'HA' <> ^ ^ ^ ^ .0 <$> .**<%, ,0 c o c WjJr^JjL^ . 1 WEBSTER'S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION of THE MERRIAM SERIES THE LARGEST ABRIDGMENT OF Webster's New International Dictionary OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1700 ILLUSTRATIONS SPRINGFIELD, MASS., U. S. A. PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 1916 *& Copyright, 1916, By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. Copyright in Great Britain and Ireland and in ail countries subscribing to the Bern Convention. AUG 14 1916 Set up and Electrotyped by The F. A. Bassette Company, Springfield, Mass., U. S. A. Printed and Bound by H. O. Houghton & Co., The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. ©CI.A43 7 204 * PREFACE 3 The task of providing a worthy successor to the earlier editions of Webster's Collegiate Q Dictionary was a heavy one. From the older International had been constructed a smaller dictionary that presented the material that was most useful as well to the general reader as to the scholar, and this material had been embodied in a form at once convenient and of proven excellence. Indeed, no other English dictionary of similar scope had ever given such general satisfaction. With the publication of the New International, however, there be- came available a great number of popular words that demanded inclusion in a book like the Collegiate. Within the eighteen years since the first edition of the Collegiate Dictionary was published, multitudes of scientific and technical terms have become part of everyday speech. In 1898 the automobile industry was in swaddling clothes, wireless telegraphy hardly existed outside the patent office, five years were still to elapse before the Wright brothers were to prove mechanical flight practicable. To-day words connected with all of these subjects come easily from the tongue of the man in the street, and his newspaper and p magazine employ them as part of the vernacular. While the proven convenience of the older Collegiate made any increase in size questionable, still, in order that adequate treatment might be given to this vast amount of new material, it was found necessary to use a slightly larger type page, and to add some 150 pages to the Vocabulary itself. But even with this added space a doubling or even trebling of the care and precision with which essentials were selected and nonessentials were rejected was demanded. To this task the editorial staff q has, during the space of two years, resolutely applied not only the experience gained during the preparation of the New International, but the training in clear and concise statement resulting from its work in making the new School Series of Webster's Dictionaries. This new book can thus with confidence be offered as representing the matured and integrated judgment of editors thoroughly versed in the varied and subtle problems of lexicography. The general title Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has been retained, since the plan of the jj first and second editions. (1898, 1910) of this book has nowhere been widely departed from. The Third Edition is, however, in no sense a revision or adaptation of these predecessors, but is a new work abridged directly from Webster's New International Dictionary, the material of the older Collegiate having been used only incidentally, mainly for purposes of comparison. From the wealth of material in the New International there are here presented about ninety-seven thousand words and phrases. The endeavor has been to select those that will Vocahularv mee ^ the ne eds of the busy general reader who wishes precise but not extended ^ information about the words of the newspaper and periodical, and that will also satisfy the demands of the student in his college work. In the field of science, nouns and adjectives which are used in naming or describing parts or characteristics of plants, animals, or minerals, or the significant phenomena of their growth and relations, have been included with great fullness. The common names of plants and animals, especially if of literary value, have been given freely. Classificatory names, however, such as the names of genera, orders, and the like, have been inserted only when they have also a popular character. Thus many words like fuchsia, geranium, gladiolus, octopus, junco, though originally only the names of genera, have through common use become vernacular names as well. Such vernacular names are freely entered in the vocabulary, and in the definition the genus name itself appears. In the case of many scientific names an English derivative has, in popular use, replaced the Latin K form of science. Preference has been given to such derivatives, but usually in the definition the scientific name itself also appears. Thus Protozoa will be found in the definition of pro- tozoan, and Cephalopoda in that of cephalopod. The spelling of Webster's New International Dictionary has been adhered to throughout. This is based upon the Webster system of simple spellings which prefers color, center, traveling, S 11*n0 an< ^ ^ e ^k" e ' to colour, centre, travelling. In all such cases, however, the alternative opei i g spelling is included. In words that may be spelled either with e or with se, as medieval, mediaeval, or with e or 02, as ecumenical, ozcumenical, the preference is given to the simpler spelling except where usage prefers the form with the diphthong. The words in which the diphthong is retained usually belong to the technical language of science. Here, also, alter- natives are often given, though not so freely as in the New International. \A (iii) ,YI iv PREFACE Proper names or words derived from them, titles, and the like, that should be written or printed with a capital initial have this fact indicated either by beginning the vocabulary Capitalization entry itself with a ca P ital or b ^ inserting [™P-] at the specific definition y affected. The work done in the New International in the department of Pronunciation was, perhaps, the most painstaking ever devoted to the subject for dictionary purposes and its results have Pronunciation therefore been ke pt unchanged. It should be borne in mind that the pronunciations finally chosen as representing the best usage were selected only after scrupulously collating all the published material available together with the results of careful personal investigations by the editor extending over many years and conducted both in America and in England. Again, thousands of disputed pronunciations were submitted to scholars, public speakers, actors, and specialists both in the United States and in Great Britain and a decision was reached only after a careful study of all this gathered information. Attention is, also, specifically directed to the very valuable notes showing special varia- tions in usage in the case of many words. The pronunciation is indicated by the simple and well-established Webster system of re- spelling with one symbol only for each sound. The Guide to Pronunciation, while much shortened, is abbreviated directly from that in the New International and retains the essen- tials necessary to understand the symbols used and the principles followed. The Rules for the pronunciation of Latin (both by the Roman method and the English) and of Spanish will be found of much interest. Plurals of nouns and pronouns, the degrees of adjectives or adverbs, and the parts of verbs are given when irregular or where, though regular, an irregular form might be expected. Trrpdular Plurals and Thus ' aU P lurals of words ending in i, o, or y are given because for nthSr TnfWtPd forms some of these words P lurals ending in is, os, or ys are used, while otner innectea iorms others end in ies or oes Likewise the principal parts of verbs ending in a silent e are usually given. In the case of compounds, these irregular inflected forms are often omitted, to avoid duplicating under a derivative information already available at the main word. The Etymologies are abridged from those of Webster's New International Dictionary, and retain the same qualities of accuracy and lucidity that so notably mark the work of Etv 1 £*es Professor Sheldon and Professor Wiener in the larger book. The abridg- tymo ogi m ent has consisted in the omission of many of the cognate forms, the omission of doubtful or controversial matter given in the New International with such quali- fying words as 'perhaps' and 'apparently,' and, often, in the omission of the etymology of certain words in a group when the essential information is given in connection with the main word. Thus, no etymology is given for separation, although it is strictly from the Latin separatio, inasmuch as the essential information appears under the verb separate. Except for the above systematic modifications, the etymologies of the Collegiate, Third Edition, are, in general, as complete as those of the New International. The process of condensation has, it is believed, in no case made the etymology less accurate or less intelligible. Definitions have generally been taken directly from the New International, though fre- quently modified in statement to obtain greater brevity or directness. They, therefore, retain n fi Iri s ^ e great lucidity and accuracy which characterize the work done by the gen- jjennitions era j e( jftor, Mr. Allen, and those trained under him. Noah Webster has been called "a born definer of words"; and his ideals and methods were, by example, precept, and personal training, passed on to his son-in-law Professor Goodrich and then to each of those who in turn came to take up the active editorial labors, Noah Porter, L. J. Campbell, and F. Sturges Allen. The best of the Webster traditions in definition have been followed in this volume. The historical order too has been preserved to show the growth of a word's mean- ings. For the same purpose obsolete senses have been retained where they are essential steps in a word's development; other obsolete senses have been omitted unless found in well- known works still widely read. In the New International thousands of citations serve to illustrate and make clear the meaning and application of the definitions. The limitations of space forbade the use of full tii v mniA« citations in the Collegiate, but in many instances the significant Illustrative examples papt of & c } tat j on tas ^ een re tained as an illustrative example. Especial care has been taken to insert such examples in figurative or derived senses of the fundamental words of the language. Thus at active, break, make, in, after, on, most of the definitions are reenforced by such examples. The difficulty often found in selecting from a dictionary the precise meaning to fit a given use of a word is removed by these examples, for it is necessary only to scan the definitions until one is found accompanied by an example showing an analogous use. Especial attention is directed to this valuable feature of the Collegiate, since no other dictionary of its size has heretofore attempted to supply information of this kind; it seems certain that it will fill a need which never before has been met, perhaps because not fully realized. PREFACE v Hundreds of phrases are current in English with meanings that differ essentially from the natural meanings to be gathered from the component words. Such phrases are included in Id' at* c Phrases ^ ar S e numbers. When the meaning of the significant word is not too idiomatic rnra remote from its ordinary meanings, a special definition has been made D to cover its use in the idiomatic phrase and the latter has been given as an illustrative example. In many other cases the phrase itself has been inserted with a suitable definition. This feature of the book should be especially helpful to those who do not know English as a mother tongue, but are forced to acquire it in later life. Strictly speaking there are no perfect synonyms, that is, no two words which exactly agree in sense and use. Yet there are in English many words whose meanings are so closely akin C „ that they are carelessly used without discrimination. Such words demand fcynony especial attention in order that they may be used each with its due force and in its proper setting. This department of the New International was treated with especial care and fullness by Professor John L. Lowes, now of Washington University at St. Louis, Missouri, under the critical supervision of Professor George Lyman Kittredge of Harvard. The essence of their material is retained for the most part unmodified save for the abbrevi- D ating of the citations into illustrative examples, so that the treatment of synonyms in the Collegiate Dictionary, Third Edition, constitutes one of its strongest features. More fully than ever before in a work of this size have pictures been used to clarify and strengthen the verbal definitions. Some 1700 of these illustrations appear in the text. In TIT strations addition, eleven full-page illustrations have been prepared especially for p this book. The plates showing various forms of inflorescence, of leaves, of *- flags, of helmets, etc., will repay careful study, for by placing together pictures of objects similar in form the specific differences characteristic of each become clearly evident. Th ^ nlemental ^e su PPl emen tal vocabularies found in the preceding editions \t u? P -^ have been retained in this edition with several new features of value Vocabularies and ^^ F V h larv of Rimes Valuable as the Vocabulary of Rimes has proved itself in the vocaou y former edition, it should be even more serviceable as now pre- sented. The list has been revised and enlarged, monosyllables, dissyllables, and polysyl- lables being grouped separately in alphabetical order, an arrangement that will be found more convenient and suggestive. The pronunciation of the riming elements is indicated, p which was not uniformly done in the earlier editions, thus emphasizing the fact that it is the v*> sound rather than the form which determines the rime. The new typographical arrangement - also will be found to lend itself to greater ease of reference. In this edition the Scottish Glossary shows improvements in vocabulary, definitions, and pronunciation. The vocabulary has been enlarged, and the difficulties likely to be encoun- Scottish Glossary t ^ re( ^ m tne works of Scottish authors have been kept steadfastly in |-j ^ view. The definitions are more numerous, and all have been made to agree with the more recent information contained in the New International Dictionary. Where a fuller definition is given in the main Vocabulary, as under cotter, deasil, kill, plaid, thrum, etc., reference is made thereto in order to avoid repetition. The pronunciation has been re- vised, and the respelling made to conform to the improved notation of the New International. No effort has been spared to make the Scottish Glossary of practical value to the general reader. It is at once comprehensive and authoritative. In the place of the general vocabulary of Proper Names in the earlier Collegiate which gave only the spelling and pronunciation of a list of names, a much more helpful plan has u«^^^,«^:«^ n:/.t:A Ma «4oo been adopted. Names in mythology are for the most part en- f Ce ^ranhical anT tered with caref ul definitions in the main Vocabulary. The Geo- 01 Vjreograp • graphical Names, both ancient and modern, are now entered mograpnicai i>ames in ^ Hgt with the pronunciat i ons an( j brief descriptions added showing location, political ownership, statistics as to population, length (of rivers), elevation (of mountains), area (of states, lakes, etc.), all in the concise form found so effective in the New International. The careful work made available by the very recent revision of the New International Gazetteer insures the accuracy of the material here included. The Biographical Names are given in a separate Biographical Dictionary and cover the K great personages, ancient and modern. The accepted spelling, pronunciation, Christian names, nationality, and some hint as to their notable achievements are given, together with dates of birth and, if no longer living, of death, and in the case of rulers the years of their reigns. The collection of personal names has undergone severe revision. Fanciful etymologies have been discarded, and only such meanings given as bear the hallmark of present-day i English Christian philology-. Anthony, in the former edition, was said to mean "price- L Names s ' P ra i sewort hy " ; Bartholomew, "a warlike son"; Clarence, "illustrious"; Edith, "happiness; rich gift"; Mary "bitter, otherwise, their rebellion, or star of the sea." It is not without regret that these interesting and poetic but erroneous interpretations have been cast aside. Thus, Bartholomew is now given as mean- ing "son of Talinai" ; and Clarence as a Christian name is derived from Clarence the English ** vi PREFACE dukedom. When the meaning is not certain, it is not given. _ While the list of English names is not materially greater than in the former edition, the foreign equivalents are more numer- ous. This, with the revision in pronunciation, makes the collection fuller, more accurate, and more serviceable than its predecessor. Collections of Foreign Phrases and Quotations serve a twofold purpose : To the writer or pub- He speaker they suggest some new or half -forgotten expression; to the reader unfamiliar, or but Foreign Words superficially acquainted, with the foreign tongue, they give the meaning, and and Phrases * n **" s dictionary the pronunciation, of the imported phrase. Of such phrases, the New International Dictionary presents a veritable embarras de richesses, and a selection of the best-known and most widely applicable has been made. The English-speaking race becomes more and more cosmopolitan in speech, and imported sayings form part of the equipment of every educated person. Certain foreign phrases by reason of their conciseness and expressiveness have virtually become an essential part of our language. Such, for example, are the Latin ad libitum, alter ego, ex officio, flagrante delicto, ipso facto, pro bono publico; the French d la mode, amour propre, coup de grace, de trop, hors de combat; the German auf Wiedersehen, mehr Licht, Wanderlust, Zeitgeist; the Italian con amore, dolcefar niente, sotto voce. The present collection contains the more familiar phrases found in its predecessor, and many additions. The mottoes of the various States of the Union are entered. The pronunciation is given, a feature which was absent from the old edition. Furthermore, the plan of using bold-faced type will prove a grateful change from the italics formerly used. The list of Abbreviations is very comprehensive, and covers academic degrees, military titles, honorary orders, scientific symbols, commercial contractions, and the like, some of iku^-otjAno which have gained wide currency since the last edition was prepared. Abbreviations Thu ^ A B ^ Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, A. N. Z. A. C. or Anzac, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, C. S., Christian Science, D. 0., Doctor of Oste- opathy, J. S. 0., Imperial Service Order, S. 0. S., the wireless signal used by ships in dis- tress, can be expected only in an up-to-date list. These and practically all other abbreviations likely to meet the attention of the layman are given in the present collection. Attention is also directed to the introductory remarks on the correct usage of abbreviations in writing and printing. Such information is not elsewhere readily available, and will be appreciated by the careful writer. When, and when not, to use capital letters is clearly shown in the present edition, and this improvement alone more than justifies the revision. Punctuation Use of ^ J1 ^ w ^° nave occasion to write or print will welcome the simple r-o -tQi t Attt, wdbl; put (pd~6t), pull (pdol). ou, „ ,, out, thou, de-vour'. p, „ ,, papa, pen, pin, pop, put. r, „ ,, rap, red, rip, rod ; also for rh, as in rhodo- dendron, rhomboid. s (always voiceless, or " sharp "), as in so, this, haste ; also for c as in cell, vice ; for sc as in scene, sci- ence; for ss as in hiss. sh, as in she, ship, shop ; also for ch as in machine, chaise ; for ce as in ocean ; for ci as in social ; for sci as in conscious ; for s as in sure ; for se as in nauseous ; for si as in pension ; for ss as in issue ; for ssi as in passion ; for ti as in nation. t, as in time, talk ; also for ed as in baked, capped ; for th as in thyme, Thomas. th (voiceless), as in thin, through, wealth, breadth. th (voiced) : for th as in then, this, smooth, breathe. tu: for tu as in cul'ture, na'ture, pic'ture. ii, as in use, pure, tune, lute, du'ty, hu'man. u, u-nite', for'mu-late, hu-mane'. ii, „ ,, urn, furl, con-cur'; her (hdr), fern (fCirn), fir (fQr) ; for Ger. o, oe, as in schon (shdu), Goethe (gQ'te) ; for Fr. eu, as in jeu (zhQ). ii, as in up, tub, stiid'y, up-hill'. ii, ,, „ cir'cus, cau'cus, cir'cMm-stance. ii : for French u, as in menu (me-nii') ; for German U, as in griin, Siin'de. v, as in van, vent, vote, revoke ; also for f as in of. w, „ „ want, win, weed, wood. y, „ ,, yard, yet, yellow, beyond. z, „ „ zone, haze ; also for voiced (" soft ") s, as in is, wise, figs ; for x as in Xenophon, xylography. zh : for z as in azure ; for zi as in glazier, brazier ; for s as in pleasure; for si as in vision ; for ssi as in abscission ; for g as in rouge, cortege. ' as in pardon (par'd'n), eaten (ef n), evil (e'v'l) : in- dicates the elision of a vowel or its reduction to a mere vocal murmur. (Cf. § 26.) (viii) A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION ELEMENTS OF SPOKEN ENGLISH In this discussion, unless otherwise indicated, it is the sound of a letter that is meant in any instance, and not its name. Thus, t is called " te " ; its sound may be heard by pronouncing a word like to, and then omitting the vowel. § 1. a as in ale, fate, mak'er, etc., commonly called "long a," although it corresponds, at least in its main ele- ment, nearly with 6 (§ 23), is the name sound of the letter a in modern English. It is usually diphthongal, beginning with a sound nearly that of e in met, and ending with a brief sound as of l in it, which is most noticeable at the end of a syllable, or before a voiced (sonant) consonant, as in may, ale. In passing from the e position to the I position the tongue is raised, and the main element of the a becomes somewhat closer than 6. The a. is never simply e prolonged. The sound (a) is also otherwise variously represented, in the ordinary spelling, as in pain, day, break, veil, obey, and (exceptionally) gaol, gauge, aye (ever). § 2. a as in sen'ate, preface, vil'lage, etc., is a mod- ification of a (ale), in unaccented syllables. In ordinary speech, the sound is nearly e as in end, or, as pronounced by some, I in it. In formal speech, the sound approaches a in many adjectives and nouns where in the corresponding verb it has the full sound, as in con'ju-gate, a., aggre- gate, n. It is nearly a when before another vowel in a fol- lowing syllable, as in cha-ot'ic, Ju'da-ism. In such words as mis'cel-la-ny, sal'u-ta-ry, etc., the a usually is more nearly a in American than in British use. § 3. a as in care, coin-pare', par'ent, etc., occurs in standard English only in syllables closed by r and more or less strongly accented. The sound varies somewhat with dif- ferent speakers. By many, it is made with the tongue nearly in the position for a in at (§ 4) ; by others, with the tongue nearly in the position for 6 in end (§ 23). But in either case the tongue is tenser and slightly higher than for the a or for the 8, so that the a is not simply a prolonged, as some de- scribe it, or e prolonged, as others describe it. An a before r does not usually take the sound of a when the r immediately precedes a sounded vowel or an- other r in a following syllable of the word ; as in va'ry, wa/ry, Ma'ry, etc. ; pftr'i-ty, par'ry, char'i-ty, etc. (cf. § 75). Words like va'ry, wa'ry, etc., are, however, pronounced with a by many, especially in British usage. The sound (a) remains unchanged when an inflectional end- ing is added ; thus, share, shar'er, shar'ing. The sound (a) is also represented, in the ordinary spell- ing, by e before r, as in there, and in other ways, as in air, bear, heir, prayer, etc. § 4. aasinadd,hat,ran'dom,par'i-ty,etc.,iscom- monly called " short a." It corresponds in tongue position nearly with a as that sound is pronounced by many (§ 3). The sound (a) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, as in plaid, guar'an-ty, etc. § 5. a as in dc-count', fi'nftl, mad'dm, etc., occurs frequently in unaccented syllables closed by a consonant, in the ordinary spelling. In formal speech, it has the quality of a (at), but ordinarily it is more or less obscured, often becoming nearly or quite the same as a in so'f d (§ 8). The italic (a) indicates the quality of a (at), with allowable col- loquial obscuration. § 6. a as in arm, far, fa'ther, alms, palm is often called "Italian a." It has also been called the "open- throat " vowel, because in pronouncing it the mouth and throat are opened wide, the tongue being lax. In American usage, a occurs most often before r. In calf, half, salve, etc., a is the generally accepted sound though a, and even a, are also common in such words (notj however, in calm, palm, halm, etc., in educated speech). The digraph au in laugh, haunt, taunt, etc., is prefer- ably pronounced as a, although when followed by n, as in haunt, taunt, etc., it is by many given as 6 (§ 11). The sound (a) is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary spell- ing, as in hearth, guard, etc. § 7. a as in staff, graft, dance, com-mand', chant, ask, pass, last, path, etc., occurs before f f , ft, nee, nd, nt, sk, sp, ss, st, and th ; and in some other cases. The sound thus represented is not the short form of a in art (§ 6). It is medium or long in quantity, and vari- able in quality between the limits a (art) and a (am), usu IX allymore nearly resembling the former, but'articulated some- what further forward in the mouth. It is used by many culti- vated speakers, in such words as are here mentioned, as a com- promise between the a* used by some and the a used by others. § 8. d as in d-bound', cd-rouse', di'd-dem, so'fd, etc., occurs only in unaccented syllables, usually such as are not closed by a consonant in the ordinary spelling. The sound is that of a in ask, usually with more or less colloquial ob- scuration toward the sound of e in ev'er (§ 27), such allow- able obscuration being indicated by italicizing the letter (d). § 9. A as in all, talk, swarm, wa'ter, etc., is equiv- alent to 6 as in orb, bdrn, etc. (§ 59), and is represented by 6 in the respelling ; as, all (61), talk (t<5k). § 10. A as in was, what, wan'der, swan, quali- ty, etc., is equivalent to o as in 5dd (§ 60), and is repre- sented by o in the respelling; thus, was(woz),what(hw5t). Au and aw § 11. Au, in the ordinary spelling, regularly represents thesoundof 6 in lord (§59), as in taught, caustic, haul, etc. It also has the sound of a, as in aunt, laugh ; and in taunt, haunt, etc., as preferably pronounced (§ 6). It never has the sound of ou in house in English words. The common sound of au (6) is also represented, in the ordinary spelling, by aw, now the usual form where final or before k, 1, or n ; as in law, saw, hawk, crawl, lawn, etc. § 12. B as in hoy, cah, rohljer, a1>le, etc., is the voiced labial stop (i. e., consonant formed with stoppage at the lips of the voiced, or intonated, breath). It differs from p (§ 72) only in being uttered with voice, or vocal tone. B is usually silent after m in the same syllable, as in bomb, climb, thumb, etc. ; but is sometimes sounded, as in rhomb. It is usually silent before t (except in com- pounds, as subtitle, etc.); as in debt, doubt, siib'tle, etc. In a few other cases, also, especially when initial be- fore another consonant, as in bdel'li-uni, it is silent. § 13. C as in cede, cy'press, ac'id, glance, etc., ("soft" c) is identical with s as in see (§ 77), and is in- dicated by s in the respelling for pronunciation. C hasthissound (s) before e, i, or y ; as in cede, ac'id, etc. The c rarely has the sound of z, as in sacrifice and suffice as pronounced by some. Before an i, less often an e, immediately followed by another vowel in the same word, soft " c commonly takes the sound of sh, either by itself, I in o'ce-an'ic (o'she-ah'Yk), or by assimilation with the i or e, as in vi'cious (vish'us), o'cean (o'shSn), etc. § 14. C as in cat, cold, ac'rid, etc., ("hard" c) has the sound of k, and is represented by k in the respelling. C has this sound (k) before a, o, or u ; before 1 and r, as in cliff, craft; in the combination ck, as in crack; and at the end of a syllable (if not immediately followed in a succeeding syllable by e, i, or y), as in pic'ture, arc, sanc'tion, disc, zinc, al'ma-nac, vac'ci-nate, etc.; also before e in scep'tic, as sometimes spelled, and before i in scir'rous (pronounced also sTt'ms), and in the irregu- lar spellings arc'ing, zinc'ing, zinc'y, etc. § 15. C initial before n occurs in a few words and names from the Greek, and is silent, as in Cni'dus (ni'dws). C is also silent in czar, etc., as commonly pronounced; also in vict'uals, in-dict', and in mus'cle, cor'pus-cle, etc. Ch § 16. The most frequent sound ol ch, as in chin, church, much, arch, etc., is a consonantal diphthong, commonly analyzed as t-f- sh (tsh). But these elements are not simply pronounced in succession, without change, as are, for instance, k and s in box (b5ks); they blend into a composite sound in which both elements are changed somewhat. The sound is the voiceless (surd) correlative of j (§ 48). Ch has this sound in all native English words, and is used in the respelling invariably with this value. Ch often has as an equivalent, in the ordinary spelling, the trigraph tch, at the eud of a syllable; as in hatch, watch, satch'el, etc. This sound of ch is also represented, in the ordinary spelling, by ti, as in bas'tion, ques'tion, and, rarely, by te, as in right'eous; also, by t and the initial element of u in na'ture, vul'ture, etc., as commonly col- loquially pronounced. (Cf. § 87.) Ch occasionally has the sound of j, as in spin'ach. § 17. Ch has the sound of sh in she (§ 81) in words from modern French, as cha-grin', ma-chine', mus-tache', etc.; also, in some words from Old French, in which histor- B D H K M A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION ically the sound is ch (chop), but in which it has com- monly become sh through analogy with more recent bor- rowings, as in chiv'al-rous, cham-paign' (flat ground). § 18. Ch "hard," as in cho'rus, ech'o, etc., has the Bound of k, and is represented by k in the respelling. Ch has its " hard " sound in most words from the Greek, directly or through the Latin, as in cho'rus, ep'och, chyle ; also, in most words or names from the Hebrew, as Chaldea, Enoch, Nebuchadrezzar. In a compara- tively few such words, the sound of ch as in chop occurs ; as chart, cherub, Rachel ; also, in the prefix arch-, as in archbishop, archduke ; but the k sound remains in architect, archangel, architecture, etc. In some words from foreign languages, the corresponding ch has a fricative (" guttural") sound. (See § 50.) § 19. Ch is silent in drachm, schism, yacht, and in fuchsia, as a common plant name. § 20. D as in day, bed, hard, wed'ded, etc., is the voiced dental (or often alveolar) slop (i. e., consonant formed with stoppage of the voiced, or intonated, breath by placing the point of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth, or the gums just above). The sound differs from t {§ 82) only in being uttered with voice, or vocal tone. D, when preceded in the same syllable by a voiceless sound (i. e., one uttered without vocal tone), is pronounced like t ; as in hissed (hist), looked (ldokt). It is silent in the first syllable of Wednesday, as usually pronounced, and in handkerchief and handsome. 1) often assimilates with a following i, the two taking the sound j (§§ 48, 87). § 21. e as in eve, be, mete, etc., commonly called " long e," is the name sound of the letter e in modern English. The sound is formed with the tongue in nearly the same po- sition as for I (§ 44), but slightly raised and tenser, the front of the tongue being raised higher than for any of the other " front" vowel sounds (I, a, 6, a, a). A further raising of the tongue, or a slight increase in the force of utterance, by causing audible friction of the breath, turns the sound into a consonant, as y in yes. This sound is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, as in Cae'sar, beam, feet, de-ceive', peo'ple, key, machine', field, Phoe'bus, quay, Por'tu-guese. § 22. e as ine-yent', cre-ate', so-ci'e-ty, etc., is a modification of e (eve) in unaccented syllables. In ordi- nary speech it is uttered with the tongue slightly lower and less tense than for the accented e, the sound tending toward that of I (ill), which it often becomes in colloquial speech. § 23. e as in £nd, pet, er'ror, etc., commonly called •'short e," corresponds nearly to the main part of " a " (§ 1). The sound (6), which usually occurs in accented syllables closed with a consonant, is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, as in any, di-ser'e-sis, said, says, feath'er, heifer, leop'ard, friend, as/a-f oet'i-da, etc. § 24. Short e (6) also occurs in unaccented initial sylla- bles, as in gx-cuse', fin-large', M-f ace', etc. In many fi- nal unaccented syllables, the sound verges toward that of I in ill, as in end'ed, car'pet, hors'es, wool'en, etc., and is given as I by many phoneticians, where others give 6, or a sound intermediate between e and i. In this Dictionary the more formal sound (e) is preferred, although the I sound is allowable colloquially. Otherwise, the 6 in unaccented syllables usually is obscured toward the sound of e (ev'er). (See §§ 25, 27.) § 25. e as in mo'm£nt, de'c«m-cy, nov'el, gos'pel, etc., usually before n or 1, is pronounced in formal speech like e (end). From this there is an allowable colloquial weakening or obscuration in the direction of e (ev'er, § 27), the vowel sometimes appearing to be almost elided, as in mo'm'nt, nov"l. (Cf . § 26.) The formal sound, together with its allowable obscuration, is indicated by the italic (3). § 26. In some words — as eat'en, o'pen, gold'en, shriv'el, etc. — the e is so far reduced that it becomes a mere vocal murmur, or even drops out altogether, leaving to the n or the 1 the function of the vowel. Such words are marked in the respelling for pronunciation with an apos- trophe (') to indicate the reduction or elision of the vowel ; thus, eat'en (et"n), gold'en (gol'd'n). § 27. e as in read'er, sev'er-al, per-form', etc., is the sound of unaccented e before r. The tongue position in the articulation of this sound is nearly the same as that for u (§ 88), or tt (§ 89), but in pronouncing either u or H the tongue is tenser, making a perceptible difference in the sound, as may be felt and heard by pronouncing such pairs of words as cur and mak'er, cut and sev'Sr. The sound (e) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, as in al'tar, e-lix'ir, ac'tor, zeph'yr, etc. § 28. The sound of e as in fern, err, her, herd, in- fer', etc., as ordinarily pronounced, is the same as u in urn, and is indicated in the respelling by ii. (See § 88.) § 29. E as in there, where, etc., is identical in sound with a (§ 3), by which it is represented in the respelling. § 30. E as in veil, rein, they, etc., with the sound of a (§ 1), occurs in English words only in the digraph ei (or ey final), and it is, properly speaking, the digraph that rep- resents the sound, and not the single letter. § 31. E with consonant value. An unaccented e imme- diately followed by another vowel often assumes more or less of a consonant y sound, as in right'eous, as pronounced by some, rlt'yas. Even with careful speakers, this y sound, however, often assimilates with a preceding t or d or s, or c with the sound of s, modifying its sound more or less, as in right'eous (ri'chws, by some rit'yws), gran'deur (grah'dur ; by some grSnd'yer, by others gran'jer), o'cean (o'shan), nau'seous (nQ'shus, by some -shius), etc. Cf. § 87. The e does not always disappear even when, by par- tial assimilation, it has changed the sound of the preceding consonant, especially if the accent falls upon the following syllable, as in o'ce-an'ic (5 7 she-Sn'Ik). § 32. E silent. When it follows a consonant at the end of a syllable, e is usually silent in modern English, but in- dicates: (l)_Generally, that a preceding vowel is long; as in came, tone, home. In many words, however, the preceding vowel is short ; as in bade, ol'ive, prom'ise, etc. (2) That a preceding c or g is "soft" (i. e., pro- nounced as s or j); as in serv'ice, rav'age, etc. A final silent e, also, often occurs after certain consonants not usual in a final position, as y, th (when sounded as in them), and single s (when not the sign of the plural), or z; as in leave, wreathe, mouse, nurse, bronze, etc. In the ending -ed of the past tense and participle of verbs, the e, except in solemn or poetic speech, is usually elided, as in sealed (seld), waved (wavd), hoped (hopt), un- less the verb ends in d or t, as in add'ed, suit'ed. When the e is thus elided in pronunciation, the d following a voice- less consonant (i. e., one uttered without vocal tone) is pro- nounced as t ; as, stopped (stopt), hoped (hopt). Ee § 33. Ee has usually the sound of e (eve) ; as in beet (bet), deep (dep). In been, it has usually, in America, the soundof I. Inbreech'esand coffee, it has the sound of I. Eu, ew J 34. Eu regularly has the sound of u (§ 85), as in feud (fud), deuce (dus), or, when unaccented, of fi (§ 87), as in eu-phon'ic (u-f5n'Ik), etc. E w, having usually the same sounds as eu, is common at the end of words or syllables ; as in pew (pu), new (mi), etc. Italso occurs (rarely) initially and medially; as in ewe (u), ew'er (u'er), newt (nut). Aftercertain consonants, it has the sound of oo; as in flew (floo), threw (throo). (Cf. § 86.) It has exceptionally the sound of o ; as in sew (so), shew (sho). § 35. F as in fame, fly, staff, oft, etc., is the voiceless labiodental open consonant (i. e., consonant pronounced by bringing the lower Up and upper teeth lightly together but without complete stoppage of the breath, which is emitted without accompanying voice, or vocal tone). F is the same as v, except that v is pronounced with voice (§ 95). The commonest equivalent of f in the ordinary spelling is ph (chiefly in words from the Greek), as pha'lanx, pho'- to-graph, etc.; the sound being otherwise sometimes rep- resented by gh (§ 40). In of, and usually in hereof, thereof, whereof, f has the sound of v. § 36. G as in gay, go, gun, is called ■« hard " g. This sound of g is the voiced guttural, or velar, slop (i. e., conso- nant pronounced by stopping the voiced, or intonated, breath by contact between the back of the tongue and the back pal- ate). It corresponds to k (§ 49), except that the latter is uttered without voice. As used in the respelling for pro- nunciation, g has invariably its " hard " sound. In modern English, g has its " hard " sound ; (a) Always at the end of a word ; as in hug, hag, tug ; also in deriva- tives of such words even when the g (doubled in the spell- ing) is followed by e, i, or y, as in rag'ged, drug'gist, f g'§y' (b) Before a, o, or u, or an 1, r, or s in the same syllable ; as in gay, glad, grow, lin'gual, bags (except A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION in the British gaol, gaoler), (c) In words of Teutonic origin before e and i, as in get, give ; also when doubled before y, as in bug'gy, mug'gy. (d) In a few words and names from the Hebrew; as ge'rah, Gid/e-on The sound of " hard '* g, followed by z, is also often represented by x; as in ex-ist'(eg-zist'), ex-am'ple (Sg-zam'p'l). See § 100. This sound of g is otherwise indicated, in the ordinary spelling, by gn, as in guard, guest ; by gh, as in ghost; and by gue final, as in plague. § 37. " Soft " g, as in gem,en'gine, gy'rate, has the sound of j (§ 48), and is represented by j in the respelling. The letter g has this sound usually before e, i, or y, ex- cept in words of Teutonic origin (§ 36, e). At the end of a syl- lable, the sound is usually represented by dg, dge, or ge, as in badg'er, badge, rage. § 38. G with sound of zh. In a few words from the French, as rouge, mirage, cortege, etc., g retains its French sound of z in azure. § 39. G is silent in modern English before m and n final, and when initial before n ; as in phlegm, sign, gnat, gnaw, etc. In the digraph ng, as in sing, the g blends with the n to form a new sound (§ 55). Gh § 40. Gh occurs initially in a few words, in which it has the sound of " hard" g (§ 36) ; as in ghost, ghostly, a- ghast'. In other positions it either has become silent or has the sound of f . It is silent : (a) after i (or ei), as in high, nigh, sleigh, etc. ; {b) before a t in the same syl- lable, as in caught, eight, right, etc. (an exception is draught [drSft]) ; (c) often at the end of a word or sylla- ble after au or ou, as in daugh'ter, dough, bough, etc. It often has the sound of f after au or ou at the end of a word or syllable, as in laugh, laugh 'ter, cough, e-nough', etc. In hough, it has, exceptionally, the sound of k. § 41. H as in hate, hire, house, hoot, etc., is a sim- ple breath sound, and is often called the aspirate. It usu- ally begins as a weak, voiceless glottal consonant produced by friction of the breath against the vocal cords, while its latter part is articulated with the same position of the vocal organs as for the following vowel. An h initial in a word is sounded in the best present Eng- lish, except in heir, honest, honor, hour, and, esp. in America, herb, and their derivatives, while in hostler (when so spelled), humble, humor, present usage is di- vided, but on the whole favors the sounding of the aspirate. The h is frequently silent at the beginning of a syllable ; as in ex-haust', ex-hort', shep'herd, Dur'ham, etc. After a vowel in the same syllable, as iu ah, oh, the h is regularly silent. The h is silent in John and phthisic (tiz'ik) ; and is either silent, or blended with a neighboring sound, in ch, gh, kh, ph, rh, sh, th, and wh. § 42. I as in ice, time, child, etc., commonly called "long I," is the name sound of the letter i in modern Eng- lish. The sound (I) is a diphthong having for its initial ele- ment in the best American usage the sound of a (arm) or the same sound shortened (as in ar-tis'tic). In some locali- ties, notably the South of England, the initial element lieB between u (up) and e (ev'er). The sound is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, as in aisle, ay or aye (yes), height, eye, vie, choir, guile, buy, thy, rye. § 43. Long i unaccented, as in l-de'a, di-am'e-ter, etc., does not differ essentially from I in ice, but is commonly pronounced more quickly, and is hence somewhat shortened. § 44. I as in 111, pit, ad-mit', etc., is commonly called " short i," though formed with nearly the same tongue po- sition as for e (§ 21), but with the tongue slightly lower, and less tense. Short i unaccented is usually followed in the same syllable by a consonant, as in cab'in, In-hab'It. Otherwise, as in qual'I-ty, trinl-ty, di-vide', etc., the sound tends slightly toward e (ev'er, § 27), but in careful speech its quality is maintained. The sound (I) i6 also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, as in guin'ea, for'eign, sur'feit, car'riage, mis'chief, cir'cuit, etc., and, exceptionally, in Eng'lish, breeches, been (§ 33), wo'men, tor'toise (by some), let'- tuce, bus'y ; also, colloquially, in add'ed, etc. (Cf. § 24.) § 45. I before r, as in fir, bird, irk'some, etc., is the equivalent of u in urn (§88), and is represented by u in the respelling, as in fir (fQr), bird (bQrd), etc. When unac- cented, the sound is equivalent to e in ev'er; asinta'pir (ta'per), e-lix'ir (£-lIk'ser). (Cf. § 27.) § 46. I as in ma-chine', po-lice', etc., occurs in mod- ern English chiefly in words of foreign origin or under for- eign influence, and is equivalent to e in eve (§ 21), being rep- resented by e in the respelling for pronunciation. § 47. I with consonant value. A short i (I) when closely followed by another vowel often falls into a y sound ; as in fil'ial(fil'yal), gen'ial(jen'yfil), etc. A preceding "sharp" s (as in sun), "soft" c (as in cede), or sc (as in science), by assimilation with the y sound, commonly takes an sh sound, as in man'sion, vi'cious, con'scious; and a voiced s (as in as) or a z similarly takes a zh sound, as in vi'sion, gla'zier, etc., the i in either case being wholly absorbed. A preceding t is affected in the same way, as in na'tion, par'tial, etc. ; but when preceded by a syllable ending in s, the ti (ty) takes a ch (tsh) sound, as in ques'- tion, Chris'tian, etc. A g followed by i similarly takes, by fusion with the i sound, the sound of j, as in re'gion ; and di in like manner often takes the sound of j, as in sol'- dier, cor'dial. J § 48. J as in jar, jest, jute, etc., is a consonantal diphthong, commonly analyzed as d+zh (dzh). But these elements are not simply pronounced in succession, as are, for instance, the sounds of g and z in eggs (egz) ; they blend into a composite sound in which both elements are somewhat changed. The sound is the voiced (sonant) cor- relative of ch in chin (cf . § 16). The equivalents of j, in the ordinary spelling, are " soft " g, ge, and dg(e), by which it is usually represented at the end of a syllable, as in page, badg'er, judge (cf. § 37); exceptions being prej'u-dice, proj'ect, maj'es-ty, and caj'e-put. Also, j (or dj) occurs at the end of a syllable in some foreign words, mostly Oriental. Other equivalents of j, in the ordinary spelling, are di as in sol'dier, ge as in sur'geon, gi as in re'gion. (Cf . §§ 47, 87.) In hal- lelujah, j has the sound of y. § 49. K as in kite, ark, oak, etc., is the voiceless gut' tural, or velar, stop, formed in the same manner as " hard " g (§ 36), but uttered without voice, or vocal tone. The sound (k) is also otherwise indicated, in the ordinary spelling, as in call, choir, hough (h5k), khan, co-quef, an-tique', sacque, queen. The sound is also a component of one of the sounds commonly represented, in the ordinary spelling, by x (§ 99). Before n in the same syllable, k is now silent in English ; as in knot, knee, etc. Ck has the sound of k, as in tack, as_has Ik, usually, after the sound of a in all (61) or of o in old, as in walk, folk, etc. § 50. A small capital k (thus, K) is used in the respell- ing to indicate any of certain fricative sounds, often popu- larly called "gutturals," which occur in German, Scottish, Dutch, and other languages. These sounds are of two typical classes : (a) The palatal fricative is made with the tongue nearly in position for y in yes, but raised closer to the palate, so that there is more distinctly audible friction. It may be imitated by exagger- ating the slightly fricative sound of y in yes (without utter- ing voice), or of h in hue ; or by pronouncing k in key so that the breath passes through a very narrow passage, in- stead of being entirely stopped between the tongue and the palate. This sound is typically that of chin standard Ger- man " ich," and commonly occurs after or before "front " vowels, as 1, e, and after consonants, {b) The guttural fric- ative is usually deeper and stronger than the palatal, and somewhat resembles a light hawking, or clearing of the throat. It may be imitated by pronouncing c in cow, with the closure between the back of the tongue and the palate loosened so that the breath passes through a very narrow passage, instead of being entirely stopped. This sound ia typically that of ch in standard German " ach," and com- monly occurs after or before " back " vowels, as a, o, u. The nature of the preceding or the succeeding sound suffi- ciently determines the character of these fricative sounds. Those not familiar with the foreign pronunciation may pro- nounce the K. as simple k. § 51. Las in lie, low, ill, clay, etc., is normally formed with partial closure of the oral passage by contact of the point of the tongue with the back upper gums at the same place as for d (§ 20) and t (§ 82), the voiced (intonated) breath passing out either at both sides or at one side, whence it has been called the point-divided, or point-side, conso- nant. !L has no voiceless correlative in English. In certain combinations the 1, originally sounded, has regularly become silent, as in would, alms, balm, salm- on, almond, half, salve, talk, folk, and like words, and their derivatives. L, often fulfills the office of a vowel in au unaccented syllable, as in bat'tle (baV '1), bus'tla B H K M xn A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION 31 § 52. IH aa in me, tame, smile, etc., is the voiced labial nasal (labionasal) consonant, formed by bringing the lips together, as for b and p, at the same time lowering the soft palate, and thus allowing the intonated breath, or voice to pass into or through the nasal passage. Initial m before n, occurring in a few words from the Greek, is silent ; as in mne-mon'ics (ne-m5n'Iks). N § 53. N as in none, inn, ten, etc., is the voiced dental nasal (deniinasal) consonant, formed with closure of the oral passage by the tongue in the same position as for d and t, while, at the same time, the soft palate is lowered, allow- ing the intonated breath, or voice, to pass into or through the nasal passage. N often serves as a vowel in unaccented syllables, as in eat'en (et"n). (Cf. § 26.) After m, a final n is silent, as in hymn, condemn, etc. ; but when a suffix is added to such a word, the n is usu- ally sounded, as in hym-nol'o-gy, con'dem-na'tion au-tum'nal, etc. In damned, damning, limning, usage is divided; in condemning, contemning, hymn- ing 1 , condemner, contemner, present usage favors the silent n. In kiln the n is usually silent. In the initial combinations kn, pn, mn, only the n ia now sounded in English, as in know, pneumatic (cf . § 72), mnemonics. § 54. A small capital n (thus, N) is used in the re spell- ing to indicate that a preceding vowel is pronounced as a nasal, as in French bon (b6N). There are four such nasal vowels in French, indicated by a following n in the ordinary spelling (not if the n is doubled or followed by a vowel in the same syllable), as in the phrase un bon vin blanc (un b6"N vSn bl&N), " a good white wine." These are pronounced by opening the mouth very wide and uttering the vowels as here marked, while allowing the soft palate to hang loose, the breath or voice passing out through both nose and mouth, only the vowel be- ing pronounced in any case, the printed n merely indicating the nasalization. Many English-speaking people substitute for such nasal vowels similar, but not nasalized, vowels fol- lowed by the English nasal consonant sound ng, or n as in ink (§ 55) and this, though inaccurate, is allowable for those who find the true nasal vowels too difficult. Similar nasal vowels occur in some other languages, as Portuguese. n.ng § 55. Ng as in sing, hang, bang'ing, etc., is a nasal consonant sound formed with complete closure between the back of the tongue and the soft palate, in the same manner as for " hard " g (§ 36), and is hence called the guttural, or velar, nasal. In its pronunciation the sounds of n and g are so closely blended that neither can be distinguished. The digraph occurs only at the end of syllables ; as in sing, sing'er, hang, etc. ; or with ue added, as in tongue. An added inflection usually causes no change ; as in sing'er, hang'ing, etc. ; but in the comparatives and superlatives of long, young, etc., the g goes, with the sound of " hard " g, with the inflection, while the n takes to itself the ng sound; as in lon'ger, lon'gest. When ng is followed in the same syllable by a silent e, as in flange, range, it does not take the sound as in sing, but is simple n, followed by the sound of ge (= j). At the end of an accented syllable, an n followed im- mediately, either in the same or the succeeding syllable, by the sound of k or of "hard" g (go), commonly takes more or less of the ng sound (being marked in the respell ing for pronunciation withn); as in ink (ink), fin'ger (fin/ger), etc. ; also, often, in unaccented syllables, as in e 7 lon-ga r tion, pro'lon-ga'tion, etc. The n does not take this sound (n) in the prefixes in-, en-, on-, un-, non-. O § 56. o as in old, note, bone, etc., commonly called "long o," is the name sound of the letter o in modern English. The main part of the sound (o) in standard Eng- lish is pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the soft palate, its maximum elevation being about mid- way between that for 6 (orb, § 59) and that for do (food, § 68). In its pronunciation the lips are contracted to a cir- cular opening. In addition to this main element, the vowel commonly takes a distinct vanishing sound of do (fdbt), or even do (food), making it more or less diphthongal. This diphthongal quality is more marked in the pronunciation of some localities than in that of others. (Cf. § 1.) The sound (o) is otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, as in roam, foe, oh, door, grow, owe, hautf- boy, beau, yeo'man, sew. § 57. When accented before r, o commonly takes as its vanishing sound a slight sound as of e in ev'er (§ 27), in- stead of &b or do. By some in America, and by many in England, the o in this position is pronounced nearly or quite like d (§ 59) ; as in glo'ry, pork, e*c. § 58. 6 as in o-bey', po-et'ic, a-nat'o-my, etc., dif- fers from o (old) not only in the (usual) omission of the vanishing sound, but also in that the tongue takes for 6 a slightly lower position and is laxer. In careful pronuncia- tion, the sound is almost that of o. § 59. 6 as in orb, lord, or'der, etc., is formed with nearly the same tongue position as "short o " (§ 60), but in pronouncing it the tongue is tenser. As indicated by the letter o followed by r in the same syllable, the sound (d) is mostly limited to accented sylla- bles with the r not immediately followed by a vowel or another r in the same word (inflected words, as ab-h6r / - ring, ab-hor'rer, excepted). Otherwise the sound is usually 5, as in f dr'eign, Sr'ange, tor'rid, or 5, as in more, glo'ry, door ; but all these words are pronounced with 6 by many speakers (cf. § 57). The sound (6) is also represented, in the ordinary spelling, by a in certain positions, as in swarm, all, talk, wa'ter, etc. ; and otherwise as in draw, awe, haul, ex-traor'di- na-ry, George, etc. § 60. 5 as in n5t, odd, p5d, etc., is commonly called "short o." The sound is formed with nearly the same tongue position as for 6 (§ 59), but in its pronunciation the tongue is laxer. In the pronunciation of this pair of vowels (6, 5) the back of the tongue (the part active in their formation) is lower than for any of the other "back " vowels (o, a, ob, db) and the lips are rounded but slightly. " Short o " some- times occurs in unaccented syllables, as in ma'crdn, car'- bdn, etc., but here, except in very formal speech, it is usu- ally more or less obscured, as in cdn-clude', oc-cur', etc. (§ 61). Such obscuration is more marked in most final un- accented syllables, the vowel often disappearing altogether, leaving to the consonant the function of a vowel, as in cot'- ton (k5t"n), but'ton (buf'n), etc. (Cf. § 26.) § 61. 8 as in oc-cur', ctfn-nect', rec'tfl-lect', etc., has the sound of 5 in Sdd (§ 60) in formal speech, but in ordi- nary speech the sound is more or less obscured, such allowa- ble obscuration being indicated by making the letter italic. § 62. o as in soft, cost, gone, cloth, etc., is inter- mediate between 6 in orb (§ 59) and 5 in Sdd (§ 60). The o in such words is pronounced by some as 6, by others as 6, but properly takes the medial sound here indicated. § 63. O as in do (doo), prove (proov), tomb (toom), etc., is equivalent to oo in food (§ 68), and is indicated by oo in the respelling. § 64. O as in wolf (woolf), wom'an (wdthn'an), etc., is equivalent to db in fdbt (§ 69), and is represented by db in the respelling. § 65. O as in son (sun), done (dun), oth'er (uth'er), etc., is equivalent to ii in up (§ 89), and is indicated by u in the respelling. The o in na'tion (na'shftn), cau'tion (kS'shKu), etc., has this sound, usually more or less obscured in ordinary speech, as indicated by the italic ii. (Cf. § 90.) § 66. O as in worm (wfirm), work- (wfirk), -world (wfirld), etc., occurs only before r in accented syllables, and is equivalent to vi in urn (§ 88). Oo § 67. Oo in modern English regularly has the sounds of do as in boot (§ 68), and 6~b in fdbt (§ 69); exceptionally it has the sound of ii in iip, as in flood (flud), blood (blud), etc., (§ 89), and of o (old), as in door (dor), floor n or), etc. (§ 57). § 68. do as in moon, food, tdbt, etc., is articulated with the back of the tongue raised close to the back palate and the lips firmly and closely rounded. The height of the tongue and the degree of lip rounding are greater than for any of the other " back" vowels (a, o, o, 5). (Cf. § 60.) The sound (do) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, as in rude, group, drew, fruit, do, canoe, rheum, manoeuvre. § 69. &b as in fdbt, gdbd, crdbk is called the short of do, although the two sounds differ not only in quantity, but also somewhat in quality. The db is formed with nearly the same tongue position as ob, but in pronouncing it the tongue is slightly lower and less tense. A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION The sound (do) iB also commonly represented, in the or- dinary spelling, by u, as in full (fd&l), pull (pdol), etc. ; and exceptionally by o, as in wolf, woman, and by ou, as in would, could. Oi and oy § 70. Oi regularly represents the diphthong heard in oil, coil, etc., and is used in the respelling always with this value. Its first element, which takes the accent, is approx- imately 6 and its final element is I, the elements being pro- nounced in a single wave of sound (thus, 6'i). In the ordinary spelling, oi exceptionally represents sev- eral other sounds ; as in cham'ois, av'oir-du-pois', choir, tor'toise, etc. The diphthongal sound of oi when final is commonly represented, in the ordinary spelling, by oy, as in boy (boi), toy (toi), etc. Ou and ow § 71. Ou in modern English regularly represents the diphthong heard in out, a-bout', bouse, a sound never represented by au in English. This sound of ou is approxi- mately a (art) + do (bdbk), pronounced in one wave of sound, with the accent on the first element (a/db). The diphthong is used in the respelling always with this value. In the ordinary spelling, ou exceptionally represents sev- eral other sounds; as in soup, brought, soul, cou'ple, griev'ous. The diphthongal sound as in out is also repre- sented by ow, in the ordinary spelling, especially when final, as in owl, cow, prow, etc. Ow also has the sound of o (old.), as in know, bowl. § 72. P as in pea, pay, cup, happy, etc., is the voice- less labial slop, differing from b (§ 12) only in the absence of voice, or vocal tone. Both p and b have the same artic- ulative position as the nasal m (§ 52). The letter p is silent when initial before s, sb, and t, as in psalm, pshaw, ptarmigan, and, usually, before n in words from the Greek, as pneu-mat'ic, pneu-mo'ni-a, etc., though some scholars pronounce the p in words of the latter class, except the more common ones. It is also silent in raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, corps, and their derivatives. Ph § 73. Pb occurs chiefly in words of Greek derivation. It usually has the sound of f as in five (§ 35), and is repre- sented by f in the respelling. Exceptionally, it has the sound v, as in Stephen, and in nephew as pronounced by some. In diph'thong, diph-the'ri-a, naph'tha, etc., the pronunciation with f is the best present usage. § 74. Q is not used in the respelling. In the ordinary spelling, it is in all cases followed by u, and the two letters together commonly have the sound of kw, as in queen, con'quest, etc. They have the sound of k in a few words, mostly from the French, as in coquette, etiquette, etc., and in the ending que, as in antique, burlesque, etc. § 75. R as in room, rope, merry, is usually pro- nounced in English as an open, voiced (sonant) consonant, in the articulation of which the point of the tongue is raised toward, but not to, the back of the upper front teeth, or the hard palate, the exact position and height varying somewhat according to the adjacent sounds. The r also differs quite markedly as pronounced in different sections, but is now rarely trilled in standard English, though it still is in the Scottish and some other dialects, and as it usually is in for- eign languages. In some localities, especially in the South of England and in New England, r is commonly omitted in certain positions or is replaced by a vowel sound, as of 8 in ev'er (§ 27), even by educated speakers. R is never preceded by the regular short sound of a vowel in an accented syllable, except when the r ends a syllable and is followed in the succeeding syllable of the same word by a vowel or another r, as in mar'ry, ver'y, splr'it, etc., — and not even then if there is a primitive form ending in r ; as in bar, bar'ring ; in-f er', in-f er'ring, etc. § 76. S, either alone or by assimilation with a following olement, represents four sounds in the ordinary spelling, all of which are open dental fricatives (i. e., consonants formed JOll by bringing the tongue near enough to the teeth to cause de- cided friction of the breath, but not complete closure). Two of the sounds are voiceless, or surd, as in gun (siin), sure (shoor), and two voiced, or sonant, as in has (hSz), vi'- sion (vlzh'&n). § 77. (1) Voiceless, or surd, s ("sharp" s), as in see, hiss, basis, etc., is the primary sound of the letter, which is used in the respelling invariably with this value. The sound is variously formed by different speakers. It is most often pronounced with a rather narrow aperture between the blade of the tongue and the back of the upper front teeth, or the gums just above. The unintonated breath is forced through this aperture, and, impinging upon the edges of the teeth, produces the sound commonly called "hissing." If the sound is clear it is not advisable to change the usual tongue position. This sound of s is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, by c "soft" (§ 13), as in cell, vice; by sc,as in scene, science ; by sch, as in schism. § 78. (2) Voiced, or sonant, s (" soft " s), as in is, has, easy, accuse, etc., is the same sound as z (zeal, § 105), and is represented by z in the respelling for pronunciation. It is formed with the same tongue position as for " sharp " S, but the tongue is more tense for the voiced sound. The s is sometimes voiced as the final sound of verbs, and voiceless as the final sound of the cognate nouns or ad- jectives ; as in use, abuse, house, diffuse, close, etc. § 79. (3) S sometimes takes the sound of sh (§ 81), by assimilation with a following i or y sound, as in mansion, sure, sugar, censure, etc. (§§ 47, 87). In the case of a doubled s, the first s is assimilated to the second ; as in pas'sion (pXsh'wn), is'sue (Tsh'u), etc. In a few words S takes the sh sound while leaving the following vowel unchanged ; as in one pronunciation of A'si-a (a'shl-d ; a'shd),in nau'se-a(n6 , she-d),o'ce-an'ic (o / she-5n'Tk),etc. § 80. (4) S, when preceded by a vowel in an accented syllable, takes the sound of zh as in az'ure (§ 106) by as- similation with a following i or y sound ; as in f u'sion, de-ci'sion, ex-plo'sion, etc. When doubled in this po- sition, the first s is assimilated to the second (cf . § 79) ; as in ab-scis'sion (Sb-sIzh'Sn), re-scis'sion (re-sizh'&n). Sh § 81. Sh as in she, rash, usher, etc., is a voiceless dental fricative (i. e., consonant formed by narrowing the oral passage near the teeth so that the unintonated breath is forced out with audible friction). It is formed with a rather narrow opening between the blade of the tongue and the back upper gums, somewhat further back than for s (§ 77). The current of air is broader, and the resulting sound fuller and softer, than in the case of s. The sound (sh) is a simple element, the voiceless correlative of zh in azure (§ 106). This sound is otherwise represented, in the ordinary spell- ing, by c or s with or before e or i (§§ 13, 79) ; by sc or t with or before i (§§ 47, 87) ; by the s element of x combined with a following 1 (§ 99) ; by chs in fuch'si-a (fu'shi-d ; •shd), as a common plant name, and by sch in schist, etc. § 82. T as in tie, it, note, etc., is the voiceless dental (or often alveolar) stop, corresponding to d (§ 20), but uttered without voice, or intonated breath. In combination with a following i, or the initial element of a u or u (§§ 47, 87), t often has the sound of sh, as in na'tion, mo'tion, etc., or of ch, as in ques'tion, na'- ture, etc. The sound of t is otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, by th (§ 84, 3 ) ; also by the verb inflection -ed in certain positions (§ 20). The t is silent in Mat- thew, mortgage, hautboy, chasten, hasten, of- ten, listen, etc. Th § 83. Th has two chief sounds: one voiceless (surd) as in thin, birth, etc., marked with plain th in the respell- ing for pronunciation ; the other voiced (sonant) as in the, than, breathe, etc., marked th; thus : the, than. Both sounds have the same tongue position, which varies slightly with different speakers, the point of the tongue being brought against or near or between the edges of the teeth, producing a "lisping" sound. § 84. (1) The plural of nouns ending in voiceless th in the singular usually retains the voiceless tb, especially after a short vowel or a consonant, as in breaths, deaths, B G H K M XIV A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION myths, breadths, etc., but in some cases, esp. when fol lowing a long vowel, the plural has preferably th, as in baths, cloths, laths, moths, mouths, oaths, paths, sheaths, truths, wreaths. (2) Verbs and nouns ending in th often differ in pronun- ciation, the noun having the th, the verb the th, sound ; as mouth, n. & v., south, n. & v., etc. The voiced sound in the verb is often indicated by a final silent e; as breath »., breathe, v. ; wreath, wreathe ; bath, bathe, etc (3) Th has exceptionally the sound of t in thyme, Thomas, Thames (Eng.), Esther, and, with ph, in phthisic. It is commonly silent in isthmus and asthma. | 85. u as in use, pure, cube, mu'sic, hu'man etc., commonly called " long u," is the name sound of the letter u irl modern English. The sound varies considerably, not only with different speakers, but also in the pronuncia- tion of the same person, according to its position with refer- ence to other sounds. The main element of u is always the sound of do (f dbd), which in a full pronunciation of the u is preceded by the sound of y (yes). In certain positions the initial element becomes I (ill), often so much lightened as to be scarcely audible, and in some positions disappears altogether, leaving simply do (see § 86). At the beginning of a syllable, as in use, un'ion, dis- union, etc., the initial element of the u is y (yes), the u in such cases sounding the same as you. Otherwise the y element comes in most clearly after p, b, m, v, f , c "hard'" (= k), and g "hard" (as in go) ; as in pure, bu'reau beau'ty, mute, view (vu), f u'tile, cube, ague. After n, it is less prominent, often becoming i (ill) ; as in new (nu), nu'mer-ous. After d, 1 (except as below, § 80), s, t, and tb, as in duke, lute, suit, as-sunie', tune, en- thu'si-asm, the y sound comes in with more difficulty, and the initial element usually becomes i, but is not, how- ever, properly entirely omitted. The sound( u) has various equivalents in the ordinary spell ing, as in beauty, feud, pew, ewe, lieu, view, cue, suit, yule, yew, you. § 86. After r, as in rude (rood), true (troo), u is now pronounced as simple do in the best usage. The same is true of the u after the sound of sh, as in sure (shoor), chute (shoot), and, usually, after 1 preceded by another consonant. as in blue (blob), flute (floot), and after j, as in ju'ry (joo'rT). § 87. u as in ti-nite', val'ft-a-ble, etc., is a modifica- tion of u, in unaccented syllables. It differs from u by tak ing for the final and main element the sound of Back Mixed Front High oo (food) do (f56t) e (eve) ** (ill) High Mid o (Sid) a (art) e (ever) u (up) a (ale) e (rnfci) Mid Low 6 (8rb) 6 (n5t) u (turn) & (care) a (ui5n) Low Explanations : " Front " vowels are such as are pronounced with the front of the tongue more or less raised toward the palate, forming a place of constriction at the front of the mouth. " Back " vowels are such as are pronounced with the back of the tongue similarly more or less raised toward the palate at the back of the mouth. " Mixed " vowels are those in which neither " front " nor "' back " articulation predominates. " High," " mid," and " low " refer to the " height " of the tongue, that is, its relative distance from the palate at the place of constriction, the raising and lowering of the tongue being accompanied by raising and lowering of the lower jaw. CONSONANT SOUNDS G H Oral JVasal Stopped Open Open Place of Formation Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced b d P t k« V th I,* a z zh J 8 y whi f th 8 Sh \ ch»J whi h m n ng(rj) Lips (Labials). Lower lip and upper teeth (Labiodentals). Tip of tongue and edge of teeth. Tip of tongue and gums back of upper teeth. Blade of tongue and teeth. Blade of tongue and gums back of upper teeth. Middle of tongue and hard palate (Palatal). Root of tongue and soft palate (Gutturals, or Velc San « position as following vowel. Cf. §41. (Aspin ,5 "I rs). tie.) 1»otes : * See §§ 96, 98. a See § 75. 3 ch (chop) and j (jet) are compound consonants, equivalent respectively to tsh and dzh (§§ 16, 48), and the place of formation for each therefore shifts during its pronunciation, beginning with that of t or d and moving into that of sh or zh, the latter, however, being the most characteristic. So, also, x (§ 99) combines the positions of k (or g) and s. * The place of formation for k and g varies widely according to the vowel which precedes or follows, as in key or gim'let, call or go, but the sounds are usually classed as gutturals, or velars. Explanations : " Voiced " consonants, or sonants, are consonants pronounced with voice, or vocal tone. " Voiceless" consonants, or surds, are consonants that are uttered with breath only, without voice, or vocal tone. ,l Stopped" con- sonants, or stops, are consonants in the pronunciation of which the voice or breath is completely stopped momentarily St same point in the mouth passage. "Open" consonants are those in the pronunciation of which, though the passage ia more or leas impeded, the voice or breath issues through the mouth or nose with no complete stoppage, or break. K M XVI A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION ASSIMILATION OF SOUNDS § 107. When a voiced (sonant) consonant and a voice- less (surd) consonant come together in the same syllable, it is often difficult to preserve each in its regular sound. Thus, in cats the voiceless 8 is easily pronounced after the voiceless t, but in dogs the s takes more naturally its voiced sound (= z) after the voiced sound g. Such confor- mation of one sound to another, called assimilation, is a marked characteristic of English. Four common inflectional terminations come under its influence ; namely : (1) Posses- sives in 8, as maid's (madz). (2) Plurals in s, as tubs (tubz), groves (grovz). (3) S in the third person singular of verbs, as loads (lodz), smooths (smooth^. (4) Pret- erits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in dashed (dasht). Usually, it is the second consonant that is assimi- lated to the first, but in some cases it is the reverse, as in spasm (spaz'm), prism (prlz'm). Assimilation is some- times reflected in the ordinary spelling, as in leapt, spelt, etc., instead of leaped, spelled, etc. For other forms of assimilation see §§ 13, 31, 47, 79, 80, 87, 99, 106. DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS § 108. In many words, a consonant is doubled between two vowels, in the ordinary spelling, although in pronuncia- tion it is sounded but once. In banner, for example, it is possible to utter two complete n sounds only by pronounc- ing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening the organs, and closing them a second time. But as the word is ordinarily pronounced the vocal organs are closed only once between the first and second syllables, and, moreover, the n position is not held long enough to produce the acous- tic effect of a doubled sound. Hence, in all such cases, when a consonant is doubled in the ordinary spelling, to indi- cate that a preceding vowel is short, as in banner. roT> bing, madden, letter, horrid, it is represented by the single consonant in the respelling for pronunciation. In many derived words, however, in which the primitive ends or begins with the same letter as that with which an added suffix or a prefix of English origin respectively begins or ends, as in soulless, foully, keenness, misstep, outtravel, unnatural, the position of the doubled con- sonant is held long enough to make upon the ear the im- pression of a doubled consonant, though there rarely is any actual pause or break between the two consonant sounds. The same effect occutb in compound words in which the eecond part begins with the same sound as that with which the first part ends, as in headdress, nighttime. In all such cases as those mentioned in this paragraph, the conso- nant is written twice in the respelling. ACCENT § 109. Accent (stress) is a special articulative effort distln-' guishing certain syllables of words or phrases fromtheotbers by a greater distinctness and loudness of pronunciation. There are various degrees of accent, only two of which need be marked. These are the primary, as in in-tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last syllable, and the second- ary, as in su'per-in-tend', where the first syllable has a stress greater than that laid on the second and third sylla- bles, but less than that laid on the last. In some words two subordinate accents are shown, as in in-com'pre-hen'si-I biFi-ty. While there are no fixed rules for English accent,' the following general principles may be mentioned : (1) English accent is recessive; that is, the general tenden? cy of the language is to carry the chief accent back toward; or to the first syllable. The working of this principle is seen' in such words as bal'co-ny, formerly bal-co'ny, con'fis-; cate, v., formerly, and still by some, con-fis'cate, etc. Often, the struggle between this principle and former usage I is reflected in varying present usage, as in ad'ver-tize. and ad-ver-tize', il'lus-trate and il-lus'trate, etc (2) The general tendency of accent, whether primary or j secondary, is to shorten all vowels but u, when further back J than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, an'- atom'ical, person'ifica'tion, etc. (though we say lu'- bricate, not lub'ricate ; su'perabun'dant, not sup 7 - embun'dant, etc.). This tendency generally fails if the first of the two following syllables ends, and the second begins, with a vowel ; as in pe'ri-od, o'ri-en'tal, etc. (3) In many adjectives, as red'— hof, un-armed', etc., the accent is often variable, being stronger on one syllable or the other according to the rhythm of the sentence. Tims we say, a red'-hot 1 stove ; but, the stove is red 1 -hot' ; a man un-armed'; but, usually, an wi'armed' man, etc. Such shift- ing, or variable, accent was formerly more common than at present, and there are many examples of it in the poets. The attributive use, as in a well'bred' man, being the more usual and characteristic one, the accent proper to such use is the one usually given in the dictionary. (4) Many in America give a marked secondary accent in certain words which properly have but one accent, and that on a syllable preceding the penult, as in ter'ri-to'ry, cir'- cum-stanc'es, in'ter-est/ing, etc. This fault may be corrected by giving the accented syllable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly through the rest of the word. RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN Two methods of pronouncing Latin are now in extended general English use; one, the so-called English method, follows in general the analogies of English pronunciation ac- cording to certain formal rules ; the other, the so-called Roman method, attempts to follow more or less closely, as far as it is known, the pronunciation of the Romans them- selves at the height of their civilization (about b. c. 50 to A. D.50). The English method was until recently taught in both Eng- land and America, and is still used almost exclusively in the pronunciation of Latin scientific words, and in names, phrases, and quotations, when these are in English context. Since most of the Latin words and phrases contained in the Dictionary fall in one or another of these categories, their pronunciation is indicated according to the English method. SYLLABICATION AND ACCENT OF LATIN WORDS Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. In the English method, words are syllabi- fied according to English analogies. In the Roman method, words are syllabified as follows : (a) A single consonant (in- cluding consonant i and v) or, by many, any consonant group (as sp, st, gn) that can begin a word, when between two vowels is written and pronounced with the following vowel. Doubled consonants are separated. Examples; mi'li-tes, de'ti-net. Some carry over an x to the follow- ing syllable, as in di'xit ; but the division dix'it is, on the whole, to be preferred. (6) Prefixes and suffixes are kept separate Words of two syllables are accented on the first syllable ; as, pa'ter, mi'les. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult (next to the last syllable), if it is long ; otherwise they are accented on the antepenult (last syllable but two). Wote. No attempt is made to cover the rules for deter- mining the quantities of Latin vowels and syllables. A complete statement of these is to be found in any Latin grammar. The proper accentuation is indicated for all Latin words and phrases. In accordance with most pres- ent usage, Latin words and phrases which are considered to be purely such are divided into syllables according to the Roman method, and further indication of the pronunciation is usually omitted, except that when such division would lead to mispronunciation of any word according to the Eng- lish method, the pronunciation of the word according to that method is shown ; as, non de'ti-net (deVI-nSt). For those who prefer to pronounoe such Latin quotations according to the Roman method, the syllabification as indicated, together with the Rules for the " Roman " Pronunciation of Latin given later, will be a sufficient guide. A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION RULES FOR THE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN Syllabic division, as forming a basis for these rules, fol- lows the English, method; thus, det'i-net, etc., and not de'ti-net, as now commonly divided. Cf. Note, above. 1. Vowels, when ending accented syllables, have always the sounds as in ale, eve, ice, old, use; as, pa/ter, ho'mo, etc. When final in unaccented syllables, vowels are as follows : A has the sound of a in so'fa; as, mu'sa (mu'zd), a-certms (d-sfir'bus). E, o, and u have nearly the same sound as when accented, but slightly shorter ; as, re'te, vo'lo, po'pu-li (p5p'u-H). I, when the final sound_ of a word, always has its long sound (as in ice) ; as, nl'si. Exception : The final i of tibi and sibi has, like the first i, its short sound (as in it). 1. at the end of an unaccented syllable, not final, has its short sound; as, de'ti-net. Exception : I has its long sound in the first syllable of a word the second syllable of which is accented, when it either stands alone before a consonant, as in I-do'lum, or ends a syllable followed by a vowel, as in fi-e'bam, iam'bus. Y is always pronounced like i in the same position. 2. Vowels, when followed by a consonant in the same syllable, have always the sounds as in man, met, in, odd, nut ; as, mag'nus, reg'num, hoc, etc. Exceptions : — A, following qu before dr, has the sound of a in quad- rant, as in quad'rans (kwSd'rSnz) ; when followed by rt it has the sound of a in quart, as in quar'to. Other- wise, a before r has the sound of a in art, as in par'ti- ceps, ar'ma ; except when followed by another r, as in par'ri-ci'da. E, i, and y, before r final in a word or final in a syllable, when followed in the next syllable by any other consonant than another r, sound as in her, fir ; as, fer'vet (ffir'vgt), hir'cus (hfir'kus). Es, at the end of a word, sounds like the English word ease ; as, mi'li-tes (mll'T-tez). Os, at the end of plural cases, sounds like ose in dose ; as, do'mi-nos (dom'I-nos). Post, alone or compounded, is pronounced like post in English, as in post'e-a ; but not in its derivatives, as in pos-tre'mus. 3. Diphthongs are as follows : JE (ae) and oe (oe) are always diphthongs unless sepa- rated by diaeresis. They are pronounced as e would be in the same position ; as, ae'vum (e'vum), see (ez). Au, when a diphthong, is pronounced as 6 (or) ; as, au'- rum (6'rum). Au, in the termination of proper names from the^reek, has the vowels pronounced separately ; as, Men'e-la'us. Ai, ei, oi, and yi, usually have the vowels pronounced separately. When they are accented, and followed by an- other vowel, the i is pronounced like initial y ; as, Cas- siopeia (-pe'yd), Troia (tro'yd), Harpyia (-pi'yd). Ei , when a diphthong, and not followed by another vowel, is pronounced like I ; as in ei-do'lon. Eu, when a diphthong, is pronounced as u (use) ; as in Eu-phra/tes, e'heu. Eu has the letters pronounced separately in the termina- tions eus and eum of Latin nouns and adjectives, except neuter; as, me'um, me'us. Otherwise it is pronounced as a diphthong ; as, Eu-ro'pa (u-ro'pd), The'seus (the'- eus). Note. The termination eus, in proper names derived from the third declension of Greek contracts in -eu?, is better pronounced in one syllable, as Or'pheus (Sr'fus), The'seus (the'sus) ; although many pronounce it in two, Or'phe-us, The'se-us. Ua, ue, ui, uo, uu, when diphthongs, are pronounced like wa, we, etc. ; as, lin'gua (lln'gwd), quo'ta (kwo'- td), e'quus (e'kwus), etc. They are always diphthongs after q and usually after g. Ui in cui and huic is pronounced like I (ki, hik) ; or, by some, like wi (kwi, hwik). 4. Consonants are, in general, pronounced as in Eng- lish, but the following cases are to be noted : C, before e, i, and y, and the diphthongs ae, ce, and eu, is pronounced as s; as in Cae'sar, cce'lum. Exception : C, ending or following an accented syllable, before i followed by a vowel, and also before eu and yo, has the sound of sh ; as, f a'ci-as (fa'shl-Ss), Si'cy-on (sish'i-on). Ch has the sound of k, as in char'ta (kar'td), but before th at the beginning of a word it is silent; as, Chtho'- ni-a (tho'nt-d). Ct, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced as t ; as, cte-nid'i-um (te-nldT-wm). G is pronounced "soft " (like j) before e, i, and y, and the diphthongs ee and ce; as, ge'nus(je'nfis), 83'gis(e'jls). Otherwise it haB its " hard " sound (as in bag, go). XV11 When g comes before another g "soft," it is assimilated to it in pronunciation ; as, Ag'ger (Sj'er). Gn, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced asn; as, gno'mon (no'mon). Mn, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced as n ; as, Mne-mos'y-ne (ne-m5s'i-ne). Ph is usually pronounced as f . Before th at the begin- ning of a word it is usually silent ; as, phthi'sis (thi'sTs). Ps, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced as Si as, psy-cho'sis (si-ko'sls). Pt, initial, in words of Greek origin, is pronounced as t ; as, pter'o-dac'tyl (tgr'6-dak'ttl). S is usually " sharp " (as in sun). Exceptions : (a) Si, followed by a vowel and immediately preceded by a conso- nant in an accented syllable, is pronounced as shi ; as, Al'- si-um (51'shT-wm). (6) Si and zi, followed by a vowel and immediately preceded by an accented vowel, are pronounced zhi; as, ec-cle'si-a (S-kle'zhT-d),Sa-ba'zi-a (sd-ba'zhi-d). In a few proper names, s preceded by a vowel in an ac- cented syllable and followed by i before another vowel, has the sound of sh ; as, Asia (a'shi-d), Theodosia (the'o- do'shY-d). S, final in a word, after e, ae, au, h, m, n, and r, has the sound of z ; as, mi'les (mi'lez), ass (ez), laus (16z), lens (lenz), Mars (marz). In accordance with English analogy, s is pronounced as z in Cae'sar, cae-su'ra (usu- ally), nii'ser, mu'sa, re-sid'u-um, cau'sa, ro'sa, and their derivatives, and in some other words ; but not (usually) in Caesarea, nor in trans or its compounds ; as, trans'- e-at. T, following an accented syllable and preceding an i fol- lowed by another vowel, sounds like sh ; as, ra'ti-o (ra'- shl-o ; -sho), Ig-na'ti-us (Tg-na'shi-ws ; -shfts). But t in such positions retains its sound as in English tin after s, t, or x, as in Sal-lus'ti-us, Brut'ti-i; and in proper names ending in -tion or -tyon, as in The'o-do'ti-on, Am-phi c'ty-on. X, initial, has the sound of z, as in Xan'thi-um (z3n'- thi-Sm), Xen'o-phon ; otherwise it has the sound of ks, as in ax'is (Sk'sTs), ex'e-unt. Exceptions : When ex (also by some ux) is followed by a vowel in an accented syllable, the x has the sound of gz ; as, ex-em'plum (Sg- zSm'plum). X, final in a syllable, before i followed by another vowel, or before u with the sound of u or u, is pronounced as ksh ; as, nox'i-us (n5k'shl-fis). RULES FOR THE ROMAN" PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN There are no silent letters and no obscured vowels. Each vowel has always the same, or nearly the same, sound, but may be long or short in actual quantity. The vowels are sounded as follows : Long, a, as in art. e, „ a in paleorcha'os. i, „ in po-lice'. o, „ „ pole, u, „ „ rude (rood). y, „ French u or German ii. Short. a, as in ar-tis'tic. e, „ a in cha-ot'ic, on e in pen. i, as in tin. o, „ „ obey', u, „ „ pull (pdoi). The diphthongs are sounded : 2E (ae) as ai in aisle ; au as ou in house ; ei as ei in veil ; eu as a'oo ; oi (oe) as oi in oil; ui as we, as in cui (kwe), huic (hwek). The consonants : B, d, f, h, k, 1, m, n, p, and qu are pronounced as in English ; except that bs and bt are pronounced aB ps and pt. C always as in cow ; never as in city or in gracious (-shfis). Cf. t. Ch as k -f h, about as in truck horse ; but it may be pronounced as simple k. G always "hard," as in go; never as in gem. When ngu precedes a vowel, the gu has the sound of gw ; as in languens. J is like y in yes. Ph as p -J- h, about as in loophole; but it may be pro- nounced as simple p or like English ph (f ), a sound which it acquired soon after the classical period. R is trilled slightly with the tip of the tongue. S always " sharp," as in sun. Su as sw ; as in suavitas. T always as in tun ; never as in nation (-shfin). Th as t -f h, about as in hothouse ; but it may be pro- nounced as simple t. V like w. X always as in box ; never as in ex-ist' (gg-zlsf), or in xe'bec (ze'bSk). Z as in maze, or as dz in adz. B G H K M XV111 A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF SPANISH 1. Vowels : A as in art, e as a in ale, i as in police, O as in old (or as in lord), u as in rule = oo in noon. When unaccented they are the same in quality, but slightly shorter in quantity, though always pronounced clearly and distinctly. 2. Consonants : As in English, with the following excep- tions: B, especially between vowels, sounds much like v in have, hence b and v are often interchanged and such spell- ings as Habana, Havana, are common. C in Castilian Spanish (the standard literary form of the ; language) before e or i is like th in thin ; but in some parts of Spain and generally throughout Spanish America and in the Philippine Islands it is like 8 in sun, although the Castilian sound is often taught in the schools. Ch is always like ch in church. D is not so clear as in English, but has more or less of the sound of th in this. Between vowels, especially in endings like -ado and -ido, and at the end of words, it is like th in this. At the end of words it is often so faint as hardly to be heard, and in colloquial speech it often dis- appears entirely in this position and between vowels. G before a, o, u, or a consonant is like g in go; before e or i it is like h in hew pronounced with strong friction of the breath, about like German ch in ich, ach. Gu in the combinations j;ue and gui is like g in go, or like gu in English guess. If the u is marked with the diaeresis (Sp. crema), as in agiiero, the gii is like gu in guano (gw'a'- co), as is gu in the combinations gua and guo. In gn the two sounds are always distinct, as in signo (seg'no). H is always silent. J has always the strong sound of h like that of g before e and i. LI is like Hi in "William, as villa (vel'ya). Colloqui- ally it is like y in yes, and this pronunciation is very com- mon in Spanish words and names in the southwestern United States. ii is like ni in onion, as dona (do'nya). <} occurs only in the combinations que and qui, and is like k in keep, as Quixote (ke-ho'ta). R is strongly trilled with the tip of the tongue. S is always like s in sun. X formerly had the sound of Spanish j, in many words and names in which it is replaced by j in the modern spell- ing of the Spanish Academy. In the spelling of the Academy it now represents the sound of x as in box, but the old spelling and sound often remain, esp. in Spanish America. In Mexican names x often has the sound of s, and in some dialects is silent or nearly so. Y is like y in you, or, at the end of a word after a vowel or when used alone as the conjunction y (and), it is like e in me. Z in Castilian Spanish is like th in thin, but in parts of Spain, in Spanish America, and in the Philippine Islands it is commonly like s in sun, although the Castilian sound is often taught in the schools. 3. Accent. Words ending in a consonant, except n or g, are regularly accented on the final syllable. Words ending in a vowel, or in n or s, are regularly accented on the next to the last syllable. If the accent is irregular it is indicated by placing the mark (') over the vowel of the accented syl- lable, as in Cordoba (Cordova). ADDITIONAL SYMBOLS FOR USE IN INDICATING PRONUNCIA- TION WITHOUT RESPELLING For indicating PRONUNCIATION BY RESPELLING, the table on page viiL is complete in itself and is alone used throughout this Dictionary. To indicate PRONUNCIATION WITHOUT RESPELLING, the table below may be used in connection with that on page viiL 'The table here given is to be used only when any letter of a word has a sound that is represented in the other table by a different letter. Thus, in the respelling, s is used for one sound only, that in sin or so, never for that in his (hiz), is (Tz). To show the pronunciation of his, therefore, without respelling, the s is marked with a diacritic ; thus: hi§ ; the first two letters (hi) being from the table on page viii., and the g from the table below. In this table, the symbols in parentheses are the equivalent symbols from the respelling table. In digraphs, mark only the letter that is to be regarded as sounded, as in break, bread, yield, veil, etc. Ce, ci, sci, se, si, and ti, before a vowel and immediately after an accented syllable, usually have the sound of sh, and need not be marked. Silent e at the end of a syllable, as in fate, etc., need not be marked. When desirable, a silent letter may be shown as an unmarked italic. In a few words, the pronunciation can be indicated only by respelling. S (= e), .... as in li'3r, cow'ilrd, mus't&rd. a (= 5), A, a (= 6) An, au, aw (= 6), E, e (= a), .... E, e (= a) E, e (= u), .... Ee, ee (= e), . . . Ew, ew (= u), . . *,X(=e), 9 (= <«>), O, o (= 65), „ „ what, was, qual'i-ty. ,, ,, all, a,we, swarm, taik. „ „ Au Sable, au'thor, law. „ „ eight, prey, vein, o-bey'; or (= a), as in os'prey. „ „ there, heir, wherein'. ,, ,, er'mine, e-ter'nal, swerve. ,, ,, eel, feet, fee'ble, un-seen'. „ „ ewe, dew, hewn; or(= oo), as in brew. »» n pi'q.ue, ma-chine', po-l'ice' ; or (== e), as in fi-as'co. I, I (= e), „ „ vlr-gin'i-ty, e-lix'Ir ; or (= u), as in irk'some, fir. wolf, wom'a^woPver-ine'. ooze, dg, whg, tomb. 6, 6(= u), .... „ „ dth'er, sdn; or (= w), as in wel'cdme. 5 (= S), .... „ „ sail'or, mi'n5r ; or (= u), as in w3rk, wdrth. Ow, ow (= ou), . as in Oy, oy(=oi), . . i» >» U, u (= do), . . . . 11 11 y, u (= ob), • 1 11 y (= i), »» 11 t, y (= i) 1! 11 y (= e) 11 »» €, € (= k), t) It 9. S (= s), M »» €h, eh (= k), . . . »» M Ch, ch (= sh), . . »1 M Ci, g (= g)i • • • • 11 M (j,g(=j), »l »» dg(=j) II II S (= *) II l> x (kg), • 1 11 ¥ (= gz), 11 II Ph, ph (= f ), . . . II 11 Qu, qu (= kw), . 11 11 Wb, wh (= hw), 11 II owl, cow'ard, vow'el. oys'ter, boy, roy'al, en-joy', full, put, push, joy'ful. rude, ru'mor, in-trude'. fly, sky, style, de-f y', dy'ing. yt'tri-a, hymn, lyr'ic. sat'yr; or (= fi), as in myrrh. eat, con-cur*. cell, vice. cho'rus, e«b/o, ep'oeh. chaise, ma-chine', get, be-gin', an'ger. gem, en'gine. edge, bridge, badg'er. ig, hag, wig'dom. vex, ex'it. ex-ist', ex-am'ple. phan'tom, sul'phur- queen, con'quest. when, what. ORTHOGRAPHY A The English language, as being the offspring of two parent languages very different in form and spirit, and having been in no inconsiderable degree modified in its growth by influences from various other tongues, contains, as was inevitable, very many anomalies ; and in no particu- lar are these anomalies more numerous and striking than in its orthography, with the single exception, perhaps, of its orthoepy. Neither the Anglo-Saxon nor the Norman- French could boast of any great regularity in orthography, though writers in either of these two languages spelled their words, each in his own fashion, so as to represent their sounds, and not according to an arbitrarily fixed orthog- raphy such as exists for modern English. When, therefore, the vocabularies of these two languages, widely different both in their orthographical structure and their phonologi- cal character, were combined, the result is a language in which the orthography has almost reached the extreme of irregularity. To such an extent, in fact, have the signs representing sounds been multiplied, that many of the letters are pronounced in several different ways, while the letters, or combinations of letters, for a single sound amount, in some cases, to scores. Indeed, it is computed that many words of no more than two syllables may be spelled in several thousand different modes, by the use of combinations actually employed in other words in the language. The word scissors, for instance, may be thus written, as is computed by Ellis, in nearly six thousand different ways. Of course, comparatively very few of these possible forms of spelling are ever employed in the case of any one word ; yet the causes of disorder mentioned above have operated so effectually, that the words in respect to which even the most careful writers are at variance are numbered by thousands, while those in which an orthog- raphy contrary to analogy has been universally adopted are equally numerous. Bad as is the orthography of the present day, however, it is order itself compared with that of a few centuries ago. It would, of course, be unreasonable to expect that there should be any general correspondence of orthographical forms in the works of different authors before the types of the Erinter gave prominence to certain forms, which finally ecame recognized as standards ; and manuscripts conclu- sively prcve that the greatest freedom prevailed in spelling words. Even proper names, which would naturally receive more attention and be written with more care than any other class of words, are found recorded in great multitudes of forms, several variations being sometimes found in the same manuscript or work. Disraeli states that "Leicester has subscribed his own name eight different ways, " and that "the name Villers is spelled fourteen different ways in the deeds of that family." A still mbre remarkable instance is stated by Lower ; namely, that the family of Mainwaring has the extraordinary number of one hundred and thirty-one variations of that single name, all drawn from authorized documents. But there is evidence that, in the midst of all this confusion, there were some writers who were attentive to the proper forms of words, and who were notable excep- tions to the general rule. The spelling of the Ormulum, which was written in the thirteenth century, though strange and cumbrous, is very remarkable for its regularity ; and the author strenuously urges his copyists to follow his orthography with the utmost exactness. So also Chaucer, more than a century later, carefully revised and corrected his own works ; and he enjoined upon his scribe to "write more trew" that which was intrusted to him, saying that he was obliged "it to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape," because of the carelessness with wkich it had been copied. The invention of printing commenced a new era, though for a long time even this had little effect to fix the external form of the language. Indeed, much of the perverse orthog- raphy of books printed two or three centuries ago is to be attributed to the printer, who often inserted or expunged letters as the length of the lines or convenience of spacing required. It is no uncommon thing to find, in the works of Chaucer, Spenser, and other early writers, or in books printed two or three centuries ago, the same words occurring in several different forms upon the same page. Even as late as the time of Shakespeare, orthography was very unsettled ; and, as Halliwell states, the name of the great bard himself was written in more than thirty different ways. The printers, however, were not solely, nor even chiefly, responsible for this confusion ; for it is certain that their arbitrary changes and deviations from uniformity would not have been tolerated had they been made in defiance of established usage ; and there is abundant evi- dence to prove that writers themselves were careless in the extreme. The fact must not be overlooked, that in the writings of Wycliffe, Chaucer, and other early authors, there were still many remnants of earlier inflectional forms which have since disappeared, and which gave to some words a variety of form to be attributed neither to the care- lessness of the writer, nor to an unsettled orthography. The irregularities found in early books, though continuing for so long a time, were neither unnoticed nor looked upon with indifference. On the contrary, not only have numerous complete systems for the reformation of orthography been proposed, but various scholars have advocated, with more or less acuteness and learning, changes in regard to a great number of particular points. Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, endeavored to introduce a regular system of orthography ; after him, William Bullokar brought forward another system ; a few years after this, Dr. Gill, Master of St. Paul's School, in London, a teacher of considerable eminence, proposed another scheme ; and, still later, Charles Butler devised a new method of spelling, and printed a book in which it was employed. These writers agreed essentially as to the manner in which they sought to attain the end proposed, their plan being to reduce the spelling of words to uniform principles and make it practically phonetic, by the use of new characters, by applying various diacritical marks to the old letters, and by making the letters, or^ their combinations of characters, represent certain definite sounds. It is needless to say that these projects were never carried into practice. In the time of Charles I., many changes were introduced ; and it was still very common, even among eminent scholars, to spell words according to their pronunciation, omitting such letters as were deemed superfluous. These attempts at improvement, being made upon no settled or uniform prin- ciples, had little or no permanent effect upon the language. The celebrated Dictionary of Dr. Samuel Johnson, first published in 1755, has contributed more than any work written either before or since, to fix the external form of the language and to diminish the number of irregularities ; for though numerous inconsistencies are to be found in it, and many oversights, the learning of the author, and the sound judgment and practical wisdom which he displayed, gave it at once an authority which it has not even yet entirely lost ; and the orthography of the present day, though it has received some important modifications since his time, is substantially the same as that exhibited in his dictionary. The changes in the spelling of words, introduced by Dr. Johnson, were generally made in order to restore the ancient orthography, or to remove some anomaly ; and perhaps the most important office performed by his work was its having settled usage definitely in favor of some one of the numerous forms in which many words were written, thus removing the cause of much confusion. Among the most prominent alterations made by him were the restoration of k to many words which had long been written without it, as in musick, rhetorick, and the like, and the insertion of u in the termina- tion of many words which previously ended in or, as in ancestour, authour, errour, and others. The former of these changes, a revival of the "ancient practice," was not received with favor, nor was this spelling adopted by subse- quent writers ; the latter, as it was thought to be justified by the analogy of the corresponding termination eur in the French, through which language many, perhaps a majority, of the words affected by it were derived from the Latin, was generally followed. Johnson's practice in this respect, how- ever, was not in harmony with his theory ; for he wrote only about half the words of this class with the ending our, leav- ing the rest in or, though for no reason that would not equally apply to them all. Yet this inconsistency was not only overlooked, but was perpetuated, especially in the orthogra- phy of English writers. In the United States a different prac- tice now generally prevails, as will presently be mentioned. During the 18th century, several English divines employed in many words methods of spelling peculiar to themselves, chiefly such as had long been abandoned, as in writing ie for final y ; in adding e to words ending in ss ; and in the use of such forms as prasface, persue, procede, sais (for says), and the like. It is proper to mention here also the innovations of Archdeacon Hare, in the 19th century, who, on the ground of pronunciation, etymology, and analogy, em- ployed in his works such forms as atchieve, compell, enure, firy (for fiery), forein, invey (for inveigh), highth, plouh- man, smugler, and the like. He also advocated the omission of the apostrophe in the possessive case, and the substitution of t for ed in those preterits in which the latter termination is pronounced like t; as in exprest, fixt, publisht, etc., for expressed, fixed, published, etc. This substitution of t for ed, however, is not peculiar to Hare, since it accords with the usage of the early writers and of many in later times. Besides the incomplete reforms mentioned above, many plans have been devised, at different times, for reducing the (six) B G H K M ORTHOGRAPHY spelling of words to absolute uniformity and the greatest simplicity, by a complete reform in the method of repre- senting the sounds of words by written characters ; that is, by employing a new alphabet in which each sign stands for one, and only one, definite sound, and each sound is repre- sented by one, and only one, character. Such a method of spelling was invented by Dr. Franklin, in the 18th century, though he never brought it to perfection, and scarcely used it, except in a brief correspondence with a friend. The Phonotypy of Isaac Pitman and A. J. Ellis promulgated in 1840, the Glossic of A. J. Ellis published in 1871, the Broad Romic of Henry Sweet, 1878, are ingenious systems of phonetic spelling employing the ordinary alphabet, with various modifications and additions. None of these has come into any extensive general use. The schemes of Lepsius, Miiller, and others who have endeavored to form philo- sophical alphabets of universal application are but indirectly related to English orthography. Several organized attempts at a more or less thorough revision of English spelling have been made within recent years. In 1883, the Philological Society of England and the American Philological Association took joint action on the amendment of English spelling, and twenty-four joint rules were adopted, on the basis of which a list of amended spell- ings was made. Many of these spellings agree with those already adopted in this Dictionary and in general use. The Simplified Spelling Board, in America, and the Simplified Spelling Society, in England, aim at the gradual simplifica- tion of English spelling by the reduction to uniformity of classes of words, and the elimination of sporadic anomalies. In 1828, Dr. Webster published his Dictionary of the English Language, and the changes in spelling advocated by h i m have had no inconsiderable influence upon orthog- raphy, especially in the United States. These alterations were proposed by him chiefly on the ground of etymology and of analogy, from a desire, on the one hand, to make the words correspond, as far as practicable, with their primitive forms, so as to reveal more clearly their etymological affini- nities, and, on the other, to reduce as much as possible the number of anomalies and exceptional cases. Of the words whose orthography had been changed for the former reason, many were restored to their ordinary forms by Dr. Webster himself in the second edition of his work, published in 1840, and others still were restored in subsequent editions. The alterations of the second class have been received with favor and adopted by a large portion of the writers in the United States, and by some authors also in England. It is to be observed that many of Dr. Webster's deviations from the usage of his time were not innovations, but restora- tions of older forms which were once very generally employed. The most important points in his orthography in reference to which there is still difference of usage among scholars, are included in the following list. These are : not doubling the final consonant in derivatives of words like travel, worship, etc. ; doubling the I in installment, enrollment, etc. ; dou- bling the final letter in such words as fulfill, instill, etc. ; retaining the i in derivatives of villain; writing defense, offense, etc., for defence, offence, etc., and practice for practise; writing the termination -er for -re in words like center, meter, etc. ; writing mold, molt, etc., without a. It may be remarked further with regard to words often writ- ten with the termination -re, but which in this book are spelled with two endings, -er and -re, that the use of -er, as in meter, etc., is but a restoration of the older spelling ; and the same is true of the use of the ending or for -our. RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER FINAL CONSONANTS § 1. The letters f and 1, at the end of monosyllables, and standing immediately after single vowels, are generally doubled : as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, hill, toll. Exceptions : clef, if, of, pal, nil, and sob. § 2. The letter S, at the end of a monosyllable, and standing immediately after a single vowel, is generally doubled, as in grass, press, hiss, moss, truss, except when (as in o's, spade's, tones, loves, has, is, was, etc.) it is used to form the possessive case or the plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb. Exceptions : as, gas, yes, his, this, pus, plus, bus (for omnibus), this, and us. § 3. B, d f g, m, n, p, r, t, Z are the only other conso- nants (besides/, I, and s) that are ever doubled at the end of a word. The following are the more important words in which these letters are doubled, including some that are also, sometimes, spelled with a single consonant: abb, ebb; add, odd, rudd; egg, bigg (n. & v.), vugg ; Ann, inn, Finn, jinn, bunn, sunn (Bot.) ; Lapp; gnarr, parr, err, birr, shirr, skirr, dorr, burr, purr; bitt (Naut.), mitt, butt; fizz, frizz, buzz, fuzz. The words let, net, set, etc. are sometimes incorrectly spelled lett, nett, sett, etc. § 4. A consonant is rarely doubled when standing at the end of a word immediately after a diphthong or a digraph, as in ail, peat, haul, door, and maim. Exceptions : feoff, enfeoff, gneiss, speiss are excep- tions. The word guess is only an apparent exception, as the u does not form a diphthong or a digraph with the e, but serves merely to indicate that the g is "hard." § 5. Monosyllables ending with the sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel, have, generally, k added after the c; as in black, fleck, click, knock, and buck. Exceptions : sac, talc, zinc, roc, soc, arc, marc, ore, disc, and fisc. Words of more than one syllable, ending in -ic or -iac, are now written (except derrick) without the k ; as, maniac, elegiac, zodiac, cubic, music, public. Words of more than one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i or ia, commonly end in ck; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, hillock, wedlock. Exceptions : almanac, sandarac, rebec, xebec, manioc, havoc. Almanac, rebec, and havoc, however, are some- times written with k after the c, especially in England. DERIVATIVES |6. Words ending in c have a k inserted when adding a termination beginning with e, i, or y, so that the c shall not be pronounced like s; as, colic, colicky; traffic, trafficked, trafficking, trafficker; physic, physicked, physicking ; zinc, zincked, zincking, zincky. § 7. Final consonant doubled. Monosyllables and words of more than one syllable with the accent on the last syllable, when ending in a single consonant (except h and x) preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel ; as, clan, clan'nish : plan, planned, plan'ning, plan'ner ; bag, bag' 'gage ; hot, hot'ter, hot'test; wit, wit'ty ; cabal', cabal' ler ; abet', abet'ted, abet'ting, abet' tor ; begin', begin'ning, begin'ner ; infer', inferred', infer'ring. The consonant is doubled to preserve the short sound of the vowel. Thus, planned, hottest, and abetted, would naturally be pronounced planed, hotest, and abeted, if the consonant were not doubled. Words in which the final consonant is preceded by qu, followed by a single vowel, form no exception to this rule, since the u is equiva- lent to consonant w; as, squab, squab'bish, sqvab'by; squat, squat'ting, squat' ter; quit, quit'ted, quit'ting; acquit', acquit'ted, acquit'ting. Exceptions : Derivatives of the word gas (except gas- sing and gas'sy) ; as, gas'eous, gase'ity, gas'ify ; the words infer' able and transfer' able; also, derivatives in which the accent of the primitive is thrown back upon another syllable ; as, cabal', cab'alism, cab'alist; prefer', preference; refer', reference; defer', deference. It is no exception to this rule that chancellor, and the derivatives of metal and crystal (words not accented on the last syllable), as metal- loid, metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are written with the I doubled, since they are derived respec- tively from the Latin cancellarius (through the French), and metallum, and the Greek KpOaraWos. _ So, also, tran- quillity has the double I, as being from Latin tranquillitas, while the English derivatives of tranquil are more properly written with one I; as, tranquilize, tranquilizer , etc. § 8. Pinal consonant not doubled. Words accented on any syllable except the last, words ending in more than one consonant, and words ending in a single consonant preceded by more than one vowel, do not double the final consonant before an ending beginning with a vowel ; as, daub, daubed, daub'er ; need, need'y ; brief, briefer, briefest; trav'ail, trav' ailed, trav' ailing ; rev' el, rev'eled, rev'eling ; trav'el, trav'eling, trav'eler; profit, profited; act, act'ed, ac'tor; perform', perform' er; stand, stand' ing. Exceptions : In humbug and a few other words ending in g, the g is doubled {humbugged, huinbugging) before e or i, so that the g shall not be pronounced like j. The derivatives of kidnap are preferably spelled with one p, although the forms kidnapper, kidnapping, kidnapped are not uncom- mon. The form woolen, with one I, is usual in the United States; woollen, with two l's, is preferred in British usage. Note. There is a large class of words ending in a single consonant, and not accented on the last syllable, the final consonants of which are, by very many writers and lexi- cographers, doubled in their derivatives, though unneces- sarily and contrarily to analogy. The following list, chiefly of verbs, includes the most important of these words, most of which end in I: apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel and its compounds, cancel, carburet and all similar words end- ORTHOGRAPHY ing in -uret, carol, cavil, channel, chisel, counsel, cudgel, dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchel, imperil, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, marshal, marvel, medal, metal (see § 7), model, panel, parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. Both spellings are usually given in this Diction- ary, that with the single consonant having the first place. § 9. Double consonant retained. Words ending in a doubled consonant generally retain both consonants when adding suffixes ; as, ebb, ebbing ; odd, oddly ; stiff, stiffness ; fell, fellable; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; will, willful, willfulness ; dull, dullness; full, fullness. So also the double I is retained in the words installment, inthr ailment, thralldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, thrall, and enroll), in order to prevent mispronunciation. Many, especially in England, omit one I in these words, as also in the derivatives of skill, will, dull, and full, formed by adding the syllables -ly and -ness. See §§ 16, 17. Exceptions : The derivatives of pontiff; as, pontifical, pontificial, and the like. One I is also dropped in a few words formed by adding the termination -ly to words ending in 11, in order to prevent the concurrence of three l's; as, ill, illy; dull, dully ; full, fully. Words formed by adding the termi- nation -less, are written either with the three l's, a hyphen being inserted before the termination, or with only two l's; as, skill-less, or skilless, smell-less or smelless. § 10. Silent e retained. Words ending with silent e, generally retain this e before suffixes beginning with a conso- nant ; as, pale, paleness; hate, hateful; incite, incite- ment; chaste, chastely, chasteness ; move, movement. Exceptions : Many words ending in silent e immediately preceded by another vowel (except e) drop the e in forming the derivatives ; as, due, duly ; argue, argument; true, tru- ly; awe, awful, etc. The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, acknowledgment, lodgment, judgment, are also exceptions. The last four, however, are by many written, abridgement, acknowledgement, lodgement, judgement. § 11. Silent e omitted. Words ending with silent e generally drop the e before suffixes beginning with a vowel ; as, bride, bridal; guide, guidance; plume, plumage; use, usable, usage; grieve, grievance; come, coming; shape, shaping; move, movable; sale, salable; fleece, fleecy; force, forcible; true, truism. Exceptions : The e is retained in hoeing, shoeing, and toeing (from hoe, shoe, and toe), to prevent mispronuncia- tion, but is generally excluded from shoer. It is retained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springeing, swingeing, tingeing^ (from dye, singe, springe, swinge, tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, swing- ing, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting). The word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit the e. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though apparently exceptions, are not, since they are not formed from line and pine, but from the Latin linea (through the French), linealis, and pinea. Words ending in ce or ge retain the e before suffixes so that the c ox g shall not be pronounced with the "hard" sound; as, peace, peaceable; notice, noticeable; manage, manageable; change, changeable; advantage, advantageous; outrage, outrageous. Mort- gagor, pronounced mor'ga-jor', from mortgage, and pledgor, pronounced plej-or' ', from pledge, are the forms preferred in usage, though under the above rule they should be mortgageor and pledgeor. In derivatives in -able, as usable, useable, salable, saleable, etc., usage is divided and often inconsistent. § 12. Ending -ing added to ie. Words ending in ie generally drop the e and change the i to y when adding -ing, so as to prevent two i's from coming together; as, die, dying; hie, hying (some write hieing); lie, lying; tie, tying ; vie, vying. § 13. y preceded by a consonant. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant usually change the y to i before any suffix except one beginning with i; as, icy, iciest, icily ; mercy, merciless; tidy, tidiness; modify, modifies; foggy, fogginess ; earthy, earthiness ; pity, pitiful. Exceptions : The derivatives of adjectives of one sylla- ble ending in y generally retain the y; as, shy, shyness; sly, slyest; dry, dryly; spry, spryer, spryest; wry, wry- ness. But drier and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead of y ; and drily, shily, slily, are not uncom- mon. Before -ship and -like, as in secretaryship, surety- ship, ladyship, citylike, countrylike, etc., and in deriva- tives from baby and lady the y is retained. The y also is retained in the possessive case of nouns, when formed by adding s with the apostrophe ; as, country's, everybody's. § 14. y preceded by a vowel. Words ending in y pre- ceded by a vowel, generally retain the y unchanged before all suffixes ; as, gay, gayety, gayly ; play, player, plays ; sway, swayed; obey, obeying ; joy, joyful ; enjoy, enjoyed; buy, buying ; gluey, glueyness. XXI Exceptions : Daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid (from day, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with then- compounds ; dewiness. Staid, however, is sometimes written stayed. Gaiety and gaily are preferred by many. Says is regular in form, but not in pronunciation. Deriva- tives from words ending in uy, as colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions, as the u in such words is equivalent to the consonant w. § 15. Adding a vowel to a vowel ending. Words ending with a vowel sound, generally retain the letter or letters representing such sound before a suffix beginning with a vowel ; as, huzza, huzzaed ; agree, agreeable, agreeing ; weigh, weighing ; dough, doughy ; echo, echoed ; woo, wooer ; bow, bowed; beau, beauish. Sometimes cooes, wooes (from coo, woo) occur, but coos, woos, as also taboos, shampoos, etc., are preferable. Cooed and wooed are proper, like other participles in -ed. _ Exceptions : Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as also those of words ending in double e by adding a termination beginning with e, drop the final e ; as, hoe, hoed ; sue, sued; owe, owed ; free, freer, freest ; see, seer ; oversee, overseer; agree, agreed, agreer. The cases mentioned in §§ 11, 12, and 13 are also exceptions. § 16. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more syllables to words ending in a double consonant com- monly retain both consonants ; as, tipstaff, rebuff, recall, befall, inthrall, foretell, undersell, fulfill, enroll, emboss (from staff, buff, call, fall, thrall, tell, sell, fill, roll, boss.) Exceptions : The word until, always written with one I; also, words of this class that end in 11 are written by some, especially in England, with one I ; as, recal, befal, inthral, foretel, enrol. The words distill and instill should have the I doubled, though often written distil and instil. § 17. Compound words formed by joining two or more words commonly retain all letters of the simple words ; as, stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all, wide-mouthed. Exceptions : Many compounds which by long use have acquired the force of single words. They are : some com- pounds of all and well; as, almighty, almost, alone, already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, there- withal, welcome, wherewithal, welfare; — compounds of mass; as, Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, Michaelmas, etc. ; — words of which the second part is full ; as, artful, hateful, rueful, woeful, or woful ; also, the words chilblain, often dumfound, expire and its derivatives (cf. inspire), fulfill (see §16), namesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, standish, where'er and wherever. PLURALS [G^For irregular plurals, as of man, foot, brother, ox, deer, and for plurals of foreign words, as of datum, genus, index, crisis, consult the .individual words in the Vocabu- lary. See also the Note under the word plural in the Vocabulary. § 18. The plural of English nouns regularly ends in s, or, in certain classes of words, in es. When the singular ends in a sound with which s can unite and be pronounced without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in forming the plural ; as, bay, bays ; shah, shahs; sea, seas; tree, trees; pie, pies; Hindu, Hindus; woe, woes; canto, cantos; virtue, virtues; purlieu, purlieus; claw, claws; cab, cabs; panic, panics; bead, beads; chief, chiefs; bag, bags; ache, aches; plaque, plaques; lock, locks; bell, bells; cup, cups. Nouns ending in O generally form their plurals regularly, by adding s only. Some nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant form their plurals by adding es; as, echo, echoes; cargo, co.rgoes; embargo, embargoes ; motto, mot- toes ; potato, potatoes. Those in which final o is preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly ; as, cameo, cam- eos; punctilio, punctilios. As to nouns ending in i usage differs, though as a rule, their plurals are preferably formed by adding s only; as, Maori, Maoris; rabbi, rabbis; macaroni, macaronis. When the singular ends in a sound (as that of ch in much, sh, j, s, x, or z) with which s cannot unite in pronunciation, but must form a separate syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless the word ends with a silent e, which then forms a separate syllable with the s; as, church, churches; rush, rushes; age, ages; edge, edges; lace, laces; gas, gases; class, classes; alias, aliases; marquis, marquises ; case, cases; box, boxes; maze, mazes. For classis, crisis, and like words, see § 25. Plural of a letter, figure, sign, etc. To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard to its meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the apostrophe, is appended, as in the phrases: "The two l's in all;" "The two O's in 400;" "Two *'s in Orion; " "He uses too many if's." Some, however, omit the apostrophe in such cases, as in: "The two Is in all;" "Two *s in Orion;" "The pros and cons.' y B H K L M X3Q1 § 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form their plurals by adding es and changing y into i ; as, mercy, mercies; lady, ladies; sky, skies; army, armies; pity, pities; Mary, Maries (by some Marys). This rule includes words ending in quy, in which u is equivalent to consonant w; as, colloquy, colloquies. Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel (except u having the power of w) form their plurals by adding s only: as, day, days; key, keys; money, moneys (see in Vocab.) ; monkey, monkeys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys. § 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending in f or fe are irregularly formed by changing / or fe into ves. The principal examples are: life, lives; knife, knives; wife, wives; leaf, leaves; sheaf, sheaves; loaf, loaves; beef, beeves; thief, thieves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, elves; shelf, shelves; self, selves; wolf, wolves. For the plurals of wharf and scarf see in Vocab. The plurals of hoof and turf, formerly hooves and turves, are now usually hoofs and turfs. The plurals of other nouns ending in /, fe, or ff, are formed regularly by the addition of s only. § 21. Plural formed by change of vowel. In the following nouns, the singular and the plural differ in their vowels: man, men; woman, women; goose, geese (gooses in the sense of tailor's irons) ; foot, feet ; tooth, teeth ; brother, brethren (see §§ 22, 23) ; louse, lice; mouse, mice. Com- pounds ending with these words form their plurals in the same way; as, workman, workmen; dormouse, dormice. Words that end in -man, but are not compounds, form their plurals regularly, by adding s only as, cayman, caymans; desman, desmans; talisman, talismans; German, Ger- mans; Mussulman, Mussulmans ; Ottoman, Ottomans. § 22. A few plurals end in -en; namely, brother, brethren (see §§ 21, 23) ; child, children; ox, oxen. The number of such nouns was formerly much larger. § 23. Nouns having two plurals with different meanings. Some nouns as brother, die, pea, penny, cherub, cloth, genius, index, seraph, staff, stamen, have plurals of different forms and with different meanings. See these words in the Vocabulary. See also § 24. § 24. Plural same as singular. Some nouns, mostly names of animals, have the same form in the plural as in the singular; as, deer, sheep, swine, grouse, trout, etc., but these words and some others which ordinarily have no plural, as wheat, barley, have plural forms in s or es used to denote a number of species. See the Note under plural, n., in the Vocabulary. Gentile nouns in -ese have the same form in the plural as in the singular ; as, Chinese, Portu- guese, Tyrolese, Japanese. § 25. Foreign words. Many nouns from foreign lan- guages retain their original plurals; as, datum, data; criterion, criteria; genus, genera; larva, larvae; classis, classes (see class, pi. classes, in § 18) ; crisis, crises; matrix, matrices ; focus, foci ; monsieur, messieurs. Many words of this class, however, have also a second plural formed after English analogy ; as, formula, formulae or formulas ; beau, beaux or beaus; focus, foci or focuses; index, indices or indexes; stratum, strata or stratums; bandit, banditti or bandits; cherub, cherubim or cherubs; seraph, seraphim or seraphs. § 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a noun followed by an adjective or the like, the plural is commonly formed by making the same change in the noun as when it stands alone ; as, court-martial, courts-martial ; cousin-german, cousins-german; son-in-law, sons-in- law ; knight-errant, knights-errant (but cf. knight BACHELOR, KNIGHT TEMPLAR, MANSERVANT, etc., which have the plurals knights bachelors, knights templars, men- servants). When, however, the components are so closely joined that the compound has the force of a simple word, its plural is formed like that of any other word of the same termination ; as, cupful, cupfuls ; handful, handfuls. .... MISCELLANEOUS RULES. § 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which good usage is variable. The most important of these are mentioned in this and the succeeding sections. The derivatives of villain (as villainous, villainy, etc.), though sometimes, esp. formerly, written villanous, villany, etc., now commonly retain the i, like those of other words ending in ain; as, mountainous, from mountain; captaincy, from captain; and the like. The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflec- tion, follow the spelling of the words connect, deflect, inflect, and reflect, though often written, esp. in England, connexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. The word woe, though often written without the final e, should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable of similar form ; as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, etc. Mono- syllables other than nouns and also words of more than one syllable omit the e; as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato. ORTHOGRAPHY The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense, though often, esp. in England, spelled with c are preferably spelled with s, for the s is used in all their derivatives. The words drought and height have also often been written drouth and highth or hight, but these forms are now rare in literary usage. The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in prefer- ence to the form practise used by many writers, esp. in England^ The difference in spelling between the noun and the verb is properly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise. § 28. -able or -ible. There is a class of adjectives ending either in -able or in -ible, of which a large majority have -able; as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, navigable, vendible. Many of them are from Latin words in -abilis or -ibilis, some are from the French, and not a few are formed by adding the termination to English words. The forms in -ible are mostly words going back directly to Latin verbs in -ere or -ire. For English compounds, -able has become usual. See Note under -able, in the Vocabulary. § 29. en- or in-. There is a class of words beginning with en- or in-, as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or insure, and the like, many of which take either form of the prefix indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the Latin, either directly or through the French, the prefix in- belonging to the former language, and en- to the latter. See words of this class in the Vocabulary. § 30. -ant or -ent. Many words ending in -ant or -ent were formerly spelled either way, almost indifferently ; as, confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, and the like. Present usage, however, is settled in favor of one or the other form in most words of this class, though not always on uniform principles. Thus, the abstract noun confidence and the adjective confident are universal, while the common noun is sometimes the English confident, but often the French confidant. The abstract noun dependence and the adjective dependent have almost entirely superseded dependance and dependant, while the noun dependant, formerly at least as common as dependent, has now yielded its place in great measure to dependent. On the other hand, we now have both the adjectives and the common nouns attendant and repentant; and the abstract nouns attend' ance and repentance. § 31. -er or -re. There is a class of words ending in -er some of which are by many written -re; as, center, meter, theater, etc., often written centre, metre, theatre, etc. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, massacre, and ogre retain the termi- nation -re, in order to preserve the hard sound of the c and g. Still, we have the adjective eager, the noun eagre or eager, and the preposition mauger or maugre. § 32. -id or -ide. There are two classes of chemical words ending respectively in -id or -ide and -in or -ine, in regard to which usage has varied. Most of them were for- merly written without the final e ; but now -ide is preferred to -id, and there is an attempt to establish a distinction between -in and -ine. See 2d -ine in the Vocabulary. The word tannin is always written without the final e. § 33. -ize or -ise. Certain words ending, as pronounced, with the sound of long i followed by z are written with either -ize or -ise; as, criticize or criticise; civilize or civilise; naturalize or naturalise ; patronize or patronise. These words are mostly verbs, and are chiefly derived from Greek words ending in -L$eiv, often through the French and Latin (see -ize, in the Vocabulary). Those derived from Greek words properly have -ize; as, anathematize, baptize, characterize, dramatize, tantalize. The spelling exorcise is, however, in common use. Those formed in an analogous manner from English words are also written with -ize; as, albumenize, bastardize, memorize, sensitize. But those derived from the French verb prendre (participle pris or prise) end in -ise; as, apprise, comprise, emprise, enter- prise, surprise. The following are the principal English verbs ending in -ise: advertise, advise, affranchise, apprise, arise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, compro- mise, demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfran~ chise, disguise, emprise, enfranchise, exorcise, exercise, franchise, merchandise, premise, revise, supervise, sur- mise, surprise. Most of those in respect to which usage varies are now generally written with -ize, and there is a tendency to extend the use of -ize to all analogous terms. § 34. mold or mould. The words mold and molt, and their compounds and derivatives, are entered in this Dic- tionary with o instead of ou, in analogy with bold, bolt, colt, gold, etc., from which the u has been dropped. Many, however, write these words mould and moult, etc. ; and this spelling also is given in this Dictionary as alternative. § 35. -or or -our. There is a numerous class of words almost universally written in the United States with the ending -or, many of which are written also, esp. in England, with -our; as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, vigor. English usage, however, is not uniform, many of these words being spelled with -or in English books. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK B a adjective. ab about. abbr abbreviated, ab- breviation. abl ablative. ace accusative. Acous. . . .Acoustics. act active. &, adj. ..... .adjective. *** adv adverb. AF Anglo-French. aft after. Agric. ...Agriculture. Alchem. .Alchemy. Alg Algebra. Am American. Amer. . . .American. [sis.| Anal Analytic, Analy- Anat Anatomy. Anc Ancient. Angl Anglican, -icized. Anglo-Ind. Anglo-Indian. Anthropol. Anthropology. Anthro- pom. . . .Anthropometry. Antiq Antiquity, -ties. app apparently. appar. ...apparently. Ar Arabic. Arch Architecture. Archaeol. .Archaeology. Arith Arithmetic. art article. AS Anglo-Saxon. Assyr. . . .Assyrian. Astrol. . . .Astrology. Astron. ...Astronomy. attrib attributive, at- tributively. at. wt. . . .atomic weight. aug augmentative. auxil auxiliary. av average. av., avoir, avoirdupois. Babylon. .Babylonian. Bact Bacteriology. Bacteriol. Bacteriology. Bank Banking. bet between. Bib Biblical. Bibliog. ..Bibliography. Biog Biography. Biogeog. . Biogeography. Biol Biology. Bot Botany. Braz Brazilian. Bret Breton. Brit British. t>U bushel. C Centigrade. Can. F. ...Canadian French. cap capital, -talize. Carp Carpentry. Cartog. ...Cartography. c. c. or cc. cubic centime- ters. Celt Celtic. Ceram. . . .Ceramics. cf confer (L., com- pare). Chem. . . .Chemistry. Chin Chinese. Ch. of Eng. Church of Eng- land. Chr Chronicles. Chron. ...Chronicles. Class Classical. cm centimeter. coll collective. collect. . . .collective. colloq. . . .colloquial, -ally. Com Commerce, -cial. com common, -ly. comb combination. comp compound, -ed, composition. compar. . .comparative. conj conjunction. contr contraction, con- tracted, con- trasted. contract, .contraction. Corn Cornish. corresp. . .corresponding. corrupt. . .corruption, cor- rupted. Craniol. . . Craniology. Craniom. Craniometry. Criminol. Criminology. Crit Criticism. Cryst. ...Crystallography. cu cubic. D Dutch. d day, denarius or denarii (L., penny, pence), died. Dan Danish. dat dative. def definitions, de- fined. deriv derivative, de- rived. dial dialectic, -tical. Diet Dictionary. dim. .... .diminutive, dim- inution. dist distinguished. disting. . .distinguished. dr dram. E English, East. East Eastern. Eccl Ecclesiastical. Eccles. . . .Ecclesiastical. Econ Economics. e. g exempli gratia (L., for example). Egypt. . . .Egyptian. Elec Electric, -trical, Electricity. Embryol. .Embryology. emph emphasis, emphatic. Eng England. Engin. . . .Engineering. Entom. . .Entomology. equiv equivalent. err on erroneous, -ly. esp especially. etc et cetera (L., and so forth). Ethnol. ..Ethnology. ety etymology. exc except. exel excluding. exclam. . .exclamation. Exod Exodus. F French. F., Fahr. .Fahrenheit. Far Farriery. fern feminine. Feud Feudal. ff following. fig figurative, -tive- ly, figure. Finn Finnish. For Foreign. form formerly. Fort Fortification. fr from. freq frequentative. ft foot, feet. fut future. G German. g gram. Gael Gaelic. gal gallon. Gaz Gazetteer, [ally.] gen genitive, gener-| Geog. . . . .Geography. Geol Geology. Geom. . . .Geometry. Ger German. Gr Greek. gr grains. Gram Grammar. Gr. Brit. .Great Britain. Gun Gunnery. H Hardness. h hour. Heb Hebrew, -brews. Her Heraldry. HG High German. Hind Hindustani. Hist History, -torical. Horol Horology. Hort Horticulture. h. p horse power. Hung Hungarian. Hunt. . . . .Hunting. Hydr. 1 Hydraulic, Hy- Hydraul. ) draulics. Hydro. ...Hydrostatics. Hydros. . .Hydrostatics. hypoth. . .hypothetical, hy- pothesis. Icel Icelandic. [is). I i. e id est (L., thatj Illit Illiterate. iilust illustrated, illus- tration. imp imperial, imper- fect (tense) , imperative. imper. . . .imperative. imperat. .imperative. in inch. incho. ...inchoate, -ative. incor incorrectly. Ind Indian. ind indicative. indef indefinite. indie indicative. inf., infin. infinitive. Ins Insurance. Int International. intens. . . .intensive. Inter International. inter j interjection. Internat. .International. Introd. . . .Introduction. Ir Irish, Ireland. irreg irregular. It Italian. Jap Japanese. Jav Javanese. Jew Jewish. L Low. L. or Lat. .Latin. 1 liter. lb pound. l.o lower case ; that is, make the initial a small letter, not a capital. LG Low German. L Gr Low Greek. liq liquid. lit literal, -ally. Lithog. . . .Lithography. LL Late Latin, Low Latin. Log Logic. M Middle, Meri- diem (L., noon). m meter, minute. Mach Machinery. Malay. ...Malayan. Man Manege. Manuf. ...Manufacture, -facturing. Mar Maritime. masc masculine. Math Mathematics, Mathematical, -matician. ME Middle English. meas measure. Mech Mechanics. Med Medicine, Medi- cal. Metal. . . .Metallurgy. Metaph. .Metaphysics. Meteor. . .Meteorology. Meteorol. Meteorology. Mex Mexico, -ican. mf r manufacture. M Gr Modern Greek. MHG Middle High German. mi mile. Micros. . . .Microscopy. Mil Military. Min Mineralogy, Min- eralogical. min minute. Moham. . .Mohammedan. Mus Music. Myth Mythology. Mythol. . .Mythology-. N New, North. n noun. N. Am. . . .North American. Naut Nautical. Nav Navy, Naval. Navig Navigation. neut neuter. NGr New Greek. NHeb New Hebrew. NL New Latin. nom nominative. North. . . .Northern. Norw Norwegian. N u mis. . . N umismatics. O Old. Obs Obsolete. Obsoles. ..Obsolescent. oec.,occas. occasionally. OD Old Dutch. ODan Old Danish. OE.orO.E.Old English. OF Old 1-rench. OHG Old High Ger- man. Olr Old Irish. Olt Old Italian. OL Old Latin. OP Old Persian. opp opposed, -posite. OPruss. . .Old Prussian. Org Organic, [istry.l Org. Chem. Organic Chem-| orig origin, original, originally. OS Old Style, [an.) OScand. ..Old Scandinavi-| OSlav Old Slavic. OSp Old Spanish. OW Old Welsh. Oxf.E.D. .Oxford English Dictionary. oz ounce. p page, participle, person, [tive. p. a participialadjec-l Paint Painting. Paleon. . . .Paleontology. par paragraph. Pari Parliamentary. pass passive. Penol Penology. Per Persian. perh perhaps. Pers Persian. pers person. pert pertaining. Peruv Peruvian. Petrog. . . . Petrography. Pg Portuguese. Pharm. .. Pharmacopoeia, Pharmacy. Phil Philippians. Phil. I. . . . Philippine Is- lands. Philol. . . .Philology. Philos. . . . Philosophy. Phon Phonetics. Phonog. . .Phonography. Phot Photography. Photog. . .Photography. Photom. .Photometry. Phren. . . . Phrenology. Phrenol. .Phrenology. Phys Physics, -ical. Phys. . . ) Physical Geog- Geog. j raphy. Physiol. . . Physiology. Physiol. ) Physiological Chem. ) Chemistry. Phytogeog .Phy togeography. pk peck. pi plural. Poet Poetic, -ical. Pol Polish, Political. Pol. Econ. Political Econ- omy. Polit Political. poss possessive. PP pages. p. p participle past. p. pr participle pres- ent. Pr Provencal. pr present. pred predicate. pref prefix. prep preposition. pres present. pret preterit, [pally. I prin principal, princi-| Print Printing. prob probably. pron pronoun, pro- nounced, pro- nunciation. pron'd. . . .pronounced. prop proper, -erly. Pros Prosody. Prot Protestant. Prot. Epis. Protestant Epis- copal. Prov Proverbs. Psychol. ..Psychology. pt pint. Punc Punctuation. D G H K M XXIV qt quart. R Rare. R.C.Ch. .Roman Catholic Church. refl reflexive. reflex. . . .reflexive. [ing.| Ref. Sp. .Reformed Spell-| rel relative. Relig. . . . Religion. Rev Revelation. Rhet Rhetoric, -ical. Rom Roman. [olic.l Rom.Cath.Roman Cath-| Russ Russian. R. V Revised Version. S shilling. S South, Southern. S. Amer. .South American. bc scilicet (L., un- derstood). Scand. . . .Scandinavian. Sci Science. EXPLANATORY NOTES Scot Scottish, Scotch, Scotland. Sculp. ...Sculpture. Seismol. .Seismology. Serv Servian. sing singular. Skr Sanskrit. So South, Southern. Sociol. . . .Sociology. Sp Spanish. [can.l Sp. Am. .Spanish Ameri-| specif. . . .specifically. sp. gr. . . .specific gravity. Sport. ...Sporting. sq square. St Saint. subj subjunctive. sufl suffix. superl. ...superlative. Surg Surgery. Surv Surveying. Sw Swedish. syn synonym, synon- ymous. Syr Syriac. Tag. . . . . Tagalog. Tech. . . .Technical, Tech- nology. Teleg. . . Telegraphy. Teut. . . .Teutonic. Theat. . . Theatrical. Theol. . .Theology. Thermo- ) Ihermodynam- ) ics. dyn. . Topog. . .Topography, -graphically. tr., trans . translated, trans- lation. Trig. . . .Trigonometry. Turk. . . . Turkish. Typog. . .Typography, -graphically. uncert.. .uncertain. Univ. . . .University. U. S. . . .United States. v verb. var variant. var variable, vari- ance, variety. vb. n verbal noun. Ver Version. Vet Veterinary. Veter. . . .Veterinary. v. i verb intransitive. viz videlicet (L., namely). Vocab. . . .Vocabulary. v. t verb transitive. W Welsh, West. West Western. wh which. wk week. yd yard. Zoogeog. . Zoogeography. Zool Zoology. EXPLANATORY NOTES Pronunciation. A part or the whole of a pronunciation is often omitted when it is the same as that of a word imme- diately preceding and may be readily supplied from such preceding entry. The accentuation only is given for some compound words, and for some derivatives ending in common suffixes such as -ess, -est, -ing, -ist, -less, -like, -ness, -ship, if the pronun- ciation is perfectly regular and can therefore easily be learned from the separate parts. Figures within the parentheses with the pronunciation refer to sections of the Guide to Pronunciation, pp. viii-xviii. Preferred Forms of Spelling or Pronunciation. When two or more forms of spelling or of pronunciation are re- corded the general rule has been to place first the one that has been selected as preferable. Each form entered, how- ever, has the support of good usage, and in some cases this usage is nearly or quite equally divided. Specific variations of usage have been indicated by limiting words, as also, often, sometimes (see conch, oleomargarine, patent, trait). When, instead of a definition, there is a cross reference (introduced by =, by Var. of, or by See) to another spelling, the form referred to is the one preferred. Capitalization. When a word should begin with a capi- tal letter in writing or print, the vocabulary entry of this word begins with a capital. Where, in a specific use, a dif- erent style from that shown by the vocabulary entry is to be followed, [cap.] (meaning a capital initial) or [/. c] (meaning a lower case or small initial) is inserted at the definition affected. Thus Italic, a. in sense 1 should begin with a capital, but in sense 2 a small letter is preferred. Hyphened Words. Words that are to be written or printed with a hyphen have this hyphen indicated by a mark (-) longer and heavier than the short, light hyphen (-) used to show division into syllables ; as in ab'sent-mind 'ed, light'-hear t 'ed-ness. Principal parts of verbs are given in small capitals after the vocabulary titles, except when the parts are regularly formed by the simple addition of_ -ed or -d and -ing (see Rules for Spelling, pp. xxi-xxii). Plurals are given whenever they are irregular in form or when, from analogy, an irregular form might be expected. See Rules eor Spelling, pp. xxi-xxii. See PLURAL, after such words as fish, deer, quail, trout, etc., refers to the Note under the word plural in the Vo- cabulary for information as to the two plural forms in use and the differences in their meanings. See -ICS, as at mathematics, gymnastics, refers to the entry at -ics for information as to the use of words with this ending both as singular and plural. The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are given in small capitals after the vocabulary word except where these forms are made by the simple addition of -er and -esr or by the use of more and most. Adjectives usually compared by adding -er and -est are : a Those of one syllable ; as, big, gay, small, b Those of two syllables accented on the final and not ending in aconsonant group ; as, polite, severe, serene. C Many adjectives of two syllables accented on the first, especially such as end in w, y, or le ; as, narrow, happy, simple. Many adjectives that are usually compared by adding -er and -est are often compared with more and most for euphony, emphasis, etc. Adjectives that end in silent e drop the e before the endings -er and -est ; thus, late, later, latest. Those that end in y preceded by a consonant change the y to i before the endings ; thus, sunny, sunnier, sunniest. Adjectives that are usually compared with more and most are : a Those of more than two syllables ; as, ignorant, amiable, prodigal, b Those of two syllables ending in a consonant group ; as, distinct, correct, ancient, frequent. But some such adjectives, often used in comparison, as pleasant, cunning, usually take -er and -est. c Those ending in-ful; as, mournful, careful; those ending in -ire; as, active; many ending in -ed and -ing ; as, wretched, daring. Etymologies are printed within brackets [ ]. The fol- lowing familiar conventions are used : 1. In the etymology the words in italic type are those, whether English or foreign, from which the vocabulary word is derived. Definitions of the italicized words are in roman type. Example: scallion, n. [OF. escalone, fr. L. caepa Ascalonia onion of Ascalon.] 2. A label, as F., G., It., which indicates a language, ap- plies to all following italicized words until another label is reached. If the language of the first italicized word is un- specified it is English. Example: saturate, v. t. [L. saturatus, p. p. of saturare to saturate, fr. satur sated.] 3. When the only etymology is [F.], [L.], or the like, or where the etymology begins with F. or L., followed by a comma, the source word in French or Latin is spelled in the same way as the English word. Example: delicatessen, n. pi. [G., fr. F. delicatesse.~] 4. Any prefix or suffix used without definition will be found defined in its alphabetical place. Example: dictograph, n. [L. dictum a thing said +- graph.'] 5. The history of a word is in general traced back as far as it can be with certainty. Thus if a Middle English word is the only etymology given, the source of the Middle Eng- lish word is either unknown or doubtful. Example : shal- low, a. [ME. schalowe.~] In accordance with these conventions then, the etymology of impugn [F. impugner, fr. L. impugnare ; in against + pugnare to fight.] will be read as follows: "impugn is from the French impugner, which is derived from the Latin impugnare, which is itself made up of the Latin words in meaning 'against' and pugnare meaning 'to fight.'" Similarly, that of curfew [OF. covrefeu; covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. focus hearth.] will be rendered "curfew is from the Old French covrefeu, which is derived from the Old French covrir meaning ' to cover ' and feu meaning ' fire ' ; feu is from the Latin focus meaning ' hearth.' " Certain derivatives are run on after the primitive word when the meaning may easily be gathered from the mean- ing of the suffix and that of the primitive. Each suffix so used, as -er, -hood, -ic, -ment, -ness, -ship, is fully defined in its vocabulary place. Music, Scot., Archaic, Colloq., or a similar label, when preceding the first numbered definition of a word applies to all of the definitions ; when preceding a group of definitions distinguished by a, b, C, etc., it applies to the entire group (see skep, sue, 3). Otherwise, such a label ap- plies only to the definition to which it is joined. Both or All may precede a label (as, Both Obs.) to show that it applies to two or more parts of speech, as a noun and a verb, defined under one vocabulary title (see splutter). || prefixed to a vocabulary word indicates that this word is from a foreign language and that it would ordinarily be printed in italic letters when used in English ; as, [| a'ban'- don', n., || an'no Do'mi-ni. X 2, X 6, \, h or the like, inserted at an illustration indicates that a picture is twice, six times, one half, one sixth, etc., as long and as high as the original. = preceding a word in small capitals indicates that the vocabulary word has the same meaning as the word in small capitals and that the latter is the preferred form. DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE B A A (a). 1. The first letter of the English alphabet. The different forms come from the Latin A, corresponding to Greek Alpha, of the same form, which came in turn from Aleph ("ox"), the first letter of the Phoenician and old Hebrew alphabets. In English, various sounds are now represented by this letter (see Guide to Pron., § 1). 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : a First in order or class, or, sometimes, the numeral 1 ; as, Company A. b Music. The sixth tone in the model major scale (that of C), or the first of its relative minor scale. Also, a key giving this tone, or a symbol for it. A or a, n.; pi. a's, aes, or as (az). The letter A, a, or its sound ; as, he mouths his a's. Sl, pron. Corruption of I, he, she, it, they. Obs. or Dial. a (d), v. t. Corruption of have. Obs. or Dial. a (unstressed, a; emph., a), adj., or (as usually called) the indefinite article. 1. The shortened form of an, signifying, but less emphatic than, one or any, and commonly used before words beginning with a consonant sound. See AN. 2. In each ; to or for each ; as, "a dollar a yard." a (d), prep. [AS. of off, from.] Of. Obs. a (d), prep., a-, a— (d-), prefix. [AS. an, on.] On ; in ; at ; as in afloat, afield, afire, asleep, "a Monday," "thrice a year," a-hunting. a-. [Gr. &v-, &-, not, 4- being used before consonants.] A prefix, appearing as an- before vowels or the letter h, de- noting not, without, un-; as in abyss, asexual, anhydrous. a-. A prefix equiv. to 1st A, prep., denoting off, from, of; as in adown, athirst, afresh, etc. a-. A form of AB-. See ab-. A 1 (a wun). A reg- istry mark given to ships in first-class' condition ; hence : prime ; first-class. aard'-vark' (ard'- Aard-vark. (ft) vark'), n. [D., earth-pig.] Either of two ant-eating eden- tates (genus Orycteropus) of Africa. aard'-wolf (-woolF), n. [D., earth-wolf.] A hyenalike quadruped ( Proteles cristata) of South Africa. It feeds on insects, carrion, etc. Aar'on (ar'un), n. [From L. or Gr., fr. Heb. Aharon.'] The brother of Moses (Ex. iv. 14). Aaron is the first high priest mentioned in the Bible. Aard-wolf. Aa-ron'ic (a-ron'Tk)\a. Pertaining to Aaron ; hence : Le- Aa-ron'i-cal (-i-kal)J vitical ; pontifical. Aaron's rod. a The rod used by Aaron (Ex. vii. 9, Num. xvii. 8). b {.Preferably Aaron's-rod.] A plant with a tall flowering stem ; esp., the great mullein or the goldenrod. Ab (ab; ab), n. [Heb.] See Jewish calendar. ab- (ab-). A prefix fr. Lat. ab-, signifying from, away. a'ba-ca' (a'ba-ka'), n. [Native name.] The Manila hemp. a-back' (d-bak'), adv. Back; backward; — said specif., Naut., of sails when pressed back by the wind, or of a ABASEMENT whence the phrases to be taken often used Shell of Abalone. ship when go checked aback, all aback, etc figuratively. ab'a-CUS (ab'd-kns), n. ; pi. E. -cuses (-ez ; 24), L.-ci (-si). [L., fr. Gr. 5.0a£.] 1. A table or frame for arithmetical calculation by means of sliding balls or counters. 2. Arch. The top mem- Abacus, 1. ber of the capital of a column, next under the architrave. A-bad'don (d-bad'un), n. [Heb.] 1. Lit. (place of) destruction; the place of theW- lost in Sheol ; the abyss of hell. 2. Apol- lyon (Rev. ix. 11). a-baft' (d-baff), prep, [a- on + ME. baft, AS. beaeftan; be by + seftan be- hind.] Naut. Behind ; toward the stern from. — adv. Naut. Toward or at the stern ; aft. A Abacus, 2. ab'a-lo'ne (aVd-hVne), n. A large gastropod mollusk (ge- nus Haliotis) having a slightly spi- ral shell, perforated with a row of holes for the escape of water from the gills. The shell is lined withi mother of pearl which is used in in- laying, button making, etc. ; an ear shell. a-ban'don (d-ban'dSn), v. t. [OF. abandoner, fr. a (L. ad) -j- bandon authority, deriv. fr. LL. bannire to proclaim.] 1. To give up absolutely ; forsake or renounce utterly. 2. To yield (one's self) unrestrainedly ; — often in a bad sense. 3. To banish ; expel. Obs. Syn. Leave, quit, resign, surrender, relinquish, desert, for- sake. — Abandon, desert, forsake agree in the idea of quitting, or leaving in the lurch. Abandon denotes an absolute giving up, often with implication of surrender to the mercy of something or some one else ; as, to abandon a wreck, or one's self to despair. Desert (except some- times as applied to places ; as, the deserted village, deserted streets) denotes the quitting of an object in violation of duty ; as, to desert one's colors, one's principles. Forsake, which may or may not involve culpability, implies the breaking off of association with something familiar or dear ; as, to forsake one's friends ; the blood forsook his cheeks. || a'ban/don' (a'baVdoN' ; Eng. d-ban'dun), n. [F.] A complete giving up to natural impulses ; careless ease. a-ban'doned (d-ban'dund), p. a. 1. Forsaken; deserted. 2. Self-abandoned ; extremely or irreclaimably wicked. Syn. Depraved, corrupt, dissolute, profligate, reprobate, vicious, vile. — Abandoned, profligate, dissolute, rep- robate all express great personal depravity. Abandoned suggests unresisting self-surrender to vice ; profligate, open and shameless disregard of decency (and often squandered means) ; dissolute, utter laxity of morals and the throwing off of all restraint ; reprobate, complete in- sensibility to reproof. a-ban'don-ment (-dSn-ment), n. Act of abandoning ; state of being abandoned ; absence of self-restraint. a-base' (d-bas'), v. t.; a-based' (d-basf) ; a-bas'ing. [OF. abaissier. See base, a.] 1. To lower ; throw or cast down. Archaic. 2. To cast down or reduce, as in rank or esti- mation ; degrade. — a-base'ment (-ment), n. Syn. Disgrace, dishonor, debase, degrade, reduce, humble, humiliate, mortiiy, shame, depose. — Abase, debase, de- grade, reduce, humble, humiliate agree in the idea of bringing down to a lower state. Abase expresses a ale, senate, care, am, account, jirm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, Til; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. H K M ► ABASH bringing down, always in the feeling of one's estate or con- dition ; as, to abase the proud. Debase involves an actual deterioration in quality or worth ; as, to debase the coinage. Degrade implies a lowering in rank (so also reduce) or in moral standard. Humble always suggests a sense of low- ered dignity or lost prestige, and when reflexive often im- plies self-abasement without loss of self-respect, thus dif- fering from humiliate, which always implies ignominy. a-bash' (d-bash'), v. t. [OF. esbahir, fr. L. ex + bah, in- ter]', of astonishment.] To destroy the self-possession of ; confuse ; put to shame ; discomfit. — Syn. See embar- rass. — a-bash'ment (-ment), n. a-bat'a-ble (d-bat'd-b'l), a. That_may be abated. a-bate' (d-bat'), v.t.; a-bat'ed (-bat'ed) ; abat'ing. [From OF., fr. LL. abatere to beat down ; ad + battere to beat, L. batuere.~\ 1. To beat down ; demolish ; hence, to put an end to. Obs., exc. in Law; as, to abate a nuisance. 2. To reduce in amount, number, degree, intensity, etc., as a de- mand, pride, zeal ; lessen ; moderate. 3. To reduce (in re- spect of) ; deprive. Obs. 4. To deduct, as part of a price ; omit. — v. i. To be abated ; as : a To come to naught ; fall through, as a writ, b To decrease, as a storm. — Syn. Diminish, wane, slacken, sink, recede, decline. a-bate'ment (-ment), n. 1. An abating; state of being abated ; also, amount abated ; decrease. 2. Her. A mark indicating depreciation, degradation, or disgrace. ab'a-tis, ab'at-tis (ab'd-tis ; F. a'ba/te'), n. [F. abatis mass of things cutjdown.] Fort. A defense of felled trees with the branches sharpened and turned toward the enemy. a-ba'tor (d-ba'ter), n. Law. One who abates a nuisance. || a'bat'toir' (a/ba/twar'), n.; pi. -toirs (-twarz'). [F., fr. abattre to beat down.] A slaughterhouse. abb (ab), n. [AS. aweb, ab; a- + web. See web.] Among weavers, the woof or yarn for the woof. Ab'ba (ab'd), n. [Syriac abba father.] Father ; — used by Jesus of the Deity. ab'ba-cy (-si), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [L. abbatia."] Dignity, estate, jurisdiction, or term of tenure of an abbot. Ab-bas'side (5-bas'id ; -Id), a. Pert, to or designating the dynasty of caliphs claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. They ruled (about 750-125S) at Bagdad, and were famous for luxury and patronage of art and literature. — n. One of this dynasty. ab-ba'tial (a-ba'shal), a. Pertaining to an abbot or abbey. || ab'be' (a/ba'), n. ; pi. -bes (-baz'). [F.] Abbot ; — now a title in France for any secular ecclesiastic holding no living. He usually acts as a tutor, instructor, or the like. ab'bess (ab'es), n. [From OF., fr. L. abbatissa, fern, of ab- bas abbot.] A female superior or governess of a nunnery. ab'bey (-1), n.; pi. -beys (-iz). [From OF., fr. L. abbatia, fr. abbas abbot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons se- cluded and devoted to religion and celibacy ; also, the mo- nastic building or buildings. 2. The church of a monastery. — Syn. See cloister. ab'bot (ab'wt), n. [AS. abbod, abbad, L. abbas, abbatis, Gr. Aj8/3as, fr. Syriac abba father.] Superior or head of an abbey of monks. — ab'bot-cy (-si), n. — ab'bot-ship, n. Abbot of Misrule or Unreason. = Lord of Misrule. ab-bre'vi-ate (d-bre'vi-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing. [L. abbreviatus, p. p. of abbreviare. See abridge.] To make briefer ; shorten, esp. by contraction or omission, as words. — Syn. Contract, reduce. See abridge. ab-bre'vi-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. Act or result of abbreviating ; abbreviated form of a word or phrase, as d. for died. ab-bre'vi-a'tor (d-bre'vi-a'ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, abbreviates. 2. Any of those officers of the papal chancery who originally made abbreviated extracts of the papal letters, and later constituted a college (now sup- pressed) charged with expediting the papal letters. A' B' C (a'be'se'). 1. The first three letters of the alpha- bet. 2. The simplest rudiments of any subject. ab'di-cate (ab'dl-kat), v. t.; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat'ing. [L. abdicatus, p. p. of abdicare ; ab + dicare to proclaim.] To give up or relinquish formally, as sovereign power ; re- nounce ; surrender, as a trust, duty, right, etc. Syn. Abdicate and resign imply a yielding up of office, authority, or trust. Abdicate applies particularly to the relinquishment of authority or dignity which is inherent or sovereign ; as, to abdicate the crown ; resign applies to the relinquishment of an unexpired office or trust. — v. i. To renounce a throne, high office, or dignity. — ab'- di-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. ab'di-ca'tion (-ka'shim), n. Act of abdicating. ab-do'men (ab-do'men), n. [L.] 1. The belly; the part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis ; also, the cavity of the belly, containing the stomach, bowels, etc. 2. The posterior section of the body, behind the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, etc. ab-dom'i-nal (-dom'T-nal), a. Of or pert, to the abdomen. ab-dom'i-nous (ab-dom'i-nus), a. Big-bellied. Rare. ab-duce' (ab-dus'), v. t.; ab-duced' (-dust'); ab-duc'ing (-dus'Tng). [L. abducere to lead away; ab + ducere to ABIGAIL lead.] To draw or conduct away ; withdraw ; to draw to a different part. Obs. or Archaic. ab-du'cent (-du'sent), a. Physiol. Abducting. ab-duct' (-dukt'), v. t. [L. abductus, p. p. of abducere to lead away.] 1. To take away surreptitiously by force ; usually, to kidnap. 2. Physiol. To draw away, as a limb, from a position near or parallel to the median axis, as in raising the arm. — ab-duc'tor (-ter), n. ab-duc'tion (-duk'shwn), n. Act of abducting; specif., Law, the unlawful taking away of a woman for purposes of marriage or defilement. a-beam' (d-bem'), adv. Naut. On a line at right angles with the ship's keel ; opposite the middle of the ship's side, a-bear' (-bar'), v. t. [AS. aberan; a-, orig., out + beran to bear.] To put up with ; endure. Now Dial. a'be-ce-da'ri-an (a'be-se-da'rT-dn), n. [L. abecedarius, fr. the names of the first four letters of the alphabet.] 1. One who is learning or teaching the alphabet. 2. A tyro. — a. Alphabetic ; hence, rudimentary. a-bed' (d-bed'), adv. In bed, or on the bed. A-bed'ne-gO (d-bed 'ne-go). Bib. See Shadrach. A'bel (a'bel), n. Bib. The second son of Adam and Eve, slain by his elder brother, Cain. See Gen. iv. a-b3le' (d-bel'; a'bel), n. [From D., fr. OF., fr. a dim. of L. albus white.] The white poplar. a'bel-mosk' (a'bel-mosk'), n. ([From NL. Abelmoschus, the genus, fr. Ar. abu-l misk father of musk. See musk.] An evergreen shrub (Abelmoschus abelmoschus) of the East and West Indies and northern Africa. It has muskv seeds. ab-er'rance (ab-er'ans), ab-er'ran-cy (-dn-sT), n. State of being aberrant ; a wandering from the right way ; deviation from truth, rectitude, etc. ab-er'rant (ab-er'dnt), a. [L. aberrans, -rantis, p. pr. of aberrare to go astray ; ab + errare to wander.] I. Wan- dering ; straying from the right way. 2. Abnormal. ab'er-ra'tion (ab'er-a'shwn), n. 1. A wandering ; deviation, esp. from what is right, natural, or typical. 2. Mental dis- order. 3. Astron. A small periodical apparent change of position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the motion of light and of the observer. 4. Optics. Conver- gence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light emanating from the same point, or deviation of such con- verged rays from a single focus. a-bet' (d-bet'), v. t.; a-bet'ted ; a-bet'ting. [From OF. abeter; a (L. ad) + beler to bait (as a bear).] To instigate, encourage, support, or uphold, as by aid or countenance ; — now chiefly in a bad sense. — a-bet'ment (-ment), n. a-bet'ter, a-bet'tor (d-bet'er), n. One who abets. Syn. Abettor, accessory, accomplice, confederate, conspirator. In legal use these words import guilt in common. Confederate is applied to any person who intentionally contributes to the commission of any unlaw- ful act. Of civil joint wrongdoers the usual term is con- spirator. An accessory is one who accedes to, or becomes involved in, the*guilt by some act either previous or subse- quent to its commission, as of instigating, aiding, con- cealing, etc. An abettor is one actually or constructively present at the commission of the deed and contributing to it by moral or physical force. An accomplice is one who with criminal intent participates in the commission of an offense, whether as principal, abettor, or accessory. a-bey'ance (d-ba r dns), n. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + baer, beer, to gape, expect.] 1. Law. Expectancy ; condition of being undetermined or not vested, as of a right or an in- heritance. 2. Suspension ; temporary suppression. a-bey'ant (-ant), a. Being in abevance. [abominaele.| ab-hom'i-na-ble (ab-hom'i-nd-b'l), a. Old spelling ofj ab-hor r (ab-hor'), v. t. ; -horred' (-hord') ; -hor'ring. [L. abhorrere; ab + horrere to bristle, shudder.] To shrink with shuddering from ; detest to extremity. — Syn. See HATE. ab-hor'rence (-hor'ens), n. Act or state of abhorring. ab-hor'rent (-ent), a. 1. Having or showing abhorrence; loathing. 2. Contrary or repugnant ; — used with to. ab-hor'ier (ab-h8r'er), n. One who abhors. a-bid'ance (d-bid'dns), n. An abiding ; state of abiding. a-bide' (d-bld') ( v. i.; pret. & p. p. a-bode' (d-bod'), A- bid'ed (d-bld'ed) ; p. pr. & vo. n. a-bid'ing (d-bld'ing). [AS. abldan ; a- + bidan to bide.] 1. To continue in a place ; have one's abode ; dwell ; sojourn. 2. To remain stable or fixed in some state ; continue. — Syn. See reside. — v. t. 1. To await ; watch for. 2. To endure ; submit to ; as, every man must abide his fate ; varnish will not abide heat. • 3. To bear patiently ; as, he cannot abide a telltale ; tolerate. 4. [Confused with aby to pay for.] To stand the consequences of ; suffer for. — a-bid'er (-bid'er), n. to abide by. a To stand to ; adhere to. b To acquiesce in ; conform to ; accept as valid and take the consequences of ; as. to abide by a decision. a-bid'ing, p. a. Continuing ; lasting. — a-bid'ing-ly, adv. ab'i-gail (ab'i-gal), n. A lady's waiting maid. Cf. 1 Sam. xxv. 23-31. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; pse, unite, Aim, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; ciiair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ABILITY a-bil'i-ty (d-bil'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [From F., fr. L. habilitas aptitude, ability, fr. habilis. See able.] Quality or state of being able; power to perform; capacity; suf- | ficiency of strength, skill, etc.; in pi., faculty; talent. — Syn. Energy, strength, capability, efficiency, aptitude. ab'i-O-gen'e-sis (ab'i-6-jen'e-sis), n. [a- not + bio- + -genesis.'] Biol. Spontaneous generation. — ab'i-o-ge- net'ic (-je-net'Ik), a. — ab'i-Og'e-nist (ab'i-oj'e'-nist), n. ab'ject (ab'jekt), a. [L. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere to throw away ; ab + jacere to throw.] 1. Cast down ; low-lying. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Sunk to a low condition ; cast down in spirit or hope. — Syn. Mean, groveling, cringing, slavish, ignoble, vile, beggarly. — ab-jec'tion (ab-jek'shun), n. — ab'ject-ly, adv. — ab'ject-ness, n. ab-jure' (ab-joor'), v. t. & %.; -jured' (-joord') ; -jur'ing. [L. abjurare to deny on oath ; ab+jurare to swear.] 1. To renounce upon oath ; forswear ; disavow ; as, to abjure al- legiance to a prince. 2. To renounce with solemnity ; re- cant ; repudiate ; as, to abjure errors. — Syn. See re- nounce. — ab'ju-ra'tion (ab'joo-ra'shun ; 86), n. — ab-ju'- ra-to-ry (ab-joo'rd-to-ri), a'— ab-jur'er, -or (-joor'er), n, " 'lak-ta ' " ab'lac-ta'tion (ab' 'shim), lactare to suckle, lac milk.] Weaning. n. [I [L. ablactatio; ab + ab-la'tion (ab-la/shun), n. [L. ablatio, fr. ablatus, p. p. of auferre to carry away.] A taking away ; removal. ab'la-tive (ab'ld-tiv), a. [From F., fr. L. ablativus, fr. abla- tus, p. p.] Designating, or pert, to, a case of the noun in Latin and Sanskrit, fundamentally implying esp. removal, or direction away. In Latin, it denotes also the relations denoted by with, by, at, and in. — n. The ablative case, or a form in it. ablative absolute, a construction in Latin, in which a noun in the ablative case has a participle (expressed or understood) agreeing with it, the two words expressing generally the time, cause, or an attendant circumstance of an action ; as, Tarquinio regnante venit, i. e., he came in the reign of Tarquinius (lit., Tarquinius reigning). ab'laut (ap'lout), n. [G., off-sound.] The variation of the root vowel in different forms of the same word, indicating a change of use or meaning, as in get, gat, got. Cf. umlaut. a-blaze' (d-blaV), adv. & a. On fire; gleaming; ardent. -a-ble (-d-b'l), -i-ble (-T-b'l), or -ble. [F., fr. L. -abilis, -ibilis, -bilis.~\ A suffix used to form adjectives, and mean- ing : 1. Capable of being, fit to be, worthy to be (acted upon in a certain way) ; — now the usual sense in English. Examples : apprehensive, capable of being appre- hended ; desirable, worthy of being desired ; lovafeZe, fit to be, or worthy of being, loved ; breakage, capable of being broken. 2. Able to, capable of, capable of causing, productive of, characterized by ; also, inclining to, liable to, subject to. Examples : durable, able to endure ; pleasura&Ze, capable of causing, or productive of, pleasure ; peaceafcZe, in- clined to peace, characterized by peace ; perishabZe, li- able to perish; mutable, capable of, or subject to, mu- tation. [GiPThe form -able, originally in words formed on Latin verbs in -are, is now used with native English verbs and nouns ; -ible occurs mostly with words directly from Latin verbs in -ere, -ire. In adjectives from the French, -able is the regular form, with words going back to Latin verbs of any conjugation. See Rules for Spelling, § 11, 28. a'ble (a'b'l), a.; a'bler (a'bler) ; a'blest (a'blest ; 24). [OF., fr. L. habilis easily held or managed, apt, fr. habere to have, hold.] 1. Having sufficient power, force, skill, etc. ; competent ; capable. 2. Having intellectual quali- fications, or strong mental powers ; talented ; clever. a'ble-bod'ied (-bod'Td; 109), a. Having a sound, strong body ; physically competent. ab'le-gate (ab'le-gat), n. [L. ablegatus, p.p., sent away.] R. C. Ch. A representative of the Pope charged with im- portant commissions in foreign countries. ab'lu-ent (ab'lu-ent), a. [L. abluens, p. pr.] Washing away ; detergent. — n. Med. A detergent. ab-lu'tion (ab-lu'shiin), n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere to wash away ; ab -f- luere to wash.] 1. A washing or cleansing, specifically as a religious rite or for medical purposes. 2. The liquid used in cleansing. a'bly (a'bli), adv. In an able manner; with ability. ab'ne-gate (ab'ne-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gaVed) ; -gat'ing. [L. abnegatus, p. p. of abnegare; ab + negare to deny.] To deny and reject ; abjure. ab'ne-ga'tion (ab'ne-ga/shiin), n. A denial; a renuncia- tion ; self-denial. ab-nor'mal (ab-nor'mal), a. [For earlier anormal, fr. F., deriv. of Gr. dew/iaXos. Confused with L. abnormis. See anomalous.] Not conformed to rule or system ; deviating from the type ; irregular. — ab-nor'mal-ly, adv. ab'nor-mal'i-ty (ab'nor-mal'T-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Abnormal state or quality. 2. Something abnormal. ab-nor'mi-ty (ab-nor'rm-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Departure from the ordinary type ; irregularity. 3 ABOUT ab-nor'mous (ab-nor'mus), a. [L. abnormis; ab + nor- ma rule. See normal.] Abnormal ; irregular. a-board' (d-bord' ; 57), adv. 1. On board ; into or within a boat or railroad car. 2. Alongside. — prep. On board of. a-bode' (d-bod'), pret. & p. p. of abide. a-bode', n. [From abide.] 1. Stay or continuance in a place ; sojourn. 2. Abiding place ; residence. a-bode', n. [See bode, v. £.] An omen ; prognostication. — v. t. & i. To bode ; presage. Both Obs. || a'bo-ga'do (a/vo-ga'tho), n.; pi. -dos (-thos). [Sp.] Sp. Law. An advocate ; a counselor at law. a-bol'ish (d-bol'ish), v. t. [From F., fr. L. abolere, -letum ; ab + olere to grow.] To do away with wholly ; put an end to, as a law, evil, disease, etc. As used of the destruction of concrete objects, killing of persons, etc., abolish is ar- chaic. — a-bol'ish-a-ble, a. — ish-er, n. — ish-ment, n. Syn. Annul, vacate, invalidate, quash, countermand, recall, repeal, abrogate, revoke, nullify, cancel, rescind, reverse. — Abolish, repeal, abrogate, revoke, annul, nullify, cancel, rescind, reverse have in common the idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Annul denotes simply to make void ; as, to annul a contract. Abolish applies particularly to things of a permanent nature, such as institutions, usages, customs ; as, the abolition of slavery ; repeal, to the annulling by a legisla- tive body of a previous enactment ; as, the repeal of the Stamp Act ; abrogate, to the annulling by a ruler or an executive body of laws, ordinances, treaties, conventions ; revoke, to the recall of a previous grant which conferred power, privilege, etc. ; as, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; nullify (in the United States), to the revolu- tionary contravention, by a State, of a Federal law ; as, the South Carolina ordinance of nullification. Cancel refers to instruments, as deeds, contracts, writs, rather than to statutes ; rescind, to the vacation, by the enacting or superior authority, of a resolution, a vote, a decree, rather than of a law ; reverse, to the setting aside by a higher tribunal of the decision of a lower. ab'q-li'tion (ab'6-lish'im), n. [L. abolitio."] Act of abol- ishing ; state of being abolished ; utter destruction. ab'o-ll'tion-ism (-Tz'm), n. System of principles or meas- ures favoring abolition, esp. of negro slavery. ab'0-li'tion-ist (-ist), n. An advocate of abolitionism. ab'o-ma'sum (ab'o-ma'si/m), n. See ruminant. a-bom'i-na-ble (d-bom'i-nd-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. abomina- bilis.'] Worthy of or causing abomination ; detestable ; loathsome. — na-ble-ness, n. — na-bly, adv. a-bom'i-nate (-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed); -nat'ing. [L. abominatus, p. p. of abominari to deprecate as omi- nous, abhor, curse ; ab + omen a foreboding.] To abhor ; loathe._ — Syn. See hate. na tor (-na'ter), n. a-bom'i-na'tion (-na/shun), n. 1. Feeling of extreme dis- gust and hatred ; abhorrence ; loathing ; detestation. 2. That which is abominable ; anything hateful or vile ; pollu- tion. 3. A cause of wickedness. ab'o-rig'i-nal (ab'6-nj'i-ndl), a. 1. First ; original ; indige- nous. 2. Of or pert, to aborigines. — Syn. See native. — n. One of the aborigines. — ab'o-rig'i-nal-ly, adv. ab'o-rig'i-nes (-rij'i-nez), n. pi.; usual (but etymologically indefensible) sing, ab'o-rig'i-ne (-ne). [L. Aborigines, esp. those who originally (ab origine) inhabited Latium or Italy.] 1. The earliest known inhabitants of a country ; native races, esp. as contrasted with an invading or colo- nizing race. 2. Biol. The original fauna and flora of a (given) geographical area. a-bort' (d-borf), v. i. [L. abortare, fr. abortus, p. p. of ab- oriri.'] To miscarry ; remain rudimentary in development. a-bor'ti-cide (d-bor'ti-sld), n. [L. abortus + -cide. See abort.] Med. a Act of destroying a fetus in the womb. b An agent that destroys the fetus and causes abortion. a-bor'ti-fa'cient (-fa'shent), a. [L. abortus + faciens making.] Producing abortion. — n. A drug or an agent that causes abortion. a-bor'tion (d-bor'shim), n. [L. abortio, fr. aboriri; ab + oriri to rise, be born.] 1. A premature birth ; premature expulsion of the human fetus, esp. before it is viable ; mis- carriage. 2. An immature product, as an untimely birth, or a fruit that fails to mature. 3. Any failure of completion or perfection in what has been begun. a-bor'tion-ist (d-bor'shiln-ist), n. One who practices the producing of criminal abortions. a-bor'tive (-tiv), a. 1. Born prematurely. 2. Coming to naught ; ineffectual ; fruitless. 3. Med. a Causing abor- tion, as a drug, b Cutting short ; as, abortive treatment of typhoid fever. — a-bor'tive-ly, adv. — a-bor'tive- ness, n. a-bou'li-a (d-boo'lT-d), a-bou'lic. Vars. of abulia, abulic. abound' (d-bound'), v. i. [From F., fr. L. abundare to overflow, abound ; ab + unda wave.] 1. To be in great plenty or very prevalent. 2. To be copiously supplied; teem ; — used with in or with. a-DOUt'(d-bout'), adv. [AS. abutan, onbutan; on -f- butan, fr. be by + utan outward, ut out.] 1. On all sides ; here B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M \ ABOVE and there; around; as, to look about; wandering about. 2. In circuit ; around the outside ; as, at the waist he is one yard about. 3. Nearly ; approximately ; as, about 400. 4. To a reversed position ; half around ; as, to face about. 5. In rotation ; as, turn about is fair play. — prep. 1. Around ; on every side of ; as, the air is about ( us. 2. In the immediate neighborhood of; near; by or 'on (one's person) ; as, he stayed about the house for our protection ; have you a knife about you ? 3. Over or upon different parts of ; here and there in ; throughout ; as, to travel about the country; stones scattered about a field. 4. Near ; not far from ; as, about this time yesterday. 5. In concern with ; engaged in ; as, he went about his busi- ness. 6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive : On the point or verge of ; in the act of ; as, he was about to leap. 7. Concerning ; with regard to ; in connection with ; touch- ing ; as, to talk about politics. a-bove' (d-bilv'), adv. [AS. on on + be by + ufan up- ward.] 1. In a place above something ; overhead. 2. Ear- lier in order ; as,«tbat was said above. 3. Higher in rank or power. — prep. 1. In or to a higher place than ; higher than ; over ; — opposed to below or beneath. 2. Fig., higher than ; superior to ; surpassing ; beyond ; as, above criti- cism, above revenge. 3. Surpassing in number or quan- tity ; more than. Syn. Above, over, on, upon. Above, over, and on {upon) differ in that on {upon) always implies contact, while over and above allow an interval. Over implies verticality, above may or may not. Thus, the entire second story of a building is above, but only a small part of it is directly over, one who stands on {upon) the ground floor. Upon and on are gen- erally practically absolute synonyms ; upon is the more em- phatic word, but the choice is often determined by consid- erations of euphony alone. — a. Being above; situated, placed, said, written, men- tioned, or the like, above. — n. That which is above. a-bove'board' (-bord'; 57), adv. & a. Above the board or table ; hence : in open sight ; without trick or concealment. ab'ra-ca-dab'ra (aVrd-kd-diib'rd), rc- abracadabra [L.] 1. A mystical word or group abracadabr of letters arranged in a certain tri- abracadab angular way, used as a charm. 2. abracada Something without meaning ; jargon. ab-ra'dant (ab-ra'ddnt), a. & n. Ab- rasive. ab-rade'(ab-rad'), v. t. ;-rad'ed (-rad'- ed) ; -rad'ing. [L. abradere, -rasum, a b to scrape off ; ab + radere to scrape.] A To rub off ; wear away by friction. — ab-rad'er (-er), n. A'bra-ham (a'brd-ham), n. [Heb.] Bib. The first patri- arch, founder of the Hebrew race. Gen. xi.-xxv. a-bran'chi-al (d-brarj'ki-dl), a. [a- not + branchial.'] Without gills. ab-ra'sion (ab-ra'zhun), n. [L. abrasio, fr. abradere to abrade.] Act of abrading ; also, an abraded place. ab-ra'sive (-siv), a. Tending to abrade. — n. A substance used for abrading ; as, emery is an abrasive. a-bras'tol (d-bras'tol ; -tol), n. A derivative of naphthol, used as a food preservative and as a remedy for gout. ab'raum salts (ab'roum ; Ger. ap'roum). [G. abraum- salze.] A mixture of salts of potassium, sodium, magnesium, etc., lying above the Stassfurt rock salt, in Prussia. ab're-ac'tion (ab're-ak'shftn), n. lab- + reaction, after G. abreagirung.] Psychotherapy. See catharsis. a-breast' (d-brest'), adv. 1. Side by side. 2. Up to a cer- tain level or line ; equally advanced. a-bridge' (d-brijO, v. t.; a-bridged' (d-bnjd') ; a-brtdg'- ING. [From OF., fr. L. abbreviare ; ad (or ab) -f- breviare to shorten, brevis short.] 1. To shorten ; lessen ; diminish ; curtail ; specif., to shorten or contract by using fewer words, retaining the sense ; condense. 2. To deprive ; cut off ; — now used with of; as, to abridge one of his rights. — Syn. Epitomize, contract, compress ; reduce. a-bridg'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of abridging; state of being abridged. 2. Something made by abridging ; dimi- nution ; reduction ; compend. — Syn. See compendium. a-broacli' (d-broch'), adv. 1. Broached ; in a condition for letting out liquor. 2. Hence : afoot ; astir. a-broad' (d-brod'), adv. 1. At large; widely; broadly. 2. Outside of a certain confine ; as : a Outdoors, b Outside of a country ; in foreign countries. 3. Astray ; wide of the mark. 4. Before the public ; at large ; here and there ; widely. ab'ro-gate (ab'ro-gat), v. t.; -gat'ed (-gat'ed) ; -gat/ing. [L. abrogatus, p. p. of abrogare; ab + rogare to ask, pro- pose.] To annul by an authoritative act. — Syn. Revoke, repeal. See abolish. ab'ro-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Act of abrogating ; repeal by authority. ab'ro-ga-tive (ab'ro-ga-tiv), a. Tending or designed to abrogate. ab'ro-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who abrogates. A B R A C A A B R A C A B R A ABSOLUTE ab-rupt' (ab-rupt'), a. [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere to break off ; ab -f- rumpere to break.] 1. Rising, descend- ing, or changing sharply from a given surface or level. 2. Sudden ; hasty ; as, an abrupt departure. 3. Having sudden transitions ; broken ; as, an abrupt style. Syn. Rough, curt, brusque, blunt, unceremonious, discon- nected, broken ; sheer, perpendicular, vertical, sharp, steep, precipitous. — Abrupt, steep, precipitous. Abrupt ap- plies to a surface (as an acclivity or declivity) which, esp., rises or descends at a sharp pitch or angle. Steep implies such an angle as renders ascent, less frequently descent, difficult. Precipitous suggests an angle nearly vertical. ab-rup'tion (-rup'shtm), n. A sudden breaking off. ab-rupt'ly, adv. In an abrupt manner. abruptly pinnate, Bot., pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end. See leaf, Illust. ab-rupt'ness, n. State or quality of being abrupt. Ab'sa-lom (ab'sd-lom), n. [L., fr. Heb.] Bib. King David's favorite but rebellious son. See 2 Sam. xviii. ab'scess (ab'ses), n. [L. abscessus, lit., a going away, de- riv. of ab, abs + cedere to go off.] A collection of pus in the body, usually due to injury, poisoning, or infection. ab-scind' (ab-sind'), v. t. [L. abscindere ; ab + scindere to rend, cut.] To rend ; cut asunder. Rare. ab-SCis'sa (ab-sis'd), n.; pi. E. -sas (-dz), L. -s,e (-e). [From fern, of L. abscissus, p. p. of abscindere to cut off ; ab -+- scindere to cut.] Geom. One of- the elements of refer- ence by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a sys- tem of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. Cf . ordinate. ab-SCis'sion (-sizh'un), n. [L. abscissio.] Act or fact of cutting off, or putting an end to ; state of being cut off. ab-SCOnd' (-skond'), v. i. [L. abscondere to hide ; ab, abs + condcre to lay up.] To depart clandestinely ; steal off and secrete one's self. — ab-SCOnd'er, n. ab/sence (ab'sens), n. [F., fr. L. absentia.'] 1. State or time of being absent ; — opp. to presence. 2. Want ; lack. 3. Inattention to things present ; abstraction (of mind). ab'sent (-sent), a. [F., fr. L. absens, absentis, p. pr. of abesse to be away (from) ; ab -f- esse to be.] 1. Being away ; withdrawn ; not present. 2. Not existing ; lacking. 3. Inattentive to what is passing ; absent-minded. Syn. Musing, dreaming, lost, abstracted, preoccupied. — Absent, abstracted, preoccupied denote a want of atten- tion to one's surroundings. Absent implies an unconscious wandering of one's thoughts from present topics ; as, he was so absent that he heard nothing. Abstracted suggests a positive drawing off of the mind from present things to some weighty matter for reflection ; as, abstracted in specu- lation. Preoccupied suggests absence of attention due to previous absorption in a more engrossing thought or pur- suit ; as, he was so preoccupied that he spoke mechanically. ab-sent' (ab-sent'), v. t. To withdraw (one's self) to such a distance as to prevent intercourse. — ab-seilt'er, n. ab'sen-ta'tion (ab'sen-ta'shKn), n. Absenting of one's self. ab'sen-tee' (-te') ( n. One who is absent, or who absents himself, from his country, office, post, duty, etc., as a land- holder who lives in a country or district away from his estate ; as, an Irish absentee. — ab'sen-tee'ism (-Iz'm), n. ab'sent-ly, adv. In an absent or inattentive manner. ab'sent-mind'ed (ab'sept-min'ded ; 109), a. Being in a temporary state, or having a habit, of mind in which one fails to respond to the ordinary demands on his attention. — ab'sent-mind'ed-ly, adv. — ab'sent-mind'ed-ness.n. ab'sinth. \ (ab'sinth), n. [F. absinthe."] 1. Absinthium. ab'sinthej 2. A green alcoholic liquor containing oils of wormwood and anise, and other aromatics. It produces serious nervous derangement. ab-sin'thi-al (ab-sin'thi-dl) \a. Of or pertaining to worm- ab-sill'thi-an (ab-sTn'thi-an)J wood; bitter. ab-sin'thi-ate (-at), v. t. To impregnate with wormwood. ab'sinth-ism (ab'sinth-iz'm ; ab-sinth'iz'm), n. Med. A diseased condition due to the excessive use of absinth. ab-sin/thi-um (ab-sm'thi-um), n. [L., from Gr. {l\LIv6iov.] The common wormwood. ab'SO-lute (ab'so-lut), a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere. See absolve.] 1. Absolved. Obs. 2. Perfect ; complete ; as, absolute perfection. 3. Free from mixture ; simple ; pure ; as, absolute alcohol. 4. Free from limit, restriction, or qualification ; as, absolute monarch ; absolute veto. 5. Free from relation to something else ; esp., free from the variability and error natural to human cognitions and per- ceptions ; hence : actual ; real ; as, absolute science. 6. Gram. Standing apart from its usual construction with another word or words ; as, the ablative absolute; "ours" is the absolute form of "our." 7. Physics, a Independ- ent, as far as possible, of arbitrary standards ; esp., per- taining to, or derived in the simplest manner from, the fundamental units of length, mass, and time ; as, absolute electric units ; absolute pressure (fluid pressure measured above a perfect vacuum), b Pertaining to the absolute- temperature scale ; as, 10° absolute, or 10° A. 8. Positive ; certain ; also, authoritative ; peremptory. Rare. — Syn. See pure. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, irjk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ABSOLUTELY absolute pitch, Music, the position of a tone in reference to the whole range of pitch or to a complete standard scale, conceived as independently determined by its rate of vibra- tion ; as, A, Ef indicate absolute pitch. — a. temperature, Physics, temperature as measured on a scale determined by certain general thermodynamic principles, and reckoned from a. zero (—273.1° C. or— 459.6° F.). — n. Philos. With t Ji e, that which is absolute ;esp.,allreality considered as the final or total fact, or existence. ab'so-lute-ly, adv. of absolute, a. See -ly. ab'so-lute-ness, n. Quality or state of being absolute. ab/so-lu'tion (-lu'shim), n. 1. Act of absolving ; forgive- ness. 2. a In the Roman Catholic Church, and with some others, remission of sin given in the sacrament of penance to the truly penitent by the priest in virtue of authority derived from Christ, b R. C. Ch. (1) A releasing from censures, as from excommunication, apart from the sac- rament of penance. (2) A form of intercession for the dead, chanted or recited while the body is in the church. ab'SO-lut'ism (ab'so-lut'iz'm), n. State or quality of being absolute, or without limitation or condition. ab'so-lut'ist (-ist), n. One who favors an absolute or auto- cratic government. — ab'SO-lu-tis'tic (-hl-tis'tik), a. ab-solve' (ab-solv'), v. t.; -solved' (-solvd') ; -solv'lng. [L. absolvere; ab+solvere to loose.] 1. To set free, or release, as from an obligation or from the consequences of guilt ; pronounce free. 2. To free from involving a pen- alty ; pardon; remit (a sin). — Syn. See exculpate. — ■ ab-solv'a-ble, a. — ab-solv'a-to-ry, a. — ab-solv'er, n. ab'so-nant (ab'so-ndnt), a. [L. ab-\-sonans sounding.] Discordant ; contrary (to what is reasonable, natural, etc.). ab-SOlb' (-sorb'), v. t. [h.absorbere ; ab+sorbere to suck in.] 1. To swallow up ; engulf. 2. To suck up ; drink or take in ; imbibe, as a sponge. 3. To take up by cohesive, chemical, or any molecular action; as, charcoal absorbs gases. 4. To engross wholly; occupy fully. — ab-sorb'- a-ble, a. — ab-sorb'a-bil'i-ty, n. ab-SOr'be-fa'cient (ab-sor'be-fa'shent), a. [L. absorber e to absorb + -facient.'] Tending to produce absorption. ab-SOrb'ent (-sor'bent), a. Absorbing ; absorptive. — n. Anything which absorbs.— ab-sorb'en-cy (-sor'ben-sT), n. ab-Sorb'ing (-bmg), p. a. That absorbs ; engrossing. ab-sorp'tion (-sorp'shim), n. [L. absorptio.'] Act of ab- sorbing ; fact or state of being absorbed ; specif., Physics, selective absorption of light by different media, showing in the spectrum by absorption lines (usually for gases and vapors) or a. bands (usually for solids and liquids). ab-sorp'tive (-tiv), a. Able or tending to absorb. ab-Stain' (-stan'),v- i. [From OF., fr. L. abstinere, absten- tum, to keep from ;ab,abs -\-tenere to hold.] To hold one's self aloof ; forbear voluntarily, esp. from indulgence of the appetites. — ab-stain'er (-er), n. Syn. Withhold, desist, refrain. — Abstain, refrain agree in the idea of a self-imposed check or arrest upon action. To abstain is deliberately to withhold one's self from an object or action, often implying that indulgence would be hurtful or wrong. Refrain is not so emphatic as abstain, and applies less often to the appetites or passions. It often implies the checking of a momentary impulse or inclination or often merely voluntary nonperformance ; as, to refrain from laughter. ab-Ste'mi-ous (ah-sti'mi-fts), a. [L. abstemius. - ] 1. Ab- staining from wine. Orig. Latin sense. 2. Sparing in diet ; temperate ; abstinent. 3. Marked by, or spent in, abstinence. — ab-ste'mi-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. ab-Sten'tion (-sten'shun), n. [F.] Act of abstaining. ab-Sterge' (-sturj'), v. t. [L. abstergere, abstersum, to wipe away.] To clean by wiping; cleanse. — ab-ster'sion (-stur'shun), n. sive (-siv), a. All Rare. ab-Ster'gent (ab-stur'jent), a. [L. abstergens, p. pr.] Cleansing; detergent. — n. A detergent, as soap. ab'Sti-nence (ab'sti-n&is), n. [F., fr. L. abstinentia, fr. abstinere. See abstain.] Act or practice of abstaining ; abstention ; voluntary forbearance, esp. from indulgence of appetite or propensities. Specif., habitual abstaining from intoxicating beverages ; — called also total abstinence. Syn. Abstinence and temperance express restraint in the gratification of appetites or passions, esp. in reference to strong drink, and are often used as convertible, though temperance more exactly implies habitual moderation. ab'Sti-nent (-nent), a. Refraining from indulgence, esp. of appetite ; abstemious. — ab'sti-nent-ly, adv. ab'Stract (ab'strakt), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of abstra- here to draw from, separate ; ab, abs+trahere to draw.] 1. Considered apart from any particular object ; as, ab- stract truth. Hence : Ideal ; abstruse ; difficult. 2. Ex- pressing a quality apart from any subject ; as, "honesty" and "whiteness" are abstract words. 3. Absent-minded. 4. Philos. a Separated from closely associated ideas or perceptions ; as, the solidity of marble when contemplated apart from its color or figure is an abstract conception ; also, symbolically representing to the mind something ; ABUSIVE which is not (or may not be) immediately perceived ; as, an abstract idea of a horse, or of France, b General as opposed to particular ; as, "reptile" is an abstract, or general, name. 5. Dealing with a subject in the abstract or dealing with an abstract subject ; — applied to sciences, esp. to pure, as distinguished from applied, sciences. abstract idea. See definition 4, above. — a. noun, Gram., a noun or name denoting an attribute, as a quality, activity, or state, considered apart from its substance or that which manifests the activity, state, or condition ; as, "sweetness," "wisdom," "motion" are abstract nouns. — a. numbers, Math., numbers used without application to things, as 6, 8, 3 ; when applied to any thing (as in 6 feet, 10 men), they become concrete numbers. — n. 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing or of several things ; summary ; epitome, as of a book ; brief. 2. State of separation from other things. 3. An abstract term or idea. 4. Pharm. A mixture of a powdered solid vege- table extract with sugar of milk so that one part of the product represents two parts of the original substance. — Syn. Synopsis, digest. See compendium. in the abstract, with reference to theoretical considerations only ; apart from actual or practical conditions. ab-stract' (ab-strakt')> v. t. 1. To take away ; separate, as heat by evaporation. 2. To separate mentally ; consider separately, as a quality. 3. To summarize ; abridge ; as, to abstract a deed. 4. To take secretly or dishonestly ; purloin. 5. Chem. To extract. — ab-Stract'er, n. ab-stract'ed, p. a. 1. Separated ; withdrawn. 2. Absent- minded. — Syn. See absent. — ed-ly, adv. — ed-ness, n. ab-Strac'tion (-strak'shun), n. 1. An abstracting ; state of being abstracted. 2. Separation from worldly objects ; a recluse life. 3. Thing abstracted ; hence, an abstract idea or term ; loosely, a theory. 4. Absent-mindedness. ab-strac'tive (-tiv), a. Able or tending to abstract. ab'stract-ly (ab'strakt-li), adv. In an abstract state or manner ; separately ; absolutely ; by itself. ab'stract-ness, n. Quality or state of being abstract. ab-Stric'tion (-strik'shwn) , n. [L. ab off + strictio a bind- ing tight.] Bot. Formation of spores by the cutting off of successive portions of the sporophore through the growth of septa. ab-struse' (ab-stroos')» a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstru- dere to conceal ; ab, abs + trudere to thrust.] 1. Hid- den. Obs. 2. Difficult to be understood ; recondite ; as, abstruse learning. — Syn. See recondite. — ab-Struse'- ly, adv. — ab-struse'ness, n. ab-surd' (db-surd'), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding, ab- surd.] Contrary to reason or propriety ; obviously and flatly opposed to truth ; inconsistent with common sense ; nonsensical ; ridiculous. — Syn. Irrational, preposterous, inconsistent. — ab-surd'ly, adv. — ab-surd'ness, n. ab-surd'i-ty (-sur'di-ti), n. ; pi. -ties _(-tiz). 1. Quality or state of being absurd. 2. That which is absurd. a-bu'li-a (d-boo'li-d ; d-bG'-), n. [NL. ; Gr. d- not-f-root of (iovXeo-dat. to will; cf. 6.(}ov\la thoughtlessness.] Med. Impairment or loss of will power. — a-bu/lic (-Ilk), o. a-bun'dance (d-bun'dans), n. [From F., fr. L. abundantia, fr. abundare. See abound.] An overflowing fullness; great plenty ; profusion ; copious supply. a-bund'ant (-a\rj head.] Zo'dl. Any of a class or order ( Acanthocephala) of intestinal worms having the pro- boscis armed with recurved spines. They have no body cavity and absorb their food through the body wall. ac'an-thop'ter-yg'i-an (ak'an-thop'ter-ij'i-dn), a. [Gr. &Kai>da thorn + wrepvyiov fin.] Of or pertaining to an extensive order ( Acanthopteri or Acanthopterygii) of teleost fishes, including a large proportion of the marine and many of the fresh-water spiny-rayed fishes (as the mackerel, swordfish, perch, and bass) and also some soft-rayed forms. a-can'thus (d-kan'thus), n.; pi. E. -thtjses (-ez ; 24), L. -THi (-thl). [L., fr. Gr. a K av6os.] 1. Any of a genus (Acanthus) of prickly herblike plants of the Mediterra- nean region. 2. Arch. An ornamentation thought to be studied from acanthus leaves, as in the Corinthian capital. fl a cap-pel'la (a kap-pel'la). [It. See chapel.] Music. a Literally, in church or chapel style ; — said of composi- tions sung in the old church style, without instrumental accompaniment, or with one in unison with the voices. b A time indication, equivalent to alia breve. ACCEPT ac'a-li'a-sis (ak'd-rl'd-sis), 7i. [NL.] Med. Condition of being affected with acarids, as in scabies. ac'a-rid (ak'd-rid), n. [Gr. aica.pi mite, tick.] Zo'dl. One of an order (Acarida) of arachnids including the mites, ticks, etc. — a-car'i-dan (d-kar'I-ddn), a. & n. ac'a-roid (-roid), a. [Gr. a/capi mite + -oi'd.] Resem- bling a mite. acaroid gum. See grass tree, a. a-cat'a-lec'tic (d-kat'd-lek'tTk),a. [FromL.,fr.Gr. &Kara- \t)ktos; d- not -\-KaTa\rjya.v to cease.] Pros. Not defec- tive, esp. in the last foot. — n. An acatalectic verse. a-cate' (d-kat'), n. [OY.acat, fr. acater, F. acheter, to buy.] Things bought; esp., dainty foods; — usually in pi. form acates. Obs. or R. See cate, n. a-cau'dal (a-ko'ddl), a. [a- not +caudal] Tailless. a-cau'date (-dat), a. [a- not + caudate.'] Tailless. ac'au-les'cent (ak'6-les'ent), a. [a- not + caulescent.'] Bot. Having no true stem or axis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground. — ac'au-les'cence (-ens), n. H ac'ca-de'mi-a (ak'ka-da'mya), 7i. _[It.] Academy. Accademia della Crusca(del'la krdos'ka), [lit., academy of the bran, alluding to its professed object of sifting the Italian language], an academy founded in 1582 at Florence for purifying the Italian language and literature. Its dic- tionary, first published in 1612, was long the standard. ac-cede' (ak-sed'), v. i. ; -ced'ed (-sed'ed) ; -ced'ing. [L. accedere to approach, accede ; ad+cedere to move, yield.] 1. To enter on an office or dignity ; attain. 2. To give one's adhesion ; hence : to agree ; assent. Syn. Consent, concur, comply, yield, conform, acquiesce. — Accede, acquiesce. Accede implies a yielding of ad- hesion or assent ; as, he acceded to my request. Acquiesce implies tacit acceptance, or forbearance of opposition ; as, he acquiesced in the denial of his request. |! ac-cel'er-an'do (ak-seTer-an'do ; K.at-cha1a-ran'do),adv. & a. [It.] Music. With gradual acceleration. ac-cel'er-ate (ak-sel'er-at), v. t. & i.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'- l\g. [L. acceleratus, p. p. of accelerare; ad -\- eel er are to hasten, celer quick.] 1. To move faster ; quicken ; — op- posed to retard. 2. To quicken the natural progression or process of. 3. To hasten, as the occurrence of an event. 4. Mech. To cause to undergo acceleration (see accel- eration) ; esp. (as opposed to retard), to increase continu- ously the velocity of (a body). — Syn. Expedite, dispatch, forward, advance, further. ac-cel'er-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. 1. Act of accelerating ; state of being accelerated ; — opposed to retardation. 2. Mech. Change of velocity, or the rate of such change, either as regards speed or direction, or both. Retardation is called negative, or minus, acceleration. acceleration of gravity, Physics, the acceleration of a freely falling body, due to the attraction of gravity, expressed in units of velocity per unit of time ; — usually denoted by g. Its value is 9S0.6 cm. (32.17 feet) per second per second at the sea level in latitude 45°. ac-cel'er-a-tive (ak-sel'er-a-tiv), a. Relating to, or tend- ing to cause, acceleration ; adding to velocity. ac-cel'er-a'tor ( -a'ter ), n. One who, or that which, accel- erates ; specif. : a On an automobile, a throttle operated by foot, b Photog. Anything which hastens the action of light on a sensitized surface or of the developer on a plate or film, as heat, electricity, and various salts. ac-cel'er-a-to-ry (-d-to-n), a. Accelerative. ac'cent (ak'sent), n. [F., fr. L. accentus (translation of Gr. irpoouMa.; cf. prosody); ad + cantus a singing.] 1. A special articulative effort giving prominence to a syllable of a word or a phrase. 2. A mark or character used to indicate pronunciation ; esp. : a A mark to indi- cate the nature and place of the spoken accent, b A mark to indicate the length or quality of sound of the letter marked. 3. Modulation of the voice in speaking ; manner of pronouncing ; tone. 4. A word ; in pi., language ; speech. 