
 
 dulcis, -e, comp. dulcior, sup. 
 dulcissimus, adj., sweet; agree- 
 able, pleasant. 
 
 dum, conj., while, as long as, until ; 
 provided, if only. 
 
 duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two. 
 duodecim, [duo + decern], in- 
 
 decl. num., twelve. 
 duplex, -icis, [duo, cf. plicS], 
 
 adj., double, tzuofold. 
 duplico, -are, -avi, -atus, [du- 
 plex], I, double, repeat, multiply 
 by tzuo. 
 
DURITIA 
 
 40 
 
 ELICIO 
 
 duritia, -ae, [durus], f., hardness; 
 
 austerity. 
 
 durus, -a, -um, adj., hard; rough, 
 rude, uncultivated ; pitiless, un- 
 feeling, cruel ; severe, adverse. 
 
 dux, ducis, [cf. duco], m., leader, 
 conductor, guide ; commander, 
 general. 
 
 dynastes, -ae, [5vi>clctt7]s], m., 
 ruler, prince. 
 
 e, prep., see ex. 
 
 ea, [abl. f. of is; sc. via], adv., on 
 
 that side, there. 
 eadem, [abl. f. of idem; sc. via], 
 
 adv., by the same way ; at the same 
 
 time, likewise. 
 edictum, -i, [edico], n., proclama- 
 tion, edict. 
 editus, -a, -um, [part, of edd], 
 
 adj., elevated, high, lofty. 
 edo, edere, edidi, editus, [e + 
 
 do] , 3, give out, put forth ; give 
 
 birth to, bear ; publish, announce ; 
 
 perform, perpetrate, cause, inflict. 
 ediico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 
 [e + duco], 3, lead forth, lead 
 
 out ; bring up, rear. 
 educo, -are, -avi, -atus, [e, cf. 
 
 duco], I, bring up, rear, train, 
 
 educate. 
 effero, efferre, extuli, elatus, [ex 
 
 + fero], irr., carry out, take 
 
 away ; spread abroad, publish ; 
 
 carry out for burial, bury ; raise, 
 
 lift; laud, praise, extol ; elate. 
 efficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [ex 
 
 + facio], 3, work out ; bring to 
 
 pass; make, cause, effect, acco??i- 
 
 plish. 
 efflo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + no], 
 
 I, blow out, breathe out. 
 
 effringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractus, 
 
 [ex + frango], 3, break off, break 
 
 open. 
 effugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , [ex + 
 
 f ugio] , 3, flee away, escape ; 
 
 avoid, shun. 
 effusus, -a, -um, [part, of effundo], 
 
 adj., poured out; unrestrained, 
 
 lavish. 
 ego, mei, pi. nos, nostrum or 
 
 nostri, pers. pron., 7", we. 
 egomet, emphatic form of ego. 
 egredior, egredi, egressus sum, 
 
 [e + gradior], 3, dep., go out, 
 
 march out, go azvay ; disembark. 
 egregius, -a, -um, [e, grex], adj., 
 
 select, extraordinary ; distin- 
 guished, excellejit. 
 eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectus, [e + 
 
 iacio], 3, cast out; drive out, 
 
 expel; cast ashore. 
 eius modi, see modus, 
 elabor, elabi, elapsus sum, [e + 
 
 labor], 3, dep., slip away ; escape. 
 elate, comp. elatius, sup. elatis- 
 
 sime, [elatus], adv., loftily, 
 
 proudly. 
 elatus, part, of efferS. 
 elatus, -a, -um, [part, of effero], 
 
 adj., exalted, lofty, high ; elated. 
 elegans, -antis, comp. elegantior, 
 
 sup. elegantissimus, [for eligens, 
 
 part, of eligo], adj., accustomed to 
 
 select, nice, fastidious ; select, ele- 
 ga nt, fin ished, tasteful. 
 elegantia, -ae, [elegans], f., taste, 
 
 propriety, grace, elegance. 
 elephantus, -i, nom. sing, usually 
 
 elephas or elephans, [-antis], 
 
 m., elephant. 
 elicio, elicere, elicui, — , [e + 
 
 lacio], 3, draw out, lure out, 
 
 elicit; call down from heaven, 
 
 evoke. 
 
ELIGO 
 
 41 
 
 EPHORUS 
 
 eligo, eligere, elegi, electus, [e -f 
 lego], 3, pick out ; choose, select. 
 
 Elis, -idis. [ 7 H\ts], f., Elis, a prov- 
 ince of Greece in the northwestern 
 part of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 eloquentia, -ae, [eloquens], f., 
 eloquence. 
 
 Elpinlce, -es, ['EX^mm;], f., El- 
 pi nice, daughter of Miltiades and 
 sister and wife of Cimon. 
 
 eluceo, -lucere, -luxi, — , [e -f 
 luceo], 2, shine out, shine forth ; 
 be apparent, be conspicuous, be 
 manifest. 
 
 emax, -acis, [emo], adj., eager to 
 buy, fond of buying. 
 
 emendo, -are, -avi, -atus, [e + 
 mendum, fault], 1, free from 
 faults, correct ; atone for, com- 
 pensate for. 
 
 emergo, -mergere, -mersi, emer- 
 sus, [e + mergo], 3, bring forth, 
 raise tip ; extricate oneself, rise ; 
 come out, emerge. 
 
 emineo. -ere, -ui, — , 2, standout; 
 be prominent, be conspicuous. 
 
 eminlscor, -minisci, -mentus 
 sum, [e + miniscor], 3, dep., de- 
 vise, contrive. 
 
 eminus, [e + manus], adv., beyond 
 reach, aloof, at a distance ; from 
 afar. 
 
 emitto, emittere, emisi, emissus, 
 [e + mitto], 3, send out, send 
 forth; drive, hurl ; let loose, set 
 free; let escape, lose ; give utter- 
 ance to. 
 
 emo, emere, emi, emptus, 3, buy, 
 purchase ; acquire, obtain. 
 
 enarro, -are, -avi, -atus, [e + 
 narro], I, explain fully, recount, 
 describe. 
 
 enim. conj., postpositive, for, be- 
 cause; namely, in fact. 
 
 Ennius, -1, m., Ennius, gentile 
 name of Q. Ennius, the famous 
 epic and dramatic poet; he lived 
 from 239 to 169 B.C. 
 
 enumero, -are, -avi, -atus, [e + 
 numero], 1, reckon up, count 
 over; recite, relate, detail, de- 
 scribe. 
 
 emintio, -are, -avi, -atus, [e + 
 nuntio], I, speak out, say, assert ; 
 disclose, reveal. 
 
 eo, ire, ivi or ii, itus, irr., go; 
 walk, ride, march, move, infitias 
 ire, to deny. 
 
 eo, [cf. is], adv., on that account ; 
 to that place, thither ; to that de- 
 gree, so far. 
 
 eodem, [cf. idem], adv., in the 
 some place; to the same place; 
 thereto, besides. 
 
 Epaminondas, -ae, ['Eirafjieivuv- 
 5<xs], m., Epaminondas, the cele- 
 brated Theban general and states- 
 man. See xv. 
 
 ephebus, -i, [e077/3os], m., a youth, 
 strictly a Greek youth from sixteen 
 to twenty years of age, ephebus. 
 
 ephemeris, -idis, [i<f>7]/j.epis], f., 
 day-book, account-book. 
 
 Ephesus, -i, [ v E0e<ros], f., Ephesus, 
 a celebrated Ionian city on the 
 western coast of Asia Minor, cele- 
 brated for its magnificent temple 
 of Artemis (Diana). 
 
 ephorus, -i, [Zcfiopos], m., ephor, 
 one of a board of five magistrates 
 at Sparta. They were chosen by 
 lot, and the first chosen, or chief 
 ephor, gave his name to the year. 
 Besides certain judicial functions, 
 they exercised a censorship over 
 all the other magistrates, including 
 even the kings. They gradually 
 became the real heads of the state 
 
EPIGRAMMA 
 
 42 
 
 EUMENES 
 
 and brought the kings completely 
 
 under their authority. 
 epigramma, -atis, [67r£7pap./ia], 
 _ n., inscription ; epigram, poem. 
 Epirotes, -ae, ['HTreipwTTis], m., 
 
 inhabitant of Epirus, Epirote. 
 Epiroticus, -a, -um, ['HireipojTi- 
 
 /c6s], adj., of Epirus, from Epi- 
 rus. 
 Epirus, -1, ["H7recpos], m., Epirus, 
 
 a country northwest of Greece and 
 
 west of Thessaly. 
 epistula or epistola, -ae, \_iiri- 
 
 0-7-0X77], f., letter, epistle. 
 epulae, -arum, f., pi., viands, food ; 
 
 feast, banquet. 
 epulor, -ari, -atus sum, [epulum], 
 
 I, dep., feast, banquet, dine. 
 eques, -itis, m., horseman, rider ; 
 
 cavalryi?ian ; knight, member of 
 
 the equestrian order. 
 equester, -tris, -tre, [eques], adj., 
 
 of a horseman, equestrian; of 
 
 cavalry, cavalry- ; of the knights. 
 equitatus, -us, [equito], m., cav- 
 alry, knights. 
 equus, -1, m., horse, steed. 
 Eretria, -ae, ['Ep^rpta], f., Ere- 
 
 t7'ia, a city of Euboea. 
 Eretriensis, -e, adj., of Eretria, 
 
 Eretrian. As subst., Eretriensis, 
 
 -is, m., inhabitant of Eretria, 
 
 Eretrian. 
 erga, prep, with ace, towards, to, 
 
 with respect to. 
 ergo, adv., consequently, therefore. 
 
 With preceding gen., in conse- 
 quence of, on account of. 
 erigo, erigere, erexi, erectus, [e 
 
 + rego], 3, raise up, erect ; rouse, 
 
 stir up. 
 eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, 
 
 [e + rapid], 3, tear out, snatch 
 
 away ; rescue, free. 
 
 error, -oris, [cf. erro], m., wan- 
 dering, straying ; error, mistake. 
 
 erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [e, rudis], 
 4, polish ; educate, instruct, teach. 
 
 erumpo, erumpere, erupi, erup- 
 tus, [e + rumpo], 3, cause to 
 break out ; break out, burst forth. 
 
 eruo, eruere, erui, erutus, [e + 
 ruo] , 3, cast forth, throw out, dig 
 up ; destroy utterly. 
 
 eruptio, -onis, [cf. erumpo], f., 
 bursting forth ; sally. 
 
 Eryx, Erycis, [ v Epu|], f., Eryx, a 
 high mountain in the northwestern 
 part of Sicily ; famous for a temple 
 of Venus on it. 
 
 escendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
 -scensus, [e -f scando], 3, climb 
 up, mount, ascend, embark. 
 
 et, adv. and conj : 
 
 (1) As adv., also, too, even. 
 
 (2) As conj., and ; and yet, but. 
 et . . . et, both . . . and. 
 
 etenim, [et + enim], conj., for, 
 for truly, and indeed, because, 
 since. 
 
 etiam, [et -f iam], adv. and conj., 
 and also, also, even, etiam turn, 
 even then. etiam num, still, 
 even yet. 
 
 Etniria, -ae, f., Etruria, a coun- 
 try in Italy, northwest of Rome; 
 modern Tuscany. 
 
 etsi, [et + si], conj., although, even 
 if, and yet. 
 
 Euagoras, -ae, [EvaySpds], m., 
 Euagoras, king of Salamis in Cy- 
 prus; he aided the Athenians in 
 the battle of Cnidus, B.C. 394. 
 
 Euboea, -ae, [Eu/3ota], f., Euboea, 
 a large island off the eastern shore 
 of Boeotia. 
 
 Eumenes, -is, [Eu^^s], m., Eu- 
 menes, referring to : 
 
EUMOLPIDAE 
 
 43 
 
 EXCIPIO 
 
 (i) Rum? lies of Cardia, one of 
 Alexander's generals. See 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 (2) Eumenes II, king of Perga- 
 mum in Asia Minor from 197 to 
 158 B.C. 
 Eumolpidae, -arum, [Ev/jLoXwidai], 
 
 m., the Eumolpidae, sons of Eu- 
 
 molpas, a priestly family at Athens. 
 Euphiletus, -1, [Ev<pi\rjTos^\, m., 
 
 Euphiletus, an Athenian, a friend 
 
 of Phocion. 
 Europa, -ae, f., Europe. 
 Europaeus, -a, urn, adj., of Eu- 
 rope, European. 
 Eurybiades, -is, [Evpv^iddrjs'], m., 
 
 Eurybiades, a Spartan admiral, 
 
 commander of the Lacedaemonian 
 
 fleet at Salamis. 
 Eurydice, -es, [Evpv8iKT}'], f., Eu- 
 
 rydice, in this book referring to 
 
 the mother of Philip II., king of 
 
 Macedon. 
 Eurysthenes, -is, [Eupuo-tf^s], 
 
 m., Eurysthenes, king of Sparta, 
 
 son of Aristodemus and twin 
 
 brother of Procles. 
 evado, evadere, evasi, evasus, 
 
 [e + vadd], 3, go atvay, go forth ; 
 
 get away, escape ; turn out, result, 
 
 end in. 
 evenio, evenire, eveni, eventus, 
 
 [e -f- venio], 4, come out, come 
 
 forth ; come to pass, happen. 
 evito, -are, -avi, -atus, [e + 
 
 vito], 1, avoid, shun. 
 evoco, -are, -avi, -atus, [e + 
 
 voco], 1, call out, call forth, 
 
 summon, evoke. 
 ex, before consonants often e, 
 
 prep., with abl., out of out 
 from ; of place, from, out of; of 
 
 time, from, since ; of source and 
 
 material, from, of; of cause, from, 
 
 by reason of; of measure and cor- 
 respondence, according to, with, 
 in, by, on. 
 
 exacuo, -acuere, -acui, -acutus, 
 [ex -f acuo], 3, sharpen, excite, 
 inflame. 
 
 exadversum, [ex -f adversum], 
 adv. and prep, with ace, opposite, 
 over against. 
 
 exagito, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + 
 agito], 1, rouse, keep in motion, 
 harass, persecute ; irritate, excite. 
 
 exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex- 
 animus, from ex + anima, 
 breat/i], 1, put out of breath, de- 
 prive of life, kill. 
 
 exardesco, -ere, exarsi, exarsus, 
 [ex + ardesco], 3, inch., blaze 
 out ; be provoked, rage. 
 
 exaudio, -Ire, -ivi, -itus, [ex + 
 audid], 4, hear clearly, distin- 
 guish ; discern, hear. 
 
 excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 [ex + cedo], 3, go out, go forth, 
 depart, withdraw ; go beyond, 
 surpass. 
 
 excellens, -entis, comp. excellen- 
 tior, sup. excellentissimus, [part, 
 of excello], adj., towering, promi- 
 nent ; distinguished, surpassing, 
 excellent. 
 
 excellenter, [excellens], adv., 
 excellently, exceptionally well. 
 
 excello, -cellere, — , -celsus, 3, 
 be eminent, surpass, excel. 
 
 excieo and excio, -cire, -civi, 
 -citus or -citus, [ex + cio], 4, 
 call out, summon ; rouse, excite. 
 
 excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [ex + capid], 3, take out, with- 
 draw, except, make an exception, 
 stipulate ; rescue, exempt ; receive, 
 capture, take ; incur, meet; un- 
 dertake. 
 
EXCITO 
 
 44 
 
 EXPERS 
 
 excito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 excio], I, call forth, bring forth ; 
 rouse, excite. 
 
 excludo, -ere, exclusi, exclusus, 
 [ex + claudo], 3, shut out, ex- 
 chide ; hinder, prevent. 
 
 excogito, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex 
 -f cogito], 1, think out, contrive, 
 invent. 
 
 excursio, -5nis, [cf. excurro], f., 
 running out ; sally, expedition. 
 
 excuso, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + 
 causa], 1, excuse, make excuse 
 for ; allege in excuse, plead. 
 
 excutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus, 
 [ex + quatid] , 3, shake out, cast 
 off, remove, drive out. sudorem 
 equis excutere, to make the horses 
 siveat. 
 
 exemplum, -1, n., specimen, copy, 
 example, precedent. 
 
 exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [ex + eo], 
 irr., go out, go away, go forth, 
 retire; march out; pass away, 
 perish; turn out, result, become 
 public. 
 
 exerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitus, 
 [ex + arceo] , 2, drive, keep busy; 
 exercise, employ, drill. 
 
 exercitatio, -onis, [exercito], f., 
 exercise, training. 
 
 exercitatus, -a, -uni, comp. exer- 
 citatior, sup. exercitatissimus, 
 [exercito, freq. of exerceo], adj., 
 well exercised, trained, disciplined. 
 
 exercitus, -us, [exerceo], m., 
 disciplined body of men, army. 
 
 exhaurio, -ire, exhausi, exhaus- 
 tus, [ex + haurid], 4, draw out, 
 empty, exhaust ; impoverish ; 
 bring to an end. 
 
 exheredo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, 
 disinherit. 
 
 exigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [ex + 
 
 ago], 3, drive out, expel ; finish ; 
 pass, spend ; consider. 
 
 exiguus, -a, -um, adj., scanty, 
 small, short, brief; poor. 
 
 exilis, -e, [for exigilis, cf. exigo], 
 adj., narrow, small, meagre, poor. 
 
 eximie, [eximius], adv., exceed- 
 ingly, very much, excellently. 
 
 eximo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, 
 [ex -f emo], 3, take out, remove ; 
 free, release, deliver. 
 
 existimatio, -onis, [existimo], f., 
 opinion ; reputation, good name. 
 
 existimo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex 
 + aestimo], 1, value, estimate ; 
 esteem, appreciate ; stippose, think. 
 
 exitus, -us, [exeo], m., going out, 
 departure ; outlet, passage ; close, 
 conclusion, result; end of life, 
 death. 
 
 exordior, -ordiri, -orsus sum, 
 [ex + ordior], 4, dep., begin, 
 cotmnence. 
 
 expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [ex, 
 pes], 4, disengage, let loose, set 
 free; prepare, procure; be ser- 
 viceable, be advantageous, be expe- 
 dient. 
 
 expeditus, -a, -um, comp. expe- 
 dition sup. expeditissimus, 
 [part, of expedio], adj., unfet- 
 tered, unencumbered; ready, free, 
 unembarrassed. 
 
 expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 [ex -f pello], 3, drive out, expel. 
 
 expendo, -ere, expendi, expen- 
 sus, [ex 4- pendo], 3, weigh out, 
 weigh; pay out, expend; enter, 
 account as part ; estimate, judge. 
 
 experior, -periri, -pertus sum, 4, 
 dep., try, prove, test ; experience, 
 know by experience ; find ; try, 
 attempt, make trial of 
 
 expers, -pertis, [ex + pars], adj., 
 
EXPLICO 
 
 45 
 
 EXTULI 
 
 having no part in ; destitute of, 
 free from ; without; ignorant of 
 unacquainted with. 
 
 explico, -plicare, -plicavi or 
 -plicui, -plicatus or -plicitus, 
 [ex -f plied], I, tmfold ; spread 
 out, extend, deploy ; disclose, dis- 
 play ; set forth, explain. 
 
 exploro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f 
 ploro], i, bring out, examine, in- 
 vestigate ; try, test. 
 
 expono, -ere, exposui, expositus, 
 [ex + pono], 3, set forth, exhibit ; 
 land, disembark ; abandon, ex- 
 pose; set forth, relate, explain. 
 
 exposed, -poscere, -poposci, — , 
 [ex -f posco], 3, ask urgently, re- 
 quest, demand. 
 
 exprimo, -ere, express!, expres- 
 sus, [ex -f premo], 3, press out, 
 force out; wrest, elicit, extort; 
 utter, express, portray, model, 
 form. 
 
 exprobro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f 
 probrum], I, reproach with, blame 
 for, charge, upbraid. 
 
 expugno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex + 
 pugno], 1, take by storm, capture. 
 
 expulsor, -oris, [expello], m., 
 driver out, expeller. 
 
 exsculpo, -sculpere, -sculpsi, ex- 
 sculptus, [ex -f sculpo], 3, dig 
 out, cut out ; erase. 
 
 exsilium, -i, [exsul], n., banish- 
 ment, exile. 
 
 exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , [ex + 
 sistd], 3, step out, come forth; 
 arise, become, come to be ; exist, be. 
 
 exspectatio, -onis, [exspecto], 
 f., awaiting, expecting, anticipa- 
 tion; longing, desire. 
 
 exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, 
 look out for, azvait, expect; wait, 
 wait to see. 
 
 exsplendesco, -splendescere, 
 -splendui, — , [ex + splen- 
 desc5], 3, inch., shine forth, be 
 distinguished. 
 
 exstinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi, 
 exstinctus, [ ex + stinguo, 
 quench~\, 3, put out, extinguish ; 
 abolish, annul, blot out ; kill, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 exsto, -stare, — , — , [ex + sto], 
 I, stand out, stand forth ; exist, be. 
 
 exstruo, -ere, exstruxi, exstruc- 
 tus, [ex + struo], 3, pile up, 
 heap up, build. 
 
 exsul, exsulis, [ex, cf. salid], m., 
 exile, wanderer. 
 
 exsulto, -are, -avi, — , [freq. 
 of exsilio], 1, spring vigorously, 
 leap up; exult, delight in; vaunt, 
 boast. 
 
 externus, -a, -um, [exter], adj., 
 outward, external ; of another 
 country, foreign. 
 
 exter or exterus, -tera, -terum, 
 [ex], used only in the pi., adj., 
 on the outside, foreign. 
 
 extimesco, -timescere, -timui, 
 — , [ex + timesco], 3, inch., be 
 greatly terrified ; fear greatly, 
 await with fear, dread. 
 
 extra, [exter], adv. and prep.: 
 
 (1) As adv., on the outside, with- 
 out. 
 
 (2) As prep, with ace, outside 
 of, beyond, except. 
 
 extraho, -ere, extraxi, extrac- 
 tus, [ex -I- trahd], 3, draw out, 
 pull out ; protract, prolong. 
 
 extremo, [extremus], adv., at 
 last, finally. 
 
 extremus, -a, -um, [sup. of ex- 
 ter], adj., uttermost, last, last part 
 of 
 
 extuli. see effero. 
 
FABER 
 
 4 6 
 
 FATIGO 
 
 F. 
 
 faber, -bri, [cf. facio], m., work- 
 ma)!, smith, carpenter. 
 
 Fabianus, -a, -urn, adj., of Fabius. 
 As subst., Fabiani, -orum, m. pi., 
 the soldiers of Fabius, referring to 
 Q. Fabius Maximus. 
 
 Fabius, -a, the name of a distin- 
 guished Roman gens. See Labeo 
 and Maximus. 
 
 facies, — , ace. -em, abl. -e, nom. 
 pi. -es, f., appearance, form, 
 figure ; face, countenance ; aspect. 
 
 facile, comp. facilius, sup. facil- 
 lime, [facilis], adv., easily. 
 
 facilis, -e, [cf. facio], adj., easy to 
 do, easy ; favorable, prosperous. 
 
 facilitas, -atis, [facilis], f., easi- 
 ness, readiness ; good-nature, affa- 
 bility. 
 
 facinus, -oris, [cf. facio], n., deed, 
 action ; bad deed, crime. 
 
 facio, facere, feci, factus, 3, make ; 
 do, perform ; bring about, cause ; 
 incur, suffer ; act, conduct one- 
 self ; choose, appoint; grant. 
 verba facere, to speak. Pass, f 15, 
 fieri, factus sum, be done, be 
 made ; happen, come to pass ; be- 
 come, be ?nade. 
 
 f actio, -onis, [cf. facio], f., par- 
 tisanship, factio7t, party. 
 
 factiosus, -a, -um, [factio], adj., 
 partisan, factious, revolutionary. 
 
 factum, -i, [facio], n., deed, act, 
 achievement. 
 
 facultas, -atis, [facilis], f., capa- 
 bility, skill; opportunity ; sufficient 
 ntwiber, abundance ; goods, riches, 
 resources. 
 
 faenus, -oris, n., profit, interest, 
 usury. 
 
 Falernus, -a, -um, adj., Falernian, 
 
 of the Ager Falernus, a district 
 in Campania famous for its wine. 
 
 fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus, 3, 
 trip, cause to fall ; deceive, cheat ; 
 fail, disappoint. 
 
 falso, [falsus], adv., falsely, erro- 
 neously. 
 
 falsus, -a, -um, [part, of fallo], adj., 
 feigned, false, pretended. 
 
 fama, -ae, [cf. for, speak], f., re- 
 port, rumor, tradition ; public 
 opinion, fame, reputatioji. 
 
 fames, -is, f., hunger ; fa?)iine, 
 zuant. 
 
 familia, -ae, [famulus, servant], 
 {., slaves in a household, family 
 servants; estate ; family, house; 
 with mater and pater the old 
 gen. familias is frequent, pater 
 familias, father, head of a family. 
 mater familias, mother, matron, 
 mistress of a household. 
 
 familiaris, -e, comp. familiarior, 
 sup. familiarissimus, [familia], 
 adj., of a house or household ; fa- 
 miliar, intimate, res familiaris, 
 property. As subst., familiaris, 
 -is, m., friend, intimate acquaint- 
 ance. 
 
 familiaritas, -atis, [familiaris], 
 f., fayniliarity, intimacy, friend- 
 ship. 
 
 familiariter, comp. familiarius, 
 sup. familiarissime, [familia- 
 ris], adv., intimately, oft familiar 
 ter?ns. 
 
 fanum -i, [cf. for, speak], n., 
 shrine, sanctuary, temple. 
 
 fastigium, -i, n., top of a gable ; 
 summit ; rank, dignity. 
 
 fateor, fateri, fassus sum, [for], 
 2, dep., confess, acknoivledge. 
 
 fatigo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, fatigue, 
 weary ; torment, vex, harass. 
 
FAUTOR 
 
 47 
 
 FLACCUS 
 
 fautor, -5ris, [faveS], m., favorer, 
 
 patron. 
 
 fautrlx, -icis, [faveo], f., patroness, 
 protectress. 
 
 faveo, favere, favi, — , fut. part. 
 fauturus, 2, be favorable, favor, 
 be propitious. 
 
 febris, -is, f., fever. 
 
 felicitas, -atis, [felix], f., happi- 
 ness, good-fortune. 
 
 fenestra, -ae, f., opening, window. 
 
 fere, adv., almost, about; usually, 
 mostly, generally, in general, as a 
 general rule. 
 
 Feretrius, -1, [feretrum, liiter~\, 
 m., Feretrius, God of Trophies, a 
 surname of Jupiter. 
 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latus, irr., bear, 
 carry ; lead, drive ; prompt, impel, 
 urge; bring forth, produce ; en- 
 dure, suffer ; report, tell; permit; 
 move, propose ; demand, require; 
 pass., be borne, rush. 
 
 ferocia, -ae, [ferox], f., wildness, 
 fierceness, bravery, courage. 
 
 ferociter, [ferdx], adv., boldly. 
 
 ferox, -ocis, comp. ferocior, sup. 
 ferocissimus, [cf. ferus], adj., 
 wild, bold; cotif.de nt, high-spir- 
 ited; courageous, warlike. 
 
 ferrum, -1, n., iron; by metonymy, 
 iron tool, sword, axe. 
 
 ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, un- 
 tamed; uncultivated ; unfeeling; 
 waste, desolate ; savage, barbarous. 
 
 festmatio, -onis, [festino], f., 
 hastening; haste, speed, hurry. 
 
 festum, -1, [festus], n., holiday, 
 festival. 
 
 festus, -a, -um, adj., of holidays, 
 festal, solemn, joyful, merry. 
 
 fictilis, -e, [fingo], adj., of clay, 
 earthen. 
 
 fidelis, -e, comp. fidelior, sup. 
 
 fidelissimus, [fides], adj., faith- 
 ful, trustworthy. 
 
 fideliter, [fidelis], adv., faithfully. 
 
 fidens, -entis, [part, of fido], adj., 
 confident, courageous, bold. 
 
 fides, fide or fidei, f., trust, faith, 
 belief ; pledge ; in business, credit ; 
 good faith, fidelity ; protection, 
 care. 
 
 fido, fidere, fisus sum, 3, semi- 
 dep., trust, rely upon, put confi- 
 dence in. 
 
 fiducia, -ae, [fidus], f., trust, 
 confidence, reliance ; self-confi- 
 dence, courage, boldness. 
 
 fidus, -a, -um, [cf. fido], adj., 
 trustworthy, faithful. 
 
 figiira, -ae, [cf. fing5], f., form, 
 shape, figure. 
 
 filia, -ae, [filius], f., daughter. 
 
 films, -i, m., son. 
 
 fingo, fingere, finxi, f ictus, 3, 
 touch, handle ; form, fashion, 
 shape, mould, make; think; de- 
 vise, feign. 
 
 finis, -is, m., boundary, limit; ter- 
 ritory, end, degree, extent; pur- 
 pose, object. 
 
 finitimus, -a, -um, [finis], adj., 
 bordering on, neighboring. As 
 subst, finitimi, -orum, m. pi., 
 neighbors. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, see facio. 
 
 firmitas, -atis, [firmus], f., firm- 
 ness, durability, strength, vigor ; 
 enduraitce, constancy. 
 
 firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, power- 
 ful ; firm, trusty, faithful. 
 
 fistula, -ae, f., pipe, water-pipe; 
 ulcer. 
 
 Flaccus, -i, m., Flacctis, cognomen 
 of C. Valerius Flaccus, Cato's 
 colleague in his consulship (199 
 B.C.) and censorship (184 B.C.). 
 
FLAGITIUM 
 
 4 8 
 
 FORUM 
 
 flagitiuni, -i, n., disgraceful deed, 
 outrage : shame, disgrace. 
 
 flagito, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, de- 
 mand urgently, require, solicit. 
 
 flagro, -are, -avi, — , fut. part, fla- 
 graturus, 1, blaze, burn; be in- 
 flamed, be excited, be stirred; be 
 afflicted, suffer. 
 
 Flamimnus, -i, m., Flamininus, 
 family name of: 
 
 (1) C. Quinctius Flamimnus, 
 consul in 192 B.C. 
 
 (2) T. Quinctius Flamimnus, 
 the conqueror of Philip, king of 
 Macedon, in 197 B.C. 
 
 Flaminius, -1, m., Flaminiits, gen- 
 tile name of C. Flaminius, de- 
 feated and slain by Hannibal at 
 Lake Trasumenus in 217 B.C. 
 
 flamma, -ae, f., blazing fire, blaze, 
 flame. 
 
 Flavius, -a, name of a Roman gens, 
 of which the only member men- 
 tioned in this book is C. Flavius, 
 a friend of Brutus; he was slain 
 at Philippi, B.C. 42. 
 
 flecto, flectere, flexi, flexus, 3, 
 bend, turn; persuade, influence. 
 
 fleo, flere, flevi, fletus, 2, weep ; 
 weep for, bewail. 
 
 florens, -entis, [part, of fldreo], 
 adj., blooming, flourishing, excel- 
 lent, prosperous, florens iuventa, 
 youthful beauty. As subst., flo- 
 rentes, -um, m. pi., the prosper- 
 ous. 
 
 floreo, flSrere, florui, — , [flos, 
 flower], 2, bloom, blossom ; flour- 
 ish, be prosperous, be successful; 
 be eminent, be distinguished. 
 
 fluctus, -us, [cf. fluo], m., flood, 
 tide, wave, billow ; commotion. 
 
 flumen, -inis, [cf. fluo], n., flow- 
 ing stream, river. 
 
 foederatus, -a, -um, [cf. foedus], 
 adj., leagued, allied. 
 
 foedus, -eris, [cf. fido], n., 
 league, treaty ; agreement. 
 
 fore, for em, see sum. 
 
 forensis, -e, [forum], adj., of the 
 forum, forensic. 
 
 foris, -is, f., door, gate ; pi., folding- 
 door ■, entrance. 
 
 foris, [foris], adv., out of doors, 
 abroad ; from without. 
 
 forma, -ae, f., form, shape, figure, 
 appearance, looks; beauty. 
 
 formosus, -a, -um, comp. for- 
 mosior, sup. formSsissimus, 
 [forma], adj., finely formed, 
 beautiful, handsome. 
 
 fors, fortis, f., found only in nom. 
 and abl., chance, hap, hazard; 
 good-forticne. 
 
 fortis, -e, comp. fortior, sup. for- 
 tissimus, adj., strong, poiverful ; 
 brave, courageous. 
 
 fortiter, comp. fortius, sup. for- 
 tissime, [fortis], adv., bravely, 
 boldly. 
 
 fortitudo, -inis, [fortis], f., 
 strength ; bravery, resolution, 
 courage. 
 
 fortuito, [forte], adv., by chance, 
 accidentally. 
 
 forttina, -ae, [f5rs], f., chance, 
 luck, fortune ; position, lot, rank, 
 circumstances ; good-fortune ; ill- 
 fortune ; personified, Fortune. 
 
 forum, -1, [foris], n., open place, 
 market-place ; esp. Forum Ro- 
 manum, the Roman Forum, the 
 Forum, an open space between 
 the Palatine and Capitoline hills, 
 surrounded by public buildings 
 and shops, where the political and 
 commercial life of the Roman 
 world centered. 
 
FRANGO 
 
 49 
 
 GALLIA 
 
 frango, frangere, fregi, fractus, 
 
 3, break in pieces, break ; break 
 down, dishearten, subdue, over- 
 come. 
 
 frater, -tris, m., brother. 
 
 fraternus, -a, -urn, [frater], adj., 
 of a brother, brotherly, fraternal. 
 
 fratriclda, -ae, [frater, of. caedo], 
 m., fratricide. 
 
 fraus, fraudis, f., c healing, deceit, 
 fraud, treachery ; injury, harm. 
 
 Fregellae, -arum, f., Fregellae, a 
 city of the Volscians in Latium, 
 on the river Liris. 
 
 frequens, -entis, comp. frequen- 
 tior, sup. frequentissimus, adj., 
 often, regular, repeated, constant ; 
 in great numbers, crenvded, filled, 
 populous. 
 
 frequentia, -ae, [frequens], f., 
 assembly in numbers, concourse, 
 crowd. 
 
 fretus, -a, -um, adj., leaning, sup- 
 ported ; trusting, relying, con- 
 fiding. 
 
 fructus, -us. [cf. fruor], m., enjoy- 
 ment ; produce, fruit, crops ; in- 
 come, profit; consequence, result, 
 reward. 
 
 frumentum, -I, [fruor], n., grain, ■ 
 standing grain. 
 
 fruor, frui, fructus sum, fut. part, 
 fruiturus, 3, dep., enjoy, delight in. 
 
 frustra, [fraus], adv., in error ; 
 without effect, in vain. 
 
 friistror, -ari, -atus sum, [friis- 
 tra], I, dep., deceive, trick, dis- 
 appoint. 
 
 fuga. -ae, [cf. fugio], f., fleeing, 
 flight. 
 
 fugio, fugere, fugi, — , fut. part, 
 fugitiirus, 3, flee, fly, take to 
 flight; avoid; escape the notice 
 of, be unknown to. 
 
 fugo, -are, -avi, -atus, [fuga], 1, 
 
 put to flight, rout. 
 
 fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, — , 2, jlash, 
 lighten ; glitter, gleam ; be con- 
 spicuous. 
 
 Fulvius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens, of which the only member 
 mentioned in this book is Fulvia, 
 -ae, f., Fulvia, wife of M. An- 
 tonius. 
 
 fumus, -i, m., smoke. 
 
 fundamentum, -i, [fundo], n., 
 foundation, basis. 
 
 funditor, -oris, [funda], m., slinger. 
 
 fundo, fundere, fudi, fiisus, 3, 
 pour, pour out ; scatter, rout. 
 
 fundus, -i, m., bottom ; piece of 
 land, farm, estate ; foundation. 
 
 funestus, -a, -um, [funus], adj., 
 deadly, destructive, fatal. 
 
 fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3, 
 dep., be engaged in, perform, ob- 
 serve ; do, execute, adininister. 
 
 funus, -eris, n., funeral procession, 
 funeral. 
 
 Furius, -i, m., Furius, gentile name 
 of L. Furius, consul in 196 B.C. 
 
 futurus, -a, -um, [part, of sum], 
 adj., going to be, yet to be, to come, 
 future. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galba, -ae, m., Galba, family name 
 of Servius Sulpicius Galba, prae- 
 torian governor of Lusitania in 
 151 B.C. 
 
 galea, -ae, [cf. celo], f., helmet, 
 usually of leather. 
 
 Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, comprising 
 the regions now occupied by 
 France, Belgium, Holland, and 
 the western parts of Germany and 
 Switzerland. 
 
GAUDEO 
 
 50 
 
 GRAVIS 
 
 gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, 
 
 2, semi-dep., be glad, rejoice. 
 gaza, -ae, f., treasure, riches, -wealth. 
 Gellius, -1, m., Gellius, gentile name 
 
 of Q. Gellius Can us, a friend of 
 Atticus. 
 
 gener, -eri, m., son-in-law. 
 
 generatus, -a, -um, [part, of gen- 
 ero], adj., descended, sprung. 
 
 genero, -are, -avi, -atus, [genus], 
 I, beget, produce, create; pass., 
 spring, have origin. 
 
 generosus, -a, -um, [genus], adj., 
 of noble birth, well-born ; mag- 
 nanimous, generous. 
 
 gens, gentis, f., clan, gens, com- 
 posed of families having a common 
 ancestor, a common name, and 
 certain religious rites in common; 
 tribe, people, nation. 
 
 genu, -us, n., knee. 
 
 genus, -eris, n., race, birth, de- 
 scent ; kind, class, rank, order; 
 sort, description, style. 
 
 germanus, -a, -um, adj., of brothers 
 and sisters, full, own. 
 
 gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, 3, 
 bear, carry, have, hold; wear; 
 carry on, wage ; keep up, manage. 
 se gerere, to conduct oneself, act, 
 behave, morem gerere alicui, 
 to gratify any one, follow one's 
 suggestion, res gestae, exploits, 
 deeds, work. 
 
 gigno, gignere, genui, genitus, 
 
 3, produce, give birth to, beget. 
 gladius, -1, m., sword. 
 
 globus, -1, m., round body, ball, 
 
 sphere, globe; throng of men, 
 
 crowd, gathering. 
 gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame, renown ; 
 
 vainglory, pride, boasting. 
 glorior, -ari, -atus sum, [gldria], 
 
 I, dep., boast, brag, pride oneself. 
 
 gloriosus, -a, um, comp. gldri 
 Ssior, sup. gloriosissimus, [glo- 
 ria], adj., glorious, famous, re- 
 nowned; to be proud of, confer- 
 ring honor, honorable; boastful, 
 conceited. 
 
 Gongylus, -1, [ToyytXos], m., 
 Gongylus, name of an Eretrian. 
 
 Gortynius, -a, -um, adj., of Gor- 
 tyn, a city in Crete, Gortynian. 
 As subst., Gortynius, -1, m., 
 Gortynian, inhabitant of Gortyn. 
 
 Gracchus, see Sempronius. 
 
 gradus, -us, m., step, pace ; gait; 
 station, position, ground; stage, 
 period, degree ; pi., steps, stairs. 
 
 Graece, [Graecus], adv., in the 
 Greek language, in Greek. 
 
 Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. 
 
 Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Grecian, 
 Greek. As subst., Graecus, -i, 
 m., a Greek. 
 
 Graius, -a, -um, adj., of the Greeks, 
 Grecian. As subst., Graius, -i, 
 m., a Greek. 
 
 grandis, -e, adj., full-grown, large, 
 great. 
 
 gratia, -ae, [gratus], f., favor, es- 
 teem, regard, friendship ; kind- 
 ness, courtesy ; thanks, gratitude. 
 gratia, with preceding gen., for 
 the sake of. gratiam habere, to 
 feel gratitude, gratias agere, to 
 express gratitude, to thank, gra- 
 tiam referre, to show gratitude, 
 to requite. 
 
 gratiis, [abl. pi. of gratia], adv., 
 out of favor, without pay, for 
 nothing. 
 
 gratus, -a, -um, comp. gratior, 
 sup. gratissimus, adj., pleasing, 
 dear, acceptable ; thankful, grate- 
 ful ; strong, influential. 
 
 gravis, -e, comp. gravior, sup. 
 
GRAVITAS 
 
 51 
 
 HERCULES 
 
 gravissimus, adj., heavy, severe, 
 difficult ; painful, disagreeable, 
 unpleasant; of weight, of author- 
 ity, proelium grave, a decisive 
 battle. 
 
 gra vitas, -atis, [gravis], f., weight, 
 heaviness; importance, dignity, 
 influence ; seriousness ; deliberate- 
 ness. 
 
 graviter, [gravis], comp. gra- 
 vius, sup. gravissime, adv., 
 weightily ; severely ; with dignity. 
 
 Grynium, -i, \Tpvviov~], n., Gry- 
 nium, a town in Phrygia, in west- 
 ern Asia Minor, celebrated for its 
 temple of Apollo. 
 
 gubernator, -oris, [gubernS], m., 
 steersman, helmsman ; director, 
 ruler. 
 
 gymnasium, -i, [yvfivdaiov'], n., 
 gymnasium, Grecian school for 
 gymnastic training. 
 
 gynaeconitis, -idis, [yvvcuKwv?- 
 rts], f., women's apartments, in a 
 Grecian house. 
 
 habeo, habere, habui, habitus, 
 
 2, have, hold, keep ; treat, use ; 
 ■ consider, regard ; render. 
 
 habito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 habeo], 1, dwell, abide, reside; 
 inhabit; be housed. 
 
 hac, [sc. via], adv., this way, on 
 this side, here. 
 
 hactenus, [hac, tenus], adv., as 
 far as this, so far, thus far. 
 
 Hadrumetum, -i, ['ASpoi^ros], 
 n., Hadrumetum, a city in north- 
 ern Africa, not far from Carthage. 
 
 Haliartus, -i, ['AXfapros], f., Ha- 
 liartus, a city in Boeotia. 
 
 Halicarnasius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 Ilalicarnassus, a city in Caria, in 
 southwestern Asia Minor. As 
 subst., Halicarnasius, -i, m., in- 
 habitant of Halicamasus. 
 
 Hamilcar, -aris, m., Ham Hear, a 
 Carthaginian, father of Hannibal. 
 
 Hammon, -onis, ["Appwy], m., 
 Hammon, a surname of the Libyan 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal. 
 See xxiii. 
 
 haruspex, -icis, [cf. specio], m., 
 soothsayer, diviner. 
 
 Hasdrubal, -alis, m., Hasdrubal, 
 a Carthaginian name. In this 
 book refers to : 
 
 (1) Hasdrubal, brother-in-law of 
 Hannibal. 
 
 (2) Hasdrubal, brother of Han- 
 nibal. 
 
 hasta, -ae, f., staff, pole; spear; 
 a spear, set up as a sign of a 
 public auction, auction. 
 
 hastlle, -is, [hasta], n., spear- 
 shaft; spear, javelin. 
 
 haud. adv., not, not at all, by no 
 means. 
 
 Hellespontus, -i, ['EWriairovTos'], 
 m., the Hellespont, the strait be- 
 tween the Aegean Sea and the 
 Propontis, now the Dardanelles. 
 
 Helvius, -i, m., Helvius, gentile 
 name of C. Helvius, Cato's col- 
 league in his aedileship. 
 
 hemerodromus, -i, [r^pepoSpopos], 
 m., courier. 
 
 Hephaestio, -onis, [ , H<pcua-Tiwi'], 
 m., Hephaestio, one of the generals 
 of Alexander the Great. 
 
 Heraclides, -is, ['Hpa/cXe/S^s], m., 
 Heraclides, a Syracusan, put to 
 death by Dion. 
 
 Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, the 
 Roman name of the Greek Hera- 
 
HEREDITAS 
 
 52 
 
 HONORATUS 
 
 cles, famed for his strength and 
 mighty deeds. 
 
 hereditas, -atis, [heres], f., heir- 
 ship, inheritance ; an inheritance. 
 
 heredium, -1, [heres J, n., heredi- 
 tary estate. 
 
 heres, -edis, m. and f.,heir, heiress. 
 
 Hermes, -ae, ['Ep/x^s], m., a Her- 
 nies pillar, bust of the Greek god 
 Hermes on a square pillar. 
 
 hetaerice, -es, [eTcupi/c??], f., the 
 comrades, a body of Macedonian 
 horse-guards. 
 
 hibernus, -a, -um, [hiems], adj., 
 of winter, winter. As subst., 
 hiberna, -orum, n. pi., winter 
 camp, winter quarters. 
 
 hibernacula, -orum, [dim. of hi- 
 berna], n. pi., winter tents, winter 
 quarters. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, gen. huius, dem. 
 pron., this, the present ; the follow- 
 ing ; he, she, it. 
 
 hie, [hie], adv., here ; in this par- 
 ticular, herein; now, hereupon, 
 then. 
 
 Hicetas, -ae, ['I/c^ras], m., Hice- 
 tas, tyrant of Leontini, a city in 
 Sicily near Syracuse; he was a 
 contemporary of the younger Di- 
 onysius. 
 
 hiemalis, -e, [hiems], adj., of 
 winter, wintry. 
 
 hiemo, -are, -avi, — , fut. part. 
 hiematurus, 1, winter, pass the 
 winter. 
 
 hiems, hiemis, f., winter, storm. 
 
 hilaritas, -atis, [hilaris], f., cheer- j 
 fulness. 7?ier7'iment, hilarity. 
 
 HUotae, -arum, [EiAwrcu], m. pi., 
 Helots, the serfs of the Spartans. 
 
 hinc, [hie], adv., from this place, J 
 hence ; on this account, from this ; j 
 henceforth ; next, afterwards. ' 
 
 Hipparlnus, -i, ['Imraptros], m., 
 Hipparinus, a Syracusan name, 
 referring in this book to : 
 
 (1) Hipparinus, the father of 
 Dion. 
 
 (2) Hippari7ius, nephew of Dion. 
 Hippo, -onis, ['I7r7ri6j'], m., Hippo, 
 
 a city in northern Africa on the 
 coast, west of Carthage. 
 
 Hipponicus, -i, [' IttttSvIkos^, m., 
 Hipponicus, the father-in-law of 
 Alcibiades. 
 
 hirtus, -a, -um, adj., rough, hairy, 
 shaggy. 
 
 Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. 
 
 Hister, -tri, ["Io-rpos] m., the His- 
 ter, a name applied by the Greeks 
 to the Danube, and by the Romans 
 to the lower part of the same 
 river. 
 
 Histiaeus, -i, ['Lrncuos], m., His- 
 tiaeus, tyrant of Miletus in the 
 time of Miltiades. 
 
 historia, -ae, [laTopia], f., history ; 
 narrative, account; pi., a work 
 of history, history. 
 
 historicus, -a, -um, [historia], 
 adj., of history, historical. As 
 subst., historicus, -i, m., writer 
 of history, historian. 
 
 hodie, [ho = hoc, die], adv., to- 
 day; now. 
 
 Homerus, -i, f Oix-qpos'], m., Homer, 
 the great epic poet of Greece. 
 
 homo, -inis, m. and f., human be- 
 ing, man, person. 
 
 honestas, -atis, [honos], f., honor 
 received from others, repute, repu- 
 tation ; uprightness, integrity, re- 
 spectability. 
 
 honestus, -a, -um, [honos], adj., 
 honored, respected; noble; honor- 
 able, respectable, becoming, proper. 
 
 honoratus. -a, -um, [part, of 
 
HONORIFICUS 
 
 53 
 
 IGNIS 
 
 honoro], adj., honored, distin- 
 guished. 
 
 honorificus, -a, -urn. comp. hono- 
 rificentior, sup. hondrificentissi- 
 mus, [honos, cf. facio], adj., 
 honorable. 
 
 honos. or honor, -oris, m., honor, 
 repute, esteem : public office; mark 
 of honor, recompense. 
 
 boplites, -ae, [ottXittjs], m., hop- 
 lite, heavy-armed soldier. 
 
 hortatus, -us, [hortor], (the nom. 
 is not found), m., encouragement, 
 exhortation. 
 
 Hortensius, -I, m., Hortensius, 
 gentile name of Q. Hortensius, 
 who lived from 1 14 to 50 B.C.; he 
 was a contemporary and rival of 
 Cicero. 
 
 hortor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 encourage, urge, exhort, cheer, in- 
 cite. 
 
 hortus, -1, m., garden. 
 
 hospes. -itis, m., entertainer, 
 host ; guest ; friend ' ; stranger. 
 
 hospitium, -I, [hospes], n., enter- 
 tainment, hospitality, friendship ; 
 lodging, inn. 
 
 hostia. -ae, f., animal sacrificed, 
 victim. 
 
 hostis, -is, m. and f., stranger; 
 enemy. 
 
 hiic, [hie], adv., hither, to this 
 place, on this ; to this, besides. 
 
 humanitas, -atis, [Mmanus], f., 
 humanity; kindliness; elegance; 
 refinement. 
 
 humanus, -a, -um, [hom5], adj., 
 of man, human ; humane, kind. 
 
 humilis, -e, [humus], adj., low, 
 lowly; small, slight; common, 
 humble ; low, base, mean. 
 
 humo. -are, -avi, -atus, [humus], 
 adj., cover with earth, inter, bury. 
 
 Hystaspes, -is or -1, ['Ttrrdo-Tnys], 
 m., Hystaspes, father of Darius I., 
 king of Persia. 
 
 iaceo, iacere, iacui, — , 2, lie, be 
 prostrate; lie dead; be situated ; 
 be despised. 
 
 iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, 3, throw, 
 hurl, cast. 
 
 iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 iacio], 1, throw, cast, hurl ; speak, 
 say ; boast, take pride in. 
 
 iam. adv., at present, notv ; already ; 
 immediately ; soon, presently, non 
 iam, no longer. 
 
 ianua, -ae, f., door ; entrance. 
 
 Iason, -onis, ['Iatrwj/], m., Jason, 
 tyrant of Pherae in Thessaly from 
 378 to 370 B.C. He planned to gain 
 the hegemony of Greece, and then 
 to lead the united Greeks against 
 the Persians. He was murdered 
 before carrying out his plan. 
 
 ibi, adv., in that place, there ; on 
 that occasion, thereupon. 
 
 ibidem, adv., in the same place, 
 just there. 
 
 ic6, icere, ici, ictus, in classical 
 prose only in the perf. system, 3, 
 hit, strike, foedus icere, to make 
 a league, make a treaty. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, gen. eiusdem, 
 [is], dem. pron., the same ; often 
 with the force of an adv., also, be- 
 sides, too. 
 
 ideo, [id + eo], adv., for that rea- 
 son, on that account, therefore. 
 
 idoneus, -a, -um, adj., fit, proper, 
 suitable, convenient, apt. 
 
 igitur, adv., then, therefore, accord- 
 ingly, consequently. 
 \ ignis, -is, m.,fire. 
 
IGNOMINIA 
 
 54 
 
 IMPERO 
 
 Ignominia, -ae, [in- + (g)ndmen], 
 f., disgrace, dishonor; degrada- 
 tion. 
 
 ignorantia, -ae, [ignorans], f., 
 want of knowledge, ignorance. 
 
 ignoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [Igno- 
 rus], I, not know, be unaware ; 
 take no notice of. 
 
 ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotus, 
 [in- + (g)nosco], 3, pardon ', for- 
 give, excuse. 
 
 ignotus, [in- + (g)notus], adj., 
 unknown, strange; unacquainted 
 with, ignorant of. 
 
 ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius, dem. 
 pron., that; he, she, it; the famous, 
 the well-known. 
 
 illo, [ille], adv., to that place, 
 thither. 
 
 illuc, [ille], adv., to that place, 
 thither, there ; thereto ; to such a 
 point, to that point. 
 
 imago, -inis, [cf. imitor], f., imi- 
 tation, likeness, image; picture; 
 idea, conception. 
 
 imbuo, -ere, imbui, imbutus, 3, 
 wet, moisten; fill, soak; instruct 
 superficially, imbue, initiate. 
 
 imitator, -5ris, [imitor], m., imi- 
 tator. 
 
 imitor, ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 imitate; copy, portray. 
 
 immerens, -entis, [in- -f merens], 
 adj., undeserving, innocent. 
 
 immineo. -minere, — , — , 2, pro- 
 ject over, overhang ; be near, bor- 
 der on; threaten, menace. 
 
 immitto, -ere, immisi, immissus, 
 [in + mitto], 3, send in, admit, 
 introduce. 
 
 immoderatus, -a, -um, [in- + 
 moderatus], adj., boundless ; un- 
 restrained, unbridled, immoderate. 
 
 immodestia, -ae, [immodestus], 
 
 f., intemperate conduct, insubor- 
 dination. 
 
 immolo, -are, -avi, -atus, [in, cf. 
 mola, sacred meal], 1, sprinkle 
 with sacrificial meal; sacrifice, 
 immolate. 
 
 immortalis, -e, [in- + mortalis], 
 adj., immortal, imperishable, eter- 
 nal. 
 
 imparatus, -a, -um, [in- + para- 
 tus], adj., not ready, unprepared. 
 
 impedimentum, -i, [impedio], 
 n., hindrance, impediment ; pi., 
 
 impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [in, cf. 
 
 pes], 4, entangle, hamper ; hinder, 
 check. 
 
 impello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 [in + pello], 3, strike against, 
 drive ; put to rout ; set in motion, 
 impel, drive forward ; urge, in- 
 duce, persuade. 
 
 impendeo, -pendere, — , — , [in 
 + pendeo], 2, overhang ; be at 
 hand, be imminent, threaten. 
 
 impensa, -ae, [impendo], f., out- 
 lay, cost. 
 
 imperator, -oris, [impero], m., 
 commander-in-chief general ; im- 
 perator. 
 
 imperatorius, -a, -um, [impera- 
 tor], adj., of a general, suited to a 
 general. 
 
 imperite, [imperitus], adv., un- 
 skilfully, ignorantly, awkwardly. 
 
 imperitus, -a, -um, adj., inexperi- 
 enced, ignorant. 
 
 imperium, -i, [impero], n., com- 
 mand, authority, control ; military 
 authority ; sovereignty, dominion ; 
 the state, state. 
 
 impero, -are, -avi, -atus, [in + 
 paro], 1, command, order ; rule, 
 govern ; make requisition for, levy. 
 
IMPERTIO 
 
 55 
 
 INCEPTUM 
 
 impertio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [in + 
 partio], 4, share with, bestow, 
 impart ; present with. 
 
 impetro, -are, -avi, -atus, \,gain 
 one's end, get, obtain, procure by 
 request or influence. 
 
 impetus, -us, [in, cf. petd], m., 
 attack, assault, onset; impulse, 
 vehemence, excitement ; violence, 
 impetuosity. 
 
 impiger, -gra, -grum, [in- + 
 piger], adj., not indolent ; active, 
 energetic. 
 
 impius, -a, -um, [in- -f pius], 
 adj., irreverent, undutiful ; 
 zvicked, impious. As subst, im- 
 pius, -i, m., a wicked man, impi- 
 ous man. 
 
 implacabilis, -e, [in- + placabi- 
 lis], adj., unappeasable, irrecon- 
 cilable. 
 
 implicatus, -a, -um, [part, of im- 
 plico], adj., entangled, involved, 
 connected zvith. 
 
 implied, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus or 
 -itus, [in -f plico], I, infold, 
 envelope; involve, implicate, e?n- 
 barrass. in morbum implicitus, 
 taken sick, fallen ill. 
 
 impono , -ere, imposui, impositus, 
 [in + pono] , 3, place upon, put in, 
 put on board; inflict, dictate terms 
 of peace ; impose upon, cheat. 
 
 impotens, -entis, [in- + potens], 
 adj., powerless, impotent, weak ; 
 not master of unable to control ; 
 unbridled, unrestrained. 
 
 impraesentiarum, adv., for the 
 present, under present circum- 
 stances, now. 
 
 imprimis, [in, primis], adv., espe- 
 cially. 
 
 imprudens, -entis, [in- + pru- 
 dens], adj., not foreseeing, un- 
 
 aware, unsuspecting; inexperi- 
 enced, ignorant. 
 imprudenter, [imprudens], adv., 
 
 without foresight, ignorantly, in- 
 
 co/isiderately. 
 imprudentia, -ae, [imprudens], 
 
 f., want of foresight, imprudence, 
 
 ignorance. 
 impugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [in + 
 
 pugno], I, fight against, attack; 
 
 oppose. 
 impulsus, -us, [cf. impello], m., 
 
 striking against, push, shock, i?n- 
 
 pulse, instigation, influence. 
 impune, [impunis, from in- + 
 
 poena], adv., without punishment, 
 
 with impunity. 
 Imus, sup. of inferus. 
 in, prep, with ace. and abl. : 
 
 (1) With ace. : of place, after 
 verbs of motion, into, to, up to, 
 tozvards, against ; of time, into, 
 till ; of purpose, for ; of result, 
 to, unto; of other relations, to, 
 in, respecting, concerning. 
 
 (2) With abl. : of place, in, on, 
 upon, among ; of time, in, in 
 the course of during, while ; of 
 other relations, involved in, in 
 case of, respecting. 
 
 in-, inseparable prefix, [cf. Eng. 
 UN-, not] ; prefixed to adjectives, 
 it negatives or reverses their 
 meaning. 
 
 inanis, -e, adj., empty, void ; life- 
 less ; worthless, vain. 
 
 incendium, -i, [incendd], n., 
 burning, fire, flame. 
 
 incendo, -ere, incendi, incensus, 
 3, set fire to, kindle; rouse, ex- 
 cite. 
 
 inceptum, -i, [incipio], n., be- 
 ginning; attempt, undertaking; 
 purpose, subject. 
 
NCIDO 
 
 56 
 
 INDULGENTIA 
 
 incido, -cidere,. -cidi, — , [in + 
 cado], 3, fall in, fall ; incur, 
 contract ; occur, arise, happen. 
 
 incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [in 
 + caedo], 3, cut into, cut; cut 
 upon, engrave, inscribe ; interrupt, 
 put an end to ; cut short, remove. 
 
 incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [in + capio], 3, take in hand, 
 begin, originate ; instigate. 
 
 incito, -are, -avi, -atus, [in + 
 cit5], 1, set in motion, urge on; 
 rouse, excite. 
 
 inclino, -are, -avi, -atus, [in + 
 clino], I, cause to lean, turn; 
 betid, incline ; turn in flight, re- 
 pulse, drive back. 
 
 incognitus, -a, -um, [in- + cog- 
 nitus], adj., not examined, un- 
 tried; unknown. 
 
 incola, -ae, [incolo], m. and f., 
 inhabitant, resident. 
 
 incolo, -colere, -colui, — , [in + 
 cold], 3, be at home, abide, dwell ; 
 dwell in. 
 
 incolumis, -e, adj., unimpaired, 
 uninjured, safe. 
 
 incolumitas, -atis, [incolumis], f., 
 freedom from harm, safety, security. 
 
 incommodum, -1, [incommodus], 
 n., inconvenience, trouble, detri- 
 ment, injury, loss. 
 
 incommodus, -a, -um, [in- + 
 commodus], adj., inconvenient, 
 unsuitable, disagreeable. 
 
 inconsideratus, -a, -um, comp. 
 inconsideratior, sup. inconsi- 
 deratissimus, adj., not considered ; 
 thoughtless, inconsiderate. 
 
 incredibilis, -e, [in- + credibi- 
 lis], adj., not to be believed, in- 
 credible. 
 
 incuria, -ae, [in- + cura], f., want 
 of care, negligence, neglect. 
 
 incurro, -ere, incurri or incu- 
 curri, incursiirus, [in + curro], 
 3, run into, rush upon, make an 
 attack ; incur, meet. 
 
 inde, adv. , from that place, thence ; 
 from that time ; after that, there- 
 upon ; from that, therefore. 
 
 index, -icis, [cf. indico], m. and 
 f., ne who points out, informer ; 
 index, mark, sign, proof. 
 
 indicium, -i, [cf. indicS], n., no- 
 tice, sign, indication, proof, evi- 
 dence. 
 
 indico, -are, -avi, -atus, [index], 
 1, point out, inform; make knozvn, 
 show, reveal ; betray, accuse. 
 
 indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus, 
 [in + dico], 3, declare publicly, 
 declare, proclaim, announce ; ap- 
 point; impose, inflict. 
 
 indidem, [inde], adv., from the 
 same place. indidem Thebis, 
 likewise from l^hebes. 
 
 indigeo, -ere, -ui, — , [indu, old 
 form of in, + egeo], 2, need, 
 want ; demand, require. 
 
 indigne, [indignus], adv., un- 
 worthily, shamefully ; indig- 
 nantly, indigne ferre, to take 
 amiss, to be vexed at. 
 
 indignor, -ari, -atus sum, [indig- 
 nus], I, dep., deem unworthy, be 
 indignant at, resent. 
 
 indignus, -a, -um, [in- + dignus], 
 adj., undeserving, unfit ; shameful. 
 
 indiligens, -entis, [in- + dili- 
 gens], adj., careless, heedless, neg- 
 ligent. 
 
 indoles, -is, f., inborn quality, 
 character, disposition. 
 
 induco, -ducere, -diixi, -ductus, 
 [in + diico] , 3, lead in, bring in, 
 introduce ; lead, induce. 
 
 indulgentia, -ae, [indulgens], f., 
 
INDULGEO 
 
 57 
 
 INITIUM 
 
 yielding, indulgence ; affection, 
 favor. 
 
 indulgeo, indulgere, indulsi, in- 
 dultus, 2, be kind, indulge, allow ; 
 give oneself up, yield; grant, 
 besto-tu. sic sibi indulsit, he took 
 such liberties. 
 
 industria, -ae, [industrius], f., 
 diligence, industry, activity. 
 
 indutiae, -arum, [indu, old form 
 of in, cf. eo], f. pi., suspension of 
 hostilities, truce, armistice. 
 
 ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, [in 
 + eo], irr., go into, enter ; begin ; 
 enter upon, undertake ; with gra- 
 tiam, acquire, obtain. ineiins 
 adulescentia, early youth. 
 
 inermis, -e, [in- + arma], adj., 
 unarmed, without zveapons, de- 
 fenceless. 
 
 inertia, -ae, [iners], f., want of 
 art, unskilfulness, ignorance ; in- 
 activity, idleness. 
 
 inexercitatus, -a, -um, [in- + ex- 
 ercitatus], adj., untrained, un- 
 skilful, without experience. 
 
 Infamia, -ae, [Infamis], f., ill-fame, 
 dishonor, disgrace ; calumny. 
 
 infamis, -e, [in- + fama], adj., of 
 ill repute, notorious, infamous. 
 
 infamd, -are, -avi, -atus, [infa- 
 mis] , I , bring into ill repute, dis- 
 grace, dishonor, defame. 
 
 infectus, -a, -um, [in- + factus], 
 adj., not done, unaccomplished. 
 
 inferior, -ius, [comp. of inferus], 
 adj., lower, inferior. 
 
 infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus, 
 [in + fero] , 3, bring in, carry, 
 take to ; introduce, bring against ; 
 cause, inflict. 
 
 inferus. -a, -um, comp. inferior, 
 sup. infimus or imus, adj., below, 
 beneath, lower. 
 
 infestus, -a, -um, adj., unsafe, dis- 
 turbed ; hostile, threatening. 
 
 Infimus, -a, -um, sup. of Inferus, 
 adj., lowest, lowest part of , foot of; 
 humblest. 
 
 infmitus, -a, -um, [in- -f finltus], 
 adj., unlimited, boundless ; innu- 
 merable, countless. 
 
 infirmus, -a, -um, comp. Inflrmior, 
 sup. Inflrmissimus, [in- + flr- 
 mus] , adj ., not strong, weak, feeble. 
 
 lnfrtiae, -arum, [in-, cf. fateor], 
 f. pi., found only in the ace. in the 
 phrase Infitias Ire, to deny. 
 
 Infitior, -an, -atus sum, [Infitiae], 
 I, deny, disown. 
 
 infodio, -fodere, -fodl, -fossus, 
 [in + fodio] , 3, bury, inter. 
 
 ingenium, -I, [in, cf. glgno], n., 
 innate quality, nature ; character, 
 disposition ; talents, ability, intel- 
 lect. 
 
 ingratiis, [in-, gratils], adv., with- 
 out thanks, unwillingly, on com- 
 pulsion. 
 
 ingratus, -a, -um, [in- + gratus] , 
 adj., unpleasant, disagreeable ; 
 thankless, ungrateful. 
 
 inicio, -icere, -ieel, -iectus, [in + 
 iacio], 3, throw in; hurl in, put 
 in, put on ; inspire, suggest, cause. 
 
 inimicitia, -ae, [inimlcus], f., en- 
 mity, hostility. 
 
 inimicus, -a, -um, [in- + ami- 
 cus], adj., unfriendly, hostile. As 
 subst., inimicus, -I, m., personal 
 enemy. 
 
 iniquus, -a, -um, [in- + aequus], 
 adj., uneven, steep; unequal; ex- 
 cessive, unfavorable, unfair, un- 
 just. 
 
 initium, -I, [ineo], n., going in, 
 entrance ; beginning. initio, 
 in the beginning, at first. 
 
INIURIA 
 
 5» 
 
 INSTITUO 
 
 iniuria. -ae. [in- -f ius], f., injus- 
 tice, wrong, injury : insult. 
 
 iniuste. [iniustus], adv., unjustly. 
 
 inlacrimo. -are. -avi, -atus. [in 
 -f lacrima], 1, weep over, bewail, 
 lament. 
 
 inludo, -ludere, -lusi. -lusus, [in 
 -f ludo], 3, sport with : make fun 
 of, ridicule, mock ; deceive, baffle. 
 
 inlustris, -e, comp. inlustrior, sup. 
 inlustrissimus, adj., bright ; 
 clear ; distinguished, illustrious, 
 renowned ; evident, plain. 
 
 inlustro. -are, -avi, -atus, [in 4 
 lustro], I, light up, illuminate ; 
 make clear, illustrate; render 
 famous, distinguish. 
 
 innitor. -niti, -nisus or -nixus 
 sum, [in -f nitor], 3, dep., lean 
 on, support oneself by. 
 
 innocens. -entis, adj., harmless; 
 blameless, innocent. 
 
 innocentia, -ae, [innocens], f., 
 blamelessness, innocence ; integ- 
 rity. 
 
 innoxius. -a, -um, [in- 4- noxius]. 
 adj., harmless; blameless, inno- 
 cent. 
 
 inopia. -ae. [inops], f., want, lack; 
 need, poverty, scarcity. 
 
 inopinans, -antis, [in- -1- opi- 
 nans], adj., not expecting, taken 
 by surprise. 
 
 inopinatus, -a, -um, [in- 4- opi- 
 natus], adj., unexpected, surpris- 
 ing. 
 
 inops. -opis, [in- 4 ops], adj., 
 without resources, helpless, weak; 
 poor, tteedy, without ; pitiful. 
 
 inquam, inquis, inquit, def., al- 
 ways postpositive, say. 
 
 inrideo, -ridere. -risi. -risus, [in 
 4- rideo], 2, laugh at, mock, ridi- 
 cule. 
 
 inritus. -a. -um. [in- 4 rains], 
 
 adj., unsettled, of no effect : ineffect- 
 ual, useless. 
 
 insciens, -entis, [in- 4 sciens], 
 adj., unknowing, unaware. 
 
 inscitia. -ae. [inscitus]. :'.. 
 
 ranee, inexperience, unskilfulness. 
 
 inscius. -a. -um. adj., not k?iowi?tg, 
 ignorant, unaware. 
 
 Inscribo. inscribere. inscripsi, 
 inscriptus, [in -f scrib5], 3, 
 write upon, inscribe. 
 
 insequor, insequi, insecutus sum, 
 [in -f sequor], 3, dep., follow, 
 come next; pursue ; overtake. 
 
 inservio. -ire, — , -itus, [in 4- ser- 
 vio], 4, be serviceable, be submis- 
 sive ; accommodate oneself 
 
 insidiae, -arum, [cf. insideo], f. 
 pi., snare, trap, ambush ; arli/ice, 
 plot. 
 
 insidiator. -oris, [insidior], m., 
 one who lies in wait, waylay er ; 
 enemy. 
 
 insidior, -ari, -atus sum, [insi- 
 diae], I, dep., lie in wait for, 
 watch for, plot against. 
 
 insido. -sidere, -sedi. -sessus, [in 
 4- sido], 3, sit in, settle on; oc- 
 cupy, keep possession of. 
 
 insigniter, comp. insignius. [in- 
 signis], adv., reiJiarkably, extraor- 
 dinarily, ?iotably. 
 
 insolens. -entis. [in 4- solens. 
 part, of soleo], adj., unaccus- 
 tomed; im?Jioderate, haughty, in- 
 solent. 
 
 insolentia. -ae. [insolens], f., un- 
 usual n ess ; arrogance, insolence, 
 extravagance. 
 
 instans. -antis, [part, of insto], 
 adj., present, immediate ; press- 
 ing, urgent. 
 
 instituo, -ere, institui, institutus. 
 
INSTITUTUM 
 
 59 
 
 INTERPONO 
 
 [in + statuo], 3, put in place, 
 plant, fix ; make, construct; ar- 
 range; purpose, resolve; found, 
 establish ; begin ; teach, instruct. 
 
 institutum, -1, [part, of mstituo], 
 n., purpose, intention, design ; 
 practice, custom, usage; institu- 
 tion, ordinance, decree. 
 
 Insto, -stare, -stiti, — , fut. part, 
 instaturus, [in + sto], I, stand 
 on ; draw nigh, approach ; urge, 
 press ; menace, threaten. 
 
 Tnstruo, -ere, instruxi, instriic- 
 tus, [in + str'uo], 3, build in; 
 make ready, provide ; equip, fit 
 out ; of troops, draw up, array. 
 
 msuetus, -a, -um, [part, of insu- 
 esco], adj., unaccustomed, unu- 
 sual, inexperienced. 
 
 insula, -ae, f., island. 
 
 insum, -esse, -fui, [in + sum], 
 irr., be in, be upon ; belong to. 
 
 integer, -gra, -grum, comp. inte- 
 grior, sup. integerrimus, [in-, 
 cf. tango], adj., untouched, whole ; 
 tininjured, unwounded ; fresh, 
 new. 
 
 integritas, -atis, [integer], f., 
 soundness ; blamelessness, integ- 
 rity. 
 
 intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectus, 
 [inter + lego], 3, come to know, 
 perceive, understand. 
 
 intemperans, -antis, [in- + tem- 
 perans], adj., unrestrained, ex- 
 travagant, immoderate. 
 
 intemperanter, [intemperans] , 
 adv., immoderately, extravagantly, 
 intemperately. 
 
 intemperantia, -ae, [intempe- 
 rans], f. , excess, extravagance, 
 intemperance ; arrogance, inso- 
 lence. 
 
 inter, prep, with ace, among; 
 
 of position and relation, between, 
 among, into the midst of; of time, 
 between, during, in, within. 
 
 intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 [inter -f cedo], 3, come between, 
 intervene ; happen, arise, come to 
 pass ; oppose, hinder. 
 
 inter diu, [inter + diu], adv., in 
 the daytime, by day. 
 
 interdum, [inter -f dum], adv., 
 sometimes, occasionally, now and 
 then. 
 
 interea, [inter -f ea], adv., 'mean- 
 while, in the meantime. 
 
 intereo. -ire, -ii, — , fut. part., in- 
 teriturus, [inter -fed], irr., go 
 among; be lost ; perish, die. 
 
 interfector, -5ris, [interficid], m., 
 slayer, assassin. 
 
 interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [inter + facio], 3, put out of the 
 way, destroy, kill. 
 
 interim, adv., meanwhile, in the 
 meantime. 
 
 interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, 
 [inter + emo], 3, take away ; 
 kill, destroy. 
 
 interior, -ius, gen. -oris, [inter], 
 adj., comp., (sup. intimus or 
 imus) inner, interior, middle; 
 more hidden, more profound ; 
 more intimate, more confidential. 
 
 interitus, -us, [intereo], m., over- 
 throw, fall, destruction. 
 
 internecio, -onis, [inter, cf. nec5], 
 f. , massacre, slaughter, annihila- 
 tion. 
 
 internuntius, -i, [inter + nun- 
 tius], m., go-between, messenger. 
 
 interpono, -pSnere, -posui, inter- 
 positus, [inter + pono], 3, put 
 between, interpose; introduce, in- 
 sert; allege, adduce. se inter- 
 ponere, to lend one's aid. 
 
INTERROGO 
 
 60 
 
 IOCUS 
 
 interrogo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 
 [inter + rogo], 1, ask, question, 
 examine. 
 
 intersero, -serere, — , — , [inter 
 + sero], 3, place between, inter- 
 pose ; allege. 
 
 intersum, -esse, -fui, [inter + 
 sum], irr., lie between ; intervene; 
 be present; be different, differ. 
 Impers., interest, it makes a dif- 
 ference ; it concerns. 
 
 intestinus, -a, -um, [intus], adj., 
 inward, internal, intestine. 
 
 intestlnum, -i, [intestinus], n., 
 intestine, bowels. 
 
 intime, [intimus], adv., intimately, 
 cordially. 
 
 intimus, -a, -um, adj., sup., (comp. 
 interior) inmost, deepest, pro- 
 found ; intimate. As subst., 
 intimi, -orum, m. pi., intimate 
 friends. 
 
 intra, adv. and prep, with ace, 
 within ; of time, during. 
 
 intro, adv., to the inside ; within. 
 
 intro, -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. intra], 
 l, go into, enter; penetrate, reach. 
 
 introeo, -ire, -ivi, — , [intro + 
 ed] , irr. , go in, enter. 
 
 introitus, -us, [intro, cf. e5], m., 
 going in, entering, entrance. 
 
 intromitto, -mittere, -misi, intro- 
 missus, [intrS + mitto], 3, send 
 in, let in, admit. 
 
 intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, [in 
 + tueor], 2, dep., look upon, look 
 closely at ; regard, consider. 
 
 inutilis, -e, [in- + utilis], adj., use- 
 less, unprofitable ; hurtful, inju- 
 rious. 
 
 invado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasus, 
 [in + vado], 3, go into, enter ; 
 attack, invade ; seize, take posses- 
 sion of. 
 
 inveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus, 
 [in + veho], 3, carry in, carry 
 to; pass., ride into; fall upon, 
 attack; attack with words, in- 
 veigh against. 
 
 invenio, -venire, -venl, -ventus, 
 [in + venio], 4, come upon, find, 
 meet with; discover; acquire. 
 
 inventum, -i, [part, of invenio], 
 n., acquisition; device, inven- 
 tion. 
 
 inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi, — , 
 [in -f veterasco], 3, inch., grow 
 old, become fixed, be established. 
 
 inveteratus, -a, -um, [invete- 
 rasco], adj., inveterate, old; of 
 long standing, habitual. . 
 
 invictus, -a, -um, [in- + victus], 
 adj., unconquered. 
 
 invideo, -videre, -vidi, -visus, 
 [in + video], 2, look askance at ; 
 envy, be prejudiced against. 
 
 invidia, -ae, [cf. invided], f., envy, 
 jealousy ; ill-will, odiujn, unpopu- 
 larity. 
 
 invidus, -a, -um, [in, cf. video], 
 adj., envious, envying. 
 
 inviolatus, -a, -um, [in- + viola- 
 tus], adj., unhurt, uninjured, in- 
 violate ; inviolable. 
 
 invisus, -a, -um, [part, of invideo], 
 adj., hated, detested, hateful. 
 
 invito, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, invite, 
 ask; feast, entertain; attract. 
 
 invitus, -a, -um, adj., against the 
 will, unwilling. As subst., invi- 
 tus, -i, m., reluctant person, un- 
 willing person. 
 
 invocatus, -a, -um, [in- + voca- 
 tus], adj., tuic ailed, uninvited. 
 
 iocor, -ari, -atus sum, [iocus], 1, 
 dep., joke, jest. 
 
 iocus, -i, m., pi. ioci, -orum, m., 
 ioca, -orum, n., jest, joke. 
 