5. Music. A stress or special emphasis, or a mark indi- cating such ; esp., a regularly recurring stress on a tone. 6. Distinctive mode of expression ; a distinguishing mark. 7. a Math. A mark placed at the right hand of a letter, and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a simi- lar kind expressed by the same letter, but differing in value, as in y', y" '. _ b A mark at the right hand of a number, indicating minutes or seconds of a degree, or minutes or seconds of time ; as in 12' 27", i. e., twelve minutes twenty-seven seconds. C A mark used to denote feet or inches ; as in 6' 10", i. e., six feet ten inches. ac-cent' (ak-sent r ), v. t. 1. To express the accent of ; utter or mark with accent. 2. To emphasize. ac-cen'tU-al (-sen'tu-dl), a. Of or pertaining to accent; characterized by accent. — ac-cen'tu-al-ly, adv. ac-cen'tu-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [LL. accentuatus, p. p. of accentuare.] To accent; esp., to emphasize. — ac-cen'tu-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. ac-cept' (ak-sept') , v. t. [From F., fr. L. acceptare, freq. of accipere ; ad+capere to take.] 1. To receive (a thing of- ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, orb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ACCEPTABILITY fered) with a consenting mind. 2. To receive with favor ; approve. 3. To receive or admit and agree to ; assent to ; as, I accept your proposal ; to accept service. 4. To understand ; as, How are these words to be accepted f 5. Com. To receive as obligatory and promise to pay, as a ! draft. 6. In a deliberative body, to receive in acquittance of a duty imposed ; as, to accept the report of a committee. — v. i. To make acceptance ; — with of; as, accept of this ; to accept of his hospitality. — Syn. See take. ac-cept'a-bil'i-ty (ak-sep'td-bil'i-ti), ac-cept'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being acceptable. ac-cept/a-ble (ak-sep'td-b'l), a. Capable, worthy, or sure of being accepted ; agreeable ; welcome. a-bly, adv. ac-cept'ance (-tans), n. 1. Act of accepting ; esp., favor- able reception ; approval. 2. State or quality of being ac- cepted ; acceptableness. 3. Com. An assent and agree- ment by a person on whom an order, draft, or bill of exchange is drawn to pay it when due according to terms stated ; also, an accepted order, draft, or bill of exchange. ac-cept'an-cy (ak-sep'tan-sl), n. Acceptance (def. 1 or 2). ac-cept'ant (-tant), a. Accepting ; receiving. ac'cep-ta'tion (ak'sep-ta'shim), n. 1. Acceptance. 06s. or Archaic. 2. The meaning in which a word or expres- sion is understood, or generally received. ac-cep'ter (ak-sep'ter), n. One who accepts. ac-cep'tor (-sep'ter ; -tor), n. One who accepts ; specif., one who accepts an order, draft, or bill of exchange. ac'cess (ak'ses ; ak-ses'), n. [F. acces, L. accessus, fr. ac- cedere. See accede.] 1. Act of coming to or near ; ad- mission ; accessibility. 2. Means, place, or way of ap- proach ; passageway. 3. Increase by addition ; accession. 4. An attack of disease. 5. A paroxysm ; outburst. A Gallicism. 6. a R. C. Ch. (1) A transfer of votes, as in a papal conclave, from one candidate to another. (2) The psalms and prayers recommended to the priest as prepara- tory to the celebration of the Mass. b Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch. The prayer immediately preceding the prayer of consecration in the Communion office. ac-ces'sa-ry (ak-ses'd-n), a. & n. Accessory. KW Etymologically the noun, or substantive, is primarily accessary and the adjective is accessory ; but present usage favors accessory for both. See accessory. — ac-ces'sa-ri-ly (-rMT), adv. — ac-ces'sa-ri-ness, n. ac-ces'si-biPi-ty (-i-bil'i-tT), n. Condition or quality of being accessible or approachable. ac-ces'si-ble (-i-b'l), a. 1. Easy of access ; approachable ; as, an accessible location. 2. Open to influence ; — used with to; as, a mind accessible to reason. 3. Obtainable ; as, the only evidence accessible. — ac-ces'si-bly, adv. ac-ces'sion (-sesh'iin), n. [L. accessio."] 1. A coming to ; , act of acceding and becoming joined. 2. Increase by some- thing added ; that which is added. 3. Law. That mode of ' acquiring property by which the owner of corporeal sub- stance becomes the owner of an addition by growth, in- crease, or labor. 4. Act of coming to a throne, office, or dignity. 5. A fit or paroxysm ; access. 6. R. C. Ch. Act of transferring votes in the election of a pope. — Syn. Addition, augmentation, enlargement. — v. t. To enter or record in a list or book of accessions ; as, to accession a book in a library. — ac-ces'sion-al (-dl), a. ac'ces-SO'ri-al (ak'se-so'n-dl), a. Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, accession or an accessory. ac-ces'SO-ri-ly(ak-ses'o-ri-li), adv. In an accessory manner. ac-ces'so-ri-ness (-nes), n. Quality or state of being accessory. ac-ces'so-ry (ak-ses'6-n), a. Accompanying as a subordi- nate ; aiding or contributing in a secondary way ; esp., of persons, uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. — Syn. Contributory, subsidiary, subser- vient, additional. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. That which belongs to something else deemed the principal ; some- thing additional and subordinate ; an adjunct or accom- paniment. 2. Law. One who, not being present, con- tributes to the commission of an offense, or one who, knowing a crime has been committed, aids, assists, or shelters the offender with intent to defeat justice. — Syn. See ABETTOR. ac-C-iac'ca-tu'ra (at-chak'ka-tob'ra), n. [It., fr. acciac- care to crush.] Music, a A short grace note, a half step below, and struck simultaneously with, a principal note. It is used esp. in organ music, b The short appoggiatura. ac'ci-dence (ak'sT-dens), n. [For accidents, pi. of acci- dent (in sense 2).] The accidents, or inflections, of words ; the rudiments of grammar, or, fig., of any subject. ac'ci-dent (-dent), n. [F., fr. L. accidens, -dentis, p. pr. of accidere to happen ; ad+cadere to fall.] 1. Lit., a befalling ; an event that takes place without one's fore- sight or expectation ; chance ; contingency, often of an un- fortunate character ; casualty ; mishap. 2. Gram. A prop- erty of a word, but one not essential to it, as gender, number, case. 3. Any accidental property, fact, or rela- ACCOMMODATION tion ; a nonessential ; as, beauty is an accident. 4. Phys. Geog. & Astron. A surface irregularity or unevenness. Syn. Mischance, misfortune, casualty, disaster, calamity, catastrophe. — Accident, casualty designate an unfore- seen occurrence, usually untoward or disastrous. Casu- alty is usually confined to mischances involving bodily injury ; accident is more general ; as, the casualty ward in a hospital; an accident to a locomotive. See quality. ac'ci-den'taUak'si-den'tdl), n. 1. A property not essential ;a nonessential ; anything happening accidentally. 2. Music. A sharp, flat, or natural that changes the pitch of a note to one foreign to the key of the piece or passage. — a. 1. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly ; casual ; fortuitous. 2. Nonessential; not necessarily belonging; incidental; as, songs accidental to a play. 3. Music. Pert, to or designating an accidental (def. 2). — ac'ci- den'tal-ly, adv. — ac'ci-den'tal-ness, n. Syn. Undesigned, unintended, chance, unforeseen, un- expected, unpremeditated, fortuitous, casual ; accessory, collateral, incidental, secondary, subordinate ; extrinsic, ex- traneous, additional, adscititious ; dependent, condition- al. — Accidental, incidental, casual, fortuitous. Ac- cidental applies to that which happens without design, or wholly outside the regular course of things ; as, an accidental meeting. Incidental implies a real and, it may be, even a designed relation, but one secondary and nonessential ; as, an incidental result. Casual suggests entire absence of prearrangement or premeditation, and relative unimportance ; as, a casual glimpse. Fortuitous applies to what occurs without known cause, or is regarded as due to chance ; as, a fortuitous concourse of atoms. accidental color, Optics, any of the complementary colors of afterimages resulting from looking fixedly at colored objects ; as, red is the accidental color of green. ac-cip'i-tral (ak-sTp'I-tral), a. Like or pert, to a hawk. ac-cip'i-trine (-trin), a. [L. accipiter hawk.] Zo'dl. Hawklike ; raptorial ; like or belonging to the birds of prey. ac-Claim' (d-klam'), v. t. [L. acclamcre; ad+clamare to cry out.] 1. To applaud. 2. To declare or proclaim by acclamations ; as, to acclaim him king. 3. To shout ; call out loudly ; as, to acclaim my joy. — v. i. To shout ap- plause. — n. Acclamation. — ac-claim'er, n. ac'cla-ma'tion (ak'ld-ma'shim), n. [L.acclamatio.] 1. Act of acclaiming ; that which is uttered in acclaiming ; loud applause. 2. In parliamentary usage, act or method of voting orally. ac-clam'a-to-ry (a-klam'd-to-ri), a. Pertaining to, or ex- pressing approval by, acclamation. ac-clPmate {a-V\Vma.\.),v.t. & i. ; -mat-ed (-ma-ted); -mat- ing. [From F., fr. d (L. ad) +climat climate.] To habituate or to become inured to a climate not native ; acclimatize. In biology acclimate is often used only to refer to processes of wild nature, and acclimatize only to those which take place under the more active guidance or supervision of man ; as, man acclimatizes with the same agencies with which nature acclimates. — ac-clPmat-a-ble, a. — ac'- cli-ma'tion (ak'li-ma'shun), n. ac-clPma-tize (a-kll'md-tlz), v. t. & ».; -tized (-tlzd); -tiz'ing (-tlz'ing). To inure or habituate, or to become inured, to a climate different from that which is natural ; adapt to a foreign or strange climate ; — said of man, the inferior animals, or plants. Cf . acclimate. — ac-clP- ma-ti-za'tion (-ti-za'shun ; -tl-za'shun), n. — ac-clPma- tiz'er (-tlz'er), n. ac-cliv'i-ty (a-kliv'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L.acclivitas, fr. acclivis, acclivus, acclivous ; ad+clivus hill.] A slope of the earth, as a hill, considered as ascending ; ascent ; — opposed to declivity. ac-clPvous (d-kll'vws), a. [L. acclivus.2 Sloping upward. ac'co-lade' (ak'6-lad'; -lad'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. accollare to embrace ; L. ad + collum neck.] 1. Lit., an embrace ; specif., a salutation used in conferring knighthood, con- sisting in an embrace, a kiss, or, now usually, a tap on the shoulders with the flat blade of a sword. 2. Music. A brace, or line used as a brace, to join two or more staves carrying simultaneous parts. ao-com'mo-date (o-kom'6-dat), v. t. ; -dat'ed (-dat'ed) ; -dat'ing. [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare ; ad-\- commodare to make fit, help ; con- -f- modus measure, pro- portion.] 1. To render fit or correspondent ; adapt; con- form ; as, to accommodate ourselves to circumstances. 2. To bring into agreement ; reconcile ; as, to accommodate proph- ecy to events. 3. To compose ; settle ; as, to accommodate a dispute. 4. To furnish with something desired, needed, or convenient ; oblige. — Syn. Suit, arrange. See conform. ac-com'mo-dat'ing, p. a. Affording, or disposed to afford, accommodation ; obliging. — ac-COm'mo-daPing-ly, adv. ac-com'mo-da'tion (-da'shun), n. 1. Act of accommodat- ing ; state of being accommodated ; adaptation ; adjustment. 2. Willingness to accommodate ; obligingness. 3. What- ever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or con- venience ; often, in pi., lodgings and food. 4. Adjustment of differences ; settlement. 5. Commerce. A loan of money B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ACCOMMODATION BILL or credit. 6. Physiol. The automatic adjustment of the eye for seeing, or of the tympanic membrane for hearing. 7. Short for accommodation train. U. S. accommodation bill, draft, or note. A bill, draft, or note made, drawn, accepted, or indorsed by one person for another without consideration, to enable that other to raise money or obtain credit thereby. accommodation ladder. Naut. A light ladder or stairway hung over the side of a ship at the gangway for use in as- cending from, or descending to, small boats. accommodation train. A train stopping at all or nearly all stations. U. S. ac-com/mo-da-tive (d-k5m'6-da-tiv), a. Giving, or tend- ing to give, accommodation. com/mo-da-tive-ness, n. ac-com'pa-ni-er (d-kum'pd-m-er), n. One who, or that which, accompanies. ac-com'pa-ni-ment (-ment), n. That which accompanies as a circumstance, or by way of ornament, or to give sym- metry ; Music, a subsidiary part, vocal or instrumental, ' accompanying another to enrich or support it. ac-com'pa-nist (-pd-nist), n. Music. A performer who takes an accompanying part. ac-com'pa-ny (-nT), v. t.; -nied (-nTd) ; -ny-ing (-ni-tng). [FromOF.,fr. a (L. ad) +compaigne company.] 1. To at- tend as a companion ; go along or consort with. 2. Music. To play or sing an accompaniment to or for. Syn. Attend, escort, follow, convoy, conduct. — Accom- pany, attend, escort agree in the idea of going with some one. Accompany implies companionship and (usually) equality of station ; attend, a waiting upon one (often in a subordinate capacity) in order to serve him if necessary; escort, attendance by way of protection, courtesy, or honor. ac-com'pa-ny-ist, n. = accompanist. ac-com'plice (d-kom'plis), n. lac- (perh. for ad-)-\-com- plice.l An associate in guilt. — Syn. See abettor. ac-com'plish (-pllsh), v. t. [OF. acomplir ; L. ad-\-com- plere to fill up, complete.] 1. To complete, as time or distance. 2. To bring to a successful issue ; effect ; fulfill. 3. Formerly, to equip thoroughly; hence, to render ac- complished. — Syn. Do, achieve, perform, carry out ; con- summate, perfect. See effect. — ac-com'plish-a-ble, o. ac-com'plished (-plisht), p. a. 1. Completed; effected. 2. Complete in acquirements, esp. as the result of train- ing ; as, an accomplished scholar. ac-com'plish-ment (-pllsh-ment), n. 1. Accomplishing; completion ; fulfillment. 2. That which completes, or equips thoroughly ; that which constitutes an excellence of mind or an elegance of manners, acquired by education or train- ing ; attainment. — Syn. See acquirement. ac-compt' (a-kounf; -kompt'), ac-compt'a-ble, ac- compt'ant, etc. Archaic forms of account, etc. ac-cord' (d-kord'), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL., fr.L. ad + cor, cordis, heart.] 1. To bring to agree ; reconcile ; harmonize, as persons or differences ; also, to compose ; settle, as a dis- pute. 2. To grant as suitable or proper ; concede. — v. i. To agree ; correspond ; harmonize. — n. 1. Agreement ; concurrence^, harmony ; specif., consent ; assent. 2. Har- mony of sounds ; concord. 3. Voluntary or spontaneous motion or impulse ; — preceded by own ; as, of one's own accord. — ac-cord'a-ble, a. — ac-cord'er, n. ac-COrd'ance (d-kor'ddns), n. Agreement ; harmony. ac-cor'dant (-ddnt), a. Agreeing ; harmonious ; — used with with or to. — Syn. See consonant.— ac-cor'dant-ly, adv. ac-cord'ing, p. a. Agreeing ; harmonious ; — chiefly with to. ac-cord'ing, adv. Accordingly. Obs., exc.in: according as, precisely as ; the same as. ac-cord'ing-ly, adv. 1. Agreeably ; suitably ; conformably. 2. In natural sequence ; consequently ; so. — Syn. Where- fore, hence, then. See therefore. ac-cor'di-on (d-kor'dl-wn), n. A small, keyed wind instru- ment in which the wind is forced upon free metallic reeds by means of a bellows. — ac-cor'di-on-ist, n. ac-cost' (d-kost' ; 62), v. t. [From F., fr. LL. accostare to bring side by side ; L. ad-\-costa rib, side.] 1. To border on. 06s. 2. To approach ; meet. Archaic. 3. To speak to first ; address ; greet.— n. Address ; greeting. Rare. [F.] Delivery in childbed. Q ac'couche'ment' (a/koosh'maN'), n. ac'cou'cheur' (a/koo'shur'), mascAn. [F.] An obste- H ac'cou'cheuse' (a/koo'shuz'), fem.j trician. ac-count' (d-kount'), v. t. [FromOF.,fr. a (L. ad) + confer to count, L. computare.'] 1. To credit (to) in an account ; assign ; — used with to. Rare. 2. To value ; estimate ; hold ; judge ; deem. — v. i. 1. To render, or state the terms of, an account, as of money expended. 2.Toanswer ; — used with/or; as, we must account for our opportunities. 3. To give a satisfactory reason ; explain ; — used with for. ~n. 1. A reckoning ; computation. 2. A statement of business dealings subjected to a reckoning or review; hence, a right or claim the items of which make up such a statement. 3. A statement in general of reasons explan- atory of some event ; hence, reason, ground, motive, or the 8 ACCUSATIVELY like ; as, on no account. 4. A statement of facts ; nar- rative ; report. 5. Estimation ; valuation ; judgment ; as, you stand high in his account. 6. Importance ; worth : value ; advantage ; profit. — Syn. See narrative. account stated, Commerce & Law, an account presented and accepted by both parties. ac-count'a-bil'i-ty (d-koun'td-bil'i-ti), n. State or condi- tion of being accountable or answerable ; responsibility. ac-COUnt'a-ble (d-koun'td-b'l), a. 1. Liable to be called to account ; answerable. 2. Capable of being accounted for ; explicable. — Syn. See responsible. — ac-count'- a-ble-ness, n. — ac-count'a-bly, adv. ac-COUnt'an-cy (-tdn-sl),n. Accountant's art or occupation. ac-count'ant (-tdnt), n. 1. One who renders an account. 2. A reckoner ; calculator. 3. One who is skilled in, or who keeps or adjusts, accounts. — ac-count 'ant-ship, n. * ac-count'ing (d-koun'tlng), n. Act or system of making up or stating accounts ; a statement of accounts, or the debits and credits in financial transactions. ac-COU'terUd-koo'ter), v.t. ; -tered or -tred (-terd) ; -ter- ac-COU'tre J ing or -tring. [From F.] To furnish with dress or equipments, esp. for military service ; equip. ac-cou'ter-mentUd-kob'ter-ment),n. 1. In pi. Articles of ac-cou'tre-mentj apparel ; equipment. 2. Act or process of accoutering ; state of being accoutered. ac-cred'it (d-kred'it), v. t. [From F., fr. d (L. ad) +cridit credit.] 1. To put or bring into credit ; sanction. 2. To send with letters credential ; authorize ; — usually with to. 3. To believe ; credit ; trust. 4. To vouch for or consider (some one) as doing something, or (something) as belong- ing to some one ; credit • — chiefly used with with. — Syn. See credit. ac-crete' (d-kret'), v. %.; -cret'ED (-kret'ed) ; -cret'ing. [L. accretus, p. p. of accrescere to increase.] 1. To grow together. 2. To adhere ; grow (to) ; be added ; — used with to.— a. Characterized by accretion ; Bot., grown together. ac-cre'tion (d-kre'shwn), n. 1. Growth ; also, increase by external addition ; as, the accretion of particles in a mass. 2. Result of such growth or accumulation ; the matter added. 3. Concretion ; coherence. 4. Law. Accession in which the boundaries of land are gradually enlarged by natural forces. — ac-cre'tive (d-kre'tiv), a. ac-croach' (d-kroch'), v. t. [OF. acrochier, lit., to hook, F. accrocher.'] To assume ; usurp, as jurisdiction. ac-crue'(d-kroo'), v. i. ; -crued' (-krood') ; -cru'ing. [From obsolete accrue an advantage, fr. OF., fr. L. ad-\-crcscere to increase.] 1. To increase. 2. To come or be added as increase, esp. as the produce of money lent. 3. Law. To come into existence as an enforceable claim ; to vest as a right. — ac-crue'ment, ac-cru'ment (-m?nt), n. ac-cum/bent (d-kum'bent), a. [L. accumbens, -entis, p. pr.] 1. Reclining, as at meals. 2. Bot. Lying against something ; as, accumbent cotyledons. ac-CU'mu-late (d-ku'mu-lat), v. t. & i.; -LAt'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare ; ad-f* cumulare to heap.] To heap up ; pile up ; amass ; collect. Syn. Gather, aggregate, hoard, amass. — Accumulate, amass agree in the idea of collecting, as it were by heaping up. But amass applies primarily to wealth or resources, often implying more imposing results than accumulate ; as, to accumulate a competency ; to amass a fortune. ac-cu'mu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of accumulating ; state of being accumulated ; that which is accumulated ; specif., addition of earnings or profits to the active capital of a corporation, otherwise distributable as dividends. ac-CU'mu-la-tive (d-ku'mu-la-tiv), a. Causing, character- ized by, or produced by, accumulation ; cumulative. — ac- cu'mu-la-tive-ly, adv. — ac-cu'mu-la-tive-ness, n. ac-CU'mu-la'tor (-la'ter), n. [L.] One who, or that which, accumulates. Specif. : Mech. a An apparatus by means of which energy or power can be stored, as the electrical storage battery . b A shock absorber. ac'CU-ra-cy (ak'u-rd-si), n. State or quality of being accu- rate ; freedom from mistakes ; precision ; exactness. ac'CU-rate (-rat), a. [L. accuratus, p. p. & a., fr. accurate to take care of ; ad+curare to take care, cura care.] In conformity to truth, or to some standard, as the result of care or pains ; exact. — Syn. Precise, nice, just, particular. See correct. — ac'cu-rate-ly, adv. — ac'cu-rate-ness,n. ac-curse' (d-kurs'), v. t. To curse; damn; execrate. ac-CWSed' (-kursf; -kur'sgd)\p. a. Cursed; execrable. — ac-curst' (5-kurst') / ac-curs'ed-ly,adv.— ac- curs'ed-ness, n. ac'CU-sa'tion (ak'5-za'shwn), n. 1. Act of accusing or fact of being accused. 2. That of which one is accused. — Syn. Arraignment, impeachment. ac-cu'sa-tive (d-ku'zd-tTv), a. [F. accusatif, L. aceusa- tivus, a translation of Gr. alriaTinhs, fr. alnards caused.] Gram. Designating, or pert, to, the case (in English usually called objective case) expressing primarily the immediate object of a transitive verb or of a preposition. — n. The accusative case, or a form in it. tive-ly, adv. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, Sdd, soft, connect; use, unite, ikrn, fip, circus, memi; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ACCUSATORIAL accuser. ac-cu'sa-to-ry (d-ku'zd-to-ri), a ac-cu'sa-to'ri-al (d-kii'zd-to'ri-dl), a. Of or pertaining to an Pertaining to, contain- ing, or of the nature of, an accusation. ac-cuse'Co-kuz'),^.; -cused' (a-kuzd') ; -cus'ing. [From OF., fr. L. accusare; ad+causa cause, lawsuit.] To charge with a fault or offense ; blame ; censure ; — now usually used with of, referring to some specific offense, esp. one formally charged. — Syn. Impeach, arraign, indict, reproach. See charge. — ac-CUS'er, n. ac-CUS'tom (a-kus'tum), v. t. [From OF., fr. a. (L. ad) + costume custom.] To make familiar by use ; in the passive, to be wont ; be in the habit. — Syn. Habituate, inure, train. ac-CUS'tomed (-tumd), p. a. Usual; customary. ace (as), n. ; pi. aces (a'sez ; 24). [F. as, fr. L. as, assis, unity, unit of coinage.] 1. A unit ; a single point or spot on a card or die ; the card or die so marked. 2. A very little ; jot. 3. A point won by a stroke, as in handball, rackets, etc. ; in lawn tennis, a point won by a service stroke. within an ace of, very near ; on the point of. -a'ce-a (-a'she-d). [L., neut. pi. of suffix -aceus.] Zo'ol. A suffix used in names of orders and classes ; as in Crustacea. -a'ce-SB (-a'se-e). [L., fem. pi. of suffix -aceus.] Bot. A plural suffix used to form the names of orders or, now more generally, families ; as in Acanthacea?, Rosacea;, etc. A-C-el'da-ma (d-sel'dd-md), n. [Gr. 'A*eX5a,iia, fr. Syr. okel damo the~field of blood.] Bib. The "potter's field" (Matt, xxvii. 8) bought for a burial place for strangers with the money taken by Judas for betraying Christ, and the scene of the suicide of Judas (Acts i. 18), — called also field of blood. -a'ceous (-a'shus). [L. suffix -aceus.j A suffix forming adjectives, and signifying pertaining to, belonging to, of the nature of, like ; as, cretaceous, of the nature of chalk ; her- baceous, herblike ; orchidaceous, rosaceous, etc., belong- ing to the orchids (Orchidacese), roses (Rosacese), etc. a-ceph'a-l0US (d-sef'd-lus), a. [From L., fr. Gr. A/ce<£aXos; A- not+»ce<£a\T7 head.] Headless ; hence, without a leader. a-ce'qui-a (a-sa'ke-d; Sp. a-tha'ke-a), n. [Sp.] A canal or trench for irrigating land. Sp. Amer. a-cerb' (d-surb'), a. [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp.] Sour, bitter, and harsh in taste, as unripe fruit ; sharp and harsh. ac'er-bate(as , er-bat ; d-sur'-),v.<.;-BAT / ED(-bat / ed) ;-bat'- ing. [L. acerbatus, p. p. of acerbate, fr. acerbus sour, acer sharp.] To sour ; embitter. a-cerb'i-ty (d-sur'H-tY), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz), with bitterness and astringency, as of 2. Harshness ; bitterness ; severity. — Syn. See ACRIMONY. ac'er-ose (as'er-os), a. [As if fr. L. acus needle.] Bot. Needle-shaped ; having a sharp rigid point, as the leaf of the pine. a-cer'vate(d-sur'vat ; as'er-), a. [L. acerva- tus, p. p. of acervare to heap up.] Heaped, or growing in heaps or in closely compacted clusters. — a-cer'vate-ly, adv. a-ces'cent (d-seVgnt), a. [L. acescens, -entis, p. pr. of acescere to turn sour.] Turning, or readily becoming, sour. — a- ces'cence (-ens),a-ces'cen-cy (-en-si),n. ac'e-tab'U-lum (as'e-tab'u-lum), n. ; L. pi. -LA (-Id). [L., a little saucer for vine- Acerose Leaves gar, acetum vinegar.] 1. The cup- of Pine « shaped socket in the hip bone, or that into which the leg of an insect is articulated. 2. A sucker, as of a cuttlefish. ac / et-am'ide(as / et-am , Id; -id), n. Also -am'id. [aceiic + amide.'] Chem. A white crystalline solid, CH3 CO- NH2, the amide of acetic acid. ac'et-an'i-lide (as'et-an'I-lid ; -lid), n. Also -lid. [ace8os cloak.] Bot. Without a perianth ; — said of certain apetalous plants. ach'ro-mat'ic (aVro-maVIk), a. [Gr. Axp&Ma- tos colorless ; A- not+xp&Mi, XP'«'/ iaT0S > color.] Colorless ; hence : a Optics. Refracting light without decomposing it into its constituent colors ; giving images almost free from extra- neous colors, b Biol. Not readily colored by the usual staining agents ; — said of tissue. C Mu- Achro- sic. Without accidentals or modulation. matic Lens. — n. An achromatic lens or a telescope with an achromatic object lens. mat'i-cal-ly, adv. a-Chro'ma-tism (d-kro'md-tiz'm), n. State or quality of being achromatic. a-chro'ma-tize (d-kro'md-tlz), v. t. ; -tized (-tlzd) ; -tiz'- ing (-tlz'ing). To deprive of color; make achromatic. a-chro'ma-tous (d-kro'md-tSs), a. [See achromatic] Lacking, or deficient in, color ; as, achromatous blood. a-chro'mic (-mlk), a. [Gr. &xp«a«>s colorless; A-not-f- Xpwp-a color.] Free from color ; colorless. a-cic'U-la (d-sik'u-ld), n. ; pi. -im (-le). [L., dim. of acus needle.] A needlelike spine, bristle, or crystal. — a-cic'u- lar (-ldr), a.— a-cic'u-late (-l£t), -lat'ed (-lat'ed), a. a-cic'U-lum (-liim), n. ; pi. E. -lums (-lumz), L. -la (-Id). [NL.] A needlelike spine, bristle, or crystal. ac'id (as'id), a. [L. acidus sour.] 1. Sour, sharp, or bit- ing to the taste ; tart ; also, sour-tempered. 2. Of, per- taining to, or of the nature of, an acid. 3. Having acid- forming constituents in excess of the proportion required to form a neutral or normal compound ; as, acid salts ; acid B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ACIDIC 10 ACQUIT (highly siliceous) rocks. — Syn. See sour. — n. 1. A sour substance. 2. Chem. A substance typically soluble in water and sour in taste, and reddening vegetable blues, as litmus ; a compound containing hydrogen replaceable by positive elements or radicals to form salts ; in terms of the dissocia- tion theory, a compound that dissociates in aqueous solu- tion with the production of hydrogen ions. a-cid'ic (d-sTd'Ik), a. 1. Acid-forming; as, silicon is the chief acidic element of rocks. 2. = acid, a., 3. a-cid'i-fy (d-sid'i-fl), v. t. & i.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. acidus acid + -fy.] To make or become acid. — a-cid'i- fi/a-ble (-fl'd-b'l), a. — a-cid'i-fi-ca'tion (-fl-ka'shun), n. ac'i-dim/e-ter (as'i-dTm'e-ter), n. [L. acidus acid -f- -me- ter.'] A device or solution for ascertaining the strength of acids. — ac'i-dim'e-try (-tn), n. a-cid'i-ty (d-sId'i-tT), n. Quality or state of being acid. ac'id-ly (as'id-li), adv. In an acid manner; sourly. ac'id-ness, n. Acidity ; degree of acidity. a-cid'u-late (d-sid'u-lat), v. t.; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. To make acidulous. — a-cid'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. a-cid'u-lous (-lus), a. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus sour.] Slightly sour ; subacid ; sourish. — Syn. See sour. ac'i-er-age (as'I-er-aj), n. [F. acierage, fr. acier steel.] The process of coating the surface of a metal plate (as a ster- eotype plate) with steel-like iron by electrolysis ; steeling. ac'i-er-ate (as'i-er-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing (-ing). [F. acier steel + -ate.] To convert into steel ; as, to acier- ate iron by cementation. — ac'i-er-a'tion (-a'shSn), n. ac'i-nac'i-form (as'i-nas'i-form), a. [L. acinaces a short sword + -form.] Bot. Scimitar-shaped. a-cin'i-form (d-sin'i-form), a. [L. acinus a grape, grape- stone + -form.] 1. Having the form of a cluster of grapes ; clustered like grapes. 2. Full of small kernels like a grape. ac'i-nose (as'T-nos) 1 a. [L. acinosus, fr. acinus grape- ac'i-noUS (as'i-nus)/ stone.] Consisting of or containing acini ; as, acinose or acinous glands. ac'i-nus (as'T-nus), n.; pi. -ni (-nl). [L., grape, grape- stone.] 1. Bot. a An individual drupelet in a multiple fruit, as in the blackberry or raspberry, b A berry, esp. a grape. C A small bony seed or kernel, as a grape seed. 2. Anat. One of the sacs or alveoli terminating the duct of a race- mose gland. -a'cious (-a'shus). [L. -ax, -acis + E. -ous.] An adjective suffix meaning given to, abounding in, tending to; as in pugnacious, fallacious, mendacious, etc. -acity. The noun suffix corresponding to -acious. ac-know' (ak-no'), v. t. [a- + know.] Obs. 1. To recog- nize. 2. To acknowledge ; confess. to be acknown, to acknowledge ; — often used with of or on. ac-knowl'edge (-nol'ej ; 24), v. t. ; -edged (-ejd) ; -edg-ing. 1. To own or admit the knowledge of ; recognize as a fact ; declare one's belief in ; as, to acknowledge the being of a God ; to admit as true ; confess ; as, I acknowledge my transgressions. 2. To admit the claims or authority of ; rec- ognize ; as, the tenant acknowledged him as landlord. 3. To own as a benefit, obligation, or kindness ; as, to acknowledge a favor or the receipt of a letter. 4. To own as genuine ; avow or admit formally so as to give legal validity ; as, to acknowledge a signature. — ac-knowl'edge-a-ble, a. Syn. Admit, own, avow, confess, grant, concede, allow, assent, accept. — Acknowledge, admit, own, avow, con- fess agree in the idea of assent, frequently under pressure. Acknowledge implies the making public of one's knowl- edge of something which has been, or might have been, kept back or concealed. Admit, with less suggestion of possible concealment, emphasizes the idea of granting or conceding ; to admit a charge may involve merely the granting of the fact alleged, not necessarily the acceptance of the point of view which the charge implies. Own is less formal than acknowledge, and regards the thing acknowl- edged in its relation to one's self ; as, to own one's self at a loss. Avow implies an open or bold declaration, often in | the face of hostility ; as, to avow one's dislike. Confess (opposed to deny) usually applies to what is felt to be wrong (as, to confess a crime) ; but it is often used merely to suggest deference ; as, I am not, I confess, convinced. See recognize. ac-knowl'edg-ment (-ej-ment), n. 1. Act of acknowledg- ing ; specif., Law, the declaration or avowal of one's act or of a fact before competent authority ; also, a thing ac- knowledged. 2. Thing done or given by way of acknowl- edging or evidencing ; specif., an officer's formal certificate of an act of acknowledging a deed or fact before him. — Syn. Admission, confession ; avowal, recognition, owning. a-clin'ic (d-klin'ik), a. [Gr. &- not + kXIvuv to incline.] Physics. Without inclination or dipping ; — said of the im- aginary line (called also magnetic equator) near the earth's equator on which the magnetic needle balances itself hori- zontally. Cf. AGONIC LINE. ac'me (ak'me), n. [Gr. d/cjun point, top.] The top or high- est point ; culmination. — Syn. See culmination. ac'ne (-ne), n. An affection of the skin due to inflammatory changes in the sebaceous glands, and characterized by small pustules, chiefly on the face. ac'node (ak'nod), n. [L. acus needle + E. node.] Geom. An isolated point not upon a curve, but having coordinates that satisfy the equation of the curve. a-cock'bill' (d-kok'bil'), adv. [acock in a cocked fashion + bill.] Naut. Having the bill, or end, or ends cocked up, as an anchor hanging ready to let go, or the yards when tilted toward the perpendicular, as in sign of mourning. ac'O-lyte (ak'6-llt), n. [From LL., fr. Gr. &K6\ovdos.] 1. Eccl. One who holds the highest of the four minor orders in the Roman Catholic Church. The acolytes light the altar candles, carry them in processions, prepare the wine and waterfor the Mass, etc. 2. Attendant ; assistant. ac^O-nite (-nit), n. [L. aconitum, Gr. &kovltoj>.] Any aco- nitum ; esp., common monkshood ; also, Pharm., a sedative extract or tincture from this. — ac'o-nit'ic (-nTt'Ik), a. ac'o-ni'tum (-nl'tum), n. [L.] 1. Any of a genus (Aconi- tum) of blue- or purple-flowered poisonous herbs of the crowfoot family ; monkshood. 2. Pharm. Aconite. a'corn (a'korn ; a'kern), n. [AS. secern, fr. secer field, acre.] The nut, or fruit, of the oak. a-COU'me-ter (d-koo'mc-ter ; d-kou'-), n. [Gr. ixoveiv to hear + -meter.] Psychophysics. An instrument for meas- uring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. a-COUS'tic (d-koos'tik ; d-kous'-), a. [From F., fr. Gr. &kov- vtikos relating to hearing, Akovclv to hear.] Pert, to hear- ing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sound ; audi- tory. — n. A medicine or agent to assist the hearing. a-cous'ti-cal (-tY-kdl), a. Of or pertaining to acoustics or hearing. — a-cous'ti-cal-ly, adv. ac'ous-ti'cian (ak'oos-tish'dn ; Sk'ous-), n. One versed in acoustics. a-cqus'ti-con (d-koosfti-kon ; d-kous'-), n. [NL.] A kind of instrument to aid in hearing. a-COUS'tics (d-koos'tiks; d-kous'-), n. (See-ics.) 1. Physics. The science of sound. 2. The sum of the qualities that de- termine the value of an auditorium as to distinct hearing. ac-quaint' (d-kwanf), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ad -f cognitus, p. p. of cognoscere to know.] 1. To furnish or give (to one's self or another) knowledge (of) by trial or experience ; — used with with ; as, to acquaint one's self with the facts in a case. 2. To notify ; inform, to be acquainted with, to know personally ; be more or less familiar with ; be on terms of social intercourse with. ac-quaint'ance (d-kwan'tdns), n. 1. State of being ac- quainted ; personal knowledge gained by intercourse, esp. short of that of friendship or intimacy. 2. A person or persons with whom one is acquainted. — Syn. Familiarity, intimacv, fellowship. — ac-quaint/ance-ship, n. ac-quest' (d-kwesf), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. ac- quirers See acquire.] Acquisition. Rare. ac'qui-esce' (ak'wl-es'), v. i.; -esced' (-est'); -esc'ing (-es'ing). [L. acquiescere ; ad + quiescere to be quiet, quies rest.] To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied ; sub- mit, accept, consent, or concur by silence or by omitting to object ; hence : to concur ; assent ; — used with in. — Syn. Comply, yield, agree, conform. See accede. ac'qui-es'cence (-es'ens), n. Act or state of acquiescing. ac'qui-es'cent (-cnt), a. Acquiescing, or given to acqui- escing. — ac'qui-es'cent-ly, adv. ac-quire' (d-kwlr'), v. t.; -quired' (-kwlrd') ; -quir'ing (-kwTr'ing) . [L. acquirere, acquisitum ; ad -f- quaerere to seek for.] To gain, usually by one's own exertions ; get as one's own. — Syn. Attain, win, earn, secure. See obtain. — ac-quir'a-ble (d-kwTr'd-bl), a. — ac-quir'er (-er), n. ac-quire'ment ( m?nt), n. Act of acquiring; that which is acquired ; acquisition. Syn. Acquirement, acquisition, attainment, accom- plishment all refer to faculties or to powers regarded as the fruit of exertion or effort. Acquirement denotes esp. personal qualities or resources achieved by endeavor, as contrasted with native gifts ; acquisition usually denotes rather material or external gains ; as, a woman with ac- quirements in both literature and art ; learning is a valu- able acquisition. Attainment commonly refers to the higher intellectual acquirements ; accomplishment, to such acquired faculties or graces as pass current in social intercourse ; as, his scientific attainments were beyond those of his associates ; dancing is one of his accomplishments. ac'qui-si'tion (ak/wi-zish'tin), n. [L. acquisitio, fr. ac- quirere.] 1. Act or process of acquiring. 2. Thing ac- quired or gained ; acquirement. — Syn. See acquirement. ac-quis'i-tive (d-kwiz'i-tiv), a. Able or disposed to ac- quire.— ac-quis'i-tive-ly, adv. — ac-quis'i-tive-ness, n. ac-quist' (d-kwisf), n. Acquest ; acquisition. Rare. ac-quit' (a-kwif), v. t.; -quit'ted ; -quit'ting. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + quiter to quit. See quit.] 1. To dis- charge, as a debt ; pay off. 2. To set free, release, or dis- charge (from an obligation, burden, or accusation) ; — now used with of; as, to acquit him of murder. 3. With the reflexive : a To clear (one's self) ; — usually used with ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ACQUITTAL 11 ACTION of. b To bear or conduct (one's self). — Syn. See excul- pate. — ac-quit'ter (d-kwiVer), n. ac-quit'tal (-dl), n. 1. An acquitting ; discharge from debt or obligation ; acquittance. 2. Law. A setting free from the charge of an offense, by legal process. ac-quit'tance (-dns), n. 1. Acquittal; now, usually, the clearing off of a debt or obligation. 2. A writing evidenc- ing a discharge ; a receipt in full. a'cre (a'ker), n. [AS. eecer.] 1. Any field or arable or pas- ture land. Obs., exc. in certain phrases; as, "God's acre," "Black Acre," etc. 2. A measure of land; 160 square rods, or 43,560 square feet. It equals 40.463 metric ares. 3. A measure of length, about 12 rods ; an arpent. Canada. a'cre-age (-aj), n. Acres collectively, as of a farm. acre foot. Irrigation Engin. A unit of volume of water equal to the volume of a prism one foot high, with a base one acre in area ; 43,560 cubic feet or l,232.6cubicmeters. The acre inch is one twelfth of this. ac'rid (ak'rid), a. [L. acer sharp.] Sharp and harsh, or bitter and hot ; pungent; irritating. — Syn. See sour. — ac'rid-ness, n. — ac'rid-ly, adv. [acrimony.] a-crid'i-ty (d-krfd'i-ti), n. Quality or state of being acrid ;| ac'ri-mo'ni-OUS (aVri-mo'ni-'Us), a. Caustic; bitter-tem- pered ; sarcastic ; acrid. ous-ly, adv. liess, n. ac'ri-mo-ny (ak'ri-mo-nT).n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [L. acri- monia, f r. acer sharp.] Harsh or biting sharpness ; acridity ; — now used only of language, the temper, etc. Syn. Bitterness, pungency, tartness ; asperity, roughness, rudeness, crabbedness ; acerbity, sourness, sharpness, astringency. — Acrimony, asperity, acerbity, tartness agree in the idea of sharpness or bitterness of temper or language. Acrimony suggests a caustic temper and bit- ing, even corrosive, speech. Asperity suggests irritability and resentfulness of disposition, quick to display itself in words. Acerbity characterizes the utterances of one who is sour and embittered ; tartness also suggests acidity of speech or temper, but often somewhat piquant ; as, suffer- ing tinged her speech with acerbity; in the tartness of her reply he read displeasure. ac'ro- (ak'ro-). A combining form from Greek &«pos, high- est, terminal, apex, tip, summit, extreme. ac'ro-bat (ak'ro-bat), n. _ [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. &Kp60aTos walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft ; Enpos high+ (ialvtiv to go.] One who practices daring gymnastic feats. ac'ro-bat'ic (-bat'ik), a. Of or pert, to an acrobat. — ac'ro-bat'i-caHy, adv. ac'ro-car/pous (-kaVpus^ , a. [Gr. &.KpoKapiros bearing fruit at the top; clkpos highest +Kapir6s fruit.] Bot. Having fruit at the end of the stalk, or primary axis. ac'ro-drome' (ak'ro-drom') \a. [aero- a-crod'ro-mous (d-krod'ro-miis)/ + -drome, -dromous.] Bot. Running to a point ; — said of nervation with nerves curving inward to the point of the leaf. ac'ro-gen (ak'ro-jen), n. [aero- 4- -gen."] Bot. A cryptogam of the highest class, in- cluding ferns, fern allies, mosses, and liver- worts. a-crog'e-riOUS (d-kroj'e-nus), a. [aero- + , -genous.] Bot. a Increasing by growth from the summit or apex, b Pert, to an acrogen. ac'ro-lith (ak'rS-lith), n. [From L., fr. Gr. A*p6\i0os with the ends made of stone; a*pos extreme +\Wos stone.] A statue with extremities of stone, the trunk being gen- erally of wood and, usually, covered with metal or drapery. ac'ro-meg'a-ly (-meg'd-li), n. [aero- +Gr. fiky as, fxey a\ov, big.] Med. A chronic nervous disease attended by a perma- nent enlargement of the head, thorax, hands, and feet. a-cro'mi-on (d-kro'mi-on), n. Also acromion process. [NL., fr. Gr. aKp&niov; fi/cpos+wpos shoulder.] Anat. The outer end of the spine of the scapula. mi-al(-al), a. a-crop'e-tal (d-krop'e-tdl), a. [aero- 4- L. petere to seek.] Bot. Developing from below toward the apex. a-crop'O-lis (d4u-op'o-lis), n. ; pi. E. -lises (-ez; 24), Gr. -leis (-lis). [Gr. 6.Kp6iro\is; &Kpos extreme + toXis city.] The upper fortified part or citadel of a Greek city ; specif. [cap., with the], the citadel of Athens. ac'ro-spire (ak'ro-spTr), n. [aero- + airttpa anything twisted.] The spiral plumule in germinating grain. a-cross'(d-kroV; 62), adv. [a- on, in + cross.] From side to side ; crosswise. — prep. From side to side of ; athwart. a-cros'tic (d-kros'tik), n. [Gr. aKpoanxis or -arlxiov; fi/cpos extreme + arlxos order, line.] A composition, esp. in verse, in which one or more sets of letters taken in order form words. — a-cros'tic, -ti-cal, a. ti-cal-ly, adv. ac'ro-tism (ak'ro-tiz'm), n. [o-not-f-Gr. k P 6tos a beat- ing.] Med. Defect of pulsation.— a-crot'ic (d-krot'Tk), a. act (Skt), n. [F. acte, L. actus, and actum, fr. agere to drive, do.] 1. That which is done or doing ; exercise of power ; effect of exerted power ; a performance ; deed. 2.The result of public deliberation ; decision of a legislative body, court, etc. ; a decree, edict, law, judgment, resolve, or award. 3. A formal writing stating that something has been done ; as, an act of sale. 4. A performance of part of a play ; one of the principal divisions of a dramatic work. 5. A thesis maintained in public, as in some English uni- versities, as by a candidate for a degree. 6. Process of doing ; action ; as, to be taken in the act. 7. pi. [cap.] Short for Acts of the Apostles, the title of the fifth book of the New Testament. — Syn. See action. act of God, Law, an inevitable accident. — v. t. 1. To actuate. Obs. 2. To perform (a play or the like) as an actor. 3. To assume the office or character of; play; personate; as, to act the hero, Hamlet, etc. 4. To feign or counterfeit ; simulate. — v. i. 1. To exert or put forth energy or power ; per- form functions ; do something ; specif., to carry into effect a determination of the will ; as, I shall act at once if he fails. 2. To have effect; exert influence; as, most acids do not act on glass. 3. To behave ; bear or deport one's self. 4. To perform on the stage ; play a part ; also, to admit of being performed or acted. ac'ta (ak'td), n. pi. [L.] Lit., acts; esp., recorded pro- ceedings ; official acts ; transactions ; specif., among the ancient Romans, the acts and orders of a magistrate. act'a-ble (ak'td-b'l), a. Capable of being acted. Ac-tse'on(ak-te'on),n. [L., fr. Gr. ' A Krtu'w p.] Class. Myth. A huntsman who, having surprised Diana bathing, was changed into a stag, and torn to pieces by his own hounds. Ac'ti-an (ak'shi-dn), a. Of or pert, to Actium, in Greece. Actian games, games instituted by Augustus at Actium, inEpirus, held every four years in memory of his naval victory (3l B. c.) over Antony and Cleopatra near Actium. ac'ti-nal (ak'tT-ndl ; ak-ti'nal), a. [Gr. &.ktLs, &ktlvos, ray.] Zo'ol. Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal from which the tentacles or arms radiate and where the mouth is sit- uated; — hence often equiv. to oral. — ac'ti-nal-ly, adv. act'ing (ak'tLng), p. a. That acts ; as acting trustee ; specif., doing duty (for another) ; officiating ; as, an acting mayor. ac-tin'i-a (ak-tTn'i-d), n. ; pi. L. actiniae (-el), E. actinias (-dz). [Gr. &ktIs, aurlvos, ray.] Any sea anemone or re- lated animal. — ac-tin'i-an (-dn), a. & n. ac-tin'ic (ak-tin'ik), a. Of or pertaining to actinism. ac-tin'i-form (-T-form), a.[Gr. d/cn's, anTlvos, ray +-form.] Having a radiated form ; like a sea anemone. ac'tin-ism (ak'tin-iz'm), n. [Gr. A/ct-i's, AktIpos, ray.] The property of radiant energy (found esp. in the shorter wave lengths of the spectrum, i. e., those at the blue end) by which chemical changes are produced, as in photography. ac-tin'i-um (ak-tin'i-um), n. Chem. A radioactive sub- stance, probably an element, discovered in 1898. ac'ti-no- (ak'tr-n6-),ac'ti-ni- (ak'ti-ni-), ac'tin-. Combin- ing forms from Greek &ktIs, 6.KTlvos,ray of light, designat- ing ray or rays, radiated structure; and specif, used : a To denote relation to actinism; actinic effect; as in actino- graph. b Biol. To denote radiation in structure. ac'tl-no-di'e-lec'tric (ak'tT-no-di'eMek'trik), a. Physics. Showing a temporary increase in electric conductivity un- der the action of light. ac-tin'o-graph (ak-tin'6-graf), n. [actino-+-graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording variations in ac- tinic effect of light rays (usually of the sun) by their ac- tion on a sensitized surface. ac'ti-noid (ak'ti-noid), a. [actino—{— oid.] Raylike ; ra- diated, as an actinia. ac'ti-nol'O-gy (ak'tT-nol'S-jT), n. [actino- + -logy.] The science of rays of light, esp. as to their chemical effects. ac'ti-nom'e-ter (ak'ti-nom'e-ter), n. [actino— r-meter.] 1. An instrument for measuring the direct heating power of the sun's rays. 2. An instrument for measuring the actinic effect of rays of light. — ac'ti-nom'e-try (-tri), n. ac'ti-no-mor'phic (aVtY-no-mor'ffk) \a. [actino- +-mor- ac'ti-no-mor'phous (ak'ti-no-mor'fus)/ phic,-morphous.] Biol. Radially symmetrical ; specif., of some flowers (as the buttercup), capable of division into like halves by each of three or more longitudinal or vertical planes. ac'ti-no-my-co'sis (-mT-ko'sis),n. [NL.,fr. Actinomyces, genus name, fr. actino— {-Gr. hvktjs fungus-)-- osis.] Med. A chronic infectious disease of cattle and man due to the presence of a filamentous plant (Actinomyces bovis). It causes local suppurating tumors, esp. about the jaw. Called also lumpy, or big, jaw. — ac / ti-no-my-COt / ic(4cot'ik),a. ac'ti-no-ZO'an (ak'tT-no-zo'dn), n. [actino- 4-Gr. $G>ov ani- mal.] Zo'ol. Any of a class (Actinozoa) of ccelenterates consisting of polyps with radial partitions, and including the corals and sea anemones. ac'tion (ak'shim), n. [OF., fr. L. actio, fr. agere to do.] 1. The function or operation of that which acts ; the doing of something. 2. State of motion ; activity ; operation ; — disting. from rest; as, a battleship in action. 3. Law. A legal proceeding by which one demands or enforces one's right in a court of justice. Also, the right to bring or maintain such a proceeding; a cause. 4. Eccl. An B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M > ACTIONABLE 12 ADAY act of devotion ; a religious ceremony or function. 5. An act ; thing done ; deed ; enterprise ; also, enterprise or effi- ciency in general ; as, a man of action. In pi. : Habitual deeds ; hence : conduct ; behavior ; deportment. 6. The event or series of events forming the subject of a play, poem, or other composition. 7. Sculp., Painting, etc. Attitude or position as expressive of the sentiment or passion depicted. 8. Military or naval combat ; a battle ; a fight ; as, a general action. 9. Natural or intended motion or operation of a thing ; as, the action of the heart. 10. Mechanism ; as, the breech action of a gun ; the action of an organ or a pianoforte. Syn. Agency, activity, act, deed. — Action, act, deed. Action refers primarily to the process of acting ; act and deed, to the result, the thing done. An action is usu- ally regarded as occupying some time, and involving more than one step ; an act is more often thought of as momen- tary or instantaneous, and as individual ; as, the rescue of a shipwrecked crew is a heroic action; the launching of the lifeboat is a brave act. Deed often connotes an act as illustrious or as an achievement. See battle. ac'tion-a-ble (ak'shun-d-b'l), a. Subject to, or giving ground for, an action, or suit at law. — ac'tion-a-bly, adv. ac'tive (-tiv), a. [F. actif, L. activus, fr. agere to act.] 1. Having the power or quality of acting ; causing change ; acting ; — opposed to passive. 2. Quick in physical move- ment ; agile ; nimble. 3. Being in action ; working ; being in force ; — opp. to quiescent, dormant, extinct, etc. 4. Given to action ; energetic ; busy ; — opp. to dull, slug- gish, lazy, or inert. Also, practical ; — opp. to specula- tive or theoretical ; as, an active rather than a speculative statesman. 5. Requiring or implying action ; as, an active employment ; — opp. to sedentary or to tranquil. 6. Brisk ; lively ; as, an active demand. 7. Gram. Pertaining to or designating : a The form, or voice, of the verb which represents the subject as the doer of the action, b Verbs asserting that the subject acts on something ; — distin- guished from neuter and passive; as, kill, demolish, etc., are active verbs, as distinguished from neuter or passive verbs like suffer, feel, die, rise, etc. C Verbs expressing action as distinct from mere existence or state ; — distin- guished from neuter; as, go, strike, etc., are active verbs, as distinguished from be, exist, etc. 8. Com. a Interest- bearing ; as, an active debt, b Of capital, consisting of money or of property readily convertible into money. — ac'tive-ly, adv. — ac'tive-ness, n. Syn. Vigorous, alert, ready, prompt ; smart, spirited, ani- mated, sprightly ; agile, nimble, brisk. — Active, agile, nimble, brisk imply quickness of movement. That which is active (opposed to lazy, inert) is thought of as busy or energetic as well as quick ; as, an active child. Agile implies dexterity and ease in the management of one's limbs; as, agile as a monkey. Nimble suggests lightness and swiftness ; brisk, liveliness and animation ; as, nimble ringers ; a brisk walk. active list, Mil., a list of all officers of the army or navy who are performing, or are normally available for, military duties and receiving full pay. — a. service. Mil. a Service in the field against an enemy, b Service upon the active list. ac-tiv'i-ty (ak-tTv'i-tT),n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of action, or quality of being active. 2. State or quality of vigorous action ; liveliness in doing, functioning, etc. ; energy. 3. Anything active ; an active agent or force. ac'tor (ak'ter), n. 1. One who acts ; a doer. 2. A theat- rical performer ; a player. — ac'tress (-tres ; 24), n. fern. ac'tu-al (-ty-dl), a. [F. actuel, L. actualis, fr. actus act.] 1. Of or pert, to acts or actions ; as, actual grace, actual sin. Rare. 2. Existing in act, reality, or fact ; real ; — op- posed to potential, possible, virtual, conceivable, theo- retical, nominal, etc. 3. In action at the time being ; now existing ; present. — Syn. See real. ac'tu-al'i-ty (-al'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State of being actual ; reality ; esp., phenomenal reality ; fact. ac'tu-al-ize (ak'tu-al-Iz), v. t. To make actual ; realize in action. — ac'tu-al-i-za'tion (-l-za'shftn ; -I-za'shwn), n. ac'tu-al-ly, adv. In act or in fact ; really. ac'tu-al-ness, n. Quality of being actual ; actuality. ac'tu-a-ry (-a-ri), n. pi.; -ries (-riz). [L. actuarius copy- ist, clerk, fr. actus act.] 1. A registrar ; clerk. Rare. 2. The official in an insurance company who calculates insur- ance risks and premiums. — ac'tu-a'ri-al (-a'rT-31 ; 3), a. ac'tu-ate (-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [LL. actu- atus, p. p. of actuare, fr. L. actus act.] To put into action ; move to action. — Syn. See move. a'tion (-a'shim), n. ac'U-ate (-u-at), a. [L. acus needle.] Sharpened ; pointed. a-CU'i-ty (d-ku'T-tT), n. [LL. acuitas.~\ Sharpness or acuteness, as of a needle, wit, etc. a-CU'le-ate (d-ku'le-at), a. [L. aculeatus."] Having a sting, prickle, or the like, as a plant ; beset with prickles. a-CU'le-US (d-ku'le-iis), n.; pi. -lei (-1). [L., dim. of acus needle.] 1. Bot. A prickle growing from the epidermis, as in the rose and blackberry. 2. Zo'dl. A sting. A Acute Leaves. a-CU'men (d-ku'men), n. [L., fr. acuere to sharpen.] Keen- ness of_ perception or discernment. Syn. See discernment. a-CU'mi-nate (-mi-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. [L. acuminatus, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen.] To render sharp or keen. — a. Tapering to a slender point ; pointed ; as, an acuminate leaf. See leaf, Illust. a-CU'mi-na'tion (-na'shun), n. A sharpening; termina- tion in a sharp point ; a tapering point. a-CUSh'la (d-koosh'ld), n. [Ir. a O + cuisle vein, pulse (of the heart).] Darling. Irish. a-cute' (d-kuf), a. [L. acutus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen.] 1. Sharp at the end ; pointed ; — op- posed to blunt or obtuse. 2. Having nice discernment ; penetrating ; clever ; — opp. to dull or stupid. 3. Having j nice or quick sensibility ; susceptible ; as, \ acute sight ; also, sharp ; intense ; as, " acute pain. 4. High or shrill ; — opp. to low or grave. 5. Med. Attended with severe symptoms, and coming speedily to a crisis ; — opp. to chronic. — Syn. ( Subtle, sagacious, discerning, perspicacious, discriminating. See sharp. — a-CUte'ly, adv. acute accent, a mark ['] used to indicate vocal stress, and for various other purposes. — a. angle, Geom., an angle less than a right angle. a-cute'ness, n. State or quality of being acute. -a-cy (-d-si). [L. -acia, -atia.~] A suffix denoting quality, state, office, etc., as in efficacy, diplomacy, privacy. a-cy'clic (d-sTk'lik ; -sl'kllk), a. [a- not + cyclic] Not cyclic ; not disposed in cycles or whorls. ad-. A prefix from Lat. ad to, expressing motion, direc- tion, or change to or toward, adherence or addition, prox- imity, or merely intensification ; as in admit, adjunct, ad- mixture, admonish, administer, adoral, etc. It appears as a- before sc, sp, and st. Before c, f, g, I, n, p, q, r, s, and t, the prefix ad- becomes ac-, af-, etc., by assimilation of the d to the following letter, as in acclaim, a/fix, assim- ilate, etc. ad'age (Sd'aj), n. [F., fr. L. adagium."] A saying which has acquired credit by long use ; proverb. — Syn. See axiom. a-da'gio (d-da'jo), a. & adv. [It. adagio, adv.] Music. Slow; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. — n.; pi., -gios (-joz). A piece of music in adagio time. Ad'am (ad'dm), n. [From Heb.] 1. Bib. The first man. See Gen. i.-v. 2. Fig. : "Original sin ;" human frailty or unregeneracy. Ad'am-and-Eve', n. The puttyroot, U. S. ad'a-mant (ad'd-mant), n. [From OF., fr. L. adamas, -mantis, the hardest metal, Gr. Adidas, -avros ; &- not + ba^av to subdue. The sense of magnet arose in ME. from confusion with L. adamare to love.] 1. A stone imagined as of impenetrable hardness ; — a name given to very hard substances, as the diamond. Now, figuratively, the embodi- ment of impenetrable hardness ; something impenetrable ; as, a heart of adamant. 2. Loadstone ; magnet. 06s. — ad a-man-te'an (-man-te'dn), a. ad'a-man'tine (-man'tln), a. 1. Of or like adamant; in- capable of being broken, dissolved, or penetrated ; immov- able ; impregnable ; as, adamantine bonds or chains. 2. Min. Like the diamond in hardness or luster. Ad^am-ite (ad'am-It), n. A descendant of Adam ; a human being ; also, one who imitates Adam in going naked. Adam's ale. Water. Colloq. Adam's apple. The projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck in front. Ad'am's— nee'dle, n. A commonly cultivated species of Yucca (Yucca filamentosa). a-dapt' (d-dapt'), v. t. [L. adaptare; ad + aptare to fit.] To make suitable ; fit ; suit ; adjust ; — often used with to or for. — Syn. See conform. a-dapt'a-bil'i-ty (d-dap'td-bil'i-ti), n. Quality of being adaptable ; adaptableness. a-dapt'a-ble, a. Capable of being adapted. ble-ness, n. ad'ap-ta'tion (ad'ap-ta'shwn), n. 1. Act or process of adapt- ing, or state of being adapted ; as : a Physiol. The process by which the eye accommodates itself to changes in the intensity of light by changes in the sensitiveness of the retina, b Biol. Modification of an animal or plant (or of its parts or organs) fitting it more perfectly for existence under the conditions of its environment. 2. The adapted form. a-dapt'er, a-dapt'or (d-dap'ter), n. One who, or that which, adapts ; as : Chem. A straight or bent tube, or a vessel with two necks, used in connecting a retort or con- denser with the receiver. a-dap'tion (d-dap'shun), n. = adaptation. a-dap'tive (d-dap'tiv), a. Suited or tending to, or show- ing, adaptation. — a-dap'tive-ly, adv. — tive-ness, n. A-dar' (d-daV ; a'dar), n. [Heb. adar.~] See Jewish cal- endar. a-day / (d-daQ, adv. [See adays.] Daily ; on each day. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; ciiair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; Addax. ADAYS a-days' (d-daz'), adv. [a-(for on)+day+-s, gen. ending.] By day. Obs., except in nowadays. add (ad), v. t. [L. adder e; ad+dare to give, put.] 1. To give (to) ; bestow (on) ; as, "The Lord shall add to me another son." 2. To join (one thing to another) or unite (several things) so as to increase in number, augment in quantity, or aggregate into one ; Math., to unite in one sum or quantity. Hence : To sum up ; put together mentally. 3. To append, as a statement; say further. — v. i. To make an addition. ad'dax (ad'aks), n. [L., an animal with twisted horns; of African origin.] A large light-colored antelope (Addax nasomaculatus) of North Africa, Arabia, and Syria. ad'dend (ad'end; d-dend'), n. [See ADDENDUM.] Math. quantity to be add- ed to another, called the augend; thus, in a -f- 6, a is the augend and 6 the addend. ad-den'dum (a-deV- dum),n.;L. pi. -DA (-do). [L.] 1. A thing to be added; an addition. 2. Mach. a That part of a tooth of a gear wheel or a rack be- tween the pitch cir- cle or line and the extreme point of the tooth, b The cir- cle (in full called addendum circle) touching the extreme points of the teeth of a circular gear wheel. add'er (ad'er), n. One who, or that which, adds. ad'der (ad'er), n. [AS. nsedre adder, snake. An adder is for a nadder.] Any of several snakes ; esp. : a The | common venomous viper of Europe (Vipera berus). b In North America, any of several harmless snakes ; as, the milk adder (Osceola doliata triangula). ad'der's— mouth' (-erz-mouth'), n. Either of two species (Achroanthes monophylla and A. unifolia) of small terrestrial orchids, natives of the United States, with greenish, inconspicuous flowers. ad'der's-tongue' (-tung'), n. 1. A kind of fern (genus Ophioglossum) ; — so called from the shape of its fruiting spike. 2. Rattlesnake plantain. 3. Dogtooth violet. add'i-ble (ad'I-b'l), a. Capable of being added. ad-dict' (d-dTkt'), v. t. [L. addictus, p. p. of addicere to adjudge, devote ; ad-\-dicere to say.] To apply habitually ; to give (one's self) up or over (to) as a constant practice ; devote ; habituate ; — used with to; as, they addict them- selves to science rather than to art. Cf. addicted, Syn. ad-dict'ed, p. a. Devoted or strongly inclined (to some object, practice, or pursuit). — ad-dict'ed-ness, n. Syn. Accustomed, habituated, inclined, prone, attached, devoted. — Addicted, devoted. Addicted, often used in a bad sense (as addicted to wine, to stealing), refers to one given up or strongly inclined to some object, practice, or pursuit ; as, addicted to study or ceremony. Devoted expresses habitual earnestness in the pursuit of some (good) object ; as, he was devoted to the cause of reform. ad-dic'tion (d-dik'shim), n. State oi being addicted; de- votion ; inclination. Ad'di-so'ni-an (ad'i-so'nY-3n), a. Like Joseph Addison or his style of writing ; hence, clear and polished in diction. Ad'di-son's dis-ease' (ad'I-sunz diz-ez'). [After Thomas Addison, M. D., of London, who first described it, in 1855.] Med. An anaemic, emaciated condition causing a peculiar brown skin, and due to disease of the suprarenal capsules. ad-dit'a-ment (d-dit'd-ment ; ad'i-td-ment),n. [L. addi- tamentum.~\ An addition ; thing added. ad-di'tion (5-dish'un), n. [F., fr. L. additio, fr. addere to add.] 1. Act or process of adding; specif., Arith., the uniting of two or more numbers into one sum; hence, Alg., etc., any analogous process; — opposed to subtraction. The sign for addition is + (called "plus"). 2. Anything added; increase; augmentation; accession. 3. Some- thing added to a man's name by way of description or title, as in John Doe, Esq. Obs. or Law. 4. Her. Some- thing added to a coat of arms, as a mark of honor. Cf. abatement. — Syn. Accession, appendage, adjunct. ad-di'tion-al (-51), a. Added; supplemental; being in the nature of an addition. — ad-di'tion-al-ly, adv. ad'di-tive (ad'i-tiv). a. [L. additivus.'] Proper to be added ; involving addition ; — opposed to subtractive. ad'dle (-'1), a. Rotten; putrid; — said of eggs. Hence: Unproductive or confused, as brains ; muddled.— v. t. & i. To make addle ; become addle ; muddle. ad-dress' (d-dres'), v. t.; -dressed'^ (-drSsf) or -drest'; -dress'ing. [OF. adrecier to straighten, address; a (L. ad)+drecier to straighten, arrange. See dress.] 1. To 13 ADHERE aim, as a missile. 06s. 2. To arrange ; prepare. 06s. 3. Re- flexively : To prepare one's self ; apply one's skill or ener- gies (to some object) ; betake; direct one's speech or dis- course (to a person) ; as, he addressed himself to you. 4. To direct, as words (to any one or anything) ; make, as a speech (to anyone, toan audience). 5. To speak to; accost. 6. To direct in writing, as a letter ; superscribe. 7. To court ; woo. 8. To consign or intrust (to) ; as, to address a ship to a factor. to address the ball, Golf, to take aim at the ball, adjusting the grip on the club, the attitude of the body, etc. — v. i. Obs. 1. To prepare. 2. To direct speech or at- tentions. — n. 1. Preparation. 06s. 2. Act of addressing one's self or one's words. 3. A formal communication, appli- cation, or statement ; speech ; petition. 4. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the name, title, and place of residence or business of the one addressed. 5. Manner of speaking to another ; delivery. 6. Attention in the way of courtship ; suit ; — usually in pi. 7. Skillful manage- ment ; dexterity ; adroitness. — Syn. Readiness, inge- nuity, tact. See speech, tact. ad-dress'ee' (d-dreVe'), n. One to whom anything, as a letter, is addressed. ad-dress'er (d-dres'er), n. Also ad-dress'or (-er), n. One who, or that which, addresses. ad-dres'SO-graph (d-dres'6-graf), n. [A trade-mark name.] A form of machine, printing from type, for addressing letters, circulars, etc. ad-duce' (d-dus'), v. t.; -duced' (-dust') ; -dtjc'ing (-diis'- Ing). [L. adducere, -ductum, to lead to; ad+ducere to lead.] To bring forward or offer, as a reason ; cite. — Syn. See allege. — ad-du'ci-ble (d-du'sf-b'l), a. ad-du'cent (d-du'sent), a. [L. adducens, p. pr.] Physiol. Adducting ; — opposed to abducent. ad-duct' (d-dukf), v. t. [See adduce.] Physiol. To draw toward the axis or middle line of the body. ad-duc'tion (a-duk'shun), n. An adducing or adducting. ad-duc'tive (-tlv), a. Bringing toward or to something. ad-duc'tor (-ter), n. Anat. An adducting muscle. -ade. [F. -ade, fr. Sp., Pg., or Pr. -ada, or It. -ata, fr. LL. -ata.2 A noun suffix signifying act, action, result, prod- uct or body or aggregate concerned in an action or process; as in cannonade, lemonade, arcade, brigade. a-deem' (d-dem'), v. t. [L. adimere, ademptum, to take away ; ad + emere to buy, orig. to take.] To revoke, as a legacy, grant, eta, or to satisfy (it) by some other gift. a-demp'tioxi (d-demp'shSn), n. Act of adeeming. ad'e-ni'tis (ad'e-nT'tis), n. [Gr. te-qv, tekvos, gland + -itis.2 Med. Glandular inflammation. ad'e-noid (ad'e-noid), a. [Gr. 6.8ei>oei8ris glandular ; 6.8-qv gland -\-el8os form.] Anat. Like or pertaining to a gland.— n._ Med. A swelling due to hypertrophy of ade- noid tissue in the upper part of the pharynx; — usually in pi. ad'e-nol'0-gy (-nol'6-ji), n. [Gr. 6.6r,v gland + -logy.'] Physiology of the glands. no-log'i-cal (-no-loj'i-kal), a. ad'e-no'ma (ad'e-no'md), ».; L. pi. -mata (-td). [NL.; Gr. i.5rjv gland -\--oma.'] Med. A benign tumor of a glandlike structure; morbid enlargement of a gland. — ad'e-nom'a-tOUS (-nom'd-tus; -no'md-tws), a. ad'e-not'O-my (ad'e-not'o-mlQ.n. [Gr.&Si^ gland ■\--tomy.'} Incision or dissection of glands. a-dept' (d-depf), n. [L. adeptus obtained (sc. artem), that has obtained an art, p. p. of adipisci to obtain ; ad+apisci to pursue.] One fully skilled or well versed ; a proficient. — a. Proficient. — Syn. See expert. — a-dept'ness, n. ad'e-qua-cy (ad'e-kwd-si), n. State or quality of being adequate ; sufficiency for a (specific) purpose. ad'e-quate (-kwat), a. [L. adaequatus, p. p. of adaequare to make equal to. See ad-; equate.] Equal to or suffi- cient for some (specific) requirement; fully sufficient. — ad-e-quate-ly, adv. — ad'e-quate-ness, n. Syn. Proportionate, commensurate, competent, suitable, fitting; equal, full, satisfactory ; ample, sufficient, enough. — Adequate, sufficient, enough agree in the idea of competency. That is adequate which is equal to, or commensurate with, a requirement ; that is sufficient which completely fulfills a proposed end ; that is enough which satisfies desire or meets a want; as, his means are adequate to his needs; her answer was sufficient to deter me ; I have enough. ad-here' (ad-her'), v. i.; -hered' (-herd') ; -her'ing (-her'- Ing). [L. adhaerere, adhaesum ; ad + haerere to stick.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as glue, cement, etc. ; become joined or united, as by sticking, growth, etc. 2. To hold, be attached, or be devoted ; specif., to give support by some act ; as, men adhere to a party, a cause, or a leader. 3. To be consistent or coherent ; agree. Syn. Cleave, cling, hold, cohere. — Adhere, cohere agree in the idea of sticking fast. Adhere denotes a mere cleaving of one object to another, and usually implies little or nothing as to a resulting unity ; as, the stamp did B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ADHERENCE 14 ADJUVANT not adhere to the envelope. Cohere often suggests a more or less unified body ; as, the flakes in a snowball cohere. ad-her'ence (ad-her'ens), n. Quality, act, or state of adher- ing ; specif., steady attachment or support ; devotion. Syn. Adherence, adhesion are, as a rule, somewnat sharply distinguished in present usage, which tends to confine adhesion to the physical, adherence to the figurative sense. Adhesion, however, is still occasionally applied to mental or moral concurrence or assent. ad-her'ent (-ent), a. Sticking ; clinging ; adhering. — n. One who adheres ; follower ; partisan. — Syn. Upholder, supporter, ally, backer. See follower. — -ent-ly, adv. ad-he'sion (-he'zhun), n. [L. adhaesio, fr. adhaerere."] Act or state of adhering ; specif., a sticking together of sub- stances in contact ; Physics, the molecular attraction ex- erted between the surfaces of bodies in contact (cf. cohe- sion).— Syn. See ADHERENCE. ad-he'sive (-siv), a. 1. Sticky ; tenacious ; of the nature of adhesion. 2. Apt or tending to adhere; clinging. — ad-he'sive-ly, adv. — ad-he'sive-ness, n. ad-hib'it (ad-hib'it), v. t. [L. adhibitus, p. p. of adhibere to hold to ; ad-\-habere to have.] 1. To admit, as a per- son or a thing ; take in. 2. To use or apply ; administer. 3. To attach ; affix. — ad'hi-bi'tion (ad'hi-bish'un), n. ad'i-a-bat'ic (ad'I-d-bat'ik), a. [Gr. dSid^aros not pass- able ; d- not-f-Std through + fiaiveip to go.] Thermo- dynamics. Pertaining to or designating variations in volume or pressure not accompanied by gain or loss of heat. adi-an'tum ( ad'i-an'tftm ), n. [L., fr. Gr. bMavTov maidenhair ; d- not + Stalpeiv to wet.] Bot. Any of a large genus ( Adiantum ) of chiefly tropical American ferns, generally known as maidenhair ferns. ad'i-aph'o-rous (-af'6- rus), a. [Gr. d5idopos ; d- not + Si aopos dif- ferent.] Indifferent, as in morals or religion ; neutral. ad'i-a-ther'man-cy (-d- thur'man-si), n. [a- not -+■ diathermancy, .] Im- perviousness to heat waves. a-dieu'(d-du';F.a-dyu'), interj & adv. [F. adieu; a (L ad) -\-Dieu Portion of Frond of Maidenhair God, L Deus.] Good- F ern (Adlamum pedatum). by; farewell; — a parting expression of kind wishes — n. ; pi. E. adieus (-duz'), F. adieux (a-dyu'). A fare- well ; commendation to the care of God at parting. fla'dios' (a'dyos'), interj. [Sp.] Adieu; farewell. ad'i-po-cere' (ad'i-po-seV), n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat-f- cera wax.] A waxy substance into which the tissue of dead bodies is sometimes converted by continued moisture — ad'i-poc'er-ous (-pos'er-us) , o. ad'i-po'ma (-po'md), n. ; L. pi. -hata (-td). [NL. See adi- pose ; -oma.] Med. A mass of fat found internally ; also, a fatty tumor. — ad'i-pom'a-tous (-pom'd-tus), a. ad'i-pcse (ad'I-pos), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat.] Of or per- taining to animal fat ; fatty. — n. Animal fat, being the substance contained in the cells of fatty tissues. — ad'i- pose-ness (-nes), ad'i-pos'i-ty (-pos'I-ti), n. ad'it (ad'it), n. [L. aditus, fr. adire, aditnm, to go to ; ad -+■ ire to go.] 1. Entrance ; passage ; Mining, a nearly horizontal passage from the surface. 2. Admission. Rare. ad-ja'cence (d-ja'sens)ln. 1. Quality or state of being ad-ja'cen-cy ( -sen-si ) / adjacent ; contiguity. 2. That which is adjacent. ad-ja'cent (-sent), a. [L. adjacens, -centis, p. pr. of adja- cere to lie near ; ad + jacere to lie.] Lying near ; close ; contiguous ; neighboring. Syn. Adjacent, adjoining, contiguous, abutting agree in the idea of proximity. Objects are adjacent that lie close to each other, but not necessarily in actual contact ; as, adjacent fields, villages ; they are adjoining when they meet at a line or point of junction. Contiguous properly applies to objects that touch along a considerable part or the whole of one side. Abutting usually applies to that which is laterally against, or in contact with, something. ad'jec-ti'val (aj'ek-ti'val ; aj'ek-tiv-al). a. Of or relating to, or of the nature of, an adjective. — ad'j ec-ti'val-ly, adv. ad'jec-tive (aj'ek-tiv), n. [L. adjectivum (sc. nomen), neut. of adjectivus that is added, fr. adjicere to add to ; ad -f- jacere to thiow.] 1. Gram. A word used with a noun, or substantive, to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or describe a thing as distinct from some- thing else. 2. A dependent ; an accessory. — Syn. See epithet. — a. 1. Added to a substantive as an attribute ; of the nature of an adjunct. 2. Not standing by itself ; dependent. 3. Relating to procedure ; as, adjective law. 4. Dyeing. Requiring a mordant. tive-ly, adv. ad-join' (a-join'), v.t. [FromOF. , fr. L. adjungere ; ad + jungere to join.] To join or unite to ; lie contiguous to ; also, to attach ; append. — v. i. To lie or be next, or con- tiguous. ad-join'ing (a-join'ing), p. a. Joining. See adjacent. ad-journ' (a-jurn'), v. t. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) +jor, jur,jorn, day, fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day.] To put off or defer to another day_, or indefinitely ; to close or suspend for the day, as a legislative meeting. — v. i. To suspend business for a time ; usually, to sus- pend public business, as of legislatures, courts, etc. Syn. Suspend, terminate, delay, postpone, prorogue,- dissolve. — Adjourn, prorogue, dissolve are used of public bodies when they suspend business. When a deliberative body adjourns, it merely suspends (usually for a brief period) its deliberations, which at the next meeting may be resumed where they had ended, except for some- thing to the contrary in its rules of procedure ; when a parliament in Great Britain or her colonies is prorogued, the session is ended, and all bills not enacted are quashed, and can be taken up only as new matter at its subsequent session ; when a deliberative body is dissolved, it entirely ceases to exist. ad-journ'al (-a\), n. Adjournment ; postponement. Rare. ad-journ'ment (-ment), n. Act of adjourning ; state of be- ing adjourned ; also, the interval for which a body adjourns. ad-judge' (a-juj'),i>.t,; -judged' (-jiijd'); -judg'ing. [OF. ajugier, f r. L. adjudicare, adjudicatum ; ad -\-judicare to judge.] 1. To decide judicially ; adjudicate ; order ; de- cree ; as, to adjudge a case. 2. To regard or hold ; judge ; deem. 3. To sentence ; pass sentence upon ; condemn. 4. To award judicially in a controversy; as, the house was adjudged to her. — Syn. Decree, settle, ordain, award, assign; try, doom, condemn, reckon, consider, esteem. ad-ju'di-cate (a-job'dT-kat), v. t. & ».; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -cat/ing. [See adjudge.] To hear or try, and determine judicially ; adjudge ; act as judge. ad-ju/di-ca'tion (-ka'shim), n. _ An adjudicating ; a judi- cial decision or sentence ; specif., a decree in bankruptcy. ad-ju'di-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. One who adjudicates. ad'junct (aj'unkt), a. [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjungere. See adjoin.] Conjoined ; attending. — n. 1. Something joined or added to a thing, but not essentially a part of it ; as, "learning is but an adjunct to our self." 2. A person joined to another in some duty or service ; associate. 3. Gram. A word or words added to qualify the force of other words. — ad'junct-ly, adv. [ing.l ad-junc'tion (d-junk'sh&n), n Act or process of adjoin-| ad-junc'tive (-tiv), a. Joining ; forming an adjunct. ad'ju-ra'tion (aj'db-ra'shun ; 86), n. Act of adjuring. ad-ju'ra-tO-ry (a-job'rd-to-ri), a. Of, pertaining to, or containing, an adjuration. ad-jure' (d-jobr'; 86), v.t.; ad-jured' (-joord') ; -jur'ing (-joor'Ing). [L. adjurare, adjuratum, to swear to; later, to adjure.] To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if under oath, or under penalty of a curse ; entreat earnestly. — ad-jur'er, ad-ju'ror, n. ad-just' (a-jiist'), v. t. [F. ajuster ; &(L.ad) -f- juste just, L. Justus just, right.] 1. To settle, arrange, or apportion rightly or satisfactorily, as insurance losses; free from differences or discrepancies. 2. To make exact ; fit ; make correspondent or comformable ; as, to adjust a garment to the body. 3. To put in order ; regulate or reduce to a system. 4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts of an instrument. — - Syn. Dispose ; adapt, suit, rectify. See conform. — ad-just'a-ble, a. ad-just'er, n. One who adjusts; esp., one who adjusts claims or insurance losses. ad-just'ment (a-just'ment), n. 1. Act of adjusting ; state of being adjusted ; as: a The bringing of a thing or things into proper or exact position or condition, b Com. The calculation and settlement of the several shares to be had or borne by various parties in respect of a joint duty or right. 2. A means, as a mechanism, by which things are adjusted one to another. — Syn. Suiting, fitting, arrange- ment, regulation, settlement, adaptation, disposition. ad'ju-tan-cy (aj'db-tdn-si), n. Office of an adjutant. ad'ju-tant (-tant), n. [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adjutare to help.] 1. A helper. 2. Mil. A staff officer who assists a commander in the details of field or garrison duty. 3. A very large stork (Leptoptilus argala), common in India. adjutant general. Mil. The principal staff officer of an army, corps, division, or brigade, through whom the com- mander receives communications and issues orders. ad'ju-vant (aj'o6-vant), a. [L. adjuvans, p. pr. of adju- vare to aid.] Helping ; helpful. — n. An assistant or helper; esp., Med., a thing, as a subsidiary ingredient in ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ADMEASURE 15 ADORE a prescription, that aids something else in its medicinal action. ad-meas'ure (ad-mezh'ftr), v. t. To ascertain or set the limits of ; measure. — ad-meas'ure-ment (-ment), n. ad-min'i-cle (ad-mTn'i-k'l),n. [L. adminiculum support.] 1. Help ; an auxiliary. 2. Law. Corroborative evidence. — ad'mi-nic'u-lar (ad'mi-mk'u-ldr), a. ad-min'is-ter (ad-min'is-ter), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. administrare ; ad -\-ministrare to serve.] 1. To manage or conduct, as public affairs ; direct the execution, applica- tion, or conduct of ; as, to administer finances. 2. To dispense ; serve out ; supply, as relief or justice or the Sacrament. 3. To give or apply, as medicine or a remedy. 4. To tender, as an oath. 5. Law. To settle, as an estate. — v. i. 1. To contribute ; conduce ; minister. 2. To manage affairs ; Law, to administer an estate or other property. — Syn. Give out, distribute, furnish. See MINISTER, EXECUTE. ad-min'is-te'ri-al (-te'ri-dl),a. Administrative. ad-min'is-tra-ble (-mm'is-trd-b'l), a. Capable of, or sub- ject to, being administered. ad-min'is-trant (-trdnt), a. Executive ; acting ; managing affairs. — n. One who administers. ad-min'is-trate (-trat), v. t. To administer. ad-min'is-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. 1. Act of administer- ing ; specif., conduct of any office or employment ; direc- tion ; management. 2. Law & Political Science. The action of the state in the exercise of its political powers ; usually, the action of the executive alone, or of the execu- tive in managing only the property and business transac- tions of the state and in providing for the general welfare of the state. 3. The persons collectively intrusted with executive powers ; the term of office of an administrative officer or body. 4. Law. Management and disposal, un- der legal authority, of the estate of a deceased person, or of an infant, a lunatic, etc. ad-min'is-tra-tive (-nnn'is-tra-tiv), a. Of or pertaining to administration ; executive. — ad-min'is-tra-tive-ly, adv. ad-min'is-tra'tor (-tra'ter), n._ One who administers ; Law, one legally vested with the right of administration of an estate. — ad-min'is-tra'tor-ship, «.— ad-min'is-tra'trix (-tra'tnks), n.fem.; pi. -tratrices (-tra-trl'sez). ad'mi-ra-ble (ad'nu-rd-b'l), a. [L. admirabilis.'] Having qualities that excite admiration, or wonder united with approbation ; most excellent. — Syn. Wonderful, marvel- ous, praiseworthy. — ad'mi-ra-ble-ness, n. — ra-bly, adv. ad'mi-ral (-rdl), n. [OF. amiral, ultimately fr. Ar. arnir- al-bahr commander of the sea.] 1. The commander in chief of a navy. 2. Naval officer of the highest rank. See navy. 3. The most considerable ship pf a fleet. 06s. or Rhetorical. — ad'mi-ral-ship, n. ad'mi-ral-ty (-rdl-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). 1. The office or jurisdiction of an admiral. 2. The department or officers having authority over naval affairs. 3. The court or law dealing with maritime questions and offenses. 4. The building in which the lords of the admiralty, in England, transact business. ad'mi-ra'tion (-ra'shim), n. 1. Wonder. Archaic. 2. Won- dering or marveling approbation or delight. 3. Something that excites wonder, or pleased surprise ; a prodigy. Syn. Admiration, approbation, approval. Admira- tion, like admire, expresses gratification and delight, and implies a certain amount of wonder. Approbation adds to the idea of satisfaction that of commendation ; approval adds that of a more or less formal sanction. ad-mire' (ad-mlr'), v. t. ; -mired' (-mlrd') ; -mir'ing (-mir'- Jng). [L. admirari ; ad+mirari to wonder.] 1. To won- der or marvel at. Archaic. 2. To regard with wonder and delight ; look upon with an elevated feeling of pleasure. — v. i. To wonder ; marvel. Archaic. — ad-mir'er (-mlr'- er), n. — ad-mir'ing, p. a. ing-ly, adv. ad-rnis'si-bil'i-ty (-mis'I-bil'I-ti), n. The quality of being admissible. ad-mis'si-ble (-mis'i-b'l), a. Entitled or worthy to be admitted ; allowable. ble-ness, n. si-bly, adv. ad-mis'sion (ad-mish'un), n. [L. admissio.~\ 1. Act or practice of admitting ; admittance ; access. 2. Acceptance into an office or position ; institution. 3. The granting of an argument or position not proved ; acknowledgment ; concession. 4. A fact or statement admitted. 5. Price of entrance ; fee at entering. — Syn. See admittance. Admission Day. A legal holiday commemorating the day of admission as a State of the United States. It is Sept. 9 in California, Oct. 31 in Nevada. ad-mit' (-mit),v.i.; -mit'ted ; -mit'ting. [L. admittere, admission ; ad+mittere to send.] 1. To suffer to enter; have capacity for giving entrance ; receive ; take. 2. To give a right of entrance to ; as, this ticket admits one. 3. To allow to enter on an office or to enjoy a privilege, as the practice of law. 4. To concede as true ; grant. 5. To be capable of ; allow ; permit ; as, the words do not admit such a construction. — Syn. See acknowledge. — v.i. To concede or allow ; — used with of; as, to admit of mis- construction ; to admit of pressure without being crushed. ad-mit'tance (-ans), n. 1. Act of admitting. 2. Permis- sion to enter ; privilege of entrance ; admission ; actual entrance. 3. Elec. The reciprocal of impedance. Syn. Admittance, admission. Admittance is mostly confined to the literal sense of allowing one to enter a locality or building; as, "No admittance"; admittance to the grounds. Admission has acquired the figurative sense of admitting to rights, privileges, etc. ; as, admission to the church ; admission to the best society. When entrance into a building or a locality carries with it certain privileges, admission rather than admittance is used ; as, admission to a theater ; the admission of aliens into a country. ad-mit'ted (ad-mlt'ed ; 24), p. o. Received as true or valid; conceded; acknowledged. — ad-mit 'ted-ly, adv. ad-mix' (-mlks'), v. t. To mingle with something else ; mix. ad-mix'tion (-miks'chun), n. Admixture. ad-mix'ture (-tur), n. [L. admiscere, admixtum, to admix ; ad + miscere to mix.] 1.^ Act of mixing ; mixture. 2. That which is added to anything by mixing. ad-mon'ish (-mon'ish), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. admonere to remind, warn ; ad -f- monere to warn.] 1. To warn of a fault; reprove gently or kindly, but seriously ; exhort; as, he admonished him to repent. 2. To counsel against wrong practices ; caution or advise ; — used with of, against, or a subordinate clause. 3. To instruct ; notify ; guide ; as, "Moses was admonished of God." — Syn. See reprove. — ad-mon'ish-er, n. — ish-ment (-ment), n. ad'mo-ni'tion (ad'mo-nish'wn), n. An admonishing ; ex- pression of authoritative advice or warning. — Syn. Reprehension, reproof, rebuke, caution. ad-mon'i-tor (ad-mon'i-ter), n. [L.] An admonisher. ad-mon'i-to-ry (-to-ri), a. Conveying admonition. ad'nate (ad'nat), a. [L. adnatus, p. p. of adnasci, lit., to grow to or on.] Bot. & Zo'dl. Congenitally grown to- gether ; — used generally of unlike parts. a-do'(d-doo'), n. [ME. at do, northern form for to do. 2 Do- ing ; trouble ; fuss ; bustle. — Syn. See stir. a-do'be (d-do'be), n. [Sp.] 1. An unburnt brick dried in the sun ; a house or structure of such bricks. Sp. Amer. 2. Earth from which unburnt bricks are made, esp. in the arid regions of the western United States ; hence, any alluvial or playa clay in desert or arid regions. 3. The Mexican silver dollar. Colloq., Southwestern U. S. ad'o-les'cence (ad'o-leVens), n. State, process, or period of growing from childhood to maturity ; youth, or the period of life between puberty and maturity, in males generally taken as being the period from 14 to 25, and in females from 12 to 21, years of age. ad'o-les'cen-cy (-les'en-sT), n. Quality or state of being adolescent ; youthfulness. ad'o-les'cent (-ent), a. [L. adolescens, p. pr. of adolescere to grow up to ; od+inchoative olescere to grow.] Grow- ing frorn childhood to maturity ; in a state of adolescence. Ad'o-na'i (ad'o-na'I; d-do'nl), n. [Heb. adonai, lit., my lord.] A Hebrew name for God, usually translated in the Old Testament by the word "Lord." A-don'ic (d-don'Ik), a. [F. adonique.'] Relating to the mythical youth Adonis, famed for his beauty, — n. An Adonic verse, a verse consisting of a dactyl and a spondee or trochee ; thus,-^^l — , or-~~| — ; — said to have been named from its use in songs at the festival of Adonis. It is chiefly used with other verse. A-do'nis (d-do'nis), n. [ L., fr. Gr. 'kSuvis. ] 1. Class. Myth. A beautiful youth beloved by Aphrodite (Venus). He was slain by a wild boar. So great was Aphrodite's grief that Adonis was permitted by Pluto to spend part of the year on earth. 2. A preeminently beautiful young man ; a dandy. a-dopt' (d-dopt'), v. t. [L. adoptare ; ad + optare to choose. 1. To take by choice into a relationship, esp. that of child or heir. 2. To take or receive as one's own (what is not so naturally). — a-dopt'a-ble, a. — a-dopt'er, n. a-dop'tion (d-dop'shwn), n. [L. adoptio ; akin to adop- tare to adopt.] Act of adopting ; state of being adopted. a-dop'tion-ism (-iz'm), n. Theol. The doctrine, which arose in Spain in the 8th century, that Christ was the Son of God as to his human nature only by adoption or by name, but truly so as to his divine nature. tion-ist, n. a-dop'tive (-tiv), a. Pertaining to adoption ; made or ac- quired by adoption ; fitted to adopt. — a-dop'tive-ly, adv. a-dor'a-ble (d-dor'd-b'l; 57), a. Worthy to be adored. — a- dor'a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-tT ), -a-ble-ness, n. — a-bly, adv. ad'O-ra'tion (ad'o-ra'shwn), n. Act of adoring ; feeling of one who adores. — Syn. See reverence. adoration of the cross, R. C. Ch., the part of the service of Good Friday in which the cross is adored by the clergy and people. It follows the prayers. a-dore' (d-dor' ; 57), v. t. ; a-dored' (d-dord') ; a-dor'ing (d-dor'Ing). [F. adorer, fr. L. adorare; ad+orare to B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ack (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ADORER speak, pray.] 1. To worship with profound reverence ; honor as divine. 2. To love in the highest degree ; regard with utmost esteem and affection. — v. i. To render adora- tion ; worship. — a-dor'er (d-dor'er), n. — a-tior'ing, p. a. a-dorn' (d-dorn'), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. adornare; ad+ ornare to furnish, embellish.] To deck with ornaments ; be a pleasing, attractive feature or embellishment. Syn. Beautify, dignify, grace ; enrich, emblazon, gar- nish, bedeck, array, attire, ornament, decorate, embellish, deck. — Adorn, ornament, decorate, embellish, deck imply enhanced or added beauty. Adorn is a term of higher connotation than the rest, and may imply the adding of a beauty other than external or material. Ornament and decorate imply some pleasing adjunct, usually external. But ornament, unlike decorate, may be used in a sense approaching that of adorn ; as, "the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit." Embellish implies either enhancing of effect, often by modification rather than mere addition, or addition of adventitious, sometimes even gaudy or fictitious, ornament, for the sake of a telling impression. To deck is to cover or clothe with that which decorates, and often suggests gayety or finery. a-dorn'ment (-ment), n. An adorning ; decoration. a-down' (-doun'), adv. & prep. Down. Archaic or Poetic. A-dras'tUS (d-dras'tus), n. [L., fr. Gr. "ASpao-ros.] Gr. Myth. A king of Argos, leader and sole survivor of the Seven against Thebes. The sight of the deaths of his sons-in-law caused him to become permanently pale. ad-re'nal (ad-re'ndl), a. & n. [ad-+renal.~] Suprarenal. ad-re'nal-ine (-m ; -en), n. Also -in (-In). Physiol. Chem. A crystalline substance, C9H13O3N, got from suprarenal extract. It is used as a stimulant and haemostatic. a-drift' (d-drlft'), adv. & a. Floating at random ; drifting. a-droit' (d-droif), o. [F. adroit ; d (L. ad)+droit straight, right, L. directus, p. p. See direct.] Dexterous in the use of the hands or in the exercise of the mental faculties ; ready in invention or execution. — Syn. Skillful, expert, ready, clever, deft ; ingenious, cunning, ready-witted. See dexterous. — a-droit'ly, adv. — a-droit'ness, n. ad'sci-ti'tious (ad'si-tlsh'us), a. [L. adscitus, p. p. of ad- sciscere, asciscere, to take knowingly; ad-\-sciscere to seek to know.] Supplemental ; additional ; adventitious. ad'script (ad'skrTpt), a. [L. adscriptus, p. p. of ad- scribere to enroll.] Attached (to the soil) ; — said of serfs when the right to their service passes with the transfer of the land. — ad-SCrip'tion (ad-skrlp'shun), n. _ ad-sorb' (ad-sorb'), v. t. To condense by adsorption. ad-sorp'tion (-sorp'shiin), n. [L. ad to+sorbere to suck in.] The adhesion of the molecules of gases or dissolved substances to the surfaces of solid bodies, resulting in a relatively high concentration of the gas or solution at the place of contact. — ad-sorp'tive (-tlv), a. ad-SU'ki bean (ad-soo'kl ; ad-zoo'-). [Jap. adzuki."] A cul- tivated variety of the Asiatic gram. See gram, a bean. _ ad'u-la'ri-a (adiu-la'n-d), n. [From Adula, a mountain group in Switzerland.] Min. A transparent or translucent variety of orthoclase, which includes a kind of moonstone. ad'u-late (acfji-lat), v. t. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed) ; -lat'ing. [L. adulatus, p. p. of adulari.~\ To natter servilely. — ad'u-la'- tor (-la'ter), n. ad'u-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act of adulating ; excessive praise. — Syn. See compliment. ad'u-la-to-ry (-ld-to-n), a. Servilely flattering. a-dult' (d-dult'), a. [L. adultus, p. p. of adolescere. See adolescent.] Having attained full size and strength ; matured. — n. An adult person, animal, or plant. a-dul'ter-ant (d-dul'ter-ant), n. That which adulterates. — a. Adulterating ; as, adulterant agents or processes. a-dul'ter-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed ; 24) ; -at'ing [L. adulteratus, p. p. of adulterare.'] To corrupt, debase, or make impure by admixture of a foreign or a baser sub- stance. — (-at), a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. Adulter- ated ; spurious ; counterfeit. — a-dul'ter-a'tor (-a'ter), n. a-dul'ter-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of adulterating, or state of being adulterated. 2. An adulterated product. a-dul'ter-er (-ter-er), n. One, esp. a man, who commits adultery.— a-dul'ter-ess (-ter-es ; d-dul'tres), n. fern. a-dul'ter-ine (-in ; -In), a. Proceeding from adulterous intercourse; hence, spurious. a-dul'ter-0US (-us), a. Guilty of, given to, or pertaining to, adultery. — a-dUl'ter-OUS-ly, adv. a-dul'ter-y (-1), n.; pi. -teries (-Tz). [L. adulterium.'] 1. Unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed. 2. Bib. a Lewdness or unchastity in thought or act. b Faithlessness in religion. ad-um'bral (ad-um'bral), a. Overshadowing ; shady. ad-umltrate (ad-um'brat), v. t.; -brat-Ed ; -brat-tng. [L. adumbratus, p. p. of adumbrate ; ad + umbrare to shade, umbra shadow.] 1. To give a shadowy or slight representation of ; shadow forth. 2. To overshadow ; shade. ad'um-bra'tion (ad'um-bra'shiin), n. Act of adumbrating ; also, a faint sketch ; an imperfect representation. 16 ADVENTURE ad-um'bra-tive ( ad-um'bra-tiv ), a. Shadowing forth ; faintly representing; typical. — ad-um'bra-tive-ly, adv. a-dunc' (d-dunk') ]a. [L. aduncus; ad + uncus a-dunc'ate (-duz'kat) [ hooked, hook.] Curved inward; a-dunc'0US (-kusj J hooked, as a parrot's bill. a-dun'ci-ty (-dun'si-tT),n. Curvature inward ; hookedness. ad'll-rol (ac&i-rol; -rol), n. Photog. Either of two compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, of hydroquinone, used as developers. a-dust' (d-dust'), a. [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere to burn ; ad+urere to burn.] 1. Burnt or scorched, or appearing so ; dried up with or as with heat ; specif., sunburnt. 2. Atra- bilious ; sallow ; gloomy. — v. t. To scorch ; burn. Obs. I! ad va-lo'rem (ad vd-lo'rem). [L.] Lit., according to the value ; — used of a duty or charge on goods at a certain ' rate per cent on their invoiced value. Abbr., ad val. ad-vance' (dd- vans'), v. t. ; -vanced' (-vanst') ; -vanc'tng (-van'sing). [From OF., fr. L. ab+ante before.] 1. To move forward. 2. To lift up. Archaic. 3. To raise to a higher rank ; promote. 4. To accelerate or help in growth or progress ; further ; aid ; as, to advance one's interests. 5. To bring to view or notice ; propose for consideration ; offer ; as, to advance an argument. 6. To make or place earlier, as an event or date ; hasten. 7. To furnish, as money, before it is due, or in aid of an enterprise ; supply beforehand, as money. 8. To raise to a higher point ; raise in rate ; as, to advance prices. — Syn. Elevate, exalt, aggrandize, improve, heighten, accelerate ; adduce, assign, propose. — v. i. 1. To move forward ; proceed. 2. To increase or make progress in any respect. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence ; be promoted. Syn. Advance, proceed, progress. Advance implies movement forward ; proceed, movement from one point to another, sometimes with the implication of continuing or renewing movement already begun ; progress suggests distinct and appreciable advance. See allege. — n. 1. An advancing ; progress. 2. Improvement or progression. 3. A rise in price or value. 4. Approach made to gain favor, adjust a dispute, etc.; overture; tender; — usually in pi. 5. A furnishing of something before an equivalent is received ; money or value supplied beforehand. 6. That which is in advance or ahead, as a body of soldiers, a lesson not before taken, etc. ad-vanced' (ad- vanst'), p. a. 1. In the van or front. 2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or ideas ; as, advanced opinions. 3. Far on in life or time. ad-vance'ment (-vans'ment), n. Act of advancing ; state of being advanced ; progression ; improvement ; promo- tion ; also, that which is advanced. [advances.l ad-vanc'er (ad-van'ser), n. One who, or that which,| ad-van'tage (-van'taj), n. [F. avantage, fr. avant before; L. ab-\-ante.2 1. Any condition, circumstance, oppor- tunity, or means, particularly favorable to a desired end ; benefit. 2. Superiority ; mastery ; — used with of or over. 3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it ; gain ; profit ; as, the advantage of a good constitution. 4. Inter- est of money. Obs. 5. Tennis. The first point won after deuce or the score for it. — v. t. ; -taged (-tajd) ; -tag-ing (-ta-jlng). To give an advantage to ; further ; benefit ; profit. ad'van-ta'geous (ad'vdn-ta'jiis), a. Being of advantage ; gainful ; beneficial. — Syn. See beneficial. — ati'van- ta'geous-ly, adv. — ad'van-ta'geous-ness, n. Ad'vent (ad'vent), n. [L. adventus, fr. advenire, advert- turn, to reach, arrive ; ad+venire to come.] 1. The period including the four Sundays before Christmas. 2. The first, or the; expected second, coming of Christ. 3. II. c] Coming ; arrival ; approach. — Syn. See arrtval. Ad'vent-ism (-ven-tlz'm), n. The doctrine that the second coming of Christ and the end of the world are near at hand. Ad'vent-ist (-tist), n. A believer in the doctrine of Ad- ventism ; — called also Second Adventist. ad'ven-ti'tious (ad'ven-tTsh'Ss), a. [L. adventicius."] 1. Added extrinsically and not essentially inherent ; addi- tional ; supervenient ; foreign. 2. Biol. Out of the usual place; sporadic; as, an adventitious root. See root, Illust. — Syn. Extrinsic, extraneous, incidental. — ad'- ven-ti'tious-ly, adv. — ad'ven-ti'tious-ness, n. ad-ven'tive (ad-ven'tiv), a. 1. Accidental. 2. Bot. Growing accidentally or spontaneously ; not indigenous ; not thoroughly naturalized ; — applied to exotics. Advent Sunday. The first Sunday in Advent. ad-ven'ture (ad-ven'tfir), n. [F. aventure, fr. LL., fr. L. advenire. See Advent.] 1. Chance ; hence, chance of danger or loss. 2. The encountering of risks ; a bold under- taking ; a daring feat. 3. A remarkable occurrence or experience ; a stirring incident. 4. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard ; a venture ; a shipment by a merchant on his own account. — v. t. ; -tured (-tjird) ; -tur-tng (-tflr-ing). 1. To risk ; ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI ; old, obey, 6rb, odd, sSft, connect; use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; then, ves.~] Class. Antiq. Contests, held at public assemblies or festivals. They were of three general classes — gymnastic, musical (including, in Greece, recitations of Homer by the rhapso- dists), and horse or chariot races. a-gon'ic (d-gon'Ik), a. [Gr. byuvos without angles; &- not + ywla an angle.] Not forming an angle. agonic line, an imaginary line on the earth's surface pass- ing through those places where the magnetic needle points to the true north ; the line of no magnetic declination. ag'0-nis'tic (ag'o-nis'tik)! o. [Gr. i.yuviari.Kbs.'] Pertain- ag'o-nis'ti-cal (-tf-kal) / ing to the classical agones ; hence, pertaining to intense strife ; pert, to athletic or polemic feats ; athletic ; combative ; hence, strained. — ag'o-nis'ti-cal-ly, adv. ag'o-nize (ag'6-nlz), v. t.; -nized (-nizd) ; -niz'ing (-niz'- ing). [Through F. & LL., fr. Gr. hywvlfeaQai to struggle. See agony.] To cause to suffer agony ; torture. — v. i. I 1. To suffer anguish. 2. To struggle or strive desperately. — ag'o-niz'ing (-niz'ing), p. a. — ag'o-niz'ing-ly, adv. ag'0-ny (ag'o-nT), n.; pi. -nies (-mz). [From L., fr. Gr. dyuvla orig., a contest, fr. hy&v assembly at games, con- test for a prize, ayeiv to lead, celebrate.] 1. Extreme pain of mind or body ; anguish. 2. Paroxysm of joy ; keen emo- tion. 3. Death struggle. — Syn. See distress. ag'0-ra (ag'6-rd), n.; pi. -R2E (-re). [Gr. i.yopk.] An assembly ; hence, the place of assembly, esp. the market place, in an ancient Greek city. a-gou'ti 1 (d-goo'ti), n. [F. agouti, acouti, Sp. aguli, a-gou/ty/ acuti, fr. native name.] Any of certain rodents (genus Dasyprocta), about the size of a rabbit, peculiar to South and Central America and the West Indies. a-graffe' (d-graP), n. [F. agrafe.]' A hook used as a clasp on armor or costumes. Ag'ra-pha (ag'rd-fd), n. pi. [Gr. 6.ypaa (sc. ^iiara) unwritten sayings.] Sayings attributed to Jesus, which, though not canonical, were current in early tradition and are regarded by some as perhaps genuine. a-graph'i-a (d-graf'i-d), n. [NL. See A- not ; -graphy.] Med. Absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by written signs. It is a form of aphasia. — a-graph'ic (-Ik), a. a-gra'ri-an (d-gra'ri-dn ; 3), a. [L. agrarius, fr. ager field.] Of or pertaining to fields or lands, or their tenure. — n. One who favors agrarianism. a-gra'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. An equal or equitable division of land ; also, principles or practices favoring this. a-gree' (d-gre'), v. i. ; A-GREED'(-gred') ; a-gree'ing. [From F., fr. d (L. ad) -f- gre good will, consent, L. gratus pleas- ing.] 1. To yield assent or favor ; consent ; accede ; — usu- ally used with to or that; as, he agreed to my proposal. 2. To be in unison or concord ; be or become united or consistent ; concur ; as, your assertions do not agree. 3. To come to terms or to a common resolve (with another or one another) ; to exchange promises ; as, they agreed to divide the game. 4. To be conformable ; resemble ; coincide ; correspond ; as, our scales do not agree. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects ; do well ; — usually used with with ; as, a hot climate does not agree with him. 6. Gram. To be alike in gender, number, case, or person. Syn. Engage, promise, stipulate, contract, bargain ; har- monize, comport, fit, tally ; assent, consent, accede, acqui- esce, concur, coincide. — Agree, concur, coincide all express harmony of opinion. To agree is in general to come into accord with some one ; as, we agree in our plans. Concur expresses a specific or definite agreement, esp. in opinion or action ; as, he concurred in the decree. Coin- cide implies an agreement amounting to complete identity of opinion. a-gree'a-bil'i-ty (-d-bll'i-tl), n. Quality or state of being agreeable. a-gree'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses ; pleasant ; grateful ; as, an agreeable person, task, amusement, etc. 2. Willing ; ready to agree or con- sent. Colloq. 3. Agreeing or suitable ; conformable ; — ■ used with to, sometimes with with; as, this date is agree- able to the evidence. 