IONES 
 
 6l 
 
 IURO 
 
 Iones, -urn, ["Wes], m. pi., in- 
 habitants of Ionia, lonians. 
 
 Ionia, -ae, [Iuma], f., Ionia, the 
 west-central part of Asia Minor, 
 bordering on the Aegean Sea. 
 
 Iphicratensis, -is, adj., of Iphi- 
 crates. 
 
 Iphicrates, -is, ['I^tK-pdr^j], m., 
 Iphicrates, an Athenian general. 
 See XI. 
 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen. ipsius, 
 dem. pron., self ; himself herself 
 itself ; often best rendered freely» 
 very, just, mere, in person. 
 
 Ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath ; passion. 
 
 irascor, irasci, iratus sum, [ira], 
 3, dep., be angry. 
 
 iratus, -a, -um, [part, of irascor], 
 adj., angered, enraged, violent, 
 furious. 
 
 is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron., he, 
 she, it ; that, this, the, the one ; be- 
 fore ut, such. 
 
 Ismenias, -ae, ['Io-^^as], m., Is- 
 ?7ienias, a Theban, a contemporary 
 of Pelopidas. 
 
 iste, ista, istud, gen. istius, dem. 
 pron., that of yours, that, this ; he, 
 she, it; such. 
 
 ita, adv., in this manner, so, thus, 
 as follows. 
 
 Italia, -ae, f., Italy. 
 
 Italicus, -a, -um, _adj., of Italy, 
 Italian. As subst., Italic!, -orum, 
 m. pi., the Italians, as distinguished 
 from the Roman citizens. 
 
 itaque, [ita + -que], conj., and 
 so, therefore, accordingly. 
 
 item, adv., likewise, also, moreover, 
 too ; in the same manner, just so. 
 
 iter, itineris, [cf. eo], n., going; 
 journey, march ; way, road. 
 
 iterum, adv., again, a second time. 
 
 iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, 2, 
 
 order, give orders; command, de- 
 cree, enact. 
 
 iucundus, -a, -um, comp. iucun- 
 dior, sup. iucundissimus, adj., 
 pleasant, agreeable, delightful. 
 
 iudex, -icis, [ius, cf. dico], m. and 
 {., judge, juror. 
 
 iudicium, -i, [iudex], n., trial, 
 legal process, investigation ; court ; 
 judgment, decision. 
 
 iudico, -are, -avi, -atus, [iudex], 
 1, examine judicially, judge; 
 judge of, form an opinion of, in- 
 fer ; proclaim, declare, resolve, 
 conclude. 
 
 iugerum, -i, gen. pi. iugerum, n., 
 an acre, juger (about two-thirds 
 of an English acre). 
 
 iugulo, -are, -avi, -atus, [iugu- 
 lum], 1, cut the throat of, kill, 
 slay. 
 
 Iiilius, -a, name of a celebrated 
 Roman gens. In this book are 
 mentioned : 
 
 (1) L. Iulius Calidus, a Roman 
 poet known only through men- 
 tion of him by Nepos. 
 
 (2) L. Iulius Mo cilia, an ex- 
 praetor, saved from death by 
 Atticus after the defeat of Bru- 
 tus and Cassius. 
 
 See also Caesar, 
 iumentum, -i, [cf. iungd], n., beast 
 
 of burden, horse, mule. 
 iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus, 
 
 3, join together, unite; harness, 
 
 yoke. 
 Iunius, -a, name of a prominent 
 
 Roman gens. See Brutus. 
 Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter, the 
 
 highest of the gods. 
 iuro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ius], 1, 
 
 swear, take oath; swear to; swear 
 
 by, call to tvitness. 
 
IUS 
 
 62 
 
 LAPIDEUS 
 
 ius, iuris, n., that -chick is binding, 
 
 right, justice; court of justice, 
 
 place of trial ; law; abl. iure, 
 
 justly, ius gentium, universal 
 
 law, the law of nations. 
 iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n., 
 
 oath. 
 iussum. -I. [part, of iubed], n., 
 
 order, command. 
 iussus. -us. only abl. sing, in use, 
 
 [iubeo], m., order, command. 
 iustitia, -ae, [cf. ius], f., justice, 
 
 uprightness. 
 iustus. -a, -um, [ius], adj., just, 
 
 upright, righteous. 
 iuvencus, -i, [iuvenis], m., young 
 
 bullock. 
 iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus, 1, help, 
 
 assist, aid. 
 iuxta, adv. and prep. : 
 
 (i) As adv., near, by the side of. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, ve7y ?iear, 
 close to. 
 
 Kalendae, -arum, f. pi., day of 
 proclamation, Calends, first of the 
 month. 
 
 L., with proper names = Lucius, a 
 
 Roman forename. 
 Labeo, -onis, m., Labeo, surname 
 
 of Q. Fabius Labeo, consul B.C. 183. 
 labor, -oris, m., labor, toil, exer- j 
 
 turn : hardship, distress. 
 laboriosus, -a, -um, comp. labori- 
 
 osior, sup. laboriosissimus, [la- J 
 
 bor], adj., full of labor, laborious; 
 
 toilsome; industrious. 
 laboro, -are, -avi, -atus, [labor], 
 
 I, labor, take pains, endeavor; 
 
 toil ; work out, produce by toil ; 
 suffer, be hard pressed. 
 
 Lacedaemon. -onis, [Aa*e5at- 
 /ju»i>~], {., Lacedaemon, Sparta, the 
 chief city of Laconia, in the south- 
 eastern part of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Lacedaemon, Lacedaemonian. As 
 subst., Lacedaemonii, -drum. m. 
 pi., the Lacedaemonians, inhabi- 
 tants of Lacedaemon. 
 
 lacesso, -ere. -ivi, -itus, 3, excite, 
 provoke, challenge; urge, stimulate. 
 
 Laco. or Lacon. -onis, [AdKwv], 
 m., Laconian, Lacedaemonian, 
 Spartan. 
 
 Lacdnice, -es, [Aafcww^], f., La- 
 conia, in the southeastern part of 
 the Peloponnesus. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, f., tear. 
 
 lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atus, [la- 
 crima], I, shed tears; lament, 
 bewail. 
 
 laedo. laedere, laesi, laesus, 3, 
 hurt, wound ; vex, insult, offend. 
 
 laetitia. -ae, [laetus], f., joy, ex- 
 ultation, rejoicing. 
 
 Lamachus. -i, [Ad>axos], m., La- 
 machus, an Athenian general dur- 
 ing the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 Lampnis. -i, [Ad/«r/>os], m., Lam- 
 prus, a teacher of music at Athens. 
 He is said to have been the in- 
 structor of Socrates in music and 
 dancing. 
 
 Lampsacus. -i. [Ad^a/cos], f., 
 Lampsacus, a city of Asia Minor, 
 situated in Mysia on the Helles- 
 pont. 
 
 Laphystius, -i, [Aa^wrrtos], m., 
 Laphystius, a Syracusan of the 
 time of Timoleon. 
 
 lapideus. -a, -um, [lapis], adj., 
 of stone, stone. 
 
LAPIS 
 
 63 
 
 LEUCTRA 
 
 lapis, -idis, m., stone ; mile-stone. 
 
 largltio, -onis, [largior], f., giving 
 freely, generosity, largess ; bribery. 
 
 lassitudo, -inis, [lassus], L, faint- 
 ness, "veariness. 
 
 late, comp. latius, sup. latissime, 
 [latus], adv., widely, extensively. 
 
 lateo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, lie hid, be 
 concealed ; escape notice. 
 
 Latine, [Latinus], adv., in Latin, 
 in the Latin language. 
 
 Latinus, -a, -um, adj., of Latium, 
 Latin. As subst., Latini, -orum, 
 m. pi., the Latins. 
 
 laudatio, -dnis, [laudd], {^prais- 
 ing, praise, commendation, eulogy. 
 
 laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, [laus], 1, 
 praise, extol. 
 
 laureus, -a, -um, [laurus], adj., 
 of laurel, laurel. 
 
 laus, laudis, f., praise, glory, re- 
 nown ; title to praise, merit, ex- 
 cellency. 
 
 laute, [lautus], adv., elegantly, 
 sumptuously. 
 
 lautus, -a, -um, [part, of lavo, 
 wash], adj., neat, elegant, sumptu- 
 ous, splendid. 
 
 laxo. -are, -avi, -atus, [laxus], 
 I, extend, open, expand; open, 
 undo. 
 
 lectica, -ae, f., litter, sedan-chair. 
 
 lecticula, -ae, [dim. of lectica], 
 f., small litter, modest litter, sedan- 
 chair ; bier. 
 
 lectio, -onis, [cf. lego], f., choos- 
 ing; reading, perusal, reading 
 aloud. 
 
 lector, -oris, [cf. lego], m., reader. 
 
 lectus, -i, m., couch, bed. 
 
 legatio, -5nis, f., embassy, legation, 
 office of ambassador. 
 
 legatus, -i, m., ambassador, legate, 
 envoy ; deputy, lieutenant. 
 
 legitimus, -a, -um, [lex], adj., 
 fixed by law, lawful, legal. le- 
 gitime quaedam, certain legal 
 formulas. 
 
 lego, legere, legi, lectus, 3, bring 
 together, gather, collect; choose, 
 appoint ; review, read. 
 
 Lemnius, -a, -um, adj., of Lemnos, 
 Lemnian. As subst., Lemnius, 
 -i, m., inhabitant of Lemnos, Lem- 
 nian. 
 
 Lemnus, -i, [A^toj], f., Lemnos, 
 an island in the northern part of 
 the Aegean Sea. 
 
 lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [lenis], 4, 
 soften, moderate; appease, calm, 
 pacify. 
 
 leo, -onis, \\tuv\, m., lion. 
 
 Leonidas, -ae, [\ewvL5ds], m., 
 Leonidas, a king of Sparta, who 
 fell at Thermopylae while defend- 
 ing the pass against the Persians, 
 in 480 B.C. 
 
 Leonnatus, -i, [Aeoj^aros], m., 
 Leonnatus, one of Alexander's 
 generals. 
 
 Leotychides, -ae, [Aewrux^T/s], 
 m., Leotychides, a brother of Agesi- 
 laus. 
 
 lepos, -oris, m., pleasantness, 
 charm, grace. 
 
 Lesbos, -i, [A&r/3os], f., Lesbos, an 
 island in the Aegean Sea, near the 
 coast of Mysia. 
 
 letum, -i, n., death, annihilation. 
 
 Leucosyri, -orum, [Aevi<6<rvpoi~], 
 m. pi., Leucosyri, White Syrians, 
 a name applied to the inhabitants 
 of Cappadocia, who were of lighter 
 complexion than the more south- 
 ern Syrians. 
 
 Leuctra, -orum, [AeD/crpa], n. pi., 
 Leuctra, a small town in Boeotia, 
 the scene of the defeat of the 
 
LEUCTRICUS 
 
 6 4 
 
 LOCUPLES 
 
 Lacedaemonians by Epaminondas 
 
 in 371 B.C. 
 Leuctricus, -a, -um, adj., of Leuc- 
 
 tra, at Leuctra. 
 levis. -e, comp. levior, sup. levis- 
 
 simus, adj., light ; slight, trivial; 
 
 fickle, untrustworthy, false. 
 levo, -are, -avi, -atus, [levis], 1, 
 
 lift tip, raise; lighten, relieve; 
 
 alleviate, mitigate. 
 lex, legis, f., enactment, law, rule ; 
 
 condition, stipulation. 
 libenter, [libens], adv., willingly, 
 
 gladly. 
 liber, -era, -erum, adj., free, un- 
 restrained, unchecked ; generous. 
 
 As subst., liber, -eri. m., freeman. 
 liber, -bri, m., book ; account-book ; 
 
 letter, epistle. 
 liberalis, -e, [liber], adj., befitting 
 
 a freeman, dignified ; liberal, gen- 
 erous. 
 liberalitas, -atis, [liberalis], f., 
 
 nobility, kindness, courtesy ; gen- 
 erosity. 
 liberaliter, [liberalis], adv., nobly, 
 
 kindly ; generously ; profusely, 
 
 liberally. 
 liberator, -oris, [libero], m., freer, 
 
 deliverer, liberator. 
 libere, comp. liberius, sup. li- 
 
 berrime, [liber], adv., freely; 
 
 openly, boldly. 
 liberi, -orum or -um, [liber], m. 
 
 pi., free persons ; hence children 
 
 of a family, children. 
 libero, -are, -avi, -atus, [liber], 
 
 1, set free, liberate, free ; absolve, 
 
 acquit. 
 libertas, -atis, [liber], f., freedom, 
 
 liberty ; freedo?n of speech. 
 libet, -ere, libuit or libitum est, 
 
 [cf. liber], 2, impers., it pleases, 
 
 it is pleasing. 
 
 libidinosus. -a, -um, [libido], 
 adj., passionate, wilful, licentious. 
 
 libido, -inis, [libet], f., pleasure, 
 delight; -wantonness. 
 
 librarius, -a, -um, [liber], adj., of 
 books. As subst., librarius, -i, m., 
 copyist, scribe. 
 
 licenter, comp. licentius, sup. li- 
 centissime, [licens, part, of licet], 
 adv., freely, 7vithout restraint, 
 boldly, impudently . 
 
 licentia, -ae, [licet], f., freedom, 
 liberty, license ; lawlessness. 
 
 licet, licere, licuit and licitum est, 
 2, impers., it is lawful, it is per- 
 mitted. 
 
 ligneus, -a, -um, [lignum], adj., 
 of wood, wooden. 
 
 lignum, -i, [cf. lego], n., piece of 
 wood, log; pi. sometimes, fire-wood. 
 
 Ligus. -uris, m., Ligurian, inhabi- 
 tant of Liguria, 3. country in the 
 western part of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 limen, -inis, n., cross-piece ; thresh- 
 old, lintel, sill ; door, entrance; 
 r ooi?i. 
 
 lingua, -ae, f., tongue ; by metonymy, 
 language. 
 
 linteus, -a, -um, [linum], adj., of 
 linen, linen. 
 
 lis, litis, f., strife, dispute, quarrel ; 
 suit at law, process ; subject of an 
 action, matter in dispute; dam- 
 ages, lis aestimata est, damages 
 were assessed. 
 
 littera, -ae, f., letter of the alpha- 
 bet; writing, doctiment ; pi., letter, 
 epistle ; literature. 
 
 litteratus -a, -um, sup., littera- 
 tissimus, [littera], adj., lettered, 
 learned, educated. 
 
 litus, -oris, n., sea-shore, beach, 
 strand. 
 
 locuples, -etis, [locus, cf. pleo], 
 
LOCUPLETO 
 
 65 
 
 LYDUS 
 
 adj., rich in lands; opulent, 
 rich. 
 
 locupleto, -are, -avi, -atus, [locu- 
 ples] , 1 , make rich, enrich. 
 
 locus, -i, m., region, place, spot, 
 locality ; station, post; pi., loci, 
 -drum, m., single places, loca, 
 -orum, n., places connected. 
 
 longe, comp. longius, sup. longis- 
 sime, [longus], adv., a long zvay 
 off, at a distance; far ; greatly, by 
 far. 
 
 longinquus, -a, -urn, comp. lon- 
 ginquior, [longus], adj., far re- 
 moved, remote, distant. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, comp. longior, 
 sup. longissimus, adj., long, ex- 
 tended; lasting, prolonged ; dis- 
 tant, remote. 
 
 Longus, -1, m., Longus, surname 
 of Ti. Sempronius Longus, col- 
 league of P. Cornelius Scipio in 
 the consulship, 218 B.C. 
 
 loquor, loqui, locutus sum, 3, 
 dep., speak, talk; say, tell. 
 
 lorica, -ae, [lorum], f., leather 
 cuirass, corselet, coat-ofmail ; 
 protection. 
 
 lorum, -1, n., strip of leather, thong, 
 strap ; pi., reins, bridle. 
 
 Lucanus, -a, -um, adj., Lucanian, 
 of Lucania, a province in south- 
 western Italy. As subst., Luca- 
 nus, -1, m., Lucanian, inhabitant 
 of Lucania. 
 
 Lucretius, -1, m., Lucretius, gen- 
 tile name of T. Lticretius Carus, 
 the celebrated Roman poet; he 
 lived from 96 to 55 B.C. 
 
 lucrum, -1, n., profit, advantage; 
 wealth, riches. 
 
 luctor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 wrestle, struggle, strive, contend. 
 
 Lucullus, -1, m., Lucullus, sur- 
 
 name of L. LJcinius Lucullus, 
 consul in 74 B.C., general against 
 Mithridates from 74 to 67. He 
 was celebrated in his later life for 
 his wealth and luxurious living. 
 
 lucus, -I, m., sacred grove ; wood, 
 grove. 
 
 ludus, -1, m., game, play ; public 
 game; sport, jest. 
 
 lumbus, -I, m., loin. 
 
 lumen, -inis, n., light; light of the 
 eye, eye ; sight. 
 
 Liisitanus, -a, -um, adj., Lusita- 
 nian, of Lusitania, the modern 
 Portugal. As subst., Liisitanus, 
 -i, m., Lusitanian, inhabitant of 
 Lusitania. 
 
 Lutatius, -i, m., Lutatius, family 
 name of C. Lutatius Catulus, con- 
 sul in 241 B.C. He brought the 
 first Punic war to an end by his 
 naval victory near the Aegates 
 Islands. 
 
 luxuria, -ae, [luxus], f., luxuri- 
 ance ; extravagance, luxury. 
 
 luxuriose, comp. luxuriosius, 
 sup. luxuriosissime, [luxurio- 
 sus], adv., luxuriously, volup- 
 tuously. 
 
 luxuriosus, -a, -um, [luxuria], 
 adj., luxuriant ; excessive; lux- 
 urious, voluptuous. 
 
 Lyco, -onis, [Aikwi'], m., Lyco, 
 of Syracuse, a contemporary of 
 Dion. 
 
 Lycus, -i, [Ai^/cos], m., Lycus, the 
 father of Thrasybulus. 
 
 Lydia, -ae, [Ai»5ta], f., Lydia, a 
 country in the western central 
 part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Lydus, -a, -um, adj., of Lydia, 
 Lydian. As subst., Lydus, -i, 
 m., a Lydian, inhabitant of 
 Lydia. 
 
LYSANDER 
 
 66 
 
 MALUS 
 
 Lysander, -dri, [AwravSpos], m., 
 
 Lysander. See VI. 
 Lysimachus, -I, [ Avaifxaxos'] , m., 
 
 Lysimachus, in this book referring 
 
 to: 
 
 (i) Lysimachus, father of Aris- 
 tides. 
 
 (2) Lysimachus, one of Alex- 
 ander's generals. 
 Lysis, -idis, [AOtrts], m., Lysis, a 
 
 Pythagorean philosopher from Ta- 
 
 rentum, a teacher of Epaminon- 
 
 das. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. , with proper names = Marcus, 
 a Roman forename. 
 
 M' = Manius, a Roman forename. 
 
 Macedo, -onis, m., a Macedonian. 
 
 Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia, a 
 country north of Greece. 
 
 Macrochir, [Ma/c^xeip], m., Long- 
 hand, a surname of Artaxerxes I. 
 
 maculo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ma- 
 cula, spot], 1, spot, stain; dis- 
 honor, defile. 
 
 magis, [cf. magnus], adv., comp., 
 (sup. maxime), more, in a higher 
 degree, rather. 
 
 magister, -tri, [cf. magnus], m., 
 master, chief; teacher, guardian. 
 
 magistrates, -us, [magister], m., 
 office of master, civil office, magis- 
 tracy ; magistrate, public officer. 
 
 Magnetes, -um, m. pi., the people 
 of Magnesia, Magnesians. 
 
 Magnesia, -ae, [Mayvrjaia'], f., 
 Magnesia, a city on the river 
 Meander in Caria, in southwestern 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 magnifice, [magnificus], adv., 
 nobly, generously, richly. 
 
 magnificus, -a, -um, comp. mag- 
 
 nificentior, sup. magnificentis- 
 simus, [magnus, cf. facio], adj., 
 great, noble, distinguished ; splen- 
 did, magnificent. 
 
 magnitudo, -inis, [magnus], f. , 
 greatness, size, bulk; great num- 
 ber. 
 
 magnopere or magno opere, 
 adv., greatly, very much. 
 
 magnus, -a, -um, comp. maior, 
 sup. maximus, adj., great, large, 
 spacious; noble, great; mighty, 
 loud; important, zu eighty ; comp. 
 and sup. often, elder, eldest. As 
 subst., maiores, -um, m. pi., an- 
 cestors. Magnus, -1, m., the Great, 
 surname of Cn. Pompnus. 
 
 Mago or Magon, -onis, [Mdyuv], 
 m., Mago, a brother of Hannibal. 
 
 maiestas, -atis, [maior], {., great- 
 ness, dignity; authority, sover- 
 eign power, crimen maiestatis, 
 charge of high treason. 
 
 maior, -ius, see magnus. 
 
 male, [malus], comp. peius, sup. 
 pessime, adv., badly, wickedly; 
 imperfectly, barely, scarcely, with 
 difficulty; unsuccessfully, unfort- 
 unately. 
 
 maledicus, -a, -um, comp. male- 
 dicentior, sup. maledicentissi- 
 mus, [maledico], adj., abusive, 
 slanderous. 
 
 maleficus, -a, -um, [male, cf. 
 faci5], adj., nefarious, wicked ; 
 hurtful, noxious : unpropitious. 
 
 malitiose, [malitidsus], adv., 
 wickedly, knavishly. 
 
 maid, malle, malui, — , [magis 
 -f vol5], irr., choose rather, pre- 
 fer. 
 
 malum, -i, [malus], n., evil, mis- 
 chief, misfortune, calamity. 
 
 malus, -a, -um, comp. peior, sup. 
 
MAMERCUS 
 
 6 7 
 
 MATURE 
 
 pessimus, adj., bad, wicked; un- 
 favorable, unfortunate. 
 
 Mamercus, -I, m., Mamercus, tyrant 
 of Catena in Sicily, a contempo- 
 rary and ally of the younger 
 Dionysius of Syracuse. 
 
 manceps, -cipis, [manus, cf. ca- 
 pio], m., purchaser ; contractor, 
 farmer of revenues. 
 
 mandatum, -l, [part, of mando], 
 n., charge, order, commission; 
 command. 
 
 mando, -are, -avi, -atus, [manus 
 + do], I, put in the hand, hand 
 over, deliver, entrust, commission ; 
 commit, consign ; order, com- 
 mand. 
 
 Mandrocles, -is, [Mav5poi<\r)s], 
 m., Mandrocles, a Persian gen- 
 eral under Artaxerxes II. 
 
 maneo, manere, mansi, mansus, 
 2, remain, tarry ; last, endure, 
 continue; wait for. 
 
 Manlius, -I, m., Manlius, gentile 
 name of Cn. Manlius Volso, con- 
 sul in 189 B.C.; he was victor 
 over the Galatians, the allies of 
 Antiochus. 
 
 Mantinea, -ae, [Mavrima], f., 
 Mantinea, a city of Arcadia, near 
 which Epaminondas defeated the 
 Lacedaemonians in 362 B.C. 
 
 manubiae, -arum, [manus], f. 
 pi., booty, prize-money. 
 
 manus, -us, f.. hand; work, skill ; 
 force, strength ; band, troops, ad 
 manum, near, close, ad manum 
 scrjba, private secretary, manus 
 dedere, to yield. 
 
 Marathon, -dnis, [Mapaduv'], f., 
 Marathon, a town on the eastern 
 shore of Attica, the scene of the 
 defeat of the Persians by the Athe- 
 nians in 490 B.C. 
 
 Marathonius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Marathon, at Marathon, Mar- 
 thotiian. 
 
 Marcellus, -1, [dim. of Marcus], 
 m., Marcellus, a Roman family 
 name. In this book refers to : 
 
 (1) M. Claudius Marcellus, the 
 ' Sword of Rome,' who captured 
 Syracuse in 212 B.C. 
 
 (2) M. Claudius Marcellus, con- 
 sul in 196 B.C., son of the con- 
 queror of Syracuse. 
 
 (3) M. Claudius Marcellus, con- 
 sul in 183 B.C. 
 
 Mardonius, -1, [Map56w)s], m., 
 Mardonius, a Persian general 
 under Xerxes; he was defeated at 
 Plataea in 479 B.C. .by Pausa- 
 nias. 
 
 mare, maris, n., the sea. 
 
 maritimus, -a, -um, [mare], adj., 
 of the sea, by the sea, sea-, marine, 
 maritime. 
 
 Marius, -a, name of a Roman gens. 
 In this book refers to C. Marius, 
 son of the famous conqueror of 
 Jugurtha and the Cimbri. 
 
 Massagetae, -arum, {Mao-cra-yi- 
 rcu], m. pi., the Massagetae, a 
 people of Scythia, dwelling on 
 the northeastern shore of the 
 Caspian Sea. 
 
 mater, matris, f., mother, parent. 
 
 mater familias, see familia. 
 
 matricida, -ae, [mater, cf. caedS], 
 m., murderer of a mother, matri- 
 cide. 
 
 matrimonium, -i, [mater], n., 
 wedlock, marriage, matrimony. 
 in matrimonio habere, to have 
 as wife, to have married. 
 
 mature, [maturus], adv., season- 
 ably, at the proper time ; betimes, 
 early, quickly. 
 
MATURO 
 
 68 
 
 MERIDIES 
 
 maturo, -are, -avi, -atus, [matu- 
 rus], i, ripen : make haste, 
 hasten ; quicken, accelerate. 
 
 maxime, [maximus], adv., espe- 
 cially, exceedingly, very, unus 
 omnium maxime, most of all. 
 
 maximus, see niagnus. 
 
 Maximus, -i, m., Maximus, sur- 
 name of Q. Fabius Maximus ; see 
 note to p. 53, 1. 6. 
 
 medeor, -eri, — , 2, dep., heal, 
 cure, remedy. 
 
 Media, -ae, [M^Sta], f., Media, a 
 country in Asia, on the southern 
 coast of the Caspian Sea. 
 
 medicina, -ae, [medicus], f., the 
 healing art, medicine; re?nedy. 
 
 medicus, -i, m., physician, surgeon. 
 
 Medicus, -a, -um, adj., of Media. 
 
 medimnus, -i, [/a^5i/aj>os], m., medim- 
 nus, a Greek dry measure, bushel. 
 
 mediocris, -e, [medius], adj., 
 middling, medium, moderate ; 
 mediocre, inferior. 
 
 meditor, -ari, -atus sum, i, dep., 
 reflect, consider, meditate; plan, 
 devise ; practise. 
 
 Medus, -l, [M^Sos], m., inhabitant 
 of Media, Mede. 
 
 mel, mellis, n., honey. 
 
 melior, comp. of bonus. 
 
 memini, -isse, only found in the 
 perfect tenses, remember, recollect, 
 think of recall. 
 
 memor, -oris, adj., mindful, re- 
 membering. 
 
 memoria, -ae, [memor], f., mem- 
 ory, remembrance ; period of 
 recollection ; account, narration. 
 
 memoro. -are, -avi, -atus, [me- 
 mor], I, bring to remembrance, 
 mention, speak of 
 
 mendacium, -i, [mendax], n., 
 lie, falsehood. 
 
 Meneclides, -is, [Mei/efcXefS^s], 
 m., Meneclides, a Theban orator, 
 an opponent of Epaminondas. 
 
 Menelaus, -i, [MevAaos], m., 
 Menelaus, a king of Sparta, son 
 of Atreus, brother of Agamemnon, 
 and husband of Helen. Menelai 
 Portus, a harbor on the north- 
 ern coast of Africa, between Egypt 
 and Cyrene. 
 
 Menestheus, -i, [Meveadevs'], m., 
 Menestheus, son of Iphicrates. 
 
 mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect; 
 feeling, judgment, intelligence ; 
 purpose, intent, meaning ; plan. 
 
 mensa, -ae, f., table; course at 
 dinner. 
 
 men sis, -is, m., month. 
 
 mensura, -ae, [metior], f., meas- 
 uring; measure; extent. 
 
 mentio. -onis, f., a calling to mind, 
 mention. 
 
 mentior, -iri, -itus sum, 4, dep., 
 invent, lie, assert falsely. 
 
 mercennarius, -a, -um, [merces], 
 adj., serving for pay, hired, mer- 
 cenary. As subst, mercenna- 
 rius, -i, m., hireling. 
 
 merces, -edis, f., hire, pay. 
 
 Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury, a 
 god of the Romans correspond- 
 ing in many respects to the 
 Greek Hermes and identified with 
 him. He was the messenger of 
 the gods, conducted the souls of 
 the dead to the underworld, taught 
 men eloquence and music, and 
 was the patron of merchants and 
 of thieves. 
 
 mereo, -ere, -ui, -itus, 2, deserve, 
 merit; earn. 
 
 mereor, -eri, -itus sum, 2, dep., 
 deserve, merit ; earn. 
 
 mendies. — , ace. -em, abl. -e, 
 
MERITO 
 
 6 9 
 
 MISERICORDIA 
 
 [medius + dies], m., mid-day, 
 
 noon ; the south. 
 merito, [meritum], adv., justly. 
 nieritum, -i, [mereo], n., merit, 
 
 service; worthy value. 
 Messena, -ae, or Messene, -es, 
 
 \js\eaoi\vrf\, f., Messena, a city in 
 
 the northeastern part of Sicily. 
 -met, enclitic, giving emphasis to 
 
 personal pronouns, 
 metallum. -i, [/xtraWov], n., metal; 
 
 mine. / 
 
 metior, metiri, mensus sum, 4, 
 
 dep., measure, deal out, distribute ; 
 
 estimate, judge. 
 metuo, metuere, metui, — , [me- 
 
 tus], 3, fear, be apprehensive, 
 
 dread. 
 meus, -a, -um, [me], poss. pron. 
 
 adj., of me, my, mine. As subst., 
 
 mei, -orum, m. pi., my friends, 
 
 my kindred, my soldiers. 
 Micythus, -1, [Mf/a»0os], m., Micy- 
 
 thus, a Theban youth, a contempo- 
 rary of Epaminondas. 
 migro, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, depart, 
 
 migrate. 
 mihi, see ego. 
 miles, -itis, m., soldier; coll. by 
 
 metonymy, soldiery, soldiers. 
 Mllesius. -a, -um, [Miletus], adj., 
 
 Milesian, of Miletus, an Ionian 
 
 city on the western coast of Asia 
 
 Minor, near Ephesus. 
 militaris. -e, [miles], adj., of a 
 
 soldier, soldierly ; of war, war-, 
 
 military, warlike. 
 mille, indecl. in sing., pi. milia or 
 
 millia, num. adj., a thousand. 
 
 Used as subst. with gen., usually 
 
 in the plural. 
 Miltiades, -ae, [MiXticiStjs], m., 
 
 Miltiades. See I. 
 Minerva, -ae, [cf. mens], f., 
 
 Minerva, a Roman goddess cor- 
 responding in some respects to 
 the Greek Athena, and afterwards 
 identified with her. She was the 
 patroness of the arts and sciences, 
 and goddess of scientific warfare. 
 
 minime, [minus], sup. of parum, 
 adv., least of all, least, very little ; 
 not at all, by no means. 
 
 minimus, sup. of parvus. 
 
 minor, comp. of parvus. 
 
 Minucius, -a, the name of a Ro- 
 man gens, referring to : 
 
 (1) M. Minucius Rufus, master 
 of horse under Fabius Maximus. 
 
 (2) Q. Minucius Thermus, con- 
 sul in 193 B.C. 
 
 minuo, -ere, -ui, -iitus, [cf. minus] , 
 3, make small, diminish ; lessen, 
 weaken, impair ; offend against. 
 
 minus, comp. of parum, adv., less, 
 not so ; not at all, by no means. 
 
 minutus, -a, -um, [part, of minuo], 
 adj., little, small. 
 
 mirabilis, -e, [miror], adj., won- 
 derful, extraordinary, amazing. 
 
 mirabiliter, [mirabilis], adv., 
 wonderfully, surprisingly. 
 
 miror, -ari, -atus sum, [mirus], 
 
 1, dep., wonder, marvel; wonder 
 at; admire, esteem. 
 
 minis, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, 
 
 amazing, extraordinary. 
 misced, miscere, miscui, mixtus, 
 
 2, mix, mingle, blend ; throw into 
 confusion, disturb. 
 
 miserandus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 miseror], adj., lamentable, deplor- 
 able, pitiable. 
 
 miser eor, -eri, miseritus sum, 
 [miser], 2, dep., feel pity, have 
 compassion, pity. 
 
 misericordia, -ae, [misericors] , 
 f., pity, compassion, mercy. 
 
MISSUS 
 
 70 
 
 MORS 
 
 missus, -us, [mitto], m., only found 
 in the abl. sing., sending away, 
 sending; throwing, hurling. 
 
 Mithridates, -is, m., Mithridates, 
 an officer of Datames. 
 
 Mithrobarzanes, -is, m., Mithro- 
 barzanes, father-in-law of Datames. 
 
 mitto, mittere, misi, missus, 3, 
 cause to go, send, send off, despatch ; 
 dismiss ; hurl, throw. 
 
 Mnemon, -onis, [M.i>r)[xuv'], m., lit. 
 of good niemory, Mnemon, the 
 Mindful, a surname of Arta- 
 xerxes II. 
 
 mobilis, -e, [cf. moveo], adj., easy 
 to move, movable ; nimble, quick ; 
 changeable, fickle ; impulsive. 
 
 mSbilitas, -atis, [m5bilis], f., ac- 
 tivity, speed, quickness ; change- 
 ableness, fickleness. 
 
 Mocilla, see Iiilius. 
 
 moderate, [moderatus], adv., with 
 moderation, moderately. 
 
 moderatio, -5nis, [moderor], f., 
 controlling, guidance; modera- 
 tion, self-control. 
 
 moderatus, -a, -um, comp. mode- 
 ration sup. moderatissimus, 
 [part, of moderor J, adj., within 
 bounds, moderate ; modest, re- 
 strained. 
 
 modestia, -ae, [modestus], f., 
 moderation; discretion, sobriety ; 
 shame, modesty ; honor, dignity. 
 
 modestus, -a, -um, [modus], adj., 
 moderate, modest, te??iperate, sober, 
 discreet. 
 
 modicus, -a, -um, [modus], adj., 
 in proper measure, moderate, mod- 
 est, temperate; middling, mean, 
 mediocre. 
 
 modius, -1, [modus], m., grain- 
 measure, peck, modius, containing 
 sixteen sextarii, about two gallons. 
 
 modo, [modus], adv., only, merely ; 
 just now, but 7107V. non modo 
 . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but 
 also. 
 
 modus, -i, m., measure, extent; 
 limit, end ; way, manner. 
 
 moenia, -ium, n. pi., defensive 
 walls, ra??iparts, city walls; by 
 metonymy, walled town. 
 
 molestus, -a, -um, [moles], adj., 
 troublesome, irksome, annoying, 
 disagreeable. 
 
 morior, -iri, -itus sum, [moles], 
 4, dep., make an exertion, struggle, 
 toil ; build, construct ; undertake, 
 attempt, set about. 
 
 Molossi, -orum, [Mo\o<r<ro/], m. 
 pi., the Molossians, a people of 
 Epirus, northwest of Greece. 
 
 momentum, -i, [moved] , n., move- 
 ment, motion; brief space of time, 
 moment; cause, circumstance ; 
 weight, influence, importance. 
 
 moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, 2, remind, 
 admonish ; advise, warn, teach ; 
 predict, foretell. 
 
 mons, montis, m., mountain. 
 
 monumentum, -1, [cf. moneo] , n., 
 memorial, monument; memorial 
 offering. 
 
 mora, -ae, f., delay, procrastina- 
 tion ; obstruction, cause of delay. 
 
 mora, -ae, [ixbpa~], f., mora, a divi- 
 sion of Spartan infantry consisting 
 of from 400 to 900 men. 
 
 morbus, -1, [morior], m., sickness, 
 disease, illness. 
 
 morior, mori and moriri, mortuus 
 sum, fut. part, moritiirus, [cf. 
 mors], 3, dep., die. 
 
 moror, -ari, -atus sum, [mora], 
 I, dep., delay, tarry, linger ; de' 
 lay, hinder. 
 
 mors, mortis, f., death. 
 
MORTALIS 
 
 71 
 
 MUTO 
 
 mortalis, -is, [mors], adj., mortal, 
 human. As subst., man, mortal. 
 
 mortifer, -fera, -ferum, [mors, cf. 
 fero], adj., death-bringing, fatal, 
 deadly. 
 
 mortuus, -a, -urn, [part, of mo- 
 rior], adj., dead. 
 
 1116s. mdris, m., will, habit, custom, 
 caprice, humor ; pi., conduct, be- 
 havior ; character. 
 
 motus, part, of moveo. 
 
 motus, -us, [cf. moved], m., mov- 
 ing, motion; exercise; gesture; 
 impulse, passion; agitation, tu- 
 mult, commotion, insurrection. 
 
 moveo, movere, movi, motus, 2, 
 move, stir, set in motion, remove ; 
 affect, stir, influence. 
 
 muliebris, -e, [mulier], adj., 
 womanly, feminine ; womanish, 
 effeminate. 
 
 mulier, -ieris, f., woman, female ; 
 wife. 
 
 multa, -ae, f., money penalty, fine. 
 
 multa, [multus], adv., much, 
 greatly, exceedingly. 
 
 multimodls, [multis, modis], 
 adv., in many ways, variously. 
 
 multiplies, -are, -avi, -atus, [mul- 
 tiplex], I, multiply, increase, aug- 
 ment. 
 
 multitiido, -inis, [multus], f., 
 large number, multitude, throng; 
 the common people. 
 
 multo, [multus], adv., by much, 
 much, a great deal, far. 
 
 multo, -are, -avi, -atus, [multa, 
 fine~\, I, punish, sentence to pay, 
 fine. 
 
 multum, [multus], comp. plus, 
 sup. plurimum, adv., greatly, 
 much. 
 
 multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, sup. 
 plurimus, adj., much; pi., many, 
 
 a great number of. As subst., 
 multum, -i, n., much. multi, 
 -orum, m. pi., many people ; 
 multa, -orum, n. pi., many things, 
 much. 
 
 munditia, -ae, usually pi., f., clean- 
 liness, neatness ; elegance, fineness. 
 
 municipium, -i, [municeps], n., 
 free town, tozvn. 
 
 munio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [moenia], 
 4, defend by a wall, fortify, pro- 
 tect ; guard, secure; of roads, 
 make, build. 
 
 munitio, -onis, [munio], f., forti- 
 fying; defence, protection, fortifi- 
 cation. 
 
 munitus, -a, -um, comp. munitior, 
 sup. munitissimus, [part, of mu- 
 nio], adj., fortified, protected, de- 
 fended, secured. 
 
 munus, -eris, n., service, office, 
 function, duty ; present, gift. 
 
 Munychia, -ae, [Mou^x^a], f., 
 Munychia, a peninsula on the 
 coast of Attica, near Athens, which 
 formed a harbor also called Muny- 
 chia. 
 
 mums, -i, m., wall, city wall ; bul- 
 wark. 
 
 musicus, -a, -um, \_nov<rt.K.bi\ , adj., 
 of music. As subst., musica, 
 -orum, n. pi., music. 
 
 musica, -ae, \_fxovaiK-q~\, f., the art 
 of mtisic, ?nusic, often including 
 poetry, according to the Greek 
 conception. 
 
 mutatio, -onis, [muto], f., change, 
 alteration. 
 
 Mutina, -ae, f., Mutina, a city in 
 Cisalpine Gaul, the modern Mo- 
 dena. 
 
 muto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 moveo], I, move, remove ; change, 
 alter, exchange. 
 
MUTUUS 
 
 72 
 
 NEC 
 
 mutuus, -a, -um, [muto], adj., 
 borrowed^ lent ; in return, mutual. 
 
 Mycale, -es, [Mi^dX^], {., Mycale, 
 a promontory on the coast of Ionia 
 opposite Samos, famous as the 
 scene of the defeat of the Persians 
 by the Athenians and the Lace- 
 daemonians in 479 B.C. 
 
 mysterium, -1, [iiv<ttt)plov~\, n., 
 secret service, secret rite, divine 
 mystery. mysteria facere, to 
 celebrate the mysteries. 
 
 Mytileiiaeus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Mytilene, the chief city of the 
 island of Lesbos, in the northeast- 
 ern part of the Aegean Sea. As 
 subst., Mytilenaeus, -1, m., in- 
 habitant of Mitylene. 
 
 Myus, -untis, [MvoOs], f., Myus, a 
 city of Ionia, in the southwestern 
 part of Asia Minor, on the river 
 Meander. 
 
 N. 
 
 nam, conj., for; because, inasmuch 
 
 as. 
 namque, [nam + -que], conj., for, 
 
 and in fact, inasmuch as. 
 nanclscor, nancisci, nactus or 
 
 nanctus sum, 3, dep., get, obtain, 
 
 receive ; meet with, find, incur, 
 
 catch, contract. 
 narro, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, make 
 
 known, say, tell ; recount, describe. 
 nascor, nasci, natus sum, 3, dep., 
 
 be bom, be produced ; arise, grow. 
 natalis, -e, [natus], adj., of birth, 
 
 natal, birth, natalis dies, birth- 
 day. 
 natio, -onis, [cf. natus], f., birth; 
 
 race, kind; nation, people. 
 nativus, -a, -um, [cf. nascor], 
 
 adj., born; inborn, innate. 
 
 nato, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 no], I, swim, float. 
 
 natura, -ae, [cf. nascor], f., birth ; 
 nature, character ; disposition ; 
 personified, Nature. 
 
 naturalis, -e, [natura], a.d}., natu- 
 ral, by birth, innate. 
 
 natus, -a, -um, part, of nascor. 
 
 natus, -us, [cf. nascor], only in 
 abl. sing., m., birth, age. 
 
 naufragium, -I, [navis, cf. 
 frango], n., shipwreck ; ruin, loss. 
 
 nauta, -ae, [for navita from navis], 
 m., sailor. 
 
 nauticus, -a, -um, [mun/cos], adj., 
 of ships, nautical, naval. nau- 
 tica castra, naval camp. 
 
 navalis, -e, [navis], adj., of ships, 
 nautical, naval. 
 
 navis, -is, f., ship, navis longa, 
 ship of war. navis oneraria, 
 ship of burden, transport, navis 
 triremis, ship with three banks of 
 oars, trireme. 
 
 Naxus, -1, [Nd£os], f., JVaxos, an 
 island in the central part of the 
 Aegean Sea, the largest of the 
 Cyclades. 
 
 ne, adv. and conj. : 
 
 (1) As adv., not. ne . . . qui- 
 dem, not even. 
 
 (2) As conj., that not, lest, for 
 fear that. 
 
 -ne, inter, adv., and conj., enclitic: 
 
 (1) As adv., untranslatable, ex- 
 cept in the inflection of the 
 voice, introducing direct ques- 
 tions. 
 
 (2) As conj., whether, introducing 
 indirect questions. 
 
 nec or neque, [ne + -que], adv. 
 and conj., and not, also not, nor, 
 nor yet. nec . . . nec, neither 
 . . . nor. 
 
NECESSARIO 
 
 73 
 
 NIHILO 
 
 necessario, [necessarius], adv., 
 unavoidably, inevitably. 
 
 necessarius, -a, -um, [necesse], 
 adj., unavoidable, indispensable, 
 necessary ; connected by natural 
 lies, related. As subst, necessa- 
 rius, -i, m., kinsman, relation. 
 
 necesse, adj., only in nom. and 
 ace. sing., n., necessary. 
 
 necessitas, -atis, [necesse], f., 
 unavoidableness, necessity; fate, 
 destiny ; connection, relationship. 
 
 necessitudo, -inis, [necesse], f., 
 necessity; close connection, rela- 
 tionship, friendship, intimacy. 
 sortis necessitud5, close official 
 connection. 
 
 Nectanabis, Nectenebis, -idis, 
 m., Nectanabis or Nectenebis, a 
 king of Egypt in the first half of 
 the fourth century B.C. 
 
 nefas, [ne -f fas], indecl., n., some- 
 thing contrary to divine law, sin, 
 crime. 
 
 neglegenter, [neglegens], adv., 
 heedlessly, carelessly, negligently. 
 
 neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectus, 
 [nee + lego], 3, disregard, neg- 
 lect ; despise. 
 
 nego. -are, -avi, -atus, 1, say no, 
 say not ; deny, refuse. 
 
 negotium, -i, [nee + otium], n., 
 business, employment, occupation, 
 affair ; difficulty, trouble. 
 
 nemo, -inis, [ne + homo], pUand 
 gen. and abl. sing, not in use, 
 being replaced by forms from 
 nullus, m. and f., no man, no 
 one, nobody. 
 
 Neocles, -is or -i, [Neo/cA^s], m., 
 Neocles, father of Themistocles. 
 
 Neontichus, [Neoj>re?xos], n., 
 Neontichus, a fortified town in 
 Thrace on the Propontis. 
 
 Neoptolemus, -i, [Neo7rT6Xe/xos] 
 m., Neoptolemus, one of Alexan- 
 der's generals. 
 
 nepos, nepStis, in., grandson, de- 
 scendant. 
 
 neptis, -is, [cf. nepos], f., grand- 
 daughter. 
 
 Neptunus, -i, m., A T eptune, a god 
 of the Romans corresponding to 
 the Greek Poseidon. He was god 
 of the sea and of all great waters. 
 
 neque, see nee. 
 
 Nero, -onis, m., Nero, surname of 
 Ti. Claudius Nero, emperor from 
 14-37 A - D - 
 
 nescio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, — , [ne + 
 scid], 4, not know, be ignorant. 
 With quis or quid forms a com- 
 pound pron., I know not who, some 
 one; I knozu not what, something. 
 
 neu, see neve. 
 
 neuter, -tra, -trum, gen. neutrius, 
 [ne + uter], adj., neither the one 
 nor the other, neither. 
 
 neve or neu, [ne + -ve], adv. and 
 conj., and not, nor, and that . . . 
 not, and lest. 
 
 nex, necis, f., death, violent death, 
 murder. 
 
 Nicanor, -oris, [Niraw/)], m., 
 Nicanor, a Macedonian officer. 
 
 Nicias, -ae, [NZ/a'ds], m., Nicias, 
 a celebrated statesman and gen- 
 eral of the Athenians during the 
 Peloponnesian war. 
 
 niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black, 
 dark, dusky; gloomy, ill-omened. 
 
 nihil or nil, [ne + hilum, trifle'], 
 indecl. n., nothing; ace. often 
 with adverbial force, not at all, by 
 no means. 
 
 nihilo, [nihil], adv., not at all, in 
 no way. nihilo minus and nihild 
 setius, nevertheless. 
 
NILUS 
 
 74 
 
 NOVEM 
 
 Nilus, -I, m., the Nile. 
 
 nimis [ne, cf. nietior], adv., be- 
 yond measure, too much, exces- 
 sively, too. 
 
 nimius, -a, -um, [nimis], adj., 
 beyond measure, excessive, too 
 great. 
 
 Nisaeus, -i, [Ntaatos], m., Nisaeus, 
 son of Dionysius I. of Syracuse. 
 
 nisi, [ne + si], conj., if not, unless, 
 except. 
 
 nitidus, -a, -nm, [cf. niteo], adj., 
 shining, glittering, bright ; of 
 animals, sleek, well-fed, in good 
 condition. 
 
 nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum, 3, 
 dep., press upon, lean, support 
 oneself ; strive, labor, endeavor ; 
 rely on, depend on. 
 
 116, nare, navi, — , 1, swim, float. 
 
 nobilis, -e, comp. nobilior, sup. 
 nobilissimus, [cf. nosco], adj., 
 well-known, favious ; high-born, 
 noble. As subst, nobilis, -is, m., 
 man of noble birth, noble. 
 
 nobilitas, -atis, [nobilis], f., ce- 
 lebrity, fame, renown ; high birth, 
 nobility ; the nobility, aristocracy. 
 
 nobilito, -are, -avi, -atus, [no- 
 bilis], I, make known, render 
 famous. 
 
 noceo, -ere, -ui, — , fut. part., noci- 
 turus, 2, do harm, injure, hurt. 
 
 noctu, [old abl. of noctus = nox], 
 adv., by night, at night. 
 
 nocturnus, -a, -um, [nox], adj., 
 of night, by night, nocturnal. 
 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, — , [ne + volo], 
 irr., wish . . . not, not wish, be 
 unwilling. 
 
 nomen, nominis, [cf. nosco], n., 
 means of knowing, name, appella- 
 tion, title; fame, reputation, re- 
 nown. 
 
 Nomentanus. -a, -um, adj., of 
 Nomentum, a town in the country 
 of the Sabines, in central Italy. 
 
 nominatim, [ndmino], adv., by 
 name, especially, particularly. 
 
 ndmino, -are, -avi, -atus, [no- 
 men], I, call by name, designate, 
 call, name. 
 
 non, adv., not, not at all. 
 
 nonaginta, num. adj., indecl., 
 ninety. 
 
 nondum, [non + dum], adv., not 
 yet. 
 
 nonnullus, -a, -um, [non + nul- 
 lus], adj., some, several. As 
 subst., nonnulli, -drum, m. pi., 
 some people, several. 
 
 nonnumquam, [non + num- 
 quam], adv., sometimes, occa- 
 sionally. 
 
 norms, -a, -um, [novem], num. 
 adj., ninth. 
 
 Nora, -ae, f., Nora, a fortress on 
 the boundary of Lycaonia and 
 Cappadocia, in the western part 
 of Asia Minor. 
 
 n5s, see ego. 
 
 nosco, noscere, novi, n5tus, 3, 
 inch., get knowledge of, come to 
 know ; in tenses from the perf. 
 stem, have learned, hence know, 
 understand. 
 
 noster, -tra, -trum, [nos], posses, 
 pron., our, our own, ours. 
 
 notitia, -ae, [notus], f, celebrity, 
 fame ; acquaintance, familiarity. 
 
 noto, -are, -avi, -atus, [nota, 
 mark'], l, mark, designate, men- 
 tion; observe, censure. 
 
 notus, -a, -um, comp. n5tior, sup. 
 nStissimus, [part, of noscS], adj., 
 knozun, familiar, recognized ; 
 well-known, famous. 
 
 novem, indecl. num., nine. 
 
NOVITAS 
 
 75 
 
 OBLIVISCOR 
 
 novitas, -atis, [novus], f., new- 
 ness, novelty ; strangeness, un usu- 
 alness. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, comp. wanting, 
 sup. novissimus, adj., new, young; 
 fresh, recent ; self-made ; sup. 
 novissimus, last. 
 
 nox, noctis, f., night. 
 
 noxius. -a, -um, adj., hurtful, in- 
 jurious ; guilty, criminal. 
 
 nubilis, -e, [cf. nubo], adj., mar- 
 riageable. 
 
 nubo, nubere, nupsl, nuptus, 3, 
 veil oneself, be married; marry, 
 wed. 
 
 nudo, -are, -avi, -atus, [niidus], 
 1, lay bare, strip, expose, un- 
 cover. 
 
 nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius, [ne 
 + ullus], adj., not any, none, no. 
 As subst., nullus, -lus, m., no 
 one, nobody. 
 
 mini, inter, adv., usually introduc- 
 ing a question expecting a nega- 
 tive answer, then, now ; . . . not 
 so . . . is it? Often rendered 
 only by the interrogative form of 
 the sentence. In ind. questions, 
 whether, if. 
 
 niinien, -inis, [cf. nuo], n., nod, 
 command ; divinity, divine power. 
 
 numeratus, -a, -um, [part, of nu- 
 mero], adj., counted out, paid 
 down. 
 
 numero, -are, -avi, -atus, [nu- 
 merus], I, count, number, reckon ; 
 co tint out, pay down. 
 
 Humerus, -1, m., number, quan- 
 tity ; position, rank. 
 
 Numida, -ae, m., a Numidian. 
 
 minimus, -I, m., piece of money, 
 coin. 
 
 numquam, [ne -f umquam], adv., 
 at no time, never. 
 
 nunc, [num -f -ce], adv., now, at 
 present ; no7v, at last. 
 
 mintio, -are, -avi, -atus, [nun- 
 tius], I, announce, declare, in- 
 form. 
 
 nuntius, -a, -um, adj., that an- 
 nounces, making known, inform- 
 ing. As subst., nuntius, -i, m., 
 messenger ; message, news, tidings. 
 
 nuptiae, -arum, [cf. nubo], f. pi., 
 marriage, wedding. 
 
 nusquam, [ne + usquam], adv., 
 nowhere, in no place ; in nothing ; 
 for no purpose. 
 
 mitus, — , [cf. nuo], abl. -u, m., 
 nodding, nod ; hint, intimation. 
 
 O. 
 
 6, interj., Of oh! 
 
 ob, prep, with ace, towards, to; on 
 account of, for, by reason of. 
 
 obdiico, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus, 
 [ob -f duco], 3, draiv before, 
 bring over ; overspread, envelop. 
 
 obeo, -Ire, -IvI, -itus, [ob + eo], 
 irr., go to meet ; engage in ; per- 
 form, discharge ; fall, perish. 
 diem obiit supremum or diem 
 obiit, met his last day, died. 
 
 obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [ob 
 + iaciS], 3, throw before, throw, 
 cast; put in the hands of; set 
 against, oppose ; object, taunt, 
 upbraid with. 
 
 obitus, -us, [ob, cf. eo], m., ap- 
 proach ; going down ; destruction, 
 death. 
 
 oblivio, -onis, [cf. obllvlscor], f., 
 forgetfulness, oblivion. 
 
 obllvlscor, obllvlscl, oblltus sum, 
 3, dep., forget, be forgetful ; dis- 
 regard. 
 
OBNITOR 
 
 76 
 
 OCCASUS 
 
 obnitor, -niti, -nixus sum, [ob + 
 
 nitor], 3, dep., press against, 
 
 struggle with ; resist, oppose. 
 oboedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [ob + 
 
 audid] , 4, give ear, listen ; obey, 
 
 be subject. 
 oborior, -oriri, -ortus sum, [ob 
 
 -f orior], 4, dep., arise, appear, 
 
 spring tip. 
 obruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutus, [ob 
 
 -f rud], 3, overwhelm, hide, bury ; 
 
 overcome, overpower, weigh down ; 
 
 overload, surfeit. 
 obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, shady, 
 
 obscure; not known, unknown. 
 obsecro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob + 
 
 sacrS], 1, beseech, entreat, im- 
 plore, supplicate. 
 obsequium, -1, [cf. obsequor], n., 
 
 compliance, indulgence ; obedience, 
 
 allegiance. 
 obsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 
 [ob + sequor] , 3, dep., comply, 
 
 yield; gratify, submit to ; indulge. 
 obsero, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob, cf. 
 
 sera, bolt], 1, bolt, bar, fasten. 
 observantia, -ae, [observo], f., 
 
 attention, respect, regard. 
 obses, -idis, [ob, cf. sedeo], m. 
 
 and f., hostage ; security, pledge. 
 obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, 
 
 [ob + sedeo], 2, sit, stay; be- 
 siege, blockade, render impassable. 
 obsidio, -onis, [obsided], f., siege, 
 
 blockade. 
 obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus, 
 
 [ob + sistd], 3, take one's place 
 
 before, stand in the way ; resist, 
 
 withstand, oppose. 
 obsoletus, -a, -um, [part, of ob- 
 
 solesco], adj., old, worn out ; 
 
 common, ordinary, poor, worthless. 
 obsonium, -i, \_6\puviov], n., relish, 
 
 side-dish. 
 
 obstinatio, -onis, [obstino], f., 
 
 firmness, stubbornness, obstinacy. 
 
 obsto, -stare, -stiti, — , [ob -f 
 sto], 1, stand before; hinder, 
 oppose. 
 
 obstruo, -struere, -struxi, ob- 
 striictus, [ob + struo], 3, build 
 against, barricade, stop up. 
 
 obsum, -esse, -fui, irr., be against, 
 injure, hurt. 
 
 obtero, -terere, -trivi, -tritus, 
 [ob+tero], 3, bruise, crush; 
 tra?nple ; degrade, disgrace. 
 
 obtestatio, -onis, [obtestor, call 
 as zuitness], f., solemn charge ; en- 
 treaty, supplication. 
 
 obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, 
 [ob + teneo], 2, hold fast, occupy, 
 keep ; acquire, obtain. 
 
 obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, — , [ob 
 + tango] , 3, fall to the lot of be- 
 fall, occur ; be assigned. 
 
 obtrectatio, -onis, [obtrecto], f., 
 belittling, detraction, disparage- 
 ment. 
 
 obtrectator, -oris, [obtrecto], 
 m., detractor, traducer, disparager. 
 
 obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob 
 + tracts], 1, detract from, dis- 
 parage, underrate, obtrectarunt 
 inter se, they decried each other. 
 
 obviam, [ob + viam], adv., in the 
 way, toward, against, to meet. 
 obviam ire, to go to meet, ob- 
 viam fieri, to meet. 
 
 obvius, -a, -um, [ob -|- via], adj., 
 in the way, so as to meet ; against, 
 to meet, meeting, obvium fieri, 
 to meet, obvium esse, to be in 
 the way, to meet. 
 
 occasio, -5nis, [cf. occido], f., op- 
 portunity, ft time, occasion. 
 
 occasus, -us, [occido], m., falling, 
 setting ; end, death. 
 
OCCIDO 
 
 77 
 
 OMNINO 
 
 occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, [ob 
 + caedo], 3, strike dozen, kill, 
 slay. 
 
 occulo, -culere, -cului, -cultus, 
 [ob, cf. celd], 3, cover ; hide, con- 
 ceal. 
 
 occulto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
 of occulo], I, hide, conceal, se- 
 crete. 
 
 occupatio, -onis, [occupo], f., oc- 
 cupying, seizure ; business, employ- 
 ment, occupation. 
 
 occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob, cf. 
 capio], I, take possession of, seize, 
 occupy ; fall upon, attack ; occttpy, 
 employ. 
 
 occurro, -ere, occurri, occursus, 
 [ob + currS], 3, run up, run to 
 meet; go against, attack; resist, 
 oppose. 
 
 OCto, num. adj., eight. 
 
 octogesimus, -a, -urn, [octd- 
 ginta], num. adj., eightieth. 
 
 octoginta, [octo], indecl. num., 
 eighty. 
 
 oculus, -i, m., eye. 
 
 odi, Sdisse, osurus, defect., hate. 
 
 odium, -i, n., hatred, grudge, aver- 
 sion. 
 
 Oedipus, -odis or -i, [OiSiVoi/s], 
 m., Oedipus, son of La'ius, king of 
 Thebes, and Jocasta. He was 
 exposed for death as a child, but 
 was saved, and grew up in igno- 
 rance of his parentage. He slew 
 his father unwittingly and married 
 his own mother. 
 
 offendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus, 
 [ob + fendo], 3, hit, dash against; 
 come upon, light upon, find ; of- 
 fend, be offensive. 
 
 offensio, -onis, [offendS], f., stum- 
 bling; disfavor, dislike ; accident, 
 misfortune. 
 
 offensus, -a, -um, [part, of of- 
 fendo], adj., offended, incensed; 
 offensive, odious, aliquem offen- 
 sum fortunae, an unfortunate 
 man. 
 
 offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus, 
 [ob + fero], irr., bring before, pre- 
 sent, offer ; cause, inflict; bestow. 
 
 officina, -ae, [for opificina from 
 opifex, workman], f., workshop. 
 
 officium, -i, [opus, cf. facio], n., 
 service, kindness, favor ; duty, al- 
 legiance ; employment, office. 
 
 oleaginus, -a, -um, [olea], adj., 
 of the olive tree, olive. 
 
 olim, [cf. ollus, old form of ille], 
 adv., at that time, formerly, long 
 since ; now and then ; sometime, 
 hereafter. 
 
 Olympia, -ae, ['0\i>/a7t la], f., 
 Olympia, 3. district in Elis, in the 
 northwestern part of the Pelopon- 
 nesus, the scene of the Olympic 
 games, which were celebrated every 
 four years by all the Greek peoples. 
 
 Olympias, -adis, ['0\i»/-i7rtds], f., 
 Olympias, wife of Philip II. of 
 Macedon and mother of Alexan- 
 der the Great. 
 
 Olympiodorus, -i, ['0\v/xiri68co- 
 pos], m., Olympiodorus, a teacher 
 of Epaminondas. 
 
 Olynthil, -orum, m. pi., Olynthi- 
 ans, people of Olynthus. 
 
 Olynthus, -i, ["OXvvdos], f., Olyn- 
 thus, a town in Macedonia in the 
 Chalcidean peninsula. 
 
 omitto, -ere, omisi, omissus, [ob 
 + mitto], 3, let go, let loose ; lay 
 aside ; pass over, say nothing of; 
 lose sight of 
 
 omnino, [omnis], adv., altogether, 
 wholly, entirely ; in general, gen- 
 erally. 
 
OMNIS 
 
 78 
 
 ORACULUM 
 
 omnis, -e, adj., all. the whole, every. 
 
 As subst., omnes, -ium, m. pi., 
 
 all men ; omnia, -ium, n. pi., all 
 
 things, everything. 
 onerarius, -a, -urn, [onus], adj., 
 
 of burden, navis oneraria, ship 
 
 of burden, transport. 
 Onomarchus, -i, ['OvSfxapxos], 
 
 m., Onomarchus, an officer of An- 
 
 tigonus. 
 onustus, -a, -um, [onus], adj., 
 
 loaded, laden, freighted, burdened. 
 opera, -ae, [opus],f., service, work, 
 
 labor; aid, attention; means, 
 
 agency. operam dare, to take 
 
 pains, give attention. 
 operio, operire, operui, opertus, 
 
 4, cover, cover over. 
 opes, see ops. 
 opinio, -onis, [opinor], f., opinion, 
 
 conjecture, fancy, belief, expecta- 
 tion ; esteem, reputation, alicui 
 
 in opinionem venire, to occur to 
 
 any one. 
 opinor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 
 be of the opinion, suppose, think, 
 
 believe. 
 oportet, oportere, oportuit, 2, im- 
 
 pers., it is necessary, is becoming, 
 
 is proper. Often best translated 
 
 by ought and must. 
 opperior, opperiri, oppertus sum, 
 
 4, dep., wait, attend ; wait for, 
 
 await, expect. 
 oppidanus, -a, -um, [oppidum], 
 
 adj., of a tozvn, pertaining to a 
 
 town. As subst., oppidanus, -i, m., 
 
 townsman; in pi. often the besieged. 
 oppidum, -i, n., town, city. 
 oppleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, [ob + 
 
 pleo], 2, fill completely, fill; 
 
 cover. 
 oppono, -ere, opposui, oppositus, 
 
 [ob -f pond], 3, set against, place 
 
 opposite, oppose ; bring forward, 
 adduce. 
 
 opportiinus, -a, -um, comp. op- 
 portunior, sup. opportunissimus, 
 adj., fit, adapted ; convenient, 
 seasonable. 
 
 opprimo,-ere,oppressi, oppressus, 
 [ob -f premo], 3, press against, 
 press down ; overthrow, over- 
 whelm, defeat utterly ; weigh 
 down, burden; fall upon, sur- 
 prise. 
 
 opprobrium, -i, [ob + probrum], 
 n. , reproach, scandal, disgrace ; 
 taunt, abuse. 
 
 oppiignator, -oris, [oppugno], 
 m., assaidler, assailant, besieger. 
 
 oppugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob 
 + pugno], I, fight against, attack, 
 besiege. 
 
 ops, opis, nom. and dat. sing, not 
 in use, f., aid, help ; influence ; 
 might, pozver, forces ; means, 
 riches, wealth. 
 
 optimas, -atis, [optimus], adj., 
 of the best, aristocratic. As subst., 
 m., an adherent cf the nobility, 
 aristocrat. 
 
 optime, see bene. 
 
 optimus, see bonus. 
 
 opulentus, -a, -um, comp. opu- 
 lentior, sup. opulentissimus, 
 [opes], adj., rich, wealthy, opu- 
 lent; prosperous. 
 
 opulentia, -ae, [opulens], f., 
 riches, wealth, abundance, afflu- 
 ence. 
 
 opus, -eris, n., work, labor, toil ; 
 structure, fortification ; need, 
 want, necessity. 
 
 6ra, -ae, f., border; shore, coast, 
 sea- coast. 
 
 oraculum, -i, [5ro], n., divine 
 amiounce??ient, oracle ; prophecy ; 
 
ORATIO 
 
 79 
 
 PACTYE 
 
 oracle, the place where oracular 
 responses were given. 
 
 oratio, -onis, [oro], f., speech, lan- 
 guage ; harangue, discourse, ora- 
 tion ; power of oratory, eloquence. 
 
 orator, -oris, [oro], m., speaker, 
 orator, ambassador. 
 
 orbis, -is, m., ring, circle, orbit. 
 orbis terrae or terrarum, the 
 whole earth. 
 
 Orchomenius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Orchomenus ('O^x^ews), a city 
 of Boeotia. As subst., Orcho- 
 menius, -l, m., inhabitant of Or- 
 chomenus, Orchomenian. 
 
 ordino, -are, -avi, -atus, [6rd5], 
 I, set i?i order, arrange, adjust ; 
 narrate, record. 
 
 ordior, -iri, orsus sum, [cf. ordo], 
 4, dep., begin, conunence, under- 
 take ; describe, tell in detail. 
 
 ordo, -inis, m., roiv, series, order ; 
 company, class, rank ; regular 
 succession. 
 
 Orestes, -is or -ae, ['O^o-ttjs], m., 
 Orestes, son of Agamemnon and 
 Clytemnestra. Because he slew 
 his mother, who had murdered 
 Agamemnon, he was pursued by 
 the Furies. 
 
 origo, -inis, [orior], f., beginning, 
 cojnmencement, origin ; race, fam- 
 ily, stock. PI., Origines, -um, the 
 title of Cato's history. 
 
 orior, -iri, ortus sum, fut. part, ori- 
 turus, 4, pres. oritur, imp. subj. 
 usually oreretur, dep., arise; be 
 descended, be bom; originate, begin. \ 
 
 ornamentum, -i, [orno], n., ap- 
 paratus, equipment ; decoration, 
 ornament, distinction. 
 
 ornatus, -a, -um, comp. ornatior, 
 sup. ornatissimus, [part, of 
 orno], adj., fitted out, equipped; 
 
 adorned, embellished ; distin- 
 guished, illustrious. 
 
 ornatus, -us, [orno], m., splendid 
 dress, fine attire; decoration, 
 ornament. 
 
 Orni, -orum, m. pi., Orni, a town 
 in Thrace, unknown except for 
 mention of it by Nepos. 
 
 orno, -are, -avi, -atus, i, fit out, 
 furnish, provide, equip; adorn, 
 decorate ; embellish, set forth. 
 
 oro, -are, -avi, -atus, [6s], i, 
 speak; treat, argue, plead; en- 
 treat, beseech. 
 
 ortus, -a, -um, [part, of orior], 
 adj., sprung, descended, born. 
 
 6s, oris, n., mouth, face, features ; 
 mouth of a river. 
 
 OS, ossis, n., bone. 
 
 osculor, -ari, -atus sum, [5scu- 
 lum, kiss], i, dep., kiss. 
 
 ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus, 
 [obs, old form of ob -f tendd], 3, 
 stretch out, show; produce, fur- 
 nish; disclose, manifest, make 
 knoivn. 
 
 ostentatio, -onis, [ostent5], f., 
 exhibition, display ; ostentation. 
 
 otium, -i, n., leisure, vacant time ; 
 idleness ; peace, quiet. 
 
 P. , with proper names = Piiblius, 
 a Roman forename. 
 
 pabulum, -i, [cf. pasco], n., food, 
 fodder. 
 
 pactio, -onis, [paciscor], f., agree- 
 ment, contract, bargain, condition. 
 
 pactum, -i, [paciscor], n., agree- 
 ment, contract, bargain. 
 
 Pactye, -es, [TiaKTv-q], {., Pactye, 
 a city in the Thracian Chersone- 
 sus, on the Propontis. 
 
PADUS 
 
 80 
 
 PARVUS 
 
 Fadus, -1, m., the Po, a large river 
 in Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 paene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 
 paeniteo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, make 
 sorry, cause to repent. Impers. 
 paenitet, -ere, -uit, it repents, 
 makes sorry, it grieves. 
 
 palaestra, -ae, [TraKalaTpa], f., 
 wrestling school, place of exercise, 
 gymnasium. 
 
 palam, adv., openly, publicly. 
 
 Famphylius, -a, -um, adj., Pam- 
 phylian, of Pamphylia, a province 
 on the southern coast of Asia 
 Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia. 
 
 Pandantes, -is, [Ilav8d.vTris], m., 
 Pandantes, a friend of Datames 
 and treasurer of Artaxerxes Mne- 
 mon. 
 
 paiiis, -is, [cf. pabulum], m., 
 bread, loaf 
 
 Paphlago, -onis, [ILa^Acr/^], m., 
 a Paphlagonian, inhabitant of 
 Paphlagonia. 
 
 Paphlagonia, -ae, [lia^Xayovla], 
 {., Paphlagonia, a province on the 
 northern coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 par, paris, adj., equal, like, simi- 
 lar ; well-matched; fit, proper, 
 right, par proelium, an inde- 
 cisive battle. As subst., par, paris, 
 m. and f., mate, companion. 
 
 Paraetacae, -arum, m. pi., the in- 
 habitants of Paraetacene, a moun- 
 tainous country on the northern 
 frontier of ancient Persia. 
 
 paratus, -a, -um, [part, of pard], 
 adj., prepared, ready. 
 
 parco, parcere, peperci and parsi, 
 parsus, 3, act sparingly, be spar- 
 ing; treat with forbearance ; re- 
 frain from, spare. 
 
 parens, -entis, [part. ofpario],m. 
 and f., parent ; father, mother. 
 
 pareo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, appear, 
 be visible ; be obedient, obey. 
 
 pario, -ere, peperi, partus, fut. 
 part, pariturus, 3, bring forth, 
 produce, give birth to ; effect, ac- 
 complish ; acquire, obtain. 
 
 Parius, -a, -um, adj., Parian, of 
 Paros, relating to Paros. As 
 subst., Parius, -i, m., a Parian, 
 inhabitant of Paros. 
 
 parma, -ae, f., small round shield, 
 light shield, target. 
 
 paro, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, make 
 ready, prepare, furnish; intend, 
 resolve. 
 
 Paros, -i, [Ildpos], f., Paros, one 
 of the Cyclades, in the Aegean 
 Sea; it was famous for its beautiful 
 white marble. 
 
 pars, partis, f., part, portion, share, 
 division ; party, faction ; charac- 
 ter, rdle ; pi., coll., party. 
 
 parsi, see parco. 
 
 parsimonia, -ae, [parcS], f., fru- 
 gality, parsimony. 
 
 particeps, -cipis, [pars, cf. ea- 
 pio], adj., partaking, sharing. 
 As subst., m., partner, comrade. 
 
 partim, [ace. of pars], adv., partly, 
 in part. As subst., a part, part. 
 
 partior, -iri, -itus sum, [pars], 4, 
 dep., share, distribute, divide. 
 
 parum, comp. minus, sup. minime, 
 [cf. parvus], adv., but little, too 
 little ; not enough. As subst., too 
 Utile, not enough. 
 
 parvulus, -a, -um, [dim. of par- 
 vus], adj., very small, little, petty. 
 As subst., parvulus, -i, m., small 
 child, infant. 
 
 parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor, sup. 
 minimus, adj., little, small, incon- 
 siderable ; small, short ; short, 
 brief; insignificant, unimportant ; 
 
 
PASSUS 
 
 81 
 
 PEDISEQUUS 
 
 of price or value, small, low. 
 parvi, gen. of value, of little 
 worth, of small account. 
 
 passus, -us, m., step, pace, mille 
 passuum, thousand paces, mile. 
 
 patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus, 
 [pated + facio], 3, lay open, open, 
 disclose, bring to light. 
 
 pateo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, stand open, 
 lie open, be open ; be accessible. 
 
 pater, -tris, m., father, sire; in pi., 
 patres or patres conscript!, sena- 
 tors. 
 
 paternus, -a, -um, [pater], adj., 
 of a father, fathers, paternal. 
 
 patiens, -entis, [part, of patior], 
 adj., oearing, enduring, patient. 
 
 patientia, -ae, [patiens], f., pa- 
 tience, endurance, submission. 
 
 patior, pati, passus sum, 3, dep., 
 suffer, bear, support, endure; al- 
 low, permit. 
 
 patria, -ae, [cf. pater], f., father- 
 land, native land. 
 
 patrimdnium, -i, [pater], n., in- 
 heritance from a father, inherit- 
 ance, patrimony . 
 
 patrius, -a, -um, [pater], adj., of 
 a father, fatherly, paternal ; an- 
 cestral, family. 
 
 patrocinium, -i, [cf. pater], n., 
 protection, defence, patronage. 
 