4. In pursuance or accordance ; — for agreeably ; as, they went agreeable to our request. — Syn. See pleasant. — ble-ness, n. — a-bly (-bll), adv. a-greed' (d-gred'), p. p. & p. a. Brought into agreement ; united or settled in or by a common opinion or consent. a-gree'ment (-gre'ment), n. 1. State or act of agreeing. 2. The language embodying reciprocal promises. — ;-~|_>|_w~|.-~|-.«; the lesser Alcaic, — « « | — *• «* J |-~- al-cal'de (al-kal'da), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al-qadi judge.] A Spanish administrative official (usually mayor) or judge. aFcal-di'a (al'kal-de'a), n. [Sp.] The office, jurisdiction, or headquarters of an alcalde. al-can'na (al-kan'd), n. [Sp. alcana, fr. Ar. al-hinnd. See henna.] Henna. al-cayde' (al-kad' ; Sp. al-kl'tha), n. [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. al-qa'ld governor.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress among Spaniards, Portuguese, or Moors. 2. A jailer. al-c£'zar (al-ka'zar ; Sp. al-ka'thar), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al the + qacr (in pi.) castle.] A fortress; also, a palace. Al-ces'tis (al-ses'tis), n. [L., fr.Gr. "AX/cT/arcj.] Wife of Admetus, King of Thessaly, whose life she preserved by dy- ing in his stead. Hercules brought her back from Hades. al-chem'ic (al-kem'ikUa. Of or pertaining to alchemy. — al-chem'i-cal (-I-kdl) / al-chem'i-cal-ly, adv. al'che-mist (al'ke-mist), n. One given to the study or prac- tice of alchemy. — aPche-mis'tic ( -mls'tlk ), -ti-cal (-mls'ti-kdl), a. al'che-mize (-mlz), v. t. To change by alchemy ; transmute. al'che-my (-mi), n. [From OF. & F., fr. Ar. al-kimia.] The medieval chemical science, the great objects ot which were to transmute baser metals into gold and to find a panacea and a means of indefinitely prolonging life. Al-ci'des(al-sl'dez),n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AXmWjjs.] Gr. Myth. Hercules ; — a patronymic. Al-cin'0-Us (-sYn'o-fis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AXdvoos.] A king of the Phffiacians, celebrated for his gardens. Cf . Nausicaa. Alc-me'ne (alk-me'ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AXkjujH-] Gr. Myth. See Amphitryon. al'co-hol (al'ko-hol), n. [Ar. al-kohl a powder of antimony or galena to paint the eyebrows with ; hence, from the fine- ness of this powder, highly rectified spirits.] 1. A color- less, volatile, inflammable liquid, C2H6OH, which is the intoxicating principle in fermented and distilled liquors ; loosely, any liquor containing it. 2. Chem. Any of a class of analogous hydroxides of organic radicals, including common, or ethyl, alcohol (def. 1), methyl, or wood, alcohol, CHsOH, amyl alcohol, CsH.iOH, the chief constituent of fusel oil, etc. al'co-hol'ic (-hol'Yk), o. Of or pertaining to alcohol. al'co-hol-ism (-Yz'm), n. Med. A diseased condition of the system due to excessive use of alcoholic liquors. alco-hol i-za'tion ( al'ko-hol'Y-za'shun ; -I-za'shiin), n. Act of alcoholizing, or state of being alcoholized. B G H K k = eh in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ALCOHOLIZE 26 ALGONQUIAN al'co-hol-ize (aTko-hol-Iz), v. t. 1. To powder. Obs. 2. To refine to an essence ; rectify. 3. To saturate with alco- hol ; hence, to subject to the influence of alcoholic liquor. al'CO-hol-om'e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. [alcohol + -meter. ] Chem. An instrument for determining the strength of spirits, with a scale graduated to indicate the percentage of pure alcohol. APco-ran' (al'ko-ran'; al'ko-ran), n. [F.,ir.At.al-qoran, orig., the reading, the book.] The Koran. al'cove (al'kov ; al-kov'), n. [Deriv. of Ar. al-qobbah arch, tent.] 1. Arch. A recessed portion of a room, or a small room opening into a larger one ; esp., a recess to contain a bed or a lateral recess in a library. 2. A garden bower. Al-cy'O-ne (al-sl'6-ne), n. [L. fr. Gr. 'A\kv6vv.] Gr. Myth. 1. = Halcyone. 2. Astron. _ The brightest star of the Pleiades ; Eta (v) Tauri or Pleiadum. Al-deb'a-ran (al-deb'd-ran), n. [Ar. al-debaran, fr. dabar to follow; because it follows the Pleiades.] Astron. A red star of the first magnitude, in the eye of Taurus ; the Bull's Eye; Alpha (a) Tauri or Hyadum. It is the brightest star in the Hyades. al'de-hyde (al'de-hld), n. [From aZcohol deTiycfrogena- tum, alcohol deprived of hydrogen.] Chem. a A very volatile liquid, CH3-CHO, got from alcohol by moderate oxidation, b Any of a class of compounds typified by com- mon, or acetic, aldehyde. — al'de-hy'dic (-hl'dlk), a. al'der (ol'der), n. [AS. air, aler, alor.J Any of a genus (Alnus) of trees or shrubs, the wood of which is used by turners and the bark by dyers and tanners. Alders usually grow in moist ground, often forming thickets. al'der-man (-man), n. [AS. aldor- mon, ealdorman ; ealdor a parent, head of a family (fr. eald, aid, old) + man.] 1. In England and Ire- land : a Formerly, a city or borough magistrate ranking next below the mayor, b A member of the smaller of the two classes composing the town or county council. 2. In the . US., a member of a city governing A^^wmg^ves body, usually of the higher ol two (a) . staminate Ament legislative chambers (board of al- (b). dermen and board of common councilmen). al'der-raan-ate (-at), n. Office or rank of alderman; body of aldermen. al'der-man-cy (-si), n. Office of an alderman. al'der-man'ic (-man'ik), a. Pertaining or becoming to an alderman; like, or characteristic of, an alderman. Al'der-ney (61'der-ni), n. Prop., one of a breed of cattle raised in Alderney, one of the Channel Islands ; commonly, one of any Channel Island breed of cattle, esp. the Jersey. Al'dine (al'dln; 61'dln) : a. 1. Printed or published by Aldus Manutius, or his family (about 1490-1597), of Venice. 2. Designating certain elegant editions of English works or certain styles of display type. ale (al), n. [AS. ealu.~\ 1. A fermented liquor made from an infusion of malt, usually with the addition of hops. 2. A country festival, so called from the ale drunk. Eng. a'le-a-to-ry (a'le-d-to-n), a. [L. aleatorius, fr. alea chance.] Law. Depending on an uncertain event or con- tingency as to both profit and loss ; as, aleatory contracts include wagering contracts, insurance contracts, etc. ale'con'ner (-kon'er), n. [ale + con, AS. cunnian to test.] Orig., an officer appointed to look to the goodness of ale and beer ; one of the officers chosen in London to inspect the measures used in public houses. Eng. A-lec'to (d-lek'to), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AX^/crw.] See Erinys. a-lee' (d-le'), adv. Naut. On or toward the lee. al'e-gar (aPe-gar ; a'le-), n. [ale + eager sour, F. aigre.] Sour ale ; vinegar made of ale. ale'house' (al'hous'), n. A house where ale is retailed. a-lem'bic (d-lem'bik), n. [F. alambic, Ar. al-anbiq, fr. Gr. an@i£ cup, cap of a still.] An ap- paratus once much used in distillation. A-lep'po (d-lep'o), n. A Syrian city. Aleppo boil, button, or evil, Med., a chronic skin affection terminating in an ulcer. It is endemic along the Mediter- ranean. a-lert' (d-lurt'), a. [F. alette, earlier d Verte on the watch, fr. It. all' erta on the watch, prop., on a height, fr. erta steep place, deriv. of L. erectus. See erect.] 1. Watchful ; vigilant ; active in vigilance. 2. Brisk ; nimble. — Syn. Lively, nimble, prompt, ready. See vigilant. — n. Mil. Alembic. An alarm from a real or threatened attack ; also, a warning signal for a guard. — a-lert'ly, adv. — a-lert'ness, n. on the alert, on the lookout ; ready to act. a-leu'rone (d-lii'ron), n. [Gr. akevpov flour.] Bot. & Chem. Proteid matter occurring in many minute grains (aleurone grains) in seeds, and forming an external aleu- rone layer in cereals. — al'eu-ron'ic (al'u-ron'ik), a. APe-Ut (al'e-oot), n. A member of either of two tribes of Eskimauan stock, of the Aleutian Islands. A-leu'tian (d-lu'shdn ; d-loo'-) \a. Of, pert, to, or designat- A-leu'tic (d-lu'tik; d-lob'-) / ing, the chain of islands between Alaska and Kamchatka. — n. An Aleut. ale'wife' (aPwIP), n.; -pi. -wives (-wlvz'). 1. A woman who keeps an alehouse. 2. [Perh. a different word.] An American fish (Pomolobus pseudoharengus)oi the herring family. It is a poor food fish. APex-an'dri-an (al'eg-zan'dri-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Alexandria in Egypt or Alexander the Great. 2. Desig- nating a kind of heroic verse. See Alexandrine, n. APex-an'drine (-dnn), a. [L. Alexandrinus.~\ Alexan- drian. — n. [F. alexandrin; because used in OF. poems on Alexander the Great.] A verse consisting regularly of six iambic feet, with the caesura after the third. aPex-an'drite (-drlt), n. [After Alexander II. of Russia.] Min. An emerald-green variety of chrysoberyl used as a gem. It shows a red color by transmitted or artificial light. a-lex'i-a {a-\ek'si-a),n. [NL.; a-not + Gr. Xe£is speech.] Med. Inability to read, or, sometimes, to read aloud, due to brain disease. a-lex'in (-sin), n. [Gr. 6.\Qeivto ward off.] A defensive proteid; usually specif., Physiol. Chem., one which de- stroys bacteria, as distinguished from antitoxin. a-lexl-phar'mict-si-far'mik), a. [Gr.6.\<£«}>apfiaKos; AXe&iv to keep off + ^kpnaxov poison.] Antidotal. al-fal'fa (al-fal'fd), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al-fagfacahJ] A valua- ble fabaceous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and bluish, purple cloverlike flowers ; lucern ; purple medic. al-fiTa-ri'a (al-fil'd-re'd), n. [Mex. Sp., fr. Sp. alfiler pin.] A European geraniaceous herb (Erodium cicutarium), cultivated as a forage plant. Ial-for'ja (al-for'ha ; E. al-for'jd), n. [Sp.] A saddlebag. al-fres'CO (al-fres'ko), adv. & a. _ [It. al fresco in or on the fresh.] In the open air ; open-air. al'ga (al'gd), n. ; pi. -gm (-je). [L.] A seaweed (broadly, a marine or fresh-water form), as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, etc. ; — chiefly used in pi. — al'gal (al'gdl), a. al'ga-ro'ba (al'gd-ro'bd), n. [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar. al- kharrubah the carob tree.] Bot. a The carob ; also, its edible beans or pods, b The common mesquite, or its sweet, pulpy pods. C The West Indian locust. al'gate (61'gat) 1 adv. [all + gate way + -s, adverbial. al'gates (-gats) / See -s, adv. suff.] Always ; wholly ; everywhere. Obs. or Dial. al'ge-bra (al'je-brd), n. [LL., fr. Ar. al-jebr reduction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, boneset- ting, jabara to bind together.] 1. Math. That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and properties of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. 2. A treatise on this science. aPge-bra'ic (aFje-bra'ik) \ a. Of or pertaining to algebra ; aPge-bra'i-cal (-bra'T-kdl)J containing only operations of algebra (that is, additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, involutions, and extractions of roots) in finite numbers ; — opposed to transcendental. i-cal-ly, adv. al'ge-bra'iSt (-bra'Tst), n. One versed in algebra. Al-ge'li-an (al-je'rT-an), a. & n. Of or pertaining to Al- geria. — n. A native of Algeria ; an Algerine. ATge-rine' (aFje-renO, a. & n. Algerian. — n. A native of Algiers or Algeria, esp. one of Berber or Arab race. aPgid (al'jid), a. [L. algidus cold.] Cold ; chilly. al-gid'i-ty (al-jid'i-ti), n. Chilliness; coldness. al'goid (aPgoid), a. [alga+ oid.~\ Like an alga. Al'gol (aPgol), n. [Ar. al-ghul the ghoul, ogre; — applied to the head of Medusa.] Astron. A fixed star, Beta 08) Persei in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for its periodic variation in brightness, supposedly due to eclipse by a satellite. al-goPo-gy (al-goPo-ji^n. [alga ■{■-logy.'] Study or science of algae, or seaweeds. — al-goPo-gist (-jist),ra. al-gom'e-ter (-gom'e-ter), n. [Gr. a\yos pain-f--me£er.] An instrument for measuring sensations of pain due to pres- sure. — aPgo-met'ric (al'go-met'rfk), -ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. Al-gonlri-an (-gorj'ki-dn), a. 1. Var. of Algonqoian. 2. Geol. Pertaining to or designating a period or era between the Archaean and the Paleozoic, marked by both sedimentary and igneous rocks. Al-gon'qui-an (-ki-dn), a. Also Al-gon'ki-an (-ki-dn). Pertaining to or designating the most extensive of the linguistic families of North American Indians, including the Ojibwas (Chippewas), Ottawas, Crees, Algonquins, Micmacs, Blackfeet, etc. — n. An Algonquian Indian. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); ALGONQUIN 27 ALL Al-gon'quin (al-gon'kin), n. An Indian of an Algon- quian tribe or group of tribes of whom the greater number live in the province of Quebec ; loosely, any Algonquian. al'gor (al'gor), n. [L., cold.n..] Med. A sensation of coldness or chilliness occurring in the early stages of a fever. al'go-rism (al'go-rTz'm), n. [ME. algorisme, fr. OF., fr. the Ar. al-Khowarezmi of Khowarezm, the modern Khiva, surname of the author of a 9th century work on arithmetic] 1. Art of calculating by nine figures and zero. 2. Art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorisms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc. al'gum (al'gum), n. = almug. Al-ham'bra (al-ham'brd), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al the -\-hamrd red.] The alcazar of the Moorish kings at Granada. Al'ham-bresciue' (al'ham-bresk'), a. Made or decorated after the Saracenic or Arabesque style of the Alhambra. a'li-as (a'li-ds), adv. [L., fr. alius other.] Otherwise; otherwise called. — n. Another name ; an assumed name. A'li Ba'ba (a'le ba'b'a). - [Ar.] A woodcutter, in the "Arabian Nights," who enters the cave of the Forty Thieves by the use of the magic phrase "Open sesame!" al'i-bi (al'T-bl), n. [L., elsewhere, fr. alius other.] The plea, or the fact or state, of having been, at the alleged time of the commission of an act, elsewhere than at the alleged place of its commission. al'i-ble (al'i-b'l), a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nourish.] Nutritive; nourishing. — al'i-bil'i-ty (al'i-bil'i-ti), n. al'i-dade (-dad), -dad (-dad), n. [LL. alidada, alhidada, fr. Ar. al-'idddah a sort of rule.] That part of any optical, surveying, or measuring instrument which comprises the indicator, verniers, microscopes, etc. al'ien (al'yen), a. [OF., fr. L. alienus, fr. alius another.] 1. Of or pertaining to another, esp. another country; foreign. 2. Wholly different in nature; inconsistent (with); incongruous ; — used with from or to. — n. 1. A person of another family, race, or nation ; a foreigner. 2. A foreign- born resident of a country in which he is not a citizen. 3. One excluded from certain privileges or estranged; as, aliens from God's mercies. — v.t. To alienate; estrange; transfer, as property. al'ien-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That may be alienated. — al'ien- a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'i-ti), n. al'ien-age (-aj), n. Status of an alien. al'ien-ate (-at), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alienare to alienate, fr. alienus alien.] Estranged. — v.t.; -at/ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To convey or transfer, as property. 2. To withdraw, as the affections; make h. different or averse, where love or friendship before subsisted ; estrange; — usually used with from. — al'ien-a'tor (al'yen-r'tcr), n. al'ien-a'tion (-a'shXn), n. 1. Act of alienating; state of being alienated. 2. Specif., mental derangement ; insanity. al'ien-ee' (-5'), n. One to whom property is aliened. al'ien-ism (al'yen-iz'm), n. 1. Status of an alien ; alienage. 2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind. al'ien-ist, n. A specialist in diseases of the mind. al'ien-or (al'yen-er ; -or'), n. One who alienates property. al'i-form (al'i-form; a'li-), a. [L. ala wing 4—form.l Wing-shaped ; winglike. a-light' (d-lif), v. i.; a-light/ed, Rare a-lit' (d-lif); A-light'ing. [AS. alihtan, deriv. of liht, leoht, light (in weight).] 1. To spring down; get down; descend; dismount. 2. To lodge, rest, or stop. a-light', a. & adv. [Orig. a p. p., deriv. of AS. alihtan to light.] Lighted ; flaming ; in a flame. a-ligne', a-line' (-lln'), v. t. & i.; a-ligned', a-lined' (-Hnd') ; a-lign'ing, a-lin'ing. [F. aligner ; a (L. ad) + ligne (L. linea) line.] To adjust or form to a line; range in a line or lines. a-lign'ment, a-line'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of aligning; state of being so adjusted; a formation in a straight line. 2. Engin. The ground plan, as of a railroad or fieldwork, in distinction from the grades or profile. a-like' (d-llk'), a. [AS. onllc or gelic.'] Having resem- blance or similitude ; similar ; — now almost always used in the predicate, and said of two or more things. — adv. In the same manner, form, or degree; in common ; equally. all-meat (al'i-ment), n. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to nourish.] Food ; nutriment ; hence : sustenance ; means of support. — Syn. See pabulum. — v. t. To give aliment to. — al'i-men'tal (-men'tdl), a. — aPi-men'tal-ly, adv. al'i-men'ta-ry (-men'td-n), a. Of or pertaining to aliment or nutrition ; nutritious; alimental. alimentary canal, Anal., the canal extending from the mouth to the anus. al'i-men-ta'tion (-men-ta'shwn), n. Act or process of ali- menting ; nutrition ; state or mode of being nourished. al'i-men'tive-ness (-men'tiv-nes), n. The instinct or faculty of appetite for food. Chiefly in Phrenology. al'i-mo-ny (al'i-mo-nt), n. [L. alimonia sustenance, alere to nourish.] 1. Maintenance; means of living; aliment. 2. Law. An allowance made to a woman out of the property of him who is or was her husband, on legal separation or divorce, or during a suit for it. a-line' (d-lln'), v. t. & i. Var. of align. — a-line'ment, n. al'i-nit (al'i-nit) \ n. [Perh. fr. L. alere to nourish -f- al'i-nite (-nit) / E. mYrogen.] Agric. A nearly pure culture of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium (Bacillus ellen- bachiensis), prepared and sold as a fertilizer for cereals. al'i-quant (-kwdnt), a. [L. aliquantus some, moderate ; alius other + quantus how great.] Math. Designating a part of a number that does not divide the number without leaving a remainder ; as, 5 is an aliquant part of 16 ; — opposed to aliquot. al'i-quot (-kwot), a. [L. aliquot some, several ; alius other-{-quot how many.] Math. Designating a part of a number that will divide the number without a remainder. Hali-un'de (a'li-un'de), adv. & a. [L.] From another source ; from elsewhere ; as, a case proved aliunde. a-live' (d-Hv'), a. 1. Living. 2. Being in a state of action, force, or operation; unextinguished; existent; as, keep the fire_ alive. 3. Full of, or swarming with, beings or things in motion ; as, the air is alive with particles ; the sand is alive with ants. 4. Sprightly ; lively ; brisk ; as, to keep alive. 5. Susceptible ; sensitive ; easily impressed ; as, alive to every sound. GIF 3 Alive always follows the noun that it qualifies. al'i-za'ri (al'i-za'ri), n. Levant madder. a-liz'a-rin (d-liz'd-nn), n. Also -rine. [F. alizarine, fr. alizari.~\ Chem. A coal-tar dyestuff, Ci4He02(OH)2, for- merly prepared from madder, now from anthracene, and forming, when pure, a reddish yellow powder or orange-red crystals. Also, any of various related dyestuffs. al'ka-hest (al'kd-hest), n. [LL. alchahest or F. alca- hest.'] The fabled "universal solvent" of the alchemists. allia-les'cent (-les'ent), a. Slightly alkaline. — al'ka- les'cence (-ens), al'ka-les'cen-cy (-en-si), n. al'ka-li (al'kd-K; -IT), n.; pi. -lies or -lis (-ITz; -ITz). [Deriv. of Ar. al-qal\ ashes of saltwort.] 1. Soda ash. 2. Chem. Any of various substances, as soda, potash, and ammonia, esp. soda, characterized by their peculiar taste, their action on test papers (red litmus, e. g., being changed to blue), and their forming salts with acids. The stronger alkalies are caustic, as caustic potash and caustic soda, of which the solutions are called lye. In a wider sense alkali includes lime, magnesia, sodium carbonate, etc. 3. Soluble mineral matter, other than common salt, contained in soils or natural waters. Western U. S. al-kal'ic (al-kal'ik) , a. 1. Alkaline. Rare. 2. Petrog. Con- taining potash and soda. alkali flat. A sterile plain of alkali soil at the bottom of an undrained basin ; a playa. al'ka-li-fy (al'kd-li-fl), v. t. & %.; -eied (-fid); -ey'ing. \_alkali + -/y.] To alkalize. alkali metal. Chem. Any metal of the alkali group: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium. Their hydroxides are alkalies. al'ka-lim/e-try (-llm'e-tn), n. Chem. Art or process of ascertaining the strength or amount of alkalies. al'ka-line (-lln ; -lin), a. Of, pert, to, or having the proper- ties of, an alkali or alkalies. — al'ka-lin'i-ty (-lin'i-tT),n. alkaline earths, Chem., the oxides of barium, calcium, and strontium (the alkaline earth metals). Some include also magnesium oxide. alkali soil. Any one of various soils found in arid and semiarid regions, containing an unusual amount of soluble mineral salts, chiefly soda with less potash, and, usually, a little lime and magnesia, which effloresce in a white powder or crust during dry weather. Black alkali con- sists mostly of sodium carbonate ; white alkali, charac- terized by the presence of sodium sulphate, is less inju- rious to vegetation. al'ka-lize (-ITz), v. t. ; -lized (-ITzd) ; -liz'ing (-liz'ing). To render alkaline. — al / ka-li-za , tion(-lT-za'shun ; -lT-za'-), n. al'ka-loid (al'kd-loid), n. Chem. An organic substance, esp. one occurring naturally in plants or animals, having alkaline, or basic, properties. Specif., a vegetable base, as disting. from leucomaine and ptomaine. — al'ka-loid, al'ka-loi'dal (-loi'ddl), a. al'ka-net (al'kd-net), n. [Dim. of Sp. alcana, in which al is the Ar. article. See henna.] 1. a A European plant (Alkanna tinctoria) of the borage family, or its root. b Bugloss. c The American puccoon. 2. Anchusin. al'ke-ken'gi (al'ke-kenfji), n. A solanaceous herb (Phy- salis alkekengi), or its fruit, which is a well-flavored berry, loosely inclosed in a leafy calyx ; strawberry tomato. Al'ko-ran'. Var. of Alcoran. all (61), a. [AS. eal, pi. ealle.'] 1. The whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, quality, or degree of; the whole, collectively or distributively ; any whatever; every. 2. Only ; alone ; nothing but ; as, it was all profit and no loss. — adv. Wholly ; entirely ; quite ; very. — n. The whole ; totality ; hence, everything or every person. all but, almost ; nearly. — all in all, every thing ; also B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. >= equals. M ALLA BREVE (adverbially), wholly; altogether. — all in the wind, a Naut. With the head to the wind and all the sails flapping or shivering, b In a flurry ; confused and uncertain as to what to do. — all the same, nevertheless. — at all, in any way or respect ; in the least degree or to the least extent ; under any circumstances ; — used, chiefly in neg- ative or interrogative sentences, for emphasis. U al'la bre've (ai'la bra'va). [It., according to the breve.'] Music. In quick. 7J7 common time ; — indicated in the time signature byXJZ. Al'lah (al'd ; Ar. al-la'), n. [Ar., fr. al the + ilah God.] The Supreme Being ; — used by Arabs and Mohammedans. Al'lan-a-Dale' (al'dn-d-dal'), n. In English ballads, a youth who (aided by Robin Hood) breaks up the wedding of his sweetheart to an old knight, and marries her himself. al'lan-to'ic (-to'ik), a. Pertaining to, or contained in, the allantois; characterized by an allantois. al-lan'toid (a-lan'toid) la. [Gr. iWavroeidris sau- aTlan-toi'dal (al'an-toi'dal) / sage-shaped ; dXXas sausage + el8os form.] 1. Sausage-shaped. 2. Anat. Of or pertaining to the allantois. al-lan'to-is (a-lan'to-Ts), n. A fetal membrane in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In most mammals it forms the most important part of the umbilical cord and, with the chorin, forms the placenta. — al-lan'toid (-toid), a. al-lay' (a-la/), v. t. [AS. alecgan; a- + lecgan to lay.] 1. To make quiet ; put at rest ; pacify ; appease ; quell ; calm, as a tumult. 2. To alleviate ; abate ; mitigate, as pain. — Syn. See alleviate. — v. i. To diminish in strength ; abate. 06s. or R. — al-lay'er, n. al'le-cret (al'e-kret), n. [Frorn_OF.] A kind of corselet used in the 16th century. al'le-ga'tion (al'e-ga'sh im), n. [L. alle- gatio, fr. allegare, -gatum, to send a message, cite ; ad + legare to send.] Act of alleging ; that which is alleged ; pos- itive assertion ; formal averment. al-lege' (d-lej') ( v. L; -leged' (-lejd'); -leg'ing (-lej'ing). [OF. esligier to buy, prop., to free from legal difficulties; L. ex + litigare to quarrel, sue.] 1. To bring forward with positiveness ; declare ; affirm ; assert. 2. To cite or quote. Archaic. 3. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, .„ or ^excuse. — al-lege'a-ble, a. — al-leg'er A \\ ^ re ^^ °£ Syn. Allege, adduce, advance. To allege is to assert without proof, but with implication of readiness or ability to prove. To adduce is to bring forward as evidence for what has been alleged. To advance is to put forward or propose for acceptance'; as, theories advanced by Newton. Al'le-ghe'ny (al'e-ga'nl), a. Also Al'le-gha'ny. Of or pertaining to the Allegheny Mountains, or their region. al-le'giance (a-le'jans), n. [ME. alegeaunce; a- + OF. lige, liege, liege.] 1. The relation of a feudal vassal to his superior, or liege lord ; duty of fidelity to one's king, government, or sovereign state. 2. Devotion or loyalty where obedience or service and respect are due. — Syn. See loyalty. al-le'giant (d-le'jant; -ji-dnt), a. Loyal. alle-gor'ic (al'e-gor'ik) la. Belonging to, or consist- aTle-gor'i-cal (-gor'i-kdl) J ing of, allegory; figurative. — al'le-gor'i-cal-ly, adv.— aHe-gor'i-cal-ness, n. al'le-go-rist (al'e-go-nst), n. A writer of allegory. al'le-go-rize (-rlz), v.t.; -rized (-rlzd) ; -riz'ing (-rizTng). 1. To form or turn into allegory. 2. To treat or under- stand as allegorical. — al'le-gor'i-za'tion (-gorT-za'- shun), n. al'le-go-ry (-g5-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [From L., fr. Gr. &WriyopLa description of one thing under the image of another.] 1. Representation by a figurative story of something metaphorically suggested, but not expressly stated. An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. "Pilgrim's Progress" is a celebrated example of the allegory. 2. An instance of such representation ; hence, an emblem. P aFle-gret'to (al'la-gret'to), a. & s adv. [It] Music. Quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. — n. A movement in this time. B al-13'gro (al-la'gro), a. & adv. [It., merry, gay.] Music. Brisk ; lively ; briskly. — n. An allegro piece or move- ment. al-le'lo-morph (a-le'16-morf), n. [Gr. &Wr]\coy of one another + -morph.~\ Biol. One of the pure unit charac- ters commonly existing singly or in pairs in the germ cells of Mendelian hybrids, and exhibited among the organisms themselves. See Mendel's law. — mor'phic (-mor'fTk), a. aTIe-lu'ia Ual'e-loo'yd), n. & interj. [L. alleluia, fr. al'le-lu'iah / Gr., fr. Heb. hallelu-\jah.~\ = hallelujah. H aFle-mande' (a'l'-maNd'; aTe-mand'), n. [F., fr. alle- mand German.] 1. Music, a Any of several lively German dances, b A dance movement in moderate two- fold time. 2. A certain figure in dancing. 28 ALLOMORPH al-le'vi-ate (2-le'vi-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. alleviatus,p.p.oialleviare; ad +levis light.] To lighten or lessen (physical or mental troubles) ; mitigate; — opposed to aggravate. — al-le'vi-a'tor (-a'ter), n. Syn. Diminish, moderate, relieve, abate, soften, soothe, pacify, quiet, compose, mitigate, assuage, allay. — Alle- viate, mitigate, assuage, allay express relief from some painful state. To alleviate is to lighten, or render more tolerable ; mitigate, to soften or make milder ; as- suage, to quiet or render less violent ; allay, to abate or bring down from tumult or disturbance. al-le'vi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of alleviating ; also, that which alleviates. al-le'vi-a-tive (d-le'vl-d-tiv), a. Tending to alleviate; palliative. — n. That which alleviates. al'ley (al'I), n. ; pi. -leys (-lz-). [Contr. of alabaster, of which it was orig. made.] A choice taw, or marble. al'ley, n. [From OF., fr. OF. aler to go.] 1. A narrow passage; esp.: a A walk or passage in a garden or park, bordered by trees or bushes, b A narrow way in a city. 2. A place for playing at bowls, skittles, or the like. al'ley-way (-wa 7 ), n. An alley. All Fools' Day. The first day of April, a day on which sportive tricks are practiced. all fours. 1. All four legs of a quadruped ; or the two legs and two arms of a person ; — formerly all four. 2. Card Playing. = sevex-up. to be, go, or run, on all fours, fig., to be on the same footing; to correspond (with) exactly. all hail. All health ; — a phrase of salutation. All'hal'low-mas, n. The feast of All Saints; Hallowmas. AlThal'lOWS (ol'hal'oz), AlFhal'low (-0), n. All Saints' Day, or November 1st. — AlThal'low-tide' (-tld'), n. all'heal' (-heF), n. a The valerian, b The self-heal. alli-a'ceous (aTi-a'shus), a. Belonging to the genus (Allium) containing the garlic, onions, leeks, etc. ; having the smell or taste of garlic or onions. al-li'ance (d-ll'ans), n. [OF. aliance. See ally.] 1. State of being allied; act of allying or uniting; union of interests, esp. between families by marriage, or states, esp. independent ones, by treaty. 2. Union by relationship in qualities ; affinity ; as, the alliance between religion and morals. 3. A person or persons allied. — Syn. Combi- nation, association, compact, covenant, fusion, league, coalition, confederacy, confederation, federation. al-lied'(a-lld'), p. p. & p. a. from ally, v. aili-ga'tion (al'i-ga'shim), n. [L. alligatio.2 Arith. An old rule of proportion used in the solution of problems concerning different ingredients. The rule is named from the method of connecting the terms by ligature-like signs. al'll-ga'tor (al'i-ga'ter), n. [Sp. el lagarto the lizard (el lagarto de Indias the cayman or American crocodile), fr. L. lacertus lizard.] Any of several crocodilians (genus Al- ligator and allied genera) in which the snout is shorter and broader than in the crocodiles, and the teeth of the lower jaw shut into pits instead of into marginal notches. They are mainly American. alligator pear. The avocado. al-lit'jer-ate (a-lit'er-at), v.i. & t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing (-atTng). To make, constitute, or arrange in, alliteration. al-lit'er-a'tion (a-lit'er-a'shun), n. [LL. alliteratio. See AD- ; letter.] 1. Repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words succeeding each other immedi- ately, or at short intervals; as in: ".FTy o'er waste /ens and windy /ields." 2. Specif. : Recurrence of the same con- sonant sound, or of vowel sounds, initially in accented sylla- bles of verse ; as in "In a somer seson when soft was the sonne." al-lit'er-a-tive ( d-lit'er-a-tiv ), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, alliteration ; as, alliterative poetry. — al-lit'er-a-tive-ly, adv. — al-lit'er-a-tive-ness, n. al'li-um (aVi-um), n. [L. alium or allium garlic] Bot. A plant, bulb, or flower of a very large genus (Allium) of liliaceous plants including the onion, garlic, leek, etc. alio- (al'6-). A combining form from Greek &X\os other; as in a^opathic, aZZotropic. al'lo-cate (al'6-kat), v. t; -cat'ed (-kat'ed); -cat'ing. [LL. allocatus, p. p. of allocare; L. ad + locare to place.] To distribute ; assign; allot. — allo-ca'tion (-ka'skun), n. aFlO-CU'tion (alo-ku'shftn), n. [L. allocutio, fr. alloqui to speak to; ad -\-loqui to speak.] An address; a horta- tory or authoritative address. al'lod, al-lo'di-al, al-lo'di-um, etc. Vars. of alod, etc. al-lom'er-ism (d-lom'er-iz'm), n. [alio- + Gr. ukpot part.] Chem. & Min. Variability in chemical constitu- tion without variation in crystalline form. er-OUS (-us), a. al'lo-morph (al'6-morf), n. [alio- -{- -morph.'] Min. a Any of two or more distinct crystalline forms of the same substance, or the substance having such forms ; as, carbonate of lime occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite. b A variety of pseudomorph which has under- gone partial or complete change or substitution of material ; ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ALLOMORPHIC 29 ALMANDINE thus Hmonite is frequently an allomorph after pyrite. — allo-mor'phic (-m6r'flk), o. mor'phism (-fiz'm), n. al'lo-path' (al'o-path'), al-lop'a-thist (d-lop'd-thlst), n. One who practices allopathy. allo-path'ic (al'6-path'Ik), a. Pertaining to allopathy. — al/lo-path'i-caHy, adv. al-lop.'a-thy (d-lop'd-thT), n. System of medical practice combating disease by remedies producing effects different from those of the disease treated. al'lo-phane (al'6-fan), n. [Gr. &\\oris appearing other- wise; &XXos other + alvea9at to appear ; — so called be- cause its appearance changes before the blowpipe.] Min. A native hydrous silicate of aluminium. It is usually amor- phous, and translucent, and is of any of various colors. al-lot'(d-lot'), v. t.; -lot'ted; -lot'ting. [OF. aloter ; a (L. ad) + lot lot.] 1. To distribute by lot. 2. To distrib- ute in portions; assign or set apart as a share, lot, or part. Syn. Allot, apportion, assign, appoint imply appro- priation to a special purpose. To allot is to set apart a specific portion or share for a' particular person or end, without implied reference to any other ; as, within the 1 allotted time. Apportion implies other similarly allotted shares ; as, he apportioned his time among his several duties. Assign and (more definitely) appoint imply an authoritative designation or determination of persons or parts ; as, to assign the parts in a play ; to appoint a time for the rehearsal. al-lot'ment (5-lot'ment), n. Act of allotting or that which is allotted ; apportionment. al'lo-trope (al'6-trop), n. Chem. An allotropic form. al'lo-trop'ic (trop'Tk) \ a. Of, pertaining to, or exhibit- aHo-trop'i-cal (-i-kal) J ing, allotropism. cal-ly, adv. al-lot'ro-pism (a-lot'ro-piz'm) In. [ Gr. &\\orpoirla va- al-lot'ro-py (51-ot'ro-pY) J riety ; AXXos other + rpdiros direction.] Chem. Capability of existing in two or more conditions distinguished by differences in proper- ties, as in the case of carbon, which occurs in the forms of the diamond, black lead, lampblack, charcoal, etc. alPo'ver (ol'o'ver), n. Embroidered or lace material in which the design or pattern extends over the entire surface. al-low' (d-lou'), v. t. [OF. alouer, aloer, to place, use, assign, fr. LL. allocare ; confused with OF. aloer to approve, fr. L. allaudare to extol.] 1. To approve of ; sanction. 2. To invest; intrust. 06s. 3. To grant, give, admit, accord, afford, or yield ; to let one have ; as, to allow money for expenses. 4. To own or acknowledge, as a claim ; accept as true ; concede. 5. To grant as a deduction or an addition ; esp., to abate or deduct ; as, to allow a gallon for leakage. 6. To grant license to ; permit; as, to allow a pupil to be absent.— v. i. To approve, admit, or concede ; make allowance or abate- ment ; — often used with of or for. Syn. Allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. Allow and permit are often used as convertible. But allow is less formal than permit, and may imply little more than forbearance of prohibition. To consent (to) is to acquiesce in what is desired or proposed by another. To suffer (now somewhat bookish in this sense) is often a mere synonym for allow; as, "Suffer little children to come unto me". Tolerate implies endurance of what is contrary to one's will or desire ; as, barely to tolerate his presence. al-low'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Permissible. — al-low'a-bly, adv. al-low'ance (-dns), n. 1. Act of allowing ; that which is allowed ; authorization ; sanction. 2. Specif. : a Com. A customary deduction from the gross weight of goods, as tare and tret, b Coinage. = tolerance. — Syn. Acknowledgment ; share, portion ; abatement, deduction. — v. t. ; -anced (-dnst) ; -anc-ing (-an-sing). To put on a fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and drink). al-low'ed-ly (-ed-li), adv. By allowance ; admittedly. al-loy' (d-loi'), v. t. [F. aloyer, OF. aloier, alter, to com- bine, fr. L. alligare. See ally, v. t.~\ 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable metal ; as, to alloy gold with copper. 2. To mix so as to form an alloy. 3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture ; as, pleasure alloyed with pain. — n. 1. Quality in reference to being mixed with base metals ; comparative purity ; fineness. 2. A substance composed of two or more metals, or, by extension, of a metal and a nonmetal, intimately united, usually by fusing ; also, the state of union of the components. 3. A baser metal which is mixed with a finer one, esp. with a precious metal. 4. A mixture of a baser metal with a finer one. 5. Admixture of anything that debases ; an alien or impairing element or part. all'-pos-sessed', a. Controlled by an evil spirit or by evil passions ; wild. Colloq. all'-round' (109), a. Extending all round ; hence, having general capability or excellence. Colloq. All Saints, or All Saints' Day. November 1st ; a feast day in honor of all saints ; also, the season of this festival. aU / seed / (61'sed'), n. Any of several many-seeded plants, as knotweed, a certain goosefoot (Chenopodium poly- spermum), etc. All Souls' Day. R. C. Ch. November 2d ; a day of solemn supplication for all the souls in purgatory. all'spice 7 (61'spls'), n. The berry of the pimento, a tree of the West Indies of the myrtle family ; also, the mildly pungent and aromatic spice prepared from it. al-lude' (d-lud'). v. i. ; -lud'ed (-lud'Sd) ; -lud'ing. [L. al- ludere to play with ; ad + ludere to play.] To refer indi- rectly or by suggestion; — followed by to; as, the story alludes to a recent transaction. Syn. Hint, point, relate, refer. — Allude, refer. To allude to a thing is to touch it indirectly or by suggestion, without distinct mention or specification ; to refer to a thing is specifically and distinctly to introduce or mention it. al-lure' (d-lur') ( v. t. ; -lured' (-lurd') ; -lur'inc. [OF. aleurrer, alurer ; a (L ad) + leurre lure.] To tempt or draw by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some good, real or apparent ; entice ; attract. — al-lur'er (-lur'er), n. Syn. Attract, tempt, prevail on, insnare, entrap ; lure, entice, inveigle, decoy, seduce. — Allure, lure, entice, inveigle, decoy, seduce agree in the suggestion of an attracting influence, usually evil or deceptive. To allure is to draw by the prospect or offer (not necessarily decep- tive) of some future good ; as, he allured, rather than forced, his pupils to learning. Lure implies a stronger, usually a baleful, attraction ; as, lured to his ruin. To entice is to allure artfully and adroitly ; to inveigle is to entice by beguiling and cajoling ; as, he was enticed into speculation by a plausible swindler ; inveigled by false promises. To decoy is to lead into danger by artifice, esp. by false appearances. To seduce is to lead astray, usually by overcoming scruples, from rectitude, propriety, or duty. al-lure'ment (d-lur'ment), n. Act of alluring ; that which allures ; temptation ; enticement ; attraction ; bait. al-lur'ing, p. a. That allures ; attracting ; charming ; tempting. — al-lur'ing-ly, adv. — al-lur'ing-ness, n. al-lu'sion (a-lu'zhun), n. [L. allusio, fr. alludere to allude.] Act of alluding ; indirect reference ; hint. al-lu'sive (-siv), a. Making allusion ; containing an allu- sion. — al-lu'sive-ly, adv. — al-lu'sive-ness, n. al-lu/vi-al (-vi-fil), a. Of, pert, to, or contained in, allu- vium.— n. Alluvium ; in Australia, gold-bearing alluvium. alluvial cone or fan, Phys. Geog., the deltalike alluvial deposit formed by a stream where it issues from a gorge ' upon an open plain. al-lu'vi-on (-on), n. [F., fr. L. alluvio, fr. alluere to wash against ; ad + luere to wash.] 1. An overflowing ; inunda- tion ; flood. 2. = alluvium. 3. Accession to land by gradual increase, as by deposit of alluvium. It belongs to the owner of the land to which it is added. Cf . avulsion. al-lu'vi-um {-urn), n.; pi. E. -viums (-umz), L. -via (-d). [L., neut. of alluvius alluvial.] A deposit of earth, sand, or other material, made by the ordinary mechanical action of running water ; soil or land so formed. all'work' (61'wurk'), n. Work of all kinds. al-ly' (d-11'), v. t. & i. ; -lied' (-lid') ; -ly'ing. Generally used passively or reflexively. [OF. alier, fr. L. alligare to bind to ; ad -f- ligare to bind.] 1. To unite, or form a connection between, as families by marriage or states by treaty; to join by an alliance; — often used with to or with. 2. To connect, or form a relation between, by similitude, resemblance, friendship, or love. — n.; pi. allies (a-llz'). 1. One united to another by treaty or league ; usually, a sovereign or state so united ; a confederate. 2. A person or thing related to another by any tie, as by love or interest. 3. An associate ; a helper. 4. Anything akin to another by similarity of structure, etc. al'lyl (al'il), n. [L. allium garlic + -yZ.] Chem. An un- saturated univalent radical, C3H5, two of whose com- pounds are the oils of garlic and mustard. — al-lyl'ic (a-lll'ik), a. allyl alcohol. Chem. A colorless pungent liquid, C 3 H 6 OH, variously obtained, as by heating glycerin with oxalic acid. allyl sulphide. Chem. A colorless oil, (C 3 H6) 2 S, the chief constituent of oil of garlic. al'ma-gest (al'md-jest), n. Also Al'ma-gest. [From F., fr. LL., fr. Ar. al-majisti, fr. Gr. yn^larq (sc. avvra^s), the greatest composition.] A famous astronomical work, of the 2d century a. d., by Claudius Ptolemy; hence, any of various medieval works, as on astrology or alchemy. HAl'ma Ma'ter (al'md ma'ter). [L.] Lit., fostering mother. Hence, a university, college, or school where a person has been educated. al'ma-nac (ol'md-nak), ra. [LL.] A book or table con- taining a calendar of days, weeks, and months, to which astronomical data and various statistics are often added. al'man-dine (al'man-dln), n. [For alabandine, fr. L. alabandina a precious stone, fr. Alabanda, a town in Caria.] A variety of garnet, esp. the deep red gem. B H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary, fl Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ALME 30 ALTAIR al'meh, al'mo (al'me), n. ; Ar. pi. awalim (d-wa'iim). [Ar. 'almah learned.] An Egyptian female musical entertainer who sings and improvises verse. al-me'mar (al-me'mar), n. [Ar. al the + minbar pulpit.] A platform in a Jewish synagogue, bearing the reading desk from which are read the Pentateuch and the Prophets. al-might'y (61-mlt'i), a. [AS. ealmihtig, selmihtig ; eal all + mi htig mighty.] Omnipotent; all-powerful. — al- might'i-ly, adv. — al-might'i-ness, n. The Almighty, the omnipotent God. Rev. i. 8. Al'mo-hades (al'mo-hadz ; -hadz), n. pi. [Ar. al the + muwahhid, prop., professing the unity of God.] Members of the Islamitic sect founded by Mohammed ibn Abdallah, maintaining the unity of God ; also, caliphs of the dynasty which this sect established in Africa and Spain in the 12th and 13th centuries. — Al'mo-hade (-had; -had), n. & a. al'mond (a'mund ; al'mund), n. [F., amandc, fr. OF., fr. L. amygdala, fr. Gr. d/xuTSdXi;.] A small tree (Amyg- dalus communis) of the same genus as the peach ; also, its fruit, esp. its nutlike kernel. See fruit, Illust. al'mon-er (al'mun-er), n. [OF. almosnier, aumosnier, it. almosne alms, L. eleemosyna. See alms.] One who gives or dispenses alms for another. al'mon-ry (-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz)._ The place where an almoner resides, or where alms are distributed. Al-mo'ra-vides (al-mo'rd-vldz), n. pi. [Ar. al-murabitun, fr. rabita the cell of a devotee.] The members of an African tribe formed into a sect by the Mohammedan mission- ary Abdallah ibn Yasim. Also, the non-Arab caliphs of his dynasty. They overthrew the Ommiads in northwestern Africa and Spa in in the 11th century, ruling till about 1150. — Al-mo'ra-vide (-vld), n. & a. al'most (61'most ; emphatic oi'most'), adv. [AS. eal- msest, sdmxst, quite the most, almost all.] Nearly ; well-nigh ; all but ; for the greatest part. alms (amz), n. sing. & pi. [AS. selmysse, fr. L. eleemo- syna, Gr. k\er)ixoobvr) mercy, charity, alms, fr. I\ee2v to pity.] 1. Charity ; work of mercy. Obs. 2. Anything given gratuitously to relieve the poor ; a gift of charity. alms'giv'ing (-giv'ing), n. The giving of alms. — Syn. I See PHILANTHROPY. almshouse' (-hous'), n. A house for the use of paupers. alms'man (-man), n.; fem. alms'wom'an (-woom'dn). 1. A recipient of alms. 2. A giver of alms. Rare. al-mud' (al-mdod'), al-mude' (-mud'), n. [From Ar. al- mudd a dry measure.] A measure of capacity in Turkey, Spain, Mexico, etc., varying as a dry measure from 2 to 21 quarts, as a liquid measure from about 5 to 32 quarts. al'mug (al'mug), al'gum (al'gum), n. [Heb. almug, algum.] Bib. A tree which yields a valuable wood, mentioned in 1 Kings x. 11, 12; 2 Chron. ii. 8; ix. 10, 11. This tree is usually regarded as the sandalwood. al'od (al'od), n. Alodial land or estate; alodium. a-lo'di-um, al-lo'di-um (o-15'dl-um), n. [LL., of G. origin.] Law. Land held in absolute independence, not subject to any superior; — opposed to feud. — a-lo'di-al, or al-lo'di-al (a-lo'di-al), a. al'oe (al'o), n. ; pi. -oes (-oz). [L. aloe, Gr. dX67j, aloe.] 1. [In form aloes construed as sing."] The fragrant resin or wood of the agalloch. 2. Any of a large genus (Aloe) of succulent liliaceous plants, chiefly South African. Several yield a medicinal juice. 3. [Us- ually in form aloes, construed as sing.'] The inspissated juice of the aloe. — al'O- et'ic (-6-et'ik), a. a-loft (d-loft' ; 62), adv. [a- on -f- loft, which properly meant air.] 1. On hi high above the ground or the earth Naut. In the top ; overhead. al'O-in (al'5-in), n. Chem. A bit- ter, crystalline, purgative sub- stance occurring in the aloe or its juice. a-lone' (d-lon'), a. I all -f- one.] Quite by one's self or itself; specif. : a Solitary; as, to be alone, b Being, considered, or taken, with- out anything more or any one else; only ; as, to live by bread alone, c Sole ; exclusive. Rare, d Unique ; rare ; matchless. — Syn. See solitary. JSPThe adj. alone commonly follows its noun. — adv. Solely; simply; exclusively. a-long' (d-long'; 62), adv. [AS. andlang.] 1. Length- wise ; — now usually used with by ; as, it lies along by the wall. 2. In a line, or progressively ; onward ; as, the boat goes along smoothly ; come along. 3. In company ; to- gether ; — used with with ; as, he protested along with the rest ; go along with me. 4. At length ; as, to be laid all along. Obs. — prep. By the length of ; lengthwise of. ; pi (much reduced); b Sin- gle flower (£). a-long', adv. [AS. gelang owing to.] Now used only in : along of, along on (often shortened to long of) , owing to ; on account of. Obs. or Dial. Eng. a-long'shore' (-shor'; 57), adv. Along the shore or coast. a-long'side 7 (-sld'), adv. & prep. Along or by the side; side by sidejwith ; — often used with of. a-loof (d-looP), adv. At or from a distance; apart; away; — commonly, in a figurative sense, in: to stand, keep, or hold, aloof (from), to take no part (in) or show no sympathy (with). — a-loof'ness, n. aFo-pe'ci-a (al'6-pe'shi-d ; -si-d),n. [L.,fr. Gr. d\wir«fa, fr. dXw7r?7£ fox, because loss of the hair is common among foxes.] Med. Loss of the hair ; baldness. a-loud' (d-loud'), adv. Loudly; audibly. a-low' (d-lo'), adv. Below. Chiefly Naut. alp (alp), n. _ [L. Alpes the Alps.] A lofty mountain. Spe- cif, leap.'] , in pi., the highest chain of mountains in Europe. al-pac'a (al-pak'd), n. [Sp., fr. Peruvian.] A kind cf domesticated llama with fine long woolly hair; also, its hair or a thin kind of cloth made wholly or chiefly of it. al'pen-glow' (aPpen-glo'), n. A reddish glow seen necr sunset or sunrise on the summits of mountains. al'pen-horn' (-horn'), alp'horn' (alp'horn'), n. [G. Alpenhorn.] A wooden horn about three feet long, curv- ing upward and flaring toward the front, used among the Swiss, now chiefly by cowherds. al'pen-stock' (al'pen-stok'), n. [G.; Alp+stock stick.] An iron-pointed staff used in mountain climbing. al-pes'trine (al-pes'tnn), a. [LL. alpestris.] 1. Pert, to the Alps, or high mountains. 2. Dot. Subalpine. aPpha (al'fd), n. [L., fr. Gr. &\a, of Semitic origin.] 1. The first letter [A, a] of the Greek alphabet, corres- ponding to English A, a. 2. Hence, the first or begin- ning; formerly, also, the chief. alpha and omega, the beginning and the end ; hence : the chief ; the whole. Rev. i. 8 ; xxii. 13. aPpha-bet (-bet), n. [L. alphabetum, fr. Gr. &.\$a and Pfjra, the first two Greek letters.] 1. The letters of a language in their customary order; a series or set of letters or signs which form the elements of a written language. 2. The rudiments; elements; A B C.— v. t. To alphabetize. aPpha-bet'ic (-bet'ik) 1 a. Of, pertaining to, or in the aPpha-bet'i-cal (-i-kal) / order of, the letters of the alphabet. — aFpha-bet'i-cal-ly, adv. aPpha-bet-ize (aPfd-bet-Tz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'ing). To arrange alphabetically. alpha rays. Physics cfe Chem. Rays of low penetrating power emitted by radioactive substances, and capable cf slight deflection by a strong magnetic or electric field. Al-phe'us (al-fe'iis), n. [Gr. 'AX<£ei6s.] See Arethusa. alp'horn/. = alpenhorn. al-pho'sis (al-fo'sis) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. dX^os leprosy.] Med. Absence of pigment in the skin, either congenital, as in albinism, or produced by disease, as in forms of leu- coderma. APpine (al'pin; -pin), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or like, the Abs or [I. c.J any lofty mountain. 2. Pert, to, or growing in, a mountain zone so lofty as to have an arctic climate. al'pin-ist, n. A climber of the Alps or lofty mountains. al-read'y (ol-red'i), adv. [all + ready.] Prior to some specified time ; previously. Al-sa'tian (al-sa'shan), a. Pertaining to Alsatia, or Alsace, in Germany, or to Alsatia, the precinct of Whitefriars in London, where formerly a Carmelite monastery stood, and whither lawbreakers formerly resorted for sanctuary. — n. An inhabitant of either of these places. aPsike (aPsik), n. [From Alsihe, in Sweden.] A Euro- pean clover (Tri folium hybridum) with pinkish or white flowers ; Swedish clover. Al Si-rat' (as se-rat'). [Ar. al-sirat the road.] a In the Koran, generally, the "right way" of religion, b In Moslem tradition, the bridge to paradise over the infernal fire. It is narrower than a spider's web, and from it the wicked soon fall into hell. al'so (ol'so; 51'so), adv. (-naVed) ; -naming. To perform by turns, or in succession ; interchange reg- ularly ; cause to alternate. — v. i. 1. To Alternate happen, succeed, act, or the like, by Leaves, turns, or in alternation ; follow reciprocally ; — often used with with. 2. Elec. Of a current, to reverse periodically and rapidly in direction of flow. Also, to produce, or be operated by, a current that alternates. al'ter-na'tion (-nai'shun), n. Act of alternating; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence. al-ter'na-tive (al-tur'nd-tiv ; 61-), a. 1. Offering a choice (strictly a necessary one) of two (or, loosely, several) things ; offering for choice a second thing or proposition. 2. Disjunctive ; as, an alternative conjunction, — n. 1. An offer or statement of two things, one of which may, or strictly must, be chosen, but not both; also, either of the things offered. 2. A choice or offer of choice between more than two things or courses ; hence, any of the things so offered. — al-ter'na-tive-ly, adv. Syn. Alternative, choice, option, election, prefer- ence imply opportunity to choose. An alternative, as strictly used, offers two things, of which one must be chosen. A choice offers the opportunity, without com- pulsion, of choosing between two or more things. Option ] stresses still further the liberty of choice. Election emphasizes the selective element in making a choice ; preference, the desire or predilection that accompanies the act of choosing. al'ter-na'tor (al'ter-na'ter ; 61'-), n. Elec. An electric generator or dynamo for producing alternating currents. al-thse'a, (al-the'd), n. 1. Any malvaceous plant of the genus (Althaea) including the marshmallow and hollyhock. 2. Also al-tiie'a. A malvaceous shrub (Hibiscus syria- cus) with showy flowers. alt'horn' (alt'hornO, n. [alt + horn. ] Music. An instru- ment of the saxhorn family, used in military music. although', al-tho' (61-tho'), con/, [all f though.] Grant all this ; supposing that ; notwithstanding ; though. Syn. Although, though. Although, originally more emphatic than though, is now interchangeable with it. al-tim'e-ter (al-tYm'e-ter), n. [LL. ; alius high -f metrum, Gr. ukroov measure.] An instrument for taking altitudes, as a quadrant, sextant, etc. — al-tim'e-try (-tn), n. al'ti-SCOpe (al'ti-skop), n. [L. altus high -f- -scope.] An extensible telescopic tube with elbows having reflectors ?.o arranged that the observer can by its use see over or around obstacles. al-tis'o-nant (al-tTs'6-ndnt), a. [L. altus high -f- sonant.'] High-sounding; lofty or pompous. al'ti-tude (-tud), n. [L. altitudo, fr. altus high.] 1. Ex- tent upward ; vertical, or perpendicular, elevation above a given level, esp. above sea level. Also, elevation in de- gree, rank, etc. 2. Astron. Elevation above the horizon. — Syn. See height. — aPti-tu'di-nal (-tu'dT-ndl), a. al'to (al'to), n.; pi. -tos (-toz). [It., high.] Music, a The part sung by the highest male or lowest female, or contralto, voice, between tenor and soprano, b An alto voice or singer. al'to-cu'mu-lus (aFto-kii'mu-rus), n. [L. altus high + L. & E. cumulus.] Meteor. A fleecy cloud formation consisting of large whitish or grayish globular cloudlets with shaded portions, often grouped in flocks or rows. al/tO-geth'er (oFtoo-getk'tr), adv. Without exception ; wholly ; completely. — n. A whole ; tout ensemble. al'to-re-lie'vo (al'to-re-le'vo) ; pi. -vos (-voz)ln. [It. alto- || al'to-ri-lie'vo (al'to-re-lya'vo) ; pi. -vi (-ve) / rilievo.] Sculp. High relief ; sculpture in high relief. aFto-Stra'tUS (al'to-stra'tus), n. [L. altus high -f-L. & E. stratus.] Meteor. A cloud formation similar to cirro- stratus, but heavier and at a lower level. al'lru-ism (al'troo-iz'm), n. [From F., fr. It. altrui of or to others, L. alter another.] Regard for, and devotion to, the interests of others ; — opposed to egoism or selfishness. al'tru-ist, n. One who believes in or practices altruism. aFtru-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. Of or pertaining to altruism; actuated by a regard for the welfare of others ; — opposed to egoistic or selfish. — aFtru-is'ti-cal-ly, adv. al'u-d3l (aPu-del), n. [F., fr. Ar. al-uthal.] Chem. One of the series of pear-shaped or bottle-shaped pots, open at both ends, used to form a condenser in sublimation. al'u-la (-Id), n.; L. pi. -j,m (-le). [NL., dim. of L. ala a wing.] Zo'ol. The bastard wing of birds. al'um (al'-iim), n. [OF., fr. L. alumen alum.] The sulphate of potassium and aluminium, KA1(S04)2-12H20, used in medicine as a styptic and astringent. Also, any of a series of double sulphates isomorphic with this alum. a-lu'mi-na (d-lii'mT-nd), n. [L. alumen, aluminis, alum.] The oxide of aluminium. Alumina is the most widely distributed earth, and is the chief constituent of all clays. a-lu'mi-nate (-nat), n. Chem. A salt of aluminium hydroxide, formed when the latter acts as a weak acid. a-lu'mi-nif'er-ous (d-lu'mT-mf 'ex-its), a. [L. alumen alum + -ferous.] Containing alum or aluminium. al'u-min'i-um. (al'u-min'T-ftm), or a-lu'mi-num (d-lu'mi- num),n. [NL.See alumina.] A bluish silver-white malleable metal, notable for its lightness (sp. gr., about 2.6) and its resistance to oxidation. It is the most abundant metallic element, but always occurs in combination. Symbol, Al; at. wt., 27.1. %W Aluminum is the common form in commerce in the United States ; aluminium is generally used in Great Britain and by chemists in the United States. a-lu/mi-nog'ra-phy (d-lii'mi-nog'rd-fi), n. [aluminium + -graphy.] _ Art or process of producing, and printing from, aluminium plates, as in lithography. a-lu'mi-no-ther'my (d-lu'mT-no-thuVmT),?!/ [aluminium + Gr. Bkpur) heat.] The production of heat by the chemical combination of aluminium. See thermite. a-lu'mi-n0US (-nus), a. [L. aluminosus, fr. alumen alum.] Pert, to or containing alum or aluminium. a-lu'mi-num (-num), n.=ALUMiNiuM. a-lum'nus (-lQm'nus), n. masc. ; pi. -ni (-nT). [L., fr. alere to nourish.] A graduate of a college or other institution of learning. — a-lum'na (-nd), n. fern.; pi. -nle (-ne). al'um-root' (al'um-root'), n. _ Bot. a Any of several herbs (genus Heuchera), of the saxifrage family, with astringent roots. b The crane's-bill (Geranium maculatum), somewhat resembling the preceding in foliage. al'u-nite (al'u-mt), n. _[F.] Min. A hydrous sulphate of potassium and aluminium, K(A10)3(S04)2-3H20, occur- ring in crystals or massive. al-ve'o-Iar (al-ve'6-ldr ; al've-6-ldr), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, alveoli ; Anal., pertaining to the part of the jaws where the sockets for the teeth are situated. al've-o-late (al've-6-lat ; al-ve'-), al've-o-lat'ed (-lat'ed), o. Pitted like a honeycomb. al-ve'o-lus (al-ve'6-liis), n. ; L. pi. -li (-IT). [L., dim. of alveus a hollow.] Anat. & Zo'ol. A small cavity or pit, as a socket for a tooth, an air cell of the lungs, etc. al'vine (al'vin ; -vin), a. [L. alvus belly.] Of, from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines. B H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ALWAY 32 AMBITION al'way (61'wa ; 61'wa'), adv. Always. Archaic. al'ways (61'waz ; -waz), adv. At all times ; ever ; perpet- ually ; continually ; invariably ; uniformly. a-lys'sum (d-lis'um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a\vTos d- not -f- uapalvciv to wither.] 1. An imaginary unfading flower. Poetic. 2. Any of various plants, including sev- eral cultivated for their green, purple, or crimson flowers. am/a-ran'thine (-ran'thin), a. _ 1. Of or pertaining to amaranth. 2. Unfading ; undying. 3. Purplish. am'a-ryl'li-da'ceous (am'd-rTl'I-da'shus), a. Belonging to a large family {Amaryllidacese) of plants (order Lili- ales), the amaryllis family, having perfect, often handsome, flowers, with the tube of the perianth adnate to the ovary. The family includes the amaryllis, narcissus, and agave. Am'a-ryl'lis (-rills), n. 1. A rustic maid or sweetheart, — in various pastoral poems. 2. [I. c] A bulbous plant (Amaryllis belladonna) with fragrant, rose-colored lily- like flowers ; also, any of various closely related plants. The flower of any of these plants. a-mass r (d-mas r ), v. t. & i. [F. amasser, LL. amassare ; L. ad + massa lump, mass.] To collect into a mass or heap ; gather a great quantity of ; accumulate ; as, to amass a fortune. — Syn. See accumulate. — a-mass'a- ble, a. — a-mass'er, n. — a-mass'ment (-meht), n. a-mate'(d-mat'),v. t. [OF.] To daunt. From Archaic. am'a-teur' (am'd-tur'; am'd-tjir), n. [F., fr. L. amator lover, fr. amare to love.] 1. One who is attached to or cultivates a particular pursuit, study, or science from taste, without pursuing it professionally. 2. Specif., in sports and esp. athletics, a player or athlete not rated as a professional. — am'a-teur'ish, a. ish-ly, adv. — -ish-ness, n. — teur'ism (-iz'm), n. Syn. Amateur, dilettante agree in implying the culti- vation of an art or study for amusement or personal grati- fication, as opposed to its professional pursuit. But dilettante now commonly suggests the elegant trifler. A-ma'ti (a-ma'te), n. A violin made by a member of the Amati_ family of Cremona (16th and 17th centuries). am'a-tive (am'd-tiv), a. [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to love.] Full of love ; amatory. am'a-tive-ness, n. In phrenology, the faculty supposed to influence sexual desire ; propensity to love. am'a-to-ry (-to-ri), a. [L. amatorius.] Pert, to, causing, or expressing, sexual love. — am'a-to'ri-al (-to'ri-dl), a. am'au-ro'sis (am'o-ro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &fxavpwr6s mortal.] 1. Class. Myth. The substance which, with nectar, formed the food and drink of the gods, and made immortal those who partook of it. Ambrosia was sometimes represented as used as a per- fume or unguent. 2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draft. am-bro'si-a'ceous (-zi-a'shiis), a. Bot. Belonging to a family {Ambrosiacese) of herbs, the ragweed family, having heads of flowers subtended by an involucre of bracts. am-bro'si-al ( : bro'zhi-dl ; -zi-dl),a. 1. Consisting of or like ambrosia ; delicious. 2. Divinely excellent or beauti- ful. — am-bro'si-al-ly, adv. am-bro'si-an (-an), a. Ambrosial. Am-bro'si-an (-on), a. Of, pertaining to, or established by, St. Ambrose. Ambrosian chant, a method of antiphonal singing or chanting. — A. hymn, the Te Deum. am'bro-type (am'bro-tTp), n. [Gr. a^poroj immortal-f- -type.~] A photograph taken on glass, with the lights repre- sented in silver and the shades by a dark background. am'bry (am'brT), n. ; pi. -bries (-briz). [From OF., fr. L. armarium chest, cupboard, orig. for arms, L. arma arms.] 1. A repository ; esp., a niche, cupboard, or locker. 2. Almonry. Incorrectly so used. ambs'ace (amz'as ; amz'-), n. [OF. ambesas; ambes both (L. ambo) + as ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw at dice ; hence : last chance ; bad luck ; thing of no account. am bu-la'crum (am'bu-la'kriim), n. ; L. pi. -lacra (-krd). £L., an alley or covered way.] Zo'ol. One of the radial areas of echinoderms, along which run the chief nerves, blood vessels, and water tubes. — am bu-la'cral (-krdl), a. am'bu-lance (am'bu-ldns), n. [F., fr. L. ambulare to walk.] 1. A field hospital following an army. 2. A covered vehicle for conveying the sick or injured, as from the field of battle, to a hospital, etc. am'bu-late (-lat), v. i. [L. ambulare to walk.] To walk ; move about. Rare. — am ; bu-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. am'bu-la-to-ry (-ld-to-n), a. 1. Of or pertaining to walk- ing ; fitted for walking. 2. Not stationary ; movable. — ». ; pi. -ries ( -riz ). Arch. A place to walk in, as a gallery. am'bus-eade' (am'bus-kad'), n. [F. embuscade."] 1. A lying in wait, concealed, to attack an enemy by surprise ; snare ; ambush. 2. Mil. A body of troops in ambush ; the place of ambush.— v.i. To lie in ambush. — am'bus- cad'er ( -kad'er ), n. — am'bus-ca'do (-ka'do), n. Obs. am'bush (am'b<36sh), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL. imboscare; in -f- LL. boscus, buscus, a wood.] 1. To station in ambush. 2. To attack by ambush ; waylay.— v. i. To lie in ambush; lurk. — n. 1. Arrangement of troops in concealment to attack an enemy unexpectedly ; hence : unseen peril ; trap ; snare. 2. A concealed station where troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise. — am'bush-er, n. — am'bush-ment (-ment), n. a-meer', a-mir' (d-mer'), n. [See emir.] A Mohamme- dan noble, esp. a ruling prince of Afghanistan or of Sind. am'el-corn' (am'el-korn 7 ), n. [G. amelkorn.~] A kind of wheat similar to spelt, cultivated in Europe for its starch. a-mel'io-rate (d-mel'yo-rat), v. t. & i.; -rat'ed {-rat'ed) ; -raT'ing. [ L. ad + meliorare to make better. ] To improve ; meliorate. — Syn. See improve. a-mel'io-ra'tion ( -ra'shun ), n. Act or result of amel- iorating; improvement. , a-mel'io-ra-tive (-ra-tiv).a. Tending to ameliorate ; pro- ducing amelioration or improvement. 3 AMETHYST a'men'fa'men' ; often — in singing always — a'men'), adv. & interj. [L., fr. Gr. &nt)v, Heb. amen certainly, truly.] So be it ; verily ; assuredly ; — a term of solemn ratification, esp. in religious ceremony.— n. 1. The word "amen," its utterance or use. 2. The assent or ratification expressed by "amen." — v. t. To say "amen" to ; sanction. a-me'na-ble (d-me'nd-b'l), a. [F. amener to lead ; a (L. ad)-\-mener to lead, L. minare, minari, to threaten, drive animals, in LL. to lead ; L. minae threats.] 1. Liable to be brought to account or punishment ; answerable ; accountable. 2. Willing to yield or submit ; responsive ; tractable ; as, amenable to reason, threats, coaxing. — Syn. See responsible. — a-me'na-bil'i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. — a-me'na-ble-ness, n. — a-me'na-bly, adv. amen corner. A corner on either side of the pulpit in a church, where the seats were often occupied by especially fervent worshipers. Local, U. S. a-mend' (d-mend'), v. t. [F. amender, L. emendare ; e (ex) -\-mendum, menda, fault.] 1. To free, as conduct, from fault or error ; correct ; of a text, to emendate ; hence, Archaic : to mend ; repair. 2. To change for the better ; improve ; better. 3. In parliamentary procedure, to alter formally. — v. i. To reform ; become better. — Syn. See mend. — a-mend'a-ble, a. a-mend'a-to-ry ( d-men'dd-to-ri), a. Corrective. U a'mende' ( a/maNd' ; E. d-mend', formerly the usual pron.), n. [F.] A fine, penalty, or reparation made for a wrong. amende honorable (o'no'ra'bl' ), a form of reparation for a crime or injury consisting in such a formal and hu- miliating acknowledgement of offense and apology as will restore the injured or offended honor of the one wronged. a-mend'er, n. One who amends. a-mend'ment (d-mend'ment ), n. 1. An alteration or change for the better ; correction of a fault or of faults ; reformation of life by quitting vices. 2. In public bodies: Any alteration made or proposed to be made in a bill or motion by adding, changing, substituting, or omitting. a-mends' (d-mendz'), n. sing. & pi. [F. amendes, pi.] 1. Compensation for a loss or injury ; recompense ; repara- tion ; — now used esp. in to make amends. 2. Improve- ment, esp. in health. 06s. — Syn. See reparation. a-men'i-ty (d-men'r-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. amenite, h.amoenitas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] Quality or state of being pleasant or agreeable ; civility; suavity ; also, esp. in pi., an act, pursuit, civility, or the like, expressing or fur- thering pleasantness or smoothness of social intercourse. a-men'or-rhe'a, or -rhoe'a (-3-re'd ), n. [ NL. ; a- not + Gr. uifv month + ^elr to flow. ] Med. Unnatural absence or suppression of the menses. || a men'sa et tho'ro (a men'sd et tho'ro). [L.] Lit., from table and bed ; — used of a kind of divorce (called also legal separation) which leaves the parties husband and wife, but discharges them from the duty of living together. It is abolished in some States oi the United States, and in Great Britain is superseded by the judicial separation. am'ent (am'ent ; a'ment),n. [L. amentum thong, strap.] An inflorescence consisting of a close, bracted spike, usually deciduous when mature ; a catkin. See inflores- cence, Illust. — am'en-ta'ceous (am'en-ta'shf/s), a. a-men'ti-a (d-men'shl-d), n. [L.] Med. Imbecility ; total want of understanding. a-merce^ (d-mursO.v. t. ; a-merced' (d-mdrst') ; a-merc'- ing (-mur'sing). [AF. amercier, fr. a merci at the mercy, liable to a punishment.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary pen- alty, the amount of which is discretionary with the court. 2. To punish; mulct. — a-merce'a-ble, a. — a-merce'- ment (-ment), n. — a-merc'er, n. A-mer'i-can (d-mer'i-kdn), a. [After Americus Vespu- cius.] Of or pertaining to America or the United States. — n. 1. A native of America ; orig., an American aborigine ; now, a person of European descent born in America. 2. A citizen of the United States. American eagle, the bald eagle, which is represented on the coat of arms of the United States. — A. plan, in hotels, a plan whereby guests pay for room and board together ; — contrasted with European plan. A-mer'i-ca'na (d-mer'i-ka'nd ; -kan'd), n. pi. [America + -ana.~] Literary, ethnographic, historical, or other mat- ters relating to America. A-mer'i-can-ism (d-mer'i-kan-Yz'm), n. 1. Attachment to the United States. 2. A custom, word, or phrase pecul- iar to America or to the United States. A-mer'i-can-ize (-Tz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Tzfng). To render American; assimilate to the Americans in customs, ideas, etc. i-za'tion (-i-za'shim ; -T-za'-), n. Am'er-ind' (am'er-TndO, n. [American + Indian.] An American Indian or Eskimo. — Am/er-in'di-an (-In'di- dn), Am'er-in'dic (-dlk), a. ames'ace. Obs. var. of ambsace. am'e-thyst (am'e-thist), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. &ni9vfo lamb.] A thin mem- brane forming a closed sac about the embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal. — am'ni-ot'ic (-ot'ik), a. a-moe'ba (d-me'bd), n.; pi. E. -bas (-bdz), L. -b,e (-be). j, [NL., fr. Gr. 4uoi/3i7 change.] Any of several microscopic rhizopods common in stagnant fresh water. Amcebas are the simplest animals. am'ce-bse'an ( am'e-be'dn ), a. Also am'ce-be'an. [Gr. &noi0aioi alter- nate.] Alternately answering. a-mce'bic (d-me'bik), a. Like or pert, to an amoeba; caused by amcebas or amcebalike organisms. a-moe'boid (-boid), a. [amaba + -oid.} Like an amoeba, esp. in „ its movements or changes of shape, fogrj Vacuoles" ^ 5 a-mok' (-mok').n. A nervous mala- dy of the Malays, marked by a murderous frenzy. See amuck. a-mo'le (a-mo'la), n. [Mex. Sp.] 1. Any part of a plant having detergent properties, and used in place of soap. 2. Any of a number of plants so utilized. A'mon (a'mon), n. [Egypt, amen, prop., the hidden.] Egypt. Myth. At first a deity of reproductive forces, but later united with the sun god and called "the father of the gods," and eventually conceived of as a supreme deity, with the other gods as his members or parts. He is often represented as ram-headed. a-mong' (d-mflng') 1 prep. [AS. onmang, ongemang, a-mongst' (-mungsf) / gemang, in a crowd or mix- ture.] 1. In or into the midst of ; surrounded by ; in connection with ; as, he fell among thieves. 2. In the number or class of ; as, "blessed art thou among women." 3. To each of by way of dispersion or distribution ; as, he left his money to be divided among them. 4. By the Amoeba. 1 Nucleus ; 2 ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; 51d, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, arn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing\ ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87>; AMORETTO 35 AMPLENESS joint action, consent, or knowledge of ; as, to quarrel among themselves. Syn. Among, amidst. Among denotes a mingling or intermixture with distinct or separable objects ; as, among the people. Amidst denotes literally in the midst or middle of, hence surrounded by (distinct or separable objects, or a single object). See between. •Jam'o-ret'to (am'6-ret'o ; It. a'mo-ret'to), n.; It.pl. -ti (-te). [It.] A little or infant love ; a cupid. am'o-rist (am'6-rist), n. A professed lover ; a gallant. Am/o-rite (-rlt), n. [Heb. ha-Emri.] Any of an ancient Palestinian people mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions of Sargon, and in the Bible (2 Sam. xxi. 2 ; Amos ii. 9-10). D a'mo-ro'SO (a'mo-ro'so), adv. & a. [It., a."} Music. In a soft, tender, amatory style. am'o-rous (am'S-ras), a. [From OF., fr. LL. amorosus, fr. L. amor love.] 1. Inclined to love ; having a propensity to love, or sexual enjoyment ; loving ; fond ; as, an amorous t disposition. 2. Affected with love ; in love ; enamored. 3. Of, relating to.'or produced by, love ; as, amorous delight ; amorous songs. — Syn. Tender, passionate, ardent. See fond. — am'o-rous-ly, adv. — am'o-rous-ness, n. a-mor'phism (d-mor'fiz'm), n. Amorphous quality. a-mor'phous (-fits), a. [Gr. &(iops; d- not + iiop4>f] form.] 1. Having no determinate form ; shapeless ; specifi- cally, of solids, not crystallized in the ultimate texture, as glass. 2. Of no particular kind or character ; anomalous. — a-mor'phous-ly, adv. — a-mor'phous-ness, n. a-mort' (d-morf), [a. [F. a to+mort death.] As if dead; lifeless ; spiritless ; dejected. [amortized. I a-mor'tiz-a-ble (d-m6r'tiz-d-b'l), a. Capable of being| a-mor'ti-za'tion (-ti-za'shun), n. [See amortize.] Actor process of amortizing a debt, etc. ; also, the sum so applied. a-mor/tize (d-mor'tlz; -tiz), v. t.; -tized (-tlzd, -tlzd) ; -tiz-ing. [LL. amortisare, admortizare, or F. amortir ; L. ad + mors death.] 1. To sell in mortmain. 2. To clear off, liquidate, or otherwise extinguish, as a debt, usu- ally by a sinking fund. — a-mor'tize-ment (-tiz-ment), n. A'mos (a'mi/s), n. [Heb. 'Amos.'] Bib. a A Hebrew prophet of the 8th century b. c. b The Book of Amos in the Old Testament. a-mo'tion (d-mo'shim), n. [L. amotio.] Removal jousting. a-mount' (d-mount'), v. i. [OF. amonter to increase, ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to the moun- tain) upward.] To rise, reach, or extend in quantity, number, effect, substance, or influence ; — used with to. — < n. 1. Sum total of two or more sums or quantities ; aggre- gate. 2. Effect, substance, value, significance, or result ; as, the amount of_the testimony is this. — Syn. See sum. a'mour' (k'moor f ),n. [F., fr. L. amor love.] Love mak- ing ; a love affair ; usually, an illicit love affair. a'mou'rette' (a/moo'ret'), n. [F.] A petty amour. a-move' (d-moov'), v. t. [L. amovere; ex+movere to move.] To dismiss or remove from an office or station. am'pe-lop'sis (am'pe-lop'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &nire\os vine+fli/as appearance.] Hort. Any plant of the genus (Parthenocissus) including the Virginia creeper. am-per'age (am-par'aj ; am'per-aj), n. The strength of a current of electricity measured in amperes. am-pere' (am-par'Hra. [After A. M. Ampere, French || am'pere' (aVpar') J electrician.] The practical unit of electrical current ; the current produced by one volt acting through a resistance of one ohm. ampere hour. Elec. The quantity of electricity delivered in one hour by a current averaging in strength one ampere. am-pere'me'ter (am-par'me'ter), am'per-om'e-ter (am'- per-om'e-ter), n. Elec. An ammeter. ampere turn. Elec. A unit equal to the product of one complete turn (of a coiled conductor) into one ampere of current. am'per-sand (am'per-sand ; am'per-sand'), n. [Corrupt, of and per se and, i. e., & by itself makes and.] The character 13, &, or &. flam'phi- (am'fi-). [Gr. &nl. See ambi-.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying both, of both kinds, on both sides, about, around, as in amphibious, amphitheater. am'phi-ar-thro'sis (am'fi-ar-thro'sis), n. [NL. See amphi- ; arthrosis.] Anat. Articulation admitting slight motion. It includes symphysis and syndesmosis. Am phib'i a (am-fib'i-d), n. pi. [See amphibious.] Zobl. A class of vertebrates including the frogs, toads, newts, etc. They are mostly oviparous and pass through an aquatic larval stage called a tadpole, in which they have gills, afterwards losing the gills and breathing by lungs. am-phib'i-an (-Y-dn), a. Amphibious ; of the Amphibia. — n. An amphibious animal or plant ; one of the Amphibia. am-phib'i-ous (-us), a. [Gr. &nl0u>s living a double life ; A.pil0o\os doubtful.] A silicate of calcium and magnesium and usually one or more other metals, as iron. Asbestos and hornblende are varieties. am/phi-boJ/ic (-bol'ik), a. Of or pert, to amphibology; ambiguous ; equivocal ; specif., uncertain or irregular. am-phlb'o-lite (am-fib'6-llt), n. \_amphibole + -ite.] Pe- trog. A rock consisting essentially of amphibole. When schistose, it is usually known as a hornblende schist. am/phi-bol'O-gy (am'fi-bol'6-jl), n. [L. amphibologia, for amphibolia, fr. Gr. 6.p.i(io\la, with the ending -logia, as if f r. Gr. d/n^t/SoXos irregular + \6yos speech.] A phrase, discourse, or proposition, susceptible of more than one interpretation ; also, the ambiguity so caused. am-phib'o-lous (am-fib'o-lus), a. [L. amphibolus, Gr. &nl{ipa.xys short at both ends ; &nl-\-(3paxvs short.] Pros. A foot of three syllables, the middle one long.or accented, the others short, or unaccented (~ — ") ; as, habere" (or, in modern English verse, pro-phet'ic) . am'phi-chro'iC (am'fl-kro'ik) \a. {amphi- + Gr. xp6o am/phi-chro-mat'ic (-kro-mat'Tk)J color.] Chem. _ Ex- hibiting or producing two colors, as substances which in the color test change red litmus to blue and blue to red. am'phi-coe'lous (-se'lus), a. [Gr. &ulKot.\os hollowed all round ; 6.p.4>l + koTXos hollow.] Concave on both sides. am-phic'ty-on (am-fik'tf-on ), n. [From L., fr. Gr. &hik- rvoves, pi. prob. orig. &pi,KTtoves dwellers around, neigh- bors.] Gr. Hist. A deputy to an amphictyonic council. am-phic / ty-on'ic (-on'ik), a. Of or pert, to the amphic- tyons or an amphictyony. amphictyonic council, the council held by the deputies of the states associated in an amphictyony. am-phic'ty-o-ny (-flk'ti-o-ni), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [Gr. &(iiKTvoi>la.] Gr. Hist. A league of tribes associated to protect, and maintain worship in, the temple of a deity. am'phi-go-ry (am'fT-go-rf), n.; pi. -ries (-nz), am'phi- gOU'ri (-goo're), n.; pi. -ris (-rez). [F. amphigouri.] A. nonsense verse or composition. gor'ic (-gor'Ik), a. am-phim'a-cer (am-fim'd-ser), n. [L. amphimacrus, Gr. &l/,lp.ajcpos ; &pl + najcpbs long.] Gr. & Lat. Pros. A foot of three syllables, long, short, and long. Am-pbi'on (am-fl'on) , n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AixQlcov.] A son of Zeus and Antiope. He built the walls of Thebes by charm- ing the stones into place with the music of his lyre. am'phi-OX'us (am'fi-ok'sfts), n. [NL.; amphi- + Gr. 6£us sharp.] A lancelet. am'phi-pod (am'f T-pod) , n. Any crustacean of the suborder (Amphipoda) comprising the sand fleas and allied forms. am-phip'ro-style (am-flp'ro-stll ; am'fi-pro'stil), o ; [L. amphiprostylos, Gr. &niirp6lls on both ends+|8afj'ei*'to go.] A fabled serpent with a head at each end, and moving either way. am-phis'ci-i(am-fish , i-I)l n. pi. [Gr. &ntl +8ea.Tpot> theater. 1. An oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats about an arena. 2. Anything resembling an amphitheater in form. — am'phi-the-at'ric ( -the-at'rfki), .am'phi-the- at'ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. — at'ri-cal-ly, adv. Am'phi-tri'te (-trl'te), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Anfarplrv.] Gr. Myth. A Nereid, wife of Poseidon and goddess of the sea. Am-phit'ry-on (am-fft'rf-on), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Anpebs, &niopeOs, a two- handled jar; b.p4>l + opevs bearer.] Class. Archseol. A jar or vase of a certain type. Seelllust. am/ple (Sm'p'l), a.; am'pler ( Sm'pler ) ; -pi>est (-plgst; 24). [F., fr. L. amplus.] 1. Large ; big ; spacious ; as, an ample house. 2. Fully sufficient ; abundant ; liberal ; as, an ample fortune. 3. Not con- tracted or brief ; diffusive ; as, an ample narrative. — Syn. Full, extensive ; wide ; plentiful, plenteous, copious ; bountiful, munificent. — am'ple-ness, n. Amphora. [jM B H K k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zli=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M AMPLEXICAUL 36 ANABASIS am-plex'i-caol (am-plek'si-kol), a. [L. amplexus encir- cling + caulis stem.] Bot. Clasping or embracing a stem, as a leaf. See leaf, Illust. am / pli-a , tion(am / pli-a , shun),n.[L.ampZtoiio,fr.arwpZtare to widen, amplus ample.] Enlargement; amplification. am'pli-a-tive (am'pli-a-tiv) , a. Giving a fuller meaning to something already known or known in part. am'pli-fi-ca'tion (am'pli-fi-ka'shiin), n. Act of ampli- fying ; that by which a thing or statement is amplified. — am-plif'i-ca-to-ry (am-plif'i-kd-to-n), o. am'pli-fi / er (am'pli-fl'er), n. One who, or that which, amplifies. am'pli-fy (-fl), v. t. ; -ited (-fid) ; -fy'lng. [F. amplifier, L. amplificare. See ample; -fy.] 1. To render larger, more intense, or the like ; — used esp. of telescopes, micro- scopes, etc. 2. Rhet. To enlarge by adding particulars or illustrations, by the use of epithets, etc., for rhetorical effect ; expand. — v. i. To speak or write with amplifica- tion ; expatiate. am'pli-tude (-tiid), n. [L. amplitudo.] 1. State or quality of being ample ; extent of surface or space ; size. 2. Largeness ; breadth ; abundance ; fullness, as of intellectual powers. 3. Astron.^ The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the foot of the vertical circle passing through any star or object ; the complement of azi- muth. 4. Physics. The extent of a vibratory movement, as of a pendulum, measured from the mean position to an extreme, or measured, as used by some, from one extreme to the opposite, a quantity double the preceding. am'ply (-pli), adv. In an ample manner. am-pul'la (am-pul'd), n. ; L. pi. -l.e (-t). [L.] 1. Rom. Antiq. A more or less globular flask with two handles (rarely one). 2. Eccl. a A cru- et for the wine and water at Mass. b A vase for holy oil ; a chrismatory. am'pul-la'ceous (am'pu-la'shus), a. Like an ampulla ; flask-shaped ; bladderlike. am'pu-tate (am'pu-tat), v. t. ; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'ing. [L. amputatus, p. p. of amputate ; ambi- around + putare to Ampulla, 1. prune.] To cut off (a limb or portion of a limb, or projecting part) ; — usually distinguished from excise. am'pu-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. Act or process of amputating. am'pu-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. One who amputates. am-ri'ta, am-ree'ta (am-re'td), n. [Skr. amfta.] Hindu Myth. Immortality ; also, the nectar conferring immor- tality. — o. Ambrosial ; immortal. a-muck' (d-miik'), a. [Malay amoq furious.] Possessed with murderous frenzy. — adv. In a murderous frenzy. to run amuck, to rush out in frenzy and attack every one met ; assail recklessly and indiscriminately. am'u-let (am'u-let), n. [L. amulctum.] Some small object worn as a charm against evil, and often inscribed with a magic incantation or symbol. — Syn. See TALiSiiAN. a-mus'a-ble (d-miiz'd-b'l), a. That can be amused. a-muse' (d-muz'), v. t.; a-mused' (-muzd') ; a-atcs'lng (-muz'ing). [F. amuser to cause to muse or waste time; A (L. ad) + OF. muser. See mcse, v.] 1. To distract; bewilder. Obs. 2. To entertain or occupy pleasurably; divert; as, to amuse with pictures, stories, etc. 3. To beguile ; delude ; as, to amuse with idle promises. Archaic. Syn. Recreate, please, entertain, divert. — Amuse, en- tertain, divert. We are amused by ( or with ) that which occupies the time lightly and pleasantly; as, to amuse one's self with a camera. That which entertains makes a larger demand on one's attention and frequently implies more or less formal expedients or contrivances ; as, to entertain one's self with a book. We are diverted by that which turns our thoughts aside to livelier interest than the regular routine ; as, her gossip was highly diverting. Both amuse and divert apply esp. to that which tickles our sense of humor, and in this sense are often followed by at. a-muse'ment (d-miiz'ment), n. State of being amused; also, that which amuses. — Syn. Diversion, entertain- ment, recreation, relaxation, avocation, pastime, sport. a-mus'er (d-muz'er), n. One who, or that which, amuses. a-mus'ing (d-muz'ing), p. a. Giving amusement. a-mu'sive (d-mu'zlv ; -sTv), a. Tending to amuse. a-myg'da-la'ceous (d-mig'dd-la'shus), a. Bot. Belong- ing to a family {Amygdalacex) of trees and shrubs, the almond, or plum, family, distinguished by the single pistil with united carpels, and the drupe, or stone fruit. a-myg'da-late (d-mTg'dd-lat) \a. Like, pertaining to, or a-myg'da-line (d-mig'dd-lm) J made of, almonds. a-myg'da-loid (-loid), n. [Gr. buvySaXov almond + -oid.] Petrog. Any igneous rock containing small cavities pro- duced before solidification by steam, and afterwards filled, wholly or in part, by deposits, esp. of agate, quartz, calcite, and the zeolites. a-myg'da-loid (-dd-loid) \a. 1. Almond-shaped. 2. Pert. a-myg'da-loi'dal (-loi'dal)J to, or of the nature of, amyg- daloid. am'yl (amll), n. [L. amylum starch -f -yl.~\ Chem. A univalent hydrocarbon radical, C&Hn, compounds of which occur in fusel oil, fruit essences, etc. am y-la'ceous (am'i-la'shus), a. [See amyl.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, starch ; starchy. amyl alcohol. See alcohol. am'y-lene (am'I-len), n. Chem. Any of a group of iso- meric hydrocarbons, C5H10, of the ethylene series. The colorless, volatile, mobile liquid commonly called amylene is a mixture of different members of the group. a-myPic (d-mll'ik), ji. Chem. Of or pertaining to amyl. a-myPo-gen (d-mil'6-jen), n. [amylum + -gen.'] Chem. That part of the starch granule or granulose which is soluble in water. am'y-lo-gen'ic (aml-lo-jen'flO.a. 1. Oforpert.toamylo- gen. 2. Forming starch; — applied specif, to leucoplasts. am'y-loid (am'I-loid) la. {amylum + -oid.] Like or con- am'y-loi'dal (-loi'dal)J tain in g amylum ; starchlike. am'y-loid (am'I-loid), n. A nonnitrogenous starchy food; a starchlike substance. am'y-lol'y-sis (-151'i-sls),n. [amylum + -lysis.] Chem. Conversion of starch into soluble products, as dextrins and sugar, esp. by enzymes. — am'y-lo-lyt'ic (-16-lIt'Ik), o. am'y-lop'sin (-lop'sTn), n. [amylum + Gr. b^is appear- ance.] Chem. The diastase of the pancreatic juice. am/y-lose (amT-los), n. Chem. Any of the starch group, (C6HioOs)x, of the carbohydrates, as starch, dextrin, cel- lulose, etc. am'y-lum (-lum), n. [L. See amyl.] Starch. an (an), or a, a., or indefinite article. [AS. an one. See one.] One or any, — without emphasis on the number. dP* In present usage an is invariably used before words beginning with a vowel sound, as an enemy, an hour, an oak ; and a is invariably used, except as noted below, before words beginning with a consonant sound, as a table, a woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy, a oneness, such a one, a history, a historian, a hypothesis, a hotel. Some writers, however, use an before words beginning with h in an unaccented syllable, as an historian, an hotel ; and British writers often use an before such words as union, ewe, euphony, etc., beginning with the sound of y (u=yoo). an. or an' (an), conj. 1. And. Obs. or Dial. 2. If. Archaic. an-. A prefix denoting not, without, etc. See a-, not. -an (-an). A suffix used : 1. Primarily, to fcrm adjectives, and signifying : of, belonging to, pertaining to. Examples: metropolitan, of, belonging to, or pertaining to, a metropolis; suburban, of, belonging to, or pertaining to, a suburb; Roman, Armenian, etc., of, belonging to, or pertaining to, Rome, Armenia, etc. 2. Secondarily, to form nouns, as: a In zoology, to form nouns in the singular for plural group names and denoting : one of the. Examples : crustacean, molluscan, etc., one of the Crus- tacea, Mollusca, etc. b In place names, nouns denoting : a native or inhabit- ant of. Examples: Roman, a native or inhabitant of Rome; Belgian, a native or inhabitant of Belgium, etc. an'a- (an'd-). [Gr. &v& on ; in comp., on, up.] A prefix in words from the Greek (sometimes through LL. and F.) denoting up, upward, throughout, backward, back, again, anew, or (intensively) greatly or excessively. -a'na (-a'nd; -an'd). [The neut. pi. ending of Latin adjectives in -anus.] A suffix denoting a collection of bib- liography, anecdotes, literary gossip, or other facts or pieces of information concerning something, as in Ameri- cana, etc.; — also used as a noun, a'na. a'na (a'nd; an'd), adv. [Gr. &va (used distributively).] Med. Of each an equal quantity; — used in prescriptions. an'a-ba3'na (an'd-be'nd),?!. [NL., fr. Gr. hva^alveiv to go up.] An individual, or a mass of individuals, of a genus {Anabxna) of fresh-water algae that often contaminate reservoirs, giving a pronounced fishy taste and odor, and sometimes a cloudy appearance, to the water. An a-bap'tist (an'd-bap'tist), n. Eccl. Hist. One of a sect, originating in Switzerland in 1523, which rejected infant baptism, and held that the church is composed only of those baptized on confession of faith. Immersion became the only mode of baptism. — An'a-bap'tism (-tiz'm), n. an'a-bas (an'd-bas), n. [Gr. bvafias, deriv. of dvd up + palvav to go.] Any of a genus (Anabas) of small perchlike fishes of south- eastern Asia and Africa.' One species can travel con- siderable distances over- land, and is said to climb r^ L trees. Anabas. a-nab'a-sis (d-nab'd-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [Gr. &r&0a- i6.+6t,ir\ovv to double.] Rhet. Repetition of the last word or of any prominent word in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next, with an adjunct idea. an-ad'ro-mous (an-ad'ro-miis), a. [Gr. bvabpopos running upward ; hva + dpopos a running.] Zo'dl. Ascending rivers from the sea, at certain seasons, for breeding. a-nae'mi-a, a-ne'mi-a (d-ne'mi-d), n. [Gr. &vaipla; &-, 6.v-, not -f- alp.a blood.] Med. A deficiency in the blood or its constituents causing pallor, heart palpitation, and debil- ity. — a-nae'mic, a-ne'mic (-nE'mTk; -nem'ik), a. an-a / er-0 / bi-a (an-a'er-o'bT-d)! n. pi. [NL. anaerobia; an-a'er-obes (an-a'er-obz) J an- not + aero- -f Gr. 0iot life.] Bacteriol. Anaerobic bacteria. [free oxygen. I an-a'e'r-ob'ic (-ob'Yk), a. Able to live in the absence of| an'aes-the'si-a, an'es-the'si-a (Sn'es-the'si-d ; -zhi-d) : n. [Gr. &vatos anaglyptic; 6.v6.+y\0eiv to engrave.] Any sculptured, chased, or embossed ornament worked in low relief, as a cameo. — an'a-glyph'ic (-glff'ik), a.— an'a-glyp'tic (-glip'tTk),a. an'a-glyp'tics (-gllp'tiks), n. (See -ics.) [Gr. &v&y\virTos embossed.] Art of carving in low relief, embossing, etc. an'a-go'ge (-go'je), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &j>ayuyv a leading up ; &va -f- &yuyr} a leading, d-yeu/ to lead.] The mystical or spiritual meaning or application of words, esp. of the Bible. — an'a-gog'ic (-goj / Tk),an / a-gog , i-cal (-i-kal), a. an'a-gram (an'd-gram), n. [From F., fr. LL., fr. Gr. (4v4 up, back+7pd€i^ to write.] The change of one word or phrase into another by the transposition of its letters. — an'a-gram-mat'ic (-grd-mat'ik), -mat'i-cal (-kdl), a. a'nal (a'nal), a. Pertaining to, or situated near, the anus, an-al'cite (an-al'slt), n. [Gr. dpaXmfr weak + -ite.~] Min. A white or slightly colored zeolite, crystalline or massive. an'a-lectS (an'd-lekts) 1 n. pi. [Gr. ivaXacra, fr. 6.va\k- an'a-lec'ta (an'd-lek'td)/ yew to collect; &p& + Xeyeiv to gather.] A collection of literary fragments. an'a-lep'tic (-lep'tlk), a. [Gr. AvaXTjirriKos restorative.] Med. Restorative ; giving strength. — n. A restorative. an-al'gen (an-al'jen)l n. [Gr. &va\yiis painless.] Pharm. an-al'gene (-jen) J A derivative of quinoline, used as an antipyretic and analgesic, ^as in rheumatism, an al-ge'si-a (an'al-je'si-d; -zi-d),n. [NL., fr. Gr. &i>a\yij- o-la; 6.v- not + aKynais sense of pain.] Insensibility to pain. an'al-ges'ic (an'al-jesTk), a. Med. Pertaining to, or pro- ducing, analgesia. — n. An analgesic agent, an a-log'ic (-d-loj'ik)"! a. 1. Founded on, of the nature of, an'a-log'i-cal (-i-kal)J or implying, analogy. 2. Having analogy : analogous. — an'a-log'i-cal-ly, adv. a-nal'o-gist (d-nal'6-jist), n. One who analogizes. a-nal'o-gize (-jlz), v. i. ; -gized ; (-jlzd) -giz'ing (-jlz'Ing). To employ, or reason by, analogy ; show or seek analogy. a-nal'O-gOUS (-gus), a. [From L., fr. Gr. 6.v6.\oyos pro- portionate ; dyd+Xo-yos ratio.] Having analogy ; bearing some resemblance or proportion. — Syn. Correspondent, similar. — a-nal'o-gous-ly, adv. — a-nal'o-gous-ness, n. an'a-logue (an'd-log)^ n. [F.] 1. That which is analo- gous to some other thing. 2. Biol. An organ with similar function to an organ of another animal or plant, but differ- ent in structure and origin ; as, the gill of a fish is the ana- logue of a lung in a quadruped ; — disting. from homologue. a-nal'O-gy (d-nal'o-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). 1. Resem- blance of relations; agreement between things in some circumstances but not in others. 2. Logic. A form of inference in which it is reasoned that if two (or more) things agree with one another in one or more respects, they will (probably) agree in yet other respects. 3. Biol. Cor- respondence in function between organs or parts of differ- ent structure and origin ; — disting. from homology. — Syn. See resemblance. an'a-lyse, an'a-lys'er, etc. Vars. of analyze, etc. a-nal'y-SIS (d-nal'I-sis), n., pi. -SES (-sez). [Gr.d^aXuo-ij, fr. dpaXteii' to unloose, resolve; d^d up-fXi-ew to loose.] 1. A resolution of anything into elements ; an examination of component parts separately, or in relation to the whole, as of the words which compose a sentence, the tones of a tune, the ideas in an argument, etc. ; also, a statement of a resolution so made. See synthesis. 2. Chem. a Separa- tion of substances, by chemical processes, into their constituents, b Determination of one or more ingredients of a substance either as to kind or amount. 3. Math, a Investigation of problems by algebra, b Generically, any of those methods that are based on considerations of number, as opposed to geometric intuition. C Often, the differential and integral calculus. an'a-lyst (an'd-ltst), n. One who analyzes. an'a-lyt'ic (-lit'Yk) \a. [ Gr. &va\vru<6s.'] Of or pertain- an'a-lyt'i-cal (-T-kal) J ing to analysis ; resolving into ele- ments or constituent parts. — an'a-lyt'i-cal-ly, adv. analytic, or analytical, geometry, geometry subjected to algebraic treatment by means of coordinates. — a. lan- guage. See inflectional language. an'a-lyt'ics (-lit'iks), n. (See -ics.) The science of analysis. an'a-lyze, an'a-lyse (an'd-llz), v. t.; -lyzed or -lysed (-llzd) ; -lyz'ing or -lys'ing (-llz'Ing). To resolve into elements or constituent parts ; separate or discriminate the parts of in relation to the whole and to one another ; sub- ject to analysis. — an'a-lyz'a-ble, an'a-lys'a-ble (an'd- lTz'd-b'l), a. — an'a-lyz'er, an'a-lys'er (-lTz'er), n. An'a-mese'. Var. of Annamese. an'am-ne'sis (an'am-ne'sts), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Avipv-rjau, fr. &.vap,i.p,vh0Keiv to recollect.] A recalling to mind; recollection. — an'am-nes'tic (-neVtlk), a. an'a-mor'pho-scope (an / d-m6r / f6'-sk5p), n. [anamorpho- sis -f- -scope. ] An instru- ment, as a cylindrical mirror, for giving a normal picture of a picture or image that is distorted by anamorphosis. an'a-mor^pho-sis (-mSr'fo- sls ; -mor-fo'sis ), n. ; pi. -SEs(-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. &i>a- (i6po)ais ; &v& again -j-p-op^r] form.] 1. A distorted projec- tion or representation of an image, which, when viewed in a certain manner, as by re- flection from a curved mirror, appears regular and in pro- , portion; deformation of an Anamorphoscope. A Dis- lmage. 2. Process of making torted Picture ; B Mirror, such distorted images. showing Normal Image. B H K k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. M ANANDROUS S &n-an'dr0US (Sn-aVdrus), a. [an- not + -androus.] Bot. Having no stamens ; — applied to pistillate flowers. An'a-ni'as (an'd-nl'os), n. Bib. a A follower of the Apos- tles, who, with his wife, Sapphira, was struck dead for lying. Acts v. Hence, often, Colloq., a liar, b A Christian disciple at Damascus, to whom Paul was sent after his conversion. Acts ix. C A Jewish high priest before whom Paul was tried. Acts xxiii. an'a-psest, an'a-pest (an'd-pest), n. [From L., fr. Gr. LvhirawTTos, i. e., a dactyl reversed ; &i>& back + tt.olUiv to strike.] Pros, a A foot of three syllables, the first two short or unaccented, the last long or accented ( ). b An anapaestic verse. — an'a-paes'tic, -pes'tic (-pes'tik), a. a-naph'o-ra (d-naf'o-rd),n. [L., fr. Gr. &vaopa; dvdup, back + 4>kpeiv to carry.] Rhet. Repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of successive clauses. an-aph/ro-dis'i-ac (an-Sf'ro-diz'Y-ak), a. [an- not + Gr. &(ppo5ia P 9pos; 6.v- + tpdpov joint, the article.] Gr. Gram. Used without the article ; as, an anarthrous substantive. an-astig-mat'ic (an-aVtYg-mat'ik), a. [an- not + astig- matic.'] Optics. Not astigmatic ; — said esp. of a lens or a lens system consisting of a converging lens and a diverging lens of equal and opposite astigmatism but different focal lengths, and sensibly free from astigmatism. a-nas'to-mose (d-nas'to-moz), v. i.; -mosed (-mozd) ; -mos/ing (-moz'Yng)^ To intercommunicate by anasto- mosis ; join or unite like the parts of a network ; hence, to coalesce; interjoin. a-nasto-mo'sis (-mo'sYs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [Gr. dvo- ffTdfiuais opening, deriv. of &v& + ar6p.a mouth.] 1. Anat. & Biol. Union of one vessel with another, as of veins and arteries, or sap vessels in plants. 2. Union or in- tercommunication of any system or network of lines, branches, streams, etc. — a-nas to-mot'ic (-mot'ik), a. a-nas'tro-phe (d-nas'tro-fe),n. [Gr. hvaorpobt), deriv. of &v&+(TTp€(peiv to turn.] Rhet. Inversion of the natural order of words ; as, echoed the hills for the hills echoed. an'a-tase (an'd-tas), n. [Gr. &varaadep.a thing devoted, esp. to evil, a curse, fr. 6.uaTidkvai. to set up as a votive gift, dedicate ; d^d + ridkvai to set.] 1. A solemn ban or curse pronounced by ecclesiastical authority, esp. with excommunication. 2. A curse. 3. Any person or thing anathematized. — Syn. See curse. a-nath'e-ma mar'a-nath'a (mar'd-nath'd). [Gr. &v&Be- lia. Mapb.v d0d.] An expression occurring in 1 Cor. xvi, 22, formerly thought to be a double curse, or a curse intensi- fied by a prayer. Marantaha is now considered to be two Aramaic words used in supplication or invocation, and meaning literally "Our Lord cometh," or, more probably, "O (or Our) Lord, cornel" a-nath/e-ma-tize (-tiz), v. t.&i.; -tized (-tTzd) ; -tiz'ing (-tlz'Yng). To pronounce an anathema against ; to curse. — a-natb/e-ma-ti-za'tion (-tY-za'shun ; -tl-za'shSn), n. An'a-to'li-an (an'd-to'lY-an), a. Of or pertaining to Ana- tolia, or, loosely, Asia Minor. an'a-tom'ic (an'd-tom'YkHa. Of or relating to anatomy. an'a-tom'i-cal (-Y-k31) / — an'a-tom'i-cal-ly, adv. a-nat'o-mist (d-nat'o-mYst), n. One skilled in anatomy. "■ \ ANCIENT a-nat'o-mize (-miz),v.t.; -mized (-mlzd) ; -miz'ing (-mTz'- Yng). 1. To dissect so as to display or examine the struc- ture and use of the parts. 2. To discriminate carefully; analyze. — a-nat'o-mi-za'tion (-mY-za'shun ; -ml-), n. a-nat'o-my (-ml), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. LvaTonii dissection, fr. 6.vh + rkuvtiv to cut.] 1. Art of dissecting an animal or plant to discover the situa- tion, structure, and economy of the parts. 2. The science of the structure of animals or plants. 3. Structure or organization of an animal or plant. 4. Act of dividing anything to examine its parts ; analysis. 5. A skeleton. a-nat'ro-pous (d-nat'ro-piis), a. [ana- up -\ — tropous.] Bot. Of the ovule, inverted at an early period in its development, so that the micropyle is bent down to the funicle, to which the body of the ovule is united. a-nat'to. Var. of annatto. -ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency. Suffixes forming nouns, and signifying : 1. Primarily : a Act of. Examples : continuance, act of continuing ; resistance, act of resisting; emergence or, less usually, emergency, act of emerging ; appearance, act of appearing ; radiance, act of radiating, radiation. b Quality or state of. Examples : contingency, or rarely, contingence, quality or state of being contingent; radiance, radiancy, con- venience, conveniency, exigency, quality or state of being radiant, etc. 2. Secondarily, a (particular) thing that exhibits, or is produced by, or causes (the quality, state, or action denoted by the word in its primary senses) ; that which, or a thing that, is (of the nature indicated by the corres- ponding adjective in -ant or -ent). Examples: contingency, that which is contingent; prominence, protuberance, contrivance, that which is prominent, protuberant, contrived ; convenience, that which causes convenience, a thing that is convenient. an'ces-tor (an'ses-ter), n. [OF. ancestre, fr. L. antecessor one who goes before, deriv. of antecedere, fr. ante before -+- cedere to go.] 1. One from whom a person is descended ; a progenitor ; forefather. 2. Biol. A progenitor (living in an earlier geological period) of a more recent or existing . species or group. 3. Law. One from whom an estate has descended ; — correlative of heir. an-ces'tral (an-ses'tral), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors. an'ces- tress (an'ses-tres), n. A female ancestor. an'ces-try ( -tri ), n. Ancestral lineage ; hence : birth ; honorable descent. An-cM'sestan-kl'sez),™. [L., fr. Gr.'A7x*<"?