 Patroclus, -i, [ndrpo/cXos], m., 
 Patroclus, cousin and intimate 
 friend of Achilles. He accompa- 
 nied Achilles to Troy, and was 
 slain in battle by Hector. 
 
 patruus, -i, [pater], m., father's 
 brother, paternal uncle. 
 
 paucitas, -atis, [paucus], f., small 
 number, fewness, scarcity. 
 
 paucus, -a, -um, adj., feza, little. 
 As subst., pauci, -drum, m. pi., 
 a few, few. 
 
 paulo, [paulum], adv., by a little, 
 
 a little, somewhat. 
 paulum, [paulus], adv., a little, 
 
 somewhat. 
 Paulus, see Aemilius. 
 pauper, -eris, adj., poor, not 
 
 wealthy ; scanty, small. As subst., 
 
 m., poor man. 
 paupertas, -atis, [pauper], f., 
 
 poverty, small means, moderate 
 
 circumstances. 
 Pausanias, -ae, [Uava-avias'], m., 
 
 Pausanias, referring in this book 
 
 to: 
 
 (1) Pausanias, the victor at Pla- 
 taea. See IV. 
 
 (2) Pausanias, a king of the 
 Spartans during the Peloponne- 
 sian war. 
 
 (3) Pausanias, a Macedonian, one 
 of the body-guard of Philip II. ; 
 he murdered Philip out of 
 revenge. 
 
 pax, pads, f., peace, treaty, agree- 
 ment ; harmony, quiet. 
 
 peccans, -antis, [part, of pecco], 
 adj., sinful. As subst., m., offen- 
 der, sinner. 
 
 pecco, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, miss, 
 err ; commit a sin, sin. 
 
 peciinia, -ae, [cf. pecus], f., prop- 
 erty, wealth, money. 
 
 pecuniosus, -a, -um, [pecunia], 
 adj., moneyed, rich, wealthy. 
 
 pedes, -itis, [pes], m., foot-travel- 
 ler ; foot-soldier ; sing., coll., foot- 
 soldiers, infantry. 
 
 pedester, -tris, -tre, [pes], adj., 
 on fool, pedestrian, of the infan- 
 try ; on land, by land, land. 
 exercitus pedester, land-force, 
 iitfantry. 
 
 pedisequus, -i, [pes, cf. sequor], 
 m., footman, servant, page. 
 
PEDITATUS 
 
 82 
 
 PERDO 
 
 peditatus, -us, [pedes], m., foot- 
 soldiers, foot, infantry. 
 
 Pgducaeus, -1, m., Peducaeus, 
 family name of Sextus Peducaeus, 
 a friend of Atticus. 
 
 peius, comp. of male. 
 
 pellicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectus, 
 [per -f lacio], 3, allure, entice, 
 decoy, coax, win over. 
 
 pellis, -is, f., skin, hide. 
 
 pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus, 3, 
 beat, strike ; drive out, drive 
 away ; defeat, rout. 
 
 Pelopidas, -ae, [IIe\o7r/5ds], m., 
 Pelopidas. See xvi. 
 
 Peloponnesius, -a, -um, adj., 
 Peloponnesian, of the Peloponne- 
 sus. As subst., Peloponnesius, 
 -1, m., Peloponnesian, inhabitant 
 of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Peloponnesus,-!, SJ\eKoTvbvvf]<jo<f\, 
 f., the Peloponnesus, southern 
 Greece, now called the Morea. 
 
 pelta, -ae, [7reAT77], f., light shield, 
 shaped like a half-moon. 
 
 peltastae, -arum, [7reATa<rrcu], 
 m. pi., peltasts, soldiers armed with 
 the pelta. 
 
 Penates, -ium, [cf. pascor], m. 
 pi., Penates, household gods, whose 
 images were kept in the principal 
 living-room of the house, near 
 the hearth; by metonymy, home, 
 hearth. 
 
 pendo, pendere, pependi, pensus, 
 3, suspend ; weigh out; pay, pay 
 out. 
 
 penes, prep, with ace, with, at the 
 house of; in the possession of in 
 the power of. 
 
 penetro, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, enter, 
 penetrate. 
 
 penitus, adv., inwardly, deeply, far 
 zuithin ; utterly, completely. 
 
 per, prep, with ace, of space, 
 tlirough, across, throughout ; of 
 time, through, during ; of agency, 
 means, and manner, through, by 
 the agency of; in composition, 
 through, thoroughly, very. 
 
 peradulescentulus, -i, [dim. of 
 peradulescens], m., a very young 
 man. 
 
 peraeque, [per + aeque], adv., 
 quite equally, uniformly. 
 
 perago, -agere, -egi, -actus, [per 
 -f ago] , 3, thrust through ; agi- 
 tate ; go through with, finish ; 
 carry out, execute ; set forth, re- 
 late, describe, detail. 
 
 peragro, -are, -avi, -atus, [per + 
 ager], 1, wander through, trav- 
 erse; search, penetrate, scour. 
 
 percello, -cellere, -culi, -culsus, 
 [per + cello] , 3, beat down, over- 
 tU7~n, upset, smite, strike ; discour- 
 age, dishearten. 
 
 percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [per -f capiS], 3, take wholly ; 
 perceive, observe ; receive, obtain; 
 comprehend, understand. 
 
 perculsus, part, of percelld. 
 
 percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus, 
 [per + quatio], 3, thrust through, 
 pierce ; hit, smite ; shock, astound. 
 
 Perdiccas, -ae, [IlepSi/c/eds], m., 
 Perdiccas, in this book referring to : 
 
 (1) Perdiccas, brother of Philip 
 II., and his predecessor on the 
 throne of Macedonia. 
 
 (2) Perdiccas, one of Alexander's 
 generals. 
 
 perditus, -a, -um, [part, of perdo], 
 
 adj., lost, desperate; abandoned, 
 
 corrupt. 
 perdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [per 
 
 + do], 3, make way with, destroy, 
 
 ruin, lose. 
 
PERDUCO 
 
 83 
 
 PERSCRIBO 
 
 perduco, -ducere, perduxi, per- 
 
 ductus, [per 4- duco], 3, lead 
 through, lead, conduct, bring • 
 persuade, induce ; bring over, 
 win over ; prolong ; pursue. 
 
 peregrmatio, -onis, [peregrinor 
 from pei* + ager], f., residence 
 abroad, travelling, travel. 
 
 pereo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, — , fut. part, 
 periturus, [per + eo], irr., pass 
 axvay ; perish, disappear ; be lost. 
 
 perexiguus, -a, -um, [per + ex- 
 iguus], adj., very small, insignifi- 
 cant. 
 
 perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, [per 
 + fero], irr., bear through ; bring, 
 carry, deliver ; announce, re- 
 port ; bear, suffer ; coinplete ; 
 retain to the end. 
 
 perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [per -f faciS], 3, carry out, exe- 
 cute, accomplish, perform ; cause, 
 effect. 
 
 perfidia, -ae, [perfidus] , f., faith- 
 lessness, treachery. 
 
 perfuga, -ae, [per + fuga], m., 
 fugitive, deserter. 
 
 perfugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , 3, flee 
 for refuge, go over, desert. 
 
 perfungor, -fungi, -functus sum, 
 [per + fungor], 3, dep., fulfil, 
 perform ; go through, undergo, 
 endure. 
 
 Pergamenus, -a, -um, adj., of Per- 
 gamum, a city in Mysia. Per- 
 gamenus, -1, m., a citizen of 
 Pergamum. 
 
 Pericles, -is or -i, [IlepiKXijs'], m., 
 Pericles, the greatest of Athenian 
 statesmen. He was at the head of 
 the state from 461 B.C. until his 
 death, in 429 B.C. He was a patron 
 of the arts and adorned Athens 
 with her finest public buildings. 
 
 periculum, -i, n., trial; danger, 
 peril. 
 
 perinlustris, -e, [per -f inlustris], 
 adj., very brilliant, most notable ; 
 greatly distinguished, highly hon- 
 ored; very evident. 
 
 peritus, -a, -um, comp. peritior, 
 sup. peritissimus, adj., experi- 
 enced, practised, skilled, expert, 
 acquainted with. 
 
 periurium, -i, [periurus], n., false 
 oath, perjury. 
 
 permitto, -ere, permisi, permis- 
 sus, [per + mitto], 3, let pass ; 
 cast, hurl ; hand over, entrust, 
 surrender ; permit, allow. 
 
 permoveo, -movere, permovi, 
 permotus, [per + moveo], 2, 
 move deeply, rouse, excite, influ- 
 ence. 
 
 pernicies, -ei, f., destruction, death, 
 ruin, overthrow ; pest, curse. 
 
 perniciosus, -a, -um, comp. per- 
 niciosior, sup. perniciosissimus, 
 [pernicies], adj., destructive, ru- 
 inous, pernicious, dangerous. 
 
 peroro, -are, -avi, -atus, [per + 
 5ro], 1, speak from the beginning, 
 plead ; end, close, finish. 
 
 Perpenna, -ae, m., Perpenna, fam- 
 ily name of M. Perpenna, censor 
 in 86 B.C. 
 
 perpetior, -peti, -pessus sum, 
 [per + patior], 3, dep., bear 
 steadfastly, abide, endure. 
 
 perpetuo, [perpetuus], adv., con- 
 tinually, uninterruptedly, forever. 
 
 perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., contimc- 
 ous, uninterrupted, perpetual. 
 
 Persae, see Perses. 
 
 perscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 -scriptus, [per + scribd], 3, 
 write in full, write out; describe 
 fully. 
 
PERSEQUOR 
 
 8 4 
 
 PHERAE 
 
 persequor, -sequi, -secutus sura, 
 [per + sequor], 3, dep., follow 
 perseveringly, follow up, pursue ; 
 overtake ; execute, accomplish ; 
 set forth, relate, recount. 
 
 Perses, -ae, dat. -1, [n^pcr^s], m., 
 a Persian ; in pi., by metonymy, 
 the land of the Persians. As adj., 
 cum rege Perse, with the king 
 of the Persians. 
 
 persevero, -are, -avi, -atus, [per- 
 severus] , 1 , persist, persevere. 
 
 Persicus, -a, -um, adj., Persian, 
 of Persia, with Persia. 
 
 Persis, -idis, f., Persis, a country 
 in Asia, north of the Persian Gulf, 
 now Farsistan, Persia. 
 
 persona, -ae, [per, cf. sono], f., 
 mask ; part, character ; person, 
 personage, character. 
 
 persuaded, -ere, persuasi, per- 
 suasus, [per + suadeo] , 2, con- 
 vince, persuade, prevail on. 
 
 pertaedet, -ere, pertaesum est, 
 [per + taedet], 2, impers., it 
 wearies, it disgusts. 
 
 perterreo, -terrere, — , -territus, 
 [per + terreo] , 2, frighten thor- 
 oughly, terrify. 
 
 pertimesco, -timescere, -timui, 
 — , [per + timesco], 3, inch., be 
 alarmed, fear greatly. 
 
 pertinacia, -ae, [pertinax], f., per- 
 severance, stubbornness, obstinacy. 
 
 pertineo, -ere, -ui, — , [per + 
 teneo], 2, stretch out, extend; 
 reach ; belong, pertain ; apply, 
 suit. 
 
 perturbatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 perturbo], adj., disturbed, agi- 
 tated, unsettled. 
 
 perturbo, -are, -avi, -atus, [per 
 + turbo], I, confuse, disturb, con- 
 found; embarrass. 
 
 perveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus, 
 [per -f veho], 3, bear through, 
 carry, convey. Pass., reach, ar- 
 rive, attain. 
 
 pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, 
 [per + venio], 4, reach, come to ; 
 penetrate, attain. 
 
 perverto, -vertere, -verti, perver- 
 sus, [per + verto] , 3, overthrow, 
 throw down; destroy, ruin, cor- 
 rupt. 
 
 pervulgatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 pervulgS], adj., very common, 
 widely known. 
 
 pes, pedis, m., foot, pedem re- 
 ferre, to retreat. 
 
 peto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, 3, 
 strive for, seek ; go to ; attack ; 
 demand, beg, ask, request. 
 
 petulans, -antis, [cf. peto], adj., 
 forward, saucy, impudent, zvanton. 
 
 Peucestes, -is, [IleivK&rT^s], m., 
 Peucestes, one of Alexander's body- 
 guard. 
 
 phalanx, phalangis, [0ri\a7£], f., 
 battle array, phalanx, battalion. 
 
 Phalereus, -i, [4?a\r}pe0s~], m., of 
 Phalerum, a surname of Deme- 
 trius, ruler of Athens in 317 B.C. 
 
 Phalericus, -a, -um, adj., of Pha- 
 lerum, one of the seaports of 
 Athens. 
 
 Pharnabazus, -i, [$>apvdpa£os], m., 
 Pharnabazus, a Persian satrap 
 governing the northwestern prov- 
 inces of Asia Minor from B.C. 412 
 
 to 377- 
 Pherae, -arum, [<£e/>cu'], f. pi., 
 Pherae, referring to : 
 
 (1) Pherae, a town in Messenia, 
 in the southwestern part of the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 (2) Pherae, a town in the eastern 
 part of Thessaly. 
 
PHERAEUS 
 
 85 
 
 PISANDER 
 
 Pheraeus, -a, -um, adj., of Pherae, 
 in this book referring to Pherae 
 in Thessaly. 
 
 Phidias, -ae, [<&ei5lds~\,m., Phidias, 
 in this book referring to an Athe- 
 nian known only from reference 
 to him by Nepos. 
 
 Phidippus, -i, [<t>e/5i7T7ros], m., 
 Phidippus, a famous Athenian 
 courier of the time of Miltiades. 
 
 Philippensis, -e, adj., of Philip, 
 pertaining to Philip, referring to 
 Philip II., king of Macedon. 
 
 Philippus, -1, [4>t\i7T7ros], m., 
 Philip, referring in this book 
 to: 
 
 (1) Philip II., king of Macedon, 
 father of Alexander the Great. 
 During his reign, from 360 to 
 336 B.C., he brought the states 
 of Greece under his sway. He 
 was assassinated as he was 
 on the point of leading united 
 Greece against the Persians. 
 
 (2) Philip Arrhidaeus, illegiti- 
 mate son of Philip II., raised 
 to the throne of Macedon in 
 323 B.C. under the title Philip III. 
 He was put to death in 317 B.C. 
 by Olympias. 
 
 (3) Philip V., king of Macedon 
 from 220 to 179 B.C. He waged 
 two unsuccessful wars with the 
 Romans. 
 
 Philistus, -1, [3>£\t<rros], m., Phi- 
 listus, a famous historian of Syra- 
 cuse, who lived during the reigns 
 of the two Dionysii. 
 
 Philocles, -is, [^XokX^s], m., Phi- 
 locles, an Athenian general, de- 
 feated by Lysander at Aegospotami 
 in 405 B.C. 
 
 philo sophia, -ae, f., philosophy. 
 
 philosophus, -a, -um, adj., philo- 
 
 sophical. As subst., philosophus, 
 -1, m., philosopher. 
 
 Philostratus, -i, [*tX6<rrpaTos], 
 m., Philostratus, a Syracusan, one 
 of the conspirators against Dion. 
 
 Phocion, onis, [«fcu/awj'], m.,Pho- 
 cion, an Athenian statesman and 
 general. See xix. 
 
 Phoebidas, -ae, [<l>otj3f5ds], m., 
 Phoebidas, a Spartan general, who 
 in 383 B.C. occupied Thebes at the 
 request of the popular party. 
 
 Fhoenices, -um, [<l>om/ces], m. pi., 
 the Phoenicians, inhabitants of 
 Phoenicia, a country on the east- 
 ern coast of the Mediterranean 
 Sea. 
 
 Phrygia, -ae, [$pvyia~], f., Phry- 
 gia, an inland province in the 
 western part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Phryx, Phrygis, adj., Phrygian. 
 As subst., m., Phrygian, inhabi- 
 tant of Phrygia. 
 
 Phyle, -is, [3»uXi$], f., Phyle, a for- 
 tress in Attica, on the Boeotian 
 frontier. 
 
 pietas, -atis, [pius], f., dutiful 
 conduct, devotion, piety ; filial 
 affection, affection, love, loyalty. 
 
 pila, -ae, f., pillar. 
 
 Piraeus, -i, [Ilei/ocueys], m., the 
 Peiraeus, the principal seaport of 
 Athens. 
 
 Pisander, -dri, [Ilelo-apdpos], m., 
 Pisander, in this book referring 
 to: 
 
 (i) Pisander, an Athenian gen- 
 eral and party-leader during the 
 latter part of the Peloponnesian 
 war. 
 (2) Pisander, a Spartan general, 
 commander of the Spartan 
 fleet in the battle at Cnidus, 
 in 394 B.C. 
 
PISIDA 
 
 86 
 
 POECILE 
 
 Pisida, -ae, m., Pisidian, inhabi- 
 tant of Pisidia, a mountainous 
 country in the southern part of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 PIsistratus, -i, [TI.€i<rl<rTpaTos], m., 
 Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens dur- 
 ing three periods between 560 and 
 527 B.C. Though he usurped the 
 chief power, he was a wise and 
 moderate ruler, and did much to 
 increase the power and prosperity 
 of the city. 
 
 Pittacus, -1, [IIiTTaK:6s], m., Pit- 
 tacus, a sage of Mytilene in Les- 
 bos, one of the Seven Wise Men 
 of Greece. 
 
 pius. -a, -um, adj., dutiful, re- 
 ligious ; filial ; loyal. 
 
 placatus, -a, -um, [part, of placo] , 
 adj., soothed, calm ; favorably in- 
 clined. 
 
 placeo, -ere, placui or placitus 
 sum, 2, please, give pleasure ; be 
 pleasing, suit, satisfy. Impers., 
 placet, it is agreed, is settled, is 
 resolved. 
 
 placo. -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. pla- 
 ceo], I, quiet, soothe, allay, ap- 
 pease ; reconcile, conciliate, propi- 
 tiate. 
 
 plaga, -ae, f., stroke, blow, thrust ; 
 calamity, disaster. 
 
 plane, [planus], adv., simply, 
 plainly ; wholly, completely. 
 
 Plataeae, -arum, [nXarcucu], f. 
 pi., Plataea, a city in the southern 
 part of Boeotia, the scene of the 
 defeat of the Persians under Mar- 
 donius in 479 B.C. 
 
 Plataeenses, -ium, m. pi., the Pla- 
 taeans, inhabitants of Plataea. 
 
 Plato, -onis, [nXdrwj/], m., Plato, 
 a celebrated philosopher of Athens, 
 pupil of Socrates, and founder of 
 
 the Academic school. He was 
 born in 429 B.C., died about 348. 
 
 plebs, plebis, and plebes, -ei or 
 -1, f., common people, commons, 
 plebeians, populace. 
 
 plecto, -ere, — , — , [cf. plaga], 
 3, used only in the passive, be 
 punished, suffer punishment ; be 
 blamed, incur censure. 
 
 plene, [plenus], adv., fully, wholly, 
 altogether. 
 
 plenus, -a, -um, [cf. pleo], adj., 
 fulfilled; plentiful. 
 
 plerique, see plerusque. 
 
 plerumque, [plerusque], adv., for 
 the most part, commonly , generally . 
 
 plerusque, -aque, -umque, adj., 
 very great part, majority. As 
 subst, plerique, -drumque, m. 
 pi., most people ; very many, a 
 good many. 
 
 plumbum, -1, n., lead. 
 
 plurimum, [plurimus], used as 
 sup. of multum, adv., very 
 much, most, especially. 
 
 plurimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 multus] most, very much, very 
 many. As subst., plurimum, -i, 
 n., very mtich. Gen. of value, 
 plurimi, of very great worth. 
 
 plus, pluris, [comp. of multus], 
 adj., more. As subst., plures 
 -ium, m. pi., more, the majority, 
 many, a great nwfiber. 
 
 plus, used as comp. of multum, 
 adv., more, too much, plus va- 
 lere, to have more power, pluris, 
 gen. of price, of more value, dearer, 
 higher. 
 
 Poecile, -es, [UoudXr), sc. <tto<x], 
 {., the Poecile, gallery of paintings, 
 a building at Athens adorned with 
 works of art by the celebrated 
 painter Polygnotus. 
 
 
POEMA 
 
 87 
 
 PORTUS 
 
 po§ma, -atis, [vol-qua], n., poem; 
 pi., poetry. 
 
 poena, -ae, f., indemnification, 
 recompense ; punishment, penalty, 
 price, poenas dare, to suffer 
 punishment, pay the penalty. 
 
 Poenicus or Piinicus, -a, -um, 
 adj., Punic, Carthaginian. 
 
 Poeni, -drum, m. pi., the Cartha- 
 ginians, so named from their 
 Phoenician origin. 
 
 poeta, -ae, m., poet. 
 
 poetice, -es, [71-04777-1/07], f., the 
 poetic art, poetry. 
 
 poeticus, -a, -um, adj., poetic, 
 poetical. 
 
 polliceor, -eri, -itus sum, 2, dep., 
 hold forth, offer, promise. 
 
 pollicitatio, -5nis, [pollicitor, 
 freq. of polliceor], f., promising, 
 promise. 
 
 Polybius, -i, [IIoXi7j3ios], m., Poly- 
 bius, a native of Megalopolis in 
 Arcadia, celebrated for his history 
 of Rome. In 169 B.C. he was sent 
 to Rome as a hostage, and became 
 intimate with Scipio Africanus the 
 younger. 
 
 Polymnis, -1 or -idis, [floXifyim], 
 m., Polymnis, father of Epami- 
 nondas. 
 
 Polyperchon, -ontis, \\\.o\v<jirkp- 
 Xwy], m., Polyperchon, one of 
 Alexander's generals. 
 
 pompa, -ae, (Vo/Airi)], f, solemn 
 procession, parade. pompa fu- 
 neris, funeral procession. 
 
 Pompeius, -1, m., Pompeius, Pom- 
 pey, a Roman gentile name. In 
 this book refers to Cn. Pompeius 
 Magnus. 
 
 Pomponius, -1, m., Pomponius, 
 gentile name of T. Pomponius 
 Atticus. See xxv. 
 
 pondero, -are, -avi, -atus, [pon- 
 dus], I, weigh, estimate ; ponder, 
 consider, reflect. 
 
 pondus, -eris, [cf. pernio], n., 
 a weight, burden ; importance. 
 
 pono, -ere, posui, positus, 3, put 
 down, place, fix, deposit, depict, 
 represent ; lay aside, give up ; 
 spend, employ ; set up, build ; put, 
 count, reckon, regard. castra 
 ponere, to pitch camp. rudi- 
 mentum ponere, to learn, to take 
 first steps in. 
 
 pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
 
 Pontus, -1, m., Pontus, a country 
 in northeastern Asia Minor, south 
 of the Euxine Sea. 
 
 popularis, -e, [populus], adj., of 
 the people, popular ; acceptable to 
 the multitude. As subst., popu- 
 laris, -is, m.,fellozv-countryman; 
 pi., often the popular party. 
 
 populi scitum, see populus, sci- 
 tum. 
 
 populor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 lay zvaste, ravage, spoil, destroy, 
 ruin. 
 
 populus, -i, m., people, nation; 
 sing, coll., the people, the citizens. 
 
 Porcius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens. See Cato. 
 
 porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus, 
 [por = pro + reg5], 3, spread 
 out, stretch out, extend ; offer, pre- 
 sent ; prolong, extend. 
 
 porta, -ae, f., city gate, gate, en- 
 trance, passage. 
 
 porticus, -us, [porta], f., covered 
 walk between columns, colonnade, 
 portico, gallery. 
 
 porto, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, bear, 
 carry, convey, bring. 
 
 portus, -us, [cf. porta], m., har- 
 bor, haven, port. 
 
POSCO 
 
 88 
 
 PRAECIPITO 
 
 posco, -ere, poposci, — , 3, inch., 
 ask urgently t demand, beg; re- 
 quire, need. 
 
 possessio, -dnis, f., taking posses- 
 sion, seizing, occupying; possess- 
 ing, holding; possession, property, 
 estate. 
 
 possessor, -oris, [possideo], m., 
 possessor, owner. 
 
 possido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, 
 [por = pro -f sido] , 3, take pos- 
 session of, occupy, seize. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, [potis, able, 
 -f sum], irr., be able, have power, 
 can ; be strong, have influence. 
 
 post, adv. and prep. : 
 
 (1) As adv., after, behind ; after- 
 wards. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, after, 
 behind; since; beneath, next 
 to. 
 
 postea, [post + ea], adv., after- 
 wards, later, then, postea quam, 
 after that, after. 
 
 posterius, [comp. of posterus], 
 adv. , later, at a later time. 
 
 posterus, -a, -um, comp. poste- 
 rior, sup. postremus or postu- 
 mus, [post], adj., coming after, 
 subsequent, later ; next, following. 
 As subst, posteri, -orum, m. pi., 
 descendants, posterity. Comp. 
 posterior, -ius, later, inferior. 
 Sup. postremus, -a, -um, last; 
 lowest, ad postremum, finally, 
 at last. 
 
 postquam, [post + quam], conj., 
 after that, after, as soon as ; when ; 
 since, inasmuch as. 
 
 postremo, [abl. of postremus], 
 adv., at last, finally, last of all. 
 
 postremus, see posterus. 
 
 postridie, [posteri die], adv., on 
 the day after, next day. 
 
 postulatum, -i, [postulo], de- 
 mand, request, claim, postulata 
 facere, to comply with a request. 
 
 postulo, -are, -avl, -atus, 1, ask, 
 demand, claim ; request. 
 
 potens, -entis, comp. potentior, 
 sup. potentissimus, [part, of 
 possum], adj., able, mighty, 
 strong ; potent, influential. 
 
 potentia, -ae, [potens], f., might, 
 force, power ; rule, sway, emi- 
 nence. 
 
 potestas, -atis, [potis], f., ability, 
 pozver, capacity ; self-control ; 
 sway, dominion, rule; power, 
 office, magistracy ; opportunity. 
 
 potio, -onis, f., drink, draught. 
 
 potior, -iri, -itus sum, [potis], 4, 
 dep., become master of, gel posses- 
 sion of, obtain, acquire ; hold, 
 possess, occupy. 
 
 potissimum, [sup. of potis], adv., 
 chiefly, principally , especially, 
 above all. 
 
 potius, [comp. of potis], adv., 
 rather, preferably, more. 
 
 prae, prep, with abl., before, in 
 front of; in comparison with. 
 
 praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [prae + 
 habeo], 2, hold out, proffer, offer, 
 grant, supply; yield, surrender ; 
 show, exhibit, represent; excite, 
 cause, arouse. 
 
 praeceptor, -oris, [praecipio] , 
 m., teacher, instructor, preceptor. 
 
 praeceptum, -i, [praecipiS], n., 
 maxim, rule, order, direction, 
 co?nmand. 
 
 praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [prae -f capio], 3, take before- 
 hand, anticipate; give rules, ad- 
 monish, inform, direct ; bid, 
 drder. 
 
 praecipito, -are, -avl, -atus, 
 
PRAECIPUE 
 
 8 9 
 
 PRAESIDIUM 
 
 [praeceps], I, throw headlong, 
 cast down. 
 
 praecipue, [praecipuus], adv., 
 chief.}', principally, eminently. 
 
 praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae, cf. 
 capio], adj., taken before others, 
 particular, especial; distinguished, 
 excellent. 
 
 praeclare, [praeclarus], adv., very 
 clearly ; excellently, gloriously. 
 
 praeclarus, -a, -um, [prae + 
 clarus], adj., very bright, very 
 brillia nt ; excellent, fine. 
 
 praecurro, -currere, -cucurri, 
 rarely -currl, — , [prae + curro] , 
 3, run before, hasten on before, 
 precede ; surpass, excel. 
 
 praeda, -ae, f., property taken in 
 war ; booty, spoil, plunder, prey. 
 
 praedico, -are, -avi, -atus, [prae 
 -j- dico], I, make known by proc- 
 lamation, announce, proclaim, 
 declare; relate, report; boast; 
 praise, commend. 
 
 praedico, -dicere, -dlxl, -dictus, 
 [prae + dico], 3, say beforehand, 
 warn, admonish. 
 
 praedium, -1, n.,farm, estate. 
 
 praedo, -onis, [praeda], m., one 
 that makes booty, plunderer, rob- 
 ber, maritimus praedo, pirate. 
 
 praedor, -ari, -atus sum, [praeda], 
 I, dep., make booty, plunder, spoil, 
 rob. 
 
 praefatio, -onis, [praefor], t, pre- 
 lim in a ry form of words, preface. 
 
 praefectura, -ae, [praef ectus] , 
 f, office of overseer ; office of gov- 
 emor, prefecture. 
 
 praefectus, -i, [praefici5], m., 
 overseer, cofnmander, deputy. 
 
 praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, irr., 
 bear before ; offer, present ; prefer, 
 rate higher ; display, reveal. 
 
 praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [prae + facio], 3, set over, place 
 at the head, put in command. 
 
 praeffnio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [prae 
 + fin id], 4, determine beforehand, 
 rda in, p r escribe . 
 
 praemium, -I, [prae + emo], n., 
 advantage, favor, reward, recom- 
 pense ; prize, plunder, booty. 
 
 praeniintio, — , -avi, -atus, [prae 
 + nuntio], 1, announce before- 
 hand, foretell, predict. 
 
 praeoccupatio, -onis, [praeoc- 
 cupo], f., seizing beforehand, pre- 
 occupation. 
 
 praeoccupo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [prae + occupS], 1, seize before- 
 hand, preoccupy ; anticipate, pre- 
 vent ; take unawares. 
 
 praeopto, -are, -avi, -atus, [prae 
 + opto], I, choose rather, desire 
 more, prefer. 
 
 praepono, -ponere, -posul, prae- 
 positus, [prae + pono], 3, place 
 in front ; put before, place first ; 
 put in command ; prefer. 
 
 praes, praedis, [prae + vas], m., 
 surety, bondsman. 
 
 praescribo, -scrlbere, -scrlpsl, 
 -scrlptus, [prae -f scrlbo], 3, 
 write before, prefix in zvriting. 
 
 praesens, -entis, [part, of prae- 
 sum], adj., at hand, present, in 
 person; immediate, instant; fa- 
 voring, propitious, in praesentl, 
 for the present. 
 
 praesentia, -ae, [praesens], f., 
 presence, in praesentia, at the 
 present time, just now, at the time. 
 
 praesertim, adv., especially, prin- 
 cipally, chiefly. 
 
 praesidium, -I, [praeses], n., de- 
 fence, protection, help ; garrison, 
 post, station, 
 
PRAESTANS 
 
 9 
 
 PRIOR 
 
 praestans, -stantis, [part, of prae- 
 sto], adj., pre-eminent, superior, 
 distinguished beyond others. 
 
 praestituo, -stituere, -stitui, 
 -stitutus, [prae + statuo], 3, 
 determine beforehand, fix in ad- 
 vance, prescribe. 
 
 praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitus, 1, 
 stand out, stand before, be su- 
 perior, excel; fulfil, discharge, 
 perform, execute; show, exhibit, 
 manifest, assure ; answer for, 
 vouch for. Impers., praestat, it 
 is better. 
 
 praesum, -esse, -ful, irr., be be- 
 fore ; rtile, have charge of, govern. 
 
 praeter, [prae], adv. and prep, 
 with ace, past, by, beyond; above, 
 more than ; against, contrary to ; 
 except, besides. In composition, 
 past, beyond. 
 
 praeterea, [praeter + ea], adv., 
 in addition, further, besides, more- 
 over. 
 
 praetereo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, 
 [praeter + eo] , irr., go by, pass 
 by; omit, disregard, leave un- 
 noticed; surpass. 
 
 praetermitto, -mittere, -mlsl, 
 -missus, [praeter + mitto] , 3, 
 let pass, let go; pass over, pass 
 ■without notice, overlook. 
 
 praeterquam, [praeter + quam] , 
 adv., beyond, besides, except. 
 
 praetor, oris, [for praeitor, prae, 
 cf. eo], m., leader, chief ; praetor, 
 a magistrate at Rome charged 
 with the administration of justice. 
 At first there was but one praetor, 
 but at an early period two were 
 chosen, then six. Under Sulla 
 there were eight, and the number 
 finally reached sixteen. 
 
 praetorius, -a, -um, [praetor], 
 
 adj., of a praetor, praetorian. 
 As subst., praetorius, -I, m., 
 one who has been praetor, ex- 
 praetor. 
 
 praetura, -ae, [prae, cf. eo], f., 
 office of praetor, praetorship. 
 
 precor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep , 
 ask, beg, supplicate, beseech; call 
 upon, invoke. 
 
 premo, premere, pressi, pressus, 
 3, press ; press hard ; oppress, 
 burden ; overwhelm ; urge, drive. 
 
 pretiosus, -a, -um, [pretium], 
 adj., of great value, costly, pre- 
 cious ; dear, expensive. 
 
 pretium, -i, n., price, money value ; 
 esteem ; recompense, reward. 
 
 prex, precis, nom. and gen. sing, 
 not in use, [preeor], f., prayer, 
 request, entreaty. 
 
 pridie, adv., on the day before, the 
 previous day. 
 
 primo, [primus], adv., at first, at 
 the begin n ing, first. 
 
 primum. [primus], adv., at first, 
 first, in the first place. 
 
 primus, see prior. 
 
 princeps, -cipis, [primus, cf. ca- 
 pio], adj., first in order, foremost. 
 As subst., m., the first man, leader, 
 chief; emperor, prince. 
 
 principatus, -us, [princeps], m., 
 beginning ; first place, supremacy, 
 leadership ; chief command. 
 
 principium, -I, [princeps], n., be- 
 ginning, com?ne7icement, origin ; 
 pi., headquarters, general's quar- 
 ters. 
 
 prior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj., comp., 
 former, first, front, fore. Sup. 
 primus, -a, -um, first, foremost ; 
 first part of; chief noble, pri- 
 mus quisque, the first possible, 
 very first. 
 
PRISTINUS 
 
 91 
 
 PROFERO 
 
 pristinus, -a, -um, [for priusti- 
 nus], adj., former, original. As 
 subst., pristinum, -i, n., former 
 condition. 
 
 prius, adv., comp., before, sooner, 
 previously ; rather, prius quam, 
 sooner than, before. 
 
 priusquam, [prius + quam], conj., 
 earlier than, sooner than, before. 
 
 privatus, part, of privd. 
 
 privatus, -a, -um, [part, of privo] , 
 adj., apart, peculiar, personal, 
 private. As subst., privatus, -i, 
 m., man in private life, private 
 citizen. 
 
 privignus, -i, [privus, cf. gigno], 
 m.. step-son. 
 
 privo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, bereave, 
 deprive, rob. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl., for ; instead 
 of; as ; in behalf of; in return 
 for ; in accordance with, accord- 
 ing to. 
 
 probabilis, -e, [probo], adj., 
 worthy of approval, pleasing, 
 agreeable, good ; credible, proba- 
 ble. 
 
 probatus, -a, -um, [part, of prob5], 
 adj., approved, pleasing, agree- 
 able. 
 
 probo, -are, -avi, -atus, [probus], 
 1, make good, esteem good, esteem, 
 approve, commend ; show, prove. 
 
 procacitas, -atis, [procax], f., 
 pertinacity, obtrusiveness, impu- 
 dence. 
 
 procedo, -cedere, -cessi, — , [pro 
 + cedo], 3, go before, go for- 
 ward, march on ; advance, make 
 progress. 
 
 procella, -ae, f., violent wind, 
 storm, hurricane ; sudden attack. 
 
 Procles, -is, [II,o6/c\?7s], m., Pro- 
 cles, one of the twin sons of Aris- 
 
 todemus, and founder of one of 
 the lines of kings at Sparta. 
 
 proclivis, -e, [pro + clivus, slope], 
 adj., sloping, steep ; easy. 
 
 procreo, -are, -avi, -atus, [pro + 
 creo], 1, bring forth, produce, 
 procreate. 
 
 procul, adv., in the distance, far, 
 afar off; of time, long before. 
 
 procuratio, onis, [prScuro], f., 
 caring for, superintendence, ad- 
 ministration, management. 
 
 procfiro, -are, -avi, -atus, [prd 
 + euro] , 1 , take care of, attend to, 
 look after ; avert, expiate by sacri- 
 fice. 
 
 prodeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [prod, old 
 form of pro, + eo], irr., go forth, 
 come forward, appear ; go for- 
 ward, proceed. 
 
 proditio, -onis, [cf. prSdo], f., 
 betrayal, treason, treachery. 
 
 proditor, -oris, [cf. prodd], m., 
 betrayer, traitor. 
 
 pro do, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [pro 
 + do], 3, put forth, exhibit ; re- 
 veal, disclose ; relate, hand doiun, 
 transmit ; surrender. 
 
 produco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 [pro + diicd], 3, lead forth, bring 
 out; lengthen, prolong, extend. 
 
 proelium, -i, n., battle, combat. 
 
 prof anus, -a, -um, [pro + fanum], 
 adj., out of the temple, unlioly, 
 profane. 
 
 profectio, -onis, [cf. proficiscor], 
 f., going away, setting out, de- 
 parture. 
 
 profecto, [pro + factd], adv., ac- 
 tually, indeed, really, certainly. 
 
 profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, [pro 
 -f fero], irr., carry out, produce, 
 put forth, put off ; make knozun, 
 mention ; present. 
 
PROFICIO 
 
 92 
 
 PROPONO 
 
 proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [pro + facio], 3, make headway, 
 make progress ; succeed, accom- 
 plish ; do good, avail. 
 
 proficiscor, -ficlscl, -fectus sum, 
 3, dep., set out, depart, march. 
 
 profiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum, [pr5 
 + fateor], 2, dep., declare pub- 
 licly, profess, nomen profiteri, 
 to avoza oneself a candidate. 
 
 profligo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, strike 
 to the ground, overthrow, over- 
 come ; ruin, destroy. 
 
 profugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , 3, 
 flee, run azvay, escape; take 
 refuge. 
 
 progenies, — , ace. -em, abl. -e, 
 [pro, cf. gigno], f., descent, fam- 
 ily ; posterity, offspring, child. 
 
 progenitor, -oris, [pro, cf. gigno], 
 m., founder of a family, ancestor, 
 progenitor. 
 
 progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 [pro + gradior], 3, dep., go 
 forth, go on ; advance, ??iake 
 progress. 
 
 progressus, -us, [cf. progredior], 
 m., going forward, advance, 
 progress. 
 
 prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [pro + 
 habeo] , 2, hold back, check ; hin- 
 der, prevent ; forbid, prohibit. 
 
 proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, 
 [pro + iacio], 3, throw forth, 
 throw out, throw ; expel, banish. 
 
 proinde, [pro + inde], adv., hence, 
 therefore, accordingly ; in like 
 manner, equally. proinde ac, 
 just as. 
 
 prolabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [prd 
 -f labor], 3, dep., glide forward, 
 glide along; fall down, fall in 
 ruins; escape; fail, err ; go to 
 ruin. 
 
 promissus, -a. -um, [part, of prd- 
 mitto], adj., hanging down, long. 
 
 promitto, -mittere, -misi, pro- 
 missus, [pro + mitto], 3, let go, 
 put forth ; foretell, promise. 
 
 promptus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 promd], adj., set forth, manifest; 
 at hand, ready, quick, prompt. 
 
 promintio, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, 
 announce, declare ; recite, deliver, 
 declaim, pronounce. 
 
 propago, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, 
 set forward, extend, enlarge ; gen- 
 erate, propagate. 
 
 propago, of persons, propagS, 
 -inis, f., set, shoot, slip ; offspring, 
 children, posterity. 
 
 propatulus, -a, -um, [pr5 + patu- 
 lus], adj., open, uncovered. As 
 subst., propatulum, -i, n., open 
 place, court. 
 
 prope, adv. and prep. : 
 
 (1) As adv., near, at hand, soon, 
 nearly, almost. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, near to, 
 near ; comp. propius, nearer. 
 
 propello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 [pro + pello] , 3, drive forward, 
 drive away, drive out ; impel. 
 
 propere, [properus], adv., hastily, 
 in haste, quickly, speedily. 
 
 propmquitas, -atis, [propinquus], 
 f., proximity, propinquity ; re- 
 lationship, affinity ; kindred. 
 
 propinquus, -a, -um, [prope], 
 adj., near, neighboring ; close, 
 intimate. As subst., m. and f., 
 relation, relative. 
 
 propitius, -a, -um, [prope], adj., 
 favorable, well-disposed ; gracious, 
 kind. 
 
 propius, see prope. 
 
 propono, -p5nere, -posui, propos- 
 itus, [pro + pond], 3, put forth, 
 
PROPONTIS 
 
 93 
 
 PROXIMUS 
 
 set forth; propose, offer; pre- 
 scribe ; declare, relate ; resolve, 
 determine. 
 
 Propontis, -idis, [Upoirovrls], f., 
 the Propontis, a sea between the 
 Euxine Sea and the Thracian 
 Bosphorus, now called the Sea of 
 Marmora. 
 
 propositum, -I, [propono], n., 
 plan, design, purpose ; subject, 
 theme. 
 
 proprius, -a, -um, adj., not com- 
 mon with others, own, special, 
 private ; lasting, constant. As 
 subst, proprium, -I, n., one's ozan. 
 
 propter, prep, with ace., near, next 
 to ; on account of. 
 
 propugnaculum, -I, [propiignd], 
 n., bulwark, rampart, defence. 
 
 propugnator, -oris, [propugno], 
 m., defender, soldier. 
 
 prorumpo, -ere, prorupi, pro- 
 ruptus, [pro -f.rumpo], 3, break 
 forth, rush forth, make an attack. 
 
 proscribo, -scribere, proscripsi, 
 proscriptus, [pro + scribo], 3, 
 make public ; publish, announce ; 
 offer for sale ; outlazu, proscribe. 
 
 proscriptio, -onis, [proscribo], 
 f. , notice of sale ; proscription, 
 confiscation. 
 
 proscriptus, -1, [proscribo], m., 
 outlazu, proscribed person. 
 
 prosequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 [pro + sequor], 3, dep., follow, 
 accompany, attend; chase, pursue. 
 
 Proserpina, -ae, f., Proserpina, 
 the Latin form of Persephone, 
 wife of Pluto and queen of the 
 lower world. 
 
 prospere, [prosperus], adv., ac- 
 cording to hope, favorably, pro- 
 pitiously, successfully. 
 
 prosperus, -a, -um, [pro -f spies] 
 
 adj., according to hope ; favorable, 
 fortunate, prosperous ; propitious, 
 of good omen. 
 
 prosperitas, -atis, [pr5sperus], 
 f., good-fortune, success, prosperity. 
 valetudinis prosperitas, vigorous 
 health. 
 
 prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, pro- 
 spectus, [pro + specid], 3, look 
 forward, look out, look ; watch, be 
 on the zuatch ; look out for, take 
 care of. 
 
 prosterno, -sternere, prostravi, 
 prdstratus, [pro + sterno], 3, 
 strew before; cast dozvn, over- 
 throzv ; ruin, destroy. 
 
 prosum, prSdesse, profui, [pro + 
 sum], irr., be useful, do good ; 
 benefit, profit. 
 
 protinus, adv., right on, onward ; 
 continuously ; immediately, at once. 
 
 prout, [pro + ut], conj., according 
 as, just as, as. 
 
 provectus, part, of prdvehd. 
 
 proveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus, 
 [pro + vehd], 3, carry forward. 
 aetate prSvectus, advanced in 
 years. 
 
 provideo, -videre, -vidi, -visus, 
 [pro + videS], 2, see in advance ; 
 see to, care for ; make ready, pro- 
 vide, prepare. 
 
 provincia, ^ae, f., office, charge ; 
 province, government of a terri- 
 tory outside of Italy by a magis- 
 trate of Rome; also the territory 
 itself. 
 
 proximus, -a, -um, [prope], adj., 
 nearest, next ; of time, latest, last ; 
 next, following. As subst. , prox- 
 imum, -i, n., neighborhood, vicin- 
 ity, in proximo, ex proximo, 
 near by, close at hand, proximi, 
 -5rum, m. pi., the bystanders. 
 
PRUDENS 
 
 94 
 
 PYRENAEUS 
 
 prudens. -entis, comp. pruden- 
 tior, sup. prudentissimus, [for 
 prdvidens, part, of provided], 
 adj.. foreseeing, knowing ; skilful, 
 experienced, prudent, clever, intel- 
 ligent. 
 
 prudentia, -ae, [prudens], f., 
 foresight ; acquaintance, knowl- 
 edge, skill; good sense. 
 
 PrQsias, or Priisia, -ae, m., Pru- 
 sias, a king of Bithynia, with whom 
 Hannibal took refuge. 
 
 Ptolemaeus, -i, [n-roXeyacuos], m., 
 Ptolemaeus, Ptolemy, the name of 
 several kings of Egypt. In this 
 book are mentioned : 
 (i) Ptolemy I., son of Lagus, one 
 
 of Alexander's generals. 
 (2) Ptole?ny Ceraunus, son of 
 Ptolemy I., who became king of 
 Macedonia in 280 B.C., but lost 
 his life in battle the next year. 
 
 publice, [piiblicus], adv., publicly, 
 in the name of the state, for the 
 state, by the state. 
 
 publico, -are, -avi, -atus, [publi- 
 cus], I, open to the public, make 
 public, confiscate ; publish. 
 
 piiblicus, -a, -um, [cf. pubes], 
 adj., of the people, of the state, 
 public, common. As subst, pub- 
 licum, -1, n., public place ; pos- 
 sessions of the state, public treasury. 
 
 Publius, -i, m., Publius, a Roman 
 forename. 
 
 pudeo, -ere, pudui or puditum 
 est, 2, be ashamed, make ashamed. 
 Usually impers., pudet, -ere, pu- 
 duit or puditum est, it makes 
 ashamed, as in me pudet, / am 
 ashamed. 
 
 puer, pueri, m., male child, boy, 
 young man, usually until seven- 
 teen ; slave. 
 
 puerilis, -e, [puer], adj., boyish, 
 youthful ; childish, trivial, silly. 
 
 pueritia, -ae, [puer], f., boyhood, 
 childhood, youth. See puer. 
 
 puenilus, -i, [dim. of puer], m., 
 little boy, little slave. 
 
 pugna, -ae, f., hand to hand fight, 
 battle ; dispute, quarrel. 
 
 pugnantes, -ium, [part, of pujno], 
 m. pi., fighters, warriors. 
 
 ptigno, -are, -avi, -atus, [pugna], 
 I, fight, contend ; oppose, resist, 
 struggle with. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beau- 
 tiful, fair, handsome ; excellent, 
 noble, illustrious. 
 
 pulcbre, [pulcher], adv., beauti- 
 fully, excellently, well. 
 
 pullulo, -are, -avi, -atus, [pul- 
 lus], I, sprout, shoot, come forth. 
 
 pulvinar, -aris, [pulvinus], n., 
 couch of the gods, a cushioned seat 
 spread at the feast of the gods 
 before their statues; feast of the 
 gods. 
 
 pulvinus, -i, m., cushion, bolster, 
 pillow. 
 
 puppis, -is, f., hinder part of a 
 ship, stern ; ship. 
 
 pus, piiris, n., matter, pus. 
 
 puto. -are, -avi, -atus, 1, cleanse ; 
 reckon, value; consider, judge, 
 think, suppose. 
 
 Pydna. -ae, [IluSva], f., Pydna, a 
 city of Macedonia, in Pieria on 
 the Thermaic Gulf, the scene of 
 the defeat of Perseus, king of Ma- 
 cedonia, by the Romans in 168 B.C. 
 
 Pylaemenes, -is, [nvXat/i^s], 
 m., Pylaemenes, king of Paphla- 
 gonia at the time of the Trojan war. 
 
 Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., Pyre- 
 naean. Pyrenaeus saltus, the 
 Pyrenees. 
 
PYRRHUS 
 
 95 
 
 QUANTUM 
 
 Pyrrhus, -I, m., Pyrrhus, king of 
 Epirus; one of the greatest gen- 
 erals of antiquity. In 280 B.C. he 
 was called to the aid of the Taren- 
 tines, who had become involved in 
 a war with the Romans. After 
 two victories he was defeated at 
 Beneventum and compelled to 
 leave Italy. He was killed in 
 272 B.C., while storming Argos. 
 
 Pythagoreus, -a, -um, adj., Py- 
 thagorean, of Pythagoras. As 
 subst., Pythagoreus, -1, m., Py- 
 thagorean, follower of Pythagoras, 
 a celebrated philosopher, born in 
 Samos about 550 B.C. His philos- 
 ophy was especially popular in 
 Magna Graecia in southern Italy. 
 
 Pythia, -ae, [Ilu0ia], f., the Pythia, 
 the priestess who gave the re- 
 sponses of the oracle in the temple 
 of Apollo at Delphi. 
 
 Q. , with proper names = Quintus, 
 
 a Roman forename. 
 qua, [qui], adv., where, by what 
 
 way ; how. 
 qua, see quis. 
 quacumque, [qua + cumque], 
 
 adv., wherever, zvheresoever. 
 quadraginta, [quattuor], indecl. 
 
 num., forty. 
 quadringeni, -ae, -a, [quadrin- 
 
 genti], distr. num., four hundred 
 
 each. 
 quadringenti, -ae, -a, [quattuor 
 
 + centum], num. adj., four hun- 
 dred. 
 quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesltus, 
 
 3, seek, look for ; desire, reqitire ; 
 
 inquire, ask. 
 
 quaestio, -onis, [cf. quaerS], f., 
 
 questioning, inquiry ; judicial 
 investigation. 
 
 quaestor, -oris, [= quaesitor, 
 from quaerS], m., quaestor, the 
 name of a Roman magistrate 
 whose duties varied at different 
 periods. At first there were but 
 two quaestors each year, but the 
 number was increased from time 
 to time until it reached forty 
 under Caesar's administration. 
 At that time the quaestors were 
 engaged in the care of public 
 moneys and of military stores, 
 partly at Rome and partly in the 
 provinces. They were chosen in 
 the Comitia Tribicta, and were 
 assigned to their provinces by 
 lot. 
 
 quaestus, -us, [cf. quaero], m., 
 gaining, gain, profit, advantage. 
 
 qualis, -e, adj., inter., of what kind? 
 what kind of a ? rel., of such a 
 kind, such as, as. 
 
 quam, [cf. qui], adv., in what 
 manner, hozv, how much ; after 
 comparatives, than, rather than; 
 with superlatives, sc. possum, in 
 the highest degree, as ... as possi- 
 ble, tarn . . . quam, so . . . as. 
 quam diu, as long as. 
 
 quam diu. See quam. 
 
 quamquam, [quam + quam], 
 conj., though, although; and yet, 
 however. 
 
 quamvis, [quam + vis], conj., 
 as much as you will, however 
 much, although. 
 
 quanto, [quantus], adv., by hozv 
 much, hozv jnuch. 
 
 quantum, [quantus], adv., rel., so 
 much as, to as great an extent ; 
 inter., how much? how far ? 
 
QUANTUS 
 
 96 
 
 QUINTUS 
 
 quantus, -a, -urn, adj., rel., as 
 
 great as, as; inter., how great? 
 
 how much? As subst, quantum, 
 
 -1, n., how much? as much as. 
 
 quantus . . . tantus, as much 
 
 . . . as, as great . . . as. 
 qua re, [qua + re], adv., inter., 
 
 by what means ? whereby ? how ? 
 
 rel., by reason of which, so that ; 
 
 wherefore, therefore. 
 quartus, -a, -um, [quattuor], 
 
 num. did.)., fourth. 
 quaternl, -ae, -a, [quattuor], 
 
 distr. num., four each. 
 quattuor, indecl. n\xm., four. 
 -que, conj., enclitic, and, but. 
 quern ad modum, adv., in what 
 
 manner ? how ? 
 queo, -ire, -ivi, -Itus, irr., be able, 
 
 can. 
 querimonia, -ae, [cf. queror], f., 
 
 complaining, lamentation, lament. 
 queror, -1, questus sum, 3, dep., 
 
 express grief lament, bewail, com- 
 plain. 
 qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, inter. 
 
 adj. pron., which? what? what 
 
 kind of a? 
 qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. 
 
 pron., who, which, what, that ; 
 
 at the beginning of a clause often 
 
 best rendered by a personal or 
 
 demonstrative pronoun with or 
 
 without and or but. 
 qui, qua, quod, indef. adj. pron., 
 
 used after si, nisi, ne, and num, 
 
 any. 
 qui, [old abl. of qui], adv., inter., 
 
 in what manner? how? rel., 
 
 wherewith, wherefore, how, by 
 
 means of which. 
 quia, conj., because, since. 
 quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 
 cumque, [qui -f cumque], rel. 
 
 pron., whoever, whatever, every 
 one who, everything that. 
 
 quid, [ace. n. of quis], inter, adv., 
 how? what? quidni, why not? 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quiddam, and 
 as adj., quoddam, indef. pron., a 
 certain, somebody, something, a cer- 
 tain tnan ; pi., some, certain ones. 
 
 quidem, [qui], adv., indeed, in 
 fact ; at least, ne . . . quidem, 
 not even." 
 
 quidni, adv., see quid. 
 
 quies, -etis, f. , rest, repose, sleep ; 
 peace, respite ; inaction, neu- 
 trality. 
 
 quiesco, quiescere, quievi, quie- 
 tus, [quies], 3, rest, repose, be 
 quiet ; be inactive, make no move- 
 ment ; sleep, be asleep. 
 
 quietus, -a, -um, [part, of qui- 
 esco], adj., at rest, inactive; 
 qtiiet, peaceful. 
 
 quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet 
 and quidlibet, indef. pron., any 
 one, whom yoti will. 
 
 quin, [qui -f -ne], conj., why not? 
 but, but that, that ; often best trans- 
 lated by tvithout. quin etiam, 
 nay even, moreover. 
 
 Quinctius, -a, the name of a Roman 
 gens. See Flamininus. 
 
 quingenti, -ae, -a, [quinque -f- 
 centum], num. adj., five hundred. 
 
 quini, -ae, -a, [quinque], distr. 
 T\\xm..,five each. 
 
 qulnquagem, -ae, -a, [quinqua- 
 ginta], distr. num., fifty each. 
 
 quinquaginta, [quinque], indecl. 
 num., fifty. 
 
 quinque, indecl. num., five. 
 
 quinquiens, [quinque], num. adv., 
 five times, for the fifth time. 
 
 quintus, -a, -um, [quinque], num. 
 adj., fifth. 
 
QUIPPE 
 
 97 
 
 RARUS 
 
 quippe, adv., of course, as you see, 
 naturally ; since, for. 
 
 Quirlnalis, -e, [Quirinus], adj., 
 of Quirinus, Quirinal. As 
 subst., [sc. collis], m., the Qui- 
 rinal hill. 
 
 quis, quae, quid, inter, pron., who? 
 which one? what? 
 
 quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., often 
 after si, nisi, ne, and num, any- 
 one, any, anything. 
 
 quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, 
 [quis -f- nam], inter, pron., who 
 in the world? what in the world ? 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quic- 
 quam, [quis + quam], indef. 
 pron., any one, anybody, any- 
 thing; some one, something. 
 
 quisque. quaeque, quidque, and 
 as adj., quodque, [quis + -que], 
 indef. pron., each one, each, every, 
 everybody, everything. 
 
 quisquis, — , quicquid, and as adj., 
 quodquod, indef. pron., whoever, 
 whatever, every one who, every- 
 thing which. 
 
 quivTs, quaevis, quidvis and 
 quod vis, indef. pron., when you 
 please, any one, any whatever, 
 anything. 
 
 quo, [qui], adv. and conj. : 
 
 (i) As adv., inter., whither? to 
 what place ? rel., whither, where, 
 when ; by what, by as much as ; 
 by reason of which, wherefore ; 
 to what extent, how far ? 
 (2) As conj., that, in order that. 
 
 quoad, [quo + ad], adv. and conj., 
 as far as; till, until ; as long as, 
 while. 
 
 quod, adv. and conj. : 
 
 (1) As adv., with respect to which, 
 in what, as to what, quod si, 
 but if, and yet if. 
 
 (2) As conj., that, in that; be- 
 cause, since, for ; as to the fact 
 that, whereas. 
 
 quodam modo, adv., in a certain 
 manner, in a measure, somehow. 
 
 quod si, see quod. 
 
 quominus, [quo minus], conj., 
 that . . . not ; with verbs of hin- 
 dering and preventing, from. 
 
 quo modo. adv., in what manner ? 
 how ? 
 
 quondam, adv., at some ti?ne, at 
 one time ; once, formerly ; of the 
 future, some day, hereafter. 
 
 quoniam, [quom, old form of 
 cum, + iam], conj., since, as, 
 because, whereas. 
 
 quoquam, [quisquam], adv., to 
 any place, anywhere, whither- 
 soever. 
 
 quoque, conj., placed after the em- 
 phatic word, also, too. 
 
 quoque, abl. of qui + -que. See 
 qui. 
 
 quorsum and quorsus, [qu5, 
 versus], adv., to what place, 
 whither ? for what purpose ? for 
 what? to what end? 
 
 quotannis, [quot, annis], adv., 
 every year, annually, yearly. 
 
 quotienscumque, [quot], adv., 
 inter., how often ? how many 
 times ? rel., as often as. 
 
 radix, -icis, f., root; lower part, 
 
 foot, base; origin. 
 rapio, rap ere, rapui, raptus, 3, 
 
 seize and carry off; snatch, drag; 
 hasten, hurry ; destroy, pillage. 
 rarus, -a, -um, adj., thin, rare , 
 i >i frequent, few ; scanty, scattered. 
 
RATIO 
 
 9 8 
 
 REGIUS 
 
 ratio, -onis, [reor], f., reckoning, 
 numbering, account, calculation; 
 business ; method, plan ; regard, 
 consideration. 
 
 ratus, -a, -um, [part, of reor], 
 adj., reckoned, thought out, fixed, 
 established ' ; approved, valid. 
 
 re- or red-, inseparable particle, 
 again, back, anew. 
 
 recedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 [re- + cedo], 3, go back, retire, 
 withdraw ; desist. 
 
 recens, -entis, adj., lately arisen, 
 fresh, young, recent. 
 
 recido or reccido, -ere, rec- 
 cidi or recidi, recasurus, [re- + 
 cadd], 3, fall back, return; sink, 
 be reduced ; restdt, come out. 
 
 recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [re- + capio], 3, take back, re- 
 cover ; receive, se recipere, to 
 draw back, retreat. 
 
 reconcilio, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- 
 + concilio], 1, regain; reunite, 
 reconcile; win over again, win 
 back, conciliate. 
 
 recreo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
 creo], I, make anew, renew, 
 restore ; revive, invigorate ; en- 
 courage. 
 
 rectus, -a, -um, [part, of rego], 
 adj., in a straight line, straight, 
 direct ; right, correct, proper ; 
 just, upright. 
 
 recumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, — , 
 [re- + cumbo], 3, lie down again, 
 lie dozun, recline. 
 
 recupero, -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. 
 cupio], 1, get back, regain, recover. 
 
 reciiso, -are, -avi, -atus, [re-, 
 causa], 1, make objection to ; 
 decline, refuse. 
 
 reddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [red- 
 -f do], 3, give back, restore ; rep- 
 
 resent, imitate; pay back; make 
 to be, render ; stir render ; give 
 up; hand over, deliver. 
 
 redeo, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [red -+ eo], 
 irr., go back, return , come in, 
 arise, be received. 
 
 redigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, 
 [red- + ag5], 3, drive back, force 
 back, bring back; bring, reduce, 
 force. 
 
 redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, 
 [red- + emo], 3, buy back, re- 
 deem ; ransom ; buy, purchase, 
 procure. 
 
 reditus, -us, [cf. redeo], m., going 
 back, return; income, rezenue. 
 
 redtico, -diicere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 [re- + duco], 3, lead back, escort 
 back, accompany ; bring off ; bring 
 back, restore ; reduce. 
 
 refero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus, [re- 4- 
 fero], irr., bear back, bring ; raise, 
 bear off, recover; return, pay 
 back, requite ; ascribe, refer, 
 attribute; relate, repeat, recount, 
 tell. 
 
 reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [re- 
 4- faci5], 3, make again, recon- 
 struct, repair, refit ; recruit, 
 reinforce. 
 
 refreno, -are, — , — , [re- 4- frend], 
 I, bridle, check ; control. 
 
 refringo, -ere, refregi, refractus, 
 [re- 4- frango], 3, break up, break 
 open ; destroy. 
 
 refugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , [re- + 
 fugio], 3, flee back, flee for refuge ; 
 avoid, shun. 
 
 regia, -ae, [regius], f., royal pal- 
 ace, castle. 
 
 regio, -onis, [cf. rego], f., direc- 
 tion, line ; boundary line ; quarter, 
 region, country. 
 
 regius, -a, -um, [rex], adj., of a 
 
REGNO 
 
 99 
 
 REPO 
 
 king, king's, kingly, royal ; mag- 
 nificent. As subst., regii, -orum, 
 m. pi., the king's troops; the sa- 
 traps. 
 
 regno, -are, -avi, -atus, [reg- 
 num] , I , have royal power, rule, 
 be king ; be lord, be supreme. 
 
 regnurn, -I, [cf. rex], n., kingly 
 government, royalty ; dominion, 
 sovereignty, sway , kingdom, state. 
 
 rego, -ere, rexi, rectus, 3, keep 
 straight, guide, direct, * control ; 
 nvay, rule. 
 
 relatus, part, of refer 6. 
 
 relictus, part, of relinquo. 
 
 religio, -onis, [re-, cf. legd], f., 
 sense of right, moral obligation, 
 duty ; religious scruple; fear of 
 the gods; religion, worship ; re- 
 ligious liability. 
 
 religiose, [religiosus] , adv., con- 
 scientiously, exactly, carefully. 
 
 relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictus, 
 [re- + linquo], 3, leave behind; 
 leave, desert; bequeath. 
 
 reliquiae, -arum, [cf. relinquo], 
 f. pi., what is left, remnant, 
 rest. 
 
 reliquus, -a, -um, [cf. relinquo], 
 adj., remaining, rest, rest of. As 
 subst., reliquum, -i, n., remainder, 
 rest. 
 
 remaneo, -ere, remansi, — , [re- 
 + maneo] , 2, stay behind, remain ; 
 endure, last ; continue to be. 
 
 remedium, -i, n., that which re- 
 stores health, cure, remedy, medi- 
 cine ; help, assistance. 
 
 remex, remigis, [remus, cf. ago], 
 m., rower, oarsman. 
 
 remigro, -are, -avi, — , [re- + 
 migro], 1, journey back, go back, 
 return. 
 
 xeminiscor, -i, — , [re-, cf. mem- 
 
 ini], 3, dep., recall to mind, re- 
 collect, remember. 
 
 remissus, -a, -um, [part, of re- 
 mitt5], adj., slack, loose; negli- 
 gent, remiss. 
 
 remitto, -ere, remisi, remissus, 
 [re + mitt6], 3, let go back, send 
 back, cause to return ; throw back ; 
 yield, give up ; re?7iit, grant 
 exemption from, calces remit- 
 tere, to kick. 
 
 remotus, -a, -um, [part, of remo- 
 veo], adj., removed, distant, re- 
 mote ; disconnected, alien, apart. 
 
 removeo, -ere, removi, remotus, 
 [re- + moveo], 2, move back, 
 zvithdraw, remove, drive away ; 
 deprive. 
 
 renovo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
 novo], I, renew, restore, repeat ; 
 revive. 
 
 renuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- 
 -f nuntio], 1, bring back word, 
 announce, report. 
 
 reor, reri, ratus sum, 2, dep., 
 reckon, believe, think, suppose. 
 
 repello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 [re- + pello], 3, drive back, re- 
 ject, repulse. 
 
 repente, [repens], adv., suddenly, 
 unexpectedly. 
 
 repentinus, -a, -um, [repens], 
 adj., sudden, hasty, tinexpected. 
 
 reperio, reperire, repperi or re- 
 peri, repertus, 4, find again, 
 meet with ; discover, find, find to 
 be; learn. 
 
 repeto, -ere, -ivi, -itus, [re- + 
 peto], 3, fall back on, attack 
 anew ; demand back, return to. 
 res repetere, to demand restitu- 
 tion. 
 
 repo, repere, repsi, reptus, 3, 
 creep, crawl. 
 
REPONO 
 
 IOO 
 
 REVERTO 
 
 repSnS, -ere, reposui, repositus, 
 [re- + pond], 3, //// back, replace, 
 
 re-store ; renew ; lay up, reckon ; 
 
 reprehendo, -ere, reprehend!, 
 reprehensus, [re- + prehendo], 
 
 3, hold fast, seize, catch; Maine, 
 reprove ; prosecute, condemn. 
 
 reprimS, -ere, repress!, repressus, 
 [re- + premo], 3, press back, 
 keep back; check, limit, confine, 
 repress. 
 
 repudiS, -are, -avl, -atus, 1, cast 
 off, reject, scorn, repudiate. 
 
 repugnS, -are, -avl, -atus, [re- + 
 pugno], 1, fight back, oppose, 
 resist, defend oneself against. 
 
 repulsa, -ae, [repello], f., rejec- 
 tion, refusal, repulse ; defeat at 
 the polls. 
 
 reputS, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -f 
 puto], I, count over, reckon, cal- 
 culate ; meditate, reflect on. 
 
 reqmrS, -qulrere, -quisivi, -quisi- 
 tus, [re- + quaeroj, 3, seek again, 
 look after, seek ; ask, demand ; in- 
 quire, seek to know ; look in vain 
 for, miss. 
 
 res, rei, f., thing, object, matter; 
 affair, event; circumstance, con- 
 dition, property, possessions ; state, 
 commonwealth, res piiblica, the 
 commonwealth, republic ; public 
 life, re vera, indeed, in truth. 
 
 resacro, -are, — , — , [re- + sa- 
 cro], I, release from a curse. 
 
 rescinds, -ere, rescidi, rescissUs, 
 [re- -f scindo], 3, cut off, cut 
 loose, cut down ; renew, expose ; 
 annul, repeal. 
 
 resclsco, -sciscere, -scivl or -scii, 
 -scitus, [re- + scisco], 3, learn, 
 find out. 
 
 reservo, -are, -avl, -atus, [re- + 
 
 servo], 1, keep back, reserve; 
 retain, preserve. 
 
 residS. -sidere, -sedi, — , [re- + 
 sido], 3, sit down, settle; sink; 
 grow calm, subside. 
 
 resists, -sistere, -stiti, — , 3, stand 
 back ; "remain standing, halt, stop, 
 stand still ; resist, oppose. 
 
 respicio, -ere, respexi, respectus, 
 [re- + specio], 3, look back, look 
 back upon, gaze at, contemplate ; 
 consider, respect. 
 
 respondeo, -ere, respond!, re- 
 sponsus, [re- + spondeo], 2, 
 answer, reply ; correspond, agree. 
 
 responsum, -i, [respondeo], n., 
 answer, reply, response ; response 
 of oracle. 
 
 res piiblica, see res. 
 
 restituo, -ere, -ul, -utus, [re- + 
 statuo], 3, set up again, replace, 
 rebuild; restore; remedy; rein- 
 state; save. 
 
 retards, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -f 
 tardo], 1, keep back, delay, im- 
 pede, retard ; repress, check. 
 
 rete, -is, n., net ; toil, snare. 
 
 retineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, 
 [re- + teneo], 2, hold back, keep, 
 detain, retain, restrain; preserve, 
 maintain. 
 
 retraho, -ere, retraxl, retractus, 
 [re- + traho], 3, draw back, call 
 back, drag back; remove, divert, 
 turn. 
 
 reus, -a, -urn, adj., concerned in, 
 party to an action; accused, ar- 
 raigned; ansiverable, responsible. 
 As subst., reus, -i, m., defendant, 
 accused, prisoiier. aliquem reum 
 facere, to accuse any one. 
 
 re vera, see res. 
 
 reverts, -ere, -ti, — , see re- 
 verter. 
 
REVERTOR 
 
 IOI 
 
 SACRILEGIUM 
 
 revertor, -1, reversus sum, perf. 
 usually reverti, (from reverto), 
 [re- -f vertd], 3, dep., turn back, 
 return, come hack ; revert, recur. 
 
 revoco, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
 voco], 1, call again, call back, 
 recall ; call off. 
 
 rex, regis, m., arbitrary ruler, 
 monarchy ki)ig. 
 
 rhapsodia, -ae, ipaxpwUa], f, 
 rhapsody ; of the Iliad, book. 
 
 rhetor, -oris, [p-^rwp], m., teacher 
 of oratory, rhetorician, orator. 
 
 Rhodanus, -i, m., the Rhone, a 
 river flowing through southeastern 
 Gaul into the Mediterranean. 
 
 Rhodius, -a, -um, adj., Rhodian, 
 of Rhodes, an important island 
 lying south of the western part of 
 Asia Minor. It was famous for 
 its schools of rhetoric, and for 
 its prominence in naval affairs. 
 As subst, Rhodius, -1, m., Rho- 
 dian, inhabitant of Rhodes. 
 
 risus, -us, [rideo], m., laughing, 
 laughter ; object of laughter. 
 
 robur, -oris, n., hard wood, oak ; 
 hardness, strength, vigor ; best 
 part, flower. 
 
 robustus, -a, -um, [robur], adj., 
 of oak wood, oaken ; strong, hardy, 
 robust. 
 
 rogatus, -us, [rogo], only found 
 in the abl. sing., m., request, 
 entreaty. 
 
 rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, ask, 
 question ; beg, request, solicit. 
 
 Roma, -ae, f., Rome, 
 
 Romanus, -a, -um, adj., of Rome, 
 Roman. As subst., Romanus, -1, 
 m., Roman. 
 
 Romulus, -i, m., Romulus, the 
 mythical founder and first king 
 of Rome. 
 
 rostrum, -i, [rodo, gnaw'], n., 
 beak, bill; ship's beak. 
 
 ruber, -bra, -brum, adj., red. 
 Rubrum Mare, the Red Sea, a 
 name applied to the Arabian and 
 Persian gulfs. 
 
 rudis, -e, adj., unwr ought, rough, 
 raw, wild ; unpolished, unculti- 
 vated, ignorant. 
 
 rumor, -oris, m., murmur ; com- 
 mon talk, report, hearsay, rumor ; 
 fame, reputation. 
 
 rursus or rursum, [=revorsus 
 or revorsum], adv., turned back, 
 back; on the contrary, again, 
 anew, once more. 
 
 riisticus, -a, -um, [rus], adj., of 
 the country, rustic, rural, country. 
 
 S., with proper names = Sextus, 
 a Roman forename. 
 
 Sabinus, -a, -um, adj., of the Sa- 
 bines, Sabine. As subst., Sa- 
 bini, -orum, m. pi., the Sabines, 
 a people dwelling in central Italy 
 north of Latium. 
 
 sacellum, -i, [sacrum], n., little 
 sanctuary, shrine, chapel. 
 
 sacer, -era, -crum, adj., dedicated, 
 consecrated, sacred, devoted ; for- 
 feited, accursed. Used as subst., 
 see sacrum. 
 
 sacerdos, -dtis, [sacer], m. and 
 f., priest, priestess. 
 
 sacrarium, -i, [sacrum], n., shrine, 
 sanctuary, chapel. 
 
 sacrifico, -are, -avi, -atus, [sacer, 
 cf. facio] , 1 , offer sacrifice, sacrifice. 
 
 sacrilegium, -i, [sacrilegus], n., 
 robbing of a shrine ; violation of 
 sacred things, profanation, sacri- 
 
SACRILEGUS 
 
 [02 
 
 SAPIENTIA 
 
 sacrilegus, -a, -um, [sacer, cf. 
 lego], adj., temple-robbing, sacri- 
 legious. As subst., sacrilegus, -I, 
 m., plunderer of shrines ; impious 
 man. 
 
 sacrum, -l, [sacer], n., something 
 sacred, holy thing; sacred vessel ; 
 pi., divine ivorship, religious 
 rites. 
 
 saepe, comp. saepius, sup. sae- 
 pissime, adv., often, frequently. 
 
 saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptus, 
 [saepes], 4, surround with a 
 hedge, hedge in, enclose ; fortify, 
 guard, protect. 
 
 sagacitas, -atis, [sagax], f., keen- 
 ness, acuteness ; shreivdness, sa- 
 gacity. 
 
 Saguntus, -1, f., or Saguntum, 
 -1, n., Saguntum, a town in the 
 eastern part of Spain, near the 
 coast, the capture of which by 
 Hannibal led to the second Punic 
 war. 
 
 sal, salis, n., salt water, the sea; 
 shreivdness, wit; good taste, ele- 
 gance. 
 
 Salaminius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Salamis, at Salamis. 
 
 Salamis, -inis, [SaXa^fs], f. , 
 Salamis, an island in the Saronic 
 Gulf, not far from Athens, the 
 scene of the defeat of the Persian 
 fleet in 480 B.C. 
 
 salto, -are, -avi, -situs, [freq. of 
 salid], 1, dance. 
 
 saltuosus, -a, -um, [saltus], adj., 
 covered with forest, well-wooded, 
 woody. 
 
 saltus, -us, m., forest, woodland, 
 forest-pasture ; glen, glade ; moun- 
 tain pass. 
 
 salum. -i, only in ace. and abl. sing, 
 n., open sea, deep ; the sea. 
 
 salus, -utis, f., soundness, health, 
 vigor ; prosperity, safety. 
 
 salutaris, -e, [salus], adj., health- 
 ful; beneficial, advantageous, use- 
 ful. 
 
 salvus, -a, -um, adj., in good health, 
 well, sound, safe. 
 
 Samos, -i, [Sd/xos], f., Samos, an 
 island, with a city of the same 
 name, on the west coast of Asia 
 Minor, opposite Ephesus. 
 