$-] See^NEAS. an'chor (Sn'ker), n. [AS. ancra, fr. L. anachoreta. See anchoret.] An anchoret. 06s. an'chor, n. [AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, fr. Gr. byKvpa..] 1. An instrument attached to a ship or other vessel by a line or cable so that when cast overboard it will lay hold of the earth by a fluke or hook and hold the vessel in place; also, anything similarly used. 2. Something like, or suggestive of, a ship's anchor, as a contrivance to hold the end Common An- of a bridge cable, a metal tie or a cramp, chor. aa Stock; 6 etc. — v. t. 1. To place at anchor ; secure Shank; ccFlukes; by anchor. 2. To fix ; fasten. — v. i. l. dd Arms - To cast anchor ; come to anchor. 2. To stop ; rest. at anchor, anchored. an'chor-age (an'ker-aj), n. 1. Act of anchoring, or con- dition of lying at anchor. 2. A place suitable for anchor- ing or where ships anchor. 3. Something on which one may depend for security ; ground of trust ; as, he was the anchor- age of my hopes. 4. A toll for anchoring. an'cho-ress (an^ko-res; 24), n. A female anchoret. an'cho-ret (-ret), an'cho-rite (-rlt), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. d^axwp7jTi7J, fr. dvax^petJ' to go back; dyd-f- xup&v to give place.] One who renounces the world to live in seclusion, esp. for religious reasons ; hermit ; recluse. — Syn. See hermit. — an'cho-ret'ic (-ret'ik), a. an'chor-less (an'ker-les), a. Without an anchor or stay; hence: drifting; unsettled. an-cho'vy (an-cho'vi ; an'cho-), n.; pi. -vtes (-vYz). [From Sp. or Pg.] Any of a number of small herringlike fishes of the Mediterranean, used for pickling or making a sauce. anchovy pear. The fruit, often pickled, of a West Indian tree (Grias cauUflora) spmewhat resembling the mango; also, the tree itself. an'chu-sin (an'ku-sin), n. [L. anchusa the plant alkanet, Gr. S.yxovaa.] Chem. A red coloring matter got from alkanet and related plants. an'chy-lose (an'kY-los), an'chy-lo'sis, etc. Vars. of anky- lose, ankylosis, etc. an'cient (an'shent), n. [Corrupt, fr. ensign.] 1. An ensign. Obs. or R. 2. The bearer of an ensign. Obs. an'cient, a. [F. ancien, fr. LL., fr. L. ante before.] ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ANCIENTLY 39 ANGEL 1. Old; aged. 2. Hence : a Of persons, venerable ; hoary; also, experienced ; wise, b Of conditions or things, an- tique ; old-fashioned. 3. Belonging to times long past. 4. Specif.: a Belonging to the historical period beginning • with the earliest known civilizations (those of Egypt and Chaldea), and generally taken as extending to the fall of the Western Roman Empire (a. d. 476). b Pertaining to the ancients or to their times; as, ancient history. 5. Former; bygone; sometime. Archaic. — Syn. Anti- quated, obsolete. See old. — n. 1. An aged being. 2. One who lived in antiquity; pi., the [civiliaed peoples of antiquity ; esp., the classical nations. 3. A classical author ; a classic. — an'cient-ly, adv. — an'cient-ness, n. Ancient of Days, a Biblical title of the Deity. Dan. vii. 9. — the ancient regime, or [F.] ancien regime (aN'- syaN'ra'zhem'), the former political and social system, esp. that of France before the Revolution of 1789. an'cient-ry (-rf), n. Antiquity; what is ancient. an'cil-la-ry (an'sT-la-rT), a. [L. ancillaris, It. ancilla female servant.] Lit., of or pert, to a maidservant ; hence, subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid ; auxiliary. an-cip'i-tal (an-sip'i-tdl)la. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two- an-cip'i-tOUS (-sip'I-tSs) / headed ; ambi- on both sides + caput head.] Bot. Two-edged, instead of round. an'cle. Var. of ankle. an'con (an'kon), n. ; L. pi. ancones (an-ko'nez). [L., fr. Gr. bynuv elbow.] Anal. The elbow. 2. Arch. A console of a cornice. — an-CO'ne-al (arj-ko-ne-al), a. -ancy. See -ance. and (and), conj. [AS. and.'] 1. A particle expressing the general relation of connection or addition, and used to con- join word with word, clause with clause, or sentence with sentence. 2. In order to; — used instead of the infinitival to after try, come, go, send, and (Colloq. or Dial.) vari- ous other verbs ; as, try and do it. 3. If ; though. Obs. and so forth, and others or more of the same or of similar kind ; further in the same or similar manner ; and the rest. The abbr. etc. (etcetera), or &c, is usually read and so forth. An'da-lu'sian (an'dd-lu'zhdn ; -shan), a. Of or pert, to Andalusia, an old division of southern Spain, or its people. — n. One of the people of Andalusia. an'da-lu'site (-sit), n. Min. A silicate of aluminium, AhSiOs, first discovered in Andalusia, Spain. [jan-dan'te (an-dan'ta; an-dan'te), a. [It., lit., going.] Music. Moving moderately slow, but distinct and flowing. — n. An andante movement or piece. U andan-ti'no (an'dan-te'no), a. [It., dim. of andante.] Music. Rather quicker, or (as used by some) somewhat slower, than andante. — n. A piece or movement in this time. [the Andes. I An-de'an (an-de'dn ; an'de-an), a. Of, pertaining to, orlike,| an'des-ite (an'de-zTt), n.Petrog. An eruptive, usually dark grayish, rock, similar to trachyte. and'i'ron (and'I'i/rn), n. [OF. andier.] A utensil for supporting wood in a fireplace ; a firedog. an'dro-clin'i-um (an'dro-klin'I-um), n. [NL. ; Gr. Awjp, &v8p6s, man 4- k\Ivt] bed.] Bot. A clinandrium. An'dro-clus(an'dro-klus), or An'dro-cles (-klez), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ai>5pok\tjs.] A Roman slave said to have been spared in the arena by a lion from whose foot he had extract- ed a thorn years before. an-droe'ci-um (an-dre'shi-wm), n.; L. pi. -cia (-shl-d). [NL. ; andro- 4- Gr. oIkos house.] Bot. The aggregate of microsporophylls in the flower of a seed plant ; the stamens and their appendages collectively. — an-droe'cial(-shdl), a. an-drog'y-nous (an-droj'i-nas), a. [L. androgynus, Gr. iwSpoywos ; 6.vi)p, &i>8pos, man + yw-q woman.] 1. Her- maphroditic. 2. Bot. Bearing both staminate and pistil- late flowers in the same cluster. — an-drog'y-ny (-ni), n. an'droid (an'droid) , o. [Gr. di/SpcKiSfc; &vnp man + elSos form.] Resembling a man. — n. An automaton of human form. — an-droi'dal (an-droi'dal), a. An-drom'a-Che (an-drom'd-ke), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Avdpo- H&xn] In Homer's "Iliad," the noble wife of Hector. An-drom'e-da (-e-dd), n. ; gen. -v-vm (-de). [L., fr. Gr. 'AvSponeSt].] 1. Gr. Myth. A daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, who, to avert a disaster, was exposed to a sea monster. She was rescued by Perseus and became his wife. 2. Astron. A northern constellation directly south of Cassiopeia, between Pegasus and Perseus. An'dro-mede (an'dro-med) \ n. Astron. Any ofashow- An-drom'e-did (an-drom'e-dTd) J er of meteors appearing yearly about the 24th of November, and seeming to radi- ate from a point in the constellation Andromeda ; — called also Bielids, because connected with Biela's comet. an'dro-sphinx (an'drS-sfirjks), n. [Gr. &vi,p, &v5p6s, a man + sphinx.] A man-headed sphinx. See sphinx. -an'drous (-an'drus). [Gr. d^p, &v8 P 6s, a man.] Bot. An adjectival termination denoting the presence of stamens ; as in monandrous, diandrous, gynandrous, etc. An'dva-ri ( an'dwa-re ), n. [ I eel. ] Norse Myth. A dwarf whom Loki robs of his hoard and of a ring. On the ring Andvari lays the curse that it shall be the bane of all possessors. a-near' (d-ner'), prep. & adv. Near. Rare. an'ec-dot'age ( an'ek-dot'aj ), n. Anecdotes collectively. an'ec-dot'al (-dot'dl), an'ec-dot'ic (-dot'ik), a. Of or pertaining to anecdotes. an'ec-dote (-dot), n. [F., fr. Gr. foeicSoTos not published ; &v- not + IkSotoj given out.] A particular or detached incident or fact of an interesting nature ; a biographical incident. — Syn. See story. — an'ec-dot'ist (-dot'ist), n. a-nele' (d-nel'), v. t. [ME. anelien; an on -f- AS. ele oil, L. oleum.] To anoint ; also, give extreme unction to. Obs. an'e-lec'tric ( an'e-lek'trik ), a._ [ an- not + electric. ] Physics. Not becoming electrified by friction.— n. An anelectric substance. a-ne'mi-a, a-ne'mic, etc. Vars. of an^emla, anemic, etc. an'e-mo- (an'e-mo-). Combining form fr. Gr. fircpos, wind. a-nem/o-gram (d-nem'o-gram), n. A record made by an anemograph. a-nem'o-graph (-graf), n. A recording anemometer. an'e-mog'ra-phy (an'e-mog'rd-fl), n. 1. A description of the winds. 2. Art of recording the direction and force of the wind. — a-nem'o-graph'ic (d-nem'6-graf'ik), a. an'e-mol'O-gy (an'e-mol'6-ji), n. The science of the wind. — an'e-mo-log'i-cal (-mo-loj'i-kdl), a. an'e-mom'e-ter (an'e-mom'e-ter), An instrument for measuring the force( or velocity of the wind ; a wind gauge.' — an'e-mo-met'ric (-mo-met'rfk), an'e-mo-met'ri-cal (-n-kal), a. an'e-mo- met'ro-graph (Sn'e-mo-me t'- ro-graf), n. An anemograph, esp. one that records the pressure, velocity, and direction of the wind. an'e-mom'e-try (-mSm'e-trT), n. Act or process of ascertaining the force or velocity of the wind. a-nem'o-ne (d-nem'6-ne ; L. an'e-mo'- ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. bveiiuvq, fr. 5.ve/j.os Anemometer, wind. ] 1. Any of a genus ( Anemone) of ranunculaceous plants, having flowers without petals, but with petaloid sepals. See inflorescence, Illust. 2. A sea anemone. an/e-moph'i-ious ( an'e-mof'i-lus ), a. Bot. Fertilized by the wind. — an'e-mopb/i-ly (-11), n. a-nem/0-SCOpe (d-nem'S-skop), n. Any contrivance for in- dicating, or for indicating and recording, the direction of the wind ; also, a device to foretell changes in the weather. an'e-mo'sis (an'e-mo'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. aveuos wind.] A condition in the wood of some trees in which the rings are separated, as some suppose, by the action of high winds upon the trunk ; wind shake. a-nenst' (d-n£nst')l prep. [AS. onefen, onemn; an, on, on a-nent' (d-nenf) / 4- efen even, equal.] 1. Beside. Obs. 2. About ; concerning ; in respect to. an'er-oid (an'er-oid), a. [o- not -j- Gr. vijp6s wet, joaoist + -oid.] Containing no liquid; — designating a kind of barometer in which the atmospheric pressure, in bending the thin corrugated top of a partially exhausted me- tallic box, is made to move a pointer. — n. An aneroid barometer. an'es-the'si-a, an'es- thet'ic. Vars. of ANiES- Aneroid Barometer, a Exhausted THESIA, ANAESTHETIC. Box connected with Levers b ar/eu-rysm, -rism (an'- and c to actuate Pointer (d) . u-riz'm), n. [Gr. 6.vtvpvaua, &vevpvan6s, an opening ; iv& up 4- evpvs wide.] Med. A soft, pulsating, arterial tumor, containing blood. — an'eu-rys'mal, -ris'mal (-riz'mdl), a. a-new' (d-nii'), o,dv. Over again; in a new form ; afresh. an-frac^tu-os'i-ty (an-frak'tfi-os'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Sinuosity. an-frac'tU-OUS (-frak't5-ws), a. [L. anfractuosus, fr. an- fractus a winding ; an- for ambi- + frangere, fractum, to break.] Winding ; full of turns ; sinuous ; tortuous. an'gel (an'jel), n. [From OF., fr. L. angelus, Gr. &yye\os messenger, messenger of God, angel.] 1. A supernatural messenger of God ; a. spiritual, celestial being, superior to man in power and intelligence. 2. A messenger. Rare. 3. A minister or pastor of a church ; — so called in the Apocalypse, in ecclesiastical history, and by some modern sects. 4. A person like an angel in goodness or loveliness. 5. A former English gold coin bearing the image ot the archangel Michael ; — worth $3,428 in the money of to-day. 6. Attendant spirit ; genius ; demon. 7. A nonprofessional financial backer of a play, circus, or the like. Slang. B G H K K =- ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. M ANGELET 40 ANGRY an'gel-et (an'jel-et), n. [OF.] 1. An obsolete English gold coin worth half an angel. 2. A little angel. angel fish. Zobl. A large shark. (Squatina squatina) with pectoral fins extending like wings when spread. an-gel'ic (an-jel'ik) \a. Belonging to angels; resembling, an-gel'i-cal (-T-kdl) / characteristic of, or of the nature of, an angel ; heavenly; divine. — an-gel'i-cal-ly, adv. an-gel'i-ca (-kd), n. [NL.] Bot. An apiaceous plant (genus Angelica), esp. an aromatic species (A. archangelica) of which the leafstalks are candied as a confection ; also, this confection or an infusion formerly made from the plant. angelica tree. The Hercules'-club. an'gel-ol'a-try ( an'jel-ol'd-trl ), n. {angel + -latry.] Worship paid to angels. an'gel-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. [angel + -logy.] A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines in regard to angels. An'ge-lus (an'je-12s), n. [L. See angel.] R. C. Ch. a A form of devotion commemorating Christ's incarnation, said at morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of a bell, called the Angelus Bell, b The Angelus bell. an'ger (ar/ger), n. [Icel. angr affliction, sorrow.] 1. Trouble; affliction; vexation; also, physical pain or smart of a sore, etc. 06s. 2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure or antagonism excited by what is regarded as an injury or insult done by another, or by the intent to do such injury. Syn. Displeasure, choler, temper, exasperation, irritation, vexation, resentment, passion, indignation, wrath, ire, rage, fury. — Anger, indignation, wrath, ire, rage, fury agree in expressing the feelings aroused by wrong or injury. Anger is keen or hot displeasure (usually with a de- sire to punish) at what is regarded as an injury or in- justice ; as, "Moses' anger waxed hot." Indignation is deep and intense, often generous, anger in view of what is mean, cruel, shameful, or in any way unworthy or , ignoble ; as, a righteous indignation at corruption. Wrath and ire (chiefly poetical) express the feelings of one bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebullition of anger ; fury, an excess of rage, verging on madness ; as, to fly into a rage ; the fury of an avenger. — v. t. 1. To make angry; cause to smart; inflame. 06s. 2. To excite to anger ; enrage ; provoke. an'ger-ly, adv. Angrily. 06s. or Poetic. An'ge-vin (an'je-vin), An'ge-vine (-vTn ; -vTn), a. Of or pert, to Anjou in France, a former province now chiefly comprised in the department of Maine-et-Loire ; specif., designating the Plantagenets, descendants of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. — n. A native or inhabitant of Anjou ; also, a member of an Angevin royal house. an'gi-na (an'ji-nd ; commonly an-jl'nd), n. [L., fr. Gr. iiyxovn a throttling.] Any inflammatory affection of the throat or fauces, esp. one causing suffocative spasms. an'gi-na pec/to-ris (pek't6-ns). A painful disease accom- panied by a sense of suffocating contraction of the chest. an'gi-ol'o-gy (-ol'6-jl) n. [From Gr. byyeiov a vessel + -logy.'] The anatomy of the blood vessels and lymphatics. an'gi-o'ma (an'jl-o'md), n. ; L. pi. -omata (-o'md-td). [NL., fr. Gr. Ayyelov a vessel + -oma.] Med. A tumor chiefly of dilated blood or lymph vessels. — an gi-om'a- tOUS (-om'd-tus ; -o'md-tus), a. an'gi-O-sperm (an'ji-6-spurm), n. [From Gr. kyy ttov a vessel + -sperm.~\ Any plant of the class ( Angiospermae) having the seeds in a closed ovary. sper'mous, o. an'gle (an'g'l), n. [AS. angel.] A fishhook or fishing tackle.— v. i.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). 1. To fish with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line. 2. To use some bait or artifice ; intrigue. an'gle, n. [F., fr. L. angulus.] 1. The inclosed space near the point where two lines meet ; cor- ner. 2. Geom. a The figure formed by two meeting lines (plane angle) or planes (dihe- dral angle) , or by three or more planes meeting in a point (solid angle) . b Difference in direction . of two lines. 3. A projecting or ^Pa^;"^ sharp corner ; an angular object p\ jr", p'") B D Acute or space. — Syn. See corner. Angle ; E (or E', E". E'") — v. i. & t. 1. To turn, bend, or BD Obtuse Angle; CBD move at an angle or in angles. Straight Angle; GBD 2. To drive into an angle ; corner. ^ &ex **&* > B Vertex - an'gled (an'g'ld), o. Having or forming an angle or angles. angle iron. Mech. A bent piece for joining parts of a structure at an angle; specif., a rolled iron or steel bar of L section, for struc- tural ironwork. an'gle-me'ter (an'g'l-me'ter), n. An instru- ment to measure angles ; esp., a clinometer. an'gle-pod/ (-pod'), n. A plant (Vincetoxi- cum gonocarpos) of the southern United States which has an angled pod ; also, any of several other species of the same genus. E Ar an'gler (5n'-gler), n. 1. One who angles. 2. A fish (Lophius piscatorius) having a very large mouth and fleshy ap- pendages on the head, by which latter it is said to lure other fish within reach. An'gles (-g'lz), n. pi. A Germanic people who, with the Saxons and Jutes, conquered England in the 5th century A. D. From their name come the words England and English. — An'gli-an (-gli-an), a. & n. an'gle-site (arj'gle-slt), n. [From the Isle of Anglesey.] Min. Lead sulphate, PbS04, found massive or in white or slightly colored orthorhombic crystals. It is an ore of lead, an'gle-worm' (ar/g'l-wurmO, n. An earthworm. An'gli-can (an'gli-kdn), a. 1. English; esp., of or pert, to the Church of England and churches in communion with it. 2. Of, pert, to, or designating, the High Church party of the Church of England. — n. A member of an Anglican church or the Anglican party. can-ism (-Tz'm), n. H An'gli-ce (-se), adv. [NL.] In the English language or fashion ; as, Livorno, Anglice Leghorn. An'gli-cism (-siz'm), n. 1. Anglicized language or idiom. 2. Quality of being English ; an English characteristic. An'gli-cize (-slz), v. t. & i.; -cized (-slzd) ; -ciz'ing (-slz'- Ing). To make or become English; Anglify. — An'gli- ci-za'tion (-si-za'shun; -si -za 'shun), n. An'gli-fy (-fl), v. t.; -txev (-fid); -fy'ing. To Anglicize. An'glo— (an'glo-). [L. Angli the Angles.] A combining form meaning the same as English. An'glo-Af'ri-can, a. & n. Native of Africa, but of English descent. An'glo-A-mer'i-can, a. Of, pert, to, or designating, the English and Americans, or Englishmen who have made America, esp. the United States, their home. — n. An Englishman who has made America, esp. the United States, his home; often, a child or descendant of such a settler; also (in central western U. S. A.), any child whose parents were born in America and speak English. An'glo-Cath'o-lic, a. Designating, or pertaining to, the church as affected by the Reformation in England (16th century) ; Anglican; — sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of Eng- land.— n. One who claims that the Church of England is by historic descent a part of the Catholic Church (in- cluding the Roman Church and the Greek Church also as parts). — An'glo-Ca-thol'i-cism (-kd-thol'I-sTz'm), n. An'glo-Chi-nese', a. Pertaining to the English and Chinese, or England and China. An'glo-^French', o. 1. Of or pert, to England and France. 2. Designating, or relating to, Anglo-French. — n. The French language as spoken in England after the Norman Conquest, esp. the form used by the Anglo-Normans. An'glo-In'di-an (-In'di-an), a. Of or pertaining to the English in India, or the English and East Indian peoples, languages, customs, etc. — n. One of the English race born or resident in the East Indies. An glo-ma'ni-a ( -ma'nl-d ), n. Prejudice in favor of English customs, institutions, etc. ma'ni-ac (-ak), n. An'glO— Nor'man (-nor'man), n. One of the English Nor- mans or the Normans who lived in England after the Con- quest ; also, the form of French spoken by them and their descendants. — An'glo-Nor'man, a. An'glo-phile (-fll; -fil) In. One who upholds English policy An'glo-phil (an'gl5-fil)J or manner. An'glo-phobe (-fob), n. A person actuated or affected by Anglophobia. An / glo-pho'bi-a (-fo'bT-d), n. [Anglo- +-phobia.] In- tense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. An'glO-Sax'ont-sak'sunj-s'n), n. 1. a In pi. The Low German tribes which conquered southern and eastern England and southern Scotland in the 5th and 6th cen- turies, b A member of the nation created by these tribes (together with native and Danish elements) which ruled England until the Norman Conquest. 2. A person belonging to, or descended from, the mixed race which forms the English nation. 3. The language of the Anglo- Saxons (sense 1). — a. Of or pert, to the Anglo-Saxons or their language. — An'glC—Sax'on-ism (-iz'm), n. An-gola (an-go'ld), n. A corruption of Angora. An-go'ra (-go'rd), n. [ From Angora, city of Asia Minor.] A cloth, fringe, shawl, or the like, of Angora wool. Angora cat, a variety of domestic cat with very long, silky hair. — A. goat, a kind of domestic goat, with long silky hair (called A. wool) which is the true mohair. an'gos-tu'ra bark (an'gos-too'rd). [From Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark, used as a tonic, obtained from a South American rutaceous tree(Cuspariaangostura). an'gri-ly (ar/gri-11), adv. In an angry manner. an'gri-ness (an'gri-nes), n. Quality or state of being angry. an'gry (an'gri), a.; an'gri-er (-grT-er); -gri-est. [See anger.] 1. Troublesome ; vexatious. 06s. 2. Inflamed and painful, as a sore. 3. Affected with anger ; enraged. 4. Snowing, or proceeding from, anger. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, &rn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); ANGUILLIFORM 41 Syn. Angry, passionate, irascible. One is angry who is actually manifesting anger ; one is passionate who is quickly or easily moved to an outburst of wrath. One is irascible who is by temperament prone to anger, but not necessarily to violent wrath. As applied to speech, -passionate implies vehemence, but not necessarily anger. an-guil'li-form (an-gwil'i-form), a. [L. anguilla eel+ -form.] Eel-shaped. an'guine (an'gwin), a. [L. anguinus, fr. anguis snake.] Of, pertaining to, or like, a snake or serpent. an/guish (an'gwish), n. [F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia narrowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to press together.] Extreme pain of [ either body or mind; excruciating distress; — rarely used in pi. — Syn. Agony, pang, torture, torment. See dis- tress.— v. t. & i. To distress, affect, or suffer with anguish. an/gu-lar (-gu-ldr), a. [L. angularis.] 1. Of or pert. to an angle or angles ; having or forming an angle ; sharp- cornered. 2. Measured by an angle; as, an angular opening of 30°. 3. Fig.: Lean, lank; sharp and stiff in character. — an'gu-lar-ly, adv. an'gu-lar'i-ty (an'gu-lar'I-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. Quali- ty of being angular. 2. In pi. Angular outlines ; sharp corners. an'gu-late (ar/gu-lat)l a. [L. angulatus, p. p. of angular e an/gu-lat'ed (-lat'ed) / to make angular.] Having angles ; angled ; as, angulate leaves. — an'gu-late-ly, adv. an'gu-la'tion (-la'shim), n. Act of making angular; angular formation or shape. an-gUS'tate (an-gus'tat), a. [L. angustatus, p. p. of angustare to narrow.] Narrowed. an-hun/gered (an-hun'gerd), a. Hungry. Archaic. an-hy'dride (an-hl'drld; -drid), n. Also -drid. [See anhydrous.] Chem. a An oxide of a nonmetallic body or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with water, or of being formed from an acid by abstrac- tion of water, or of uniting with basic oxides to form salts. b A compound formed by abstraction of water. an-hy'drite (an-hl'drlt), n. [See anhydrous.] Min. Anhydrous calcium sulphate, CaS04, usually massive, and white or slightly colored. an-hy'drous (an-hi'drus), a. [Gr. &w8pos wanting water.] Destitute of water, esp. water of crystallization. a'ni (a'ne), n. [Native name.] Any of three species of black birds (genus Crotophaga) of the cuckoo family, of the warmer parts of America. a-night' (d-nlt'), a-nights' (-nits'), adv. At night. Archaic. an'il (an'il), n. [From F., Sp., or Pg., fr. Ar. an-riil, al- rill indigo plant, fr. Skr. nila dark blue, riill indigo, indigo plant.] 1. A West Indian fabaceous shrub (Indi- gofera anil), one of the sources of indigo. 2. Indigo. Rare. an'ile (an'il; -Tl), a. [L. anilis, fr. anus old woman.] Old-womanish ; hence, imbecile. — a-nil'i-ty (d-nil'i-tT), n. an'i-line (-I-lin; -len), n. Also -lin. [anil indigo (from which it is obtainable ) -f -ine. ] Org. Chem. An oily, poisonous, basic liquid, C6H5NH2, colorless when pure, now chiefly made from nitrobenzene, used in making dyes. an/i-mad-ver'sion (an'i-mad-vur'shun), n. [L. animad- versio. See animadvert.] Remark by way of criticism and usually of censure ; adverse criticism ; blame. Syn. Censure, reproach, aspersion, condemnation, criticism, stricture, reflection. — Animadversion, criti- cism, stricture, reflection. An animadversion is a critical observation or remark, usually adverse, sometimes carping ; as, animadversions prompted by hate. A criticism is a more explicit expression of judgment, implying previous scrutiny ; as here compared (cf. review) it is commonly unfavorable ; as, explanations intended to forestall criticism. Stricture always implies censure, which may be either ill- natured or judicious ; as, his strictures on English customs displayed much bad temper. Reflection implies some im- putation or aspersion cast (often indirectly) upon its ob- ject; as, the reflections on his honesty were entirely gratui- tous. an'i-mad-vert' (-vurt'), v. i. [L. animadvert ere ; animus mind -f- advertere to turn to. See advert.] 1. To notice. Rare or Archaic. 2. To consider or remark by way of criticism or censure. — Syn. Comment, criticise, censure. an'i-mal (an'i-mdl), n. [L., fr. anima breath, soul.] 1. Any member of the group of living beings typically, endowed with sensation and voluntary motion, as dis- tinguished from a plant. 2. One of the lower animals; a brute or beast, as distinguished from man. Syn. Animal, brute, beast. In ordinary literal use, animal refers to sentient beings, as distinguished from plants and inanimate objects ; brute, to animals regarded as irrational or savage ; beast, usually to four-footed ani- mals. Fig., as applied to human beings, animal stresses the ascendancy of the animal nature ; brute, dullness of the sensibilities, or unrestrained passion ; beast, surrender to appetite or sensual indulgence ; as, one may speak of a prize fighter as a superb animal, of a cruel husband as a brute, of a drunkard as making a beast of himself. ANKH — a. 1. Of, relating to, resembling, or derived from, ani- mals or their characteristics. 2. Pertaining to the -nerely sentient part of a creature, as disting. from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part ; as, animal appetites. an'i-mal'cu-la (-mal'ku-ld), n., pi. of animalculum. an i-mal'cu-lar (-mal'ku-ldr), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, animalcules. an'i-mal'cule (-mal'kul), n. [As if fr. a L. animalculum, dim. of animal.] 1. A small animal, as a spider. Obs. 2. A minute animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. Many of the so-called animalcules have been shown' to be motile plants, as desmids and diatoms. an'i-maPcul-ism (-ku-liz'm), n. Biol. A former theory which sought to explain certain physiological and pathologi- cal phenomena by means of animalcules. cul-ist(-list),n. an i-mal'cu-lum (-lum), n.; L. pi. -la (-Id). [NL.] An animalcule. an'i-mal-ism (an'I-mdl-Tz'm), n. 1. Stat°, activity, or enjoyment of animals ; mere animal life; sensuality. 2. The doctrine that men are mere nonspiritual animals. an'i-mal-ist, n. 1. A believer in or advocate of animalism. 2. An artist representing chiefly animals. an'i-mal'i-ty (-mal'i-ti), n. Animal life; animalism. an'i-mal-ize (an'i-mdl-iz), ,v.t.; -IZED(-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Iz'- ing). To render animal in nature; specif., to reduce to animalism ; sensualize. i-za'tion (-I-za'shun ; -I-za'-;,n. an'i-mal-ly, adv. As to bodily qualities ; physically. an'i-mate (-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'ed) ; -mat'ing. [L. animatus, p. p. of animare, fr. anima breath, soul.] 1. To give natural life to; make alive; quicken. 2. To give, powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of. 3. To give spirit or vigor to; rouse. — Syn. Enliven, inspirit, stimulate, exhilarate, inspire, urge, prompt, incite.— (-mat), o. Alive ; living ; animated. — an'i-mat'er (-er), n. an'i-mat'ed (-mat'ed), p. a. Alive; full of life or spirit; lively. — an'i-mat'ed-ly, adv. — Syn. See lively. an'i-mat'ing (-mat'ing), p. a. Causing animation; life- giving; inspiriting; rousing. — an'i-mat'ing-ly, adv. ah i-ma'tion (-ma'shSn), n. Act of animating ; state of being animate or animated. — Syn. Liveliness, vivacity, spirit, airiness, sprightliness ; enthusiasm, ardor. |] a'ni-ma'to (a'nS-ma'to), a. & adv. [It.] Music. Ani- mated ; with animation. an'i-ma'tor (an'i-ma'ter), n. [L.] One who, or that which, animates. an'i-me (an'I-ma ; -me), n. [F. anime'.'] Any of various ' resins or oleoresins, as, copal, esp. a soft variety, or elemi. an'i-mism (-miz'm),n. [L. anima soul.] 1. The doctrine that the soul is the vital principle. 2. The belief that all objects have a natural life or vitality or an indwelling soul. an'i-mist (-mist), n. A believer in animism. an'i-mis'tic (-mis'tik), a. Of or pertaining to animism. an'i-mos'i-ty (-mos'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). [F. ani- mosite, fr. L. animositas.'] 1. Spiritedness or courage. . Obs. 2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition ; active enmity. — Syn. See hostility. an'i-mus (an'I-mus), n. ; L. pi. -mi (-ml). [L., mind.] Mind; will; animating spirit ; also, inclination; disposi- tion ; bad or malicious intention or disposition. an'i-on (an'I-on), n. [Gr. kvikv, neut. hvibv, p. pr. of Lvikvai to go up.] Chem. a The product evolved at the anode in electrolysis. It is regarded as electronegative with regard to the cation, b In general, a negative ion. an'ise (an'Is), n. [F. anis, L. anisum, Gr. avi an-nounce'ment (-ment), n. Act of announcing; that which announces ; publication ; declaration. an-noy' (d-noi') ( n. [OF. anoi, anui, enui, fr. L. in odio in hatred.] Annoyance. Archaic — v. t. 1. To disturb or irritate, esp. by continued or repeated acts ; tease ; vex. 2. To molest, harm, or injure ; as, to annoy the enemy. — Syn. See harass. — an-noy'er, n. an-noy 'ance (-dns), n. 1. Act of annoying; state of being annoyed ; molestation ; vexation. 2. That which annoys. an-noy'ing, p. a. That annoys ; molesting ; vexatious. — an-noy r ing-ly, adv. — an-noy'ing-ness, n. an'nu-al (an'u-dl), a. [From F., fr. L. annualis, fr. annus year.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year; coming or happening once a year ; yearly. 2. Done in a year ; reckoned by the year. 3. Lasting only a year or, of plants, one growing season. — n. 1. A thing happening or recurring yearly; esp., a literary work published once a year. 2. Anything that lasts but one year or season; specif., a plant (often designated by O, O, or ®) which completes its growth in a single year or growing season. — an'nu-al-ly, adv. an-nu'i-tant (d-nu'I-tdnt), n. One entitled to an annuity. an-nu'i-ty (-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). [From F., fr. LL., fr. L. annus year.] 1. An amount payable yearly. 2. Finance. The sum made up of a series of equal payments to be made annually or oftener ; also ; the right to receive such a series of payments, or the investment which it represents. an-nul' (d-nul'), v. t. ; an-nuixed' (-nuld') ; an-nui/ling. [From F., fr. LL., fr. L. ad to + nullum nothing.] 1. To annihilate. 2. To nullify ; abolish. — Syn. See abolish. an'nu-lar (an'fi-ldr), a. [L. annularis, anularis, fr. annulus, anulus, ring.] Pertaining to a ring ; forming, or marked with, a ring or rings; ringed; ring-shaped. — an'nu-lar-ly, adv. an'nu-late (-lat) \a. Of, furnished with, or having, a an'mi-lat'ed (-lat'ed)/ ring or rings; ringed. See root, Illust. an'nil-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. Formation of rings; a ring, an'nu-let (an'ti-let), n. A little ring ; specif., Arch, a small molding or ridge forming a ring, as on a capital, an-nul'ment (d-nul'ment), n. Act of annulling; state of being annulled, an'nu-lus (an'u-li2s),n.; pi. L. -li (-11), E.-luses (-lus-e'z). [L., better anulus.] A ring; a ringlike part, structure, marking, space, or the like. — an'nu-lose (-los), a. an-nun'ci-ate (d-nun'shi-at),v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. annuntiatus, p. p. of annuntiare.] To announce, an-nun'ci-a'tion (-sl-a'shun; -shi-a'shwn), n. 1. Act of announcing; announcement. 2. a The announcement of Christ's incarnation, made by the angel Gabriel to Mary. b [cap.] The church festival (March 25th) in memory of this ; Lady Day. Annunciation lily. The common white lily (Lilium candidum), usually introduced by painters in pictures of the Annunciation. an-nun'ci-a-tive (d-nun'shi-£-tiv), a. Announcing. Rare. an-nun'ci-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, announces; specif., any of several mechanical signaling devices, which indicate, as by a pointer, bell, or light, the place where attendance is required. an'ode (Sn'od), n. [Gr. &v& up-f 656$ way.] Elec. The positive terminal of an electric source. Cf. cathode. a-nod'ic (d-nod'ik), a. Elec. Of, pertaining to, or emanating from, an anode ; as, anodic rays. an'o-dyne (an'o-dln), a. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. &i>&8wos free from pain; &v- not+65vi>r} pain.] Serving to assuage pain ; soothing. — n. An anodyne drug or agent. a-noint' (d-noinf), v. t. [From OF. p. p., fr. L. inungere; in+ungere, unguere, to anoint.] 1. To smear or rub over with oil or an unctuous substance ; also, to spread over, as oil. 2. To apply oil to or to pour oil upon, as a sacred rite, esp. for consecration. 3. To beat; chastise. Humorous. — a-noint'er, re. — a-noint'ment (-ment), re. a-nom'a-lism (d-nom'd-llz'm), re. Anomaly. > ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end. recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, orb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, firn, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ixjk; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); ANOMALISTIC 43 ANTEATER a-nom'a-lis'tic (2-nom'd-lis'tikna. Of or pertaining to a-nom'a-lis'ti-cal (-lls'tl-kdl) J an anomaly. a-nom'a-lous ( d-nom'd-lus ), a. [L. anomalus, Gr. fowna\os irregular; &y- not+d/iaXos even.] Deviating from a general rule, method, or analogy ; abnormal ; irregular. — Syn. Exceptional, unusual, singular, peculiar. — a-nom'a-lous-ly, adv. — a-nom'a-lous-ness, n. a-nom'a-ly (-11), n.; pi. -lies (-liz). [L. anomalia, Gr. &va>na\ia. See anomalous.] Deviation from the common rule ; irregularity ; anything anomalous. Specif. : Astron. a The angular distance of a planet from its perihelion, as seen from the sun. b The angle measuring apparent irregu- larities in the motion of a planet. a-non' (d-non'), adv. [Lit., in one (moment) ; AS. on in + an one.] 1. At once. Archaic. 2. Soon ; in a little while ; as, I will come anon. 3. At another time ; then ; again ; as, ever and anon. — inter j. Immediately 1 Hence, at your service ! an'o-nym (an'6-nim), n. One who is anonymous* some- times, a pseudonym. an'o-nym'i-ty (an'6-nim'T-tT), n. Quality or state of being anonymous ; also, that which is anonymous. a-non'y-mous (d-non'i-miis), a. [Gr. &vwwfws; &v not -\-6wfia, ovona, name.] Nameless ; of unknown name ; also, of unknown or una vowed authorship. — a-non'y- mous-ly, adv. — a-non'y-mous-ness, n. A-noph'e-les (d-nof'e-lez), n. [Gr. iwoxj^X-qs hurtful.] A genus of mosquitoes whose bite is the usual, or only, means by which man is infected with the malaria parasite. an-or'thite (an-6r^thlt), n. [Gr. b.v- not+6p66s straight (6p0i7, sc. ymvia, right angle).] Min. A white, grayish, or reddish feldspar, CaAh(Si04)2. It occurs in many igneous rocks. — an'or-thit'ic (an'or-thit'Ik), a. an-or'tho-SCOpe (an-or'tho-skop), n. _ [an- not+ortho-+ -scope.'] An instrument for producing optical illusions with two revolving disks, on the principle of the zoetrope. an-or'thO-site (-sit), n. [F. anorthose triclinic feldspar (fr. Gr. 6j>- not + dpdds straight) + -He.'] Petrol. A granular igneous rock composed almost exclusively of a soda-lime feldspar, usually labradorite. an-OS'mi-a (-os'ml-d), n. [NL., fr. an- not +Gr. 6y contest.] Opposition of action ; also, an opposing agent or principle. an-tag'o-nist (-nist), n. One who contends with another, esp. in combat ; adversary ; opponent. — Syn. Enemy, foe» rival, competitor. See opponent. an-tag'o-nis'tic (-nis'tik) \a. Opposing in combat. — an-tag'o-nis'ti-cal (-ti-kdl)j an-tag'o-nis'ti-cal-ly, adv. an-tag'o-nize (an-tag'6-nlz), v. t. & i. ; -nized (-nTzd) ; -niz'ing (-nlzlng). 1. To contend with; oppose actively. 2. To cause to oppose; make an opponent of. Colloq. ant-allta-line (ant-al'kd-lln ; -lln), a. Counteracting or preventing alkalinity. — n. An antalkaline agent. ant-arc'tic (ant-ark'tik), a. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. hvrapKTLKOi ; h.vrl + &pktoi bear.] Opposite to the north, or arctic, pole ; relating to the south pole or the region about it ; — applied esp. to a circle, or parallel of latitude, distant from the south pole 23° 28'. An-ta'res (an-ta'rez), n. [Gr. 'h-vrbp-qt; &vrl similar to -KApqf Mars. From its red color.] The chief (first- magnitude) star in Scorpio ; Alpha (a) Scorpii ; — called also Scorpion's Heart. ant'ar-thrit'ic (Snt'ar-thrlt'Yk), a. Med. Counteracting or alleviating gout. — n. A remedy for gout. ant'astn-mat'ic (Snt'az-mat'ik ; Snt'Ss-), a. Med. Oppos- ing or relieving asthma. — n. A remedy for asthma. ant bear. Zobl. The great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata) of South America, an edentate having shaggy gray fur with a black band across the chest and a white stripe on the shoulder. ant cattle. Various kinds of plant lice or aphids tended by ants for the sake of their honeydew. ant COW. Any aphid from which ants obtain honeydew. an'te- (Sn'te-). [L. ante before.] A prefix meaning before, used to form nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Examples : anretaste, a taste before, a prior taste, /ore- taste ; anJeporch, a porch before, an anterior (or entrance) porch ; onfepalatal, situated before the palate ; ante-Mo- saic, belonging to the time before Moses ; antedate, n., a date before, a prior date ; antedate, v., to date before. an'te (Sn'te), n. [See ante-.] Poker, a A player's stake put in the pool after seeing his hand but before drawing other cards, b Loosely, a stake put in by each player be- fore seeing his hand, as in a jack pot. — v. t. & i. To stake (the ante) ; — often with up. Hence, to pay one's part. ant'eafer (ant'eVer), n. 1. Any of certain edentates, as the aard-vark and ant bear, which feed largely or entirely on ants. They have a long narrow snout, a long tongue, and enormously developed salivary glands. 2. Any of several other mammals which feed largely on ants. B H K K = ch in G. ich, a< h (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbrevi ttions used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ANTECEDE 44 ANTHRACNOSE an'te-cede' (an'te-sed'), v. t. & i. ; -ced'ed (-sed'ed); -ced'- ing. [L. antecedere; ante+cedere to go.] To go before in time or place ; precede ; surpass. an'te-ced'ence (-sed'ens)lra. Act, fact, or state of going be- an'te-ced'en-cy (-en-si) / fore ; precedence ; priority. an'te-ced'ent (-ent), a. [L. antecedens, p. pr.] 1. Going before in time ; prior ; preceding. 2. Presumptive. antecedent drainage, Phys. Geog., a system of water- courses established before the deformation of the surface which it drains, and persisting after the deformation has taken place and in spite of it. Cf. consequent drainage. Syn. Antecedent, preceding, precedent, foregoing, previous, prior, former, anterior agree in implying temporal succession. Antecedent (opposed to subse- quent, consequent) and preceding (opposed to succeeding, following) differ in that preceding usually applies to that which goes immediately before (as, the preceding day), whereas antecedent often suggests an indefinite interval; as, a period antecedent to the Conquest. Antecedent, unlike preceding, often involves logical, as well as temporal, con- nection or dependence ; as, an antecedent cause, probability. Precedent often applies to that on whose going before the validity or effectiveness of something else depends ; as, conditions precedent. Foregoing (opposed to following) applies almost exclusively to statements. Previous and prior (opposed to subsequent) are often used convertibly, esp. with to. But prior sometimes implies a closer relation than previous ; thus, a previous obligation is one merely earlier in time, whereas a prior obligation may be one that takes precedence. Former (opposed to latter), more defi- nitely than prior, implies comparison. Anterior (opposed ! to posterior), also comparative in force, applies to position, usually in space. — n. 1. That which goes before in time ; that which pre- cedes. 2. In pi. The earlier events of one's life ; previous principles, conduct, course, history. 3. Gram. A noun or noun equivalent, whether word, phrase, or clause, referred to by a pronoun. 4. Logic. That which is the ground for something else, as the condition of a hypothetical proposition. 5. Math. The first of the two terms of a ratio ; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. — an'te-ced'ent-ly, adv. an'te-ces'sor (an'te-ses'er ; an'te-ses'er), n. One who goes before ; predecessor. an'te-cham'ber (an'te-cham'ber), n. [From F., fr. It., fr. L. ante before -^-camera vault.] _ A chamber before the chief apartment and leading into it. [chapel. I an'te-chap'el (-chap'el), n. A vestibule or anteroom to a| an'te-choir' (-kwTr'), n. A space inclosed or reserved at the entrance to the choir, for the clergy and choristers. an'te-date' (-dat'), n. Prior date.— v. t. 1. To date before the true time ; assign to, or put at, an earlier date. 2. To precede in time ; come before in date. 3. To anticipate ; take before the true time. an'te-di-lu'vi-an (an'te-di-lii'vY-dn), a. Of or relating to the period before the Deluge ; hence, antiquated. — n. An antediluvian person ; hence, one behind the times. an'te-fix' (an'te-fiks'), n.; pi. E. -fixes (-ffk'sez; 24), L. -fixa (-fik'sd). [L. ante belore+fixus fixed.] Class. Arch, a An ornament at the eaves, concealing the ends of the joint tiles of the roof, b An ornament of the cymatium of a cornice. — an'te- fix'al (-fik'sdl), a. an'te-lope (-lop),n. [From OF., fr. Gr. &vd6\orp,-oiros.2 Zool. Any of a group of ru- minants constituting, with the oxen, sheep and goats, a family (Bovidse), but distin- guishable from the true oxen chiefly by < Antefix, a. being lighter and more graceful, and by having upward and backwardly directed horns. an'te-me-rid'i-an (-me-nd'i-an), a. [L. antemeridianus. See ante- ; meridian.] Being before noon. II an'te me-ri'di-em (me-nd'i-em). [L.l Before noon. Abbr., A. M. || an'te mor'tem (an'te mor'tem). [L.] Before death ; — generally used adjectively ; as, an ante-mortem statement. an'te-mun'dane (-mun'dan), a. Being or occurring before the creation of the world. an'te-na'tal (-na'tal), a. Being or coming before birth. ~~ an-ten'na (an-ten'd), n.; pi. L. -km (-e), E. -naz (-dz). [L., yard of a sail.] 1. Zool. A movable, segmented organ of sensation on the head of insects, myriapods, and crustaceans. In insects they are popularly called horns, and also feelers. 2. Wireless Teleg. An elevated conductor consisting of a wire or wires supported in the air for directly transmitting or receiving electric waves. an-ten'nule (-ill), n. A small antenna or like appendage. an'te-nup'tial (an'te-nup'shdl), a. Preceding marriage. an'te-pas'chal (-pas'kal), a. Coming before the Pass- over or Easter. an'te-past (an'te-past), n. [ante- + L. pastus pasture, food.] A foretaste; specif., formerly, a first course to whet the appetite, an'te-pen'di-um (-pen'di-iim), n.; pi. L. -dia (-d), E. -diums. [LL., fr. L. ante+pendere to hang.] Eccl. The hanging or screen in front of an altar ; frontal. an'te-pe'nult (-pe'niilt ; -pe-nult'), n. [L. antepaenultima (sc. syllaba) antepenultimate. See penult.] Pros. The last syllable except two of a word, as -syl- in monosyllable. — an'te-pe-nul'ti-mate (-pe-nul'tl-mat), a. & n. an'te-pe-nul'ti-ma (-pe-niil'ti-md), n.; pi. L. -ma (-me), E. -mas (-mdz). [L. antepaenultima.'] Antepenult. an'te-pran'di-al (-pran'di-dl), a. Preceding dinner. an-te'ri-or (an-te'ri-er), o. [L., comp. of ante before.] 1. Being before in time ; antecedent. 2. Being before, or toward the front, in place ; — opposed to posterior. — Syn. See antecedent. — an-te'ri-or'i-ty (-or'i-ti), n. — an-te'- ri-or-ly, adv. an/te-ro- (an'te-ro-). A combining form (as if from a L. anterus) meaning anterior ; front, as in : an'te-ro-in-f e'- ri-or, a. In front and below. an'te-room' (an'te-room'), n. A room before, or serving as an entrance to, another room ; a waiting room. an'te-ro-pos-te'ri-or (an'te-ro-pos-te'n-er), a. 1. Zool. Extending or directed from front to back or head to tail. 2. Bot.= median. an'te-ver'sion (-vur'shun), n. [See antevert.] Med. A displacement of an organ, esp. of the uterus, so that its whole axis is directed further forward than usual. an'te-vert' (-vurt'), v. t. [L. antevertere; ante+vertere to turn.] Med. To displace by anteversion. ant-he'li-on (ant-he'li-on ; an-the'li-on), n.; pi. L. -lia (-11-d), E. -ions (-onz). [anti--\-GT. ijXios sun.] An atmospheric phenomenon, chiefly of alpine or polar regions, consisting of a colored ring or rings surrounding the shadow of the spectator's own head as projected on a cloud or on a fog bank, opposite the sun. an thel-min'tic (an'thel-mTn'tfk), o. [anti— fGr. i\fim, -wOos, worm.] Med. Expelling or destroying intestinal worms. — n. An anthelmintic remedy. an'them (an'them), n. [AS. antefen, fr. LL., fr. Gr. &rrl- 4>wvop antiphon, anthem, deriv. of Lvri over against + 0WW7 sound, voice.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung respon- sively ; now, a prose composition, usually a selection from the Psalms, set to sacred music. 2. A song of praise or gladness.— v. t. To celebrate with anthems. Poetic. an-the'mi-on (an-the'mi-on), n.;jpl. L. -mia (-mi-d), E. -mions (-onz). [NL., *; fr. Gr. Lvdkfxiov flower.] An ornament consisting of floral or foliated forms arranged in a radiating cluster, but always flat, as in relief sculpture or in painting. an'ther (an'ther), n. Z [From F., fr. L. fr. Gr. Anthemion from the Erechtheum, ivdripos flowery, 6.v9os flower.] In seed plants, the part of the stamen which develops and contains pollen. an'ther-id (-id), n. An antheridium. an'ther-id'i-um (-Td'i-um), n.; pi. L. -idia (-d), E. -roruMs (-umz). [NL. ; anther + -iSiov (a Gr. diminutive ending).] Bot. The male gametangium of the sexual generation in cryptogamous plants. — an'ther-id'i-al (-51), a. An'thes-te'ri-a (an'thes-te'ri-d), n. pi. [Gr. ivdecrTripia..'] Gr. Relig. An annual Athenian festival occurring on the 11th, 12th, and 13th of the month called Anthesterion (closely corresponding to February). Cf. Parentalia. an-tho'di-um (an-tho'di-um),n.; ©Z.L.-dia (-d), E.-ums (-wmz). [NL.,fr.Gr. &j>d6>5i)s like flowers.] Bot. A head or capitulum; specif., the head in composite plants, formerly called a "compound flower." See inflorescence, Illust. an-thol'O-gy (an-thol'6-jT), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [Gr. &vdo\oyia, deriv. of avdos flower + Xt-yei? to gather.] A collection of "flowers" (beautiful passages) of literature; a collection of poems or epigrams. — an'tho-log'i-cal (an'tho-loj'i-kdl), a. — an-thol'o-gist (an-thol'6-jist), n. an'tho-phore (an'tho-for), n. [Gr. Wo^dpos bearing flow- ers.] Bot. An elongated internode of the receptacle be- tween the calyx and corolla, forming a stipe on which the gyncecium and corolla are borne, as in the pinks. an'tho-tax'y (an'tho-tak'sT), n. [antho- + Gr. t6£is order.] Bot . The arrangement of flowers in a cluster ; the science treating of inflorescence. an'thra-cene (an'thrd-sen), n. [Gr. avdpa£ coal.] Chem. A crystalline hydrocarbon, C6H4-C2H2-C6H4, accom- panying naphthalene in coal-tar distillation. an'thra-cite (-sit), n. [L. anthracites a kind of blood- stone, fr. Gr. iudpcuclTTis like coals, avdpa£, -a/cos, coal.] A hard natural coal, differing from bit uminous coal in con- taining little volatile matter. — an'tl ja-cit'ic (-sit'ik), a. an-thrac'nose (an-thrak'nos), n. [Gr. &vdpa£, -axot, car- ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6; b, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; .lature, verdure (87) ; ANTHRACOID 45 ANTICOHERER buncle + votros disease. ] Bot . A common plant disease caused by several species of fungi. an'thra-COid (an'thrd-koid), a. [anthrax + -oid.] Re- sembling anthrax in action ; of the nature of anthrax. an'thra-quin'one (-kwin'on; -kwi-non'),n. [an^racene-f- quinone.] Chem. A yellow crystalline compound, C6H4-C202 '06114, obtained by oxidation of anthracene, an'thrax (an'thraks), n. [L., fx. Gr. avdpa£ coal, carbun- cle.] Med. 1. a A carbuncle, b A malignant pustule, a characteristic lesion of the disease anthrax. 2. An infec- tious, and usually fatal, bacterial disease of animals, esp. cattle and sheep, sometimes transmitted to man ; also, the microorganism causing this disease. an'thro-po- (an'thro-po- ; an-thro'-). A combining form from Greek avOpuiros, human being, man. an'thro-po-cen'tric (-sen'trik), a. Assuming man as the center or ultimate end ; — applied to interpretations of the universe, or to philosophical methods, whose sole aim is to analyze human interests. an'thro-po-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sis) In. The science or study an'thro-pog'e-ny (an'thro-po j'e-ni)J of human generation, or the origin and development of man. an'thro-pog'ra-phy (an'thro-pog'rd-fT), n. Anthropology treating of the distribution of the human race, as distin- guished by physical character, language, institutions, and customs. an'thro-poid (an'thro-poid), a. Resembling man ; — esp. used of certain apes. — n. An anthropoid ape. an'thro-po-log'ic (-po-loj'ik ; 5n-thro'-)l a. Of or pert, to an'thro-po-log'i-cal (-loj' i-kSl) _ / anthropology ; be- longing to the nature of man. log'i-cal-ly, adv. an'thro-pol'o-gist (an'thro-pol'o-jistj.n. One versed in an- thropology. an'thro-pol'o-gy (an'thro-pol'6-ji) , n. The science of man ; specif. : a The science of the human organism, b The sci- ence of man in relation to physical character, distribution, the origin and classification of races, environmental and social relations, and culture. an'thro-pom'e-try (-pom'e-tri), n. Art or practice of meas- uring the parts of the human body. — an'thro-po-met 'ric, -met'ri-cal (-po-met'rik ; -ri-kdl), a. an'thro-po-mor'phic (an'thro-po-mor'fTk ; an-thro'-), a. Of or pert, to anthropomorphism. an'thro-po-mor'phism (-fiz'm), n. [Gr. &v0puir6nopos of human form ; avdpwtros man + juop^ form.] Representa- | tion of the Deity, or of a polytheistic deity, with human at- ■ tributes ; also, ascription of human characteristics to things not human. — an'thro-po-mor'phist (-fist), n. an'thro-po-mor'phite (-fit), n. An anthropomorphist ; specif, [cap.] , one of a sect of ancient heretics who believed that God has a human form, etc. an'thro-po-mor'phize (-flz), v. t. & i. To attribute human form or personality to. an'thro-po-mor-pho'sis (-mor-fo'sYs), n. Transformation into the form of a human being. an'thro-po-mor'phous (-mor'fiis), a. Human in form. an'thro-po-nom'ics (-nom'iks) "In. (See -ics.) \_an- an'thro-pon'o-my (an'thro-pon'o-mi)/ thropo-+Gr. vonos law, rule.] The science of the laws of the development of the human organism relative to other organisms and to en- vironment . — an'thro-po-nom'i-cal (-po-nom'i-kal ; an- thro'-), o. an'thro-pop'a-thism (-pop'd-thiz'm)'ln. [Gr. &.vBpuiro- an'thro-pop'a-thy (-pop'd-thi) / irifitia humanity. See anthropo- ; -pathy.] Ascription of human feelings or passions to a deity or to an object in nature. an'thro-poph'a-gi (an'thro-pof'd-jl ), n. pi.; sing, -gus (-gus). [L., fr. Gr. &j>dpuiroayos eating men; &.v$puirot man + Qayiiv to eat.] Man-eaters; cannibals. an'thro-po-phag'ic(-po-faj'Tk ; an-thro*-) l«. Relating to an'thro-po-phag'i-cal (-faj'i-kdl) / anthropophagy. an'thro-poph'a-gite (an'thro-pof'd-jlt), n. A cannibal. an'thro-poph'a-gous (-gus), a. Feeding on human flesh. an'thro-poph'a-gy (-jT), n. Cannibalism. ant'hyp-not'ic (ant'hip-not'Tk). Var. of antthypnotic. an'ti- (an'ti-). [Gr. LvtI against.] A prefix signifying in general opposite, against, counter, contrary, reverse, and, sometimes, spurious, counterfeit. The prefix anti- is chiefly used : 1. To form nouns, anti- having the force of an attributive limiting a noun, and meaning : a Opposed or opposite in action or position, counter, opposing, and hence, sometimes, spurious. Examples: Antichrist, lit., one who opposes Christ; a spurious Christ ; antiprism, a prism opposite or reversed. b Contrary or opposite of in kind, the reverse of. Examples : anticlimax, the opposite or reverse of a climax ; antihero, the opposite or reverse of a hero. 2. To form adjectives and nouns, anti- having the force of a preposition limiting a noun expressed or implied in the 1 word to which anti- is prefixed, and meaning : acting counter to, opposed to, hostile to, counter, hence, pre- ventive of. Examples : anfirust, preventive o/rust ; ant ihydrophobic, acting counter to hydrophobia ; on^i-Athenian, hostile to or opposing Athens or what is Athenian. an'ti (an'ti),re.; pi. antis (-tlz). A person opposed to a practice, law, policy, movement, etc. Colloq. an'ti-ar (an'ti-ar).n. [Jav. ant jar.'] A virulent poison pre- pared in Java from the gum resin of the upas tree. an'ti-bod'y (-bod'i), n. Physiol.^ Chem. Any of various substances in the blood which act in antagonism to harmful foreign bodies, such as toxins or bacteria producing toxins. an'tic (-tik), a. [Var. of antique.] 1. Odd ; fantastic ; gro- tesque. 2. Frolicsome ; lively. Obsoles. — n. 1. A buffoon ; merry-andrew ; the "fool" of the old play. 2. An odd im- agery or device. 3. A grotesque trick ; piece of buffoonery ; caper. — v. i. To perform antics. an'ti-cath'ode (-tiiath'od), n. The part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. See Rontgen ray, Illust. an'ti-chlor (an'ti-klor), n. [anti- + chlorine.] Chem. Any substance (esp. sodium thiosulphate) used in removing the excess of chlorine or bleaching liquor left in paper pulp or stuffs after bleaching. — an ti-chlo-ris'tic (-klo-ris'tik), a. An'ti-christ (an'ti-krlst), n. 1. One who denies or opposes Christ; esp., a great antagonist expected to fill the world with wickedness, but to be conquered forever by Christ at His second coming. 2. [I. c] A pretended Christ. an'tijChris'tian (an'ti-kris'chan), a. Of or pertaining to Antichrist ; also, opposed to the Christian rehgion. an-tic'i-pant (an-tis'i-pdnt), a. Anticipating; expectant. an-tic'i-pate (-pat), v. t.; -pat'ed (-pat'ed) ; -pat'ing. [L. anticipatus, p. p. of anticipare to anticipate; ante + a deriv. of capere to take.] 1. To do, take up, or deal with, before another ; preclude or prevent by prior action ; as, he anticipated the arrest by surrendering himself. 2. To take up, use, or introduce before the proper or normal time; as, to anticipate one's income. 3. To be before (another) in doing or acting ; forestall; as, we anticipated the action of the enemy. 4. To foresee (a wish, command, etc.) and execute it beforehand. 5. To foretaste or foresee ; as, we are anticipating the pleasure of your visit. — Syn. See_ EXPECT, FORESTALL. \ an-tic i-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. 1. Act of anticipating. 2. Previous view or impression of what is to happen ; expectation ; foretaste ; as, the anticipation of the joys of heaven. 3. Hasty notion; intuitive preconception. 4. Music. The com- mencing of one or more tones of a chord with or during the chord pre- ceding, where it forms a momentary discord. — Syn. Preoccupation, preclusion ; prelibation ; ] expectation, foresight, forethought. j an-tic'i-pa-tive (an-tis'I-pa-tTv), a. Anticipating; con- taining anticipation. — an-tic'i-pa-tive-ly, adv. an-tic'i-pa'tor (-pa'ter), n. One who anticipates. an-tic'i-pa-to-ry (-pd-to-ri), a. Forecasting; of the nature 1 of anticipation. — an-tic'i-pa-to-ri-ly (-ri-11), adv. ' an'tick. Obs. var. of antic, antique. an'ti-clas'tic ( an'ti-klas'tik ), a. [ anti- + Gr. k\&i> to ' break.] Having opposite curvatures at a given point, like the surface of a saddle ; — opposed to synclastic. : an'ti-cler'i-cal (-kler'i-kdl), a. Opposed to the clergy | or clericalism, or, in Europe, to the influence of the Roman Catholic clergy in public affairs. i anti-cli'max (-kli'maks), n. Rhet. A sentence or pas- sage in which the ideas fall off in dignity or importance at the close ; — the opposite of climax. an'ti-cli'nal (-kll'ndl), a. [anti : + Gr. n\lveiv to incline.] Pertaining to, or having inclination in, opposite directions ; of or pertaining to an anticline. Cf. synclinal. an'ti-cline (an'tT-klln), n. Geol. A fold or arch of rock strata dipping in opposite TlpatLwovs with the feet opposite ; &vrl against + ttovs, iroScs, foot.] 1. Those who live on the diametrically opposite side of the globe. 2. The regions or country of the antipodes. 3. The directly opposite or contrary feelings, opinions, etc. an'ti-pole' (an'ti-pol'), n. Opposite pole; direct opposite. an'ti-pope' (-pop'), n. One elected, or claiming to be, pope in opposition to the pope canonically chosen. an'ti-py'ic (-pl'Ik), a. \anti— f- Gr. irvov, irvos, pus.] Med. Preventing suppuration. — n. An antipyic medicine. an'ti-py-ret'ic (-pT-ret'Ik), o. & n. [anti- + Gr. trvptrbt fever.] Febrifuge. an'ti-py'rine, or -rin (-pT'rin), n. A white, crystalline, basic substance used to relieve pain, fever, and rheumatism. anti-qua'ri-an (-kwa'rl-an ; 3), a. Of or pert, to antiqua- ries or antiquities. — n. An antiquary. an-ism, n. an'ti-qua-ry (an'tT-kw£-rT), a. [L. antiquarius.'] Antiqua- rian. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). A student of old times through relics ; one who collects or studies antiquities. an'ti-quate (-kwat), v. t. ; -quat'ed (-kwat'ed) ; -quat/ing. [L. antiquatus, fr. antiquus ancient.] To make old, obsolete, or antique ; make void as out of date. an'ti-quat'ed (-kwat'Sd), p. a. 1. Grown old. 2. Bygone; obsolete ; old-fashioned. — Syn. See old. an'ti-qua'tion (-kwa'shun), n. [L. antiquatio."] Act ot making, or state of being, antiquated ; obsoleteness. ale, senate, c&re, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; use, finite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); ANTIQUE 47 ANYWISE an'tique (an'tfk). Obs. var. of antic. an-tique' (an-teV), a. [F., fr. L. antiquus, anticus, old, ancient, fr. ante before.] 1. Old ; belonging to antiquity, esp. to ancient Greece or Rome. 2. Old, as respects the present age or modern time; antiquated. 3. Belonging to the style of antiquity ; old-fashioned. — Syn. Ancient. See old. — n. 1. In general, anything very old ; esp., a relic or object of ancient art. 2. Print. A style of type. See type. — an-tique'ly, adv. — an-tique'ness, n. an-tiq'ui-ty (-tik'wl-ti), n. { pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality of being old or ancient ; ancientness. 2. Ancient times, esp. those before the Middle Ages. 3. The ancients. 4. A relic, monument, etc., of ancient times ; — usually in pi. an'ti-rat'tler (an'ti-rat'ler), n. A mechanical device to prevent rattling, as of the fifth wheel of a carriage. an'ti-re-mon'Strant (-re-mon'strdnt), n. One opposed to remonstrance; specif, [cap.], one of the Dutch Calvinistic party that opposed the Remonstrants or Arminians. an'ti-rent' (-rent'), a. Opposed to the payment of (land) rent ; specif, leap. ] : a Designating a political party (1839-47) in the State of New York, that supported those tenants of the patroons who resisted the collection of rents. b Designating a movement or agitation in Ireland against the payment of rent to absentee landlords, as in 1843 and in 1881.— an'ti-rent'er (-&), n.— an'ti-rent'ism (-iz'm), n. an'ti-SaVba-ta'ri-an (-sab'd-ta'ri-dn), n. Eccl. One who denies the moral obligation of observing the Sabbath day. an-tis'cians (an-tish'dnz), an-tis'ci-i (-T-T), n. pi. [L. an- tiscii, Gr. &.vtIi, pi. ; &vrl + T\la hold of a ship.] Zo'dl. The spiral tubular proboscis of lepi- dopterans. ant lion. Any of a genus (Myrmele- on) of neuropterous insects the larva of which digs a pit, lying in which it A nt ' e r of Red Deer, catches insects, esp. ants, that fall in. %* IO Z # e n z "ZUj. an-tcB'ci (Sn-te'sT), an-tce'eians ?f ^ B Ant?e"f eT d (-shanz), n. pi. [NL. antoeci, fr. Gr. Sur-royal. or Crown, El. clvtolkoi; LvrL opposite + oIkos Antlers, ouse.] Those who live under the same meridian, but equi- distant north and south of the equator. — an-tavris invisible ; d- not-f 4>aLvea\6yiavla, fr. &0wws voiceless; d- not-f-0owi7 voice.] Med. Loss of voice or vocal utterance, due to disorder of the vocal cords. a-phon'ic (d-fon'ik), a. 1. Phon. Having no sound or pronunciation ; also, voiceless or nonvocal. 2. Med. Per- taining to, or characterized by, aphonia. aph'O-rism (af'o-riz'm), n. [From F., fr. Gr. &4>opicrn6t definition, pithy sentence, fr. 6.<}>opl$eiv to define ; &ir6 from + 6pif£i^ to separate.] 1. A definition of a principle. 2. A pithy, compendious sentence stating a general doc- trine or truth. Loosely, a maxim. — Syn. See axiom. — aph'o-ris'mic (-riz'mlk), -ris-mat'ic (-rfz-mat'ik),a. aph'O-rist (af'6-rist), n. A writer or utterer of aphorisms. apb/O-ris'tic (-ris-tik), a. In the form of, or of the nature of, an aphorism. — apb/o-lls'ti-cal-ly, adv. aph'o-rize (af'o-rlz), v. i. To make aphorisms. apb/ro-dis'i-ac (af'ro-diz'i-ak), a. [Gr. &po8ipo5Lr V .]Gr.Relig. The god- dess of love and beauty, probably originally an Oriental god- dess of vegetation and the reproductive forces of nature. She was identified by the Romans with Venus. See Hephaestus. aph/tha (ai'thd), n. [Sing, of aphtha.] Med. a One of the specks called aphthse. b Thrush (the disease). aph'tnae (-the), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. &4>9a eruption, thrush.] Med. Pearl-colored specks or flakes on the lips, in the mouth, stomach, etc., due to minute parasitic fungi. They often characterize thrush. — aph'thous (-thus), o. aph'thoid (-thoid).a. [aphtha ■\--oid.'] Med.Oi the nature of aphthae ; resembling thrush. a-phyl'l0US (d-fll'iis),a. [Gr. d^uXXos; d- not + b\\ov leaf.] Having no foliage leaves. — a-phyl'ly (-1), n. a'pi-a'ceous (a'pl-a'shus), a. [L. apium parsley, celery.] Belonging to a large family (Apiacese) of plants, the celery, parsley, or carrot family, having a dry, seedlike fruit of two carpels. They are mostly herbs. a'pi-an (a'pT-dn), a. [L. apianus.~\ Of or pert, to bees. a'pi-a'ri-an (-a'ri-dn ; 3), o. Pert, to beekeeping or bees. a'pi-a-rist (a'pT-d-rTst), n. One who keeps an apiary. a'pi-a-ry (a'pl-a-ri), n. pi. -ries (-riz). [L. apiarium, fr. apis bee.] A place where bees are kept ; a collection of hives or colonies of bees kept for their honey. ap'i-cal (ap'i-kol), a. At, near, or belonging to, an apex. ap'i-ces (ap'i-sez), n., L. pi. of apex. a-pic'U-late (d-pik'u-lat), a. Bot. Terminated abruptly by a small, distinct point, as a leaf. See leaf, Illust. a'pi-CUFture (a'pt-kul'tjr), n. [L. apis bee+E. culture.] The rearing of bees. — a'pi-CUl'tur-ist (-kul'tjr-ist), n. a-piece' (d-pes') ( adv. \a- (orig. the indet. article) + piece.] To or for each by itself ; each ; as the share ot each. A'pis (a'pTs), n. [L., fr. Gr., fr. Egypt. Hapt.] Egypt. Relig. A sacred bull worshiped by the ancient Egyptians. A new Apis was believed to be born on the death of the old. ap'ish (apish), o. Having the qualities ot an ape ; prone to servile imitation ; hence, fantastically silly or affected. — ap'ish-ly, adv. — ap'ish-ness, n. K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. APIVOROUS 49 APOSIOPESIS a-piv'O-rous (a-piv'6-rSs), a. [L. apis bee -f- -vorous. ] Zo'dl. Feeding on bees; — said esp. of certain birds. apla-cen'tal (ap'ld-sen'tal), a. Having or developing no placenta, as the monotremes and most marsupials. ap'la-nat'ic (-nat'ik), a. [a- not + Gr. irXavarucos wan- dering.] Optics. Free from spherical aberration; as, an aplanatic lens, which is composed of two or more parts of different curvatures. aplite (ap'llt), n. [Gr. aw\6os simple + -ite."] Petrog. A fine-grained granite, almost entirely of quartz and feldspar, and generally occurring in dikes. — ap-lit'ic (ap-lit'ik),a. || a'plomb' (a'ploN'), n. [ F., fr. d to + plomb lead. ] Per- pendicularity ; hence : assurance of manner or action ; self-possession. — Syn. See confidence. ap-noe'a (ap-ne'd), n. [NL. ; a- not + Gr. ttvoti, irvoi-q, breath.] Med. a Partial privation or suspension of breath. b Asphyxia. — ap-noe'al (-21), ap-nce'ic (-ik), a. ap'o- (ap'o-). [Gr. &7ro-, fr. dx6 from, away.] A prefix signifying from, away from, off, or asunder, detached, separate; as in apostasy, lit., a standing off; apostle, one sent away. Apo- may appear as ap- before a vowel or as aph- before an aspirate; as, ap ftaeresis. a-poc'a-lypse (d-pok'd-lTps), n. [From L., fr. Gr. 6.ttok&- \wf/is, fr. iLiroKakvirTtiv to uncover ; diro from + KaXvirreiv to cover.] 1. [cap.] The last book of the New Testament ; — called also The Revelation of St. John the Divine. 2. Anything viewed as a revelation ; a disclosure. a-poc'a-lyp'tic (-lTp'tik) "la. Of or pertaining to a revela- a-poc'a-lyp'ti-cal (-ti-kdl) / tion, or, specif., to the "Reve- lation of St. John ;" containing, of the nature of, or having to do with, prophetic revelation. lyp'ti-cal-ly, adv. ap'o-car'pous (ap'6-kar'pws), a. Bot. Having the carpels of the gyncecium separate, as in the buttercup; — op- posed to syncarpous. a-poc'o-pate (d-pok'o-pat), v. t. [LL. apocopatus, p. p. of apocopare to cut off, fr. L. apocope."] Gram. To cut short ' by apocope. — a-poc'o-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. a-poc'o-pe (-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. &iroKOTr) a cutting off.] Gram. Omission of the last letter or syllable of a word. a-poc'ry-pha (d-pok'n-fd), n. pi., but often erroneously used as sing, with pi. -phas (-fdz). [L. apocryphus apoc- ryphal, Gr. diro/cpu^os hidden, spurious, deriv. fr. Lw6 from + Kpvwreiv to hide.] Writings or statements of doubtful authorship or authority ; as : \_cap.~] a Certain writings found in the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, but not a part of the Hebrew Bible. They are accepted as ca- nonical by the Eastern Church and the Roman Catholic Church, but are rejected by Protestants. They are desig- nated by Roman Catholics as deuterocanonical. b A body of other writings to which a fictitious authorship was at- tributed, including a number of gospels, epistles, and apocalypses produced in the early Church. a-poc'ry-phal (-fal), a. 1. Of or like the Apocrypha. 2. Not canonical ; fictitious; false. — Syn. See fabulous. — a-poc'ry-phal-ly, adv. — a-poc'ry-phal-ness, n. a-poc'y-na'ceous (d-posf-na'shus), n. pi. [Gr. Lttokovov dogbane {kiro from + kvuv, kvvos, dog) -\--aceous.~] Bot. Belonging to a family of plants (Apocynacese), the dog- bane family. They are chiefly tropical herbs, shrubs, or trees having a milky juice, and often showy flowers. The oleander and the periwinkle are cultivated species. Most of the plants are poisonous ; some have edible fruit. ap'od (ap'od), ap'o-dal (ap'6-ddl), a. [Gr. diroi*, &tto8os ; footless ; d- not + irovs foot. ] 1. Footless. 2. Zo'dl. Destitute of pelvic fins, as eels. ap'o-deic'tic (-6-dIk'tik), ap'o-dic'tic (-dik'tik) la. [Gr. ap'o-deic'ti-cal (-ti-kal), ap'o-dic'ti-cal (-ti-kal) J i-n-odeiK- twcos (or fr. L., fr. Gr.), deriv. of &tt6 from -f Seiicvwat. to show.] Logic. Involving or expressing necessary truth ; ab- solutely certain ; also, clearly demonstrable. — ap'o-deic'ti- cal-ly, ap'o-dic'ti-cal-ly, adv. a-pod'O-sis (d-pod'o-sTs), n. ; L. pi. -SES (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. dxoSocuy, deriv. of &tt6 back + Movai to give.] Gram. The conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing the result ; — distinguished from protasis. a-pog'a-my (d-pog'd-mi), n. \_apo- -f- -gamy. "J 1. Evo- lution. Interbreeding of a segregated group of individ- uals not having any common character differentiating them from those from which they are segregated. 2. Bot. a The development of buds in place of ovules, b The absence of sexual function. Cf. parthenogenesis. — ap'o-gam/ic (ap'6-gam'Tk), a-pog'a-mous (d-pog'd-mus), a. ap'o-gee (ap'6-je),7i. [Gr. iiroyaiov, deriv. of dir6 from -f- 7ala, 777, earth.] 1. Astron. That point in a heavenly body's orbit which is farthest from the earth ; — now prop- erly said only of the moon. Opp. to perigee. 2. Farthest or highest point ; culmination. — ap'o-ge'an (-je'dn), a. ap'o-ge-ot'ro-pism (-je-ot'ro-piz'm), n. Bot. Negative _geotropism— - ap'0-ge'o-trop'lC (-je'6-trop'ik), a. A-pol'lO (d-pol'o),n. [L., fr. Gr. 'A.iroKhwv.~] Gr.Relig. The god of manly youth and beauty, of poetry, music, and oracles. He was also god of healing, the send- er and stayer of plagues, and the bringer of sudden death. In late times, he was identified with the sun god Helios. See Artemis. A-pol'los (d-pol'os),n. [Gr.'AxoX- Xws.] Bib. An eloquent Alexan- drian Jew who continued Paul's work at Corinth. A-poPly-on (-i-on;-ySn), n. [Gr. &iroXkvwv destroying.] The angel of the bottomless pit ; Abaddon. In "Pilgrim's Progress," he is a fiend overcome by Christian. a-pol'O-get'ic (-6-jet'ik) \a. [ Gr. Apollo of the Belvedere. a-pol'0-get'i-cal (-T-kdl)j &-iro\oyr)TiK6s, fr. LirokoyeiaOai to speak in defense of; &tt6 from + X670S speech.] De- fending by discourse ; of the nature of an apology. — a-pol'- o-get'i-cal-ly, adv. a-poFo-get'ics (-iks), n. (See-ics.) That branch of theolo- gy which formally defends, on grounds of reason, the divine origin and authority of Christianity. ap'o-lo'gi-a (ap'o-lo^ji-d),/!. [L.]An apology, esp. in sense 1. a-pol'0-gist (d-pol'o-jist), n. One who makes an apology. a-pol'O-gize (-jlz), v. i. ; -gized (-jlzd) ; -giz'ing (-jiz'ing). To make an apology. — a-pol'o-giz'er (-jlz'er), n. ap'0-logue (ap'6-log), n. [L. apologus, Gr. inro\oyos; biro from + X670S speech.] A fictitious story intended to convey a moral truth ; a moral fable. a-pol r o-gy (d-pol'6-ji), n.; pi. -gies (-jiz). [From L., fr. Gr. kiroKoyia. See apologetic] 1. Something said or written in defense of what appears to others to be wrong, or of what may be liable to disapprobation ; justification. 2. An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for an im- proper or injurious remark or act. 3. Whatever serves, or appears to serve, as an excuse for the absence of something ; a makeshift ; as, a hasty apology for a dinner. Syn. Explanation, justification, vindication, excuse. — Apology, excuse. An apology implies that one has been, at least apparently, in the wrong ; it may offer palliating circumstances, or frankly acknowledge error and express regret. An apology is in place when one has been guilty of a breach of propriety or decorum, and may involve humiliation. An excuse implies neglect, which it explains or extenuates. ap/o-mor'pbine ( ap'6-mor'fin ; -fen), n. Also -phin. \_apo— \-morphine.~] Chem. An artificial crystalline alkaloid obtained from morphine. It is a powerful emetic. ap'o-neu-ro'sis (-nu-ro'sis), n. ; pi. -roses (-sez). [NL., ir. Gr. &Trovevp(i} to pass into a tendon. See neurosis.] Anat. Any of the thicker and denser of the deep fasciae which cover, invest, and form the termina- tions and attachments of, certain muscles. They often differ from tendons only in being flat and thin. — ap'O- neu-rot'ic ( : nu-rot^ik), a. ap'o-pemp'tic (ap'6-pemp'tik), a. [Gr. &iroirefnrTiK6s, diroirinireiv to send away.] Addressed to one departing ; valedictory ; as, apopemptic songs. a-poph'a-sis](d-pof'd-sTs),n. [NL., fr. Gr. &w64>aais denial, fr. dtro^dvai to speak out, deny.] Rhet. A formal decli n ing to make a favorable point, done so as to insinuate it. ap'oph-thegm (ap'6-thSm), n., ap'oph-theg-mat'ic (-theg-mat'ik), a., etc. Vars. of apothegm, etc. a-poph'y-ge (d-pof'i-je), n. [Gr. &irovyri escape, in arch, the curve with which the shaft escapes into its base or capital.] Arch. The small hollow curvature given to the top or bottom of the shaft of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the fillet ; a scape. a-poph'yl-lite (d-pof/MTt ; ap'6-fil'It), n. \_apo- + Gr. 0OX- \ov leaf, from its foliated structure or easy cleavage.] Min. A hydrous silicate of potassium and calcium, closely related to the zeolites, usually occurring in transparent square prisms or white or grayish masses. a-poph'y-sis (d-p5f'i-sTs), n.; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. diirdcpvais offshoot.] Anat. A process of a bone, esp. of a vertebra. ap'0-plec'tic (ap'o-plgk'tik), n. One liable to or having apoplexy. ap'O-plec'tic, or, less commonly, ap'o-plec'ti-cal (tT-kal), a. Of the nature of, relating to, or causing, apoplexy ; af- fected with, inclined to, or symptomatic of, apoplexy. ap'0-plex'y (ap'o-plek'sD.n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. d™- ir\i)£ta., fr. &iroir\Ti to cripple by a stroke; &iro from+ ir\rifj a turning away, deriv. of &ir6 from -j- orptyav to turn. (2 & 3) F., fr. L. apostrophus apostrophe, omitting of a letter, Gr. &ir6o-rpoos. ] 1. Rhet. Act of suddenly breaking off in a discourse and addressing, in the second person, some person or thing, absent or present. 2. Gram. Omission of a letter or letters from a word, as in call'd for called. 3. Punctuation. The mark ['] used : a To indi- cate an omission of one or more letters or figures, b To denote the possessive case, in which use'it orig. marked an omission of the letter e, as in child's, men's. C In writing one form of the plural of letters and figures; as, two a's and three 7's. d To mark the close of a quotation. See quotation mark. — ap os-troph'ic (ap'os-trof'ikha. a-pos'tro-phize (-flz), v. t. & i.; -phized (-flzd); -phiz'ing (-flz'Ing). 1. To address by or in apostrophe. 2. To con- tract by apostrophe, or mark with an apostrophe [']. a-poth'e-ca-ry (d-poth'e-ka-rl), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [From F., fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. i.iro8riKrt, deriv. fr. &iro away -f Tiffivai to put.] One who prepares and sells drugs or compounds for medicinal use. apothecaries' measure, a system of fluid measures used by apothecaries. That used formerly in Great Britain and still in the United States is : 1 gallon (Cong., 231 cu. in.) = 8 pints; 1 pint (O) = 16 (fluid) ounces: 1 ounce (fg) = 8 (fluid) drams; 1 dram (f 3) =60 minims (iTl). The impe- rial system now used in Great Britain is : 1 gallon (277.274 cu. in.) =8 pints; 1 pint = 20 ounces ; 1 ounce =8 drams; 1 dram = 60 minims. — apothecaries' weight, a system of weights used for compounding medical prescriptions. See troy, a. ap'o-thegm Uap'6-them), n. Gr. &v69eyua thing ut- ap'oph-thegmf tered, apothegm, deriv. of Air6 from -j- 4>dkyye ^ of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood. — Arbalest. ar'ba-lest'er, arHba-list'er, n. ar/bi-ter (ar'bi-ter), n. [L. ] 1. One having power to decide a dispute ; an arbitrator. 2. One having absolute power of judging and determining. ar'bi-tra-ble (-trd-b'l), a. 1. Subject to arbitrary deci- sion ; discretionary. 2. Subject to decision by arbitra- tion ; referable to an arbitrator or arbiter. arHri-trage (-traj), n. [F.] 1. Arbitration. Archaic. 2. Commerce. Traffic in which the profit arises from the difference of value of the same commodity in different markets at the same time. — ar'bi-tra-gist (-tra-jist), n. ar'bi-tral (-trdl), a. [L. arbitralis.] Of or pertaining to arbiters or arbitration ; as, arbitral jurisdiction. ar-bit'ra-ment (ar-bft'rd-ment), n. [OF. arbitrement.] 1. Right or power of deciding ; free will. 2. Act of decid- ing as an arbiter ; an arbitration. 3. Arbitrator's award. ar'bi-tra-ry (ar'bT-tra-n), a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter.'] 1. Depending on will or discretion ; discretionary. 2. Ex- ercised according to, or based on, one's own will or caprice ; hence : absolute, despotic, or tyrannical (with reference to the will) ; capricious, uncertain (with reference to the ca- price). — ar'bi-tra-ri-ly (ri-li), adv. — ar'bi-tra-ri-ness,n. ar'bi-trate (-trat), v. t. & i. ; -trat'ed (-trat'ed) ; -trat'ing [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to give judgment, fr. arbiter.'] 1. To hear and decide, or to act, as arbitrator ; hence : to decide ; determine. 2. To submit to arbitration. ar'bi-tra'tion (-tra'shftn), n. Act of arbitrating ; esp., the hearing and determining of a cause in controversy by a person or persons either chosen by the parties involved or appointed. The decision given is called an award. ar'bi-tra-tive (ar'bl-tra-tiv), a. Of or pert, to arbitration ; relating to or designating a tribunal for arbitration. ai/bi-tra'tor (ar'bl-tra'ter), n. 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen to settle a difference between parties in controversy ; an arbiter. 2. One who is clothed with absolute power of deciding. = arbiter, 2. ar'bi- tress (ar'bi-tres), n. A female arbiter. * ar'blast (-blast), -blast-er. Vars. of arbalest, -balester. ar'bor, ar'bour (ar'ber), n. [ME. herber, herbere, properly, a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium.] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade ; a bower. ar'bor, n. [L., tree, beam.] Mech. a A main shaft or beam, b A spindle or axle of a wheel, c A lathe mandrel. Arbor Day. A day in late April or early May, appointed in most of the United States for planting trees and shrubs. ar-bo're-al (ar-bo're-fil ; 57), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or like, a tree or trees. 2. Attached to or frequenting trees. ar-bo're-OUS (-us), a. [L. arbor eus, fr. arbor tree.] Like a tree, as in form or structure, in distinction from an herb or a shrub ; arboreal ; arborescent. ar'bo-res'cent (ar'bo-res'ent), a. [L. arbor escens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, arbor tree.] Resembling a tree; treelike. — ar'bo-res'cence (-ens), n. ar'bo-re'tum (-re'tum), n.; pi. E. -tums (-tumz), L. -ETA (-td). [L., a place grown with trees.] A place where trees are cultivated for scientific or educational purposes. ar'bo-ri-CUl'ture (ar'bo-ri-kul'tyr), n. [L. arbor tree + cultura culture.] Cultivation of trees and shrubs. ar'bo-rous (-rus), a. Of, relating to, or formed by, trees. ar'bor vi'tae, or ar'bor-vi'tse (ar'bor- vT'te), n. [L. arbor vitae tree of life.] Any of certain evergreen trees of the pine family, often cultivated for ornament and as hedges. ar^bour (ar'ber). Var. of arbor, bower. ar'bute (ar'but), n. [L. arbutus.] A European arbutus ; the strawberry tree. Archaic or Poetic. ar'bu-lUS (ar'bu-tus ; ar-bu'tfls ; the first is the correct Latin accentuation, but the second is now preferred by many for sense 2), n. [L., the strawberry tree.] 1. Any tree of a genus (Arbutus) of shrubs or trees of the heath family. The fruit is a scarlet berry. 2. Short for trailing arbutus, a trailing plant (Epigsea repens) of the heath family of the United States, blossoming in early spring. arc (ark), n. [F., fr. L. arcus bow, arc] 1. Geom. A portion of a curved line. 2. An object of an arclike cur- vature. 3. Elec. A sustained luminous glow formed under certain conditions when a break is made in an electric cir- cuit. It is used in various kinds of lights, called arc lights. — v. i. ; arcked or arced (arkt) ; arck'ing or arc'ing (ar'klng). Elec. To form an electric arc. ar-cade' (ar-kad'), n. [Through F., It., & LL., fr. L. arcus arch.] 1. Arch, a A series of arches with their columns or piers, b A long arched building or gallery. 2. An arched or covered way or avenue, as between shops. — v.(.;-CAD'ED(-kad'- ed); -cad'ing. To form as, or furnish with, an arcade or arcades ; — used esp. in p. a., arcaded. Ar-ca'di-a (-ka'di-d), n. Also, Poetic, Ar'ca-dy (ar'kd-dT)., A mountainous district of Greece, which was reputed to be inhabited by a simple, contented, pastoral people. Fig., any region or scene of simple pleasure and quiet. Ar-ca'di-an (ar-ka'df-an), a. Of, pertaining to, or charac- teristic of, Arcadia ; ideally rural. — Syn. See rural. ar-ca'num (-nfim), n.; pi., L. -cana (-nd), E. -nums. [L., fr. arcanus secret, arcere to inclose.] 1. A secret ; mystery ; — chiefly in pi. 2. Alchemy. An extract of the ulterior or vital nature of a thing ; hence, a secret remedy or nostrum. B arc'-bou'tant' (ar'boo'taN'), n. ; pi. arcs-boutants (-taN r ). [F.] Arch. A flying buttress. arch (arch), n. [F. arche, fr. LL. area (see ark), confused with arcus (cf. arc).] 1. Arch. A structural member, usually curved and made up of separate wedge-shaped solids with their joints at right angles to the curve. 2. Any Arcade. ^C\\^iT%( . r L "V p { v > Arches : 1 Round (Ext. Extrados ; Int. Intrados ; imp. Imposts ; k Keystone ; sp. Springers ; v Votissoirs) ; 2 Horse- shoe ; 3 Lancet ; 4 Rampant. place covered by an arch ; archway. 3. Any curve in the form of an arch. 4. Something in the form of an arch ; as, a croquet arch. 5. Aeronautics. A down curve at the end of a wing surface ; also, camber, or curve fore and aft. — v. t. & v. i. 1. To cover or provide with an arch or arches. 2. To form into an arch. arch (arch), a. [See arch-, the prefix.] 1. Chief ; eminent. 2. [From the use of arch in arch rogue, arch wag, arch knave, etc.] Cunning; sly; esp., sportively mischievous; roguish. — Syn. See mischievous. — n. A chief. Obs. arch- (arch-, except in archangel and derivatives, where ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; ARCREAN 55 ARCHIVOLT it is ark-. Many of these compounds have variable accent, dependent on position and emphasis. In titles, esp. when the name follows, the stronger accent is commonly on arch-; as, Arch'bish'op Cuth'bert, the Arch'duke' Hen'ry, etc.). [AS. arce-, erce-, L. arch-, archi-, Gr. dpx-, dpxt-. See archi-.] A prefix, used in titles and descriptive appellations, meaning chief, prin- cipal, prime, as in archbishop, arc/ideacon. Ar-chse'an, Ar-che'an (ar-ke'dn), a. [Gr. dpxcuos ancient, fr. &pxv beginning.] Geol. Ancient ; pertaining to or designating the oldest known system of rocks. ar'chae-o-log'ic, ar'che-o-log'ic ( ar'ke-6-loj'ik) \a. [Gr. ar'chae-o-log'i-cal, ar/che-o-log'i-cal (-Y-kal) j dp X c»o- XoyiKos. ] Relating to archaeology or antiquities. log'- i-cal-ly, adv. [cialist in archeology. I ar'chae-ol'o-gist, ar'che-ol'o-gist (-51'6-jist), n. A spe-| ar'chae-ol'o-gy, ar'che-oPo-gy (-ol'S-ji), n. [Gr. Apxcuo- \oyla; ipxa-los ancient + A6705 discourse.] The study of antiquities ; the study of the art, customs, etc., of ancient peoples as shown in their monuments, relics, etc. ar'chae-op'ter-yx (-op'ter-iks), n. [NL. ; Gr. dpxcuos an- cient Gr. irrepvt wing.] Pa- leon. A fossil bird (consti- tuting the genus Archxop- teryx) being the earliest and most primitive bird known. Ar'chae-o-zo'ic (ar'ke-6-zo'- Ik), a. [Gr. dpxcuos ancient -j- %G>ov animal.] Geol. Per- taining to or designating the earliest era of geological his- tory, the era of the Archaean rocks. See Arch^an. — n. The Archaeozoic era. ar-cha'ic (ar-ka'ik), a. [Gr. &PXaiKos old-fashioned, fr. dpxcuos ancient.] Of or char- acterized by antiquity or ar- chaism ; antiquated. — Syn. See old. ar'cha-ism (ar'ka-Yz'm), n. [Gr. dpxatV/jos, fr. dpxcuos ancient, fr. &PX17 beginning.] 1. The use of an ancient, ob- solete, or old-fashioned dic-„ tion, idiom, or style in speech, Remains of Archaeopteryx.^) art, etc. 2. An antiquated word, idiom, or the like. ar/cha-ist, n. An antiquary ; also, one who uses archaisms. ar'cha-is'tic (-Ts'tik), a. Of the nature of an archaism ; using archaisms ; pretending to be archaic. ar'cha-ize (iir'ka-iz), v. t. & i.; -ized (-Tzd); -iz'ing (-Tz'ing). [Gr. dpxatftu/.] To make appear archaic or antique; to use archaisms. — ar'cha-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. arch'an'gel (ark'an'jgl ; see arch-), n. [L. archangclus, Gr. dpxd7ye\os.] 1. A chief angel. 2. The angelica ( Ange- lica archangelica). — arch'an-gePlC (-an-jel'Ik), a. arch'bish-op (arch'bish'tip ; see arch-), n. [From AS., fr. L. archiepiscopus, it. Gr. dpxie^oTcoTros.] A chief bishop ; a prelate at the head of an ecclesiastical province, or one of equivalent honorary rank. Abbr., abp. — arch- bish'op-ric (rik), n. arch'dea'con (-de'k'n ; see arch-), n. [AS. arcediacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. dpxiSidicoj'os.] A chief deacon, next below a bishop in rank. — arch'dea'con-ate (-St), n. — arch/dea'con-ry (n), n. — arch'dea'con-ship, n. arch'du'eal (arch'du'kal), a. Of or pertaining to an arch- duke or archduchy. arch'duch'ess (-duch'es; see arch-), n. Consort of an archduke ; also, a princess of the imperial family of Austria. aich'duch'y (-duch'i), n.; pi. -duchies (-Tz). Territory of an archduke or archduchess. [family of Austria. I arch/duke' (-duk' ; see arch-), n. A prince of the imperial! Ar-che'an. Var. of Archaean. arched (archt), a. Made as or with an arch or curve. ar'che-gone (ar'ke"-gon), n. Bot. An archegonium. ar'che-go'ni-ate (ar'ke-go'nT-at), a. Bot. Bearing archego- nia, as the bryophytes and pteridophytes. ar'che-go'ni-um (-go'ni-um), n.; L. pi. -nia (-d). [NL., fr. Gr. ipxeyovos the first of a race.] Bot. The flask- shaped female sex organ in the bryophytes and pterido- phytes and some gymnosperms. It bears the egg, or oosphere, which produces the sporophyte. arch'en'e-my (arch'en'e-mT), n. Chief enemy; Satan. ar-chen'ter-on (ar-ken'ter-on), n. [_archi- -f Gr. Ivrtpov intestine.] Zool. The primitive enteron or digestive sac of a gastrula. — ar'chen-ter'ic (ar'ken-ter'Tk), o. ar'che-ol'o-gy (ar'ke-ol'S-ji), ar'che-o-log'i-cal, etc. Vars. of archaeology, etc. arch'er (ar'cher), n. [From OF., fr. LL. arcarius, fr. L. ar- cus bow.] 1. A bowman ; one who uses the bow and arrow. See soldier, Illust. 2. jcap.'] Astron. = Sagittarius. arch'er-y (-1), n. 1. Art or practice of, or skill in, shoot- ing with a bow and arrows. 2. An archer's outfit of bows, arrows, etc. 3. Archers collectively. ar'che-spore (ar'ke-spor), n. [arche- = archi—\- spore.] Bot. The cell or group of cells that gives rise to the spore mother cells. — ar che-spo'ri-al (-spo'rf-dl), a. ar/che-type (ar'ke-tlp), n. [From L., deriv. of Gr. &pxe- = dpxt- first -j- rviros stamp, pattern.] The original pattern or model of a work, or the model from which a thing is formed. — ar'che-typ'al (ar'ke-tlp'al ; iir-ket'i-pal), a. arch'fiend' (arch'fend'), n. The chief fiend; esp., Satan. ar'chi-Car'kT-). [L. archi-, Gr. dpxi-, a prefix fr. same root as apxa-v to be first, &pxv beginning, dpxos chief.] A prefix sig- nifying chief, arch (as in arc/u'tect, ar cfo'episcopal); or in Biol. & Anat., usually, primitive, original, ancestral. ar/chi-Mast (-blast), n. [_archi- + -blast.'] Zool. The form- ative material or protoplasm of the egg. ar'chi-carp (ar'ki-karp), n. [archi- + -carp.] Bot. The fe- male sexual organ in ascomycetous fungi. It consists nor- mally of a filamentous portion, the trichogyne, and a fertile portion_which after fertilization is known as an ascogonium. ar/chi-di-ac'o-nal (-dl-ak'6-nol), a. Of or pertaining to an archdeacon or his office. ar/chi-e-pis'co-pal (aVki-e-pis'ko-pal), a. Of or pertain- ing to an archbishop or his office. ar'chi-e-pis'co-pate (-pat), n. Office, tenure, or state of an archbishop; an archbishopric. ar'chil (ar'kll), n. [From OF., fr. It. or OSp.] A violet dye got from several lichens ; also, any plant yielding it. Arxhi-lo'chi-an (ar'ki-lo'kY-an), a. [L. Archilochius.] Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Greek satiric poet Archilochus, of the 7th century b. c, regarded as inventor of various lyric forms, and famous for bitter and vindictive lampoons. — n. An Archilochian verse. ar/chi-mage (ar'ki-maj), n.; pi. -mages (-maj-ez). Also ar'chi-ma'gus (-ma'giis); L. pi. -gi (-ma'jl). [archi- + L. magus, Gr. iiayos, a Magian. ] A great magician or enchanter. ar'chi-man'drite (-man'drlt), n. [From L., fr. LGr. ipXtfio-fSpirrts ; dpxt- (E. arch-) + fiavSpa an inclosure.] East. Ch. a A chief of a monastery, corresponding to abbot in the Roman Catholic Church, b A superintendent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic Church. Ar chi-me'de-an (-me'de-an ; -me-de'an), a. Of or pert, to Archimedes (287P-212 b. c), a celebrated Greek mathe- matician and mechanician. Archimedean, or Archimedes', screw, a device for raising water, attributed to Archimedes, consisting of a tube wound spirally around an aixis or of a coarse screw incased in an open cylinder. ar'chi-mime' (ar'kY-mlmO, n. [From L., fr. Gr. ipxl/u-nos. See mime.] Class. Antiq. A chief mime or buffoon ; esp., one who at a funeral imitated the deceased in appear- ance and manner. arch'ing (ar'chYng), p. pr. & vb. n. of arch, v. ar'chi-pe-lag'ic (aVkl-pe-laj'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, an archipelago. ar'chi-pera-go (-kl-pSl'd-go), n.; pi. -goes, -gos (-goz). [From It., fr. Gr. dpxi- + neXayos sea.] 1. [cap.] The Grecian Archipelago, or ^gean Sea, between Greece and Asia Minor. It is studded with small islands. 2. Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with islands ; also, such a group of islands. ar'chi-tect (ar'kY-tekt), n. [From L., fr. Gr. ApxiTiKTur chief artificer, master builder; dpxt- (E. archi-) -j- reKTWf workman.] 1. A person skilled in, or a professional student of, architecture ; one who plans and oversees the construc- tion of buildings, etc. 2. A contriver ; designer ; maker. ar'cbi-tec-ton'ic (-tek-ton'ikHa. Of or pertaining to a mas- ar'chi-tec-ton'i-cal (-T-kdl) / ter builder or constructor ; of or relating to architecture ; constructive. ar/chl-tec'tur-al (-tgk'tjjr-al), a. Of or pertaining to archi- tecture. — ar'chi-tec'tur-al-ly, adv. ar'chi-tec'ture (ar'kT-tek'tur), n. [L. architectural 1. Art or science of building, esp. for the purposes of civil life. 2. Construction, in general ; structure. ar/chi-trave (-trav), n. [F., fr. It., fr. archi- + trave beam, L. trabs.] Arch, a The lowest division of an entablature, resting on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See column, Illust. b The group of moldings, or other member, above and on both sides of an opening, as a door. ar'chi-val (ar'ki-vdl; ar-kl'vdl), a. Of, pertaining to, or contained in, archives, or records. ar 'chives (ar'kTvz), n. pi. [F. archives, pi., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. kpx&ov government house, rd dpx«itKos mas- culine, appriv male, on account of its strength.] 1. One of the elements, a solid, brittle, very poisonous substance of tin-white to steel-gray color and metallic luster. Sym- j bol, As; at. wt., 74.96. 2. Arsenious oxide, AS2O3, a sweet- ish, highly poisonous substance used in medicine as an alterative ; — called also white arsenic. ar-sen'ic (ar-sen'ik). a. Chem. Pert, to or containing ar- senic ; — said of compounds in which arsenic is pentavalent. ar-sen'i-cal ( ar-sen'i-kal), a. Pertaining to or containing arsenic. ar'se-nide (-nTd ; -nid), to. Chem. A binary compound of arsenic with a positive element or radical. ar-se'ni-0US (ar-se'ni-us), a. Of or pert, to, consisting of, or containing trivalent arsenic. ar'se-nite (ar'se-nlt), to. Chem. A salt of arsenious acid. ar/se-ni'U-ret'ed U-nT'u-ret'ed), a. Chem. Combined with ar'se-ni'u-ret'ted J arsenic; as, arseniureted hydrogen. ar-sen'o-py'rite (ar-sen'6-pT'rTt ; aVse-no-^.n. [arsenic-^ pyrite.'] Min. A hard, tin-white or grayish ore, FeAsS, occurring in crystals, or in masses or grains ; — called also arsenical pyrites and mispickel. It is the chief ore of arsenic. ar'sine (ar'sin ; -sen), n. [From arsenic] Chem. Arse- niureted hydrogen, AsH3, a colorless inflammable gas, with an odor like garlic. It is a deadly poison. ar'sis ( iir'sis ), to.; pi. arses ( -sez ). [ L., fr. Gr. Zpais a lifting.] 1. Pros. The unaccented part of a foot. The true ancient meanings of arsis and thesis have commonly been reversed through a misunderstanding (see def. 2). 2. Popu- larly, the strong or accented syllable of a foot. ar'son (-siin), to. [OF., fr. L. ardcre, arsum, to burn.] The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another ; also, the similar burning of other property, in- cluding one's own house. art (art), n. _ [F. art, L. ars, artis."] 1. Skill in perform- ance, acquired by experience, study, or observation; knack. 2. Human contrivance or ingenuity, as in adapt- ing natural things to man's use. 3. A branch of learning; a science, esp. one, as grammar or logic, serving chiefly as a discipline or as an instrument of knowledge ; specif. : in pi. 1 The branches of learning taught in the academical course of colleges. 4. Learning or the field of learning. 5. The general principles of any branch of learning or of any craft ; as, the art of war. 6. Systematic application of knowl- edge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupa- tion requiring such knowledge or skill ; a craft ; as, me- chanical or industrial [arts. 7. Application of skill and taste to production according to aesthetic principles^ such application to the production of beauty by imitation or design, as in painting and sculpture ; as, he prefers art to music. 8. Skillful plan ; device; also, cunning ; artifice. 9. The black art ; magic. — Syn. Aptitude, dexterity, adroitness ; contrivance, profession, business, trade, call- ing ; duplicity. See science. art. 2d pers. present indicative sing, of the verb be. ar-tel' (ar-tel' ; Russ. ar-tyel'), to. [Russ. artel', fr. Tatar ortak el the people.] An association of independent laborers for collective work with division of profits. Russia. Ar'te-mis (ar'te-mis). [L., fr. Gr. 'Apreuis.} Gr. Relig. A goddess, most typically the vir- gin huntress, goddess of wild nature, who is associated with the moon, as her twin brother, Apollo, is with the sun. The Ro- mans identified her with Diana. ar-te'ri-al (ar-te'ri-al), a. Of or pert, to an artery or arteries. ar-te'ri-al-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'Tng). Totrans- form (venous blood) into arterial blood by oxygenation in the lungs. — ar-te'ri-al-i-za' tion ( -I-za'- shun ; -I-za'shSn), to. ar-te'ri-o-scle-ro'sis (-6-skle-ro'- sTs), to. [NL. ; Gr. &prr)pla artery + sclerosis.'] Med. Abnormal thickening and hardening of the r walls of the arteries, esp. of the" intima, occurring mostly in old Artem, f , (° r .Diana) of age. scle-rot'ic (-rot>Tk), a. Versailles. ar-te'ri-ot'o-my (-5t'6-mi), n. [L. arteriotomia. Gr. &p- TrjpioTouta ; &pnjpla-\-rop.ri a cutting.] Med. The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. Ideal Section of Artesian Well. ar'ter-y (ar'ter-i).TO./ pi. -teries (-iz). [L. arteria, fr. Gr. iprnpia.] Anat. One of the tubular branching vessels that distribute the blood from the heart through the body. Ar-te'sian (ar-te'zhan), a. [F. artesien.J Of or pertain- ing to Artois, an- ciently called Ar- tesium,inFia.nce. Artesian well. iUsuallyl. c] a A well made by boring till water is reached which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously, b Loosely, any deep bored well. 17. S. art'ful (art'fool), a. 1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. Archaic. 2. Produced by art ; artificial. 3. Using or showing much art ; dexterous. 4. Cunning; crafty ; sly ; designing. — Syn. See cunning. — art'iul-ly, adv. — art'ful-ness, to. ar-thral'gi-a (iir-thral'ji-d), to. [NL. ; arthro- + -algia.] Med. Neuralgic pain in a joint. — ar-thral'gic (-jik), a. ar-thri'tis (ar-thrl'tis), to. [L., fr. Gr. ipfplns gout, fr. &p- dpov joint.] Med. Inflammation of the joints ; esp., gout. — ar-thrit'ic (-thrlt'ik), ar-thrit'i-cal (-i-kal), a. ar'thro-, or arthr-. A combining form fr. Gr. LpOpov joint. ar 'thro-mere (ar'thro-mer), to. Zodl. One of the body segments of articulate animals. ar'thro-pod (-pod), to. Zodl. A member of a phylum (Ar- thropoda) consisting of animals with articulated body and jointed limbs. The insects, arachnids, and crustaceans are its most important classes. — ar-throp'o-dal (ar-throp'3- dal), a. — ar-throp'o-dous (-d£s), a. ar-thro'sis (ar-thro'sis), to. [From Gr. &p0pwe6Lpa.yos.~\ 1. Any of a large genus (Asparagus) of Old World perennial plants having much branched stems, linear cladophylls, and minute scalelike leaves. 2. The tender shoots of one species (A. officinalis), used as food. as'pect (as'pSkt), n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad-\-spicere, specere, to look.] 1. Act of look- ing at ; gaze. Rare. 2. Astrol. The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the visual angle formed by their light rays. Astrology taught that the "aspects" oi the planets exerted an influence on human affairs for good or evil. 3. Position facing a particular direction, or the part so facing. 4. Look ; countenance ; mien ; air. 5. Appear- ance ; view. 6. Aeronautics. A view of a plane from a given direction, usually from above ; more exactly, the manner of presentation of a plane to a fluid through which it is moving or to a current. — Syn. See appearance. asp'en (as'pen; as'-), n. [AS. sesp, aeps.~\ Any of several species of poplar (genus Populus), esp., either of two Aspergillum. Moroseness, crabbedness, species (P. tremula, of Europe, and P. tremuloides, of the United States), the leaves of which are swayed by a very light breath of air. — a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the aspen ; hence : quivering ; tremulous. as'per (as'per), n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. ainrpov, &68e\os. See daffodil.] 1. Any of a genus (Asphodelus) of hardy plants several species of which are cultivated for their flowers. 2. A plant belonging to any of several related genera (as Asphodeline). The asphodel of the early English and French poets is the daffodil. The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be a narcissus. as-phyx'i-a (as-fik'si-d), n. [Gr. &vZLa; &- not + b- $eiv to throb.] Suspended animation due to lack of oxygen and excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. as-phyx'i-ant (-ant), a. Med. Producing asphyxia; as- phyxiating. — n. An asphyxiating agent. as-phyx'i-ate (-&t),v.t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at/ing. To bring to a state of asphyxia ; suffocate. as-phyxl-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Act of asphyxiating ; suffo- cation, [phyxiates.l as-phyx'i-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which, as-| as'pic (as'pTk), n. [F.] The asp (serpent). Chiefly Poetic. as'pic, n. [¥., fr. Pr. espic, L. spica ear, spike.] The spike lavender (Lavandula spica), yielding a volatile oil (oil of spike). as'pic, n. [F.] A savory meat jelly containing bits of fowl, game, fish, hard-boiled eggs, etc. as-pir'ant (as-plr'ant), a. Aspiring.— n. One who aspires. as'pi-rate(as'pi-rat),v.«.;-RAT / ED(-rat / ed); -rat'ing. [L. aspiratus, p.p. of aspirare; ad ■+■ spirare to breathe.] To utter with a breathing, or aspirate.— (-rat), n. 1. Gram. & Phon. a The sound of h, or the letter h; also, any simi- lar sound or breathing, or the symbol for it. b A sound fol- lowed by, or combined with, a sound as of h ; also, a fricative or spirant. 2. A mark of aspiration ['] used in Greek; the spiritus asper, or rough breathing. as'pi-rate (as'pT-rat)la. Pronounced with, or accompanied as'pi-rat'ed (-rat'ed)J by, an h sound. as'pi-ra'tion (-ra'shwn), n. 1. Act of breathing; a breath. 2. Act of aspiring ; ardent desire or longing for what is elevated or above one. 3. a Gram. & Phon. Pronunciation of an aspirate ; also, the aspirate, b A drawing out by suc- tion ; specif., Med., the removal of fluids from a cavity by means of the aspirator. — Syn. See ambition. as'pi-ra'tOT (as'pT-ra'ter), n. An apparatus, as a suction B G H K K m ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ASPIRATORY 64 ASSIDUOUS pump, for producing a movement of a fluid by suction ; specif., Med., an instrument for the removal, by suction, of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood. as-pir'a-to-ry (as-plr'd-to-n), a. Of or pertaining to aspi- ration ; suited to the inhaling of air or to suction. as-pire' (as-pir'),?*. i.; -pired' (-plrd') ; -pir'ing (-pir'Tng). [F. aspirer, L. aspirare.] 1. To desire with eagerness ; to seek to attain something high or great ; long ; — used with to or after. 