 Samothracia, -ae, [Sa^oflpa/c?;], 
 f. , Samothrace, an island in the 
 northern part of the Aegean Sea, 
 opposite the mouth of the Hebrus. 
 
 sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctus, 4, 
 make sacred, retider inviolable ; 
 decree, ordain. 
 
 sancte, comp. sanctius, sup. sanc- 
 tissime, [sanctus], adv., sol- 
 emnly, conscientiously, purely. 
 
 sanctitas, -atis, [sanctus], f., 
 inviolability, sac redness ; holiness, 
 purity ; integrity, honor. 
 
 sanctus, -a, -um, comp. sanctior, 
 sup. sanctissimus, [part, of 
 sancio], adj., sacred; pure, holy ; 
 upright. 
 
 sanguis, -inis, m., . blood, blood- 
 shed ; race, stock, family. 
 
 sand, -are, -avi, -atus, [sanus], 
 1, make sound, heal, cure. 
 
 sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, whole, 
 healthy ; sane, sensible. 
 
 sapiens, -entis, [part, of sapio, 
 taste of~\, adj., wise, knowing, 
 sensible, discreet. As subst., m., 
 discreet person, man of sense, wise 
 ma n, sage. 
 
 sapienter, [sapiens], adv., sensi- 
 bly, wisely, discreetly. 
 
 sapientia, -ae. [sapiens], i.,good 
 
 . taste, prudence, wtelligence ; wis- 
 dom. 
 
SARDIS 
 
 103 
 
 SCRIBO 
 
 Sardis or Sardes, -ium, [ZdpSeis], 
 f. pi., Sardis or Sardes, the capital 
 of Lydia in western Asia Minor. 
 
 Sardinia, -ae, f., Sardinia, a large 
 island in the Mediterranean, west 
 of the southern part of Italy. 
 
 Sardiniensis, -e. adj., of Sardinia, 
 Sardinian. As subst., Sardini- 
 ensis, -is, m., inhabitant of Sar- 
 dinia, Sardinian. 
 
 sarmentum, -i, n., twig, fagot; 
 pi., brushwood, fagots. 
 
 satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant, 
 follower, courtier. 
 
 satietas, -atis, [satis], f., suffi- 
 ciency, abundance ; satiety, weari- 
 ness. 
 
 satis, adj., n., indecl., enough, suf- 
 ficient, satisfactory. As subst., 
 enough, sufficiency. As adv., 
 enough, sufficiently, quite, "wholly, 
 tolerably, somewhat. Comp. satius, 
 better, preferable. 
 
 satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factus, 
 [satis + facio], 3, give satisfac- 
 tion, satisfy, content. 
 
 satius, see satis. 
 
 satrapes, -is, or satrapa, -ae, 
 [a a.T parr 77s], m., governor of a 
 province, satrap. 
 
 saucius, -a, -urn, adj., wounded, 
 hurt ; ill, sick. 
 
 Saufeius, -i, m., Saufeius, gentile 
 name of L. Saufeius, a friend of 
 Atticus. 
 
 scaena, -ae, [o-K-qv-f)], f., stage of a 
 theatre. 
 
 scapha, -ae, \jTKa.<pr\\ , f. , light boat, 
 skiff. 
 
 sceleratus, -a, -um, [cf. scelus], 
 adj., polluted, profaned, defiled; 
 impious, wicked, accursed, guilty. 
 
 scelus, -eris, n., wicked deed, 
 crime, sin, wickedness. 
 
 sceptrum, -i, [(TKijirTpov], n., royal 
 staff, sceptre. 
 
 sciens, part, of scid. 
 
 scienter, [sciens], adv., know- 
 ingly, intelligently, skilfully, 
 expertly. 
 
 scilicet, [scire licet], adv., you 
 may know, of course, forsooth, 
 evidently. 
 
 scio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, 4, know, 
 know how ; understand, per- 
 ceive. 
 
 Scipio, -onis, m., [scipio, staff], 
 Scipio, the name of a very dis- 
 tinguished family of the Corne- 
 lian gens. In this book are 
 mentioned : 
 
 (1) P. Cornelius Scipio, consul in 
 218 B.C., defeated by Hannibal 
 at the Ticinus and at the Tre- 
 bia; he was killed in battle 
 with the Carthaginians in Spain 
 in 212 B.C. 
 
 (2) P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- 
 mis, son of the preceding; he 
 ended the second Punic war 
 by defeating Hannibal at Zama, 
 B.C. 202. 
 
 (3) P. Cornelius Scipio or Scipio 
 Cornelius, father-in-law of Pom- 
 pey. He was adopted by 
 Q. Metellus Pius and thereafter 
 known as Q. Caecilius Metellus 
 Pius Scipio. He was consul in 
 52 B.C. 
 
 scitum, -1, [scisco], n., ordi- 
 nance, decree. 
 
 scopulosus, -a, -um, [scopulus, 
 rock], adj., full of rocks, rocky, 
 craggy. 
 
 scriba, -ae, [cf. scribo], m., scribe, 
 clerk, secretary. 
 
 scribo, scribere, scrips!, scri- 
 ptus, 3, scratch, engrave; write. 
 
SCRIPTOR 
 
 I04 
 
 SENA 
 
 scrlptor, -oris, [scribo], m., one 
 who writes, scribe, copyist, clerk; 
 author, narrator. 
 
 scriptum, -1, [scribo], n., writing, 
 manuscript. 
 
 scrip tiira, -ae, [scribo], f., writing; 
 composition, work, book. 
 
 scrutor, -arl, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 search carefully, examine, search. 
 
 scutum, -1, n., shield; protection. 
 
 Scyrus, -I, [Znvpos'], f., Scyrus, an 
 island in the Aegean Sea. 
 
 Scythes, -ae, [S/cMfys], m., a Scy- 
 thian, inhabitant of Scythia, a 
 large country lying northeast of 
 the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Scythissa, -ae, f., a Scythian 
 woman. 
 
 se, ace. and abl. of sui. 
 
 se or sed, [abl. of sui], prep., used 
 mostly in composition, apart, away 
 from. 
 
 secundus, -a, -um, [sequor], adj., 
 following, next, second ; secondary, 
 inferior ; favorable, fortunate. 
 
 securus, -a, -um, [se -f cura], 
 adj., free from care, unconcerned, 
 quiet, easy ; safe, secure. 
 
 secus, indecl. n., found only in ad- 
 verbial ace, sex. 
 
 secus, adv., otherwise, differently. 
 
 sed, conj., but, on the contrary ; 
 but also, but even. 
 
 sedecim, [sex + decern], indecl. 
 num., sixteen. 
 
 sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus, 2, sit, 
 remain sitting; preside, hold 
 court, be encamped ; be established. 
 
 seditio, -onis, [sed + eo], f., going 
 aside; dissension, civil discord, 
 rebellion; strife, quarrel. 
 
 sedo, -are, -avl, -atus, [cf. sedeo], 
 I, bring to rest, end, stop ; still, 
 calm, appease ; refresh. 
 
 segnis, -e, comp. segnior, sup. 
 segnissimus, adj., slow, tardy, 
 inactive, lazy. 
 
 seguiter, comp. segnius, adv., 
 slowly, slothfully, lazily. 
 
 segrego, -are, -avl, -atus, [se -f 
 grego, from grex], 1, separate 
 from the flock; part, remove, 
 separate. 
 
 seiunctus, -a, -um, part, of se- 
 iungo. 
 
 seiungo, -ere, seiunxl, seiunc- 
 tus, [se -f iungo], 3, separate, 
 divide. 
 
 Seleucus, -I, [ZAeu/cos], m., Se- 
 leucus, surnamed Nicator, ' the 
 Victorious,' one of Alexander's 
 generals. After Alexander's 
 
 death he became king of Syria 
 and founder of the dynasty of 
 the Seleucidae. 
 
 sella, -ae, [sedeo], f., seat, chair. 
 
 semel, num. adv., once x once for all. 
 
 semi-, prep., used only in compo- 
 sition, half, semi-. 
 
 semianimis, [semi- + anima], 
 adj., half-alive, half dead. 
 
 semivivus, -a, -um, [semi- + 
 vlvus], adj., half-alive, half-dead, 
 nearly dead. 
 
 semper, adv., ahvays, continually, 
 forever. 
 
 Sempronius, -a, the name of a 
 Roman gens. In this book are 
 mentioned : 
 
 (1) Ti. Sempronius Longus, con- 
 sul in 218 B.C.; together with 
 Scipio he was defeated by Han- 
 nibal at the river Trebia. 
 
 (2) Ti. Senip7'dnius Gracchus, 
 consul in 213 B.C., slain in bat- 
 tle with the Carthaginians. 
 
 Sena, -ae, f., Sena, a town in 
 Umbria in northeastern Italy, near 
 
SENATUS 
 
 I05 
 
 SERVIO 
 
 which Hasdrubal was defeated 
 and killed in 207 B.C. 
 
 senatus, -us, [senex], m., council 
 of elders, senate, senatus con- 
 sultum, decree of the senate. 
 
 senecttis, -utis, [senex], f., old 
 age. 
 
 senesco, senescere, senui, — , 
 [inch, of seneo], 3, grew old, 
 become aged ; grow weak, decline. 
 
 senex, senis, comp. senior, adj., 
 old, aged, advanced in years. As 
 subst., m., old man. Comp. 
 as subst., senior, -oris, m., elder, 
 elderly man. 
 
 seni, -ae, -a, [sex], distr. num., 
 six each. 
 
 senior, -oris, comp. of senex. 
 
 sensus, -us, [cf. sentio], m., per- 
 ceiving, feeling, sensation, sense ; 
 opinion, view, notion, inclination ; 
 taste. 
 
 sententia, -ae, [cf. sentio], f., 
 way of thinking, opinion, judg- 
 ment, will, desire ; thought, ptir- 
 pose ; sentence, saying, sentiment ; 
 vote. 
 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, 4, dis- 
 cern by sense, feel; hear, see, 
 perceive; think, be of opinion, 
 believe; agree in opinion. 
 
 separatim, [separatus], adv., 
 asunder, apart, separately. 
 
 separatus, -a, -urn, [part, of se- 
 pard], adj., separated, separate, 
 several, distinct, different. 
 
 sepelio, -ire, sepelivi, sepultus, 
 4, bury, inter ; ruin, overwhelm, 
 destroy. 
 
 septem, indecl. num., seven. 
 
 septemtriones, -um, m. pi., the 
 seven stars of the Great Bear, 
 Wain, or Dipper; by metonymy, 
 the north. 
 
 septimus, -a, -um, [septem], num. 
 adj., seventh. 
 
 septingenti, -ae, -a, [septem -f 
 centum], num. adj., seven hun- 
 dred. 
 
 septuagesimus, -a, -um, [septua- 
 ginta], num. adj., seventieth. 
 
 septuaginta, indecl. num., seventy. 
 
 sepulcrum, -i, [cf. sepelio], n., 
 burial-place, grave, tomb, sepul- 
 chre. 
 
 sequens, -entis, [part, of sequor] , 
 adj., to follow, following ; later. 
 
 sequor, -i, secutus sum, 3, dep., 
 follow, attend ; come ajler, come 
 next ; pursue ; follow, comply 
 with, adopt, conform to. 
 
 Ser., with proper names = Servius, 
 a Roman forename. 
 
 serius, -a, -um, [for severius, 
 from severus], adj., grave, earn- 
 est, serious. As subst., seria, 
 -6rum, n. pi., serious matters, 
 serious discourse. 
 
 sermo, -onis, m., speech, talk, con- 
 versation ; utterance, remark ; 
 discussion; language, speech. 
 
 sero, comp. serius, adv., late, at a 
 late hour ; too late. 
 
 sero, serere, — , sertus, 3, bind 
 together, interweave ; join, connect. 
 
 serpens, -entis, [part, of serpo, 
 crawl~\, m., serpent, snake. 
 
 sertus, part, of sero. 
 
 Servilius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens. In this book are mentioned : 
 
 (1) Cn. Servilius Geminus, con- 
 sul in 217 B.C., killed at Cannae. 
 
 (2) Servilia, -ae, {., the mother 
 of M. Junius Brutus. 
 
 servio, -ire, -ivi, -Itus, [servus], 
 4, be a servant, be enslaved, serve ; 
 be devoted, labor for, aim at; 
 comply with, conform. 
 
SERVITUS 
 
 1 06 
 
 SIMULACRUM 
 
 servitus, -utis, [servus], f., 
 shivery, servitude. 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, make 
 safe, save, preserve, guard. 
 
 servulus, -1, [dim. of servus J, m., 
 young slave, slave. 
 
 servus, -1, m., slave, servant, serf. 
 
 sestertius, -a, -um, [semis, ter- 
 tius], adj., two and a half As 
 subst, sestertius, -i, gen. pi., 
 sestertium, m., (originally sc. 
 nummus), a sesterce, a small 
 silver coin, originally 2\ asses, = 
 4^0 cents. With num. ad vs., ses- 
 tertium, ace. n. (= centena 
 milia sestertium) , is understood; 
 e.g. centiens sestertium, ten 
 million sesterces. 
 
 Sestus, -i, [St^o-tos], f., Sestus, a 
 town on the eastern coast of the 
 Thracian Chersonesus, opposite 
 Abydus. 
 
 setius, [for sectius, from seco, 
 cuf\, adv. comp., less, in a less 
 degree. 
 
 seu, see slve. 
 
 Seuthes, -is, [2eu07js], m., Seu- 
 thes, name of a Thracian king, a 
 friend of Alcibiades. 
 
 severe, comp. severius, sup. se- 
 verissime, [severus], adv., 
 gravely, seriously, severely. 
 
 severities, -atis, [severus], f., 
 seriousness, sternness, strictness, 
 severity. 
 
 severus, -a, -um, adj., serious, 
 sober, grave, stem ; gloomy. 
 
 sex, indecl. num., six. 
 
 sexagenl, -ae, -a, [sexaginta], 
 distr. num., sixty each. 
 
 sexaginta, [sex], indecl. num., 
 sixty. 
 
 sextus, -a, -um, [sex], num. adj., 
 sixth. 
 
 sexus, -us, only found in the gen. 
 and abl. sing., m., sex. 
 
 si, conj., if, since, when, whether ; 
 would that. 
 
 sibi, see sul. 
 
 sic, adv., thus, in this way, so. 
 
 Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. 
 
 Siculus, -a, -um, adj., Sicilian. 
 As subst., Siculi, -drum, m. pi., 
 the Sicilians. 
 
 sicut, [sic ut], adv., so as, just as ; 
 as, for instance. 
 
 sido, sidere, — , — , [cf. sedeo], 3, 
 sit down ; sink, settle. 
 
 Sigeum, -i, [Sryeioi/], n., Sigeum, a 
 promontory and city in the Troad, 
 in northwestern Asia Minor. 
 
 significo, -are, -avi, -atus, [sig- 
 num, cf. facio], 1, make signs, 
 show, point out, indicate ; portend, 
 mean, signify. 
 
 signo, -are, -avi, -atus, [signum], 
 1, set a mark on, mark, designate ; 
 seal, seal up ; adorn; point out, 
 indicate. 
 
 signum, -i, n., mark, sign; mili- 
 tary standard, ensigns ; signal ; 
 seal of a letter. 
 
 Silenus, -i, [SeiX^oj], m., Silenus, 
 a Greek historian, who wrote of 
 the wars of Hannibal. 
 
 silva, -ae, f., wood, forest, woodland. 
 
 similis. -e, adj., like, resembling, 
 similar. 
 
 similitudS, -inis, [similis], f., 
 likeness, resemblance, similitude. 
 
 simplex, -icis, adj., simple, single, 
 plain, unmixed ; frank, straight- 
 forward, guileless, sincere. 
 
 simul, adv., at the same time. 
 simul atque (ac), as soon as. 
 
 simul ac, see simul. 
 
 simulacrum, -i, [simulo], n., like- 
 ness, image ; statue. 
 
 
SIMULATIO 
 
 107 
 
 SOPHROSYNE 
 
 simulatio, -onis, [simulo], f., 
 
 assumption, feigning, pretence. 
 
 simulo, -are, -avi, -atus, [simi- 
 lis], I, make like, imitate, copy ; 
 represent, pretend, feign, simulate. 
 
 simultas, -atis, [simul], f., hos- 
 tile encounter; rivalry, grudge, 
 hatred. 
 
 sin, [si -f ne], conj., if however, 
 but if. 
 
 sine, prep, with abl., without. 
 
 singularis, -e, [singuli], adj., one 
 by one, one at a time, single ; soli- 
 tary, exclusive, of one man ; re- 
 markable, unparalleled. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, adj., one at a time, 
 single, individual, separate. As 
 subst., singuli, -orum, m. pi., 
 individuals. 
 
 sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on 
 the left ; in the language of the 
 Roman augurs, favorable, auspi- 
 cious; of the Greek augurs, per- 
 verse, unlucky. 
 
 Sisinas, -ae, m., Sisinas, eldest son 
 of Datanies. 
 
 sisto. -ere, stiti, status, 3, cause 
 to stand, set, fix ; with si, stand 
 firm, endure. 
 
 situs, -a, -um, [part, of sind], adj., 
 placed, set, lying, situated ; laid 
 out; dependent. 
 
 sive or, seu conj., or if, whether. 
 sive . . . sive, or seu . . . seu, 
 whether . . . or, if . . . or if. 
 
 sobrius, -a, -um, [se + ebrius. 
 drunk'], adj., sober; moderate, 
 temperate ; sensible, pleasant. 
 
 socer, -eri, m., father-in-lazv. 
 
 socialis, -e, [socius], adj., of com- 
 panionship, of allies, allied, con- 
 federate, bellum sociale, zvar 
 with the allies, social war. 
 
 societas, -atis, [socius], f., fellow- 
 
 ship, association, society ; alliance, 
 confederacy. 
 
 socius, -i, m., fellow, partner, 
 companion, ally. 
 
 Socrates, -is, [Su/cpa-r^s], m., 
 Socrates, the celebrated Athenian 
 philosopher, born 469 B.C. He 
 was condemned to death on the 
 charge of corrupting the youth, 
 and not worshipping the gods of 
 the state, in 399 B.C. 
 
 Socraticus, -a, -um, adj., of Soc- 
 rates, Socratic. As subst., Socra- 
 ticus, -1, m., pupil of Socrates. 
 
 soleo, -ere, solitus sum, 2, semi- 
 dep., tise, be wont, be accustomed. 
 
 solitudo, -inis, [solus], f., loneli- 
 ness, solitariness ; solitude, desert, 
 wilderness ; want, destitution. 
 
 sollers, -ertis, [sollus, whole, + 
 ars], adj., skilful, clever, adroit. 
 
 sollicito, -are, -avi, -atus, [sol- 
 licitus], I, disturb, stir, move, 
 shake ; disturb ; rouse, excite. 
 
 solum, adv., alone, only, merely. 
 non solum . . . sed etiam, noC 
 only . . . but also. 
 
 solus, -a, -um, gen. s5lius, adj., 
 alone, only, single, sole; solitary,, 
 forsaken. 
 
 sohitus, part, of solvo. 
 
 solvo, -ere, solvi, sohitus, [se -f 
 luo], 3, loosen, unbind; untie, 
 let down ; unseal, open ; release ; 
 divide ; pay. navem solvere, to- 
 set sail. 
 
 somnus, -i, [cf. sSpio], m., sleep. 
 
 sonitus, -us, [cf. sonus], m... 
 noise, sound, din. 
 
 sonus, -i, m., noise, sound. 
 
 Sophrosyne, -es, [Zwfipoavvr)'], {.,, 
 Sophrosyne, daughter of Dionysius 
 the elder of Syracuse, and wife of 
 the younger Dionysius. 
 
SOPIO 
 
 08 
 
 STESAGORAS 
 
 sopio. -Ire, -ivi, -Itus, [cf. sopor], 
 4, deprive of sense, put to sleep ; 
 pass., sleep. 
 
 sopor, -oris, m., deep sleep, slumber ; 
 sleepi7ig-dra tight. 
 
 soror, -oris, f., sister. 
 
 sors, sortis, f., lot, fate, destiny, 
 decision by lot. 
 
 Sosilus, -T, [Swo-iXos], m., Sosilus, 
 a Greek historian. 
 
 Sosius, -1, m., Sosius, gentile name 
 of C. Sosius, consul in 32 B.C. 
 
 Sparta, -ae, [I.irdpTT]'], f., Sparta, 
 Lacedaemon, the capital of Laco- 
 nia, in the southeastern part of the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Spartanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sparta, 
 Spartan. As subst, Spartanus, 
 -1, m., Spartan, inhabitant of 
 Sparta. 
 
 sparus, -1, m., a small spear, with a 
 barbed head; hunting- spear. 
 
 spatium, -1, n., space, room, extent, 
 distance ; race-course, track ; space 
 of time. 
 
 species, gen. wanting, ace. -em, 
 abl. -e, f., sight, look, appear- 
 ance ; idea, notion ; semblance, 
 pretence, seeming. 
 
 specimen, -inis, [cf. species], 
 n., mark, token, proof, example, 
 sign. 
 
 spectaculum, -1, [spectS], n., 
 seat in the theatre ; show, sight, 
 spectacle ; public show. 
 
 specto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 specio], 1, look at, behold, watch, 
 observe, see ; look to, aim at ; tend, 
 incline, be directed ; jtidge. 
 
 speculator, -oris, [speculor], m., 
 lookout, spy, scout. 
 
 speculor, -arl, -atus sum, [spe- 
 cula, watch-tower~\, 1, dep., spy out, 
 watch, observe, examine; look for. 
 
 spero, -are, -avi, -atus, [spes], 
 I, hope, look for, expect. 
 
 spes, spei, f., hope, anticipation, 
 expectation. 
 
 spiritus, -us, [cf. splro], m., 
 breathing, breath ; spirit, haugh- 
 tiness, pride. 
 
 splendide, [splendidus] , adv., 
 brightly, magnificently, splendidly. 
 
 splendidus, -a, -um, comp. splen- 
 didior, sup. splendidissimus, 
 adj., bright, shining, brilliant; 
 illustrious, noble, distinguished. 
 
 splendor, -oris, m., brightness, 
 splendor ; magnificence, excel- 
 lence. 
 
 spolio, -are, -avi, -atus, [spo- 
 lium], 1, strip, bare ; rob, pillage, 
 plunder. 
 
 spons, spontis, [cf. spondeS], f., 
 only found in the abl. sing., usu- 
 ally with poss. pron. ; sponte, of 
 one's own accord, voluntarily, 
 spontaneously. 
 
 sponsalia, -ium, n. pi., betrothal, 
 espousal, wedding. 
 
 sponsor, -oris, [spondeo], m., 
 bondsman, surety, voucher. 
 
 statim, [cf. sto], adv., steadily, 
 forthwith, straightway, immedi- 
 ately, instantly. 
 
 statua, -ae, [cf. sisto], f., image, 
 statue. 
 
 statuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, 3, cause to 
 stand, set up ; erect, make, build ; 
 determine, resolve; deter?nine on, 
 appoint. 
 
 statura, -ae, [cf. sto], f., height, 
 size, stature. 
 
 status, -us, [sto], m., station, po- 
 sition, place; posture, attitude; 
 condition, rank. 
 
 Stesagoras, -ae, [STTja-cr^pas], 
 m., Stesagoras, brother of Miltiades. 
 
STIPENDIUM 
 
 09 
 
 SUBLEVO 
 
 stipendium, -I, n., paying of tax, 
 impost, tribute ; income, salary, 
 pay. stipendium merere, to 
 serve in the army. 
 
 stipulatio, -onis, f., formal agree- 
 ment, engagement, bargain, stipu- 
 lation. 
 
 stirps, stirpis, f., stock, trunk ; off- 
 spring, progeny, son ; race, fam- 
 ily ; origin, beginning. 
 
 stiti, perf. of sisto. 
 
 sto, stare, steti, status, 1, stand, 
 be upright, be erect; stand firm, 
 abide, remain. 
 
 stolidus, -a, -um, adj., slow, dull, 
 stupid. 
 
 stramentum, -i, [cf. sterno], n., 
 spread, covering, housing; straw, 
 litter. 
 
 stratum, -i, [part, of stern5], n., 
 covering, housing, saddle ; coverlet, 
 quilt. 
 
 strenuus, -a, -um, adj., brisk, 
 nimble, quick, active, vigorous. 
 
 strepitus, -us, m., confused noise, 
 din, clash, crash, applause. 
 
 struo, struere, struxi, structus, 
 3, place together, heap up, arrange; 
 make, construct, build. 
 
 Strymon, -onis, ['Lrpv/xuv'], m., 
 the Strymon, one of the principal 
 rivers of Thrace, flowing into the 
 Strymonic Gulf. 
 
 studeo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, give atten- 
 tion ; desire ; favor. 
 
 studiose, [studiosus], adv., 
 eagerly, zealously, 
 
 studiosus, -a, -um, [studium], adj., 
 eager, zealous, atixious, interested 
 in, studious ; attached, devoted. 
 
 studium, -i, [studeo], n., appli- 
 cation, zeal, desire, eagerness, 
 endeavor ; study, pursuit; good- 
 will, affection, kindness. 
 
 stulte, [stultus], adv., foolishly. 
 stultitia, -ae, [stultus], f., folly, 
 
 foolishness, simplicity. 
 suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasus, 2, 
 
 advise, exhort, urge, persuade. 
 suavitas, -atis, [suavis, sweet], 
 
 f., sweetness, pleasantness, agree- 
 
 ableness. 
 sub, prep, with ace. and abl., under : 
 
 (1) With ace, after verbs of 
 motion, under, below ; towards, 
 up to; until ; after. 
 
 (2) With abl., under, beneath, at 
 the foot of; during ; subject to. 
 
 In composition, under, beneath; 
 somewhat, a little ; secretly. 
 subalaris, -e, [sub + ala, arm- 
 pit], adj., under the arms, carried 
 
 under the arm. 
 subduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 
 [sub + duc5], 3, draw away, 
 
 lead a-vay, withdraw, remove ; 
 
 transfer; steal, hide ; haul up. 
 subeo, -ire, Ivi or -ii, -itus, 
 
 [sub + eo] , irr., go under ; come 
 
 up, ascend, approach ; encoiinter ; 
 
 submit to, yield to. 
 subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, 
 
 [sub + iacio], 3, throw wider, 
 
 set up, place under; substitute ; 
 
 present ; make subject, submit. 
 subigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [sub 
 
 + ago], 3, drive up, bring up; 
 
 cultivate, work; conquer, subdue, 
 
 subjugate ; force, compel. 
 subito, [subitus], adv., suddenly, 
 
 on a sudden, at once. 
 subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden, 
 
 unexpected, surprising. 
 sublatus, part, of tolls. 
 sublevo, -are, -avi, -atus, [sub 
 
 + levo], I, lift from beneath, lift 
 
 up, support; lighten, alleviate; 
 
 sustain, support, assist, encourage. 
 
SUBMOVEO 
 
 IIO 
 
 SUMMUS 
 
 submoveo, -movere, -nx5vi, sub- 
 mdtus, [sub + moveo], 2, put 
 out of the way, drive off, remove, 
 send away. 
 
 suborno, -are, -avi, -atus, [sub 
 + orno], 1, Jit out, furnish, sup- 
 ply, equip; incite secretly, insti- 
 gate, suborn ; support secretly. 
 
 subscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 -scriptus, [sub + scribo], 3, 
 write underneath; sign an accu- 
 sation, join in indicting, charge, 
 prosecute. 
 
 subsidium, -1, n., troops in re- 
 serve; aid, help, assistance. 
 
 substituo, -stituere, -stitui, sub- 
 stitutes, [sub + statuo], 3, pre- 
 sent, submit; put in place of, 
 substitute. 
 
 substrings, -stringere, -strinxi, 
 -strictus, [sub + stringo], 3, 
 bind beneath, tie up. 
 
 subsum, -esse, — , [sub + sum], 
 irr., be under, be behind ; be near, 
 be at hand ; lie at the bottom, be 
 concealed, be in reserve. 
 
 subtexo, -texere, -texui, — , [sub 
 -j- texo], 3, weave under, sew on ; 
 work up, cotnpose ; work in, add. 
 
 suburbanus, -a, -um, [sub + urba- 
 nus], adj., near the city, subtirbati ; 
 near THE CITY = near Rome. 
 
 succedo, -ere, successi, succes- 
 sus, [sub + cedo], 3, go below, 
 come under, enter ; follow, suc- 
 ceed ; approach, draw near, ad- 
 vance ; be successful. 
 
 succendo, -cendere, -cendi, sucr 
 census, [sub + cando], 3, kindle 
 beneath, set on fire from beneath; 
 inflame, fire. 
 
 succumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, — , 
 [sub + cumbo] , 3, fall down, lie 
 down; submit, succumb. 
 
 succurro, -currere, -cum, suc- 
 cursus, [sub -f currd], 3, run 
 under, run to help, aid, assist. 
 
 sudor, -oris, m., sweat, perspira- 
 tion. 
 
 suffectus, part, of sunicio. 
 
 sufficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [sub + facio], 3, put under, dip, 
 dye; choose as substitute ; be suf- 
 ficient, avail, suffice. 
 
 suffragium, -i, [suffragor], n., 
 voting-tablet, ballot, vote ; decision, 
 judgment, opinion; pi., the polls. 
 suffragium ferre, to vote. 
 
 suffragor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 vote for, support ; favor, recom- 
 mend. 
 
 sul, (gen.), dat. sibi, ace. and abl. 
 se, strengthened form, semet, 
 reflex, pron., sing, and pi., himself, 
 herself, itself, themselves. 
 
 Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla, family name 
 of L. Cornelius Sulla, victor over 
 Mithridates, king of Pontus. He 
 was leader of the aristocratic 
 party against Marius and Cinna, 
 and was dictat-r of Rome from 
 82 to 79 B.C. 
 
 Sullanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sulla, 
 by Sulla. 
 
 Sulpicius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens. See Blitho, Galba, 
 Rufus. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, fut. part, futiirus, 
 fut. inf. fore or futurus esse, imp. 
 subj. sometimes forem, irr., be, 
 exist, live ; be true, be the case, be 
 so; happen, take place. 
 
 summa, -ae, [summus, sc. res], 
 f., top, summit ; chief place, chief 
 command, suprei7iacy ; chief point, 
 sum. summae imperii prae- 
 esse, to hold the chief command. 
 
 summus, see superus. 
 
SUMO 
 
 III 
 
 SUSAMITHRES 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 
 
 [sub + emo], 3, take, take in 
 
 hand; eat, drink, consume; take, 
 
 choose, select; assume; claim; 
 
 buy, purchase ; take up, enter 
 
 upon, begin. 
 sumptuosus, -a, -um, [sumptus], 
 
 adj., expensive, costly, dear. 
 sumptus, -us, [sumo], m., outlay, 
 
 expense, cost, charge. 
 supellex, supellectilis, f., domestic 
 
 utensils, household stuff , furniture . 
 super, adv., above, over ; left, 
 
 remaining. 
 super, [super], prep, with ace. and 
 
 abl. : 
 
 (1) With ace., over, above, upon, 
 upwards. 
 
 (2) With abl., over, upon, beyond, 
 in addition to. 
 
 superadsto, -stare, -stiti, — , 1, 
 stand upon. 
 
 superbe, [superbus], adv., haugh- 
 tily, proudly, superciliously. 
 
 superbia, -ae, [superbus], f., lof- 
 tiness, haughtiness, pride. 
 
 superbus, -a, -um, adj., haughty, 
 proud, vain, arrogant; proud ; 
 splendid. 
 
 superior, -ius, comp. of superus. 
 
 supero, -are, -avi, -atus, [supe- 
 rus], 1, go over, rise above, over- 
 top ; pass over; sail by, pass 
 round ; exceed ; be left over ; 
 overcome, subdue, surpass, excel. 
 
 superstes, -itis, [super, cf. sto], 
 adj., standing by, present ; surviv- 
 ing, alive. 
 
 supersum, -esse, -fui, irr., be over 
 and above, be left, remain ; out- 
 live, survive. 
 
 superus, -a, -um, comp. superior, 
 [super], adj., above, upper, higher. 
 As subst., superl, -orum, m. pi., 
 
 the gods above, gods of heaven. 
 Comp., superior, -ius, higher, 
 upper ; former, previous, preced- 
 ing>' greater; superior, victor. 
 Sup., supremus, -a, um, highest, 
 topmost; last ; summus, -a, -um, 
 highest, greatest; often highest 
 part of, top of 
 
 suppedito, -are, -avi, -atus, [sub 
 + pes], freq., I, give in abun- 
 dance, provide ; be at hand, 
 abound. 
 
 suppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitus, 
 [sub + peto], 3, be at hand, be 
 present. 
 
 supplex, -icis, [sub + plico], adj., 
 kneeling in entreaty, begging, sup- 
 pliant. As subst., m., a suppliant. 
 
 supplicium, -i, [supplex], n., 
 kneeling, bowing down ; entreaty, 
 petitioii, supplication ; as the crim- 
 inal knelt to receive the death- 
 penalty, execution ; punishment 
 of death. 
 
 suppono, -ponere, -posui, sup- 
 positus, [sub + p5no], 3, set 
 under ; put in place of, substitute 
 for. 
 
 supports, -are, -avi, — , [sub + 
 porto], I, convey, bring forward, 
 conduct. 
 
 supprimo, -primere, -pressi, sup- 
 pressus, [sub + premo] , 3, hold 
 back, stop ; bring to anchor. 
 
 supra, adv. and prep. : 
 
 (1) As adv., on the top, above ; 
 before, formerly ; beyond, more. 
 
 (2) As prep, with ace, above, over ; 
 beyond, more than. 
 
 supremus, see superus. 
 
 Susamithres, -is, m., Susamithres, 
 a Persian to whom the task of 
 assassinating Alcibiades was as- 
 signed. 
 
SUSCIPIO 
 
 112 
 
 TAMPHILIANUS 
 
 suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [subs + capio], 3, take, catch; 
 receive, admit ; take upon oneself, 
 enter upon, incur, succeed to ; 
 acknowledge, recognize. 
 
 suspicax, -acis, [suspicor], adj., 
 distrustful, suspicious. 
 
 suspicio, -spicere, -spexl, suspec- 
 tus, [sub + specio], 3, look up- 
 wards, look up at; admire, regard, 
 esteem, honor. 
 
 suspicio, -onis, [cf. suspicio], f., 
 mistrust, distrust, suspicion. 
 
 suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, [cf. 
 suspicio], 1, dep., mistrust, sus- 
 pect; suppose, believe. 
 
 sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus, 
 [sub + teneo] , 2, hold up, keep 
 up, support ; lift, carry ; hold in 
 check, check, restrain ; support, 
 maintain ; bear, endure. 
 
 sustuli, see tollo. 
 
 suus, -a, -urn, [cf. sui], poss. pron. 
 adj., of oneself, his own, her own, 
 his, hers, its, their ; characteristic, 
 peculiar ; just, due, appropriate; 
 favorable, advantageous. As subst, 
 sui, -drum, m. pi., one's own men, 
 his men, his subjects, their men ; 
 sua, -orum, n. pi., their things, 
 their goods. 
 
 Syraciisae, -arum, [Si/pa/coi/o-eu], 
 f. pi., Syracuse, a famous and 
 powerful city on the eastern coast 
 of Sicily. It was founded by Cor- 
 inthians under Archias in 734 B.C. 
 
 Syracusanus, -a, -urn, adj., Syra- 
 cusan, of Syracuse. As subst., 
 Syracusanus, -i, m., a Syra- 
 cusan, inhabitant of Syracuse. 
 
 Syria, -ae, [Supi'a], f., Syria, a 
 country in Asia, lying between 
 the Euphrates and the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea. 
 
 T. 
 
 T., with proper names = Titus, a 
 Roman forename. 
 
 tabellarius, -i, [tabella], m., letter- 
 carrier, messenger. 
 
 tabernaculum, -1, [taberna], n., 
 tent. 
 
 taceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, 2, be silent, 
 say nothing ; pass over in silence, 
 leave unsaid. 
 
 Tachos, -i, [Td^ws], m., Tachos, 
 who made himself king of Egypt 
 in 362 B.C., during the reign of 
 Artaxerxes II. 
 
 taciturnus, -a, -urn, [cf. taceo], 
 adj., silent. 
 
 Taenarus, or Taenarum, -1, [Tal- 
 vapos or Talvapov'], n., Taenarum, 
 a city and promontory of Laconia 
 on the southern shore of the 
 Peloponnesus, near a deep cavern ; 
 it was a fabled entrance to the 
 Lower World. 
 
 taenia, -ae, [raLvia], f., band, rib- 
 bon, fillet. 
 
 talentum, -i, n., half of a hundred- 
 weight, talent; talent, a sum of 
 money equal to about $1132 in 
 gold. 
 
 talis, -e, adj., such, of such a kind ; 
 the following, such as this, talis 
 . . . qualis, of such a kind . . . as. 
 
 tam, adv., in such a degree, as much, 
 so, so much. 
 
 tam diu, adv., so long, for so long a 
 time. 
 
 tamen, adv., notwithstanding, nev- 
 ertheless, yet, however, still. 
 
 Tamphilianus, -a, -urn, adj., Tam- 
 philian. domus Tamphiliana, 
 Ta?nphilian house, so called be- 
 cause it was built by one Tam- 
 philus, otherwise unknown. 
 
TAMPHILUS 
 
 1*3 
 
 TER 
 
 Tamphilus, -1, m., Tamphilus, a 
 Roman family name. See Bae- 
 bius and Tamphilianus. 
 
 tamquam, [tarn -f quam], conj., 
 as if 
 
 tanto, see tantus. 
 
 tantum, [tantus], adv., so much, 
 so greatly ; only so much, only, 
 merely, tantum quod, only just. 
 
 tantummodo, [tantum + modo] , 
 adv., only, merely. 
 
 tantus, -a, -um, adj., of such size, 
 so great, such. As subst., tantum, 
 -1, n., so much ; in gen. of price, 
 tanti, of so much value, worth so 
 much; abl. of degree of differ- 
 ence, tanto, by so much, so much. 
 
 tardus, -a, -um, comp. tardior, 
 sup. tardissimus, adj., slow, slug- 
 gish, tardy; irresolute; late. 
 
 Tarentlnus, -a, -um, adj., of Ta- 
 rentum, Tarentine. As subst., 
 Tarentini, -drum, m. pi., in- 
 habitants of Tarentum, Tar en- 
 tines. 
 
 Tarentum, -1, n., Tarentum, a 
 celebrated and powerful city of 
 southern Italy, situated in Cala- 
 bria, on the Gulf of Tarentum. 
 
 Taurus, -1, [Taupos], m., Taurus, 
 a range of mountains in the south- 
 eastern part of Asia Minor. 
 
 tectum, -1, [tego], n., covered 
 structure, building, shelter, house, 
 abode ; covering, roof. 
 
 tego, tegere, texi, tectus, 3, cover, 
 cover over ; hide, conceal ; keep 
 secret ; defend, guard. 
 
 telum, -1, n., missile weapon, mis- 
 sile ; dart, spear, javelin. 
 
 temerarius, -a, -um, [temere], 
 adj., rash, heedless, imprzident, 
 inconsiderate. 
 
 temere, adv., by chance, without 
 
 design ; rashly, heedlessly, thought- 
 lessly, non temere, hardly, 
 scarcely. 
 
 tempestas, -atis, [tempus], f., 
 portion of time, point of time, 
 time, season ; storm, te?7ipest ; 
 disturbance, calamity. 
 
 templum, -1, n., open place for 
 observation, consecrated place, 
 sacred enclosure ; temple, shrine. 
 
 temporarius, -a, -um, [tempus], 
 adj., of time, time-serving. 
 
 tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, [intens. 
 of tendo], 1, handle; attempt; 
 tempt, tamper with. 
 
 tempus, -oris, n., time, season, 
 interval ; time, opportunity, leis- 
 ure ; occasion ; condition ; cir- 
 cumstances, temporis causa, 
 having regard to circumstances, 
 insincerely. 
 
 tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus or 
 tensus, 3, stretch, spread out ; lay 
 a snare ; offer, present ; go, 
 march; strive; extend, reach. 
 
 tenebrae, -arum, f. pi., darkness, 
 gloom ; gloomy place ; lurking- 
 places. 
 
 teneo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, hold, grasp, 
 hold fast ; take in, understand; 
 keep; possess; guard, watch, de- 
 fend ; of a course, keep, hold, 
 maintain. ventus adversum 
 tenet, the wind blows the wrong 
 way. 
 
 tenesmos, -1, [reiveo- iit>s~\,m., strain- 
 ing, tenesmus. 
 
 tenuis, -e, [cf. tendo], adj., drazun 
 out, meagre, slim ; slight, insignifi- 
 cant, trifling. 
 
 tenus, [cf. tendo], prep, with abl., 
 as far as. 
 
 ter, num. adv., three times, thrice ; 
 repeatedly. 
 
TERENTIUS 
 
 114 
 
 THUCYDTDES 
 
 Terentius, -a, name of a Roman 
 gens. See Varro. 
 
 term, -ae, -a, [ter], distr. num., 
 three each, three. 
 
 terra, -ae, f., the earth, ground; 
 land, country, region, terra, on 
 land, by land. 
 
 terrestris, -tre, [terra], adj., of 
 the earth, on land, land. 
 
 terribilis, -e, [terreo], ad]., fright- 
 ful, dreadful, terrible. 
 
 terror, -oris, [terreo], m., great 
 fear, affright, panic, terror. 
 
 tertio, [tertius], adv., for the third 
 time. 
 
 tertius, -a, -um, [cf. tres], num. 
 adj., third. 
 
 testa, -ae, f., brick, tile; sherd, 
 potsherd. testarum suflragia, 
 among the Greeks, ballot by pot- 
 sherds, ostracism. 
 
 testamentum, -i, [testor], n., 
 will, testament. 
 
 te status, -a, -um, comp. testatior, 
 [part, of testor], adj., public, 
 manifest, evident. 
 
 testimonium,-!, [testis],n.,wzV«^5, 
 evidence, testimony ; testimonial. 
 
 testis, -is, m. and f., witness. 
 
 testor, -ari, -atus sum, [testis], 
 I, dep., cause to testify, call as 
 witness, invoke ; show, prove. 
 
 testudo, -inis, [testa], f., tortoise ; 
 tortoise-shell ; sheds of wood pro- 
 tecting besiegers, tortoise, cover- 
 ing. 
 
 testula, -ae, [dim. of testa], f., 
 small potsherd, voting-tablet, tes- 
 tularum suflragiis or testula, 
 ballot by potsherds, ostracism. 
 
 Thasius, -a, -um, adj., Thasian, of 
 Thasus. As subst., Thasius, -i, 
 m., inhabitant of V'hasos, Thasian. 
 
 Thasus, -i, [Gdcros], f., Thasos, an 
 
 island in the northern part of the 
 Aegean Sea, near the coast of 
 Thrace. 
 
 theatrum, -i, \Bka.rpov\, n., theatre. 
 
 Thebae, -arum, [0^/Sat], f. pi., 
 Thebes, the chief city of Boeotia. 
 
 Thebanus, -a, -um, adj., of Thebes, 
 Theban. As subst., Thebanus, -i, 
 m., inhabitant of Thebes, Theban. 
 
 Themistocles, -is or -i, ace. -em 
 or -en, [0eMiO"ro/cX^s], m., The- 
 mistocles, a famous statesman and 
 general of Athens. See II. 
 
 Theopompus, -i, [9e67royii7ro<r], m., 
 Theopompus, a celebrated histo- 
 rian of Chios, who flourished in 
 the fourth century B.C. 
 
 Theramenes, -is, [Qrjpdp.^vrjs'], m., 
 Theramenes, a general and states- 
 man of Athens who was promi- 
 nent during the latter part of the 
 Peloponnesian War, and after its 
 close became one of the Thirty 
 Tyrants. 
 
 Thermopylae, -arum, [Qepp.oirv- 
 Acu], f. pi., Thermopylae, a pass 
 through Mt. Oeta on the southern 
 frontier of Thessaly, famous on 
 account of its defence by Leonidas 
 in 480 B.C. 
 
 Thessalia, -ae, [9e<r<ra\i'a], f., 
 Thessaly, a country forming the 
 eastern part of northern Greece. 
 
 Thracia, -ae, [G/op'/o;], f., Thrace, 
 a large country which lay north- 
 east of Greece and east of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Thraessa, -ae, [Qprj<r<ra^, f. , a 
 Thracian woman. 
 
 Thraex, Thraecis, adj., Thracian. 
 As subst., m., a Thracian. 
 
 Thrasybulus, -i, [QpaavfiovXos], 
 m., Thrasybulus. See viii. 
 
 Thucydides, -is, [QovKv5l8r)s'], 
 
THURII 
 
 115 
 
 TRAHO 
 
 m., ThucydideSy a celebrated histo- 
 rian of Athens, who lived from 471 
 to about 400 B.C. He wrote a his- 
 tory of the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 Thurii, -orum, [6oi5/hoi], m. pi., 
 Thurii, a city in the southwestern 
 part of Lucania. 
 
 Thuys, Thuynis, m., Thuys, a 
 Paphlagonian prince who was 
 captured by Datames. 
 
 Ti., with proper names = Tiberius, 
 a Roman forename. 
 
 Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber, the 
 principal river of central Italy, on 
 which Rome is situated. 
 
 tibia, -ae, f., shin bone ; by meton- 
 ymy, frequently in pi., pipe, flute. 
 
 Timaeus, -i, [Ti/acuos], m., Ti- 
 maeus, a Sicilian historian, who 
 lived from 352 to 256 B.C. 
 
 timeo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, fear, be 
 afraid ; be afraid of, dread. 
 
 timidus, -a, urn, [time5], adj., 
 fearful, afraid, coiuardly, timid. 
 
 Timoleon, -ontis, [Ti/j.o\iwv~], m., 
 Timoleon. See XX. 
 
 Timoleonteus, -a, -urn, adj., of 
 Timoleon. As subst., Timoleon- 
 teum, -i, n., the Timoleonteum, 
 the gymnasium of Timoleon. 
 
 Timophanes, -is, [TtfxocpdvTjs^, 
 m., Timophanes, the brother of 
 Timoleon. 
 
 timor, -oris, m.,fear, dread. 
 
 Timotheus, -i, [Ti>60eos], m., 
 Timotheus. See xm. 
 
 Tiribazus, -i, m., Tiribazus, a 
 Persian satrap under Artaxerxes II. 
 
 Tissaphernes, -is, m., Tissapher- 
 nes, a Persian satrap under Da- 
 rius II. and Artaxerxes II. 
 
 Tithraustes, -is, m., Tithraustes, 
 a Persian general of the time of 
 Artaxerxes II. 
 
 titubo, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, stagger, 
 totter, reel ; hesitate, be in doubt. 
 
 tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatus, 3, 
 lift, take up, raise; encourage; 
 rear ; extol; remove, make way 
 with, abolish ; kill, destroy. 
 
 Torquatus, -I, m., Torquatus, a 
 Roman family name. In this book 
 are mentioned : 
 
 (1) A. Manlius Torquatus, a Ro- 
 man youth, a friend of Cicero 
 and Atticus. 
 
 (2) L. Manlius Torquatus, con- 
 sul B.C. 65. 
 
 torquis, -is, m., necklace, collar. 
 
 tot, adj., indecl., so many, such a 
 number of As subst., m., so 
 many men. 
 
 totidem, [tot + -dem], indecl. 
 &<\].,just so many, the same num- 
 ber of. 
 
 totus, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj., 
 all, all the, the whole, entire ; 
 wholly. 
 
 tracto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 traho], I, draw violently, drag ; 
 handle, manage; treat, conduct 
 oneself totvard ; narrate, recount. 
 
 tractus, -us, [cf. traho], m., drag- 
 ging, drawing out ; track, course ; 
 stretch; extent. 
 
 trado, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [trans 
 -f do], 3, give up, hand over, 
 deliver, consign, entrust; sur- 
 render, betray ; hand down, trans- 
 mit, report. 
 
 traduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 [trans + duco], 3, lead across, 
 carry over, transport ; expose, 
 dishonor. 
 
 traho, -ere, traxi, tractus, 3, 
 draw, drag ; attract, allure, in- 
 fluence ; lead, carry ; derive ; 
 detain. 
 
TRAICIO 
 
 Il6 
 
 TRIPLEX 
 
 traicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, 
 [trans + iacio], 3, throw across, 
 transfer; penetrate, transfix ; go 
 over, pass over. 
 
 tranquillitas, -atis, [tranquil- 
 lus], f., quietness, calmness, calm. 
 
 tranquillS, -are, — , -atus, [tran- 
 quillus], 1, make calm, still, com- 
 pose. 
 
 transactus, part, of transigo. 
 
 transeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, 
 [trans -f e5], irr., cross over, pass 
 by, pass ; be changed, turn. 
 
 transfers, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 
 [trans + fero], irr., bear across, 
 transport ; transfer ; ascribe, 
 charge ; copy ; put off, delay, 
 translate. 
 
 transfigS, -figere, -fixi, -fixus, 
 [trans + figo] , 3, pierce through, 
 transfix, stab to the heart. 
 
 transfugiS, -fugere, -fugi, — , 
 [trans + fugiS], 3, flee to the 
 other side, desert. 
 
 transigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, 
 [trans + ago], 3, drive through, 
 stab, transfix ; finish, settle ; per- 
 form ; bring to an end, end; spend. 
 
 transitus, -us, [trans, cf. eo], m., 
 going over, passing over, passage. 
 
 translatus, part, of transfers. 
 
 transports, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [trans + porto], I, carry over, 
 take across, remove, transport. 
 
 Trasumenus, -1, m., Trasumemts, 
 a lake in Etruria, the scene of the 
 defeat of Flaminius by Hannibal. 
 
 Trebia, -ae, f., the Trebia, a river 
 in Cisalpine Gaul, flowing into the 
 Po. 
 
 trecenti, -ae, -a, [tres + centum], 
 num. adj., three hundred. 
 
 tredecim, [tres + decern], indecl. 
 num., thirteen. 
 
 tr§s, tria, gen. trium, num. adj., 
 three. 
 
 tresviri, -orum, [tres + viri] , m. 
 pi., triumvirs, three associates in 
 office, especially one of three dic- 
 tators chosen to reorganize the 
 state. 
 
 tribunus, -1, [tribus], m., head of 
 a tribe, tribune, tribunus mili- 
 taris, tribune of the soldiers, six 
 to a legion. tribunus plebis, 
 tribune of the people. Tribunes 
 were first appointed in 494 B.C., 
 after the first secession to the 
 Sacred Mount. At first there 
 were but two ; afterwards the 
 number was increased to five, and 
 finally to ten. They were origi- 
 nally appointed to afford protec- 
 tion to the common people; and 
 that they might be able to afford 
 such protection, their persons 
 were declared sacred and invio- 
 lable. They gradually acquired 
 the right of vetoing any act 
 which a magistrate might under- 
 take during his term of office. 
 They convoked the assembly of 
 the tribes (comitia tributd), and 
 usually presided over it. 
 
 tribuS, -ere, -ui, -utus, [tribus], 
 3, assign ; grant, bestow ; ascribe, 
 attribute ; yield. 
 
 triduum, -i, [tres + dies], n., 
 period of three days, three days. 
 
 triennium, -1, [tres + annus; sc. 
 spatium], n., period of three 
 years, three years. 
 
 triginta, indecl. num., thirty. 
 
 trimenstris, -e, [tres -f mensis], 
 adj., lasting three months, three 
 months. 
 
 triplex, -icis, [ter, cf. plico], adj. ? 
 threefold, triple. 
 
 ; 
 
TRIPUS 
 
 117 
 
 UBINAM 
 
 tripus, -odis, [rpiirovs'], m., three- 
 footed seat, tripod. 
 
 triremis, -e, [ter + remus] , adj., 
 having three banks of oars. As 
 subst., triremis, -is, m., vessel 
 having three banks of oars, tri- 
 reme. 
 
 tristis, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful; 
 gloomy, sullen. 
 
 trlticum, -i, [tritus, part, ground], 
 n., wheat. 
 
 triumphus, -i, m., triumphal pro- 
 cession, celebration of a victory. 
 by a triumphal entry into Rome. 
 
 triumvir, -viri, [tres + vir], m., 
 one of three associates in office, 
 triumvir. See tresviri. 
 
 Troas, -ados, [Tpyds], adj., Tro- 
 jan. As subst., f., the country 
 around Troy, Troad. 
 
 Troezen, -enis, [Tpotfijj»], f., 
 Troezen, a very ancient city in 
 the southeastern part of Argolis. 
 
 Troicus, -a, -um, adj., of Troy, 
 Trojan. 
 
 tropaeum, -i, n., memorial of vic- 
 tory, trophy ; victory. 
 
 tii, gen. tui, pi. vos, pers. pron., 
 thou, you. 
 
 tuba, -ae, f., trumpet. 
 
 tueor, -eri, tutus sum, 2, dep., 
 look at, gaze at, consider ; defe?id, 
 protect, maintain, support. 
 
 Tullius, -i, m., Tullius, a Roman 
 gentile name. See Cicero. 
 
 turn, adv., then, at that time, in 
 those times; in that case. cum 
 . . . turn, see cum. 
 
 tumultus, -us, [cf. turned, swell], 
 m., uproar, confusion, tumult; 
 panic; national peril. 
 
 tunica, -ae, f., undergartnent, 
 skirt, tunic. 
 
 turba, -ae, f., tumuli, uproar, dis- 
 
 turbance, commotion ; crozvd, 
 throng, common crowd, mass. 
 
 turbidus, -a, -um, [turba], adj., 
 full of confusion, wild, disordered ; 
 restless, confused. 
 
 turpis, -e, comp. turpior, sup. tur- 
 pissimus, adj., ugly, unsightly, 
 foul, filthy ; disgraceful, scandal- 
 ous. 
 
 turpiter, [turpis], adv., shame- 
 fully, disgracefully, dishonorably. 
 
 turpitudo, -inis, [turpis], f., 
 ugliness; disgrace, dishonor, in- 
 famy. 
 
 Tusculum, -i, n., Tuscnlum, an 
 ancient town of Latium, the mod- 
 ern Frascati, about fifteen miles 
 southeast of Rome on the foot- 
 hills of the Alban Mountains. 
 
 tutela, -ae, [tueor], f, watching, 
 keeping, defending, protection ; 
 guardianship. 
 
 tuto, [tutus], adv., safely, without 
 danger. 
 
 tutus, -a, -um, [part, of tueor], 
 adj., guarded, safe, secure. As 
 subst., tutum, -i, n., place of safety, 
 safety, security. 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, [tii], poss. pron., 
 adj., thy, thine ; your, yours. 
 
 tyrannis, -idis, [rvpavvls], f., rule 
 of a tyrant, tyranny, despotic rule. 
 
 tyrannus, -i, [rvpapvos], m., king, 
 despot, ruler ; applied by the 
 Greeks to a ruler who usurped his 
 power, without regard to the mild- 
 ness or severity of his rule. 
 
 U. 
 
 ubi, adv. and conj., in which place, 
 where; where? As conj., when. 
 
 ublnam, [ubi + nam], inter, adv., 
 where ? where on earth ? 
 
ULCISCOR 
 
 Il8 
 
 UTILIS 
 
 ulciscor, -I, ultus sum, 3, dep., 
 avenge oneself on, punish ; take 
 vengeance for, avenge. 
 
 ullus, -a, -um, gen. ullius, adj., 
 any. As subst., ullus, -ius, m., 
 any one, anybody, ullum, -ius, 
 n., anything. 
 
 ulterior, -ius, gen. -oris, [cf. 
 ultra], adj., comp., farther, be- 
 yond ; n., ulterius, as adv., 
 beyond, farther; to a greater 
 degree, more. Sup., ultiinus, -a, 
 -um, furthest, most distant, utter- 
 most, last ; utmost, greatest. 
 
 ultimus, see ulterior. 
 
 ultus, part, of ulciscor. 
 
 umquam, adv. , at any time, ever. 
 
 una, [iinus], adv., in the same 
 place, at the same time, together. 
 
 unde, adv., inter., where? on which 
 side? rel., from which place, 
 whence ; where ; from whdm,froi?i 
 zvhich. 
 
 undecim, [unus -f decern] , indecl. 
 num., eleven. 
 
 undecimviri, -orum, m. pi., college 
 of eleven men, the eleven, a body 
 of men at Athens having charge of 
 the police, the prisons, and the 
 punishment of criminals. 
 
 undique, adv., from all parts, from 
 every quarter, on all sides. 
 
 unguentum, -i, n., ointment, un- 
 guent, perfume. 
 
 universus, -a, -um, [unus + 
 versus], adj., all together, all in 
 one, as a whole, whole, entire; 
 general. As subst., universi, 
 -drum, m. pi., all men. 
 
 unus, -a, -um, gen. unius, adj., 
 one, a single, only. 
 
 unusquisque, unaquaeque, unum- 
 quodque, [iinus + quisque], adj., 
 each one, every one. 
 
 urbanus, -a, -um, [urbs], adj., 
 of the city, in the city, in Rome. 
 
 urbs, urbis, f., a walled town, city ; 
 often Rome. 
 
 usquam, adv., at any place, any- 
 where. 
 
 usque, adv., all the way, right on, 
 continuously, even. 
 
 iisura, -ae, [cf. utor], f., using, 
 use, enjoyment ; interest, usury. 
 
 usus, -us, [utor], m., use, prac- 
 tice, employment ; experience, 
 training; custom, practice ; inter- 
 course, association, familiarity; 
 profit, advantage, usu venire, to 
 happen, to occur. 
 
 ut or uti, adv., of place, where; 
 of time, as soon as, when ; of 
 manner, inter., how? in what 
 manner? rel., as, seeing that; 
 as if ut . . . ita, so ... as ; 
 while . . . still. 
 
 ut or uti, conj., with subj., of result, 
 that, so that; of purpose, in order 
 that, that ; of concession, although, 
 introducing a limiting circum- 
 stance, as, considering, for. 
 
 titer, -tris, m., bag of hide, leather 
 bottle, skin. 
 
 uter, utra, utrum, gen. utrius, 
 adj., which of two, which ; which- 
 ever one ; either of the tzao. 
 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque, 
 gen. utriusque, adj., each, either, 
 each one, both. 
 
 uti, see ut. 
 
 Utica, -ae, f., Utica, a town on the 
 coast of Africa, about twenty-seven 
 miles northwest of Carthage; it 
 was founded by Tyrians. 
 
 utilis, -e, comp. utilior, sup. utiL 
 issimus, [utor], adj., useful^ 
 serviceable, helpful ; profitable, 
 expedient. 
 
UTILITAS 
 
 II 9 
 
 VEHO 
 
 
 
 iitilitas, -atis, [utilis], f., use, use- 
 fulness, expediency, advantage. 
 
 utinam, adv., oh, that ! if only ! 
 would that! 
 
 utique, adv., in any case, at any 
 rate, certainly ; especially. 
 
 utor, uti, usus sum, 3, dep., used 
 with abl., make tise of, employ, 
 enjoy; consume, take ; experience, 
 undergo ; practise ; enjoy the 
 friendship of, associate with. With 
 two abls., use as, employ as, find 
 to be. 
 
 utpote, [ut -f pote] , adv., as is 
 possible, as is natural, of course, 
 seeing that, since. 
 
 utrobique, [uter + ubi + -que], 
 on both sides, from each side ; on 
 both land and sea. 
 
 utrum, [uter], inter, adv., in direct 
 questions rendered only by the 
 inflection of the voice; in indirect 
 questions, whether, utrum . . an, 
 whether . . . or. 
 
 uxor, -oris, f., wife, spouse, consort. 
 uxSrem ducere, to marry. 
 
 V. 
 
 vacatio, -5nis, [vaco], {., freedom, 
 exemption ; exemption from mili- 
 tary service. 
 
 vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus, 
 [vacuus -f facid] , 3, make empty, 
 clear, free. 
 
 vadimonium, -1, [vas], n., bail, 
 security. vadimonium impo- 
 nere, to exact bail. 
 
 vagina, -ae, [cf. vas], f., scabbard, 
 sheath. 
 
 valde, [for valide], adv., strongly, 
 very, exceedingly. 
 
 valens, -entis, comp. valentior, 
 
 sup. valentissimus, [part, of 
 valeo], adj., strong; vigorous, 
 powerful ; well, healthy, hale. 
 
 valeo, -ere, -ui, — , fut. part, vali- 
 turus, 2, be strong, have strength, 
 be able; be well; have power, be 
 effective, be valid ; have influence, 
 prevail; avail, be applicable, ex- 
 tend ; as greeting, imp., vale, 
 farewell. 
 
 Valerius, -i, m., Valerius. See 
 Flaccus. 
 
 valetiido, -inis, [valed], f., habit, 
 state of health, health ; good health ; 
 bad health. 
 
 vallum, -i, n., line of palisades, 
 intrench?nent ; wall, rampart, 
 fortification. 
 
 valvae, -arum, f. pi., folding-doors, 
 door. 
 
 varietas, -atis, [varius], indiffer- 
 ence, variety; inconstancy, fickle- 
 ness. 
 
 varius, -a, -um, adj., variegated, 
 parti-colored, mottled, diverse ; 
 various, changeful ; inconstant, 
 fickle. 
 
 Varro, -onis, m., Varro, surname 
 of C. Terentius Varro, consul in 
 216 B.C.; he was defeated by 
 Hannibal at Cannae. 
 
 vas, vasis, n., vessel, dish, uten- 
 sil ; pi., vasa, -orum, equip- 
 ments, baggage. 
 
 vates, -is, m. or f., foreteller, seer, 
 prophet. 
 
 -ve, enclitic conj., or, or if you will, 
 or if y oil please. 
 
 vectlgal, -alis, n., revenue, tax, 
 impost ; income, rents. 
 
 vehiculum, -i, [cf. veho], n., con- 
 veyance, carriage. 
 
 veho, vehere, vexi, vectus, 3, 
 bear, carry, convey, draw. 
 
VEL 
 
 20 
 
 VERTO 
 
 vel, [old imp. of volo], conj., or if 
 you will, or even, or. vel . . . vel, 
 either . . . or. 
 
 vel. [conj. vel], adv., or even, even, 
 certainly, indeed ; when used with 
 superlatives vel intensifies their 
 meaning. 
 
 velocitas, -atis, [velox], f., swift- 
 ness, fleet n'ess, rapidity. 
 
 velum, -1, [cf. veho], n., means of 
 propelling, sail. vela ventis 
 dare, to make sail, sail away. 
 
 velut or veluti, adv., even as, just 
 as ; just as if, as if 
 
 venaticus, -a, -um, [cf. venor],adj., 
 of hunting, for hunting, canis 
 venaticus, hunting-dog, hound. 
 
 venatorius, -a, -um, [venator, 
 hunter], adj., of a hunter, galea 
 venatoria, hunting-cap. 
 
 vendito, -are, -avi, — , [freq. of 
 vendo], 1, keep offering for sale, 
 try to sell ; sell ; try to ingratiate 
 oneself with. 
 
 vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [for 
 venumdo], 3, sell. 
 
 venenatus, -a, -um, [part, of ve- 
 neno], adj., poisoned, poisonous, 
 venomous. 
 
 venerium, -1, n., drug ; poison. 
 
 Venerius, -a, -um, adj., of Venus ; 
 of love. 
 
 veneror, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 reverence, worship, adore, vener- 
 ate ; do homage to; entreat, sup- 
 plicate. 
 
 venia, -ae, f., indulgence, kindness, 
 favor, forbearance, pardon ; per- 
 mission. 
 
 venio, venire, veni, ventus, 4, 
 come, go. 
 
 venor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 hunt, chase. 
 
 venter, -tris, m., belly ; appetite. 
 
 ventito, -are, -avi. — , [freq. of 
 venio], 1, come often, keep cot?i- 
 />!g, resort. 
 
 ventus, -i, m., wind. 
 
 venumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus, 
 [ venum, sale + do] , 1 , sell. 
 
 Venusia, -ae, f., Venusia, a town 
 of Apulia on the border of Luca- 
 nia, the birthplace of Horace. 
 
 venustus, -a, -um, adj., charming, 
 agreeable, beautiful ; graceful. 
 
 ver, veris, n., the spring. 
 
 verber, -eris, n., lash, whip, 
 scourge, rod ; lashing ; blow. 
 
 verbosus, -a, -um, comp. verbo- 
 sior, [verbum], adj., full of 
 words, long, wordy, verbose. 
 
 verbum, -i, n., word, saying, verba 
 dare, to deceive, to trick, to outwit. 
 
 vere, comp. verius, sup. veris- 
 sime, [verus], adv., truly. 
 
 vereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2, dep., 
 reverence, respect, stand in awe ; 
 fear, be afraid. 
 
 vergS, vergere, — , — , 3, bend, 
 turn, verge ; be directed, look. 
 
 Veritas, -atis, [verus], f., truth, 
 truthfulness. 
 
 vero, [verus], adv. and conj., in 
 truth, truly, indeed, however. 
 
 verso, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 verto], 1, turn often; vex, agi- 
 tate; think over, meditate; pass., 
 be, be situated, be busied ; occup>y 
 oneself conduct oneself. 
 
 versura, -ae, [cf. verto], f., con- 
 version, borrowing ; loan. 
 
 versus, -us, [verto], m., line, row, 
 verse. 
 
 verto, -ere, verti, versus, 3, turn, 
 direct, change; pass., be turned, 
 turn about, return, anno ver- 
 tente, with the returning year, in 
 a whole year. 
 
VERUM 
 
 121 
 
 VINCIO 
 
 verum, [verus], adv., truly, cer- 
 tainly ; but. 
 
 verus, -a, -urn, adj., true, real, 
 actual, genuine; right, proper, 
 reasonable, re vera, see res. 
 
 vesperasco, -ere, — , — , [vesper, 
 evening-star"], 3, inch., become 
 evening, grow dark. 
 
 vester, vestra, vestrum, [v5s], 
 poss. pron., your, yours. 
 
 vestigium, -1, n., bottom of the foot, 
 sole ; foot ; footstep, foot-print ; 
 trace, mark, vestige. 
 
 vestimentum, -I, [vestis], n., 
 clothing, dress. 
 
 vestio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [vestis], 
 4, cover with a garment, clothe, 
 dress. 
 
 vestis, -is, f., covering for the body, 
 clothes, clothing; robe. 
 
 vestitus, -us, [vestio], m., cloth- 
 ing, apparel. 
 
 veteranus, -a, -um, [vetus], adj., 
 old, veteran. As subst, veteran!, 
 -6rum, m. pi., veteran soldiers, 
 veterans. 
 
 veto, -are, -ui, -itus, 1, not suffer, 
 not permit, oppose, forbid, pro- 
 hibit. 
 
 Vettones, -um, m. pi., Vettones, 
 a people of Lusitania, the modern 
 Portugal. 
 
 vetus, -eris, adj., old, aged; for- 
 mer, of long standing, of a former 
 time. 
 
 vetustas, -atis, [vetus], f., old 
 age, lapse of time. 
 
 vetustus, -a, -um, [vetus], adj., 
 aged, old, ancient. 
 
 vezo, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 vehd] , 1 , shake, loss violently ; 
 harry, waste ; trouble, disturb. 
 
 via, -ae, f., way, highway, road; 
 passage, march, journey. 
 
 vicesimus, -a, -um, [viginti], 
 
 num. adj., hventieth. 
 
 viciens, [viginti], num. adj., 
 twenty times, in sestertio vici- 
 ens, (sc. cenfena milia), with a 
 property of two million sesterces. 
 
 vicinitas, -atis, [vicinus], f, 
 nearness, vicinity; neighborhood, 
 region. 
 
 vicis, vicis, only found in the gen., 
 ace, and abl. sing., and nora., ace, 
 dat., and abl. pi., f., change, vicis- 
 situde ; lot, hap, chance, fortune. 
 
 victor, -oris, [vincd], m., con- 
 queror, vanquisher, victor; in 
 apposition, with adj. force, victo- 
 rious. 
 
 victoria, -ae, [victor], f., victory, 
 success. 
 
 Victus, -us, [cf. vivo], m., suste- 
 nance, nourishment, victuals ; way 
 of living, mode of life. 
 
 victus, part, of vincd. 
 
 video, -ere, vidi, visus, 2, see, 
 discern, go to see, visit; pass., 
 seem. 
 
 vidua, -ae, [viduus, bereft], f., 
 unmarried woman, widow. 
 
 vigeo, -ere, -ui, — , 2, be lively, be 
 vigorous, flourish, be strong. 
 
 vigilantia, -ae, [cf. vigil], f.. 
 wakefulness, vigilance. 
 
 vigilia, -ae, [vigil], f., watching, 
 wakefulness, sleeplessness ; watch, 
 a fourth part of the night; watch, 
 guard; pi., sentinels, post, guard. 
 
 viginti, indecl. num., twenty. 
 
 vilis, -e, adj., of small price, of little 
 value, cheap ; poor, paltry. 
 
 villa, -ae, [dim. of vicus], f., 
 country-house, farm, villa. 
 
 vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, 4, 
 bind, bind fast ; fetter, confine, 
 restrain ; encircle, gird. 
 
VINCLUM 
 
 I 22 
 
 VOLUMNIUS 
 
 vinclum, see vinculum, 
 vinco, -ere, vici, victus, 3, con- 
 quer, overcome, defeat, subdue; 
 
 prevail, have one's way. 
 vinculum or vinclum, -i, [vin- 
 
 cio], n., ?neans of binding, bond, 
 
 band, cord, fastening, fetter, rope ; 
 
 pi., fetters, bonds, prison. 
 vindico, -are, -avi, -atus, [vin- 
 
 dex], 1, assert claim to, demaiid 
 
 formally, claim ; avenge, punish. 
 
 in libertatem vindicare, to claim 
 
 for liberty, set free, free. 
 vinea, -ae, [vinum], f., vineyard; 
 
 shed, for protecting besiegers. 
 vinolentus, -a, -um, [vinum], adj., 
 
 ftdlofwine, intoxicated ; given to 
 
 drink. 
 vinum, -i, n., wine. 
 violentus, -a, -um, [cf. vis], adj., 
 
 forcible, violent, boisterous. 
 violo, -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. vis], 
 
 I, treat with violence, injure; 
 
 dishonor, outrage, violate. 
 Vipsanius, -a, name of a Roman 
 
 gens. See Agrippa. 
 vir, viri, m., ??iale person, 7?ian ; 
 
 husband. 
 virgO, -inis, f., maid, 7naiden, 
 
 virgin; young woman, girl. 
 virgula, -ae, [dim. of virga], f., 
 
 little twig, branch, wand. 
 virHis, -e, [vir], of a man, manly, 
 
 of ??ianhood, masculine, virile; 
 
 bold, spirited. 
 viritim, [vir], adv., man by man, 
 
 singly, individually. 
 virtus, -utis, [vir], f., manliness, 
 
 manhood, strength, bravery, cour- 
 age ; merit, virtue. 
 vis, — , ace. vim, abl. vi, f., strength, 
 
 force, vigor, power, energy ; hostile 
 
 force, violence ; quantity, number ; 
 
 pi., vires, -ium, energy, vigor. 
 
 viso, visere, visi, visus, [freq. of 
 video] , 3, look at attentively, sur- 
 vey ; go to see. 
 
 visus, -us, [video], m., look; ap- 
 pearance, vision. 
 
 visus, part, of video. 
 
 vita, -ae, [cf. vivo], f., life ; way 
 of life ; existence, being. 
 
 vitium, -i, n., fault, defect, blemish, 
 vice ; unfavorable sign ; offence, 
 crime. 
 
 vito, -are, -avi, -atus, 1, shun, 
 seek to escape, avoid. 
 
 vitulinus, -a, -um, [vitulus], adj., 
 of a calf. As subst., vitulina, -ae, 
 [sc. caro], f., calfs-flesh, veal. 
 
 vivo, vivere, vixi, victus, 3, live, 
 be alive, have life ; pass the time, 
 live; dwell. 
 
 vivus, -a, -um, [cf. vivd], adj., 
 alive, living, having life; of a 
 river, running; lively, vigorous, 
 vivacious. 
 
 vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly, 
 scarcely, barely. 
 
 vocito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 voc5], I, call habitually, name ; 
 call loudly. 
 
 voco, -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. vox], 
 I, call, summon, invoke ; call by 
 name, name; call together, bid, 
 invite; call, put, set, place, in 
 crimen vocare, to accuse. 
 
 volo, velle, volui, — , irr., will, 
 wish, be minded, deter -mine ; be 
 willing, consent. 
 
 Volso, see Manlius. 
 
 volumen, -inis, [cf. volvo], n., 
 coil, whirl, fold ; roll of writing, 
 book, volu?ne. 
 
 Volumnius, -i, m., Volumnius. 
 gentile name of P. Volumnius 
 Eutrapelus, a partisan of Marc 
 Antony. 
 
VOLUNTAS 
 
 123 
 
 ZAMA 
 
 voluntas, -atis, [cf. void], f., 
 will, freewill ; wish, desire, dispo- 
 sition, inclination ; good-will, 
 favor. 
 
 votum, -1, [voveo], n., promise to 
 a god, solemn pledge, vow ; wish, 
 longing, prayer. 
 
 vox, vocis, f., voice, sound, tone, 
 cry, call; saying, word, speech, 
 sentence'. 
 
 vulgo, [vulgus], adv., among the 
 multitude, universally, commonly ; 
 openly, publicly. 
 
 vulgus, -I, n., the masses, multitude, 
 people, public ; crowd, rabble. 
 
 vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus, [vul- 
 nus], 1, wound, hurt, injure, 
 harm. 
 
 vulnus, -eris, n., wound, blow, 
 misfortune, calamity, defeat, dis- 
 aster. 
 
 vultus, -iis, m., expression of coun- 
 tenance, visage, feature, look ; 
 face. 
 
 Xenophon, -ontis, [Sevo0wv], m., 
 Xenophon, an Athenian who con- 
 ducted the Retreat of the Ten 
 Thousand in 400 B.C. He is cele- 
 brated also as a writer. 
 
 Xerxes, -is or -1, [Efyi^s], m., 
 Xerxes, king of the Persians from 
 485 to 465 B.C., son of Darius 
 Hystaspis. He undertook a great 
 expedition against Greece, but was 
 defeated at Salamis in 480 B.C. 
 
 Z 
 
 Zacynthius, -a, -um, adj., Zacyn- 
 thian, of Zacynthus, an island 
 northwest of the Peloponnesus, 
 off the coast of Elis. 
 
 Zama, -ae, f., Zama, a town in 
 Numidia, southwest of Carthage, 
 the scene of the defeat of Han- 
 nibal by Scipio Africanus. 
 
\r 
 
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