2. To rise ; tower ; soar. — as-pir'er, n. as'pi-lin (as'pi-rin), n. Pharm. A white crystalline com- pound of acetyl and salicylic acid used as a drug for the salicylic acid liberated from it in the intestines. a-squint' (d-skwTnt'), adv. & a. With the eye askance. ass (as), n. [AS. assa.~\ 1. Any of several quadrupeds (genus Equus), smaller than the horse, and having longer ears, a shorter mane, and shorter hair on the tail. The domestic ass is patient, slow, and sure-footed, and has be- come the type of obstinacy and stupidity. 2. A dull, stupid fellow ; a dolt. assa-fet'i-da, as'sa-foet'i-da. Vars. of asafettda. as'sa-gai, as'se-gai (as'd-gl ; as'e-), n. [Pg. azagaia, fr. a Berber word.] 1. A slen- ■* g ~~°» der hard-wood spear usu-' " " "*— ="*"^ ally tipped with iron, used p ° mt of Assagai, by certain South African tribes ; a kind of light javelin. 2. A South African cornaceous tree (Curlisiafaginea), from the wood of which these spears are made. — v. t. To pierce with an assagai. as-sai' (d-sl'), n. [Native Brazilian name.] A slender Bra- zilian palm {Euterpe edulis) bearing dark purple fruit ; also, a drink made from the fruits by infusion. as-sail' (d-sal'), v. t. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad)+saillir to burst out, L. salire to leap.] To attack violently ; assault. — Syn. See attack. — as-sail'a-ble, a. as-sail'ant (-ant), a. Assailing. — n. One that assails. as-sail'er, n. An assailant. as-sail'ment (-ment), n. Act of assailing ; attack ; assault. As'sa-mese' (aVd-mez' ; -mes'), o. Of or pert, to Assam. — n. 1. sing. & pi. A native or natives of Assam. The Assamese are an agricultural people of mixed race. 2. The language of Assam, an Indo-European tongue. as-sart' (d-sart'), n. [OF. essart, deriv. of L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] O. Eng. Law. a Act of grubbing up trees or bushes, as in converting forest land into arable, b A piece of land cleared for cultivation ; a clearing. — v. t. O. Eng. Law. To grub up, as trees ; commit an assart upon. as-sas'sin (d-sas'in), n. [F., fr. Ar. hashshash, hashishl, one who has drunk of hashish.'] 1. [cap.] One of a Mo- hammedan secret order which fanatically practiced secret murder (committed under the influence of hashish, it is said). 2. One who kills by surprise or secret assault. as-sas'si-nate (-I-nat), v.t.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] To kill by sur- prise or secret assault. — Syn. See kill. as-sas'si-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence. as-sault' (d-solf), n. [Through OF. & LL. fr. L. ad + saltus a leaping, salire to leap.] 1. A violent onset or attack ; onslaught, literally, as by means of blows, weapons, etc., or figuratively, as by means of words, arguments, etc. 2. Law. An apparently violent attempt, or a willful offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another, without the actual doing of the hurt threatened, as by lifting the fist or a cane in a threatening manner. The actual doing of the hurt constitutes a battery. Often loosely used, and regularly used in Scots Law, to include the battery. Assault is both a civil and a criminal offense. — Syn. Invasion, incursion, on- set, storm. — v. t. To make an assault on ; attack. — Syn. See attack. — as-sault'er, n. as-say' (d-sa'), n. [OF. asai, essai, trial. See essay, n.], 1. Trial ; attempt ; essay. Obs. 2. Examination and deter- mination as to weight, measure, quality, etc. ; test. Specif., analysis, as of an ore, to determine the amount of one or more ingredients. 3. The substance to be assayed ; also, the tabulated result of assaying. — v. t. & i. 1. To try ; test ; attempt. 06s. or Archaic. 2. To subject to assay, or analysis. — as-say'er (-er), n. as-sem/blage (d-sem'blaj), n. 1. Act of assembling ; state of being assembled. 2. A collection of individuals or of particular things ; an aggregation ; as, a political assem- blage. 3. The fitting together of parts and pieces, as of machinery. — Syn. See assembly. as-sem'ble (-b'l), v. t.; -bled (-b'ld); -bling (-bling). [From F., fr. LL. assimulare to collect ; L. ad + simul together.] 1. To collect into one place or body; convene; congregate. 2. To fit together the parts of. — v. i. To meet together ; convene ; congregate. — as-sem'bler, n. as-sem'bly {-MY), n.; pi. -blies (-MYz). [F. assembUe.] 1. A gathering of persons, esp. for deliberation and legisla- tion, for worship, or for social entertainment ; a concourse. 2. Specif.: In some States of the U. S., the legislature, or the popular branch of it ; — called also General Assembly, 3. Act of assembling ; state of being assembled. 4. Mil. A signal, as by drum, for troops to assemble, or fall in. Syn. Company, group, collection, meeting, convention, assemblage. — Assembly, assemblage. An assembly consists only of persons ; an assemblage, of either persons or (less commonly) things. As used of persons, assembly is more formal than assemblage, and usually implies a body that has met and is acting in concert for some common end. as-sein'bly-mau (-man), n. ; pi. -men (-men). A member of an assembly, esp. [often cap.] of the lower branch of a State legislature. Cf. assembly, n., 2. as-sent' (d-sent), v. i. [From F. assentir, fr. L. assentire, assentiri; ad + seniire to feel, think.] To admit a thing as true ; express_ one's agreement, acquiescence, concur- rence, or concession. Syn. Agree, concur, accede, acquiesce, accord, consent. — Assent, consent. Assent implies primarily an act of the understanding, and applies to opinions or propositions ; as, he was convinced and assented to the statement. Con- sent involves the will or the feelings, and denotes com- pliance with what is requested or desired ; as, I hope you will consent to go. But neither assent nor consent neces- sarily implies approval. Assent may also apply to actions or proposals which involve a less degree of interest or feel- ing than consent ; as, one may assent to the opening of a window ; but one consents to be surgically operated upon. — n. Act of assenting ; consent ; acquiescence, as'sen-ta'tion (as'en-ta'shun), n. Ready assent; esp., in- sincere, flattering, or obsequious assent. as-sen'tor (d-sen'tor), n. One who assents; specif., Eng. Law, one of the voters, in addition to the proposer and seconder, required to indorse the nomination of a candi- date for election, as to Parliament. as-sert' (d-surt'), v. t. [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to join to one's self, claim, maintain ; ad -f- serere to join.] 1. To maintain ; vindicate a claim or title to ; as, to assert one's rights. 2. To affirm; state positively; asseverate. to assert one's self, to demand and enforce recognition of one's rights or claims. Syn. Maintain, defend, vindicate ; declare, allege ; aver ; uphold, support, advocate, plead. — Assert, maintain, defend, vindicate. To assert is to state or claim posi- tively, sometimes even obtrusively or aggressively ; as, to assert one's innocence, one's rights, etc. To maintain is to uphold what one has asserted. To defend is to main- tain against attack. To vindicate is to defend success- fully. See claim. as-sert'er, as-ser'tor (d-sGr'ter), n. One who asserts. as-ser'tion (-sur'shun), n. Act of asserting ; thing asserted. as-ser/tive (-tYv), a. Positive; affirming confidently; dog- matic. — as-ser'tive-ly, adv. — as-ser'tive-ness, n. as-ser/to-ry (-to-rT), a. Affirming; assertive. ass'es' bridge (as'ez ; 24). [A translation of L. pons asi- norum.] The proposition that "The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another." Humorous. as-sess' (d-sgs'), v. t. [From OF.,fr. LL. assessare to assess, L. assidere, asses- sum, to sit by, in LL. to assess.] 1. To fix the rate or amount of. 2. To apportion (a sum to be paid) in the nature of a tax, fine, etc.; impose according to an apportion- ment. 3. To tax. 4. To value, esp. for taxation. as-sess'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That can be as- sessed ; liable to assessment. Asses' Bridge. as-sess'ment (-ment), n. Act of assess- xrian Jfe° S &f cl ing ; value or amount assessed. lines .oiassimilare ;ad-\- similar eto make like, similis like.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to conformity. 2. To liken ; compare. 3. Phon. To conform ( a sound, usu- ally a consonant ) to a neighboring sound, as in the change of ad- to an- in the formation of announce, from Lat. an- nuntiare (ad -f- nuntiare) . 4.To appropriate so as to incor- porate into itself ; absorb, as nourishment. , . — v. i. To be or become assimilated. as-siml-la'tion (-la'shun), n. Act or process of assimi- lating. as-sim'i-la-tive (a-sim'T-la-tiv), a. Tending to, or char- acterized by, assimilation ; that causes assimilation. as-sim'i-la-tO-ry (a-sim'i-ld-to-ri), a. Assimilative. a3-3ist' (a-sist'), v. t. [L. assistere; ad+sistere to cause to stand, fr. stare to stand.] To give support to ; aid ; suc- cor. — Syn. Second, back, support, relieve, befriend, sus- tain, favor. See help. — v. i. 1. To lend aid ; help. 2. To be present as a spectator. A Gallicism. 3. Euchre. To order the adoption of the trump turned ; — a term used by the dealer's partner. — n. Baseball. Act of a player who handles the ball in assisting to a put-out (actual or possible). as-sist'ance (a-sis'tans), n. Help; aid. as-sist'ant (-tant), a. That assists; helping; specif., acting as a subordinate. — n. One that assists ; a helper. as-size' (a-slz'), n. [OF. assise, in pi. assembly, tax, im- post, deriv. of L. assidere to sit by; ad-\-sedere to sit.] 1. Lit., an assembly ; hence, a decree or enactment made by it ; edict ; as, the Assize of Arms, an English edict of 1181 re- quiring everyman to maintain armsaccording to his rankand condition. 2. A statute or ordinance regulating weights and measures, or the weight, measure, or proportions of ingre- dients, or the price of articles sold in the market. Hist. 3. A fixed or customary standard of number, quantity, quality, weight,measure,etc. ;as,laws regulating the assize of bread. 4. A judicial inquest, an action to be decided thereat, the writ for instituting it,or the jury's finding. 5. Hence : {tlsu- ! ally in pl.~\ a The periodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in every county of England, b The time or place of holding a court of assize ; the court itself, or a ses- sion of it. as-so'cia-ble (a-so'shd-b'l), a. Capable of being asso- ciated or joined. as-SO'ci-ate (-shT-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. [L. as- sociates, p. p. of associare; ad -f- sociare to join, socius companion.] 1. To join as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate; as, to associate others with us in business. 2. To join ; combine ; as, gold associated with copper. — v. i. To unite in company or action ;, keep company ; — implying intimacy. — (-£t), a. 1. Closely joined with another, as in interest, ac- tion, etc. ; as, an associate judge. 2. Admitted to some, but not all, rights and privileges ; as, an associate member. — (-at), n. 1. One often in company with another com- panion ; — implying intimacy or equality. 2. One having an interest in common with another, as a partner, a con- federate, a colleague in office, etc. ; specif. : a An associate member of an association or institution ; as, an Associate of the Royal Academy, b In some colleges and universities, an academic title conferred upon one who has completed a course shorter than the ordinary one necessary for a degree ; as, an Associate in Science (Abbr., A. Sc.) ; an Associate in Arts (Abbr., A. A.). 3. Anything closely or usually con- nected with another. — Syn. Mate, fellow, ally, coadjutor, comrade, accomplice. as-so'ci-a'tion (-si-a/shun; -shT-a'shun), n. 1. Union ; con- nection. 2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally associated with a thing ; as, the association of ideas. 3. Union of persons in a company or society for a common purpose; as, a literary association. ; Syn. Association, society, club agree in the idea of a body of persons united in a common interest. Association and society are practically interchangeable. Often, however, association suggests a somewhat larger inclusiveness than socle/j/.whether with regard to the objectsof the organization or admission to it. A club is usually a more private body than either of the others, and is often purely social. as-so'ci-a'tion-al (-51), a. Of or pertaining to association, or an association. as-SO'ci-a-tive (a-so'shT-a-tiv), a. Tending or leading to, or characterized by, association. as-SOil' (d-soilO, v. t. [From OF., fr. L. absolvere. See ab- solve.] Archaic. 1. To absolve. 2. To expiate. as'so-nance (as'6-nans), n. 1. Resemblance of sound. 2. Pros. A rime in which the last accented vowel and those which follow it in one word correspond in sound with simi- larly situated vowels of another word, the consonants of the two words being unlike ; as in baby and lady. as'SO-nant (-nant), a. [L. assonans, p. pr. of assonare to correspond to in sound; ad-\- sonar e to sound.] Pert, to, or marked by, assonance. as-SOlt' (a-sort'), v. t. [F. assortir; a (L. ad)+sortir to draw lots, get by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, sortis, lot.] To distribute into classes ; classify. — v. i. 1. To agree ; suit ; fall into a class or place. 2. To consort or associate (with). as-Sort'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of assorting ; assorted con- dition. 2. Thing formed by assorting, as a group or class, or a collection distributed into sorts or kinds. as-suage' (a-swaj'), v. t. & %.; -suaged' (-swajdO ; -suag'- ing (-swaj'mg). [From OF., fr. L. ad + suavis sweet.] To allay ; mitigate ; lessen ; appease ; pacify. — Syn. Soothe, calm, relieve. See alleviate. — as-suage'ment, n. as-sua'sive (S-swa'sTv),a. Mitigating ; soothing. — n. An assuasive remedy ; a lenitive. as-sume' (a-sum'), v. t.; as-sumed' (-sumd') ; -sum'ing (-sum'ing). [L. assumere; ad + sutnere to take; sub + emere to take, buy.] 1. To take up or into ; adopt ; as, to be assumed into a partnership. Specif.: To receive into heaven. Rare. 2. To take to or on one's self, as without authorityorinexcessof whatisproper ;put on ;as, to assume authority. 3. To pretend to possess ; as, to assume a virtue. 4. To take upon one's self (to do or satisfy) ; undertake ; as, to assume a debt. 5. To take for granted ; suppose. — as-sum'a-ble (d-sum'd-b'l), a. Syn. Put on, counterfeit, sham, affect, pretend, simulate, feign. — Assume, a fleet, pretend, simulate, feign agree in implying false or deceptive appearances. To assume is to take to one's self in appearance only ; as, to assume an air of grief. To affect is to make a show of possessing, usually for effect; as, to affect ignorance. Pretend implies overt profession of what is false ; as, to pretend to be insane. To simulate is to assume the appearance or characteristics of something ; as, to simulate insanity (by imitating its signs). Feign implies more invention than pretend, less specific counterfeiting than simulate ; feign and simulate are often interchangeable. See postulate. as-sum'ing (a-sum'ing), p. a. Pretentious; presump- tuous ; arrogant. as-sump'sit (3-sump'sTt ; a-sum'sTt), n. [L., he under- took.] Law. a An action on contract to recover damages for a breach of a contract, b A contract, not under seal, on which such an action will lie. as-sump'tion (d-sump'shwn), n. 1. Act of assuming ; spe- cif., act of taking upon one's self unduly or presumptuously. 2. The thing assumed ; supposition ; specif., the minor prop- osition in a categorical syllogism. 3. The taking of a per- son up into heaven ; hence, the festival of the assumption of the Virgin Mary, held August 15. — Syn. Supposition, postulate ; arrogance. as-sump'tive (-tTv), a. Assumed, or capable of being assumed ; characterized by assumption ; assuming. as-sur'ance (a-shoor'ans), n. 1. Act of assuring. 2. Insur- ance. See insurance. 3. State of being assured, or sure : a Security ; safety, b Certitude ; certainty. 4. Firmness of £mind ; confidence ; self-reliance. 5. Impudence ; audacity. — Syn. See confidence, trust. as-sure' (a-shoor'),v. *.; as-sured' (a-shoord') ; -sur'ing. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ad-\-securus secure.] 1. To se- cure, as against change or risk ; insure (see insure). 2. To affiance. 06s. 3. To confirm ; give confidence to ; as, his kindly manner assured them. 4. To make sure, or certain ; as, to assure a person of one's friendship. 5. To declare B G H K K =» ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ASSURED 66 ASTROPHOTOMETRY solemnly to (a person) ; as, I assure you there is nothing to fear. — v. i. To take out insurance; to insure (see insure). Chiefly British. as-sured' (a-shoord'), -p. a. Made sure; insured; certain; bold to excess. — n. A person or the persons whose life or property is insured ; — used chiefly with the. Cf . insured. — as-sur'ed-ly (a-shoor'ed-li), adv. — as-sur/ed-ness, n. as-SUT'er (-er), n. One who assures. as-SWg'ent (a-sur'jcnt), a. [L. assurgens, p. pr., fr. L. assurgere to rise up.] Ascending; specif., Bot., rising obliquely ; — said of stems. — as-SUTg'en-cy (-jen-si), n. As-syr'i-an (a-sTr'i-dn), a. Of or pert, to Assyria, the Assyri- ans.'or their language. — n. 1. An individual of the ancient Semitic race forming the Assyrian nation or, widely, the Babylonian nation. 2. The language of the Assyrians. As-syr/i-Ol'o-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. [Assyria + -logy.'] The study of the antiquities, language, etc., of ancient Assyria. — As-syr'i-ol'o-gist (-ol'6-jist), n. As-tar'te (as-tar'te), n. _ [L., fr. Gr. 'AtrrApTr,.] The Phoenician goddess of fertility and of love. She was also re- garded by the classical nations as a moon goddess. a-stat'ic (d-stat'Ik), a. [a- not + static.] Magnetism. Having little or no tendency to take a definite position or direction. — a-stat'i-cal-ly, adv. i-cism (-I-sTz'm), n. as-tat'ki (as-tat'ke), n. [From Russ. ostatki remnants, pi. of ostatok. ] A thick liquid residuum obtained in the dis- tillation of Russian petroleum, much used as fuel. as'ter (as'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. kar-qp star.] 1. Any of vari- ous herbaceous plants (genus Aster and allied genera) hav- ing heads with both discoid and radiate flowers ; also, any of the common garden plants derived from a related plant (Cal- listephus hortensis ) ; as, the China aster, German aster, etc. 2. Biol. A star-shaped figure of achromatic substance found chiefly in cells dividing by mitosis ; a cytaster. It consists of a central mass ( the centrosphere, in animal and some plant cells often containing a centrosome) and radiating fibers (aster rays). -as'ter. [L. -aster.] A suffix denoting originally either di- minutiveness or partial resemblance, and now, in Eng- lish, denoting inferiority or worthlessness ; as in gram- maticas^er, medicaster, poetaster, etc. as'ter-a'ceous ( aVter-a'shus ), a. [ L. aster aster + -aceous.] Bot. Belonging to a family {Asteracese) of plants, | the aster, or thistle, family, which is the largest and most highly developed family of seed plants, and one of world- wide distribution. as-te'ri-at'ed (as-te'rT-at'ed), a. [Gr. dorepios starry, fr. harrip star.] Exhibiting asterism. See asterisk, 3. as'ter-isk (as'ter-Tsk),n. [FromL.,fr. Gr. dorepi'ovcos, dim. of b.arr\p star.] 1. A figure of a star [*] used in printing and writing as a reference mark. 2. Anything shaped like a star. — v. t. To mark with an asterisk. as'ter-ism (-ter-Yz'm), n. [Gr. do-repio-Mos. ] 1. Astron. a A constellation, b A small group of stars. 2. Print. Three asterisks placed thus, %,* or *%, for special reference. 3. Cryst. The optical phenomenon of a star-shaped figure exhibited by some crystals by reflected light, as in asteriated sapphire, or exhibited by transmitted light, as in some mica. as-te'ri-um (as-te'rT-um), n. [NL. See aster.] A non- terrestrial element indicated in the spectra of many stars. a-Stern' (d-sturn'), adv. 1. Backward ; to the rear. 2. Be- hind a vessel ; in the rear. as'ter-oid ( as'ter-oid ), a. [ Gr. dorepoei5i7s ; dor^p star + e!5osform.] Starlike. — n. Astron. A starlike body ; esp., one of the many small planets having orbits between Mars and Jupiter. — as'ter-oi'dal (-oi'dal), a. As-ter'o-pe(as-ter'o-pe),rc. [Gr. 'AcrepoTrq.] See Pleiades. as'the-ni'a (as'the-ni'd; as-the'm-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. {urdkveia; d- not + crdevos strength.] Med. Want or loss of strength ; debility. — as-then'ic (as-then'ik), a. aslh'ma (az'md; as'md) , n. [Gr. acrdua short-drawn breath. ] A disease characterized by difficulty of breathing, a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expecto- ration. — asth-mat'ic (-mat'ik), a. & n. as'tig-mat'ic (as'tig-mat'ik), n. Affected with, or per- taining to, astigmatism. a-Stig'ma-tism (d-stig'md-tiz'm), n. [a- not + Gr. trrly- fia, -p.aros, prick of a pointed instrument, spot.] A defect | of the eye or of a lens in consequence of which rays from one point are not brought to a single focal point, thus caus- ingimperfect images or indistinctness of vision. a-Stir' (d-stur'), adv. "& a. Stirring ; in activity or motion. a-Stom'a-tOUS (d-stom'-d-tus ; d-sto'md-), a. [a- not + stomatous.^ Biol. Not Having a mouth, or stoma. as-ton'ied (ds-ton'id), p. p. & p. a. fr. astony. Archaic. as-ton'ish (ds-ton'ish), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. ex out-f- tonare to thunder.] To strike with sudden fear, wonder, or surprise ; amaze. — Syn. See surprise. ish-er (-er),ra. as-ton'ish-ing, p. a. Very wonderful ; amazing. as-ton'ish-ment (-ment), n. 1. State of one astonished; esp., amazement. 2. The object causing such an emotion. as-ton'y (as-ton'I), v. t.; -ton'ted (-Id) ; -ton'y-tng. [See astonish.] To stun; astonish; amaze. Archaic. as-tound' (ds-tound' ), a. [p. p. of ME. astonen to aston- ish. ] Stunned ; astounded. Archaic— v. t. To astonish. — Syn. See surprise. as'tra-chan, Var. of astrakhan. a-Strad'dle (d-strad''l), adv. Straddling; astride. As-trae'a (as-tre'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Aarpala, fr. dorpcuos starry.] Class. Myth. Goddess of justice, the last of the divinities to leave the earth at the end of the Golden Age. as'tra-gal (as'trd-gdl), n. [From L., fr. Gr. dcrrpayaXos.] 1. The astragalus. 2. Arch. A small convex molding of rounded surface ; a bead. as-trag'a-lus (as-trag'd-lus), n. [L. See astragal.] Anat. One of the proximal bones of the tarsus of man and the higher vertebrates ; the ankle bone ; huckle bone. In man it forms with the tibia and fibula the ankle joint ; in quadru- peds it forms with the tibia the hock. as'tra-khan (as'trd-kdn ; as'trd-kan'), n. Also as'tra-chan. The skin, or pelt, of stillborn or young lambs of Astra- khan, the curled wool of which resembles fur ; also, a rough cloth imitating it. as'tral (as'tral), a. [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr. aa-rpov.] 1. Pertaining to, coming from, or like, the stars ; starry. 2. Of a nature particularly susceptible to sidereal influences; as, the astral body by which Paracelsus and his followers explained astrological influences and presenti- ments. 3. Theosophy. Consisting of, belonging to, or desig- nating, a kind of supersensible substance next above the tangible world in refinement ; as, astral spirits, astral lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no inter- ruption of the light upon the table is made by the flattened ring-shaped reservoir containing the oil. a-Stray' (d-stra'), adv. & a. Wandering; straying. as-trict' (as-trikt'), v. t. [L. astrictus. See astringe.] To bind up ; confine ; restrict ; also, to bind by a moral or legal obligation. — as-tric'tion (-trik'shiin), n. as-tric'tive (-trik'tiv), a. Binding; astringent. — n. An astringent. tive-ly, adv. — -tive-ness, n. a-slride' ( d-strld' ), adv. With one leg on each side ; be- striding; astraddle. as-tringe' (as-trinj'), v. t. ; -tringed' (-trinjd') ; -tring'ing (-trin'jing). [L. astringere, p. p. astrictus; ad + strin- gere to draw tight.] To bind fast ; constrict ; compress. as-trin'gen-cy (-trinfjcn-si), n. Quality of being astringent. as-trin'gent (-trin'jent), a. [L. astringens, p. pr.] 1. Drawing together the tissues ; binding ; contracting. 2. Stern ; austere. — n. An astringent medicine or other substance. — Syn. See sour. as'tro- (as'tro-). Combining form from Greek iarpov, star. as'tro-labe (as'tro-lab), n. [From F. or LL., fr. Gr.dorpo- \a&oi> ; aa-rpop star + \au(3avei.v to take.] An instrument for observing the positions of the heavenly bodies, now superseded by the sextant. as-trol'o-ger (as-trol'6-jer), n. A practicer of astrology. as-trol'o-gy ( -ji ), n. [From F„ fr. L., fr. Gr. &\os inviolable ; d- not + av\ov right of seizure.] 1. An inviolable sanctuary where, esp. in ancient times, criminals and debtors found shelter, as a tem- ple, altar, etc. 2. Any place of retreat and security. 3. In- stitution for the relief of the destitute or afflicted. a-sym'me-try (d-sim'e-tn), n. Want of symmetry. — as'ym-met'ric (as'i-met , rik),-raet , ri-cal (-rf-kal),a. as'ymp-tote (as'im-tot), n. [Deriv. of Gr. d- not + avuirl- TTtiv to fall together.] Math. A line that approaches nearer to some curve than any assignable distance, but would never meet it, even if indefinitely prolonged. as'ymp-tot'ic (-tot'Ik), as'ymp-tot'i-cal (-i-kal), a. Of or pertaining to an asymptote. tot'i-cal-ly, adv. a-syn'chro-nous (a-sin'kro-nus), a. [a- not + synchro- nous.] Not simultaneous; not concurrent in time; — opposed to synchronous. — a-syn/chro-nism (-niz'm), n. as'yn-det'ic (ayin-det'ik),a. Using asyndeton ; not joined by conjunctions. — as'yn-det'i-cal-ly, adv. a-syn'de-ton (d-sTn'de-ton), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. &- not-f ovvStros bound together.] Rhet. A figure that omits the connective ; as in, "I came, I saw, I conquered." at (at), prep. [AS. #t.] Primarily at expresses the rela- tion of presence or contact in space or time, or of direc- tion toward. Hence it implies : _ 1. Simple piesence or position in, on, by, or near, or the like; as, at the center; at home ; at hand ; at the door ; at sea and on land ; at school ; at the helm ; at the wedding ; sick at heart ; out at the elbows. 2. Position, object, or end directed toward; as, go in atthe door ; he could not get at him ; aim at a mark ; to wink, laugh, be angry, etc., at one; to hint at; at first; at best. 3. A relation of action in, or occupation with ; as, to pull at an oar ; at work ; at meat (eating). 4. In a posture, circum- stance, or mode of ; as, the stag at bay ; at war ; at ease ; at your service ; at fault ; at random. 5. Because of as a source, cause, or occasion ; as, sad at the sight ; at his command. 6. Position or order in time; as, at present; at parting; at twenty-one ; at once. Syn. At, in. When reference to the interior of any place is I made prominent, in is used ; when a place is regarded as a mere local point, at is more commonly used ; as, to look for a book in the library ; to meet a friend at the library, there are many churches in London ; the king was crowned at Lon- don. In is used before the names of countries or districts and (usually) of large cities ; as, we live in America, in New York. At is commonly employed before names of houses, institu- tions, villages, small towns; as, Milton was educated at Christ's College ; money collected at the customhouse. But with names of towns and cities usage varies greatly. In re- gard to time, we say at the hour, on the day, in the year ; as, at 9 o'clock in the morning, on July 5th, in the year 1775. at'a-bal (at'd-bal), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. at-tabl the drum.] A ket- tledrum ; a kind of tabor, used by Moors. a-tac'a-mite (d-tak'd-mlt), n. [From the province of Atacama, Chile, where found.] Min. A basic chloride of copper, Cu2Cl(OH)3, transparent or translucent and of various shades of green, usually in prismatic crystals. at'a-ghan (at'd-gan). Var. of yataghan. At'a-lan'ta(-lan'td),n. [L.,fr.Gr. 'AraXA^.] Gr. Myth. A heroine, beautiful and fleet of foot, who took part in the Argonautic expedition and in the Calydonian boar hunt (see Meleager). In another legend she challenged her suitors to a race, death being the penalty of defeat, her hand the prize. Hippomenes defeated her, dropping on the course three golden apples, given him by Aphrodite, which Ata- lanta stooped to pick up. At'a-lan'tis (-tis), n. Var. of Atlantis. at'a-mas'co lil'y (-maVko lTl'i). A bulbous amaryllida- ceous plant (Atamosco atamasco) of the southeastern United States, bearing a single, white, lilylike flower; also, any of various other plants of the same genus. a-taunt' (d-t6nt' ; -tant') \ adv. [F. autant as much (as a-taun'to (-ton'to ; -tan'to)/ possible).] Naut. Fully rigged ; hence : fully in order ; shipshape. a-tav'ic (d-tav'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a remote ancestor, or to atavism. at'a-vism (at'd-viz'm), n. [L. atavus ancestor.] Biol. Recurrence in a descendant of characters of a grandparent or more remote ancestor; reversion to a more primitive type. — at'a-vis'tic (-vis'tlk), a. a-tax'i-a (d-tak'si-d), n. [Gr. ira^la, fr. &tclktos out of order; d- not + tclkt 6s ordered.] Med. a Irregularity in disease or in the functions, b Inability to coordinate vol- untary movements. — a-tax'ic (-slk), a. ate (at; in England usually St), preterit of eat. a'te (a'te), n. [Gr. S.rrj.2 Blind impulse leading men on to ruin; — sometimes personified [cap.] and in the Greek tragedies often made an avenging spirit like Nemesis. -ate (-at; -at). [From L. -atus, the p. p. ending of 1st conj. verbs.] A suffix used to form : 1. Participial adjec- tives equivalent to those formed by the ending -ed; as in desolate, sedate, innate, ornate, temperate. Causative verbs are formed from such adjectives. 2. Verbs formed (on the analogy of causative verbs from adjectives in -ate) by Eng- lishing Latin verbs of the 1st conjugation, as in fascinate, venerate, concentrate, etc., or by adding the suffix to Latin, or sometimes other elements where no corresponding Latin verb exists; as in felicitate, capacitate, camphorate. 3. a Participial nouns ; as, legate, one deputed, mandate, some- thing commanded, precipitate, something thrown down, b Chem. Names of the salts and esters formed from those acids whose names end in -ic (except a few whose names be- gin with hydro-, as hydrocyanic, hydriodic) ; as, sulphate from sulphuric acid, nitrate from nitn'c acid, etc. It is also used in the case of a few other compounds ; as, alcoholate. 4. [L. -atus, not the participle ending.] Nouns denoting office or function, or the persons having it ; as, tribunate, marquis- ate, episcopate. |]a'te-lier' (a'te-lya'), n. [F.] A workshop; a studio. || a tem'po (a tem'po). [It.] Music. In time; — used to direct a return to the regular or an indicated time. . Ath/a-li'ab. (ath'd-ll'd), n. Bib. An impious queen of Ju- dah, daughter of Ahab and Jezebel. 2 Kings xi. Atb/a-na'sian (ath'd-na'zhdn ; -shT-an), a. Of or pertain- ing to Athanasius (d. 373), bishop of Alexandria, who advo- cated the homoousian doctrine against Arianism. Athanasian Creed, a formulary of faith (once attributed to Athanasius) beginninginEnglish,"Whosoeverwillbesaved." It is also commonly called the Quicunque tult, from its first two words in Latin. It is used in the Church of England on certain feasts, and in the Roman Catholic Church on certain Sundays. It is not in the prayer book of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. a-than'a-sy (d-than'd-si), n. [From Gr. LQavaaia.; d- not + 06.va.Tos death.] Deathlessness ; immortality. Atb. / a-pas / can(ath / d-pas , kdn),a. Pertaining toordesignat- ing an extensive linguistic stock of North American Indians including the Navahos and Apaches. — n. An Athapascan Indian. a'tiie-ism (a'the-Tz'm), n. 1. Disbelief in, or denial of, the existence of a God, (-or Supreme Being. 2. Godlessness. a'the-ist, n. [Gr. aOeos without god ; d- not -f- 0e6s god.] One who holds to atheism. — Syn. See infidel. a'the-is'tic (a'the-is'tTkHa. 1. Pert, to, implying, or con- a'the-is'ti-cal (-ti-kdl) / taining, atheism ; — applied to things ; as, atheistic doctrines, opinions, or books. 2. Dis- believing the existence of a God ; impious ; — applied to persons ; as, an atheistic writer. is'ti-cal-ly, adv. ath/el-ing (ath'el-ing), n. Also [AS. seSeling noble, fr. seSelo nobility, good family.] An Anglo-Saxon prince or nobleman; esp., the heir apparent or a prince of the royal family. A-the'na (d-the'nd),n. [Gr. 'Afli^.] Gr.Relig. One of the greater Olympian deities, preeminent as a civic goddess, wise in the industries of peace and the arts of war. The Romans identified her with Minerva. ath'e-nse'umUaWe-ne'um), n. ; pi. E. ath/e-ne'um / -ums (-wmz), L. -n,ea (-d). [L. Athenaeum, Gr. 'Adrjvaiop the Athenaeum.] 1. [cap.~\ Gr. Antiq. A temple of Athena, at Athens, where schol- ars and poets read their works and in- structed students. 2. A literary or scien- tific association or club. 3. A building or an apartment where a library, period- icals, and newspapers are kept for use. A-the'ni-an (d-the'ni-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Athens. — n. A native of Athens. a-ther'man-cy (d-thur'man-sT), n. In- ability to transmit radiant heat; — opposed to diathermancy. Athena Parthenos. B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); Don; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ATHERMANOUS 68 ATROPHY a-ther 'ma-nous (d-thur'md-nus), a. [Gr. &- not + 0<=p/xaf- veiv to heat.] Not transmitting radiant heat ; — opp. to diathermanous. ath'e-to'sis (ath'S-to'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ZOeros not fixed.] Med. An affection marked by peculiar tremors of the fingers and toes, occurring most frequently in children. a-thirst' (d-thurst'), a. 1. Thirsty. 2. Eager ; longing. ath'lete (ath'let), n. [ From L., fr. Gr. &9\t)ttjs prize fighter, &9\elv to contend for a prize, 5B\os contest, ad\ov prize.] One trained or fit to contend in exercises requiring great physical agility and strength. ath-let'ic ( ath-let'Ik) , a. 1. Of or pertaining to athletes or athletics. 2. Befitting an athlete ; strong ; robust. — ath-let'i-cal-ly, adv. — ath-let'i-cism (ath-let'i-siz'm),n. ath-let'ics (ath-let'iks), n. (See-ics.) Art of training by athletic exercises ; the games and sports of athletes. a-thwart' (d-thw6rt'), adv. [a- on + thwart.] 1. Across, esp. obliquely. 2. So as to thwart ; perversely. — prep. 1. Across; fig., in opposition to. 2. Naut. Across the length, direction, or course of. a- tilt' (d-tllt'), adv. & a. 1. In the manner of one tilting, or thrusting. 2. In the position of a cask tilted. -a'tion (-a'shtin),-tion, -ion. [L. -ationem or -tionem : cf. F.-ation or -Hon.] Suffixes denoting in general : 1. Act of. Examples: formation., act of forming; production, act of producing; decoration, act of decorating ; invention, act of inventing; demoralization, act of demoralizing. 2. Condition of, state of, or quality of. Examples : moderation, state or quality of being moder- ate ; repletion, state of being replete ; dejection, state of being dejected ; demoralization, state of being demoralized. 3. A thing that (is produced, formed, made, etc., by the action denoted by the root word); that which, or a thing that (performs the action denoted by the root verb). Examples : formation, that which is formed ; production, that which is produced ; decoration, that which, or a thing that, decorates; conclusion, that which concludes. -ative. [L. -ativus.] An adj. suffix with the sense of tending to, of the nature of, relating to. Atlan-te'an (at'lan-te'dn), a. [L. Atlanteus.] 1. Pert, to or resembling Atlas ; strong. 2. Of or pert, to Atlantis. at-lan'tes (at-lan'tez), n. pi.; sing, atlas (at'las). [L. See Atlas.] Arch. Figures or half figures of men used as columns to support an entablature ; telamones. At-lan'tic (-tTk), a. [L. Atlanticus.] 1. Of or pert, to Mt. Atlas in Libya. 2. Designating, or pert, to, the ocean between Europe and Africa on the east and America on the west. At-lan'ti-des (-tY-dez), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. 'ArXa^S«.] Gr. Myth. 1. a = Pleiades, 1. b = Hesperides, 1. 2. The inhabitants of Atlantis. At-lan'tis (-tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'ArXavrk.] A mythical island west of the Pillars of Hercules, said by ancient writ- ers to have been sunk beneath the ocean by an earthquake. At'las (at'las), n.; pi. E. Atlases (-ez; 24), L. Atlantes (at-lan'tez). [L.,fr. Gr. "ArXas, fr. root of r\rjvai to bear.] 1. Gr. Myth. In Homer, a divinity in charge of the pil- lars which upheld the heavens ; later, a Titan forced to sup- port the heavens on his head and hands ; still later, a king metamorphosed into a lofty mountain. 2. [Z. c] Sing, of atlantes. 3. [J. c] Anat. The first vertebra of the neck. 4. [1. c] A collection of maps in a volume ; — said to be so called from the picture of Atlas supporting the world, often formerly prefixed to such collections. 5. [I. c] A work exhibiting subjects in a tabular form or arrangement ; as, a historical atlas. 6. [I. c] A large size of paper. See paper. At'li (at'le), n. [Icel. Atli Attila.] Ahorse Myth. A king who marries Gudrun after Sigurd's death. She slays him to avenge his treachery to her brothers. at'man (at'mdn), n. [Skr. atman.] Hinduism, a The life principle, soul, or individual essence. b leap.] The universal ego from whom all individual atmans arise. at-mol'0-gy ( at-mol'6-jl ), n. [ Gr. dr^os vapor -j- -logy. ] Physics. The science of the laws and phenomena of aque- ous vapor. — at'mo-log'i-cal ( at'mo-loj'i-kdl), a. — at- mol'0-gist (at-mol'6-jist) , n. at-mol'y-sis (-T-sis), n. [Gr. 6.tu6s vapor + -lysis.] Act or process of separating mingled gases of unequal diffusibility by transmission through porous substances. at'mo-lyze (at'mo-llz), v. t. To subject to atmolysis.— at'- mo-ly-za'tion (-li-za'shiin; -11-za'-), n. — at'mo-lyz'er, n. at-mom'e-ter(at-mom'e-ter),n. [Gt.&tuos vapor+-meter.] An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from a moist surface J — at'mo-met'ric, a. — at-mom'e-try, n. at'mos-phere (at'mos-fer), n. [Gr. &T/x6s vapor -+- aalpa sphere. ] 1. The whole mass of air surrounding the earth ; [ also, the gaseous envelope of any heavenly body; as, the atmosphere of Mars. 2. Any surrounding or pervading influence ; as, the social atmosphere of a place. 3. The air in any place. 4. Physics. The pressure of the air at the sea level (about 14.7 lbs. to the sq. inch), used as a unit. at'mos-pher'ic (-ferTk ), a. 1, Of or pert, to the atmos- phere ; as, atmospheric air. 2. Caused, or operated on, by the atmosphere; pneumatic; as, an atmospheric effect; an atmospheric engine. — at'mos-pher'i-cal (-fer'I-kdl), a. — at'mos-pher'i-cal-ly, adv. H a-to'le (a-to'la), n. [Mex. Sp.] A porridge or gruel of maize meal. Sp. Amer. a-toll' (d-tol'; St'ol), n. [Native name in the Indian Ocean.] A coral island or islands consisting of a belt of coral reef surrounding a central lagoon. at'om (at'um), n. [From L., fr. Gr. aronos uncut, indivisible, as n., atom ; d not +toh6s cut.] 1. One of the minute particles postulated in atomism. 2. In the atomic theory, the smallest particle of an element that can exist. See atomic theory. 3. A particle ; jot. a-tom'ic (d-tom'IkUa. 1. Of or pertaining to atoms. 2. a-tom'i-cal (-I-kal) / Very minute; tiny. i-cal-ly, adv. atomic theory or hypothesis, Chem. & Physics, the theory that all material substances consist of minute particles, or atoms, of a few kinds, all of the same kind being uni- form in size, weight, and other properties. According to recent discoveries the atom is to be conceived of as a com- plex system whose components (subatoms) are in rapid orbital motion. According to one hypothesis the atom of each element represents a stable arrangement of electrons, and radioactive change is a process due to some disturb- ing force, resulting in the expulsion of electrons and the formation of a new stable arrangement, that is, the atom of another element of lower atomic weight. — a. weight, Chem., the relative weight of the atom of an element, referred to some element, as oxygen or hydrogen, taken as a standard. In this book oxygen at 16 is the basis. at'o-mic'i-ty (at'o-mls'i-tn.n. Chem. a Equivalence ; va- lence. See valence, b The number of atoms in the molecule of an element, c The number of replaceable atoms or groups in the molecule of a compound. at'om-ism (at'um-iz'm).n. Philos. The doctrine that the universe is composed of simple, minute, indivisible particles, or atoms. — at'om-ist, n. — at'om -is 'tic, a. at'om-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd); -iz'ing (-Iz'Tng). To reduce to atoms or to fine spray. — at'om-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. at'0-my (at'o-mT), n.; pi. -mies (-miz). An atom; mite. at'o-my, n. [For anatomy, taken as an atomy.] A skeleton. Obs. or Jocular. at one. In concord or friendship ; in agreement. a-tone' (d-ton'), v. i.; a-toned' (-tond') ; a-ton'ing (-ton'- lng). [From at one.] 1. To agree. 06s. 2. To make amends for an offense, — 1>. t. 1. To set at one ; reconcile. Obs. 2. To expiate. a-tone'ment (-ment),n. 1. Reconciliation ; concord. Archa- ic. 2. Satisfaction or reparation ; expiation ; amends ; — used with for. 3. Specif., the redeeming effect of Christ's obedience, suffering, and death. — Syn. See propitiation. a-ton'er (d-ton'er), n. One who atones for something. a-ton'ic ( d-ton'Ik ), a. 1. Med. Characterized by atony ; as, an atonic disease. 2. Gram. Unaccented; as, an atonic syllable. 3. Phon. Without tone or vocalit y ; voiceless ; surd. — n. 1. Gram. A word or syllable with no accent. 2. Phon. An element of speech produced by the breath alone without voice ; a breathing. 3. Med. A remedy for organic excite- ment or irritation. at'o-ny (at'6-nT), n. [Gr. Arovia. slackness ; d- not + tovos tone. ] 1. Med. Want of tone, or vital energy ; weakness of the system, or of any, esp. a contractile, organ. 2. Phon. Weakness from lack of stress, or accent. at'ra-bil'ious (at'rd-bil'yus), a. [From L. atra bilis, lit., black bile.] Affected by "black bile," or melancholy. Cf. humor, n., 2. — at'ra-bil'i-ar (-bil'I-dr), a. at'ra-men'tous (-men'tiis), a. [L. atramentum ink, fr. ater black.] Black like ink ; inky ; inklike. A'tieus (a'troos ; a'tre-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Arpefo.] Gr. Myth. A son of Pelops, and king of Mycenae. Thyestes, his brother, seduced the wife of Atreus and plotted his death. Atreus, feigning reconciliation, killed three sons of Thyestes and served them to him at a banquet, whereupon Thyestes cursed the house of Atreus. See /Egisthus. a-trip' (d-trip'), adv. Naut. a Just hove clear of the ground; — said of the anchor, b Sheeted home, hoisted taut up, and ready for trimming ; — said of sails, c Hoisted up and ready to be swayed across ; — said of light yards. a'tri-um (a'trf-wm), n.; L. pi. atria (-d). [L.] 1. Roman Antiq. The chief room in a house. 2. Anat. Any of vari- ous cavities; esp., the main part of an auricle of the heart. a-tro'cious (d-tro'shus), a. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel, fierce.] Savagely brutal; outrageously cruel or wicked. — Syn. See flagrant. — a-tro'cious-ly, adv. — cious-ness, n. a-troc'i-ty ( d-tros'I-tl ), n. ; pi. -ties ( -tiz ). State or qual- ity of being atrocious ; also, an atrocious deed. a-troph'ic (d-trof'ik), a. Of, pert, to, or showing, atrophy. at'ro-pny (at'ro-fl ), n. [From L., fr. Gr. &rpola; d- not + rpkaXos inde- pendent. See auto- ; cephalous. ] Eccl. Independent or self-governing; — usually applied to churches which are in full communion with one another but which have no com- mon government, as the Eastern churches of Russia, Rou- mania, Greece, Montenegro, Cyprus, Servia, etc. au-toch'thon ( 6-tok'thon ; -thon), n.; pi. E. -thons (-thonz; -thonz), L. -thones (-tho-nez). [L., fr. Gr. abro- x6o3v from the land itself ; avros self + x0wv earth, land.] One sprung from the ground he inhabits ; a native ; an abo- riginal;— usually in pZ.— au-tOch'tho-nism(-th6-nTz'm),n. au-toch'tho-nous (-nus), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, an autochthon ; aboriginal ; native. OUS-ly, adv. au-toch'tho-ny (-ni), n. Autochthonous condition. au'to-Clave (6'to-klav), n. [F.; fr. Gr. avros self + L. clavis key.] A strong metallic vessel, gas-tight when closed, used for heating liquids under pressure. au'tO-CO-her'er (o'to-ko-her'er), n. Wireless Teleg.Aseli- restoring coherer, as a microphonic detector. au-toc'ra-cy ( S-tok'rd-si ), n. ; pi. -crES ( -siz ). [Gr. avro- Kpareia. See autocrat.] 1. Independent or self-derived power; absolute supremacy. 2. Supreme governing power in an individual ; authority of an autocrat. au'to-crat (6'to-krat), n. [Gr. avroKpar-hs ; avrSs self -f Kparos strength.] An absolute sovereign ; a monarch rul- ing by claim of absolute right ; despot. au/to-crat'ic (-krat'ik)la. Of, pertaining to, or of the char- au'to-crat'i-cal (-i-kal)j acter of, an autocrat. — Syn. See despotic. — au'to-crat'i-cal-ly, adv. U au'to-da-fe' ( ou'tS-dd-fa' ; 6'-),n.; pi. autos-da-fe (ou'tos- ; 6'toz-). [Pg., act of the faith.] The ceremony ac- companying the pronouncement of judgment by the Inqui- sition, followed by execution by the secular authorities; hence, the execution alone ; esp., the burning of a heretic. | au'to-de-fe' ( ou'to-da-fa' ), n.; pi. autos-de-fe. [ Sp., act of faith.] = auto-da-fe. au'to-de-tec'tor, n. = autocoherer. au-toe'cious (6-te'shus), a. [auto- + Gr. oUla house.] Bot. Passing through all its stages on the same host, as some parasitic fungi. Cf. hetercecious. — au-toe'cism (-siz'm), n. au-tog'a-my (6-tog'd-mi), n. Self-fertilization ; Bot., fer- tilization of a flower by its own pollen. — au-tog'a-mous (o-tog'd-mus), a. [eration.l au'to-gen'e-sisCS'to-jen'e-sis)^. Biol. Spontaneous gen-| au'to-ge-net'icGje-net'ikJ.a. 1. Biol. Pert, to autogene- sis; self -generated. 2. Phys.Geog. Pert, to, controlled by, or designating, a system of self-determined drainage, or one developed solely by headwater erosion. i-cal-ly, adv. au'to-gen'ic (-jcn'Ik), a. Autogenous. au-tog'e-nous (o-toj'e-nus), a. [Gr. avToytvrjs. See auto-; -genous.] 1. Self-generated; produced independently. 2. Phys. Gcog. = autogenetic, 2. — au-tog'e-nous-ly, adv. autogenous soldering or welding, the process of uniting pieces of metal by fusing them together without solder. au-tog'e-ny (o-toj'c-nT),?!. Biol. Spontaneous generation. au'tO-graph (o'to-graf), n. [From L., fr. Gr. avToypaos au- tographic ; aurojself -{-ypd^eiv to write.] That written with one's own hand ; an original, or author's own, manuscript ; a person's own signature or handwriting. au'to-graph'ic (o'to-graf'ik), a. 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, an autograph. 2. Of an instrument, self-record- ing; of a record, recorded by such an instrument. — au'to* graph'i-cal (-!-kdl), a.— au'to-graph'i-cal-ly.arit;. au-tog'ra-phy(o-tog'rd-fI),n. The science of autographs ; an autograph, or a collection of autographs. au'to--harp / (6'tS-harpO, n. A zitherlike musical instrument, provided with dampers which, when depressed, deaden some strings, leaving free others that form a chord. au'to-hyp-no'sis (6'to-hTp-no'- sis),n. Self-induced hypnotism. — au'to-hyp-not'ic ( 6'to-hTp- nSt'ik), a. au'to-hyp'no-tism (-hi p'no-tTz'm ) , au'to-in-fec'tion, n. Med. Poisoning by a virus that originates in the organism itself. au'to— in-oc'u-la'tion, n. Med. Inoculation of a person with virus from his own body. au'to— in-tox'i-ca'tion, n. Med. Poisoning, or state of being poisoned, from toxic substances produced in the body. au'to-ki-net'ic ( : kT-net'ik ; -kl-net'ik), a. Self -moving; moving automatically. Au-tol'y-CUS (6-tol'i-kus),n. [L.,fr. Gr. AvtSXvkos."] Class. Myth. Mercury's son, famous as the prince of thieves, au-tom'a-ta (6-tom'd-td), n., L. pi. of automaton. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event 6nd, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, fim, up, circus, men'd; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); AUTOMATIC 73 au to-mat 'ic (o'to-mat'ik) , a. [See automaton.] 1. Hav- ing an inherent power of action. 2. Self-acting or self- regulating ; — applied esp. to machinery or mechanical devices. 3. Not voluntary ; not depending on the will. — Syn. See SPONTANEOUS. automatic firearm, gun, pistol, etc., one in which the force of the recoil ejects the empty shell and brings a fresh cartridge into firing position. The recoil also operates the firing mechanism, except in pistols, which usually require a separate trigger-pull for each shot. — n. A machine or apparatus that operates automatically ; esp., an automatic firearm. — au'tO-mat'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. — au'to-mat'i-cal-ly, adv. au-tom'a-tism (6-tom'd-tiz'm), n. 1. State or quality of being automatic ; also, an automatic act or habit of acting. 2. a Physiol. The power or fact of movement (1) inde- pendently of external stimuli, as the beating of the heart ; or (2) directly from the effect of external stimuli but in- dependently of conscious control, b Psychol. Any psychic phenomenon,whether a feeling, thought, sensation, or motor impulse, which appears in consciousness with apparent spontaneity, being due neither to an act of will, ordinary association, nor to any objective stimulation ; a conscious state issuing from subliminal consciousness ; also, such phe- nomena collectively or in general. C Philos. The theory that consciousness does not control action, but is a mere adjunct of physiological changes. au-tom'a-ton ( 6-tom'd-ton ), n. ; pi. L. -ta (-td), E. -tons (-tonz). [L., fr. Gr. avronaros self-moving.] 1. A thing re- garded as capable of spontaneous motion or action. 2. A self-moving machine, esp. one made to imitate the motions of men, birds, etc. 3. A living being acting in a mechani- cal or involuntary manner. au'to-molbile (6'to-mo'bil), a. Containing means of pro- pulsion within itself ; self-propelling. au'to-mo'bile (-mo'bil; -mo-bel'), n. [F.] An automobile vehicle or mechanism ; esp., a self-propelled vehicle suitable for general use on a street or roadway. mo'bil-ist, n. au'tO-nom/icC-nom'ilO.a. 1. Self-governing; autonomous. 2. Plant Physiol. Due to internal causes or influences; spontaneous. — au'to-nom'i-cal ( -i-kdl ), a. — au'to- nom'i-cal-ly, adv. au-ton'o-mist, (o-ton'o-mlst), n. An advocate of au- tonomy. au-ton'0-mous (o-ton'o-mus), a. [Gr. avTovonos; afa-6sself -f- vkneiv to assign, hold sway.] 1. Of or pertaining to an autonomy. 2. Independent in government; self-govern- ing. 3. Plant Physiol. = autonomic, 2. au-ton'o-my (-mi), n. Quality or state of being autono- mous ; the power or ri^ht of self-government. au'to-plas'ty (6 , to-plas / ti ), n. Surg. The repairing of lesions by taking a piece of healthy tissue, as from a neigh- boring part, to supply a deficiency caused by disease or wounds. — au'to-plas'tic (-plas'tik), a. au'top-sy (6'top-si), n.; pi. -sies (-siz). [Gr. avro^la, fr. i airoiTTos seen by one's self ; avros + oirros seen. ] 1. Per- sonal observation ; ocular view. 2. Med. Dissection of a dead body to learn the cause, seat, or nature of a disease, or the cause of death ; post-mortem examination. au'to-sta-bil'i-tyj (o'to-std-bil'i-tT), n. Mech. Stability due to the automatic action of self-operative mechan- ism ; also, stability due to the inherent qualities, as the shape and proportions alone. au'tO-SUg-ges'tion (6'to-sug-jes'chun), n. Med. Self-sug- gestion as distinguished from suggestion coming from another, esp. in hypnotism, and often productive of dis- turbance of function of one or more organs. au'to-tox-ae'mi-a, or -tox-e'mi-a (-tok-se'mi-d), au'to- tox'i-ca'tion (-tok'si-ka'shim), au'to-tox'i-co'sis (-ko'- sTsJ.au'to-tox'is, n. [NL. See auto-; toxemia, toxic] Med. = auto-intoxication. — au'to-tox'ic, a. . ,'j au'to-tox'in (-tok'sin), n. Med. Any toxin produced by tissue changes within the body. au'to-trans-fqrm'er (6'to-trans-for'mer), n. Elec. A trans- former in which part of the primary winding is used as a secondary winding, or vice versa ; — called also a compen- sator or balancing coil. au'to-type' (o'to-tTp'), n. 1. A facsimile. 2. Photog. The carbon process ; also, a picture made by this process. See carbon process. — au'to-typ'ic (-tip'ik), a. au'to-ty-pog'ra-phy (-tl-pog'rd-fT), n. A process by which drawings executed on gelatin are impressed into a soft metal plate, from which the printing is done as from copperplate. au-tot'y-py (6-tot'i-pY; o'to-tTpl), n. Art or process of making autotypes. au'tumn (6'tum), n. [From OF., fr. L. autumnus.'] The season between summer and winter, often, esp. in America, called fall. au-tum/nal (6-tum'nal), a. Of, belonging to, or peculiar to, autumn. — au-tum'nal-ly, adv. aq'tun-ite (6'tim-It), n. [From Autun, France, its locali- AVENGER ty . ] Min. _ A lemon-yellow phosphate of uranium and cal- cium occurring in tabular crystals and in micalike scales. aux'a-nom/e-ter (ok'sd-nom'e-ter), n. [Gr. av^aveiv to cause to increase + -meter.'] An instrument for determin- ing and measuring the rate oT growth in plants. aux-e'to-phone (6k-se'to-fon), n. [Gr. ai^ros that may be increased + -phone. ] A pneumatic reproducer for a phonograph, controlled by the recording stylus on the prin- ciple of the relay. It produces much clearer and louder tones than does the ordinary vibrating disk reproducer. aux-il'iar (og-zil'ydr), a. & n. Auxiliary. Archaic. aux-il'ia-ry (-yd-ri), a. [L. auxiliarius, fr. auxilium help, aid.] Conferring aid or help ; assistant. Syn. Ancillary, aiding, helping ; subservient, subordinate, ' subsidiary. — Auxiliary, subsidiary agree in the idea of furnishing aid. Subsidiary usually implies subordinate rank or position, which auxiliary may or may not imply. auxiliary vessel, yacht, etc., one equipped with sails and with an engine and propeller for use'when there is no wind ' or when the wind is adverse. — n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. One that aids or helps ; an assistant. 2. In pi. Foreign troops in the service of a nation at war. 3. Gram. A verb (as have, be, may, do, shall and will, can, : must, in English) which helps to form the voices, moods, tenses, etc. , of other verbs. 4. Naut. An auxiliary vessel, esp. a yacht. Cf. naval auxiliary. a-vail' (d-vaF), v. i. [ME. availen, fr. a- + F. valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, be worth.] To be of use ; to have strength, force, or efficacy sufficient to accomplish the object in mind. to avail of, to avail one's self of. — v. t. 1. To advantage or profit ; benefit ; help. 2. To pro- mote ; assist. Obs. to avail one's self of, to make use of ; to take advantage of. — n. 1. Profit ; benefit. Archaic. 2. Advantage toward suc- cess ; effective advantage ; as, of avail ; of no avail. 3. In pi. Proceeds. — Syn. Use, benefit, utility, profit, service. a-vaiFa-bil'i-ty (-d-bil'T-ti), n. Quality of being available. a-vail'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. 1. Capable of availing ; having suf- ficient power, force, or efficacy for the object ; effectual ; valid ; as, an available plea. 06s. or Archaic, exc. in Law. 2. Such as one may avail one's self of ; usable. — a-vail'a- ble-ness, n. — a-vail'a-bly, adv. av'a-lanche (av'd-lanch), n. [F., fr. avaler to descend, fr. aval down ; d ( L. ad ) + vol, L. vallis, valley.] A large mass of snow and ice, or of earth, rocks, etc., sliding swiftly down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice. — v. i. To slide or slip down in the form of, or after the manner of, an avalanche. |j Av'a-lon ( -Ion ), n. [F.] In medieval romance, an ocean island, "not far on this side of the terrestrial paradise." a-yant'— COU'ri-er ( d-vant / koo / ri-er ; d-van'- ; a-vaVkoo'- ri-er), n. [F. avant-courrier, lit., advance courier.] A per- son dispatched before another person or company, to give notice of his or their approach ; specif., in pi., formerly, the scouts, skirmishers, or advance guard of an army. D a'vant'-garde' (a'vaVgard'), n. [F.] Vanguard. av'a-rice (av'd-rfs), n. [F., fr. L. avaritia, fr. avarus avaricious.] Excessive or inordinate desire of gain ; covet- ousness; cupidity. av'a-ri'cious (-rish'iis), a. Actuated by avarice; greedy of gain. — Syn. Rapacious, griping, sordid. See covetous. — av'a-ri'cious-ly, adv. — av'a-ri'cious-ness, n. a-vast' (d-vasf), interj. [Corrupt, fr. D. houd vast hold fast.] Naut. Cease ! stop I stay ! av'a-tar' ( av'd-tar' ), n. [ Skr. avatar a descent. ] Incarna- tion ; embodiment ; epiphany. a-vaunt' (d-vont' ; -vant'), interj. [F. avant before ; fr. L. ' ab + ante before.] Begone ! depart ! a've (a've;a'va),inier;. [L., hail, be well.] Hail! farewell! — a salutation. — n. 1. The salutation ave ; esp. leap.], an Ave Maria. 2. [ cap. ] a The time when the Aves are said, b One of the beads of a rosary, which are counted as ' the Aves are said. A've Ma-ri'a (a'va ma-re'a) 1 pi. Ave Marias, Ave Ma- • A've Ma'ry (a've ma'ri) j ries. [L. ave hail, Maria Mary.] The salutation of Gabriel (Luke i. 28) and of Eliza- beth (Luke i. 42) to the Virgin Mary, combined, as now used in the Roman Catholic Church, with a prayer* to . Mary. av'e-na'ceous (av'e-na'shws), a. [L. avenaceus, fr. avena oats.] Of or resembling oats or the oat grasses. a-venge'(d-venj , ),v. t.; a-venged' (d-venjd') ; a-veng'ing ( -ven'jing ). [OF. avengier; L. ad -f- vindicare to lay claim to, avenge, revenge.] To take vengeance for ; exact satisfaction for. — v. i. To take vengeance. — a-veng'er, n. Syn. Vindicate, requite, retaliate, revenge. — Avenge, re- . venge. To avenge is to inflict punishment, either in behalf of one's self or of others, for the sake of vindication or just retribution; to revenge is to inflict pain or injury in re- sentful or malicious retaliation ; as, to avenge the injuries of the helpless ; Plato held that revenge is wrong^ B G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals. M AVENS 74 av'ens (av'enz), n. [OF. avence.] Any of a genus (Geum) of perennial rosaceous herbs, having white, purple, or yellow flowers with plumose styles ; esp., the common avens (G. urbanum) or the purple, or water, avens {G. rivale). av'en-taU, av'en-tayle ( av'en-tal ), n. [See ventail.] Ar- mor. The movable front of a helmet. Av'en-tine (-tin; -tin), n. [L. Aventinus. ] One of the seven hills of Rome (see SevenHtlls), in early times an asylum for refugees. — Av'en-tine, a. a-ven'tU-rine ( d-ven'tu-rln ), n. [F.] 1. A kind of brown- ish glass with gilt spangles interspersed throughout its sub- stance. 2. Min. A translucent quartz spangled through- out with scales of mica or other mineral. av'e-nue ( av'e-nu ), n. [F., fr. avenir to come to, L. ad- venire; ad + venire to come.] 1. An opening of access or egress ; a way of approach or of exit ; — often used fig. ; as, an avenue of escape. 2. Any broad passageway bordered on each side by trees. 3. A broad street. — Syn. See way. a-ver r (d-vfir'), v. t.; ■ a-verred' (d-vurd') ; a-ver'ring. [F. averer, fr. LL., fr. L. ad + verus true.] 1. Law. To avouch or verify ; prove or justify. 2. To affirm confident- ly ; declare positively. — Syn. affirm. av r er-age (av'er-aj), n. [OF. average, or LL. averagium.'] 1. Any of certain small charges defrayed by the master of a vessel. 2. A loss less than total to cargo or ship, or a charge arising from it, or the equitable distribution of it. 3. A mean proportion, or medial sum or quantity, derived from unequal sums or quantities ; an arithmetical mean. 4. Any medial estimate derived from a comparison of diverse spe- cific cases ; a medium or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, etc. ; as, the high individual average of our citizenship. Syn. Average, mean. In common usage, average (usual- ly a.) suggests little more than ordinary, the "common run," often implying general conformity to prevailing standards ; as, the average man, average ability. Mean implies a mid- dle between two extremes ; as, the happy mean. — a. 1. Pert, to an average or mean ; medial; ordinary; usual. 2. According to the laws of average. — v. t. ; -aged (-ajd) ; -ag-ing (-a-jing). 1. To find the aver- age of ; reduce to a mean. 2. To divide among a number ac- cording to a given proportion. 3. To do, accomplish, get, etc., on an average. — v. i. To amount to, or to be, on an average ; as, their losses will average five dollars each. — av'er-age-ly, adv. a-ver'ment (d-vGr'ment ), n. Act of averring ; that which is averred ; affirmation ; allegation. A-ver'nus (-nus ), n. [L.] The infernal regions ; — socalled after a small deep lake near Naples in the crater of an ex- tinct volcano, celebrated in Roman myth for its mephitic vapors and supposed connection with the infernal regions. Av'er-ro'ism ( av'e-ro'Iz'm ), n. The doctrines of the Arabian philosopher Averroes (Ibn Roshd), A. D. 1126-98, an interpreter of Aristotle. He taught that from God ema- nates the active intellect, which is the source of all lower intellects ( sense perception, imagination, memory, discur- sive reason, etc.), and that these return again to God. — Av'er-ro'ist (-1st), n. — Av'er-ro-is'tic (-ro-is'tfk), a. a-verse' (d-vurs' ), a. [L. aversus, p. p. of avertere. See avert.] 1. Having an aversion ; disliking ; reluctant ; op- posed. 2. Bot. Turned away from the stem or axis.. Cf. adverse. — Syn. See adverse, reluctant. — a-verse'- ness, n. a-ver'sion (d-vfir'shun), n. 1. A state of mind in which attention to an object is coupled with dislike of it and desire to turn from it. 2. Act of averting. Rare. 3. Antipathy or opposition in qualities. 4. An object of dislike or repug- nance. — Syn. Dislike, repugnance, disgust. See antipathy. a-vert' (d-vurf), v. t. [L. avertere; a + vertere to turn.] To turn aside or away ; ward off or prevent the occurrence or effects of. — Syn. See prevent. — a-vert'i-ble, o. A'ves ( a'vez ), n. pi. [L., pi. of avis bird. ] Zo'dl. The class of vertebrates consisting of the birds. a'vi-a-ry (a'vl-a-n), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). [L. aviarium, fr. avis bird.] A place, as a house, for keeping birds confined. a'vi-ate (-at), v. i. To fly, or navigate the air, in an aero- plane or heavier-than-air flying machine. Colloq. a'vi-a'tion (-a'shun), n. Art or science of locomotion by aeroplanes. a'vi-a'tor (a'yT-a'ter), n. 1. One who is occupied with, or expert in, aviation. 2. The driver or pilot of an aeroplane, or heavier-than-air flying machine. — a'vi-a'tress (a'vi-a'- tres), a'vi-a'trix (a'vi-a'tnks), n. fem. a'vi-CUl'ture (a'vf-kul'tilr), n. [L. avis bird -f cultura cul- ture.] ^Rearing and care of birds. av'id ( av'Td ), a. [ L. avidus, fr. avere to long. ] Eager; greedy. — av'id-ly, adv. a-vid'i-ty (d-vid'i-tT), n. 1. Greediness; eagerness; strength of desire. 2. Chem. The strength of an acid or base, or its capability of displacing other acids or bases from their salts, as measured under strictly equitable con- ditions. — Syn. See cupidity. AVULSION a'vi-fau'na ( a'vT-fo'nd ), n. [NL.; L. avis bird -f E. fauna.'] Zo'dl. The birds, or all the kinds of birds, consid- ered collectively, of a given region. — a'vi-fau'nal (-nal), a. a-vi'SO (d-vl'zo), n. ; pi. -sos (-zoz). j[Sp.] 1. Information ; notification. 2. A dispatch boat. av'o-ca'do ( av'6-ka'do ), n.; pi. -dos ( -doz ). [Corrupt, fr- Mexican ahuacatl .] The pulpy fruit of a tropi- cal American lauraceous tree (Persea per- sea) ; the alli- gator pear. It is usually eaten as a salad.with vinegar. Also, the tree itself. av'o-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. [L. avocatio, h.avocare,-ca- tus, to call Avocado, showing Flowering Branch and away ;a,ab+ Section of Fruit. vocare to call.] 1. State of being called away ; diversion of attention ; distraction. 2. A subordinate occupation. 3. [Usually in pl.~] Customary employment ; vocation ; usual pursuits ; — the use of the word in the singular in this sense is avoided by the best writers. — Syn. See vocation. a-VOC'a-to-ry (d-vok'd-to-rl), a. Summoning away or back. av'o-cet, av'o-set ( av'6-set ), n. [ F. avocette. ] Any of several shore birds (genus Recurvi- rostra) having long legs, webbed feet, and a slender upwardl; curved bill. a-void' (d-void'), v. t. [From OF., fr. es (L. ex) -j- voidier to emp-r ty. See void, a.] 1. To empty ;;Vs» void. Obs. 2. To make void, as^ a contract ; annul ; vacate. 3.'* To keep away from ; shun ; ab- - a-void'a-ble, a. Capable of being avoided. Syn. Escape, elude, evade, shun, eschew. — Avoid, shun agree in the idea of keeping away from something, or out of contact with it, and often may be interchanged. But shun, more than avoid, suggests shrinking or even abhorrence. a-void'ance (-ans ), n. 1. Act of avoiding. 2. Act of be- coming, or^state of being, vacant; — esp. of a benefice. a-void'er (-er), n. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes. a-void'less, a. Unavoidable ; indefeasible. av'oir-du-pois' ( av'er-dti-poiz' ), n. [ME. aver de peis, avoir de pois, goods of weight ; OF. aveir, avoir, goods + de of -f- peis, pois, weight, L. pensum.'] 1. Avoirdupois weight. 2. Weight ; heaviness. Colloq. avoirdupois weight, the common system in English- speaking countries for weighing all commodities except precious stones, precious metals, and drugs. In it 16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce (pz.) ; 16 ounces, or 7,000 grains (gr.), make 1 pound (lb.). a-VOUCb/ (d-vouch / ), v. t. [From OF., fr. LL. advocare to recognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, L. advocare to call to ; ad + vocare to call.] 1. To maintain as true ; vouch for ;. "guarantee ; as, I will avouch its truth. 2. To as- sert positively, deliberately, or openly ; avow ; as, he did not avouch his intentions. — n. Evidence ; declaration. Obs. or R. a-VOUCh'ment (-ment), n. Act of avouching. a-VOW' (d-vou'), v. t. & i. [OF. avouer.] To vow. 06s. — n. A vow or determination. Archaic. a-VOW', v. t. [F. avouer; d (L. ad) + vouer to vow, fr. L. votum vow.] To declare openly; own or acknowledge frankly. — Syn. See acknowledge. — a-VOW'er, n. a-VOW'al (-51), n. A frank declaration or acknowledgment. a-VOWed' (d-voud'), p. a. Openly acknowledged or declared ; admitted. — a-vow'ed-ly, adv. — a-vow'ed-ness, n. a-VOW'ry (d-vou'ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-nz). [OF. avouerie."] 1. Advocacy, patronage, or protection ; also, a patron ; patron saint. Obs. 2. Act of one who avows anything ; esp., the act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of re- plevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. _ a-VUl'sion (d-vul'shfin), n. [L. avulsio.~\ 1. A tearing asunder; a forcible separation. 2. Law. The sudden re- moval of land from the estate of one man to that of an- other, as by a sudden change in the course of a river. The property in the part thus separated continues in the origi- nal owner. Cf. alluvion. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; AVUNCULAR 75 AXUNGE a-vtm'cu-la* (d-vun'ku-ldr), a. [L. avunculus uncle.] Of or pert, to, or like, an uncle or, jocosely, a pawnbroker. a-wait' (d-wat'), v. t. [From OF., fr. a (L. ad) + waitier, gaitier, to watch. See wait.] 1. To watch for. 06s. 2. To wait for; stay for; expect. 3. To be in store for; be ready or in waiting for. — v. i. To wait ; stay in waiting. a- wake' ( d-wak' ), v. i. & t.; pret. a-woke' ( d-wok' ), a-waked' (d-wakf) ; p. p. a-waked', 06s. or R. awoke, Obs. awaken or awoken ; p. pr. &yb. n. a-wak'ing. [AS. awxcnan (pret. awoc), and awacian (pret. awacode).'] To cease to sleep; come out of, or rouse from, sleep or, fig., a sleeplike state; wake. — a. Not sleeping or lethargic; roused from sleep, a-wak'ert (d-wak''n), v. t. & i. [AS. awxcnan, awsecnian, v. i. ; on- -f- wxcnan to wake.] To rouse from sleep ; awake. — Syn. Arouse, wake, excite, stir up, call forth. a-wak'en-er, n. One who, or that which, awakens. a- ward' (d-word'), v. t. [OF. eswarder consider, decide; es (L. ex) + warder, garder, to observe, keep.] _ To adjudge; grant or give after due deliberation, consideration of relative merits, or the like.— n. 1. A judgment ; the decision of ar- bitrators; a granting or giving after due deliberation or a consideration of relative merits. 2. That which is awarded. — a-ward'a-ble, a. — a-ward'er, n. a-ware' (-war'), a. [AS. gewxr, fr. wxr wary.] 1. Watchful. Rare. 2. Cognizant ; conscious ; informed ; as, aware of the enemy's plans ; aware that the enemy has gone. — Syn. See conscious. a-ware'ness, n. Quality or state of being aware; mere ap- prehension of an object without active attention to it. a- wash' (d-wosb/), adv. & a. 1. Washed by the waves or tide. 2. Floating in the water. a-way 7 (d-wa'), adv. [AS. aweg, anweg, onweg; on qn-f- weg way.] 1. From a place ; hence ; as, go away. 2. Aside ; in another direction ; as, he turned his eyes away. 3. From one's possession ; as, take it away from him. 4. From a state or condition of being into extinction or termination; out of existence ; as, the sound faded away. 5. On ; in continuance ; without intermission or delay; as, sing away; come right away. Colloq. 6. Absent; gone; at a distance; as, the mas- ter is away from home. awe (o),n. [Icel. agi.] 1. Great fear; terror. 06s. or R. 2. Reverential fear such as is felt for the Divine Being ; pro- found reverence ; solemn wonder. 3. Power to inspire dread or reverential fear. — Syn. See reverence. — v. L; awed (6d) ; aw'ing. To strike or inspire with awe. a-wea'ry (d-we'ri),a. Weary. Poetic. a-weath'er (d-weth'er), adv. Naut. On the weather, or wind- ward, side; — opposed to alee. a- weigh' (d-wa'), adv. & a. Naut. Just clear of the ground and hanging perpendicularly ; — said of the anchor. awe'less (6'les), a. Var. of awless. awe'some (6'swm), a. Causing, or expressive of, awe or terror. — awe'some-ly, adv. — awe'some-ness, n. aw'ful (6'f<361), a. 1. Filling with'awe. 2. Filled with awe. 06s. 3. Reverential ; law-abiding. Now Rare. 4. Frightful; monstrous ; exceedingly bad, monotonous, long, etc. ; — used intensively. Slang. — Syn. See fearful.— aw'ful-ly, adv. — aw'ful-ness, n. a- while' (d-hwll'), adv. For a while ; for a short time. awk'ward ( ok'werd ), a. [Icel. ofugr ( neut. ofukt ) turning the wrong way -+- E. -ward.'] 1. Perverse ; untoward. 06s. 2. Not dexterous ; clumsy; ungraceful. 3. Not easily man- aged or effected ; embarrassing ; as, an awkward affair. — awk'ward-ly, adv. — awk'ward-ness, n. Syn. Unhandy, bungling, blundering, maladroit; inelegant, stiff, constrained ; unwieldy, ponderous, lumbering ; boor- ish, clownish,, lubberly, gawky, clumsy, ungainly, uncouth. — Awkward, clumsy, ungainly, uncouth. Awkward implies lack of dexterity or grace, whether bodily or men- tal ; as, awkward in one's gait, awkward at handling tools. Clumsy implies heaviness or stiffness of movement ; it also applies to that which is misshapen or awkwardly formed ; as, clumsy fingers, elephant, boots. Fig., clumsy denotes what is ill-contrived or bungling ; as, a clumsy excuse. Ungainly applies chiefly to awkwardness of carriage, gait, or gesture ; as, an ungainly figure, strut. Uncouth implies wantof train- ing or lack of refinement ; as, uncouth manners, speech, etc. awl (61), n. [AS. al, xl, eal.] A pointed instrument for pierc- ing small holes, as in leather or wood. [irreverent. I aw'less, awe'less (6'les), a. Without awe; fearless ;| awl'wort' (Sl'wurt'), n. A small aquatic brassicaceous plant (Subularia aquatica) with awl-shaped leaves. awn ( 6n ), n. [ Icel. ogn, pi. agnir. ] One of the barbed appendages constituting the beard of a head of barley, | oats, some kinds of wheat, and other grasses ; hence, any small pointed process. — awned (ond), a. awn'ing, n. 1. A rooflike cover, esp. of canvas, extended over or before a place. 2. A shelter resembling an awning. awnless, a. Bot. Destitute of an awn. awn'y (6n'I), a. Having awns; bearded. a-woke' (d-wok'), pret. & p. p. of awake. a-wry' (d-rTO, adv. & a. [a- on, in + wry.] 1. Turned'to one side; not straight or true. 2. Aside from truth, or right reason ; perverse or perversely. — Syn. See crooked. ax, axe ( aks ), n. ; pi. axes ( ak'sez ; 24 ). [ AS. xx, acas. ] 1. A common tool for hewing, chopping, or splitting wood. 2. An axhammer. — v. t . To dress or trim with an ax. ax'ham/mer (-ham'er), n. An ax for dressing pr spalling the rougher kinds of stone, having two opposite cutting edges. — ax'ham'mered (-erd), p. a. ax'i-al ( ak'si-ol ), a. Of, pert, to, or constituting, an axis. ax'il (-sil ),n. [L. axilla armpit.] Bot. The distal angle or point of divergence between a branch or leaf and its axis. ax'fle (-sil; -sil), a. Belonging to, or situated in, the axis. ax-il'la ( ak-sll'd ), n.; L. pi. -lm ( -e ). [ L. ] 1. Anat. The armpit. 2. Bot. An axil. ax'il-lar (ak'si-ldr), a. Axillary. — n. Zool.One of the inner- most feathers on the under surface of the wing. ax'il-la'ry (-la-ri), a. 1. Anat. Of or pertaining to the arm- pit. 2. Bot. Situated in,rising from.or pertainingto, an axil. — n.;pl. -RTES(-riz). Zo'ol. An axillary. ax'i-nite (;nlt), n. [ Gr. &J-tvrj an ax. ] Min. A borosilicate of aluminium and calcium, commonly found in crystals. ax'i-om (-um), n. [From L., fr. Gr. &£i«jua, fr. d£ioD*> to think worthy, &£tor worthy. ] 1. Logic & Math. A self- evident truth. 2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received ; as, the axioms of political economy. Syn. Saw, byword, dictum, precept, motto, maxim, apho- rism, apothegm, adage, proverb, saying.— Axiom, maxim, aphorism, apothegm, adage, proverb, saying agree in denoting a sententious expression of a general truth. An axiom is a self-evident or universally accepted truth taken for granted. A maxim is a rule or precept sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life; as, he should put his high maxims into practice. An aphorism is a short and pithy sentence expressing some general truth or sentiment; as, "the great aphorism, that there is an external world. An apothegm is a terse and sententious aphorism. An adage is a saying of long-estab- lished authority and universal application ; as, it isan adage that "murder will out." A proverb is an adage couched, usu- ally, in homely and vividly concrete phrase ; as, the prov- erb that "a rolling stone gathers no moss." A saying is any brief current or habitual expression; as, the old saying that "the empty vessel makes the greatest sound." ax'i-o-mat'ic (-S-mat'ikJ.ax'i-o-mat'i-cal (-Y-kal), a. Per- taining to, or of the nature of, an axiom ; self-evident. — ax'i- o-mat'i-cal-ly f adv. ax'is (ak'sis), n.; pi. axes (-sez). [L. axis axis, axle.] 1. A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body that actually or supposedly revolves on it. 2. a Anat. (1) The second vertebra of the neck of the higher verte- brates, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid process, or peg. (2) Any of various central or axial parts, b Bot . The stem on which organs are arranged. 3. Math. A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as, the axis of a cylinder, that is, the straight line joining the centers of the two bases; the axis of a cone; the^ axis of a circle, etc. 4. Fine Arts, a An imaginary line supposed to pass through a design, to which are referred the different parts of the design, b In a working drawing, a line actually drawn and used as the basis of measurements. ax'is, n. [L. axis.] A deer (Cervus axis) of India and other parts of southern Asia, having rusine antlers and white-spotted body ; — called also axis deer. ax'l© (-s'l), n. [ME. axel in axeltre, fr. Icel. oxultre; oxull axle + tre tree.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel. 2. A transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or car- riage. 3. The axis of a heavenly body. 06s. or Poetic. ax'le-tree' (-treO, n. [ Icel. oxultre. ] The bar or shaft on the ends of which opposite wheels of a vehicle revolve. Ax'min-ster (aks'min-ster), n., or Axminster carpet. 1. A variety of Turkey carpet, made of strips of worsted chenille, so colored as to produce a pattern, on a stout jute backing; — formerly made (1755-1835) at Axmin- ster, England. 2. A similar but cheaper carpet, resembling, but better than, moquette. ax'0-lotl(ak'so-lot'l),n. [Native name.] Any of several larval salamanders (genus Am- bystoma ) found in the mountain lakes of Mex- ico and the western ^&8GZU> : . .' .U ) United States. They are esteemed as food by the natives in Mexico. Axolotl (J). ax'seed' (aks'sed'), n. A European fabaceous plant (Co- ronilla varia) naturalized in the eastern United States, with umbels of pink and white flowers and angular pods. ax'unge' (ak'sunjQ.n. [F.axonge,L..axungia;axis wheel B H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with* <= equals. M AY 76 BABOO I + urigere to" grease.] Fat ; grease ; esp., the fat of pigs or geese ; usually, Pharm., lard prepared for medicinal use. ay. Var. of aye. ay (I), interj. Ah ! alas ! a'yah (a'yd), n. [Pg. aw.] A native nurse for children; also, a lady's maid. India. aye, or ay (a), adv. [Icel. ei.] Always; ever; continually. aye, or ay (I), adv. Yes; yea.— n. An affirmative vote. aye'-aye' (I'lO, n. A nocturnal lemur (Daubentonia madagascariensis) of Madagascar. Ayr'shire (ar'sher; -shir),n. [From Ayrshire, Scotland.] One of a Scotch breed of dairy cattle. Ayrshires are hardy, of medium size, and, usually, of a white-and-brown color. U a-yun'ta-mien'to (a-yoon'ta-myan'to), n.; pi. -tos (-tos). [Sp.] 1. A municipal government. 2. The townhouse ; the seat of a municipal government ; esp. [cap. - ] , the central offices of the government of the Philippines at Manila. a-za'le-a (d-za'lc-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. df akkos dry, — because supposed to grow best in dry ground.] Any of various shrubs (genus Azalea) closely related to the rhododendron. a-zan' (d-zan'), n. [Ar. adhan.] The Mohammedan call to prayer, usually uttered by the muezzin, five times a day, from the minaret of a mosque. az'a-role (az'd-rol), n. [F. azerole, fr. Ar. az-zo'rur.] The pleasantly flavored fruit of a malaceous shrub (Cratae- gus azarolus) of southern Europe ; also, the_ shrub itself. A-za'zel (d-za'zel ; az'd-zel), n. [Heb. 'Azazel.] The leg- endary leader of those sons of God who took wives among the "daughters of men." (See Gen. vi. 2-4.) Milton makes him an associate of Satan. a-zed'a-rach (d-zed'd-rak), n. [F. azedarac, Sp. acedera- que, Pers. azaddirakht noble tree.] The China tree, or the cathartic and emetic bark of its roots. az'i-muth (az'i-muth), n. [From F., fr. Ar. as-sumut."] Astron. & Geodesy. An arc of the horizon measured clock- wise between the south point of the horizon and the verti- cal circle passing through the center of any object. — az'i-muth'al (-muth'dl ; -mu'thdl), a. — mutb/al-ly, adv. az'ine (az'In ; -en), n. [From azote.] Also -in. Org. Chem. Any of a large class of compounds characterized by a six- membered ring which contains an atom of nitrogen and at least one other noncarbon atom, as of nitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur. Cf. DIAZINE, TRIAZINE, OXAZINE, THIAZINE. az'o- (az'6-). [See azote.] Chem. A combining form (also . used adjectively, azo) sometimes loosely used to form names of compounds having nitrogen variously combined. For specific and more customary use, see diazo-. a-zo'ic (d-zo'ik), a. [Gr. d-not + fa»7 life.] Geol. Des- ignating, or pert, to, geologic time which antedates life. az'o-im'idetaz'o-im'Id; -id),n. Also -id. {azo- + imide .] Chem. =Hydrazoic acid. az'ole (az'ol; a-zoY),n. [From azote.] Org. Chem. Any of a large class of compounds having a five-membered ring containing an atom of nitrogen and at least one other non- carbon atom^ (nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur). Cf. AZINE. a-ZO'ni-um (d-zo'm-wm), a. \_azo- + -onium, as in ammo- nium.] Org. Chem. Designating, or pertaining to, a class of compounds (the azonium bases) possessing basic properties due to a peculiar grouping of nitrogen atoms. They have the general formula RR/ . NR"OH az'ote (az'ot ; d-zot'), n. [F. fr. Gr. d- not + fwi? life ; — because it is incapable of supporting life.] Nitrogen. Rare. az'Qt-ed (az'o-ted ; d-zot'ed), a. Nitrogenized ; nitrogenous. az'oth (az'oth), n. [LL. azoch, azoth, or F. azoth, fr. Ar. az-zauq mercury.] Alchemy. aThe first principle of met- als, i.e., mercury, which was formerly supposed to exist in all metals, b The "universal remedy" of Paracelsus. a-ZOt'ic (d-zot'Ik), a. Chem. Pertaining to azote, or nitro- gen ; nitrogenous ; nitric ; as, azotic gas ; azotic acid. Rare. az'O-tize (az'o-tlz), v. t. To nitrogenize. Az'ra-el (az'ra-el ), n. [Ar. 'Azra'il.'] Jewish & Moham. Myth. The angel of death, who watches over the dying, and separates the soul from the body. Az'tec (az'tek), n. An Indian of the tribe which founded the Mexican empire conquered by Cortez in 1519; loosely, any Indian of the territories under Aztec influence. Az'tec-an (-an), a. Of or pert, to the Aztecs; also, pert, to or designating the linguistic stock of the Aztecs ; Nahuatlan. az'ure (azh'ur; a'zhur), n. [Through F., Sp., & Ar., fr. Per. lajaward, or lajuward, lapis lazuli, a blue color.] 1. Azure color; the clear blue of the sky ; also a pigment or dye of this color. 2. Her. Blue, — represented in engraving by horizontal lines. 3. The blue vault above ; the unclouded sky. — a. Sky-blue ; cerulean ; also, cloudless. az'U-rite (azh'd-rlt), n. Min. Blue basic carbonate of copper, 2CuC03*Cu(OH)2. It is an ore of copper. az'y-gOUS (az'I-giis), a. [Gr. dfu-yos ; d- not + Svyov yoke.] Odd ; not one of a pair ; as, the azygous muscle of the uvula. B B(be) ; pi. B's or Bs (bez). 1. The second letter of the English, Latin, and cognate alphabets. It corresponds in position, value, and form to the Greek Beta and the Phoe- nician and Hebrew Beth. B is phonetically and etymolog- ically related to p, f, v, m, and w, letters representing sounds having close organic affinity to its own sound (see Guide to Pron., § 12). 2. As a symbol, used to denote or indicate : a The second in a series ; second in order or class ; sometimes, the numeral 2 ; as, Company B ; column b or b. b leap.'] Music. The seventh tone in the model major scale (the scale of C major), or the second tone in its relative minor scale (that of A minor). B or b, n. ; pi. b's or bs (bez). . The letter B, b, or its sound. baa (ba), v. i. To cry "baa;" bleat as a sheep.— n. The cry of a sheep; bleat. Ba'al (ba'al^ra./pZ.E.BAALS.H.BAALmtba'd-lim). [Heb. ba'al lord.] Any of a multitude of local deities of the ancient Semitic races, in general regarded as authors of the fertility of the soil and of the increase of the flocks. Ba'al-ism (ba'dl-iz'm), n. Worship of Baal; idolatry. — Ba'al-ish, a. — Ba'al-ist (-1st), Ba'al-ite (-It), n. Bab(bab),7i. [Per.] Lit., gate; — a title given to the founder of Babism, from Bab-ud-Din, the title assumed by him. bab'bitt (bab'It), n. Babbitt metal; specif., a Babbitt- metal lining for a bearing brass.— v. t. To line or furnish with Babbitt metal. Bab'bitt met'al. Also Bab'bitt's met'al (bab'its). [After Isaac Babbitt, of Massachusetts, inventor of the method of using soft metals in journal boxes.] a A soft white antifriction metal variously composed of copper, antimony, and tin. b Any of several alloys similarly used. bab'ble (bab''l), •*;.£.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling. 1. To utter words indistinctly or unintelligibly ; utter inarticulate sounds. 2. To talk idly or fatuously ; chatter ; prate. 3. To make a con- tinuous murmuring noise, as a brook. — Syn. Prattle, gossip. —v.t. l.To utter indistinctly or incoherently. 2. To disclose by too free talk, as a secret. — n.l. Idle talk ; senseless prat- tle. 2. Inarticulate speech ; a confused murmur. — bab'ble- ment, (-ment), n. — bab'bler (-ler), n. babe (bab), n. An infant; baby. Ba'bel (ba'btH), n. 1. Bib. The city and tower, in the land of Shinar, where the confusion of languages is related (Gen- esis xi.) to have occurred. 2. Fig.: A structure impossibly lofty ; a visionary scheme. 3. [Often I. c] A place or scene of noise and confusion. Bab'i (bab'e), n. [See Babism.] A follower of the Bab. ba'bies' -breath 7 ( ba'biz-bretb/ ), n. Also ba'by's- breatb/. 1. A tall European silenaceous plant (Gypsophila paniculata), cultivated for its small fragrant white or pink flowers. 2. Any of several other plants having delicately scented flowers, as the grape hyacinth, wild madder (Galium mollugo), etc. babl-rous'sa. babl-rus'sa (bab'i-roo'sd ; ba'bi-), n. [F. babiroussa, f r. Malay babi hog + rusa deer.] A large hoglike quadruped (Babiru s sa babyrussa)oi the East In- dies, some- times domes- ticated. B ab 'ism (bab'iz'm), Bab' i-isni Babiroussa (male). (bab'e-iz'm), n. The doctrine of a modern religious panthe- istical sect in Persia, founded about 1844 by Mirza Ali Mo- hammed ibn Radhik (1820-1850), who assumed the title "Bab-ud-Din" (Per., Gate of the Faith). Babism forbids concubinage and polygamy, and also mendicancy, the use of intoxicating liquors and drugs, and slave dealing, and discountenances asceticism. — Bab'ist, n. ba'bOO, ba'bu (ba'boo), n. [Hind, bdbu.'] A Hindu, esp. a Bengali, gentleman; — often [cap.] used as a title an- swering to Mr. or Esquire. Also, a native clerk who writes English ; disparagingly, any native more or less educated in English. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 8rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, iirn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; BABOON 77 BACKHANDEDNESS ba-boon' (ba-boon'), to. [F. babouin, fr. baboue grimace.] Any of certain large apes (of Papio and allied genera) with doglike muzzles. They inhabit Africa and Arabia. — ba- boon'er-y, to. — ba-boon'ish, a. ba-boosh' Uba-boosh'), to. [Ar. babush, fr. Per. papush.] ba-bouche' / A kind of Oriental heelless slipper. ba-bul' (ba-bool'; b'a'bool), to. [Per. babul a species of mimosa.] Any of several gum-yielding trees (genus Aca- cia) ; specif., the Egyptian thorn (A. vera). ba'by(ba'bi),TO.;pZ.-BiES(-biz). [Dim. of babe.] 1. An in- fant of either sex ; a babe. 2. A doll. Obs. 3. The minute reflection which one sees of one's self in the pupil of an- other's eye. 06s. or Archaic. 4. A person or thing like a baby, as in character or size. — v. t. ; -bied (-bid) ; -by-ing. 1. To treat as a baby ; humor ; fondle. 2. In various games, as polo and football, to play (the ball) with gentle strokes so as to avoid losing control of it. — ba'by-hood, to. — ba'by- ish, a.— ba'by-ism (-iz'm), to. baby act. The act of a baby ; an act childishly weak jtheactof an infant or minor at law ; also, an act, or statute exempting from liability, as for infancy or limitation of time ; — chiefly used with an implication of cowardice or baseness ; as in: to plead the baby act, to set up inexperience, weakness, legal infancy, or the like, as an excuse or defense. Colloq. baby bond. Finance. A bond having a face value of $100 (instead of $500 or $1,000). Cant or Slang, U. S. baby farm. A place where nursing and care of babies are offered for hire. — baby farmer. — baby farming. Bab'y-lon (bab'i-lon), n. A luxurious and magnificent ancient city in the Euphrates valley. Hence, fig., any great and luxurious city ; also, in allusion to the Babylonian cap- tivity of the Israelites, a place of captivity or exile. Also, the allegorical Babylon of the Apocalypse. {Rev. xiv. 8, xvii., xviii.) — Bab'y-lo'nish (-lo'nTsh), a. ba'ca-la'o (ba'ka-la'o), to.; pi. -laos (-oz). [Sp. codfish.] A large West Indian grouper (Mycteroperca falcata), an important food fish. bac'ca-lau're-ate (bak'd-16're-at), n. [LL. baccalaureus a bachelor of arts, corrupted fr. baccalaris, under the influ- ence of L. laurus laurel. See bachelor.] The degree of bachelor conferred by universities and colleges. baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a ser- mon delivered as a farewell discourse to a graduating class. || bac'ca-rat', bac'ca-ra' (bak'a-ra' ; F . ba'ka'ra'), to. [F.] A French gambling game of cards. bac'cate (bak'at), a. [L. baccatus, fr. bacca berry.] Pulpy throughout like a berry ; also, bearing berries. Bac'chae (-e), to. pi. [Gr. B6.Kxa.i-] The women compan- ions of Dionysus (Bacchus) in his journeys through the East ; also, the women participants in the Bacchanalia. bac'cha-nal (-d-nal), a. Of or relating to Bacchus or the Bacchanalia; bacchanalian.— to. 1. A devotee of Bac- chus; a celebrant of the Bacchanalia; reveler; carouser. 2.' In pi. The Bacchanalia. 3. A drunken revelry ; orgy. Bac'cha-na'li-a (-na/lT-d), to. pi. [L., neut. pi. fr. Baccha- nalis bacchanal, fr. Bacchus.'] 1. A festival of Bacchus. 2. [I. c] A drunken feast or revel. bac'cha-na'li-an (-dn), a. Of or pert, to the Bacchanalia or to drunken revelry. — bac'cha-na'li-an-ism (-iz'm), to. bae'chant (bak'dnt), to. [L. bacchans, -antis, p. pr.] A devotee in the orgiastic worship of Bacchus ; hence : a bac- f chanal ; reveler. — bae'chant, a. bac-chante' (bd-kanf ; bak'dnt ; bd-kan'te), to. [F.] A maenad, or a woman devotee of Bacchus. Bac'chic (bak'ik) \a. Of or pertaining to Bacchus or his Bac'chi-cal (-i-kdl)J rites; hence {often I. c], jovial or riotous with intoxication. Bac'chUS (-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. B balanced in the middle and supporting a scale or pan at each end. 2. The imaginary balance which Justice or Fortune uses. 3. \_cap.~] Astron. = libra. 4. Horol. A vibrating wheel operating with a hairspring to regulate the movement of a timepiece. 5. A counterpoise used in weighing. 6. Equi- poise between the weights in opposite scales; hence: equi- poise; equilibrium; specif., mental equipoise; composure; steadiness. 7. An equality between the sums total of the two sides of an account ; also, the excess on either side. 8. a A balancing ; act of weighing mentally ; estimate, b A move- ment in dancing. 9. The remainder ; rest ; — an incorrect use. — v. t. ; -anced (-dnst) ; -anc-ing (-dn-sing). 1. To weigh in a balance. 2. To weigh (two things) by each other ; compare in relative force, value, etc. ; as, to balance the chances on either side. 3. To counterbalance (one thing by, with, or against another) ; set off (against or with) ; as, a door bal- anced by a window on either side. 4. To bring to an equi- poise ; hence, to poise or arrange so that opposing forces neutralize each other. 5. To equal in number, weight, force, or proportion ; counterpoise ; neutralize. 6. To com- pute the difference between the debits and credits of (an account) ; to bring about an equality in the debits and the credits of. 7. Dancing. To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally ; as, to balance partners. — v. i. 1. To have equal weight on each side ; be in equi- poise ; be equal. 2. To fluctuate ; waver. 3. Dancing. To move toward a person or couple, and then back. bal'anc-er (bal'dn-ser), re. One who, or that which, balances ; specif. : a An acrobat, b Zo'ol. One of a pair of small club-shaped organs of dipterous insects, believed to assist in balancing or to be sense organs. balance reef. Naut. The last reef used in a fore-and-aft sail, taken diagonally from the throat to the close reef cringle of the leech ; also, frequently, the ordinary last, or close, reef used to steady the ship. # balance sheet. Bookkeeping. A paper showing a tabular statement of the balances of the open accounts of a busi- ness, the debit and credit balances footing up equal. balance wheel. A wheel to regulate motion. bal'as (bal'ds), re., or, now usually, balas ruby. [F. balais, LL. balascus, fr. Ar. balakhsh, so called from Badakhshan, where this ruby is found.] A variety of ruby spinel of a pale rose red, or inclining to orange. bal'a-ta (bal'd-td),re. [Sp.] 1. A West Indian sapotaceous tree (Bumelia retusa). 2. The bully tree (Mimusops globosa) ; also, its milky juice (balata gum), which when dried is chicle, or chicle gum. See chicle. ba-laus'tine (bd-los'tin), re. [L. balaustium blossom of pomegranate tree, Gr./3aXa6 ; — from the shape.] An upright support of the rail of a balustrade. baFus-trade' (-trad'), n. [F., fr. It. balaustrataj A row of balusters topped by a rail. See balcony, Illust. bam (bam), n. An imposition ; cheat ; hoax ; trick. Slang. — v.t.& i. ; bammed ( bamd ) ; bam'ming. To impose upon the credulity of ; hoax ; cheat ; wheedle. Slang. ||bam-bi'no (bam-be'no), n.; It. pi. -ni (-ne). [It.] A baby; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ. bam-boo' (bam-bob'), n. [Malay bambu.'] Any of various tropical woody or treelike grasses (genus Bambos or other related genus, as Arundinaria, Dendrocalamus, etc.). The bamboos are used in building, for furniture, poles, canes, etc., and the young shoots for food. bam-boo'zle (-z'l), v. t. & i. ; -zled (-z'ld) ; -zling (-zling). To deceive by trickery; hoax. — bam-boo'zler (-zler). Both Colloq. bam'bu-sa'ceous ( bam'bu-sa'shws ), a. Resembling the bamboo ; belonging to the bamboo tribe. ban ( ban ), n. [ F. ban or LL. bannum, of G. origin.] 1. A public proclamation or edict. 2. In feudal times, the sum- Baltimore Oriole, (i) H K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BAN 82 BANK moning of the king's (esp. the French king's) vassals for mili- tary service ; also, the body of vassals themselves. Now, in the French military system (pron. ; baN), the younger portion of the national guard, the older reserve being called the arriere ban. In the German system (pron. ban), one of the . divisions of the Landwehr or the Landsturm, — called first Ban and second Ban. 3. In pi. See banns. 4. Ecclesidsti- cal interdict, anathema, or excommunication. 5. A curse, bringing evil. 6. An authoritative prohibition. 7. Con- demnation or prohibition, as by public opinion. — v. t. ; banned (band) ; ban'ntng. 1. To curse ; invoke evil upon. 2. To forbid ; interdict. ban (ban), n. [Serv. & Hung, ban.] An ancient title of the warden of the southern marches of Hungary ; now, a title of the governor of Croatia and Slavonia. ban'al (ban'dl;ba'nal),a. [F.] Commonplace; hackneyed. — Syn. See trite. ba-nal'i-ty (bd-nal'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). Something banal ; a commonplace, ba-na'na (bd-nii'nd; bd-nan'd), n. [Sp., the fruit.] Bot. A large perennial herbaceous tropical plant (Musa sapi- entum), with large simple leaves; also, its edible fruit. banc (bank), ban'cus (ban'kus), n. [OF. banc, LL. ban- cus.] Bench (on which judges of a court sit). in banc, in banco (banco ablative of bancus), in full court, or with full judicial authority, ban'ca (ban'ka), n. [Sp., fr. Tag. bangca.] A kind of boat or canoe, used in the Philippines, band (band), n. [ME. band, bond, Icel. band. In sense 5 fr. F. bande.] 1. Anything used to confine the body or limbs, as a fetter; as, every one's bands were loosed. Archaic or Fig. 2. A cord, string, or ligament with which anything may be tied or held in place. 3. That which unites or re- strains by an immaterial force or influence, as a moral, spiritual, or legal force ; a bond or tie ; as, matrimonial bands. 4. A thin flat strip of any material ; esp., a flat strip or fillet used to bind around an object. 5. A narrow strip of cloth or other material on any article of dress, as the neckband or collar of a shirt, formerly expanded in- to a wide ruff, or, pi., a pair of strips hanging from the neck in front, as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress. 6. Anything resembling a flat strip, as a series of ornaments. 7. A company of persons, as of musicians, associated or acting together. — Syn. See company. — v. t . & i. 1. To bind, tie, or mark with a band. 2. To]unite in a troop or company, or in a conspiracy. band'age (ban'daj), n. [F.] 1. A woven fillet or strip used in dressing wounds, etc. 2. Any flexible strip simi- larly used. — v. t.; -aged (-dajd); -ag-ing (-da-jlng). To bind, dress, or cover with a bandage. ban-dan'nal (ban-dan'd), n.[Hind. bandhnu acertainmode ban-dan'a / of dyeing.] A silk or cotton handkerchief hav- ing a uniform ground, usually of red .or blue, with simple white or yellow figures. band'box' (band'boks'), n. A light box of pasteboard or thin wood for holding collars, caps, bonnets, etc. ban-deau' (ban-do' ; ban'do), n.; pi. -deaux (-doz'). [F.] A narrow band or fillet, as for the hair. ban'de-role,ban r de-rol(banMe-rol), n. [F. banderole.'] 1. A little banner, flag, or streamer. 2. A ribbon bearing an inscription or a device ; a scroll representing such a ribbon ; specif., Arch., a sculptured band often bearing an inscrip- tion. 3. = BANNEROL, 2. ban'di-COOt (-dI-k6ot), n. [Telugu pandi-kokku pig-rat.] 1. A very large rat (Nesokia bandicota) of India and Ceylon. 2. Any of a genus (Perameles) of small insectivo- rous and vegetarian marsupials of Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. ban'dit (-dit), n.; pi. -dits (-dTts), or -ditti (-dTVT). [It. bandito outlaw, p. p. of bandire to proclaim, banish, pro- scribe.] An outlaw ; hence : a brigand ; lawless marauder. band'mas'ter, n. Conductor of a musical band. ban'dog 7 (ban'dog'; 62), n. [band + dog.] A dog kept tied or chained, either as a watchdog or because ferocious. ban'do-leer' (-d6-ler'),n. Also ban'do-lier'. [F. bandou- liere, fr. Sp. bandolera, fr. banda band.] 1. A belt slung over the shoulder by soldiers, to carry cartridges. 2. An ammunition box carried on such a belt. ban'do -line (ban'do-lln ; -len), n. A glutinous pomatum used to keep the hair in form, or to make it glossy. ban-dore' (ban-dor'; ban'dor), n. [From Sp. or Pg., fr. L. pandura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three strings, fr. Gr. iravSovpa.] Music. An old-time stringed instrument resembling the guitar. ban'dy (ban'dT), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). 1. An old form of tennis or a stroke in this game. 06s. 2. The game of hockey; also, a hockey stick.— v.t.; -died (-did); -dy- ing^ 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball. 2. To give and receive reciprocally ; exchange ; as, to bandy jokes. 3. To toss about in dispute or discussion. — v. i. To contend. R. ban'dy, a. Curved laterally, esp. with the convex side outward;— of legs.— ban'dy-leg'ged (-leg'Sdj-legd'), a. bane (ban),n. [AS. bana murderer.] 1. That which destroys life; esp., deadly poison. 06s., except in ratsbane, hen- bane, etc. 2. Destruction; murder; death. 06s. 3. Any cause of ruin, or of lasting injury ; harm ; woe. — Syn. Ruin, injury, pest. — v. t. To kill ; injure. 06s. bane'ber-ry ( -ber-I ), n.; pi. -ries ( -Tz ). The acrid poison- ous berry of any of a genus (Actsea) of ranunculaceous plants ; also, any of the plants. bane'ful (-fool), a. Poisonous; deadly; injurious. — Syn. See pernicious. — bane'ful-ly, adv. — bane'ful-ness, n. bang (bang), n. Var. of bhang. bang (bang), v. t. [Icel. banga to hammer.] To beat or thump with a resounding or a violent blow. — v. i. To strike noisily or violently; make a loud noise as if by striking ; as, the shutter banged ; to bang on the piano. — n. 1. A resounding blow ; thump ; whack. 2. A sudden loud noise, as from a heavy blow or an explosion. 3. Dash ; bounce ; go. Colloq. — adv. With a violent blow, clap, or noise ; also, all of a sudden. Colloq. bang, v. t. To cut squarely across, as the tail of a horse. — n. The front hair, or part of it, cut short and even and worn hanging down over the forehead. ban'gle (barj'g'l), n. [Hind, bangrl bracelet, bangle.] An ornamental circlet, as of glass, gold, or silver. bang'ster (bang'ster), n. A victor. 06s. or Dial. ban'ian (ban'ydn),n. [From Skr. vanij merchant.] 1. One of a Hindu caste of merchants who eat no meat. 2. A loose shirt or undervest worn in India. 3. = banyan. banian tree. = banyan. ban'ish (ban'ish), v.t. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. OHG. bannan to summon, ban ban.] 1. To condemn to leave a country by sovereign authority. 2. To drive out from or as from a home, wonted place, or the like. Syn. Banish, exile, transport, expel agree in the idea of enforced removal. To be banished is to be compelled, by public edict or sentence, to leave a country. Exile differs from banishment in applying to removal under constraint from one's own country only; in admitting compulsion of circumstances as well as formal sentence or decree ; and in emphasizing the element of enforced absence rather than the expulsion itself. Thus, Russians and foreigners alike may be banished, but only Russians exiled to Siberia. Dante banished from Florence, spent his later years in exile. Exile is also loosely used for prolonged but voluntary absence from one's native land in the fulfillment of some purpose. Transport refers specifically to the banishment of convicts, usually to a penal colony. To expel is to eject or banish summarily or authoritatively, commonly in dis- grace ; it applies to ejection from institutions or societies a3 well as from a place or country. ban'ish-ment (-ment), n. Act of banishing, or state of being banished. — Syn. Expatriation, ostracism, expul- sion, proscription, exile, outlawry. Dan'is-ter (ban'Is-ter), n. [Corrupt, fr. baluster.] A bal- uster ; in pi., the balustrade of a staircase. ban'jo (ban'jo), n.; pi. -JOS (-joz). [Corrupt, fr. bandore.] A kind of stringed musical instrument having a body like a tambourine. — ban'jo-ist, n. ban'jo-rine' (ban'jo-ren'), n. [From banjore, var. of banjo.] Music. A kind of short-necked banjo tuned a fourth higher than the common banjo. Colloq. bank (bank ),n. [ME.banke ; akintoE.6encA.] 1. A ridge of earth; anything shaped like a ridge of earth. 2. A shoal, shelf, or shallow in the sea bottom. Cf. shoal. 3. A steep acclivity or slope, as of a hill. 4. The margin of a water- course; the ground bordering a river, ditch, lake, pond, etc. 5. The cushion of a billiard table. 6. Aeronautics. The lateral inclination of an aeroplane as it rounds a curve ; as, a bank of 45°. — Syn. See shore. — v.t. 1. To raise or forma bank about. 2. To heap or pile up. 3. Billiards & Pool. To drive (a ball) to the bank, or cush- ion ; specif., to pocket (the object ball) by playing itagainst a cushion or cushions. — v. i. 1. To rise in a bank or banks, as smoke or clouds ; — usually used with up. 2. Aeronau- tics. To tilt sidewise in rounding a curve, as an aeroplane. bank, n. [ Prob. fr. F. banc, of G. origin, and akin to E. bench.] 1. A bench for rowers in a galley ; also a tier of oars. 2. A tier or row of keys, as in an organ. 3. A group or series of objects arranged near together. — v. t. To group in a bank ; as, the transformers were banked. bank, n. [F. banque, It. banca, orig., bench, table, counter, of G. origin ; akin to E. bench.] 1. Orig., a money chang- er's table; now, an office for banking purposes. 2. For- merly, a fund, esp. a joint fund, for use in business ; now, Gaming, the fund of the dealer or banker. 3. In dominoes, etc., a fund of pieces from which the players draw % 4. An establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue of money, as in facilitating the transmission of funds by drafts, checks, etc., discounting, and the like. — v. i. 1. To do business as a banker ; — chiefly in p. pr. & vb. n.; as, a banking house. 2. To deposit money in a ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circ Us, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdjire (87) ; BANKABLE 83 used with on. Colloq. — v. t. BARATHEA Banner, 2. bank. 3. To wager ; rely ; To deposit in a bank. bank'a-ble (bank'd-b'l), a. Receivable as good at a bank. bank bill. 1. A bank note. Chiefly U. S. 2. In general, a bill of exchange issued or accepted by a bank. bank discount. A sum equal to the interest at a given rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time of discounting until it becomes due. bank'er (bank'er), n. A vessel employed m the cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland. bank'er, n. 1. One (a person or corporation) that conducts a bank. 2. Gaming. One who keeps the bank. bank'ing, n. Business consisting in the custody, loaning, exchange, or issue of money. > bank note. A promissory note issued by a bank, usually, now, one payable to bearer on demand, and intended to circulate as money (often called a bank bill in the United States). In England, specif., a Bank of England note. bank rate. The discount rate fixed by a bank or banks. bank'rupt (-rupt), n. [From F., fr. It., fr. banca bank + rotta broken, fr. L. rupta, fern. p. p. of rumpere to break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench (i. e., money table) broken.] 1. One whose property becomes liable to administration under the bankrupt laws. 2. One who becomes unable to pay his debts ; an insolvent per- son. 3. One judicially declared bankrupt ( in sense 1 ). — a. 1. Being a bankrupt; unable to pay, or discharged from paying, one's debts. 2. Relating to bankrupts or bankruptcy. — v. t. To make bankrupt ; impoverish. bank'rupt-cy (-sT), n.; pi. -cms (-siz). State of being actu- ally or legally bankrupt. ban'ner (ban'er), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. bandum banner.] 1. A piece of cloth attached by its edge to a pole or staff and used as a standard by a king, a knight, or the like ; — now chiefly used historically or figuratively, as of a nation's flag. See flag, Illust. 2. An ensign displaying, as in a procession, some distinctive device or motto. 3. Bot. The upper petal of a papilionaceous flower; vexillum or standard. — a. Having or deserving the banner of a leader ; foremost ; exemplary ; leading ; as, a banner class. ban'ner-et (-er-et), n. [OF. baneret.'] Orig., a knight who could lead vassals^ under his own banner ; hence, the ranking title of such a knight, those of this rank later constituting an order of knighthood, now extinct. ban'ner-et', ban'ner-ette' (-ef), n. A small banner. ban'ner-ol (-51), n. 1. Var. of banderole. 2. Specif. : A flag about one yard square displayed at funerals of great men, as in Great Britain. ban'nock (-uk), n. [Gael, bonnach.] A kind of round flat oatmeal or barley cake or bread. Scot. & North. Eng. banns (banz), n. pi. Also bans. [See ban.] Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law. ban'quet (ban'kwet; 24), n. [F., fr. an It. dim. of banco bench.] 1. A feast, often ceremonious and followed by speeches. 2. Fort. — banquette, 1. — Syn. See feast. — v. t. & i. To treat, or regale one's self, with a banquet, ban'quet-er, n. One who banquets. ban-quette' (ban-kef), n. [F.] 1. Fort. A raised way for soldiers and guns inside a parapet. 2. A kind of bench- like upholstered seat ; hence, a narrow window seat; also, a raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser. 3. A sidewalk. Eng., & Local, U. S. Ban'quo (ban'ko ; -kwo),n. In Shakespeare's "Macbeth," a brave and ambitious Scottish thane and fellow general with Macbeth. After his murder, his ghost appears to Macbeth only, at the royal banquet. bans, n. pi. See banns. ban'shee, ban'shie (ban'she), n. [Gael, bean-shith fairy; bean woman + sith fairy.] Celtic Folklore. A supernatu- ral being believed to warn a family of an approaching death. ban'tam (-tarn), n. [From Bantam, Java, as the source of the original breed.] A fowl of any of many small breeds. ban'ter (-ter), v. t. To address with jest or ridicule ; rally. — v. i. To use banter ; — often used with with. — n. 1. Language uttered by way of ridicule or wanton jest ; good- humored raillery; pleasantry. 2. An instance or act of such raillery. — ban'ter-er f n. — ban'ter-ing-ly, adv. Syn. Banter, badinage, persiflage, raillery agree in the idea of good-humored jesting. Banter is playful quizzing or rallying, usually upon something which lays one open to ridicule ; badinage is more trifling and deli- cate, persiflage more frivolous or flippant, raillery keener and often more sarcastic, than banter; as, he was bantered for his blunder; friendly badinage; smooth and shallow persiflage ; their raillery galled him. Ban'ting-ism (ban'tlng-Iz'm), n. A method of reducing corpulence by avoiding food rich in farinaceous, saccharine, or oily matter ;— after William Banting, a London cabinet- maker who used it. — Ban'ting-ize, v. i. bant 'ling (bant'tfng), n. An infant; — often depreciatory. Ban'tu (ban'too), n. A member of one of the great family of Negroid tribes of equatorial and southern Africa. ban'yan (ban'yan), n., or banyan tree. [Sometimes the space sheltered by the tree is the market place of banians.] A kind of East Indian tree (Ficus bengalensis). Its branches send out aerial roots that form additional trunks. ban'zai' (ban'za'e), interj. [Jap. ten thousand years, for- ever.] May you live ten thousand years 1 — used in saluta- tion of the emperor and as a battle cry. Japan. ba'O-bab (ba'6-bab ; ba'6-bab), n. An African bombaca- ceous tree (Adansonia digitata) which yields an edible gourdlike fruit. bap'tism (bap'tiz'm), n. 1. A baptizing ; esp., the Chris- tian sacrament of application of water to a person by im- mersion or sprinkling. 2. Any act or experience by which one is purified, initiated, named, or the like, as if in baptism (sense 1). — bap-tis'mal (bap-tiz'mal), a. mal-ly, adv. Bap'tist (bap'tist), n. 1. One who administers baptism; specif., John, forerunner of Christ. 2. One of a denomi- nation of Christians who maintain that baptism should be by immersion and be administered to believers only. bap'tis-ter-y (bap'tis-ter-i), n.; pi. -teries (-iz)l Arch. A bap'tis-try (bap'tis-tri), n.; pi. -tries (-triz) J separate building, or part of a church, used for baptismal services. bap-tize' (bap-tlz'), v. t. ; -tized' (-tlzd') ; -tiz'ing (-tlz'- lng). [From F., fr. L. baptizare, fr. Gr. pawritup, fr. /3d- irreiv to dip in water.] _ 1. To immerse in water, or to sprinkle water on, as a religious ceremony ; administer bap- tism to. 2. To cleanse ; purify. 3. To christen (because a name is given to infants at baptism) ; name. — v.*. To administer baptism. — bap-tiz'er (-tlz'er), n. bar (bar), n. [F., barre, fr. LL. barra.] _ 1. A slender, rigid piece of wood, metal, or other material, as one used for a lever, support, fastening, etc. 2. A piece of some substance in shape like, or likened to, a bar ( in sense 1 ) ; also, the quantity in such a piece; as, a bar of gold, of soap. 3. A broad shaft, band, or stripe, as of color. 4. Her. A horizontal stripe, being usually one of a set, and occupying one fifth or less of the field. The term bar sinister is errone- ously used for baton, a mark of illegiti- macy. 5. Far. a In pi. The transverse ridges on the roof of a horse's mouth. b The space in front of the molar teeth of a horse, in which the bit is placed, c A solid mouthpiece in a bridle, d The part of the wall of a horse's hoof which is bent inward toward the frog at the Shield showing heel on each side, and extends toward f wo Bars - the center of the sole. 6. Music. A vertical line across the staff, before the initial metrical .. i K accent. 7. Arch. One of the strips I 1 J] | * J 1 separating and supporting the glass of p T J X f a window. 8. Anything which ob- ' ' < structs; obstruction; barrier. 9. A * _ bank, as of sand or gravel, esp. at the *• 2 Ba " • 3 Double mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing iiar * navigation. 10. Law. a The railing that incloses the place where prisoners are stationed, or where the business of the court is transacted in civil cases, b Hence, the court itself. C The whole body of lawyers in any jurisdiction ; also, the profession of a lawyer. 11. Any tribunal ; as, the bar of public opinion. 12. A counter over which liquor or food is passed to customers ; hence, the part of the room behind the counter. 13. Lace Making. In needle-point lace, the joining thread crossing open spaces and finished with cord- ing, knots, or buttonhole stitch ; — called also bride. Syn. Obstacle, obstruction, hindrance, impediment, bar- rier. Bar, barrier agree in the idea of hindrance or ob- struction. Bar often suggests ingress or egress as being that to which the obstacle is opposed ; barrier suggests rather advance, progress, or attack ; as, the bars of a prison, of a gate : a barrier reef. Barrier usually implies greater mag- nitude or extent than bar. — v. t. barred (bard); bar'ring. 1. To fasten, surround, confine, or obstruct by or as if by bars. 2. To exclude or shut out ; hinder ; prevent ; prohibit ; as, access to the king was barred. 3. To exclude from consideration ; to ob- ject to. 4. To mark with bars; stripe. bar (bar), prep. Except; but; as, bar none. Bar-ab'bas (bd-rab'as; bkr-ab'ds), n. Bib. The prisoner whose release was demanded of Pilate by the multitude in preference to Christ's. See Matt, xxvii. 15-21. Ba-rac'a (bd-rak'd), n. An international, interdenomina- tional organization of Bible classes of young men ; — ■ alluding to Hebrew Berachah ("blessing"), occurring in 2 Chron. xx. 26 and 1 Chron. xii. 3. Cf. Philathea. bar a-the'a (bar'd-the'd), n. A soft fabric with a kind of basket weave and a diapered pattern. H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BARB 84 BARIE barb (barb), n. [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard.] 1. A man's beard. Obs. 2. An appendage suggestive of a beard at the mouth of an animal. 3. A plaited linen covering for the throat, worn by nuns. 4. In pi. Paps, or little projections, of the mucous membrane, under the tongue in horses and cattle, esp. as inflamed and swollen. 5. The point that pro- jects backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc. ; hence, any sharp projection similarly oblique. 6. Zo'ol. One of the side branches of the shaft of a feather. See feather, Illust. — v. t. To furnish with barbs, as an arrow, etc. barb, n. [From F., fr. It.] 1. One of a race of horses noted for speed and endurance, brought to Spain by the Moors. 2. One of a breed of domestic pigeons related to the car- riers, having a short broad beak. bar-ba'ri-an (bar-ba'n-dn ; 3), n. [See barbarous.] 1. A foreigner, esp. in speech and manners; — following the Greek and Roman use, and usually depreciative. This is the use in the New Testament. 2. A man in a rude, uncivi- lized state. 3. A person devoid of culture.— a. 1. Foreign. 2. Uncivilized; savage. — bar-ba'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), n. Syn. Barbarous, barbaric, savage, untutored, unlettered, rude. — Barbarian, barbarous, barbaric, savage. Barba- rian expresses little more than the opposite of civilized ; bar- barous may also express the harsh and brutal side of civi- lized life ; as, the barbarian hordes of Asia ; the barbarous pleasures of the chase. Barbaric refers to the crudeness of taste and fondness for gorgeous display characteristic of un- civilized peoples ; as, barbaric magnificence. Savage occa- sionally denotes a ruder civilization than barbarian; it some- times expresses greater harshness than barbarous ; as, savage cruelty. bar-bar'ic (-bar'ik), a. [L. barbaricus, Gr. 0ap/?apiK6s.] 1. Barbarian; foreign; — often of the nations of the East. Cf. barbarian, 7i., 1. 2. Of, pert, to, or resembling, uncivi- lized people ; barbarian in style. — Syn. See barbarian. bar'ba-rism (bar'bd-nz'm ) , n. 1. A word or expression not in standard usage. 2. Uncivilized state ; ignorance of arts, learning, and literature. — Syn. See solecism. bar-bar'i-ty (bar-bar'i-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Cruelty ; inhumanity; also, a cruel act. 2. Barbaric style, or viola- tion of good taste, in art. bar'ba-rize (baVbd-rlz), v. i. & t. To become or make barbarous. — bar'ba-ri-za'tion (-ri-za'shun), n. bar'ba-rous (-rus), a. [L. barbarus, Gr. /Sdp/3apos, strange, foreign ; later, slavish, rude, ignorant.] 1. Not classical or pure ; — said of language ; hence, unpolished or unidiomatic in language. 2. Speaking a foreign language; barbarian; orig., not Hellenic. 3. Being in the state of a barbarian; un- civilized ; peopled with barbarians ; as, a barbarous tribe or country. 4. Cruel; inhuman; brutal. 5. Harsh-sounding, like barbarian speech. — Syn. See barbarian. — bar'ba- rous-ly, adv. — rous-ness, n. bar'bate (-bat), a. [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard.] Bearded ; Bot., beset with long stiff hairs. bar'be-cue (baVbe-ku), n. [From native name in Guiana.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast. 2. A social entertainment at which one or more large animals are roasted or broiled whole. U. S. — v. t. ; -cued (-kud) ; -cu'ing. To roast or broil whole, as an ox or a hog. barbed (barbd; bar'bed), a. Barded. See bard, v. t., 1. barbed (barbd), p. a. Having a barb or barbs. barbed wire, a wire or strand of twisted wires, armed with barbs or sharp points. bar'bel (bar'bel), n. [OF., fr. L. barbus, fr. barba beard.] 1. A slender tactile process on the lips of a fish. 2. A large European cyprinoid fresh-water fish (Barbus vulgaris), with four barbels on its upper jaw. bar'bel-late (bar'be-lat ; bar-bel'at), a. [See 1st barb.] Bot. Having short stiff hairs, often barbed. bar'ber (bar'ber), n. [From OF., fr. L. barba beard.] One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons. — v. t. To shave, trim, or dress the beard or hair of. bar'ber-ry (-ber-i),7i.; pZ.-ries(-Tz). [OF.oeroere,LL.6er- beris, barbaris.'] Any of a genus (Berberis) of shrubs, of which one (B. vulgaris) bears oblong red berries, often made into a preserve. bar'bet (-bet), n. [F., fr. oarbebeard.] Any of numerous tropical nonpasserine birds (families Captioning and Buc- conidse), having a large stout bill beset with bristles. Cf. puff bird. bar-bette' (bar-bef),7i. [F.] 1. Fort. A mound of earth or a platform on which guns are mounted. 2. Nav. An armored parapet protecting a gun platform. bar'bi-can (bar'bi-kdn), n. [From F., fr. LL.] Fort. An outer defensive work of a city or castle, esp. a large tower. bar'bi-cel (-sel), n. [Dim. fr. L. barba beard.] One of the small processes on barbules of feathers. bar'bo-tine (-bo-tin), n. [F.] Ceramics. Slip. >ar-bu'do (bar-boo'do),n.; pi. -dos (-doz). [Sp., bearded; — alluding to the barbudo's barbels.] Any of several threadfin fishes, esp. one (Polydactylus virginicus) of Florida, the West Indies, etc. bar'bule (bar'biil), n. [L. barbula, dim. fr. barba beard.] One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather. Bar'can (-kan), a. Of or pert, to Barca, in North Africa. bar'ca-role, bar'ca-rolle (-kd-rol), n. [Through F. fr. It. barca bark, barge.] Music, a A popular melody sung by Venetian gondoliers, b Music imitating such a song. bard (bard), n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. A professional poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts. 2. A poet. bard (bard), n. Also barde. [F. barde.~\ A piece of armor for a horse. — v. t. 1. To equip or accouter with bards. 2. Cookery. To cover (meat) with a slice of bacon. bard'ic (bar'dTk), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, the bards or their poetry. bare (bar), a. [AS. 6a?r.] 1. Naked; nude. 2. Bareheaded. 3. Not concealed from the understanding ; open to (the mental) view ; exposed ; as, he laid bare his thoughts. 4. Destitute of worth, ornament, or the like ; plain ; un- adorned ; bald ; as, the bare truth. 5. Destitute of the usual furnishing, contents, or the like ; as, bare rooms, bare hooks. 6. Threadbare ; much worn. 7. Mere ; unaccompanied by anything else or [more ; as, a bare majority ; bare necessi- ties. — Syn. See mere. — v. t. ; bared (bard) ; bar'ing. To make bare, bare'back' (-bak'), adv. & a. On a horse's bare back. bare'faced' (-fast'), a. 1. With the face uncovered; not masked. 2. Without concealment ; hence : shameless ; au- dacious. — bare'faced'ly, adv. — bare'faced'ness, n. bare'foot (-foot), a. & adv. Having or with the feet bare. bare'foot-ed, a. Having the feet bare. Uba'rege' (ba'razh'), n. Also ba'rege' (ba'rezh'). [F. barege, fr. Bareges, the town.] A gauzelike dress fabric. bare'head'ed (bar'hed'ed ; 24), bare'head', a. & adv. Hav- ing the head uncovered ; with the head uncovered. bare'leg'ged (-leg'ed ; -legd' ; 24), a. Having the legs bare. barely, adv. 1. Nakedly. 2. Without concealment or disguise. 3. Merely ; only. Archaic. 4. But just ; with no excess ; hence : scarcely ; hardly. — Syn. See hardly. bare'ness, n. State or quality of being bare. bare'sark (bar'sark), n. [Lit., bare sark (shirt), altered fr. berserk.'] A berserk, or Norse warrior who fought without armor. — adv. Without shirt of mail or armor. Cf. BERSERK. bar 'gain (bar'gen ; -gin), n. [From OF.] 1. An agreement between parties settling what each shall give and receive in a transaction ; agreement ; compact. 2. Thing acquired by bargaining; often, a purchase, or, fig., a transaction, in re- spect to its advantageousness or the opposite ; (when not qualified) an advantageous purchase ; as, to make the best of a bad bargain. — Syn. See contract. into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated. — v. i. 1. To negotiate over an agreement ; haggle. 2. To contract for the exchange of property ; — used with with or for. — v.t. To transfer for a consideration ; barter ; trade. — bar'gain-er (bar'gen-er),bar'gain-or'(-6r' ;bar'gen-or),n. barge (barj), n. [OF., fr. LL. barga.~\ 1. A small seagoing sailing vessel; a bark. Obs. 2. Any of various boats; as: a A roomy boat, usually flat-bottomed, used chiefly in in- land waterways, b Nav. A large, double-banked boat for the flag officer of a flagship, c A large pleasure boat, gen- erally ornamented and used on state occasions, d A double- decked vessel towed by a tug or steamboat ; — used esp. for large pleasure parties. U. S. 3. A large omnibus, as for excursions. Local, U. S. bargeTward' (-bord'), n. Arch. A piece of board covering the roof tim- bers that project over gables. barge'cou'ple (-kup''l), n. Arch. One of the two rafters in a gable which project beyond the gable wall and carry the over- hang. barge'eourse' (-kors'),n. Arch. The tiling or slates on the sloping edges of a gable roof. bar-gee' (bar-je'), n. A bargeman. Eng. barge'man (barj'man), n. The man who manages a barge, or one of the crew of a barge. [tune. bar'ghest (baVgest), n. A goblin fabled to portend misfor-| bar'ic (bar'ik), a. Chem. Of or pertaining to barium. bar'ic, a. [Gr. /Sdpos weight.] Physics. Of or pertaining to weight, esp. the weight or pressure of the atmosphere as measured by the barometer ; barometric. bar'ie (bar'i), n. [ Gr. 0api>s, fem. /Sapeta, heavy.] Physics. A pressure equal to that of 75 centimeters of mercury, or nearly one atmosphere. 1 Bargeboard. On the right it is cut away to show 3 Bargecouple ; 2 Bargecourse. ale, senate, c&re, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); BARILLA 85 BARRATRY barilla (bd-nl'd), n. [Sp. barrilla.] Either of two Euro- pean species (Salsola kali and Salsola soda) of saltwort yielding soda ash ; also, the alkali got from this ash or from the ashes of any kelp. ba'rite (ba'rlt; bar'It), n. Native sulphate of barium, BaS04, a common mineral in metallic veins. From its high specific gravity (4.3-4.6) it is often called heavy spar. bar'i-tone (bar'i-ton). Var. of barytone. ba'ri-um (ba'ri-Sm; bar'!-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 0apus heavy.] A chemical element of the alkaline-earth group. It is a silver-white or pale yellow malleable metal, but occurs only in combination. Symbol Ba ; at. wt., 137.37. bark (bark), n. [Of Scand. origin.] 1. Bot. The tough ex- ternal covering of a woody perennial stem or root. 2. Specif. : a Tan bark, or spent bark.^ b Pharm. Peruvian bark. — v. t. 1. To treat with an infusion of bark ; tan. 2. To strip the bark from ; peel. 3. To abrade the skin from. 4. To cover or inclose with or as with bark. bark, v. i. [AS. beorcan.] 1. To utter its characteristic short, explosive cry ; — said of the dog, hence, also, of the fox, etc. ; — often used with at. 2. To clamor ; specif., to solicit patronage, as for a cheap show or shop, by crying out its merits, etc., at the entrance. Slang or Cant. 3. To cough. Colloq. to bark up the wrong tree, fig., to make a mistake in the pursuit of an object; make an unwarranted stir, esp. of accusation or attack. , [to it.l — n. The short, explosive cry of the dog, or a sound likened| bark, barque (bark), n. [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. barca, fr. LL.] 1. Formerly, a small sailing vessel or a rowboat. Now, Poet., any vessel or boat. 2. Naut. A three-masted vessel with foremast and mainmast square- rigged and mizzen- mast fore-and-aft rigged. Bark, 2. bar'keep'er (bar'kep'er), n. One who tends a bar for the sale of liquors. bark'en-tine, bar'quen-tine (-ken-ten), n. [See bark, a vessel.] Naut. A three-masted vessel with the foremast square-rigged, and the other masts fore-and-aft rigged. bark'er (bar'ker), n. One who, or that which, barks wood. bark'er, n. An animal or person that barks. Bar'kis (bar'kis), n. A carrier in Dickens's "David Cop- perfield," in love with Clara Peggotty, to whom he proposes marriage by a message worded, "Barkis is willin'." bark'y (bar'ki), a. Covered with or containing bark. bar/ley (bar'li), n. [AS. beerlic] A cereal grass (Hordeum vulgar e); also, its seed or grain, used for food and in making malt liquors. bar'ley-corn/ (-korn'), n. 1. A grain, or "corn," of barley. 2. An old measure of length ; one third of an inch. John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky ; hence, the liquor. bar'low (bar'lo), n., or barlow knife. [From name of the maker.] A kind of one-bladed jackknife. U. S. barm (barm), n. Yeast formed on brewing liquors. bar'maid' ( bar 'mad' ), n. A girl or woman who attends the customers of a bar*, as in a tavern. Bar'me-cide (bar'me-sid), n._ A member of the Bar'me- cides (-sidz), a wealthy Persian family of medieval times. Of one of them it is told, in the "Arabian Nights," that he invited the hungry beggar Schacabac to a feast, at which the host made a pretense of serving and eating imaginary viands. Hence : Barmecide feast, any illusion of plenty. barm'y (bar'mi), a. Full of barm or froth; fig., flighty. barn (barn), n. [AS. berern, bern; bere barley -\-ern, sern, a close place. ] 1. A covered building chiefly for storing grain, hay, etc., but often, in the United States, used in part | for stables. 2. Hence : A building in which to keep horses, their feed, vehicles, etc. U. S. Bar'na-bas (bar'nd-bas), n. [L. Barnabas or Gr. Baped- 0as.] Bib. A surname of Joses, a Levite of Cyprus, com- panion of Paul on his first missionary journey. bar'na-cle (-k'l),n. 1. A bernicle goose. 2. Any of numer- ous small marine crustaceans ( order Cirripedia ), found attached to rocks, floating logs, etc. bar'na-cles (-k'lz), n. pi. [ME. bernak, bernacle, sing.] 1. Farriery. An instrument for pinching a horse's nose, to restrain him. 2. Spectacles. Colloq., Eng. Barn'burn'er (barn'bur'ner), n. [In allusion to the fable of the man who burned his barn to rid it of rats.] A mem- ber of the radical reform section of the Democratic party in New York, about 1850, which supported VanBuren; — opposed to Hunker. Political Cant, U. S. barn'storm'er (-stSr'rner), n. Ibarn+storm, v.] 1. An itinerant actor who plays in barns, as was formerly often done in rural districts. 2. An inferior actor, or one who plays in the country away from the larger cities. || ba-roc'CO (ba-rok'ko), n. [It.] = baroque. bar'o-cy'clon-om'e-ter (bar'o-sl'klon-om'e-ter), n. [Gr. /3dpos weight + cyclone + -meter."] Meteor. An aneroid barometer for use with accompanying graphic diagrams and printed directions designed to determine the existence of a violent storm at a distance of several hundred miles. bar'o-gram (bar'6-gram), n. [Gr. /3dpos weight + -gram.] Meteor. A tracing usually made by the barograph, showing variations of atmospheric pressure. bar'o-graph (-graf), n. [Gr. /Sdpos weight + -graph.] A self-registering barometer. — bar'o-graph/ic (-graf'ik), a. ba-rom'e-ter (bd-rom'e-ter), n. [Gr. /Sdpos weight + -me- ter.] An instrument for determining the weight or pres- sure of the atmosphere, and hence for predicting changes of weather, ascertaining heights, etc. bar'o-met'ric (bar'o-met'rik) la. Of, pert, to, or made by, bar'o-met'ri-cal (-met'rT-kal)J the barometer. ba-rom'e-try (bd : rom'e-tri), n. The art or process of making barometrical measurements. bar'on (bar'im), n. [OF., fr. LL. baro man.] 1. Eng. Hist. A tenant holding directly from the lord paramount (in England the king) by honorable service. 2. a In Great Britain, a nobleman of the lowest rank ; also, the grade or rank itself, b A nobleman of corresponding rank in any of various other countries. 3. Cookery. Two loins or sir- loins not cut apart at the backbone ; as, a baron of beef. bar'on-age (-aj), n. The whole body of barons or peers ; the dignity or rank of a baron. bar'on-ess (-es), n._ A baron's wife; also, a lady who holds the baronial title in her own right. bar'on-et (-et), n. A dignity or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight; a holder of this dignity. Brit- ish baronets are commoners, with hereditary title of Sir. bar'on-et-age (-aj), n. 1. State or rank of baronet. 2. Bar- onets collectively. [baronet. I bar'on-et-cy (-si), n.; pi. -ctes. Rank or patent of a| ba-rong' (ba-rong'), n. [Native name.] A kind of knife or sword with thick back and thin edge, used by the Moros. ba-ro'ni-al (bd-ro'm-al), a. Pertaining to or befit- ting a baron or a bar- ony. bar'0-ny (bar'6-nt), n.; _ Barong and Sheath. pi. -NiEs(-nTz). The fee, domain, dignity, or rank of a baron. ba-roque' (bd-rok'), a. [F.] 1. Grotesque; in corrupt taste. Specif. : Arch, a Of, pertaining to, or designating, a style of decoration characteristic of the decline in the Renaissance style, b Rococo. 2. Irregular in form; — said esp. of a pearl. — n. Baroque work or style. bar'o-SCOpe (bar'6-skop),_n. [Gr. /3dpos weight + -scope.] 1. Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of the atmosphere. 2. Physics. An apparatus for showing that objects in air lose weight equal to that of the air dis- placed by them.- — bar'o-SCOp'ic (-skop'ik), a. ba-rouche' (bd-roosh'), n. [Through G., It., & LL., fr. L. birotus two-wheeled; bi- = bis twice + rota wheel.] A four-wheeled carriage with a seat in front for the driver, two double seats inside facing each other, and a folding top. barque (bark), bar 'quen-tine (bar'ken-ten). Vars. of bark, BARKENTINE. bar 'rack (bar'dk), n. [From F., fr. It., fr. LL. barra bar.] [Usually in pi.] 1. Mil. A building or set of buildings for lodging soldiers, esp. in garrison. 2. A plain and large building; a row of workmen's houses joined together. bar'ra-cu'da (bar'd-koo'dd), n. [Native name.] Any of a ge- nus (Sphyrxna) of pike- like m a - rine fish- es. The< great barracuda (S. barracu- da) of the West Indies, Florida, etc., is often six feet or more long, and as dangerous as a shark. bar'rage (bar'aj), n. [ F. ] Engin. A bar or obstruction placed in a watercourse, as to increase the depth of water. bar'ra-mun'di (bar'd-mun'de), n. Also bar'ra-mun'da (-dd). [Native name.] = ceratodus. bar'ra-tor (bar'd-ter), n. Also bar'ra-ter. [OF. barateor deceiver, fr. barater to deceive.] One guilty of barratry. bar'ra-trous (-trus), a. Law. Tainted with or constitut- ing barratry. — bar'ra-trous-ly, adv. bar'ra-try (-trf), n. 1. The purchase or sale of office or preferment in church or state. 2. Maritime Law. A fraudulent breach of duty on the part of a master of a ship to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo. 3. Law. Practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits or quarrels. Great Barracuda. H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BARREL 86 BASE HIT bar'rel (-el), n. [F. baril.1 1. A round bulging vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and having fiat ends or heads. 2. The quantity constituting a full barrel. In the United States, the barrel for liquids is, usually, 313^ gal- lons; for flour, it is 196 lbs. Abbr., bbl.; pi. bbls. 3. A drum or cylinder or similarly round part, hollow or solid ; as : a The case holding the mainspring of a watch or clock. ' b The metal tube of a gun. C The cylinder in which a piston travels, d The body of a windlass or a capstan, e Mach. % A tumbling barrel, or rumble. — v. t. ; -reled (-eld) or -relled ; -rel-ing or -rel-ling. To put or pack in a barrel or barrels. barrel organ. An instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder studded with pegs upon a series of valves admitting air from a bellows to pipes. bar'ren (bar'en), a. [OF. brehaing, fem. brehaigne, ba- raigne.~\ 1. Incapable of producing offspring ; sterile ; — of females. 2. Of plants, not fruitful. 3. Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation ; sterile ; as, barren land. 4. Unproductive ; unprofitable ; empty ; as, barren rever- ies. 5. Mentally dull ; stupid ; as, a barren mind. — n. 1. A tract of barren land. 2. In pi. Level, more or less wooded tracts of land, commonly characterized by a light sandy soil and a distinctive biota; as, pine barrens, oak barrens, etc. U. S. — bar'ren-ly, adv. — bar'ren-ness, n. bar'ret (bar'et), n. [F. barrette, fr. It. berretta.} A kind of small cap ; esp., a biretta. bar'ret-ter (bar'et-er; ba-ret'er), n. [Coined fr. OF. ba- rcter to exchange. CLbarter.] Wireless Teleg. Athermal cymoscope which operates by increased resistance when subjected to the influence of electric waves. bar'll-cade' (bar'i-kad'), n. [F., fr. It. or Sp. ; orig., a bar- ring up with casks.] 1. Mil. A fortification, as in a street, hastily made of anything that will obstruct progress. 2. Any barrier obstructing passage. — v. t.; -cad'ed (-kad'ed) ; -cad'ing. To fortify or close with a barricade or barricades ; obstruct. bar'ri-ca'do (-ka'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). A barricade. — v. t.; -doed (-dod), -do-ing. To barricade. bar'ri-er (bar'i-er), n. [F. barriere, fr. barre bar.] 1. An obstacle to stop an enemy, as a fence or stockade or a for- tified frontier town. 2. Any obstruction or object serving to separate or limit ; as, Hist., the lists at a tournament ; a mountain barrier between two countries. 3. Any limit or boundary ; as, the barrier between instinct and reason. — Syn. See bar. , [excepting; as, barring accident. I bar 'ring (bar'Tng). prep, or conj. Excluding by exception ; || bar'ri-O(baVre-o), n. ; pi. barrios(-os). [Sp.] In Spain and countries colonized by Spain, a ward, village, or district (varying locally) constituting part of a municipality. bar'ris-ter (bar'Ts-ter), n. [From bar, n.} Counselor at law ; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar in the superior courts, as disting. from an attorney or solicitor. Eng. bar'room' (bar'room'), n. A room containing a bar, or counter, at which liquors are sold. bar'row (bar'o), n. [From AS. beran to bear.] A support having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which things can be transported by hand. bar'row, n. [AS. bearg, bearh.'] A castrated hog. bar'row, n. [AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound.] A large sepulchral mound; a tumulus. bar'm-let (bar'oo-ltt), n. [Dim. of bar, p.] Her. A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth of its width. bar'ry (bar'I), a. [F. barre.] Her. Of the field, trav- ersed horizontally by an even number of bars of two alternating colors. bar sinister. See bar, n., 4. bar'tend'er (-ten'der), n. A barkeeper. bar'ter (-ter), v. i. & t. [OF. barater to cheat, exchange.] To traffic or trade, or traffic or trade in, by exchange of com- modities ; — disting. from sell and pur- chase. — Syn. See sell. — n. Act or practice of bartering. — bar'ter-er, n. Barry. bar'ti-zan (bar'ti-zan; bar'ti-zan'), n. Arch. A small overhanging structure for lookout or defense; — a word first used by Sir Walter Scott. The word had "no existence in the times to which it is attributed." — bar'ti-zaned, p. a. Bart'lett (bart'let), n. A popular pear which originated in England about 1770 and was distributed in America by Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Mass. bar-to'ni-a (bar-to'nl-d), n. [NL., after B. S. Barton, American botanist.] Any of several large-flowered plants (genus Mentzelia) of western America. Ba'ruch (ba'ruk ; bar'uk), n. Bib. 1. Secretary of the prophet Jeremiah, and reputed author of the book of Baruch. 2. The book of Baruch, in the Prot- estant Apocrypha. ; - .- , e: Bartizan. ba-ry'ta (bd-n'td), n. '[Gr. /3apiu heavy.] Monoxide of barium. — ba-ryt'ic (-rTt'ik), a. ba-ry'tes (bd-rl'tez), n. [Gr. /3ap6s heavv.] Min. = barite. bar'y-tone, bar'i-tone (bar'I-ton), n. [F. baryton, fr. Gr. 0apvTovos ; (iapvs heavy + tovos tone.] 1. A male voice intermediate between, and partaking of, the bass and the tenor ; a person having such a voice. 2. Greek Gram. A word with no accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. — a. Music. Grave and deep in tone ; pertaining to or designating the barytone ; performing the barytone ; as, a barytone voice, part, etc. bas'al (bas'dl), a. Pert, to or forming the base. ba-salt' (bd-solt'; bas'olt), n. [L. basaltes a dark Ethio- pian marble. ] Any of several dark basic rocks of volcanic origin, chiefly of triclinic feldspar and pyroxene (usually augite) ; hence, any dark nonporphyritic, aphanitic, igne- ous rock without vitreous luster. — ba-salt'ic(bd-s61'tlk),a. bas'cule (bas'kul), n. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics, an apparatus in which one end counterbalances the other. bascule bridge. A counterpoised or balanced drawbridge. base ( bas ), n. [F., fr. L. basis, fr. Gr. /3d8.] 1. Act of subjecting the body, or part of it, for cleanliness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, mud, or the like. 2. State of being covered with a fluid, as sweat. 3. Water or other medium for bathing. 4. A place where persons may bathe. 5. A building arranged for bathing, or (usually in pi.) a building containing a series of apartments arranged for bathing. 6. Chem., etc. A medium, as water, air, sand, or oil, for regulating the temperature of anything placed in or upon it ; also, the vessel containing such medium. 7. Any liquid in which objects are dipped to be acted on by it ; also, the vessel holding the liquid. — v. t. To put into a bath. Bath brick. A brick prepared (orig. near Bath, Eng.) from calcareous or siliceous earth, used to clean knives, etc. Bath Chair. A kind of chair on wheels, as used by invalids at the hot springs at Bath, Eng. bathe (bath), v. t. ; bathed (bathd) ; bath'ing (bath'ing). [AS. baSian, fr. baeS bath.] 1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath ; subject to a bath. 2. To lave ; wet. 3 . To sur- round, or envelop, as water does a person immersed in it. — v.i. 1. To bathe one's self ; take a bath. 2. To immerse one's self as if in a bath.— n. The immersion of the body in water, etc. — bath/er (batb/er), n. ba-thet'ic (bd-thet'ik), a. Having, or marked by, bathos. bath'house' (bath'hous'), n. A bath (sense 5); also, a house used as a dressing room, or containing a dressing room or rooms, for bathers. bath'0-lite (bath'6-llt) \n. [Gr. pkdos depth + -lite, -lith.1 bath'o-lith (-o-lith) / Gcol. A great mass of intruded igneous rock, which stopped in its rise considerably below the surface. — bath'o-lit'ic, -lith'ic, a. ba-thom'e-ter ( bd-thom'e-ter ), n. [ Gr. 0a9os depth + -meter.'] An instrument for measuring depth of water, esp. by the pressure upon a tube of mercury. bat/horse' (bat'hors'; ba'-; bat'-; bo'-), n. [F. but pack saddle -f- E. horse.] A horse that carries baggage, as of an officer or others, during a campaign. ba'thqs (ba'thos), n. [Gr. Qados depth, /S=0us deep.] Rhct. A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the commonplace ; the effect of anticlimax. Bath-she'ba(bath-she'bd;bath'she-bd),n. Bib. The wife of Uriah the Hittite, whom David married after causing Uriah's death. She was the mother of Solomon. ba-thym'e-ter (bd-thTm'e-ter),n. [Gr.PaOvs deep + meter.] An instrument for sounding depths at sea ; bathometer. ba-thym'e-try (bd-tkTm'e-tri), n. Art or science of sound- ing, or measuring depths in the sea. — batb/y-met'ric (bath'i-met'nk), -met'ri-cal (-met'ri-kal), a. bat'ing (bat'Tng), prep. [Strictly p. pr.] Excepting. ba-tiste' (ba-tesf), n. [F.] A kind of fine cotton muslin. bat'man (bat'man ; ba'- ; bat'- ; bo'-), n. [ F. bat pack sad- dle + E. man.] A man in charge of a bathorse and its loud. bat'— mon'ey (-mun'i), n. [F. bat pack saddle + E. money.] Mil. An allowance, as to officers, for the transport of bag- gage in the field. ba'ton' (ba'toN'; bat'wn), n. [F. bciton, OF. baston, LL. basto.] 1. A staff or truncheon borne as a symbol of office. 2. Her. An ordinary ' with its ends cut off, and of one fourth the breadth of the bend sinister, borne sinister as a mark of bastardy. 3. Music. The stick or wand with which a leader beats time, as for an orchestra. ba-tra'chi-an (bd-tra'ki-an), a. &n. [Gr. /3arpdx«os of a frog, fi&rpaxos frog.] Zo'dl. a = amphibian, b In a narrower sense : • , TT . = anuran. Baton ( - ffer - ) - bats'man (bats'man), n. The one who wields the bat in baseball, cricket, etc. bat'tail-OUS (bat'5-lus), a. [OF. bataillos.] Arrayed for, or fit or eager for, battle. Archaic. bat-ta'Ha (bo-tal'yd; bd-tal'yd), n. [LL. battalia battle, body of troops, or It. battaglia.] 1. Order of battle. Obs. or R. 2. An army in battle array. Obs. baMal'ion, ( bd-tal'ywn ), n. [F. bataillon, fr. It. batta- glione.] 1. An army in battle array. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Any considerable division of an army organized to act together ; in pi., forces. 3. M il._ An infantry command of two or more companies, the tactical infantry unit. bat'tel (bat''l), n. College accounts for provisions from the kitchen and buttery ; loosely, the whole college accounts ; — only in pi., exc. when used adjectively. Univ. of Oxford, Eng. — v. i. To have such an account. — bat'tel-er, n. bat'ten (bat''n ), v. i. & t. [Icel. batna to grow better.] To thrive ; fatten in ease and luxury. bat'ten, n. [F . baton stick, staff.] 1. A strip of sawed tim- ber used for flooring ,etc. JJ.Astnpof wood for nailing across two other pieces, to cover a crack, to hold tarpaulin, etc. — v. t. To furnish or fasten with battens. ten-er, n. batten down to fasten down with battens, as the hatches of a vessel with tarpaulin over them. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing - , ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); BATTER 89 BDELLIUM Battering-ram. bat'ter (bat'er), v. t.&i. [OF. batre, fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to beat.] To beat with successive blows ; beat so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish. — n. 1. Cookery. A semiliquid mixture, as of flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten together. 2. Print. A bruise on the face of a plate or of type in the form; also, the faces or type so injured. bat'ter, n. One who wields a bat, as in baseball ; batsman. bat'ter, v. i. & t. To slope gently backward, as a wall, siding, etc. — n. Arch. An inward upward slope of the exterior face of a wall, usually with diminishing thickness. bat'ter-er, n. One who, or that which, batters. bat'ter-ing-ram', n. A military engine of antiquity usu- ally consisting of a huge iron-tipped beam mounted or hung so as to be used to beat down walls. bat'ter-y (bat'er-i), n.; pi. -ter-ies (-iz). [F. batterie, fr. battre. See 1st batter, v. t.~] 1. Act of battering or beating. 2. Law. The unlawful beating of another. 3. Assault with artillery; bombardment. Obs. 4. Mil. a Any emplacement where ar- tillery is mounted, b Two or more pieces of artillery under a single command, c A tactical division, usually of from 4 to 6 guns, of artillery organized as a unit of command. S.Nav. The guns, or any group of the guns, of a warship. 6. Elec. a An apparatus of one or more cells for generating voltaic elec- tricity, b Any combination of apparatus for producing a'unit- ed electrical effect. 7. A number of similar machines or de- vices, as of boilers, crushing stamps, or lenses, arranged in a group or set. S.Baseball. The pitcher and catcher together. bat'ting (bat'ing), n. 1. Act of one who bats ; use of a bat. 2. Cotton carded in sheets, for use in quilts, etc. £ \ bat'tle (-'1), n. [F. bataille, OF., battle, battalion, L. bat- talia, battualia, exercises of soldiers and gladiators, batu- ere to beat.] 1. A general encounter between armies or ships ; engagement. 2. A combat between two individuals. 3. Fighting of or as of armed forces ; war. 4. Battalion. Obs. Syn. Engagement, action, encounter, skirmish, brush ; con- test, combat, conflict, fight, fray, affray. — Battle, engage- ment, action. Battle, the most forcible term, is commonly used of a general and prolonged combat; an engagement may be a general encounter, as between entire armies, or a minor encounter, as between subdivisions or outposts. Action suggests especially the idea of active, frequently sharp, offensive and defensive operations. See encounter, CONTEST, DISPUTE. — v.i.; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). To contend in battle. bat'tle, v. t. To equip with battlements. 06s. or Poetic. bat'tle-ax' "In. Mil. A kind of broadax formerly used as bat'tle— axe'/ an offensive weapon. bat'tle-dore (-dor ; 57), n. [ME. batyldoure an instrument for beating.] A kind of light flat bat used in striking a shuttlecock ; also, the play of battledore and shuttlecock. — v. t. & i. To toss back and forth. bat'tle-ment (-ment), n., or bat'tle-ments (-ments), n. pi. [ME. batelment.] A para- pet with open spaces, sur- mounting the walls of an- cient fortified buildings, later used as a decorative feature. — bat'tle-ment- ed (-men-ted), a. bat'tle-ship' (-ship'), n. Naval. One of a class of the largest and most heavily Battlements. A A Merlons; BBB armed and armored vessels. Crenels; C Machicolations. B bat'tue' ( ba'tii'; ba-tu' ), n. [ F., fr. battre to beat. ] 1. Hunting. Act of beating the woods, bushes, etc., for game. 2. Hence, wanton slaughter, as of helpless crowds. bat'ty (bat'i), a. Belonging to or resembling a bat. ba-tule' (bd-tool'; bat'ul ), n., or batule board. [See bas- cule.] A springboard. bauTrie (bo'b'l), n. [ME. babel] 1. A trifling piece of fin- ery; a gewgaw. 2. The fool's scepter. Obs. or Hist. Bau'cis and Phi-le'mon ( bo'sis, fl-le'mon ). [ L., fr. Gr. BaO/cis, ben-zal'de-hyde (ben-zal'de-hid), n. [benzene + alde- hyde.'] Chem. Benzoic aldehyde. ben'zene (ben'zen; ben-zen'), n. [From benzoin.] Chem. A volatile, inflammable, colorless, liquid hydrocarbon, CeH6, of ethereal odor, used as an illuminant, as a solvent for fats and resins, as a material in making dyes, etc. benzene nucleus or ring. Chem. A ring of six carbon atoms believed to exist in all the so-called j-j "aromatic" compounds. The six atoms are ^£ N united in some way, not well understood. In H-c" v c-H benzene, six hydrogen atoms are attached to II i the ring (see Illust.) ; substitution of one or B-C^ X C-H more of these by other atoms or groups gives 9 ** the various benzene derivatives. _ H ben'zi-- + troth, i.e., truth."] 1. To promise to take (in marriage) ; plight one's troth to. Archaic. 2. To contract or engage (to anyone) for marriage ; affiance ; — esp. of a woman. be-troth'al(be-troth'ol; -trotfe'dl; 62 ), n.' Act of betroth- ing ; fact of being betrothed ; affiance ; espousal. be-troth'ment (-ment), n. Betrothal. bet'ter (bet'er), n. One who bets, or lays a wager. bet'ter, a. ; used as compar. of good. [AS. betera, adj., and bet, adv.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than another ; as, a better house than mine. 2. Pref- erable, as in regard to rank, value, fitness, safety ; as, it is better to laugh than to cry. 3. Improved in health. — adv. ; used as compar. of well. 1. In a superior or more excellent manner. 2. In a higher or greater degree ; more. — n. 1. That which is better. 2. A superior, as in merit, rank, etc.; — usually in pi. 3. Advantage, superiority, or victory ; — usually used with of. — v. t. 1. To improve in condition, as morally, physically, socially. 2. To surpass in excellence ; excel. — Syn. Mel- iorate, ameliorate, mend, amend, correct, emend, reform, advance, promote. See improve. bet'ter-ment (-ment), n. 1. A making better; improve- ment. 2. Law. An improvement of an estate which ren- ders it better than mere repairing would do. bet'ter-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being better. 2. Excess in fineness of gold or silver over the standard. bet'tor (bet'er), n. One who bets; a better. bet'ty (bet'J ), n.; pi. -ties (-iz ). [For Elizabeth, proper name.] A man who busies himself with womanish affairs. Contemptuous. bet'u-la'ceous (bet/ji-la'shMs), a. [L. betula birch tree.] Belonging to a family (Betulacex) of trees and shrubs, the birch family, including the birch, alder, and hazel. be-tween' (be-twen'), prep. [AS. betweonum; be- by -f- a form fr. AS. two, two.] 1. In the interval (of space or time) which separates; betwixt; as, a lot between two houses ; between nine and ten o'clock. 2. From one to another of ; as, no word passed between them. 3. In com- mon to ; by the united action of ; as, they killed six brace between them. 4. In connection with the mutual or recip- rocal action or interaction of; affecting the mutual or reciprocal relation of ; as, a struggle between authority and liberty. 5. In point of comparison of ; as, to choose between courses. Syn. Between, among. Between, in its literal sense, applies to only two objects. When used of more than two objects, it brings them individually into the relation ex- pressed ; as, the three survivors had but one pair of shoes between them. Among always implies more than two ob- jects ; as, among the survivors were two children. — adv. In an intermediate position or relation in space or time ; in the interval ; at intervals. be-twixt' (-twikst'), prep. & adv. [AS. betweox, betweohs, betweoh; be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two.] Between. Beu'lah (bu'ld), n. [Heb. be'ulah married.] 1. Israel ; — allegorically so called. Isaiah lxii. 4. 2. In Bunyan's " Pil- grim's Progress," a land of peace and quiet where pilgrims await their summons to cross the river of Death. H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M ^ > BEURRE 100 BIBLIOPOLIST & B beur're' (bu'ra'), to. [F., fr. beurre butter.] Bot. A pear having soft and melting flesh ; — used with a distinguishing word ; as, Beurre d'Anjou ; Beurre Clairgeau. bev'el (bev'el), to. 1. The angle which one surface or line makes with another when not at right angles. 2. An instrument for drawing angles or for adjusting the surfaces of work to a given inclination ; — called also a bevel square, —v. t.; -ELED(-eld) (c Or -ELLED ; -EL-ING Or -EL-LING. To Cut t or shape to a bevel angle.— v. i. To Bevel, &. incline; slant.— a. Having the slant of a bevel; slant- ing; oblique. foev'er-age (bev'er-aj), to. [OF. bevrage,ix. beivre to drink, L. bibere.] Liquid for drinking; drink. | foev'y (bev'i), to. ; pi. bevies (-Iz). Acompany ; assembly, — of girls or ladies, quails, larks, roes. — Syn. See plock. be-wail' (be-wal'), v. t. & i. To express deep sorrow for ; la- ment ; bemoan. — Syn. See deplore. — be-wail'er, to. foe-ware' (be-war'), v. i.; ( as an inflected verb) -wared' (-ward'); -war'ing (-war'ing). [be, imperative of verb be + ware, a. ] To be on one's guard ; to take care ; — commonly used with of or lest. — v. t. To take care of ; have a care for ; avoid. be-weep' (-wep'), v. t. & i. ; pret. & p. p. be-wept' (-wept'). [AS. bewepan. See be-; weep.] To weep over; deplore; bedew with tears. — be-weep'er, to. foe-wil'der (be-wTl'der), v. t. [be- + wilder."] 1. To cause to lose one's bearings ; as, bewildered in a forest. Archaic. 2. To confuse, as by a multiplicity of details; also, to daze, as by a blaze of light ; dumfound. — Syn. To perplex, confound, mystify. See puzzle. be-wil'dered (-derd),p.a. Lost and perplexed; hence: con- fused ; dazed ; also, mazy ; bewildering. dered-ly, adv. foe-wil'der-ing, p. a. Confusing ; perplexing. foe-wil'der-ment (-der-ment), to. State or fact of being bewildered ; also, a bewildering tangle or confusion. foe-witch' (-wich'), v. 1. 1. To affect (esp. to injure) by witch- craft or sorcery. 2. To charm ; fascinate. — Syn. Enchant, charm, entice. See captivate. — be-witch'er (-er), to. — -witch'er-y (-wich'er-i), to. — -witch'ment (-ment), to. foe-witch'ing, p. a. Fascinating ; enchanting. be-wray' (-ra'), v. t. [be- -4- AS. wregan to accuse, betray.] To betray ; expose ; divulge. Obs. or Archaic. bey (ba), to. [Turk, beg.] A governor of a district in the Turkish dominions; also, a title of courtesy. bey'lic, bey'lik (-lik), to. The jurisdiction of a bey. be-yond' (be-yond'), adv. [AS. begeondan, prep, and adv.; be- + geond yond, yonder.] Farther away; at a distance; yonder. — prep. 1. Of space or time : On or to the farther side of; farther on or away than. 2. Out of the reach or sphere of ; as, beyond medical aid. 3. Above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind; as, beyond expectation.— to. That which is on the farther side or beyond, esp. beyond the present life. bez'ant (bez'dnt ; be-zant'), to. [F. besant, fr. LL. Byzan- i tius Byzantine.] 1. A gold coin of Byzantium, or Con- , stantinople, circulated in Europe from the 6th to the 15th or 16th century, varying in value between the English sover- eign and half sovereign. Also, a silver coin of this period. 2. Arch. A disk used in ornament. bez'-ant'ler (bez'ant'ler ; baz'-), to. [L. bis twice (through OF. bes-) -+- E. antler.] The second branch of a stag's horn ; the bay-antler. See antler. bez'el (bez'el), to. [From an old form of F. biseau sloping edge.] 1. A sloping edge or face, esp. on a cutting tool. 2. Jewelry, a The oblique side or face of a cut gem; specif., the upper part of a brilliant projecting from the setting, to The part of a setting that holds a gem. C The grooved rim or flange in which a watch crystal is set. foe-zique' (be-zek'), to. [F. besigue.] A kind of ca r d game. foe'zoar (be'zor), to. [From F., fr. Ar., fr. Per. pad-zahr ; pad protecting + zahr poison.] 1. Antidote. Obs. 2. Any of various concretions found chiefly in the alimentary or- gans of certain ruminants, and once used as antidotes to poison. foe-zo'ni-an (be-zo'nT-an), to. [It. bisogno, prop., need.] A recruit or raw soldier ; hence: a low fellow; beggar. 06s. fohang, bang (bang), to. [ilind. bhang, fr. Skr. bhanga.] 1. The hemp plant. India. 2. A narcotic and intoxicant made in India, etc., of dried hemp leaves and seed capsules. fohees'ty, bhees'tie (bes'ti), to. [Per. bihishtz, lit., heav- enly.] A water carrier, as to a household. India. Bhil (bel), to. One of a low-caste aboriginal race of western and central India, skilled in the use of the bow. foi- (bl-). [L.] A prefix signifying, in general, two, used in forming adjectives denoting : 1. Two, two- . . . ; twice . . . ; doubly .... Examples : biconvex, doubly convex; bipetalous, having two petals, £u?o-petaled, etc. ; bipinnate, pinnate with the sections or divisions pinnate; bipinnatifid, etc 2. a Occurring or coming every two . . . ; lasting two . . . Examples : biennial, occurring or appearing every two years, lasting two years; biweekly, occurring or appear- ing every two weeks. fo Occurring or coming twice a . . . ; — in this sense equiva- lent to semi-, which is preferable ; as in biweekly. 3. Specif. : a Chem. Denoting the presence of two atoms or equivalents of the constituent to the name of which bi- is prefixed, or that this constituent is present in double the proportion of the other component, or in double the ordinary proportion ; as in bicarbonate. Bi- and di- are sometimes interchangeable, but di- is usually preferred. b Anat. Often indicating connection with, or relation to, each of two symmetrically paired parts or points (indi- cated); as, biauricular, bi-iliac, etc. bi-an'gu-lar (bl-arj'gu-ldr), a. Having two angles. bi-an'nu-al (-an'u-dl), a. Semiannual. See bi-, 2b. Was (bl'ds), to.; pi. biases (-ez; 24). [F. biais.] 1. A di- agonal or slant, esp. across a fabric. 2. Bowls. The peculi- arity in construction or shape of a bowl causing it to swerve when rolled ; also, the tendency of the bowl to swerve. 3. A propensity of the mind ; bent ; inclination. — Syn. Prej- udice, partiality. See bent. —a. Slanting ; diagonal to the texture or outline ; — applied to fabrics. —adv. In a slanting manner; obliquely. —y. t. ; -ased or -assed (bi'dst) ; -as-ing or -as-sing. To give a bias to ; incline ; influence ; prejudice. bi'au-ric'U-lar (bi'6-rik'u-ldr), a. Anat. a Having two auricles, b Of or pert, to the two auditory openings ; as, the biauricular diameter of the skull. bi'au-ric'u-late (-lat), a. Bot. & Anat. Having two auri- cles, as a leaf. bi-ax'i-al (bl-ak'si-al), a._ Optics. Having two axes ; as, biaxial polarization. — bi-ax'i-al-ly, adv. bib (bib), v. t. & i.; bibbed (bibd) ; bib'bing. [L. bibere] To drink ; sip ; tipple. Obs. or Dial. — n. [The bib receives what the child slavers.] 1. A small protective piece of cloth worn over the breast, esp. by children. 2. An arctic fish (Gadus luscus), allied to the cod. 3. A bibcock. bl-ba'cious (bi-ba'shws), a. [L. bibax, bibacis, fr. bibere to drink.] Addicted to drinking. bac'i-ty (-bas'i-ti), to. bibb (bib), to. 1. Naut. A side piece bolted to the hounds of a mast to support the trestletrees. 2. A bibcock. bib'ber (bib'er), to. A tippler; — chiefly in composition. bib'ble-bab'ble (bib''l-bab"l), to. Idle talk; babble. bib'cock 7 (-kok'), to. A faucet having a bent-down nozzle. II bi'be-lot' (be'blo' ; bib'lo), to. ; pi. -lots (be'bloz' ; bib'- loz; F. be'blo'). [F.] A small decorative article of virtu. Bi'ble (bi'b'l), to. [F., fr L. biblia, pi., fr. Gr. piPXLa, pi. of /St/SXioy, dim. of @i@\os book, prop., Egyptian papy- rus.] 1. The Book, by way of eminence; i. e., the book of writings accepted by Christians as inspired by God and of divine authority; the Scriptures. 2. A book containing the sacred writings of any religion. 3. [I. c] A book looked upon as authoritative. Bib'li-cal (bib'li-kal), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, or in accord with, the Bible. — Bib'li-cal-ly, adv. Bib'li-Cist (bib'li-sist), to. One versed in, or who adheres to, the letter, or literal teachings, of the Bible. bib'li-G™ (-6-). A combining form from Greek /8t/3XW, book. bib'li-O-clasm (-klaz'm), to. [biblio- -f- Gr. k\o.v\.o break.] Destruction or mutilation of books, esp. the Bible. bibli-O-clast (-klast), to. One given to biblioclasm. bib'li-O-graph' (-6-graf 7 ), to. A bibliographer. bib'li-Og'ra-pher (-li-5g'rd-fer), to. [Gr. &iP\ioypa4>os ; (Si0\iov book + yp6.eiv to write.] One who writes, or is versed in, bibliography. bib'li-og'ra-phy (-fi), to.; pi. -phies (-f?z). 1. The history or description of books and manuscripts. 2. A list of books relating to a given subject or author. — bibli-O- graph'ic (-6-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal (-i-kal), a. bib'li-ol'a-try (-ol'd-tri), to. Book worship, esp. of the Bible. — bibOi-ol'a-ter (ter), -ol'a-trist, to. bib'li-ol'O-gy (bib'li-ol'o-ji), to. Bibliography. — bibli-o- log'i-cal (-o-loj'i-kdl), a. foib'li-O-man'cy (-6-man'si), to. Divination by books, esp. by passages of Scripture. bib'li-C-ma'ni-a (-ma'm-d), to. A mania for acquiring books.— bib'li-o-ma'ni-act-ak^TO.cfc a. — ma-ni'a-cal, o. foib'li-op'e-gy (-op'e-jT), to. [biblio- + Gr. inqyvvpai. to make fast.] Art of binding books. bib'li-o-phile (bTb'li-6-fIl ; -fil), or -pnil(-fil), n. [biblio- + Gr. i\os friend.] A lover of books. bib'li-oph'i-lism (-of'i-liz'm), to. Love of books. — bib'- li-oph'i-list (-list), to. — bib'li-ophl-lis'tic (-lis'tik), a. bib'li-o-pole' (bib'li-o-poF), to. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. /3i/3X«>j' book + ir&Xrjs seller.] One who sells books, esp. rare ones.— bibli-O-pol'ic (-pol'ik), bib'li-O-pol'i-cal, a. bib'li-op'o-lism (-op'6-liz'm), to. The trade or art of sell- ing books.— bib'li-op'o-list, to. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftm, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; BIBLIOTHEC 101 BIG-ENDIANS bibli-O-thec (bib'li-6-thek;-oth'ek), n. [See btbliotheca.] A library or librarian. bib'li-O-tlie'ca (-the'kd), n. [L., deriv. of Gr. fh0\lov book + dyicr) case, box.] A library. the'cal (-the'kdl), a. Bib'list (bib'list; bl'blist), n. 1. One who makes the Bible the sole rule of faith. 2. A Biblicist. bib'U-lous (bib'u-lws), a. [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to drink.] 1. Readily imbibing fluids or moisture; spongy. 2. Inclined to drink ; addicted to tippling. — bib'u-lous-ly, adv. bi-cam'er-al (bl-kam'er-dl), a. \bi- + camera.'} Of or including two chambers, or legislative branches. bi-cap'SU-lar (-kap'su-ldr), a. Bot. Having two capsules. bi-car'bon-ate (-kar'bon-at), n. A carbonate containing two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of a base (as sodi- um). Bicarbonate of soda is a white* crystalline sub- stance, commonly called cooking soda, saleratus, etc. bi-car'i-nate (-kar'i-nat), a. Having two carinate, or keel-like, projections, as the upper palea of grasses. bice (bis), n. IF. I or green pigment. (bis), n. [F. bis dark gray.] Paint. A kind of blue iper bi-cen'te-na-ry (bi-sen'te-na-ri), a. Of or pertaining to two hundred, esp. 200 years. — n. = bicentennial, n. bi'cen-ten'ni-al (bl'sen-ten'i-dl), a. 1. Consisting of 200 years. 2. Occurring every 200 years. — n. The 200th year or anniversary, or its celebration. bi-cepb/a-lous (bl-sef'd-lus), a. \bi- + Gr. /ce^aXg head.] Having two heads. bi'ceps (bi'seps), n. [L., two-headed; bis twice -{-caput head.] Anat. A muscle having two heads or origins ; esp., the large flexor muscle of the front of the upper arm. bi-chlo'ride (bi-klo'rld; -rid),n. SeeBi-, 3. Specif. : Mer- curic chloride, a strongly corrosive and antiseptic substance often called corrosive sublimate. bi-chro'mate (-kro'mat), n. Chem. A dichromate ; specif., potassium dichromate. bi-cip'i-tal (-sip'i-tdl), a. [L. biceps, bicipitis. See bi- ceps.] Anat. a Having two heads or origins, as certain muscles, b Pertaining to a biceps muscle. bick'er (bik'er) : v. i. 1. To contend petulantly; wrangle. 2. To move quickly and unsteadily, as a flame or light ; quiver.— n. Contention; wrangle. — Syn. See dispute. bick'ern (-ern), n. [F. bigorne. See bicorn.] A kind of anvil. See beakiron. bi'coFor, bi'col'our (bi'kul'er) \ a. [L. bicolor; bi- + co- bi'col/ored, bi'col/oured (-erd) J lor color.] Of two colors. bi-con/cave (bi-kon'kav), a. Concave on both sides. bi-con'vex (-veks), a. Convex on both sides. bi'corn (bl'korn), a. [L. bicornis; bi- + cornu horn.] Two-horned; crescentlike. — bi-cor'nous (bl-kor'niis), a. bi-COr'po-ral (bi-kor'po-rdl), a. Having two bodies. bi'cron (bl'kron; bik'ron), n. Physics. A unit equal to one billionth (.000,000,001) of a meter. Symbol, nn. bi-CUS'pid (bl-kiis'pid), a. [SeeBi-, 1; cuspidate.] Hav- ing two points, as some teeth.— n. Human Anat. Either of the two double-pointed teeth on each side of each jaw. bi-cus'pi-date (-pi-dat), a. Bicuspid. bi'cy-cle (bi'si-k'l), n. {bi- + Gr. kOkXos circle, wheel.] A light vehicle hav- ing two wheels one behind the other and propelled by the feet acting on treadles.— v. %.; ■cled (-k'ld) ; -cling (-kling). To ride a bicycle.— bi'- cy-cler (-kler), n. bi-cyc'lic (bl-slk'- Hk), a. \bi- + eye- Bicycle. lie.'] 1. Consisting of, or arranged in, two cycles, circles, or, Bot., whorls. 2. Relating to bicycles. bi'cy-clism (bl'si-kliz'm), n. Habit or art of bicycling. bi'cy-clist (-klist), n. One who rides a bicycle; a bicycler. bid (bid), v. t.; pret. bade (bad), bid, Obs. bad; p. p. bidden (bid''n), bid ; p. pr. & vb. n. bid'ding. [From AS. biddan, but early confused with AS. beodan to offer, command. Bid now has the form of ME. bidden to ask, but the meaning of ME. beden to command.] 1. To offer to pay (a certain price, as for a thing put up at auc- tion), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be done under a contract). 2. To order ; command. 3. To invite ; request to come. 4. To express or utter, as a wish, a greet- ing, etc. 5. To entreat ; beg ; pray. 06s. or Archaic. — Syn. Proffer, tender, propose; direct, charge, enjoin. to bid beads, to pray with beads ; distinguish each bead by a prayer. Cf. bead, n., 1. — v. i. To make a bid. [plan bids fair to succeed. I to bid fair, to offer a good prospect ; seem likely ; as, the| — n. 1. Act of one who bids something ; an offer. 2. That which is bid, or offered ; the amount that is bid. bi-dar'ka (bl-dar'kd), bi-dar'kee (-ke), n. [Russ. bai- darka.] A portable boat made of stretched skins. A laska. bid'da-ble (bTd'd-b'l), a. Obedient ; docile. bld'dance (-dns), n. Act of bidding ; invitation; command. bld'der (bid'er), n. One who bids. bid'ding, n. 1. Act of making bids ; an offer of a price. 2. Command ; order. 3. An invitation or summons. bidding prayer, a B. C. Ch. The prayer for the souls of benefactors said before the sermon, b Angl. Ch. The prayer before the sermon with petitions for specified objects or classes of persons. bid'dy (bid'I), n.; pi. -dies (-iz). A hen or chicken. bid'dy , ,n.; pi. -dies (-iz). [For Bridget, proper name.] An Irish serving girl or woman ; a maidservant. Colloq. bide (bid), v. i.; pret. bode (bod); pret. & p. p. bid'ed (bid'ed; 24), p. pr. & vb. n. bid'ing (bld'mg). [AS. bidan.] 1. To dwell; abide. 2. To continue in a place, state, or action; continue to be.—v.t. 1. To wait for; — now only in : to bide one's time, that is, to await one's op- portunity, etc. 2. To encounter; withstand ; as, to bide the storm ; also, to endure ; tolerate ; as, I cannot bide liquors. bi'dent (bi'dent), n. [L. bidens, -entis, two-pronged; bi- + dens tooth.] A two-pronged instrument. bi-den'tal (bl-den'tdl), n. [L.] Rom. Antiq. A place struck by lightning, which was consecrated to Jupiter Fulgur and inclosed by a structure; also, the structure. bi-den'tal, bi-den'tate (-tat), a. Two-toothed. bi-det' (bi-def; be'de'), n. [F.] 1. A small horse, esp. for pack or courier service. 2. A form of sitz bath. bid'ri, bid'ree (bid're), n. [Hind, bidri, fr. Bidar, in In- dia.] A pewterlike alloy used for making ware inlaid with gold or silver; — called also tutenag. Also, the ware. Bie'lid (be'lid), n. [From Biela's comet.] Astron. See Andromede. bi-en'ni-al (bT-en'i-al), a. [L. biennalis, fr. biennium a space of two years; bis twice + annus year.] 1. Taking place once in two years. 2. Continuing or lasting for two years, — n. 1. Something which takes place once in two years. 2. A biennial plant ; a plant that lasts only two years, producing leaves the first year, and fruit and seed the second, as the carrot and beet. — bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. bier (ber), n. [AS. bser, bsbre.] A litter ; — now used only of the frame on which a corpse is placed, or borne to the grave. biest'ings. Var. of beestings. bi-fa'cial (bl-fa'shal), a. 1. Having the opposite surfaces alike. 2. Having two fronts or faces. bi-fa'ri-0US (bi-fa'ri-fts; 3), a. [L. bifarius; bi- -\-fari to speak.] Twofold ; arranged in two rows. ous-ly, adv. biff (bif), n. A blow; a whack, — v. t.; biffed (bift); biee/ing. To hit a blow ; whack. Both Slang, U. S. biffin (bif'in), n. [For beefing, from being red like raw beef.] 1. An English variety of apple, often sold after being dried in the oven. 2. Hence : Any apple baked and flattened into a cake. Eng. bi'fid (bi'fid), a. [L. bifidus; bi-, + root of findere to split.] Split into two equal lobes or parts. — bi'fid-ly, adv. bi-fi'lar (bl-fl'ldr), a. Two-threaded; involving the use of two threads.— n. A bifilar micrometer. — bi-fi'lar-ly, adv. bi-fiag'el-late (-flaj'e-lat), a. Having two flagellar bi-fo'cal (bi-fo'kdl), a. Having two foci; specif., panto- scopic. — n. A bifocal glass. bi'fold (bi'fold), a. Twofold; double. bi-fo'li-ate (bi-fo'lT-at), a. Two-leaved. bi-fo'li-O-late (-li-6-lat), a. Bot. Having two leaflets. bi'forked (bl^forkt), a. Bifurcate. bi'form (bl'fSrm), a. Having or combining characteristics of two forms, as a satyr. — bi'formed (-f6rmd), a. Bif'rost (beFrost), n. [Icel. bifrost.] Norse Myth. The rainbow bridge connecting Asgard and the lower world. bi-f ur'cate (bl-f ur'kat) \ a. Two-pronged ; bi-fur'cat-ed (-kat-ed ; bl'fur-kat'ed)/ two-forked. bi-fur'cate (bl-fur'kat ; bl'fur-kat), v.i. To divide into two branches. — bi'fur-ca'tion (bi'f&r-ka'sh&n), n. big (big), a.; big'ger (-er) ; big'gest. 1. Strong; valiant. Obs. 2. Large in size, bulk, or extent. 3. Pregnant. 4. Having greatness, fullness, inflation, or the like. — Syn. Bulky, massive, gross. See great. big'a-mist (big'd-mist), n. One who practices bigamy. big'a-niOUS (-m«s),o. Guilty of bigamy ; involving bigamy. — big'a-mous-ly, adv. big'a-my (-mi), n. [From L. bigamus twice married ; bi- + Gr. y&ixos marriage.] Act of ceremonially marrying one person when already legally married to another. big'ar-reau' (bTg'd-ro') \n. [F. bigarreau, fr. bigarri va- big'a-roon' (big'd-roon')/ negated.] A race of cherries having a sweet flavor and firm flesh. big'-end'i-an (big'enMi-dn), a. Pertaining to the big end of an egg or to the Big-endians ; particular about matters of little consequence; foolish or fatuous, esp. in controversy. Big'-end'i-ans, n. pL _ In Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," a religious party (satirizing the English Catholic party) in Lilliput. They made it a matter of duty to break their G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BIGG 102 BILLOW Bighorn. (Ovis canadensis) eggs at the big end, and were regarded as heretics by the Little-endians ( the Protestant party ) and by the law. bigg, or big (big), n. [ME. big, bigge, fr. Icel. bygg.] The four-rowed variety of barley. Dial. Eng. big'ger (-er), a., compar. of big, a. big'gin (-in), n. Also -gen. [F. be"guin.] A child's cap ; cap ; nightcap, specif., Eng., the coif of a sergeant at law. big'gin, n. A kind of coffeepot in which the coffee is held in a percolator, invented about 1800 by one Biggin. big'horn' (-horn'), n. The wild sheep (Ovis canadensis) of the Rocky Mountains. bight (bit), n. [AS. byht, fr. bugan to bend.] 1. A corner ; bend ; angle, hol- low. 2. Geog. A bend or curve, as in a river ; specif., a sharp bend in a coast, forming an open bay ; also, the bay itself. 3. Naut. The double part of a rope when bent ; loop. big'ly (big'll), adv. [From big, a.] 1. Violently. Obs. 2. In a swelling, blustering manner; haughtily; pom- pously. big'ness, n. Quality or state of being big. big-no'ni-a (big-no'ni-d),™. [NL. ; after the Abbe Big- non.] Bot. Any of a large genus ( Bignonia ) of American, mostly tropical, climbing shrubs with showy, somewhat tubular flowers. It includes the cross vine. big-no'ni-a'ceous (-a'shus), a. [NL. See bignonia.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Bignoniacese) of trees, shrubs, and (rarely) herbs, having opposite leaves and somewhat irregu- lar flowers. It includes the bignonia, catalpa, etc. big'ot (bTg'ut), n. [F. bigot bigot, hypocrite, in OF. a name once given to the Normans in France.] One obstinately and blindly devoted to his own church, party, belief, etc. — Syn. See enthusiast. big'ot-ed (-ed ; 24), a. Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion, practice, ritual, or the like ; illiberal toward others' opinions. — Syn. Prejudiced, intolerant, narrow-minded. — big'ot-ed-ly, adv. big'ot-ry (-ri),n.; pi. -ries (-riz). State of mind of a bigot ; also, acts or beliefs ensuing from such a state. big tree. The giant sequoia (Sequoia washingtoniana). big'wig' (-wig 7 ), n. A person of consequence. Jocose. Jlbi'jOU' (be'zhoo'; be'zhoo ), n.; pi. bijoux (-zhoo'; -zhooz' ; be'-). [F.] An elegant trinket ; jewel. Ibi'jOU'te-rie' ( be'zhoo't'-re' ; be-zhoo'te-re), n. [F Bijoux collectively. — bi-jou^try (be-zhoo'tri), n. bi'ju-gate (bI'jo6-gat ; bl-joo'gat), a. [L. bi- -j- jugatus, joined.] Bot. Of a pinnate leaf, having two pairs of leaflets. "" [lips, as a corolla.l bi-la'bi-al (bl-la'bi-al), bi-la'bi-ate (-at), o. Having two| bi'la-mel'lar ( bl'ld-mel'dr ; -lam'e-ldr), bi-lam'el-late (-lam'e-lat), -el-lat'ed (-lat'ed), a. Having two lamellae. bi-lam'i-nar (bl-lam'i-ndr), bi-lam'i-nate (-nat), -nat'ed (-nat'ed), a. Having two laminae. bil'an-der (bfl'dn-der ; bl'ldn-), n. [T>.bijlander;bij by -{■land land.] Naut. A small two-masted merchant ves- sel, used only for coasting, or on canals, as in Holland. bi-lat'er-al (bl-lat'er-dl), a. Having two sides; affecting two sides or two parties. er-al-ly, adv. al-ness, n. bil'ber-ry (bil'ber-i), n. 1. The European whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). 2. Any similar plant or its fruit. bil'bo (bil'bo), n.; pi. -boes (-boz). [From Bilbao, in Spain.] 1. A rapier ; sword. 2. In pi. An iron fetter having shackles sliding on a long bar or bolt. bile (bil), n. [L. bilis."] 1. The yellow, or greenish, viscid fluid secreted by the liver. 2. Fig., choler; ill humor. bile'stone' (bll'ston'), n. A gallstone, or biliary calculus. bilge (bilj), n. [Variant of bulge.] 1. The bulge of a cask, usually in the middle. 2. Naut. a That part of a ship's underwater body extending outward from the keel to the part having the sharpest curvature, b The space next the keelson of a ship.— v. i.j bilged (biljd); bilg'ing (bil'jing). 1. Naut. To spring a leak in the bilge; to rest on the bilge; — said of a yessel. 2. To bulge.— v. t. 1. Naut. To fracture, or stave in, the bilge or bottom of (a vessel). 2. To bulge. bilge keel. Shipbuilding. A keel secured for a distance along a ship about at the turn of the bilge on either side, to check rolling ; — called also bilge piece. bilge water. Naut. Water that collects in the bilge. bilg'y (bil'ji), a. Having the smell of bilge water. bil'i-a-ry (bil'i-d-n; -yd-ri ), a. [L. bilis bile.] Physiol. , Of, pert, to, or conveying, bile. — biliary calculus, Med., a gallstone ; concretion formed in the gall-bladder or its duct. bi-lin'e-ar (bT-lin'e-dr), a. Of, pertaining to, or included by, two lines; as, bilinear coordinates. bi-lin'gual (-lTn'gwdl), a. [L. bilinguis; bi- + lingua tongue, language.] Containing, consisting of, expressed in, or using, two languages. gual-ism, n. gual-ly, adv. bil'ious (Ml'yfis), a. [L. biliosus, fr. bilis bile.] 1. Dis- ordered in respect to the bile; dependent on, due to, or characterized by, an excess of bile. 2. Choleric; ill-tem- pered. — bil'ious-ly, adv. — bil'ious-ness, n. bl-lit'er-al (bl-lit'er-dl), a. Consisting of two letters. — n. A word, syllable, or root of two letters. lit'er-al-ism,n. bilk (bilk), v.t. 1. To evade payment of. 2. To frustrate or disappoint; deceive ; defraud.— n. 1. A cheat; a trick; a hoax. 2. An untrustworthy person ; a cheat. bill (bil), n. [AS. bile.] 1. The beak, or nib, of a bird. 2. A similar beak in other animals, as the turtles. — Syn. See beak. — v. i. To join bills, as doves ; caress fondly. bill, n. [AS. bill, bil.] 1. A kind of obsolete military weapon having a hook-shaped blade. 2. A cutting instru- ment with a hook-shaped point, used in pruning, etc. 3. One who wields a bill ; a billman. bill, n. The bell, or boom, of the bittern. bill, n. [LL. billa, for L. bulla anything rounded, LL., seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll.] 1. A written document (orig. under seal) ; a note. Obs. 2. A document con- taining a petition or prayer. 3. A draft of a law presented to a legislature for enactment. 4. Law. A declaration in writing stating the wrong complained of in an action ; as, a bill of complaint ; true bill. The bill in equity includes a prayer for relief. 5. A placard, poster, handbill. 6. a = bill of exchange, b A promissory note;, — now used only, in the United States, of bank notes, treasury notes, and silver certificates ; as, a ten-dollar bill. 7. An account of goods sold or services rendered with the price or charge. 8. Any paper containing a statement of particulars; as, a bill of fare ; a bill for a font of type. bill of exchange, an unconditional written order from one person to another to pay to some person designated a certain sum therein named. Abbr., B/E. or b.e. — b. of lading, an account of goods shipped by any one, signed by the agent or owner of the transportation line, thus forming a receipt for the goods. Abbr., B/L. or b. I. — b. of sale, a written instrument for the transfer of personal property. Abbr., B/S. or 6. s. — v. t. 1. To make a bill, or list, of ; as, to bill goods. 2. To advertise by bills, or posters; placard with bills. bil'la-bong' (bll'd-bong'), n. [Native name.] In Aus- tralia, a blind channel leading out from a river ; — sometimes called an anabranch. bill'board' (bll'bord'), n. Naut. A projection or ledge fixed on the bow of a vessel for the anchor to rest on. bill'board', n. A flat surface, as of a panel or of a fence, on which bills are posted ; a bulletin board ; a hoarding. bill book. Com. A book in which is kept an account of notes, bills of exchange, etc. billet (bil'et ; 24), n. [Dim. of 4th bill.] 1. A note ; short letter. 2. A written order or ticket ; specif., Mil., an official requisition upon a person for the lodging of a soldier. 3. Quarters or place to which one is assigned, as by a billet ; berth ; position ; place. — v.t. 1. Mil. To direct by a billet where to lodge ; hence, to quarter. 2. To assign a billet to. billet, n. [F. billette, fr. bille log, round stick.] 1. A small stick of wood, as for firewood. > 2. Metal. A bar of metal. 3. Arch. A kind of ornament in Norman moldings. 4. Saddlery, a A strap that enters a buckle, as the ends of the reins, b A loop that receives the end of a buckled strap. [| bil'let-doux' (bil'e-doo' ; F. be'ye'd6o'),n.; pi. billets- doux (bil'e-dooz' ; F. be'ye'doo'). [F. billet note + doux sweet, L. dulcis.] A love letter or note. bill'fish' (Ml'fish'), n. 1. Any of numerous fishes having long slender jaws like a bird's bill, as the saury or the marine or fresh-water garfishes. 2. A sailfish or spearfish. bill'head' ( : hed'),n. A printed form of spaced paper, usually with a business address or card at the top, used for making out bills, or accounts of charges. bil'liard (bil'ydrd), n. Billiards. A carom. Colloq., U. S. bil'liards (bil'ydrdz), n. [F. billard billiards, OF. billart staff, cue, bille log. ] Any of several games played on an oblong table, surrounded by an elastic ledge or cushion, with balls impelled by a cue. — bil'liard-ist, n. bil'lings-gate' (bil'mgz-gat'), n. 1. leap.] A fish mar- ket, in London, notorious for foul and abusive language, at the former city gate called Billingsgate. 2. Coarsely abu- sive, foul, or profane language. bil'lion (-yun), n. [F., fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of million million.] In French and American numeration, a thousand millions (1,000,000,000) ; in English and German numeration, a million millions (1,000,000,000,000). biriion-aire' (-ar'), n. One whose wealth is a billion or more, as of dollars or francs. bil'lionth (bil'ywnth), a. The ordinal of a billion. — n. The billionth part of a unit. [a bill.l bill'man (bil'mdn), n. A man who uses, or is armed with,| bil'lon (bTl'itn), n. [F.] Coinage. An alloy of gold or silver with some baser metal; esp., an alloy of silver with more than its weight of copper, tin, or the like. bil'low (bil'o), n. An undulation of waters ; a wave, esp. ale, senate, care, am.occount, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, "ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, Oxn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); BILLOWY 103 BIPINNATISECTED one of great size ; fig., an overwhelming flood or great body in onward motion. — Syn. See wave. — v. z. To rise and roll in waves ; surge. [billows.] bil'low-y (-6-1), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling,! bill'post'er (bil'pos'terHn. One whose occupation is to bill / stick / er (bil'stik'er) / post handbills or posters in public places.— bill'post'ing, bill'stick'ing, n. bll'ly (bil'I), n.; -lies (-iz). [For Willie, pet form of Wil- liam.'] 1. A bludgeon; club. 2. A bushman's kettle ; a cylindrical tin vessel with separate lid and a wire bail. Australia. bil'ly-cock' (-kokO, n., or billycock hat. A round, low- crowned, soft felt hat ; a wide-awake ; sometimes, a stiff felt hat, or bowler. British. billy goat. A male goat. Colloq. [two lobes. I bi-lo'bate (bl-lo'bat), bi-lo'bat-ed (-bat-gd ; 24), a. Having| bi-loc'u-lar (bl-lok'u-ldr), a. Divided into two cells or com- partments. bil'sted (bil'sted), n. The sweet gum. U. S. [Africa.] bil'tong (bil'tong), n. [S. African D.] Jerked meat. S.\ bim'a-nous (bim'd-nus), a. Zool. Two-handed. bi-man'U-al (bl-man'u-al), a. Done with, or requiring the use of, both hands. — bi-man'u-al-ly, adv. bi-mes'tri-al (-mes'tri-dl), a. [L. bimestris; bi—\-mensis month.] Continuing two months ; bimonthly. bi'me-tal'lic (bi'me-tal'ik), a. 1. Composed of two met- als. 2. Using a double metallic standard (as gold and silver) for coins or currency ; of or pert, to bimetallism. bi-met'al-lism (bi-met'dl-iz'm ), n. Use of two metals (as gold and silver) to form at the same time, in combination, the standard of value ; usually, such use under conditions of free coinage to either metal with the right of debtors to dis- charge their debts at their option in either of the two metals at a ratio fixed by law. bi-met'al-list (-1st), n. An advocate of bimetallism. bi-montb/ly (-munth'li), a. Done or occurring every two months ; lasting two months ; rarely, semimonthly, or bi- weekly. See bi-, 2 a & b. bin (bin), n. [ AS. binn manger, crib. ] A box, frame, crib, or inclosed place, used as a receptacle.— v. t.; binned (bind) ; bin'ning. To put into a bin ; as, to bin wine. bi'na-ry (bl'nd-n), a. [L. binarius, fr. bini two by two, two at a time. ] Compounded, consisting of, or character- ized by, two things or parts ; as, a binary compound, binary star, Astron., a double star whose members revolve round their common center of gravity. — b. theory, Chem., the theory that all chemical compounds consist of two constituents of opposite and unlike qualities. bi'nate (bl'nat), a. [L. bini two by two.] Bot. Double; growing in pairs or couples. — bi'nate-ly, adv. bind (bind), v. L; pret. & p. p. bound; p. pr. & vb. n. BIND'" bunden _ the like. 2. To confine, restrain, or hold by physical force or influence of any kind; as, frost binds the streams. 3. Specif., to cause to cohere ; give consistency to by means of an agent, as by an egg in a food mixture. 4. To cover as with a bandage ; bandage; — often used with up; as, to bind up a wound. 5. To make fast (a thing about or upon something) by or as by tying. 6. To protect or strengthen by a band or binding, often ornamental. 7. To sew or fasten together and inclose in a cover, as a pamphlet or book. 8. To prevent or restrain from customary or natural action ; as, certain drugs bind the bowels. 9. Fig., to oblige, restrain, or hold by authority, law, duty, prom- ise, vow, affection, or other moral or social tie. 10. Law. To place under legal obligation to serve ; indenture ; as, to bind an apprentice; — sometimes used with out; as, bound out to service. to bind over, to put under bonds to do something, as to appear at court, to keep the peace, etc. — v. i. 1. To perform the act of tying something ; as, to reap and bind. 2. To grow stiff ; cohere. 3. To be restrained from motion, or from customary action, as by friction ; as, the wheel binds. 4. To exert a binding or restraining in- fluence. — n. 1. That which binds or ties; act of binding ; state of being bound. 2. Music. A tie, slur, or brace. bind'er (bln'der), n. One who binds ; that which binds, as a machine, a cord or band, a bondstone, a cement, etc. bind'er-y (bln'der-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). A place where books, etc., are bound ; a bookbinder's establishment. bind'ing, n. 1. Act or process of one who, or that which, binds. 2. A thing that binds, as the fastening of the sections of a book, esp. this fastening with the cover. bind'weed' (bind'wed'), n. Any convolvulus. bine (bin), n. [Var. of bind.] Any twining stem or flexible shoot ; specif. : a The stem of the hop. b The woodbine. C The bindweed. bin'na-Cle (bin'd-k'l), n. [For bittacle, through Pg., fr. L. habitaculum dwelling place.] Naut. A case, box, or stand holding a ship's compass and a lamp for use at night. /ing. [AS. bindan, past tense band, bundon, p. p. den. ] 1. To tie or confine with a cord, band, chain, or bin'O-cle (-S-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. bini two at a time -f oculus eye.] Optics. A binocular telescope, field glass, etc. bin-OC'u-lar (bin-ok'fi-ldr ; bl-nok'-), a. Pertaining to or using both eyes at once ; also, adapted to the use of both eyes. — n. A binocular glass, as an opera glass. — bin- oc'u-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n.— bin-oc'u-lar-ly, adv. bi-no'mi-al (bl-no'mi-dl), a. rjoi- + L. nomen name.] Consisting of two terms ; pertaining to binomials ; as, a bi- nomial equation. — n. 1. Alg. An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus [+] or minus [ — ]. 2. Biol. A name consisting of two terms ; as, Ranunculus acris (the tall buttercup) is a binomial. bi-nu'cle-ar (bl-nu'kle-dr), bi-nu'cle-ate (-at), a. Hav- ing two nuclei. bi'o-. Combining form from Gr. (3tos life. bi'o-blast (bl'6-blast), n. Biol. See biophore. bi-oc'el-late (bT-os'e-lat), a. Having two ocelli. bi'o-Chem'is-try (bl'6-kem'is-tri), n. The chemistry of living organisms ; biological chemistry. — bi'o-chem'ic (-kem'ik), -i-cal (-l-kal), a. — -chem'ist, n. bi'o-dy-nam'ics (bl'6-dl-nam'iks ; -d!-), n. (See -ics.) Physiology treating of the active vital phenomena of or- ganisms ; — opposed to biostatics. — bi'o-dy-nam'ic (-Ik), bi'o-dy-nam'i-cal (-I-kal), a. bi'o-gen (bl'6-jen), n. Biol. See biophore. bi'o-gen'e-sis (jjen r e"jsis)ln. Biol. The doctrine that the bi-Og'e-ny (bl-oj'e-nl) / genesis of living organisms can take place only through living germs or parents. — bi'o- ge-net'ic (bl'6-je-net'lk), a. bi'0-ge-Og'ra-phy (-je-og'rd-fi), n. {bio- -f geography."] The branch of biology which deals with the geographical dis- tribution of animals and plants. It includes both zooge- ography and phytogeography. — bi'o-ge'o-graph'ic (-je'~ 6-graf'ik), a. — bi'o-ge'o-graph'i-cal-ly (-I-kdl-I), adv. bi'0-graph (bl'6-graf), n. A cinematograph. bi-Og'ra-pher (bl-og'rd-fer), n. One who writes biography. bi'0-grapb/ic (bi'6-graf'ik), a. Biographical. bi'0-graph/i-cal (-T-kdl), a. Of or pertaining to biography. — bi'o-grapb/i-cal-ly, adv. bi-Og'ra-phy (bi-og'rd-fi ), n.; pi. -phies (-fiz). [Gr. 0u>- yparme2v to speak ill, blaspheme, p\acr(t>riiios evil speaking.] To censure ; find fault with ; re- proach. — Syn. See censure. — re. 1. Expression of dis- approbation; censure. # 2. Culpability; fault. — Syn. Rep- rehension, condemnation, reproach. blame'ful (blam'fool), a. 1. Blameworthy. 2. Censorious. blame'less, a. Free from blame or fault. — blameless- ly, adv. — blame'less-ness, n. blame'wor'thy (-wur'thT), a. Deserving blame; culpable; reprehensible. — blame'wor'thi-ness (-thi-nes), n. blanch (blanch), a. [F. blanche, fem. of blanc white. See blank, a.] 1. White ; pale. Obs. 2. a Eng. Law. Designat- ing a white rent, or one paid in silver, b Scots Law. Specif., designating a nominal or very small duty paid as a quit- rent, or the tenure held by such payment. 3. Her. Argent. blanch, v. t. & i. [See blench.] To turn aside or back; blench ; as, to blanch a deer. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; J BLANCH 107 BLAZE blanch (blanch), v. t. [F. blanchir, fr. blanc white.] To take the color out of and make white ; bleach ; specif. : a Confectionery & Cookery. To make white by removing the skin of, as by scalding ; as, to blanch almonds ; also, to whiten or scald, as meat, by plunging into boiling water and afterwards into cold, b To give a white luster to (silver, before stamping, in the process of coining), with acids, etc. C To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin. — v. i. To grow or become white. — blanch'er. n. blanc-mange' (bld-manzh' ; -maNzh'J, n. [F. blanc-man- ger, lit., white food.] A dessert made from gelatinous or starchy substances and milk, and shaped in a mold. bland ( bland ) , a. [ L. blandus. ] 1. Smooth and soothing ; gentle; suave; as, a bland temper; bland persuasion. 2. Not drastic or irritating ; not stimulating ; as, a bland oil _syn. See suave.-— bland'ly, adv.— bland'ness.n. blan'dish (blan'dish), v. t. & i. [F. blandir, fr. L. blan- diri, fr. blandus mild, flattering.] To flatter ; caress ; ca- jole _ blan'dish-er, n. — blan'dish-ment (-ment), n. blank (blank), a. [F. blanc, fern, blanche, fr. OHG. blanch shining, bright, white.] 1. White or pale in color. 2. Free from writing, printing, or marks; — said of checks, official documents, etc. 3. Utterly confounded or discomfited ; as, he stood dismayed and blank. 4. Empty ; void ; fruitless ; as, a blank day. 5. Lacking characteristics that give vari- ety ; as, a blank wall ; a blank existence. 6. Lacking ani- mation ; expressionless ; vacant ; as, blank faces. 7. Abso- lute ; downright ; unmixed ; as, blank atheism. 8. Showing an unbroken surface where an opening, notch, or the like, is usual, esp. as a result of being unfinished ; hence, not in a finished form ; as, a blank key, one without the slots ; a blank arch, arcade, window, etc., that is, a semblance of one without an opening. 9. Prosody. Designating the un- rimed iambic pentameter verse (blank verse) characteris- tic of English dramatic and epic poetry. — Syn. See empty. — n. 1. Any void space, as in a written or printed instru- ment ; an interval void of action, result, etc. ; as, a long blank in his history. 2. A paper not written or printed on, or having blank spaces to be filled in, as a blank ballot or deed. 3. The bull's-eye of a target ; hence, anything aimed at. 4. A lot or a lottery ticket by which nothing is gained. 5. Mech. A piece of metal prepared to be made into some- thing (as a coin, key, screw, etc. ) by a further operation. 6. Blank verse ; unrimed poetry. — v. t. 1. To nonplus ; foil ; disconcert. Archaic. 2. To make void ; annul ; frustrate. 3. To curse ; — a euphemism. 4. Sport. To keep from scoring. Colloq. blan'ket (blan'ket; 24), n. [From AF., fr. OF. blanquet, blanchet, a white woolen stuff, dim. of blanc white.] 1. A heavy, loosely woven covering, usually of wool and having a nap, used for beds ; also, a similar covering used as a robe, as a cover for a horse or dog, etc. 2. Any piece of cloth similar in appearance or use. —a. Intended to cover a number of different things, require- ments, conditions, etc. ; as, a blanket policy ; a blanket clause. — v.t. 1. To cover with or as with a blanket. 2. To take the wind out of the sails of (a vessel) by sailing to windward of her. 3. To toss in a blanket, as by way of punishment. blank'ly (blank'li), adv. In a blank manner ; specif. : Vacu- ously ; directly ; flatly ; point-blank ; utterly ; completely. blank'ness, n. Quality or state of being blank. II blan'quette' (blanket'), n. [F., fr. blanc white.] Cook- ery. A white fricassee ; also, a mince of white meat, as of chicken, veal, or lamb, served with veloute sauce, etc. blan-quil'lo (blan-kel'yo), n. [Sp., dim. of bianco white.] Either of two large, valuable food fishes (Caulolatilus chrysops of the West Indies, Florida, etc., and C. princeps of southern California) related to the tilefish. blare (blar), v. i. & t.; blared (blard) ; blar'ing. [ME. blaren to cry, weep.] To sound loud and harsh, as a trum- pet ; hence, to proclaim loudly. — n. The noise made in blaring ; the harsh noise of, or one like that of, a trumpet. blar'ney (blar'm),n. [From Blarney, village and castle near Cork, Ireland.] Smooth, wheedling talk ; flattery. Colloq. Blarney stone, a stone in Blarney Castle, Ireland, said to make those who kiss it proficient in the use of blarney. — v. t. To influence by, or subject to, blarney ; wheedle. || bla/se' (bla'za'), a. ' [F., p. p. of blaser.'] Having the sen- sibilities deadened by excess of enjoyment ; surfeited. blaspheme' (blas-fem'), v.t.; -phemed' (-femd') ; -pBem'- ing (-fem'ing). [L. blasphemare. See blame, v.] 1. To speak of, or address, with impious irreverence. 2. To re- vile ; abuse. — v. i. To utter blasphemy. — blas-phem'er, n. blas'phe-mous (blas'fe-mws), a. Uttering blasphemy ; pro- fane. — blas'phe-mous-ly, adv. — mous-ness, n. blas'phe-my (blas'fe-nu), n.; pi. -mies (-mlz). [L. blas- phemia, Gr. 0Xaapov eyelid -\--itis.'] Med. Inflammation of \ r h rr$£w' ~~ " a " nt ' 1C Ocellated Blenny or Butterfly Fish bles'bok' (bl&W), n. of Europe < Blennius ocellaris). [D., fr. bles a blaze on the forehead + bok buck.] A South African bubaline antelope (Bubalis albifrons), resembling the bontebok. bless (bles), v. t. ; blessed (blest ; in verse, or in liturgical reading, the p. p. is sometimes pron'd bles'ed), blest; bless'ing. [AS. bletsian, bledsian, bloedsian, fr. blod blood.] 1. To consecrate or hallow by religious rite or word ; as, "God blessed the seventh day." 2. To pray for the happiness of ; invoke or confer supernatural favor and well-being upon; as, "Bless them which persecute you." 3. To make happy ; confer prosperity or happiness on ; as, blessed with good health. 4. To guard ; keep ; protect. Obs., exc. in exclamations ; as, "God bless me!" 5. To praise or glorify. 6. To make the sign of the cross upon, as against evil powers ; cross (one's self). Archaic. bless'ed (bles'ed; 24; sometimes, as inverse, blest) p. a. 1. Hallowed; holy. £. Favored withblessings ; happy. 3. Enjoying, or pert, to, spiritual happiness ; R. C. Ch., beati- fied. 4. Used euphemistically or ironically (for cursed or the like) ; as, not a blessed soul came near. — bless'ed-ly, adv. bless'ed-ness, n. Blessed state or quality. — Syn. Beati- tude, felicity, bliss. See happiness. bless'er, n. One who blesses. blsss'ing, n. 1. Act of one who blesses ; benediction. 2. A means of happiness or welfare ; a beneficent gift. 3. Hence : a Bib. A gift. Gen. xxxiii. 11. A Hebraism, b Praise; worship, c A curse. Euphemistic. Syn. Blessing, benediction. Blessing is the general term, benediction being now practically confined to the official and authoritative invocation of divine favor by a priest or other clergyman, esp. at the close of public worship. blest (blest), pret. & p. p. of bless. — p. a. Blessed. blet (blet), n. [F. blet, blette, soft from being too ripe.] A kind of internal decay in fruit. blew (bloo ; 86), pret. of blow. blight (bl It) ,v.t.&i. To affect, or be affected, with blight ; blast ; hence : to ruin ; frustrate. — n. 1. Any disease or in- jury of plants resulting in withering, decay, or cessation of growth. 2. Any insect causing blight. 3. Act of blight- ing ; state or result of being blighted. 4. Anything that frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes. blind (blind), a. [AS.] 1. Sightless. 2. Unable or un- willing to discern, understand, or judge; as, blind to de- fects. 3. Existing apart from intelligent direction; as, blind will. 4. Difficult or impossible to see ; dim ; hidden ; as, a blind path. 5. Specif.: Designating a ditch, drain, or the like, that consists of a cut in the soil filled with irregular or rounded stones allowing the passage of water between them. 6. Having no opening for light or passage, as a wall ; blank. 7. Having but one opening, as an alley. 8. Unintelligible ; also, illegible ; as, blind writing. 9. Of or pert, to blind persons. — Syn. See purblind. — v. t. 1. To make blind. 2. To dazzle. 3. To obscure ; dim, as by outshining. — n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, Urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); BLINDAGE 109 BLONDE a screen ; cover, as a window shutter, a blinker for a horse, etc. 2. A place or means of concealment ; ambush. 3. Something to mislead one, or to conceal a covert design ; a subterfuge. blind'age (blin'daj), n. Mil. A protection, esp. any earth- covered screen supported by a framework, for an advanced trench or approach. blind'er (blin'der), n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds. 2. A blinker for a horse. blind'fish' (bllnd'fTsh') , n. Any of several small fishes with rudimentary, functionless eyes, found in the waters of caves. Mind'fold'(blInd'fold'),t>.«. [AS. blind blind + prob. fellan, fyllan, to fell, Blindfish {Amblyopsisspelxus). strike down.] To cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; hinder from seeing, physically or mentally ; as, blindfolded by prejudices. — a. Having the eyes covered ; blinded ; hence : thoughtless ; heedless ; reckless ; as, blindfold fury. blinding, p. a. Making blind or as if blind ; obscuring. blind'ly, adv. In a blind manner. blind'man's buff (bllnd'manz). [See buff a buffet.] A play in which a blindfolded person tries to catch some one of the company and tell who it is. blind'ness (-nes), n. State or quality of being blind. blind'sto'ry (-sto'rlQ.n.; pi. -stories (-riz). Arch. A story without windows ; specif., the triforiumof a Gothic church without windows in the outer wall. blind tiger. A place where intoxicants are secretly sold without a license. Slang, U. S. blind'wqrm' (-wurm/), n. A small, burrowing, snakelike lizard with minute eyes, esp. a species (Anguisfragilis) of Europe, popularly believed to be blind ; the slowworm. blink (blink), v. i. 1. To look or glance with eyes half shut ; see indistinctly. 2. To wink ; twinkle with or as with the eye. 3. To look evasively or with indifference ; ignore a thing, though seeing it ; as, he blinks at their peccadillos. 4. To shine, esp. intermittently ; twinkle. — Syn. See wink. — v. t. 1. To shut out of sight ; evade ; shirk ; ignore ; as, to blink the question. 2. To cause to blink. — n. 1. A glimpse or glance. 2. Glimmer ; sparkle ; as, a blink of light. 3. Naut. The dazzling whiteness about the horizon caused by reflection of light from fields of ice at sea ; ice blink. blink'ard (blirjk'drd), n. 1. One who blinks with or as with weak eyes. 2. One who is stupid or obtuse. blink'er (-er), n. 1. One who blinks. 2. Either of two flaps on a horse's bridle to prevent sight of objects at his side or behind him ; hence, an obstruction to sight or discernment. 3. In pi. A kind of goggles used to shield the eyes. bliss (blls), n. [AS. blis, bliSs, fr. UlSe blithe.] 1. Blitbe- someness ; gladness. 2. Exalted happiness ; heavenly joy. 3. A cause of bliss or felicity. — Syn. Blessedness, beati- tude, felicity, joy, enjoyment. See happiness. bliss'ful (-fool), a. Full of, characterized by, or causing, bliss. — bliss'ful-ly, adv. — bliss'ful-ness, n. blis'ter (blis'ter), n. 1. A vesicle of the skin containing watery matter, or serum. 2. Any cavity resembling a blis- ter (sense 1), as an air bubble in a casting. 3. A vesica- tory ; a blistering plaster or other agent.— v. t. & i. 1. To affect or be affected with a blister or blisters; have a blister form. 2. To pain or injure as if by a blister.— a. Desig- nating blister steel (which see), or bars or the like of it. blister beetle, a A beetle which, when dried and powdered, is used to raise blisters on the skin, esp. , " that called cantharis (Cantharis vesicatoria), or Spanish fly, by druggists, b Any beetle of the family (Meloidx) to which the can- tharis belongs, some being injurious to vegetables. blister copper. Metallic copper of a black blistered surface. It should be 96- 99 per cent pure. blister steel. Crude steel formed from wrought iron by cementation ; — so called from its blistered surface. blis'ter-y (blis'ter-1), a. Full of blisters. blite (blit), n. [L. blitum, Gr. PXItop."] Any of several chenopodiaceous herbs in- An American eluding the strawberry blite (Blitum capi- ?! ls 5 er Beetla latum), bearing a red pulpy calyx, and the ffPicauta mt- wild spinach. '' blithe (blith), a. [AS. Ul&e blithe, kind.] Jocund in dis- position; joyous; glad; cheerful. — Syn. See jocular. - blithely, ad». blithe'some (-sum), a. Cheery ; gay. — some-ly, adv. — -some-ness, n. bliz'zard (bliz'drd), n. A dry, cold, violent storm, with high wind and fine driving snow. — bliz'zard-ly, o. bloat (blot), v. t. 1. To cause to swell up, as with air or liquid effusion ; make turgid. 2. To inflate ; puff up ; make vain. — v. i. To puff out ; swell —a. 'Bloated; puffy.— n. 1. One who, or that which, is bloated ; esp., a drunkard. Slang. 2. Veter. Flatulent distention of the abdomen, due to eating watery foods and eating too rapidly. bloat, v. t. To cure (herrings) in smoke. See bloater. bloat'er, n. 1. The common herring, esp. when large and cured by being salted, smoked, and half dried. 2. Also bloater whitefish. A North American whitefish (Argy- rosomus prognathus) of the Great Lakes. blob (blob), n. 1. A small viscid drop, globule, or lump. 2. A sound as of a bubble breaking, or of something, as a fish, breaking through the surface of the water.— v. t. To blot; mark; splotch. — v. i. To boil or bubble; also, to make a sound as of breaking the surface of water. blob'ber (blob'er), n. & v. Blubber. — a. Thick or swollen, as the lips ; blubber. block (blok), n. [F. bloc.'} 1. A bulky, solid piece of wood, stone, or the like, usually with one or more flat faces. 2. A block- head. 3.Thewood- en block (sense 1) on which con- demned persons are beheaded. 4. A mold or form on which articles .. are shaped or dis- Block, 5." A Wooden Block with a rope played. 5. A passed through the Swallow and over the grooved pulley or Sheave (1); 2 Strap; 3 Breech -B Dou- sheave in a frame We Block; C Iron-strapped Block; D Jt ltv\ TJ™S Long-Tackle Block; E Snatch Block; or shell provided p Clewline Block; G 4-sheaved Block; with a hook, eye, IT Square-cheeked Block; I Gin Block; or strap, by which J Fiddle Block. it may be attached. 6. A quantity, number, or section of something dealt with as a unit. 7. A row of houses or shops, esp. when built in contact so as to form one building. 8. A city square ; also, the length of one side of such a square. 9. A stop ; hindrance ; obstacle. 10. In Aus- tralia, one of the large lots into which public land, when opened to settlers, is divided by the government. 11. Cricket. The position of a batsman or his bat when the ball is about to be bowled, before the bat is lifted for strik- ing. 12. Sports & Games. An obstruction of an oppo- nent's play. — v. t. 1. To obstruct or stop by obstructing ; blockade. 2. To sketch, plan, or shape without working up details ; as, the image was roughly blocked; — used with out ox, sometimes, in. 3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block, as a hat. 4. To secure, support, or provide, with blocks. 5. Sports & Games. To check or foil, as a play or player, by interposition or a counterplay ; specif., Cricket, to stop (the ball) with the bat without attempting to hit it. block-ade' (blok-ad'), n. 1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships so as to prevent ingress or egress. 2. The force maintaining a blockade. 3. An obstruction to passage. Syn. Blockade, siege. A blockade differs from a siege in that the latter technically implies attack on the place in- vested, which the former does not ; also, blockade commonly refers to operations by water ; siege, to land operations. —v.t.; -ad'ed (-ad'ed); -ad'ing (-ad'ing). To subject to a blockade. — block-ad'er (-ad'er), n. block'head' (blok'hed'), n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. block'house' (-hous'), n. 1. Mil. A structure of heavy timbers for military defense, with sides pierced for gun fire and, often, a pro- jecting upper story. 2. A house of squared logs. West. & So. U. S. m block'ish, a. Like a block ; stupid ; dull.— block'ish-ly, adv.— block'- ish-ness, n. block system. Railroads. A system ° n e form of Block- by which the track is divided into house, short sections, or blocks, as of three or four miles, and trains are run by the guidance of signals (block signals) so that no train enters a section until the preceding train has left it. [tially refined.! block tin. Commercial tin cast into blocks and only par-| block'y (blok'i), a. Filled with, or characterized by, blocks or patches, as of contrasting light and shade. blolly (blol'i), n. 1. A nyctaginiaceous shrub or small tree (Pisonia obtusata) of Florida and the West Indies, with oval leaves and a hard, 10-ribbed fruit. 2. = snowberry,2. blond, blonde (blond), a. [F., fair, light.] 1. Of a fair color; light-colored. 2. Anthropol. Having yellowish brown, flaxen, or light auburn hair, blue or gray eyes, and pale or rosy white skin. blond, fern, blonde, n. [F.] 1. A blond person ; a person of fair complexion with light hair and eyes. 2. \_In this sense usually blonde.] A kind of pillow-made silk lace, orig. of the color of raw silk, but now usually dyed. G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BLOOD 110 BLOWFLY blood (blud), to. [AS. Mod.] 1. The fluid, commonly red in vertebrates, which circulates in the heart, arteries, and veins of animals. 2. The shedding of blood ; act of killing ; as, "His blood be on us." 3. Relationship by descent from a common ancestor (half blood when through one parent only, whole blood when through both parents); kinship; hence : kindred ; race. 4. Descent ; lineage ; esp., honorable birth ; royal lineage ; as, a prince of the blood. 5. Temper; state of the passions ; hence, anger ; as, my blood was up. 6. A man of fire or spirit; a gay, showy man; a rake. 7. Animal appetite; fleshly nature. 8. The juice of any- thing, esp. if red ; as, the blood of the grape. — v. t. 1. To bleed ; also, to stain or wet with blood. Ar- chaic. 2. To give (as hounds or soldiers) a taste or sight of blood. blood'ed (bliid'ed; 24), a. Having (such) blood; of approved breed; of the best stock. blood'guilt'y (-gil'tT), a. Guilty of murder or bloodshed. blood'hound' (-hound'), n. One of a breed of large, power- ful dogs remarkable for their acute sense of smell. blood'i-ly, adv. In a bloody manner. blood'i-ness, to. State of being bloody. blood'less, a. [AS. blodleas.'] 1. Destitute of blood. 2. Not attended with bloodshed. 3. Without spirit or activity. 4. Cold of heart; unfeeling. — blood'less-ly, adv. blood'let'ting (-let'mg) , to. Act or process of letting blood, or bleeding, as by opening a vein or by cupping. blood money. Money obtained as the price, or at the cost, of another's life. blood'root' (-root'), to. 1. A plant (Sanguinaria cana- densis), of the poppy family, haying a red root and red sap and bearing a white flower. 2. The tormentil. Eng. blood'shed' (-shed'), to. Also blood'- shed'ding. The shedding of blood, esp. human blood ; slaughter. blood'shot' (-shot'), a. \blood 4- shot variegated.] Red and inflamed ; suf- fused with blood; — said of the eye. —to. A bloodshot condition. blood'stain 7 (-stan'), to. A discolora- tion caused by blood. blood'stone' (-ston'), to. A stone con- sisting of green chalcedony sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood. blood'suck'er (-suk'er),TO. 1. Any ani- mal that sucks blood; esp., a leech. 2. An extortioner. blood'thirst'y (-thurs'tT), a. Eager to shed blood; cruel. — blood'thirst'i-ly, adv. — blood'thirst'i-ness, to. blood-wite' (blud'wit'), n. Alsoblood'- Wit'. [AS. blodwite; blod blood + wite fine.] Early Eng. Law. a A fine (distinct from weregild) for the shedding of blood, payable to the king, lord, or other superior. Hence, a penalty, b The right to levy the fine ; also, exemption from payment of it. blood'wort' (-wurt'),?i. Any of various flowers ; as: a Any of a family (Hsemodoraces) of plants with red roots, includ- ing one (Gyrotheca capitata) of the redroots. b = Blood- root, 1. blood'y (-1), a.; blood'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. 1. Of, pertain- ing to, containing, or resembling, blood. 2. Smeared or stained with blood. 3. Given, tending to, or involving, the shedding of blood ; bloodthirsty ; murderous ; cruel. Syn. Bloodstained, ensanguined, gory, sanguinary ; blood- thirsty. — Bloody, sanguinary. 4. Bloody alone applies to that which is covered with blood or is of the nature of blood ; as, bloody hands. Sanguinary applies to that which is attended by, or bent upon, bloodshed ; as, a sanguinary war. For both these senses of sanguinary the more em- phatic Moody may also be used ; as, a bloody war. — 1>. t. ; blood'ied (-id) ; blood'y-lng. To make bloody ; to stain or wet with^blood. bloom (bloom), to. [Icel. blom, bldmi.2 1. a A blossom; flower ; also, flowers collectively, b The flowering state. 2. A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor. 3. The rosy color of the cheek ; flush ; glow. 4. The delicate powdery coating on some fruits and leaves; also, any surface coating suggestive of this; as, the bloom on newly struck coins. 5. A mineral frequently found as an efflorescence; as, cobalt bloom; antimony bloom. — v. i. 1. To produce or yield blossoms ; blossom ; flower. 2. To be in a state of vigorous, growing youth. 3. To be rosy or warm-colored ; glow. — v. t. 1. To cause to blossom or flourish. 2. To bestow a bloom on; make blooming or radiant ; impart a bloom to ; cloud, as a varnished surface. bloom, to. [AS. bloma lump.] Iron Manuf. a A mass of wrought iron from the forge or puddling furnace, b A large bar of steel hammered or rolled from an ingot. bloom'er (bloom'er), to. [After Mrs. Bloomer, an Ameri- can, who sought to introduce this costume.] 1. A woman's Bloodroot costume consisting of a short dress and loose trousers gath- ered at the ankles. 2. In pi. Loose trousers gathered near the knee, worn by women in gymnasium practice, etc. bloom'er-y (-1), ».; pi. -eries (-iz). Iron Manuf. A furnace and forge in which blooms are made. bloom/ing, p. a. 1. Blossoming; flowering. 2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor. — bloom'ing-ly, adv. bloom'y (bloom'i), a. 1. Full of bloom ; flourishing. 2. Cov- ered with bloom, as fruit. blos'som (blos'um), to. [AS. blostm, blosma, blostma."] 1. The flower of a seed plant; bloom. Blossom is more commonly used than flower or bloom when the reference is to plants producing edible fruits. 2. A blooming period or stage of development. — v. i. 1. To flower ; bloom. 2. To flourish and prosper. — blos'som-y (-1), a. blot (blot), to. 1. Backgammon. A single man left ex- posed. 2. A weak or exposed point. blotjTO. 1. A spot; stain; blur. _ 2. A spot on reputation; stam ; disgrace. 3. An obliteration of something written or printed; an erasure.— v.£.;BLOx'TED(-ed; 24); blot'ting. 1. To spot, stain, or bespatter. 2. To impair ; mar. 3. To paint, esp. coarsely ; daub. 4. To obliterate, as writing with ink ; cancel ; — generally used with out . 5. To obscure ; eclipse ; as, a dense haze blotted everything. 6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper or sand. — Syn. Expunge, efface, cancel ; smutch, tarnish, blur; sully, disgrace.— v.i. 1. To make a blot or blots, as ink. 2. To take a blot ; be- come blotted ; as, this paper blots easily. blotch (bloch), to. 1. A blot or spot, as of ink. 2. Med. A large pustule, or a coarse eruption.— v. t. To cover with blotches ; make or cause a blotch. — blotch'y(-i), a. blot'ter (blot/er), to. 1. One who, or that which, blots ; esp., something to absorb superfluous ink. 2. A book in which entries of transactions or occurrences are made as they take place, as in recording accounts, arrests, etc. blotting paper. An unsized, spongy paper for absorbing ink from fresh manuscript. blouse (blouz; blous; F.blooz), to. [F.] 1. A loose shirt- like overgarment of various lengths and styles. 2. Hence : a The undress uniform coat of the United States army. b A loose waist, usually belted, worn by women or children. bloused (blouzd), a. Wearing a blouse ; also, made full like a blouse ; as, a bloused front to a waist. blow (bio), v . i.j pret. blew (bloo ; 86) ; p. p. blown' (blon) ; p. pr. & vb. to. blow'ing. [AS. blowan to blossom.] To flower; bloom.— v.i. To cause to blossom; put forth (blossoms or flowers).— to. Blossom; flower; bloom. blow, to. [ME. blaw, bloweJ} 1. A forcible stroke with the hand, fist, or some instrument. 2. A sudden or forcible act or effort ; assault. 3. Something that causes suffering or loss (esp. when sudden) ; a sudden calamity. Syn. Buffet, knock, rap, stroke ; shock, disaster, reverse. — Blow, stroke. Blow implies violence or force ; stroke, rather suddenness or definiteness or precision. blow, v. i.; pret. blew (bloo ; 86) ; p. p. blown (blon), Occa- sional or Dial, blowed (blod) ; p. pr. & vb. to. blow'ing. [AS. blawan to blow, as wind.] 1. To move, as air, esp. rapidly or with power. 2. To send forth a forcible current of air or gas, as from bellows. 3. To sound on being blown into, as a trumpet. 4. To produce a noise by blowing, as in hissing or_ whistling, etc. 5. To pant; puff 6. Of ceta- ceans, to eject the moisture-laden air from the lungs through the blowholes or blowhole. 7. To be carried or moved by the wind. 8. To talk loudly; boast. Collog. to blow hot and cold, to favor a thing at one 'time and treat it coldly at another. — to b. over, to pass away; cease; as, the trouble blew over. — to b. up, to explode; as, the magazines blew up. — v.t. ; 1. To force a current of air upon or through, as with the mouth. 2. To cause to sound, as an organ or a trumpet 3. To spread by report ; publish ; disclose. 4. To drive by a current of air ; impel. 5. To inflate, as with pride ; puff up. 6. To form by inflating, as with air. 7.To clear of contents by forcing air through. S.To burst, shatter, or destroy by an explosion ; — used with up, down, open, etc. 9. To put out of breath ; cause to blow from fatigue. 10. To deposit eggs or larva? upon or in (meat, etc.). 11. To spend (mon- ey), or spend money upon ; esp., to spend freely ; — often used with a reflexive or with in. Slang. to blow up, to inflate. blow, to. 1. Act of one who or that which blows ; a blowing. 2. Metal. A single heat, or operation, of the Bessemer con- verter ; also, the quantity of metal so treated. 3. An egg, or a larva, deposited by a fly on or in flesh, or the act of depositing it. 4. A boast ; also, boasting ; brag. blow'er (-er), to. One who, or that which, blows ; as : a Any device for producing a current of air, as a rotary fan. b A braggart. Slang. blow'fish' (-fish'), to. 1. A puffer or any similar fish which can inflate its body. 2. The wall-eyed pike. blow'fly' (-fli'), to. Any of various true flies that deposit their eggs or maggots on meat, or in wounds, etc. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, um, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); BLOWGUN 111 BLUESTOCKING blow'gun' (blo'gunO, n. A tube through which an arrow or other projectile may be blown by the breath. blow'hole' (-hoi'), n. 1. A hole for the escape of air or gas ; esp., a nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of a whale or other cetacean. 2. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, etc., come to breathe. 3. Founding. A defect in a cast- ing due to a bubble of air. blow'ing, n. 1. Act or action denoted by blow, v. i. & t. 2. Veter. A sound produced by the vibration of the nos- trils in some horses (called high blowers) in breathing. It is not an unsoundness and is not connected with "roaring." blown (blon), p. p. & p. a. from blow, v. Hence : p. a. 1. Swollen ; inflated ; distended, as cattle gorged with green food, which develops gas. 2. Stale ; worthless ; tainted. 3. Out of breath ; tired ; exhausted. 4. Flyblown. blow'-OUt', n. Act of blowing out ; place where something has blown out, as in the bursting of an automobile tire. DlOW'pipe' (blo'pTpO, n. 1. An instrument for directing a jet of air or gas into a fire or flame so as to increase the heat. 2. A blowgun ; blowtube. blow'torch' (-torch') ,_ n. A small automatic blast lamp or torch, used in plumbing, etc. blow'tube 7 (-tub'),™. 1. A blowgun; also, a similar instrument, com- monly of tin, used by boys. 2. Glass Making. A long wrought-iron tube, on the end of which the workman gathers a quantity of "metal" < (melted glass), and through which OeD= he blows to expand or shape it. v (L ^p blow'y(blo'i),a.;BLOw'i-ER(-i-er); „T~~T . blow'i-est. Windy. Blowtorch. blowze (blouz), n. A ruddy, fat-faced woman ; wench. Obs. blowzed (blouzd), a. Having high color, as from exposure to the weather ; ruddy-faced ; blowzy ; disordered. blowz'y (blouz'i), a. Coarse and ruddy-faced ; fat and rud- dy ; high-colored ; frowzy. — Syn. See slovenly. blub'ber (blub'er), n. 1. The fat of whales or other large marine mammals yielding oil. 2. Act of blubbering. — v. i. To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face. —v. t. To swell or disfigure (the face) with weeping.— a. Swollen; thick; as, blubber lips. blub'ber-y (-1), a. 1. Swollen; protuberant. 2. Like blub- ber ; gelatinous and quivering. blu'cher (bloo'cher; -ker), n. [From the Prussian general Bliicher.] A kind of half-boot; also, a shoe in which the tongue and toe are of one piece. bludg'eon (bliij'un), n. A short club with one end loaded or thicker than the other.— v. t. & i. To hit with or as with a bludgeon. blue(bloo ; 86), a.; BLu'ER(-er) ; blu'est. [F. bleu, OF. also blou, blau, blef, LL. blavus, of G. origin.] 1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue resembling it. 2. Spe- Blucher Shoe, cif . : a Of a flame, pale without redness or glare ; hence, of the color of burning brimstone, betokening the presence of [ ghosts or devils ; as, the air was blue with oaths, b Of the skin, livid, esp. with cold or from a blow, c Designating venous blood, which shows blue through the skin, as dis- ting. from the red, or arterial, blood, d Magnetism. Desig- nating the south (south-seeking) pole of a magnet, which is usually left of its natural steel-blue color ; also, the mag- netism of this pole ; — opp. to red. 3. Low in spirits; mel- ancholy. 4. Suited to produce low spirits ; gloomy in pros- pect ; as, things looked blue. Colloq. _ 5. Severe or over- strict in morals ; suiting one overstrict in morals. 6. Liter- ary ; — used of women. See bluestocking. Colloq. — n. 1. A certain color of the spectrum; blue color. 2. Something blue in color, as a badge of ribbon ; specif., the sky or the sea. 3. A pigment or dye that colors blue. 4. A person dressed in blue or belonging to an organization whose uniform or badge is blue, as : a A Union soldier in the Civil War. b An English university athlete, one of Cam- bridge being called a light blue, one of Oxford, a dark blue. 5. In pi. [Short for blue devils."] Low spirits ; melancholy. Colloq. 6. A pedantic woman ; a bluestocking. Colloq. — v.t.& i. ; blued (blood ; 88) ; blu'lng or blue'ing. To make or turn blue. , blue baby. Med. An infant with congenital heart malfor- mation producing cyanosis. Blue'beard' ( bloo'berd' ; 86 ), n. The hero of a story of the same name. He marries a beautiful maiden, Fatima, who enters a forbidden chamber and discovers the remains of six previous wives. A bloodstain betrays her to Bluebeard, and she is saved from death only by the arrival of her brothers. blue'bell' (-bel'), n. Any of various plants bearing blue, more or less bell-shaped, flowers, as a campanula {Campa- nula rotundifoha, often called bluebell of Scotland or harebell), a European species (Sctlla nonscnpta) ot squill ; certain American species ol clematis, speedwell, etc. blue'ber-ry (-ber-T), n. The edible, blue or blackish berry of any of several species of plants (genus Vaccinium) ; also, the shrub itself. The blueberry contains many minute seeds, the huckleberry contains ten nutlets. blue'bird' (-burd'), n. A small song bird (Sialia sialia) of the northern United States. The male is bright blue above, with< the breast reddish. blue blood. The blood of noble or aristocratic families ; also, a per- son of such a family. The phrase originated in Spain, where light- complexioned persons claimed freedom from Moorish or Jewish admixture. blue'bon'net ( bloo'bon'et ; 24, 8G), 7i., or blue bonnet. A broad, flat Scottish cap of blue wool, or one wearing such a cap; a Scotchman. blue'book' (-bdokO, n., or blue book. 1. A parliamentary pub- lication with blue paper covers. Eng. 2. A register or directory of persons of social promi- nence. Colloq., U. S. blue'bot'tle ( -bot"l ), n. 1. A European plant (Centaurea cyanus) of the aster family, having flower heads with blue, pink, or white bottle-shaped rays ; bachelor's-button ; corn- flower. It is a common escape in the eastern United States. 2. Any of several species of large true flies having the body steel-blue ; esp., the blowfly (Calliphora erythro- cephala), or a more iridescent fly (Lucilia cassar). blue'cap' (-kap'), n. 1. The blue titmouse (Parus, or Cyanistes, caeruleus). 2. A Scotchman; a bluebonnet. blue'coat' (-kot'), n. One dressed in blue, as a soldier, a sailor, or a policeman. — blue'-coat'ed, a. blue'-curls', n., or, oftener, blue curls. 1. Any of a genus (Trichostema) of plants, of the mint family, having very irregular blue flowers. 2. The self-heal {Prunella vul- garis). blue devil. 1. A baleful demon. 2. In pi. Apparitions sup- posed to be seen by persons suffering with delirium tre- mens ; hence, very low spirits. blue'-eyed', a. Having blue eyes, blue-eyed grass, any of various grasslike iridaceous plants (genus Sisyrinchtum) having delicate blue flowers. blue'fish' (blob'fish' ; 86), n. A voracious sea fish {Cheilo- dipterus saltatrix), highly valued as a food fish. Also, any of various other fishes, as the saury, the greenfish {Girella nigricans), etc. blue'gill' (-gil'). A large sunfish (Lepomis pallidus) of the Mississippi valley. It is an excellent food fish. blue grass. Any of several, mostly valuable, grasses (genus Poa) having bluish green stems, including the Kentucky blue grass (P. pratensis). blue gum. Any of several Australian eucalypti. blue'hearts' (bloo'harts' ; 86), n. An American blue- flowered scrophulariaceous herb (Buchnera americana). blue'ing. Var. of bluing. blue'jack' (-jak'), n., or blue jack. 1. Blue vitriol. 2. An inferior oak (Quercus brevifolia) of the southern U. S. blue'jack'et (-jak'et; 24), n. An enlisted man in the navy ; — often as distinguished from a marine. blue jay. The common jay (Cyanocitta cri- stata) of the eastern United States.with hand- some crest and with upper parts chiefly bright blue; also, in the western United States, any of several other jays. blue laws. Certain laws of extreme rigor early enacted in the New Haven colony ; hence, any puritanical laws. blue'ly, adv. With a blue color. blue mass. Pharmacy. A preparation of mercury from which are formed "blue pills." blue'ness, n. Quality or state of being blue. blue'-pen'cil, v. t. To edit, or excise from, with a blue pencil; — said of printer's copy. blue peter. Naut. A blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing, to recall boats, etc. blue pill. Med. a A pill of prepared mer- cury, used as an aperient, etc. b Blue mass. „. . . . blue print. Often blue'print' (bloo'prmt' ; Bluejacket. 86), n. A blue photograph. See cyanotype. blue'-sky' law. A law to protect the public against dis- honest investment companies ; — so called because the promises made by some such companies are as boundless or alluring as the blue sky, or because "designed to clear away the clouds and fogs from the simple investor's hori- zon." Colloq. Hence, blue-sky legislation, etc. Colloq. blue'stock'ing (bloo'stok'Ing ; 86), n. A literary woman ; a female pedant ; — orig. depreciatively so called, alluding to certain 18th-century gatherings attended by literary G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with, = equals. M BLUESTOCKINGISM 112 BOAST "lions," of whom a certain one always wore ordinary blue worsted stockings. Colloq. — a. Having or affecting learn- ing or literary tastes. — blue'stock'ing-ism (-iz'm), n. Mue'stone' (-ston'), n. 1. Blue vitriol. 2. A building or paving stone of bluish gray color ; specif., a sandstone quarried in New York State, near the Hudson River. blu'et (bloo'et ; 24, 86), n. [F., dim. of bleu blue.] A deli- cate rubiaceous plant (Houstonia coerulea) of the United States, with bluish flowers and tufted stems. Called also innocence, quaker-ladies, etc. I blue vitriol. Sulphate, of copper, CuS04-5H20, a blue crys- tallized salt, used in, 'electric batteries, calico printing, etc. blue'weed' (-wed'), #• A prickly boraginaceous weed (Echi- um vulgare) of Europe, naturalized in the United States, with handsome blue flowers. blue'wood 7 (-wood'), n. A rhamnaceous chaparral shrub (Condalia obovata) of western Texas and northern Mexico. bluff ( bluf ), a. 1. Having a broad, flattened front. 2. Ris- ing steeply with a flat or rounded front, as a coast. 3. Ab- rupt ; roughly frank ; brusque. Syn. Short, abrupt, unceremonious, uncivil, impolite, rude, surly, blunt, brusque, curt, crusty. — Bluff, blunt, brusque, curt, crusty agree in the idea of abruptness. Bluff connotes heartiness, good nature, unconventionality ; as, bluff honesty. Blunt implies disregard for others' feel- ings, and for the amenities of life ; as, a blunt reply. Brusque suggests a (real or apparent) tartness of temper and ungraciousness of speech ; as, a brusque refusal. Curt de- notes rude conciseness ; as, a curtanswer. Crusty adds to curl theimplication of greater crabbedness or harshness, some- times belying kindness of heart ; as, a crusty old bachelor. — n. A high, steep bank. bluff, v. t. 1. Poker. To deter (an opponent) from betting by a show of assurance. 2. To deceive by manner, speech, ' or expression, so as to accomplish some hidden purpose or ward off some danger.— v. i. To bluff an opponent by a fictitious show of strength. — n. Act of bluffing. bluff 'ly, adv. Abruptly ; bluntly. bluff'ness, n. Bluntness of manner; abruptness. blu'ing, or blue'ing (bloo/Ing ; 86), n. Something to give a bluish tint, as a preparation of indigo used in laundering. blu'ish, a. Somewhat blue. — blu'ish-ness, n. blun'der (blun'der), v. i. [ME. blunder en, blondren, to stir, confuse, blunder.] 1. To move clumsily ; flounder and stumble. 2. To make a gross error or mistake, as through ignorance, stupidity, overconfidence, or confusion. — v. t. 1. To cause to blunder. 2. To utter awkwardly ; — usually used with out ; as, he blundered out an apology. 3. To do or treat blunderingly ; bungle. — n. A gross error. — Syn. See error. — blun'der-er, n. [Either fr. blunder 4- D. bus biun'der-buss (-bus), tube, box, or corrupt, f r. D. donderbus (lit.) thunder box, gun.] 1. An obsolete - short firearm, with a flar- ing muzzle and a large bar- Blunderbuss. rel holding a number of balls. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow- blunge (blunj),v. t.; blunged (bliinjd); blung'ing (bliin'- jing). To blend, beat up, or mix in, water, as clay. blung'er (blunder), n. A wooden implement for mixing the clay in potteries ; also, a pug mill, or a vat with stirrers. blunt ( blunt ), a._ [ ME. blunt not sharp, stupid.] 1. In- sensitive ; obtuse in feeling or spiritual perception. 2. Dull in understanding ; stupid. 3. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument ; dull. 4. Abrupt in address or manners. Syn. Blunt, dull, obtuse, stupid come into comparison primarily as associated with sensibility or perception. Blunt so used implies a certain (sometimes temporary) callousness or lack of nice perception. Dull implies a heavy, sluggish habit of mind, or a lack of vividness and in- tensity ; obtuse, lack of sensitiveness, and even a certain impenetrability to emotions or ideas. Stupid denotes ex- cessive dullness, when the faculties are, as it were, be- numbed. In reference to pointed or edged tools blunt and dull (opposed to sharp, keen) are sometimes interchanged. In present usage, however, blunt appears to be more com- monly used of instruments or tools so made that a cross section near the edge subtends a relatively large angle ; dull, of a tool or instrument whose edge or point has lost its keenness or sharpness by use. An ax, even when sharp, is a blunt instrument as compared with a razor ; a dull pen- cil is made so by use, but one may purposely put a blunt (not a dull) point on a pencil in sharpening it. See bluff. — v. t . & i. 1. To make or become blunt. 2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power. T)lunt'ly, adv. In a blunt manner or state. Wunt'ness, n. Quality or state of being blunt. lllur (blur), v.t.; blurred (blurd); blur'ring. 1. To ob- scure by making confused and uncertain in form or outline ; make indistinct and confused. 2. To cause imperfect vision in; dim. 3. To sully; blemish. — Syn. Spot, blot, stain, disfigure.— -v. i. To become blurred or obscure.— n. 1. That which obscures without effacing ; a stain ; blot. 2. A dim, confused appearance ; indistinctness of vision. blur'ry, a. Full of blurs ; blurred. blurt(blurt),v.f. To utter suddenly and unadvisedly ; — com- monly used with out. — n. Act of blurting out something. blush (blush), v.i. [ME. bluschen to shine, look, turn red.] 1. To become red, esp. in the cheeks or face, from some mental shock, as shame or confusion ; flush. 2. To grow or be red or rosy. — v. t. 1. To redden. Rare. 2. To express or make known by blushing.— n. 1. A glance ; look ; blink. Obs., except in at, or in, f„rst blush. 2. A suffusion of the face with red, as from shame or confusion. 3. A red or rosy tint. — blush'er, n. — blush'ful (-fool), a. blus'ter (blus'ter), v. i. _ 1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind ; be windy and boisterous, as the weather. 2. To talk with noisy violence; swagger. — v. t. To utter or do with noisy violence; bully.— n. 1. Fitful noise and vio- lence, as of a storm. 2. Noisy, boastful language. — Syn. Boisterousness, tumult, turbulence, boasting, swaggering, bullying. — tolus'ter-er (-er), n. — blus'ter-ing-ly, adv. blus'ter-OUS (-us), a. Inclined to bluster. bo'a (bo'd), n.; pi. boas (bo'dz). [L., a kind of water ser- pent.] 1. Any large snake that crushes it prey. 2. A long, round scarf of fur, feathers, etc., for the neck. boa constrictor. A large nonvenomous snake (Boa con- strictor) of tropical America. Bo^a-ner'ges (bo'd-nur'jez), n. [Gr. Poavepyh, of Aramaic origin ; cf. Heb. benai hargem, lit., sons of thunder.] 1. As a pi. An appellation given by Christ to James and John. Mark iii. 17. 2. Construed (erroneously) as a sing., with pi. -ges or -gesses. A declamatory or vociferous preacher or orator. boar ( bor ; 57 ), n. [AS. bar."] 1. The uncastrated male of swine. 2. The wild hog (Sus scrofa). See wild boar. board (bord ; 57), n. [AS. bord board, plank, and also ship- board.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, relatively broad, and long. 2. A table; esp., a table for food. 3. Hence : What is served on a table ; provision, usually as furnished for pay. 4. A table at which a council or court is held ; hence, a council, or authorized assembly ; as, a board of trade, of directors, trustees, etc. 5. A square or oblong of thin material used or arranged for some special purpose, as a chessboard. 6. Pasteboard; specif., Bookbinding, the stiff foundation piece for the side of a book cover. A book bound in boards has the outside covering of paper, instead of cloth or leather. 7. In pi. The stage in a theater. 8. [In this use orig. a different word meaning border, margin."] The border or edge of anything; as, seaboard; specif., Naut.: a The side of a ship, b A tack. by the board, over the board, or side ; as, the mast went by the board. Fig.: to go by the board, to suffer com- plete destruction. — on b. a On shipboard ; in a ship or a boat ; on board of. b In or into a railway car, train, or the like. U.S. — v. t. 1. To cover with boards or boarding. 2. To come up against, or alongside of (a ship), as to attack. Obs. 3. To go on board of, as a ship. 4. To enter (a railroad car or similar vehicle). U. S. 5. To furnish with regular meals, or with meals and lodgings, for compensation. 6. To place at board, for pay ; as, to board one's horse at a livery stable. — v. i. 1. To obtain or have meals, or meals and lodgings, statedly for compensation. 2. Naut. To tack. board, v. t. [F. aborder.] To approach ; accost. 06s. board'er ( bor'der ; 57 ), n. 1. One who boards at the table or house of another. 2. One who boards a ship. board foot. A volume equal to that of a board 1 ft. X 1 ft. X 1 in., or 144 cubic inches, used in measuring lumber. Thus a board 2" X 4" X 12' contains eight board feet. board'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of board, v. Hence : n. Boards collectively ; a covering of boards. boarding house, a house where boarders are taken.— b. school, a school in which pupils are boarded and lodged as well as taught. board measure. Measurement in board feet. board rule. A measuring stick, provided with various scales, for finding without calculation the number of board feet in a board, joist, or the like. board walk. A walk or promenade constructed of plank- ing, esp. one along the beach at a watering place. U. S. boar'fisb/ (bor'fish' ; 57), n. Any of several fishes of differ- ent genera which have a projecting hoglike snout. boar hound. A large dog used in hunting wild boars ; esp., the great Dane or any of certain allied breeds of continental Europe. boar'ish, a. Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. boast (bost),i;.i. [ME. bosten,boost- en, v.,bost,boost, n.] To vaunt one's self ; brag ; as, to boast of success. Syn. Bluster, vapor, crow ; swagger. Head of Australian flourish, vaunt, brag. — Boast, Boarfish (Histiopterus vaunt, brag agree in the idea of recurvirostris). (j u ) vainglorious and ostentatious speech. Boast is the general term ; vaunt is more literary and emphasizes the idea of ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, fip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; BOAST 113 BCEOTIAN Boatbill. vain display ; brag is more colloquial and suggests boastful exaggeration of what one is, has, has done, or can do. — v. t. 1. To speak of or display ostentatiously or vain- gloriously. 2. To show or exhibit asone'sown; as, toboast a name. [occasion of exultation. | — n. 1. Boasting ; bragging. 2. The cause of boasting ;| boast, v. t. Stonecutting. To shape roughly with a broad chisel (boaster) in preparation for finer work. boast'er, to. One who boasts. boast'ful (-fool), a. Given to, or full of, boasting ; braggart. — boast'ful-ly, adv. — boast'f ul-ness, to. boast'ing-ly, adv. In a boasting manner. boat (bot), n. [AS. bat.'] 1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by oars or paddles ; any vessel for navi- gating the water. 2. A vehicle or utensil suggestive of a boat, as a stone boat, gravy boat, etc.— y. t. To transport or place in a boat. — v. i. To go or row in a boat. boat 'bill' (-biF), n. A wading bird (Carter oma cochlearia) of South America, related to the night herons, or an allied species (C. zeledoni) of Central America. boat hook. Naut. An iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push into place a boat, raft, log, etc. boat'ing, to. 1. Boats col- lectively. 2. Act or practice of rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement. boat'man (bot'man), to. A man who manages a boat. — boat'man-ship, to. boat'swain (bot'swan ; naut. bo's'n),n. On a war vessel, a warrant officer having charge of the rigging, anchors, cables, cordage, etc. Also, on some merchant ships, a superior seaman having similar duties. bob (bob ), to. [ME. bob bunch,bobben to strike.] 1. A bunch or cluster, as of leaves, flowers, or grapes ; hence : anything hanging so as to play loosely, or with a short ab- rupt motion ; a pendant. 2. A knob, ball, or weight at the end of a rod or line ; as, the bob of a pendulum, the bob of a plumb line, etc. 3. Angling, a A knot of worms or of rags used in angling, as for eels ; a bunch of rags, bait, feathers, and hooks, b A float. 4. A horse's docked tail ; a bobtail. 5. A short, jerking motion ; act of bobbing. 6. A blow ; a rap. 7. [Cf. OF. bobe trickery.] A jeer, jibe, or trick. 8. The refrain of a song; specif., a short and abrupt refrain, often of only two syllables. 9. (pi. bob.) A shilling. Slang, Eng. 10. A bobsled. U. S. — v. t. ; bobbed (bobd) ; bob'bing. 1. [OF. bober to trick.] To cheat ; filch. 2. To mock ; make sport of ; jeer ; jibe. 3. To cause to move in a short, jerking manner ; move, as the head, with a bob. 4. To make with a bob, or short, jerky up-and-down motion ; as, to bob a curtsy. 5. To cut short, as the hair. 6. To strike with a quick, light blow. — v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion ; play to and fro or up and down. 2. To angle with a bob. See bob, n., 3. bob'ber-y (-er-i), n. ; -pi. -beries (-iz). A squabble ; tumult. bob'bin (-in), n. [F. bobine.~] 1. One of the small pins or cylinders used to hold the threads in making pillow lace. 2. A spooler reel used to hold yarn or thread, as in spin- ning machines, or to hold wire ; also, a spool or reel of yarn, thread, or wire. 3. A fine cord or narrow braid. bob'bi-net' (bob'i-nef ; bob'i-net), n. A kind of machine- made lace or netting of cotton or silk. bob'ble (bob''l), v. i.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bung (-ling). To bob I continually. — n. A bobbing motion. Both Colloq. bob'by (-i), n. ; pi. -bies (-iz). [After Sir Robert Peel, who reorganized the London police.] A policeman. Slang, Eng. bob'cat' (-kat'), n. A lynx, esp. the bay lynx (Lynx rufus). bob'o-link (-6-lTnk), n. An American song bird (Doli- chonyx oryzivorus) related to the blackbiids and meadow larks. bob'sled' ( bcb'sled' ),bob'sleigh' (-sla 7 ), n. A short sled, esp. one of a pair joined by a reach or cou- pling ; also, the compound sled so formed ; a double-ripper. U. S. bob'stay' (-sta'), n. Naut. A stay to hold the bowsprit down. bob'tail' (-tal'), to. An animal (as a horse or dog) with a short tail. — a. Having the tail cut short ; hence : deficient ; abbreviated. — v. t. To dock the tail of ; cut short ; curtail. — bob'tailed', a. bob veal. Veal too immature to ** Male Bobolink, be suitable for food. Bobwhite. bob'white (bob'bwTtO, n. [From the note.] Any of various species of North American quail ; — commonly called quail in t b e North and partridge in the South. See quail. bo-cac'cio(bo-ka'cho), n.; pi. -cios (-choz). A large and abundant rockfish (Sebastodes paucispinis) of the California coast. bock (bok), n., or bock beer. [G. bockbier, corrupt, of einbecker bier, from Einbeck in Germany.] A kind of beer brewed, usually early in spring, from concentrated wort. bode (bod), v.t.&i.; bod'ed (bod'- ed ; 24) ; bod'ing (-Tng). [AS. bo- dian to announce, tell, bod com- mand, message.] To indicate by signs, as future events ; portend ; augur. bode, n. [AS. boda.] A messenger; a herald. Archaic. bode, pret. & p. p. of bide. Abode. bode'ment (bod'ment), n. An omen ; prophecy. bod'ice (bod'is), n. [Prop. pi. of body.] 1. A corset ; stays. Obs. 2. a A close-fitting outer waist of a woman's dress. b A woman's garment reaching from waist to breast, often worn in some European national costumes ; loosely, a wide belt or girdle. bod'ied (-id), a. Having a body ; — usually in composition ; as, able-bodied. bod'i-less (-i-les), a. Having no body ; immaterial. bod'i-ly (-1-I1), a. 1. Having a body, or material form ; physical ; corporeal ; as : bodily fear, apprehension of phys- ical injury. 2. Of or pertaining to the body. Syn. Bodily, physical, corporeal, corporal. Bodily has the sense of belonging to the body ; it is opposed to mental; as, bodily pain. Physical, often synonymous with bodily, applies also to that which the body has in common with all material objects and is thus opposed to psychical, spiritual, moral ; as, the physical universe ; physical cour- age. Corporeal refers more specifically to substance or na- ture ; it is opposed to immaterial, spiritual ; as, the corpo- real frame. Corporal, originally synonymous with bodily, now applies almost exclusively to bodily infliction of some sort ; as corporal (never corporeal) punishment. > — adv. 1. In bodily form ; in the body. 2. In respect to, or so as to affect, the whole body ; all at once ; completely. bod'ing (bod'ing), n. Prognostic; omen.— a. Foreboding; ominous. — bod'ing-ly, adv. bod'kin (bod'km), n. [ME. boydekyn dagger.] 1. A dag- ger. 06s. 2. Needlework. A sharp-pointed implement for making holes. 3. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair. 4. A blunt needle with a large eye for drawing tape, etc., through a loop or a hem. bod'y (bod'i), n.; pi. bodies (-iz). _ [AS. bodig.~\ 1. The total organized substance of an animal or plant, living or dead. 2. The trunk, or main part, as distinguished from the limbs and the head ; the central or principal part, as distinguished from smaller connected parts, as of a tree, army, country, structure, etc. 3. Specif. : a The nave or central portion of a church, b The bed or box of a vehicle, on or in which the load is placed. C The hull or a section of the hull of a ship; as, the after body; the fore body. d Print. The part of a type between the shoulder and feet, by the depth of which the size is indicated ; as, a non- pareil face on an agate body. See type, Illust. e Aero- nautics. The central, longitudinal framework of a flying machine, to which are attached the planes or aerocurves, passenger accommodations, controlling and propelling ap- paratus, fuel tanks, etc. 4. A person ; a human being ; — often in composition ; as, anybody. 5. A kind or form of matter; a material substance. 6. A number of individuals or things collectively, usually as united, organized, system- atized, or acting together, for some purpose ; as, a legis- lative body ; a body of troops. 7. That part of a garment covering the body. 8. A distinct mass or portion of matter ; as, a body of cold air. 9. Geom. A figure that has length, breadth, and thickness ; any solid figure. 10. Consistency ; thickness ; substance ; strength ; as, paint of good body. Syn. Body, corpse, carcass. Body refers to the animal organism, living or dead. Corpse and carcass (of man and beast respectively) refer to the dead body. body corporate, Law, a corporation. — b. politic, a cor- poration ; usually, specif., the state. — v. t.; bod'ied (-id) ; bod'y-ing. To furnish with or as with a body ; embody. body color or colour. Pigment that is opaque as laid on paper or canvas, often made so by an admixture of white. bod'y-guard' (bod'i-gard'), to. 1. A guard to protect the person. 2. Retinue ; attendance. body snatching. Law. The unauthorized removal of a dead body from the grave. — body snatcher. B03-0'tian (be-o'shan), a. Of or pertaining to ancient Bceo- G H K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BOER 114 BOLT tia, noted for its heavy atmosphere and its dull-witted peo- ple ; hence : stupid ; dull. — to. One of the people of Bceotia. Boer (boor), n. [D., a farmer.] A colonist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch, or rarely, Huguenot descent. bog (bog), to. [Ir. & Gael, bog soft, moist.] A piece of wet spongy earth consisting chiefly of decayed vegetable mat- ter ; quagmire ; marsh ; morass. — v.t.&i. ; bogged (bogd) ; bog'ging (bog'mg). To sink, as into a bog ; mire. bog asphodel. Either of two melanthaceous bog plants (Abama ossifraga of Europe and A. americana of the United States) resembling the true asphodel. bo'gey (bo'gf), n.; pi. -geys (-giz). Also bogie. 1. A goblin ; bugbear. 2. Golf. A given score or number of strokes for each hole, against which players compete. bog'gle (bog''l), to. Var. of bogle. bog'gle, v. i. ; -gled (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). [See bogle, to.] 1. To hesitate as if suddenly frightened or impeded ; take alarm ; exhibit indecision. 2. To do anything awkwardly. 3. To play fast and loose; dissemble. — Syn. Double, stickle, demur. — to. 1. Act of boggling. 2. A scruple ; dif- ficulty ; demur ; also, blunder ; botch. — bog'gler (-ler), to. bog'gy (-1), a.; bog'gi-er (-i-er) ; -gi-est. Like, consisting of. or containing, a bog or bogs. bo'gie (bo'gl), to. 1. = 1st bogy. 2. Golf. = bogey, to., 2. bo'gie, n. Also bogey, -gy. A low, strong truck or cart, bo'gie (bo'g'l ; bog''!), to. [W. bwgwl threatening, fear, bwg, bwgan, a bogle.] A goblin ; specter ; bogey. bog oak. See bogwood. bog orchis. A small European orchid {Malaxis paludosa) with inconspicuous green flowers. bog ore. Min. Bog iron ore, a variety of hematite. bog'trot'ter (bog'trot'er), to. One who lives in a boggy country ; — applied in derision to the lowest class of Irish. bo'gUS (bo'gus), a. Spurious; sham. Colloq., U. S. bOg / WOOd / (bog'wood 7 ), to. The black wood of trees, as oak, preserved in peat bogs, much used for making ornaments. bo'gy (bo'gi), n.; pi. -gies (-giz). Also bogey, bogie. A specter ; hobgoblin ; bugbear. bo'gy, to. A truck. See 2d bogie. bo-hea' (bo-he'), n. [From Wu-i, the name of the hills in China where this tea is grown.] A kind of black tea. Bo-he'mi-an (bo-he'mi-dn), a. 1. Of or pert, to Bohemia. 2. Unconventional ; free and easy. — to. 1. A native of Bohemia. 2. The language of the Czechs, a Slavic dialect. 3. In highly civilized communities, one who makes a live- lihood by, or is much interested in, art, literature, or other intellectual pursuits, and who takes an attitude of protest against, or of indifference to, the common conventions of society. — Bo-he'mi-an-ism (-iz'm), to. boil (boil), v. i. [From OF., iT.~L.bv.lUre to bubble.] l.To be agitated by the generation and rising of bubbles of vapor; — said of a liquid. 2. To be agitated like boiling water ; seethe ; as, the waves boil. 3. To be excited with passion ; as, my blood boiled with anger. 4. To be in boil- ing water, as food in cooking. — v. 1. 1. To heat to the boiling point, which, for water at sea level, is 212° Fahrenheit (100° Centigrade). 2. To form by boiling ; subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid. — to. Act or state of boiling. boil, to. [AS. byle.2 A hard, inflamed, suppurating tumor, caused by bacteria. boil'er (boil'er), to. 1. One who boils something. 2. A ves- sel in which anything is boiled. 3. A strong metallic vessel in which steam is generated for driving engines. 4. A tank or reservoir in which hot water is stored. boil'er-y (-1), to.; pi. -eries (-iz). A place and apparatus for boiling something. bois'ter-ous (bois'ter-us), a [ME. boistous.W 1. Rough or rude ; strong. Obs. 2. Tumultuously violent ; rough ; turbulent. — Syn. Loud, roaring, violent, stormy, turbu- lent, furious, tumultuous, noisy, impetuous, vehement. — bois'ter-ous-ly, adv. — bois'ter-ous-ness, to. bolar (bo'ldr), a. Of or pert, to bole, or clay ; clayey. bolas (bo'lds), to. sing. & pi. [Sp., lit., balls.] A kind of missile weapon consisting of balls fastened to the ends of a thong or cord; — used by the Gauchos of South America, and others, for hurling at and entangling an animal. bold (bold), a. [AS. bald, beald."] 1. Forward to meet danger ; brave. 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and con- tempt of danger; daring; as, a bold deed. 3. In a bad sense,, too forward ; rude ; impudent. 4. Somewhat over- stepping usual bounds ; as, bold views ; a bold imagination. 5. Steep ; abrupt ; prominent ; as, a bold shore. 6. Con- fident ; certain. Obs. 7. Markedly conspicuous ; striking the eye; as, marbles inlaid in bold patterns. — Syn. Cou- rageous, intrepid, fearless, dauntless, valiant, audacious, stout-hearted, adventurous, confident. bold'-faced' (bold'fasf), a. 1. Bold in manner or expres- sion; indecorously forward. 2. Print. Having a con- spicuous or heavy face, as the type used for the words de- fined in this book. bold'ly, adv. In a bold manner or state. fcold'ness, n. State or quality of being bold. — Syn. Brav- ery, intrepidity, dauntlessness, hardihood, brazenness, as- surance. See CONFIDENCE, COURAGE. bole (bol), n. The trunk or stem of a tree. bole, n. Any of several varieties of friable, earthy clay. bo-lep'tion (bo-lek'shftn), bi-lec'tion (bi-), n. Arch. That portion of a group of moldings which projects beyond the general surface of a panel. DO-le'ro (bo-la'ro), to.; pi. -ros (-roz). Bolection Molding. [Sp ; ] 1. Music. A Spanish dance in 3-4 time, or the music for it. 2. A kind of short outer waist garment for women. bo'lide (bo'lid; bol'Id), n. [F., fr. L. bolis, fr. Gr. /SoXfr missile.] A brilliant meteor, followed by a train of light or sparks, esp. one that explodes. bol'i-var (bol'i-vdr; Sp. bo-le'var), to. [Amer. Sp., after Simon Bolivar, " the Liberator."] A silver coin and mone- tary unit of Venezuela, equal to one franc, or 19.295 cents. Bo-liv'i-an (bo-liv'i-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Bolivia, in South America.— to. A native or inhabitant of Bolivia. bo'li-via'no (bo'le-vya'no), n.; pi. -nos (-noz; Sp. -nos). [Amer. Sp.] A money of account of Bolivia, equal to 38.932 cents. boll (bol), to. [AS. bolla."] The pod or capsule of a plant, esp. of flax or cotton. — v. i. ; bolled (bold) ; boll'ing. To form a boll ; go to seed. Bol'land-ist (bol'an-dist), n. Any of the editors (Jesuits) of the "Acta Sanctorum," or "Lives of the Saints," the first two'volumes of which appeared in 1643 ; — named from John Bolland (1596-1655?), who began the work. bol'lard (bol'drd), n. An upright wooden or iron post, as in a boat or on a dock, around which to fasten a rope. boll weevil. A grayish weevil (Anthonomus grandis) about a quarter of an inch long, which infests the cotton plant, laying its eggs in the squares and bolls. boll'worm' (bol'wurm'), n. The larva of a noctuid moth {Heliothisarmigera)which devours the bolls or unripe pods of the cotton, and also maize, beans, etc. bolo (bo'lo), n.; pi. -los (-loz). [Sp.] A kind of large single-edged knife, resem- bling a machete. Phil. I. Bologna sausage, or Bo- lo'gna (bo-lo'nyd), n. A large sausage of beef, veal, and pork, minced, seasoned, „ „ "* , ,, , ,„. and inclosed in a skin. Bollworm and Adult Moth. (§) Bolo-gnese' (bo'lS-nyez' ; -nyes'), a. Of or pert, to Bo- logna.— to. A native of Bologna. bo'lo-graph (bo'lo-graf), to. [Gr. /S0X57 stroke + -graph.]] An automatic record or tracing made with the bolometer. bo-lom'e-ter (bo-lom'e-ter),TO. [Gr. £0X17 stroke + -meter.'] Physics. An electrical instrument for measuring minute quantities of radiant heat, esp. in different parts of the spectrum, by measuring_ the changes in resistance of a blackened platinum strip exposed to the radiations. — bo'lo-met'ric (bo'16-met'rfk), a. bol'ster (bol'ster), to. [AS.] 1. A long pillow or cushion for a bed. 2. A soft pad, cushion, or support like, or sug- gestive of, a bolster. 3. Any of various solid objects sug- gestive of a bolster, or cushion ; as : a Arch. A rounded projection, as the baluster in the Ionic capital, b A plate of iron or a mass of wood under the end of a bridge girder. C A short timber or block set horizontally upon a post for a bearing surface, as for girders. — v. t. 1. To support with a bolster or pillow. 2. To support, hold up, or maintain, esp. with difficulty ; — often used with up. bolt (bolt), to. [AS.] 1. A shaft or missile for a crossbow or catapult ; esp., a short, stout, blunt- headed arrow ; a dart. 2. Lightning ; thunder- bolt. 3. A sliding catch or fastening ; the portion of a lock shot or withdrawn by the key. 4. A shackle ; fetter. 5. A strong pin used to fasten or hold something in place, often having a head at one end and a screw thread on the other. 6. A. „ . compact package or roll of cloth, often of about 9 Ream ' forty yards. 7. [From bolt, v.] Act of bolting. — v. t. 1. To shoot ; discharge. 2. To utter precipitately ; blurt out. 3. To swallow without chewing. 4. U. S. Poli- tics. To refuse to support, as a policy or a nomination of one's party. 5. To fasten or secure with or as with a bolt cr bolts ; shackle ; restrain. 6. Sporting. To cause to start or spring forth ; dislodge, as conies, rabbits, etc. 7. To absent one's self from, as a recitation or lecture, without leave or notice. College Slang, U. S. — v. i. 1. To start forth like a bolt, or arrow ; dart off. 2. U. S. Politics. To bolt the nominee, policy, etc., of one's party. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 8rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); BOLT 115 BONNET bolt (bolt), v. t. [OF. buleter, fr. LL. buletare, buratare.'] To sift (flour from bran) with a bolter ; hence, to separate, assort, refine, or purify, as if by sifting. bolt, adv. In the manner of a bolt ; suddenly ; straight ; unbendingly. — bolt upright, perpendicular ; straight up. bol'tel (bol'tel), n. Arch, a The ovolo or torus, b One of the shafts of a clustered column. bolt'er (bol'ter), n. One who, or that which, bolts ; specif., a cloth, sieve, or machine for sifting flour. bolt'head' (bolt'hed'), n. 1. The head of a bolt. 2. Chem. A long straight-necked glass vessel for chemical distilla- tions ; — called also matrass or receiver. bolt 'rope 7 (-ropO, n. Naut. A rope stitched to the edges of a sail, awning, etc., or the fine quality of hemp rope used. bolus (bo'lus), n. ; pi. -euses (-ez ; 24). [LL.] A rounded mass of anything ; esp., a large pill, as for a horse. bomb ( bom ; or, esp. Brit., bum ), n. [F. bombe, fr. L. bombus a humming, Gr. /96/n£os.] 1. Mil. A shell ; esp., a spherical shell. 2. Any similar missile or device ; as, a dynamite bomb, pyrotechnic bomb. 3. A small war vessel carrying bomb-throwing mortars. bom'ba-ca'ceous (bom'bd-ka'shus), a. [LL. bombax cot- ton.] Belonging to a family [Bombacacese) of trees, the silk-cotton trees, having palmate leaves and a capsular fruit containing seeds invested with copious silky hairs. bom/bard (bom'bdrd ; bum'-), n. [F. bombarde, LL. bom- barda, fr. L. bombus + -ard. See bomb.] 1. An obsolete piece of heavy ordnance. 2. = bomb, n. 3. bom-bard' (bom-bard' ; bum-) , v. t. To attack with artillery ; esp., to throw shells, shot, etc., at or into; also used fig. bom'bar-dier' (bom'bdr-der' ; bum'-), n. [F.] 1. An artil- leryman ; gunner. Obs. or Hist. 2. Specif., a non-com- missioned officer of a certain rank in the British artillery. bom-bar d'ment (bom-bard'ment ; bum-), n. Act of bom- barding; a sustained attack upon a fortified place with shot, shell, etc. bom'bar-don (bom'bdr-don ; bom-bar'-), n. [It. bombar- done.~] Music, a A deep-toned instrument of the oboe or bassoon family ; hence, a bass reed stop on the organ, b A valved brass instrument, the bass tuba, resembling the ophicleide in tone, c The lowest-toned saxhorn. bom'ba-sine'. Var. of bombazine. bom'bast (bom'bast ; bum'-),n. [OF. bombace cotton, LL. bombax.] 1. Stuffing ; padding. Obs. 2. High-sounding words ; inflated style ; fustian. —a. High-sounding ; inflated. bom-bas'tic (bom-bas'tik ; bum-), a. Characterized by bombast. — Syn. Tumid, pompous, grandiloquent. See turgid. — bom-bas'ti-cal, a. — bom-bas'ti-cal-ly, adv. bom'ba-zine', or -sine' (bom / bd-zen' ; bum'-), n. [From F., fr. L. bombycinus silken, bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. 06m/Su£.] A twilled dress fabric with a silk warp and a worsted welt. bomb'proof 7 (bom'proof ; see bomb), a. Secure against the explosive force of bombs. — n. A bombproof structure. bomb'shelF (-shel'). n. An explosive projectile ; a shell. bom'by-cid (bom'bi-sid), a. Of or pert, to the family (Bombycidse) including the silkworms of the genus (Bom- byx) of which the common silkworm moth (B. mori) is the type. — n. A bombycid worm or moth. bom'byx (-biks), n. [L.] The silkworm (genus Bombyx). Bon (bon), n. [Jap.] A great Buddhist festival of Japan, held July 13 to 16, when the spirits of ancestors are sup- posed to revisit the household altars ; — sometimes called by foreigners Feast of Lanterns. bo'na-ci' (bo'na-se'), n. [Amer. Sp. bonasi."] Any of several groupers (genus Mycteroperca) of Florida, the West Indies, etc., valuable as food fishes. Bo'na De'a (bo'nd de'd). [L., good goddess.] Rom.Relig. An ancient goddess of fertility, worshiped only by women. D bo'na fi'de (fi'de). [L.] In or with good faith; without fraud or deceit ; as, he acted bona fide ; a bona fide sale. bo-nan'za (bo-nan'zd), n. [Sp., prop., calm, fair weather, prosperity, L. bonus good.] In mining, a rich ore body ; hence, anything that yields a large income. Colloq., U. S. Bo'na -part 'ist (bo'nd-paVtist), n. One attached to the policy or family of Bonaparte or the Bonapartes. — Bo'na- part'ism (-tTz'm), n. bon'bon' (boN'bo.V ; bon'bon'), n. [F. bonbon, fr. bon bon very good, bon good.] A sweetmeat ; a sugarplum. Hbon'bon'niere' (boN'bo'nyar'), n. [F.] A small fancy box or dish for bonbons. bond (bond),n. [AS. bonda, bunda, husband, householder, fr. Icel. bondi husbandman, bua to dwell.] 1. A house- holder; husband; also, peasant; husbandman. Obs. 2. A vassal ; serf ; slave. Archaic. — a. In servitude ; captive. bond, n. [Same word as band a fastening.] 1. That which binds ; band ; ligament ; shackle ; manacle. 2. In pi. State of being bound ; imprisonment. 3. A binding force or influ- ence ; a uniting tie. 4. Moral or political duty or obliga- tion. 5. A binding agreement ; covenant. 6. a A writing under seal by which a person binds himself, usually, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed, b Fi- nance. Such an instrument, or, loosely, an interest-bearing certificate, issued by a government or corporation. 7. One who acts as bail or surety. 8. State of goods when a bond has been given that the duty on them will be paid, or of goods stored in a bonded warehouse till the duties are paid. 9. A connection in which adjacent parts of a structure overlap and are so bound together ; a timber, stone, or the like, so overlapping. 10. Chem. A unit of chemical attrac- tion ; as, oxygen has two bonds of affinity. It is often repre- sented in formulas by a short line or dash. — Syn. Chains, fetters, captivity. — v. t. 1. To dispose in building, as bricks, so as to secure solidity. 2. To put under bond ; specif.: a To secure the payment of duties on (goods, etc.) by giving a bond, b To mortgage (property), c To convert into a debt secured by bonds. 3. To bind together ; connect. — v. i. To hold to- gether or solidify by or as by means of a bond or binder. bond'age (bon'da 1. Hist. Villein service or tenure. 2. Slavery. 3. Obligation ; tie of duty ; subjection to com- pulsion. — Syn. Thralldom, bond service. See servitude. bond'ed (bon'ded ; 24), p. a. Placed under, or covered by, a bond, as for payment of customs duties. bonded warehouse, a warehouse for bonded goods. bpnd'er (-der), n. 1. One who places goods under bond or in a. bonded warehouse, brick ; a bondstone. bond'hold'er (bond'hol'der), 2. Masonry. A bonding stone or A person who holds a bond, esp. a holder of a money bond or bonds of a govern- ment or corporation. — bond'hold'ing, a. & n. bond'maid' (bond'mad'), n. A female slave. bond'man (-man), n. 1. A bond, or peasant; churl. Hist. 2. A serf ; villein ; man slave. bond servant. A slave ; one bound to service without wages. bonds'man (bondz'mdn), n. 1. A bondman. 2. Law. A surety on a bond. bond'stone' (bond'ston'), n. Masonry. A stone r unnin g through a wall from face to face ; a binding stone. bond'wom'an (bond'woom'dn), n. A woman slave. bone (bon), n. [AS. ban.] 1. One of the pieces or parts of a vertebrate's skeleton, or the tissue composing it. 2. Any of various other hard animal substances or struc- tures, as whalebone. 3. In pi. The skeleton ; the body. 4. A bone with meat adhering to it, used as an article of food. 5. Something originally or usually made of bone, ivory, or the like, as (in pi.) dice, clappers, dominoes. 6. A stay of whalebone, steel, etc., as for a corset. 7. [In form bones, but construed as sing.~\ One who performs with bones ; specif., one of the end men in a negro minstrel performance. — v. t. ; boned (bond) ; bon'ing (bon'ing). To take out bones from the flesh of. bone black, or bone'black' (bon'blak'), n. Chem. The black substance made by calcining bones in close vessels. bone oil. An ill-smelling oil distilled from bones. It is used in denaturing alcohol and in preparing certain antiseptics. bone'set' (bon'set'), n. A coarse herb (Eupatorium perfo- liatum) of the aster family, with white-rayed flower heads. It is diaphoretic and tonic. bone'set'ting, n. The setting of broken bones. bon'fire / (bon'fTr'), n. [Orig., a fire of bones, i. e., for con- suming corpses.] A large fire built in the open air as an expression of public joy, for sport, etc. bon 'go (bon 'go) , n.; pi. bongos (-goz). Either of two large antelopes (Boocercus eurycerus of West Africa, and B. isaaci of East Africa) whose flesh is esteemed as food. bon'ho-mie', bon / hom-mie' (bon'6-me' ; F. bo'no'me'), n. [F.] Good nature ; pleasant and easy manner. Bon'i-face (bon'I-fas), n. [L. Bonifacius, Bonifatius, masc. proper name.] The sleek, jolly landlord in Far- quhar's "The Beaux' Stratagem"; hence, an innkeeper. bon'i-ness (bon'i-nes), n. Quality of being bony. bo-ni'to (bo-ne'to), n.; pi. -tos (-toz). [From Sp. or Pg., fr. LL. bonitonJ] Any of several different marine fishes, esp. of the mackerel family. || bon' mot' (boN 7 mo') ; pi. bons mots (boN'moz' ; F. mo'). [F., good word.] A witty repartee; a piquant, adroit, or happy expression. || bonne (bon ; almost bun), n.; pi. bonnes. [F.] A maid- servant. bon'net (bon'et ; 24), n. [OF. bonet, bonete, fr. LL. bon- neta, bonetumf] 1. A soft woolen cap worn by men and boys in Scotland. 2. A covering for the head, worn by women and children out of doors, usually tied on with strings. 3. A headdress analogous to a bonnet, as the feathered headdress of an American Indian. 4. Some- thing suggestive of a bonnet; as : a A cowl for a chimney. b A cover for an open fireplace. C Automobiles. The metal cover or shield over the motor ; hood, d Naut. An additional piece of canvas laced to the foot of a jib or foresail in moderate winds. 5. An accomplice of a gambler, auctioneer, etc., who entices others to bet or bid ; a decoy. — v. t. To dress or provide with a bonnet. D H K k = ch in G. Ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BONNET PIECE 116 BOOT bonnet piece. A gold coin of the time of James V. of Scotland, on which was stamped the bonneted head of the king. Its intrinsic value was about $3.50. D bon'net' rouge' (bo'ne' roozh') ; pi. bonnets rouges (bo'ne' roozh'). [F.] The red cap adopted by extremists in the French Revolution ; hence : a revolutionist ; a Red Republican. .,«_,- bon'ny (bon'i), a.; -ni-er (-er) ; -ni-est. Also bon'nie. [Prob. fr. F. bon, fern, bonne, good.] 1. Good-looking; comely. 2. Gay ; cheerful ; blithe. 3. Fine ; strong. Obs.or Dial. — bon'ni-ly (-Hi), adv. — bon'ni-ness, n. bon'ny-clab'ber (-klab'er), n. [Ir. bainne milk -f- clabar mire, bonnyclabber.] Coagulated sour milk. bon'spiel (bon'spel), n. [Scot.] A match between clubs, esp. at curling. Mostly Scot. bon'te-bok (bon'te-bok), n. [D., lit., spotted buck.] A South African antelope (Bubalis pygargus) of a peculiar purplish red color with white face and rump. [| bon' ton' (boN' toN'). [F., good tone, manner.] Fashion- able manner or style ; high society. bo'nus (bo'nus), n. ; pi. -nuses (-ez ; 24). [L. bonus good.] Something given beyond what is usual or is strictly due ; specif.: a A premium given for a loan, or for a charter or other privilege granted to a company, b An extra dividend. C Money, or other valuable, given in addition to an agreed compensation, d Life Insurance. An allotment of surplus to a policyholder ; — in America usually called dividend. [| bon' vi'vant' (boN' ve'vaN') ; pi. bons vxvants (don' ve'- vaNz' ; F. -vaN') ; fern. || bonne' vi'vante' (bon' ve'vaN^) ; pi. bonnes vivantes (ve'vaNts' ; F. -vaNt'). [F., good liv- ing.] A lover of good living ; esp., a gourmet. bon'y (bon'i), a.; bon'i-er (-er) ; bon'i-est. Like, consist- ing of, full of, or pert, to, bones ; having conspicuous bones. bonze (bonz; bon'ze), n. [Pg. bonzo, fr., Jap. bonzo.'] A Buddhist or Foist priest, monk, or nun.orig. of Japan. boo (boo), inter j. An exclamation imitative of the low of a cow, used to indicate contempt, aversion, etc., or to frighten. — v. i.; booed (bood) ; boo'ing. 1. To low, as a cow. 2. To say or utter "boo" ; hoot. boo'by(boo'bi), n.; pi. -BiEs(-biz). [Sp. bobo dunce, idiot.] 1. A dunce ; a stupid fellow. 2. In card playing, etc., the player whose score is lowest. Boodh (bood), Bood'dha (-d), etc. Vars. of Buddha, etc. boo'dle (boo'd'l), n. 1. The whole collection or lot; caboo- dle. Contemptuous. 2. Bribe money ; graft. Polit. Cant. — v. i.; -dled (-d'ld); -dling (-dling). To obtain money by political corruption. Polit. Cant. — boo'dler (-dler), n. All U. S. boo'hoo' (boo'hoo' ; b6o'hoo'),_n. The sound or act of loud weeping or laughter. — (boo'hoo'; boo'hoo'), v. i.; -hooed' (-hood') ; -hoo'ing. To bawl ; also, to hoot ; shout. book (book), n. [AS. boc, fr. boc, bece, beech ; because the Saxons wrote runes on pieces of beechen board.] 1. A written or printed narrative or record, or a series of such ; esp., a literary composition. 2. A collection of tablets or [ sheets, as of wood, ivory, or paper, strung or bound to- gether ; as, a blank book ; an account book. 3. A part or subdivision of a literary work ; as, the tenth book of "Para- dise Lost." 4. leap.; usually the Book.] The Bible. 5. A libretto ; hence, the text of a play. 6. A record of bets, esp. of bets on horse races; hence : to suit one's book, to meet one's desires, mental attitude, or circum- stances. 7. Card Playing. A certain number of tricks or of cards forming a set when taken or held by one side, as six tricks in whist. 8. A commercial packet of certain ■ commodities, as of gold leaf, by the book, according to a book regarded as authorita- tive ; in the prescribed way ; correctly ; as, to speak or play by the book. — in one's bad books, in disfavor with one. — in one's books, or in one's good books, in favor with one. — without b. a By memory, b Without authority. — v. t. To enter, write, or register ina book or list, esp. so as to engage service or accommodation ; hence, to engage conveyance for. — v. i. To register one's name or buy a ticket so as to engage something. book'bind'er (-bln'der), n. One whose occupation is to bind books. — book'bind'er-y (-i),n. — book'bind'ing,n. book'case' (book'kas'), n. A case with shelves for books. book'ish, a. 1. Fond of, or learned in, books. 2. Charac- terized by or affecting literary form or precision ; hence : formal ; pedantic. — book'ish-ly, adv. ish-ness, n. book'keep'er (bdok'kep'er), n. One who keeps accounts; one whose business or profession is bookkeeping. book'keep'ing, n. Art or practice of keeping, as in account books, a systematic record of business transactions. book'land (book'land), n. [AS. bdcland; boc book + land land.] O. Eng. Law. Orig., land granted by a book, or charter ; hence, any land not folkland. booklet, n. A little book. book'mak'er (-mak'er), n. A maker of books; as : a A compiler, b One who makes a book of bets. book'man (-man), n. l.A studious man; a scholar. 2. One who has to do with the sale of books. Colloq. book'mark' (-mark'), n. Something placed in a book to guide in finding a particular page or passage. book'plate' (-plat'), n. A label placed upon or in a book, showing its ownership or its position in a library. book'rack' (bdbk'rak'), n. A rack for supporting an open book ; also, a rack for holding a number of books. book scorpion. Any of an order (Pseudoscorpionida) of minute arachnids found among papers. book'sell'er (book'sel'er), n. One who sells books. book'shelf (-shelf), n. A shelf for books. bOOk'shop' (-shop'), n. A bookstore. book'stack' (-stak'), n. A fixed rack provided with book- shelves ; esp., one of a system in a library stack room. book'stall' (-stol'), 7i. A stall where books are sold. book'stand' (-stand'), n. A bookstall; also, a bookrack. book'store' (-stor ; 57), n. A store where books are the main commodity sold. U. S. and, locally, Canada. book'worm' (-wurm'), n. 1. An insect larva that injures books. 2. A person unusually devoted to reading or studying books. boom (boom), n. [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar.] 1. Naut. A long spar used esp. to extend the bottom of a sail. 2. A long spar or beam projecting from the mast of a derrick to support or guide the body to be lifted. 3. Mil. A chain cable or line of connected spars extended across a waterway to obstruct navigation. 4. Lumbering. a A line of connected floating timbers used to confine saw logs, or the like ; also, the inclosed area, b An obstruction of floating logs, or the like, retarding the flow of a stream. boom, v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To make a hollow sound, _ as waves or cannon or a bittern. 2. To move with a booming noise, as a ship. 3. To have a rapid growth in market value, in resources and population, or in popular favor, as a town or district.— v. t. 1. To give forth with a reso- nant or booming sound _; — usually used with out. 2. To f]cause a rapid growth or increase of in favor, price, etc.; as, to boom a stock, town, candidate. — n. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon. 2. A strong, rapid, and expanding growth in market value, development, favor, etc. ; as, a boom in real estate. boom'er (boom'er), n. One who booms; West. U. S., one who joins a rush of settlers, as to a newly opened district. boom'er-ang (-ang), n. [From native name in Australia.] 1. A curved or angular club used, mainly by the natives of Australia, as a missile weapon. It can be hurled so that its flight will bring it back near to the place whence it was thrown. 2. Any story or project, esp. a scandalous one, which reacts against its originator. boon (boon), n. [Icel. bon petition.] A thing asked, granted, or enjoyed, as a benefit or favor ; a gift. — Syn. See present. boon, a. [F. bon good, L. bonus."] 1. Kind ; bountiful. Archaic or Poetic. 2. Jovial ; con- vivial; — chiefly in boon companion. boor (boor), n. [D. boer farmer, boor.] 1. A peasant; rustic; esp., a clownish countryman. 2. A Dutch, German, or Russian peasant ; esp. \_cap.~] , a Boer. 3. A rude, ill-bred, or clownish person. boorish (bdor'ish), a. Like a boor; clownish; uncul- tured. — boor'ish-ly, adv. — boor'ish-ness, n. Syn. Rustic, awkward, clumsy, ungainly ; surly, sullen, crabbed, churlish, clownish, loutish. — Boorish, churlish, clownish, loutish. Boorish refers to gross lack of breed- ing or to rudeness of manner ; churlish, to surliness or incivility, often of speech. Clownish suggests ungainly rus- ticity ; loutish, stupid clumsiness. boost (boost), v. t. & i. To lift or push from behind ; give a boost to ; hence, to assist or advance ; as, to boost a candi- date ; to boost prices.— n. A push or shove that aids one in rising or advancing, lit. or fig. Both Colloq., U. S. boost 'er (boos'ter), n. One who, or that which, boosts; specif. : Elec. An instrument or machine for regulating or modifying the electromotive force in an electric circuit ; — so called because used to "boost," or raise, the pressure in the circuit. A dynamo is sometimes so used. boot (boot), n. [AS. bot remedy, compensation.] 1. Rem- edy ; help. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Something giyen to equal- ize an exchange ; — only in : to boot, in addition ; into the bargain ; besides. 3. Profit ; advantage ; avail ; use. Ar- chaic. — v. t. 1. To remedy. Obs. 2. To profit ; avail ; as, what boots it? — v. i. To be of avail ; — used impersonally. boot, n. [Cf. boot profit, or booty.] Booty. 06s. or R. boot, n. [OF. bote, LL. botta.] 1. A covering, usually of md more or less of the leg. Cf. shoe. 2. Of a coach : a A seat at the side for attendants. a leather, for the foot and more or Obs. b A place for baggage at either end of a stagecoach. 3. A bootlike instrument of torture for the leg. 4. A partial covering for the hoof and leg of a horse, intended to prevent injury from interference. 5. An apron or ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing\ iijk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); BOOTBLACK 117 BORROW cover (of leather or rubber cloth) for the driving seat of a vehicle, to protect from rain and mud. 6. Something like, or suggestive of, a boot (in sense 1); as: a In a grain elevator, the box in which the lower pulley runs. B A leather case attached to a cavalry saddle to contain a carbine. C In a reed pipe of an organ, the box or com- partment containing the reed. See reed pipe, Illust. — v. t. 1. To put boots on, esp. for riding. 2. To torture with the boot. 3. To kick with a booted foot. U. S. boot'black' (boot'blak'), to. One who polishes boots. _ boot'ed (boot'ed; 24), a. 1. Wearing boots, as for riding; as, a booted squire. 2. Zo'dl. Having a continuous horny, bootlike covering ; — said of the tarsus of some birds. boot-ee' (boo-te'), to. A kind of boot or shoe for a woman or child. Cant. Bo-o'tes (bo-o'tez), to. ; gen. Boons (-tis). [L., fr. Gr. (Jo&T-qs herdsman, fr. fiovs ox.] Astron. A northern con- stellation containing the bright star Arcturus. booth (booth; booth), n. [Prob. fr. ODan. ftoff.] 1. A frail temporary house or shed. 2. A covered stall or tempo- rary structure at a fair, polling place, etc. boot'hose' (boot'hoz'), n. sing. & pi. Outside hose in lieu of boots or as a leg covering in addition to boots. boot'i-kin (boot'I-kln), n. [boot + kin.'] 1. A little boot; also, a covering for the foot or hand, worn as a cure for the gout. 2. An instrument of torture ; the boot. boot'jack' (-jak'), n. A device for pulling off boots. boot'leg' (-leg'), v. i. To carry liquor about on the person and sell it where the sale of liquor is prohibited. Slang, U.S. boot'less, o. [From boot profit.] Unavailing; useless. — Syn. See useless.— boot'less-ly, adv. less-ness, n. boots (boots), n. ; pi. in form, but construed as sing.-. A ser- vant, as at a hotel, who cleans, blacks, and polishes boots. boot'-top'ping, n. Naut. a The process of cleaning a ves- . sel's hull about the water line and coating it with some material to prevent fouling, b That portion of a vessel's hull between the light and the load water lines (that portion being usually painted red). boot'-tree', n. An instrument to stretch, or preserve the form of, a boot or shoe. boo'ty (boo'ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. butin.] 1. Spoil, esp. that taken in war; plunder. 2. Any rich gain. Syn. Booty, plunder, loot, pillage, spoil agree in denot- ing that which is seized by violence. Booty and plunder are alike used of seizures in war or by robbery or theft. Booty often suggests richness, plunder the considerable amount or varied character, of the spoil. Loot is strictly the booty, sometimes illicitly or dishonorably taken, from a sacked city. Spoil (commonly in pi.) and pillage usually suggest the violence of the seizing. In recent usage spoil is often applied to the emoluments of office, regarded as the rightful booty of a victorious political party. booze (booz), v. i.; boozed (boozd) ; booz'ing. To drink immoderately, esp. liquor ; tipple.— to. A carouse ; also, what is drunk; liquor. Colloq. — booz'er (booz'er), n. booz'y (-l), a. Somewhat intoxicated; fuddled. Colloq. bo-peep' (bo-pep'), n. A sudden looking out and with- drawing, so as to startle some one (as by children in play). bo'ra (bo'rd), n. [It., dial. var. of borea north wind, L. boreas.] A violent, cold, northeast wind of the Adriatic. bo-rac'ic (bo-ras'ik), a. = Boric. bo'ra-cite (bo'rd-slt), n. Min. A borate and chloride of magnesium, MgvChBieOso, occurring in glassy crystals and in softer, white masses. It is strongly pyroelectric. bor'age (biir'aj), n. [From OF., fr. LL.] A rough-hairy blue-flowered European herb (Borago officinalis), used medicinally, and also in salad. bo-rag'i-na'ceous (bo-raj'I-na'shTOs), a. [NL. See bor- age.] Bot. Belonging to a family ( Boraginacese ) of herbs, shrubs, or trees, the borage family, including the heliotrope and forget-me-not. bo'rate (bo'rat), n. Chem. A salt or ester of boric acid. bo'rat-ed (-ed), a. Impregnated with borax or boric acid. bo'rax (-roks), n. [F., fr. Ar. buraq, Pers. bur ah.] A crystalline, slightly alkaline borate of sodium, Na2B.i07, used as a flux, cleansing agent, antiseptic, etc. Bor'deaux' (bor'do'), n. Wine from the Bordeaux region, France, or any similar wine. White varieties are chiefly the sauternes; red varieties are usually called claret. Bordeaux mixture. A fungicidal mixture composed of blue vitriol, lime, and water. bor'der (bor'der), n. [F. bordure, OF. bordeiire, fr. border to border, bord a border.] 1. The outer part or edge ; margin. 2. A boundary or frontier. 3. An ornamental or finishing strip or stripe along or near the edge, as of a gar- ment ; hence, a narrow flower bed. Syn. Bound, boundary, limit, confine, margin, verge, edge, rim, brink, brim. — Border, margin, verge, edge, rim, brim, brink agree in the idea of a bounding or dividing line or surface. A border is that part of a surface just within its boundary line or the boundary line itself ; as, the border of a rug ; the border country. A margin is a border definite in width or made distinctive ; as, the margin of a* page. Verge denotes an extreme or remote border ; as, on the verge of ruin. An edge is a sharply defined terminating line or part ; rim, usually applies to the edge of something circular or curving ; brim, to the upper rim of a hollow vessel ; as, the edge of a table ; the rim of a cup ; full to the brim. Brink denotes the edge of something steep ; as, the brink of a precipice. the border, the borders, the contiguous districts of Scot- land and England. — a. Pertaining to a boundary district or frontier ; hence : rude ; unconventional ; as, border life. — v. t. 1. To furnish with a border. 2. To be or have next to ; touch or be touched, as by a border. — v. i. 1. To touch at the edge or boundary ; — used with on or upon. 2. To approach ; verge ; as, to border upon insanity. bor'der-er (-er), to. A dweller on a border or frontier. border rider. A freebooter on the border of Scotland and England. bor'dure (bor'dyr), n. [F. bordure. See border, to.] 1. Her. A border about the shield. 2. A border. Archaic. bore (bor; 57), v. t.; bored (bord); bor'ing (bor'ing). [AS borian.] 1. To penetrate (a body), as by turning an auger, gimlet, drill, or the like, against it ; to pierce. 2. To make (a hole, well, passage, etc.) with or as with an auger. 3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort ; as, to bore one's way through a crowd. 4. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness, or by forcing one's presence upon ; afflict with ennui. — v. i. 1. To bore a hole. 2. To be pierced by a boring in- strument. 3. Of a horse, to shoot out the nose or toss it in the air. — to. 1. A hole made by boring, or an opening like, or lik- ened to, one so made. 2. A round internal cavity, as of a pipe or tube ; specif ., the tubular cavity of a.firearm ; in mod- ern breechloading ordnance, that in front of the breech- block. 3. Size, or diameter, of a hole ; caliber. 4. A person or thing that wearies by prolixity, dullness, etc. bore, to. [Icel. bara wave.] Phys. Geog. a A tidal flood with high abrupt front, due to a rapidly narrowing inlet or channel. The bores of the Humber, Trent, and Severn in England are commonly called eagres, b Loosely, a very high and rapid tidal flow, as at the Bay of Fundy. bo're-al (bo're-al), a Pert, to Boreas; hence, northern. bo^re-as (bo're-as), to. [L. boreas, Gr. Bopeas.] The north wind ; — usually [cap.] personified. bore'cole' (bor'kol'), to. Kale. bore'dom (bor'diim), to. State of being bored; ennui. bor'er (bor'er), to. One who bores ; that which bores, as a tool, the shipworm, certain beetles, etc. bo'ric (bo'rlk; 57), a. Of, pert, to, or containing, boron. boric acid, any acid derived from boric oxide ; specif., a white crystalline substance, B (OH) 3, obtained from its salts. bo'ride (bo'rld; -rid), to. Chem. A binary compound of boron with a more positive (basic) element or radical. bor'ing (bor'ing), to. 1. Act or process of one who, or that which, bores. 2. A hole made by boring ; a bore. 3. A chip or cutting made by boring ; — usually in pi. born (born), p. p. & p. a. of bear, v. t. Hence : p. a. Having from birth a certain character ; inborn ; as, a born poet. See Note at end of bear, v. t. borne (born; 57), p. p. of bear. Supported; carried; brought forth (by the mother) ; defrayed, etc. See bear,i>.£. bor'ne-ol (bor'ne-ol ; -81), to. [Borneo + 1st -ol.~] Chem. A kind of camphor, CioHn-OH, corresponding to true cam- phor, into which it is converted on oxidation. born'ite (bor'nlt), to. [After I. von Born, Austrian miner- alogist.] Min. A brittle, metallic-looking sulphide of copper and iron, CmFeSs. It is a valuable ore of copper. bo'ron (bo'ron), to. [NL. See borax.] Chem. Anonme- tallic element occurring naturally only in combination, as in borax and boric acid. Symbol, B ; at. wt., 11. bo'ro-sil'i-cate (bo'ro-sTl'i-kat), to. Chem. A double salt of boric and silicic acids, as in the minerals tourmaline, datolite, etc. bor'ough (bur'o), to. [AS. burh, burg, fortified place or town.] 1. In England : a A town, or urban constituency, that sends a member or members to Parliament, b An incorporated town with special privileges conferred by royal charter. 2. A form of municipal corporation in gen- eral like an incorporated town or village. Local, U. S. bor'OUgh-Eng'lish, to. Eng. Law. A custom or right by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, or sometimes to the youngest daughter or collateral heir. bor'ough-mon'ger (-mun'ger), to. One who buys or sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs. bor'rel (bor'el), a. 1. Of the laity. Archaic. 2. Unlearned ; rude ; rough. Archaic. bor'row (bor'o), y. t. [AS. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge.] 1. To receive with the implied or expressed intention of returning or giving an equivalent in kind ; — opposite of lend. 2. Arith. In subtraction, to take (one or more) from the next higher denomination in order to add it to the G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BORROWER 118 BOULE next lower. 3. To copy ; imitate ; adopt. —v. i. To borrow something. — n. 1. A pledge ; surety. 06s. 2. Early Eng. Law. A tithing or frankpledge. — bor'row-er, n. bors'hold'er (bors'hol'der), n. [ME. borsolder.] Eng. Law. The chief of a borrow, or tithing; headborough. Later, a parish officer corresponding to the petty constable. bort (bort) \n. Material consisting of imperfectly crystal- bortz (borts)J lized or coarse diamonds or of fragments made in cutting good diamonds. — bort'y (bor'tl), a. bos'cage (bos'kaj), n. Also bos'kage. [OF., grove, fr. LL. boscus thicket.] A growth of trees or shrubs ; thicket. bosch'bok (bosh'bok ; D. bos'-), n. [D., bosch wood + bok buck.] A small South African harnessed antelope (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) frequenting forests. bosch'vark' (-vark' ;D. bos'-),n. [D., boschwood + varken pig.] A South African wild hog (P otamo cheer us africanus) . bosh (bosh), n. [Turk.] Empty talk ; trash. Colloq. bosh, n. ; pi. boshes (-ez ; 24). 1. In pi. The lower part of a blast furnace, sloping inward, or the widest space at the top of this. 2. In forging and smelting, a cooling trough. bosk (bosk), n. [See bosket.] A thicket; small wood. bos'kage, n. Var. of boscage. bos'ket, bos'quet (bos'ket), n. [F. bosquetJ] A thicket. bosk'y (bos'ki), a. 1. Woody or bushy. 2. Caused by boscage; as, bosky shadows. Bos'ni-an (boz'm-an), a. Of or pert, to Bosnia.— n. A native of Bosnia, esp. a member of the tall, Slavic-speaking, predominating race. bos'om (booz'wm), n. [AS. oosm.] 1. The breast of a human being. 2. The breast as the seat of the passions, affections, and thoughts ; as, "anger resteth in the bosom of fools." 3. Affectionate embrace or compass; fold. 4. Something suggestive of the breast ; as, the bosom of the earth. 5. The part of a garment worn over the breast ; as, a shirt bosom. — a. 1. Of or pert, to the bosom. 2. Intimate; familiar ; trusted ; as, a bosom friend. — v. t. l.To inclose or carry in the bosom ; cherish. 2. To conceal ; embosom. bos'quet (bos'ket), n. Var. of bosket. boss (bos; 62), n. [OF. boce.~] Any protuberant part; a round, swelling part or body, as a knoll of rock or a pad for smoothing ; a knoblike process ; a stud ; as, a boss of wood ; a boss on a shield. — v. t. 1. To emboss. 2. To ornament with bosses ; stud. boss, n. [D. baas master.] A master workman or super- intendent ; a manager ; specif., a political dictator. — boss, a. Slang ,V '.S.—v.t. To hold mastery over ; direct. Colloq., chiefly U. S.—v. i. To be master. Colloq., chiefly U. S. boss'ism (bos'Tz'm ; 62), n. The rule, practices, or system of bosses, esp. political bosses. Slang, U. S. boss'y (-1), a. Inclined to play the boss. Colloq., U. S. boss'y (-1), a. Ornamented with bosses ; studded. Bos'ton (bos'tun ; 62), n. [From Boston, a city of Massa- chusetts.] 1. [Z. c] [F.] A game at cards, played by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each. 2. A form of the waltz characterized by the dancer's rising on the ball of the foot and descending during the same beat. Bos-well'i-an (boz-wel'i-an), a. Like or pert, to Dr. Johnson's biographer, James Boswell (1740-95), whose hero worship resulted in a faithful but often uncritical record of details. — Bos'well-ize (boz'wel-Iz ), v. i. & t. — Bos'well-ism (-iz'm), n. bo-tan'ic (bo-tan'ik) \ a. Of or pertaining to botany. — bo-tan'i-cal (i-kal) J bo-tan'i-cal-ly, adv. bot'a-nist (bot'd-nist), n. One who is a specialist in, or a student of, botany. bot'a-nize (-nlz), v. i. ; -nized (-nizd) ; -niz'tog (-nlz'ing). To collect plants for botanical investigation ; study plants in the field. — bot'a-niz'er (-nlz'er), n. bot'a-ny (bot'd-ni), n. [F. botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. (joraviKos botanic, fr. Poravr) plant, fr. /Soa/ceiv to feed.] 1. Science of plants ; biology dealing with plants. 2. A book that treats of this science. botch (boch), n. [OF. boche, dial, for boce a boss.] 1. A swelling on the skin. Obs. 2. A patch clumsily put on. 3. Clumsy work ; bungle, —v. t. 1. To mark with or as with botches. 2. To mend ; repair ; esp., to patch clumsily. 3. To combine, express, or do in a bungling way ; mar. botch'er (boch'er), n. 1. One who mends or patches, esp. a tailor or cobbler. 2. A clumsy workman ; a bungler. botch'er-y (-1), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). Clumsy workmanship. botch'y (-1), a. Botched ; poorly done. — botch'i-ly, adv. bote (bot), n. [Old form of boot; — used in composition. See 1st boot.] 1. = 1st boot, n. 2. Law. a Repair of buildings, fences, bridges, etc., or an assessment for this purpose, b A right of a tenant to take timber or other things to make repairs or for other necessaries. bot'fly' (bot'fll 7 ), n. Any of many dipterous insects (family Estridse) whose larvae are parasitic in horses, sheep, etc. both (both), a. or pron. [ME. bothe, bape, fr. Icel. baSir.] The one and the other ; the two. — conj. & adv. 1. As well ; not only ; equally ; — used with and; as, both the quick and the dead. 2. As well; also; too; as, "malice mars logic and charity both." both'er(both'er),v.£. To annoy; worry; perplex.— v. i. To feel care or anxiety.— n. One who, or that which, bothers ; state of perplexity or annoyance ; embarrassment ; worry. both'er-a'tion (-a'sh&n), n. A bothering ; state of being bothered ; a thing that bothers. Colloq. DOth'er-SOme (-sum), a. Causing bother, or worry. bo tree (bo). [Singhalese bo, Skr. bodhi, prop, enlighten- ment, akin to buddha. Cf. Buddha.] The pipal tree; specif, leap.'], the sacred tree under which Gautama is said to have received the heavenly light. bot'ry-oid (bot'n-oid)\a. [Gr. Porpvs a cluster of grapes bot'ry-oi'dal (-oi'ddl) J + -oz'd.] Having the form of a bunch of grapes. — bot'ry-oi'dal-ly, adv. bot'ry-ose (-os), a. Bot. Botryoid. bots, botts (bots), n. pi.; sing, bot, bott. The larva of the botfly, esp. the species infesting the horse. [boot.l bot-tine' (bo-ten'), n. [F.] Small boot ; lady's boot ; half] DOt'tle (bot''l), n. [From F., fr. LL.] 1. A hollow vessel, usually of glass or earthenware, with a narrow neck or mouth and without handles. 2. The contents of a bottle ; hence, fig., intoxicating liquor. — v. t.; -tled (-'Id); -tling (-ling). To inclose in or as in a bottle or bottles. bot'tle, n. [OF botel, dim. of F. botte bundle.] A bundle, esp. of hay. Obs. or Dial. Eng. bot'tle-hold'er, n. An attendant on a pugilist in a prize- fight. He holds a bottle of water. Hence, a backer, or second. Cant, or Colloq. bottle imp. = Cartesian devil. bot'tle-nose' (-noz'), n. Any of several cetaceans of the dolphin family, esp. one (Tursiops f tursio) common in the North Atlantic. bottle pool. A game of pool played with two object balls, the 6 ^oo'^'oUk! Bottlenose, Tursiovs tursio). (A > which is stood upside down. Scoring is done for making a carom, pocketing an object ball, or overturning the bottle after hitting an object ball. bot'tler (bot'ler), n. One who, or that which, bottles. bottle tree, a Any of several Australian trees (genus Sterculia, esp. 5. rupestris) so called from the swollen trunk. See kurrajong. b The sour gourd. bot'tom (bot'um), n. [AS. botm.'] 1. The part of any- thing under and supporting the contents or bulk ; as, the bottom of a chair ; under surface ; base. 2. That which underlies a thing ; foundation ; groundwork. 3. Bed of a body of water. 4. Low alluvial land along a river ; a dale ; valley. 5. The lowest part of anything ; foot. 6. Naut. The part of a ship ordinarily under water ; hence, a ship. 7. Power of endurance ; as, a horse of good bottom. — a. Of or pert, to the bottom ; lowest ; as, bottom prices. — v. t. 1. To furnish with a bottom, as a chair. 2. To found or build ; base ; — used with on or upon. 3. To reach to the bottom of ; understand fully. — v. i. 1. To rest, as upon an ultimate support ; be based or grounded ; — usu- ally used with on or upon. 2. To reach or impinge against the bottom, as when a piston strikes the end of a cylinder. bot'tom-less, a. Having no bottom ; unfathomable. bot'tom-ry (-rf), n. [From bottom, sense 6.] Maritime Law. A contract by which a ship is hypothecated as security for repayment (upon a successful termination of the voyage) of a loan for the use of the ship.^ botts. Var. of bots. bou'doir' (boo'dwar 7 ), n. [F., fr. bouder to pout, sulk.] A lady's (formerly, sometimes, a gentleman's) private room. bough (bou), n. [AS. bog, boh, bough, shoulder.] 1. An arm or branch of a tree, esp. a main branch. 2. A gallows. Archaic. Syn. Branch, limb, shoot, offshoot, twig, sprig, spray. — Bough, limb, branch. Branch, the general term, ap- plies to large or small divisions or subdivisions of a tree ; bough, ordinarily, to the larger ones ; a limb is common- ly a large branch. bOUgh'pot / (bou'pot' ; dial, boo'pot'), n. Also bow'pof. A vase for cut flowers or boughs ; also, a bouquet. bought (bot), pret. & p. a. of buy. bought'en (bot''n), p. a. Purchased; — now chiefly in Poetic use ; or {Dial. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.) applied to things not obtained or produced at home. bou / gie' (boo'zhe' ;b6o'ji),n. [F., fr. Bougie,town of North Africa.] 1. A wax candle. 2. Med. A long flexible instru- ment for introduction into the urethra, esophagus, etc. D bOU'illa'baisse' (boo'ya/bes' ; -bas'), n. [F.] Cookery. A highly seasoned stew of fish and various vegetables.^ || bouillon' (boo'yoN'; bool'yoN'), n. [F.,h.bouillir to boil.] A kind of clear beef or meat soup or broth. boul'der (bol'der), n. Var. of bowlder. bou'le (boo'le), n. [Gr. /3ot>Xi7.] 1. Gr. Antiq. A legisla- ale, senate, care^am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); BOULEVARD 119 BOW-BELLS tive council of elders or chiefs ; a senate. 2. The legislature of modern Greece. bou'le-vard (bdo'le-vard ; F. boo'l'-var'), n. [F., fr. G. bollwerk bastion.] A public walk or street on the site of demolished fortifications ; hence, a broad avenue. boule'work' (bool'wurk 7 ). Var. of buhlwork. boul'ter (bol'ter), n. A long fishing line with many hooks. boun (boun), v. t. & i. To prepare ; dress ; start. Archaic. bounce(bouns),v. t.; bounced (bounst) ; bounc'ing (boun'- sTng). [ME. bunsen.~] 1. To thump. 06s. 2. To cause to bound or rebound. 3. To proclaim or address with big talk ; bully. Colloq. 4. To eject violently, as from a room; dis- charge unceremoniously, as from employment. Slang, U. S. — v. i. 1. To strike or thump so as to rebound, or to make a sudden noise ; knock loudly. 2. To leap or spring suddenly ; bound. — n. 1. A heavy, sudden, often noisy, blow or thump. 2. A sudden leap or bound ; rebound. 3. Bluster ; brag ; boast- ing. 4. A peremptory discharge or expulsion. Slang, U. S. — adv. With a sudden leap ; suddenly. bounc'er (boun'ser), n. 1. One who bounces. 2. A boaster; a bully ; a liar ; also, a bold lie. Colloq. 3. Some- thing big ; as, a bouncer of a fish. 4. A man employed at a theater, hotel, etc., to eject disorderly persons. Slang, U.S. bounc'ing (-sing), a. 1. Stout ; buxom. 2. Excessive ; big. bouncing Bet, common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). bound (bound), n. [OF. bonne, bonde, bodne, fr. LL. bu- tina, bodina, bodena, bonna.~\ 1. The limiting line; hence : that which limits ; limit ; confine ; — usually in -pi. ; as earth's remotest bounds. 2. In pi. Borderland ; also, the tract within bounds ; domain ; as, on my bounds. — Syn. Term, termination, barrier, bourne, verge ; border, march, precinct. — v. t. 1. To limit ; terminate ; inclose ; restrain ; confine. 2. To name the boundaries of ; as, to bound France. — v. i. To have its boundary (on) ; adjoin. bound, v. i. [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir to leap, resound.] 1. To move with a sudden spring or leap, or with a succession of springs or leaps. 2. To rebound, as a ball. — Syn. See skip.— v.t. To cause to rebound; bounce. — n. 1. A quick leap ; a spring ; jump. 2. A rebound. bound, a. [p. p. of ME. bounen to prepare, fr. boun prepared, fr. Icel. buinn, p. p. of bua to dwell, prepare.] Prepared ; ready to go ; going ; as, homeward bound. bound, p. a. [See bind.] 1. Restrained or fastened by a band, bond, or the like ; tied; confined. 2. Inclosed in a binding or cover, as a book. 3. _ Under legal or moral restraint or obligation. 4. Constrained or compelled ; des- tined ; certain ; — followed by the infinitive ; as, it is bound to happen. 5. Resolved ; as, I am bound to do it. Colloq., U. S. 6. Constipated ; costive. bound up in, entirely devoted to ; inseparable from. bound'a-ry (boun'dd-n), n.; pi. -ries (-nz^ [From bound a limit.] That which indicates or fixes a limit or extent, or marks a bound, as of a territory. bound'en (boun'd'n), p. p. & a. [Old p. p. of bind."] 1. Under obligation, as for a favor ; obliged ; beholden. 2. Made obligatory; binding; — chiefly in bounden duty. bound'er (-der), n. 1. One who, or that which, bounds. 2. An apparently prosperous and inherently vulgar person of obtrusive manners. Colloq., Eng. bound'less, a. Without bounds ; illimitable ; infinite. boun'te-OUS (boun'te-us), a. [OF. bontif, fr. bonte. See bounty.] 1. Characterized by bounty ; liberal ; munifi- cent ; — of persons or agents ; as, a bounteous giver. 2. Liberally bestowed ; plentiful ; — ■ of things ; as, a bounte- ous harvest. — boun'te-ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. boun'ti-ful (boun'ti-fool), a. 1. Free in giving ; liberal. 2. Plentiful. — Syn. Generous, munificent, bounteous. See liberal. — boun'ti-f ul-ly, adv. — boun'ti-f ul-ness, n. boun'ty (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. bonte goodness, kind- ness, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good.] 1. Liberality in giv- ing; generosity. 2. That which is given liberally. 3. A reward ; esp., a premium to induce men to enter public service, or to encourage an industry. — Syn. Munificence, generosity, beneficence. See subsidy. bounty jumper. One who, during the latter part of the Civil War, enlisted in the United States service to get the bounty, and_then deserted. Colloq.. bou-quet' ( boo-ka' ), n. [F., fr. bousquet, bosquet, thicket, dim. of LL. boscus."] 1. A nosegay ; a bunch of flowers. 2. A perfume ; aroma, as of wine. Bour'bon (boor'biin), n. 1. A member of the noble French family of Bourbon, whose members founded dynasties in France (Henry IV., 1589), Spain (Philip V., 1700), and Naples (Charles III., 1735). 2. A ruler or politician who clings obstinately to ideas adapted to past conditions. 3. [I. c] Bourbon whisky. — Bour'bon-ism (-iz'm), n. Bourbon lily, the common white lily (Lilium candidum). — b. whisky, whisky produced from corn in Bourbon (local pron. bur'bun) County, Kentucky ; hence, a similar whisky from a mash of corn only or chiefly corn. bour'don (boor'don), n. [F., fr. L. burdo mule, esp. one used for carrying litters.] A pilgrim's staff. bour'don, n. [F. See burden a refrain.] Music, a A drone bass, as in a bagpipe ; a monotonous undersong or accompaniment. See burden (of a song ). b An organ stop, usually of 16 feet tone. bourg (boor; boorg), n. [F.] A town or village, esp. one neighboring a castle, one on the Continent of Europe, or a French market town. bour-geois' (bur-jois'), n. Print. A size of type. See type. I! bourgeois' (boor / zhwa , ),n.masc.'l[F., fr. bourg town.] I) bour'geoise' (-zhwaz'), n. fern. J In France, a person of middle rank in society, i. e., below a gentleman and above a peasant ; sometimes, in any country, one of similar rank, esp. one of the shopkeeping class. — 1| DOUr'geois', a. masc, || bour'geoise', a. fern. || bour'geoi'sie' (-zhwa'ze'), n. [F.] Bourgeois people. bour'geon. Var. of burgeon. bourn, bourne (born), n. [AS. burna.2 A rivulet ; a burn. bourn Uborn; boom), n. [F. borne.] 1. Bound; bound- bournej ary ; limit. 2. Realm. Obs. or Poetic. bourse (boors), n. [F., purse, exchange, fr. LL., fr. Gr. /36pr)86y turning iike oxen in plowing ; (iovs ox -f- arpk- 4>eiv to turn.] An ancient mode of writing lines alter- nately from left to right, and from right to left. bous'y (booz'i ; bouz'i), a. Drunken ; sotted ; boozy. bout (bout), n. 1. A going and returning, as in mowing; a turn ; a round. 2. A conflict ; contest ; trial ; set-to. || bou'ton'niere'tboo'to'nyar'), n. [F., buttonhole.] A bou- quet for the buttonhole. || bouts'-ri'mes' (boo're'ma'), n. pl. [F. bout end + rime rimed.] Riming words proposed to fill out verses. bo'vine (bo'vln ; -vin), o. [LL. bovinus, fr. L. 60s, bovis, ox, cow.] Of, pert, to, or like, the ox or cow or an animal of the ox kind ; hence : sluggish and patient ; dull. — n. An animal of the ox kind. bow (bou), v. i. [AS. bugan.~\ 1. To bend ; stoop. 2. To bend the head, knee, or body in reverence, submission, civility, or assent. 3. (pron. bo) To bend ; curve. — v. t. 1. (pron. bou) To cause to incline ; bend. 2. To in- fluence powerfully ; incline ; as, he bows all to his will. 3. To bend or incline, as the head or body, in respect, grati- tude, assent, submission, or condescension. 4. To pros- trate ; depress ; crush ; as, bowed down with grief. 5. a To express by bowing ; as, to bow one's thanks, b To usher (in or out) with bowing. 6. (pron. bo) To cause to become curved, or bow-shaped. — 71. (pron. bou) An inclination of the head, or a bending of the body, in respect, submission, condescension, etc. bow (bou), n. 1. The forward part of a vessel, or of an airship or dirigible balloon. 2. One who rows in the bow. bow (bo), n. [AS. boga, fr. bugan to bend.] 1. Anything bent, or curved, as the rainbow ; a bend. 2. A weapon made of elastic material, as a strip of wood, with a cord to connect the two ends when bent, and by which »J an arrow is pro- pelled. 3. A struc- ture of curved form. 4. A bow-shaped \ contrivance or im- plement, as : a The U-shaped piece, about the neck off an ox fastening \t\ to the yoke; the yoke itself, b Mu- sic. The implement (orig. curved), with a number of horse- 1 Classical (Cupid's) Bow; 2 Chinese hairs stretched from B° w in Quiver ; 3 African Cane Bow ; pn j trt pnf i „<. p a ; n 4 Brazilian Indian Bow ; 5 Hindu end to end, used m Bow 6 Modern Bow> playing on an in-_ strument of the violin class. C A knot, esp. an ornamental slipknot, formed by doubling a ribbon or string into one or two loops. 5. A stroke of the bow in playing a viol instru- ment ; as, the up bow. — v. t. & i. Music. To play with a bow. — a. Bent like a bow. Bow'-bells' (bo'belz'), n. pl. The bells of Bow Church, or St. Mary-le-Bow (so called from the bows, or arches, of its steeple), nearly in the center of London ; cockneydom. G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh' = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BOW COMPASS 120 BOYARD bOW compass (bo), a An arcograph. b A small pair of compasses one leg of which carries a pencil, pen, or point. C A pair of compasses with a bow or arched plate riveted to one of the legs, and passing through the other. bowd'ler-ize (boud'ler-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'- lng). After Dr. Thomas Bowdler, an English physician, who published an expurgated edition of Shakespeare in 1818.] To expurgate, as a book. bow'el (bou'el), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. botellus a small sausage, botulus sausage.] 1. An intestine ; entrail, esp. of man ; gut ; — ■ usually in pi. 2. In pi. The interior of anything, as of the earth. 3. In pi. The seat of pity or kind- ness ; tenderness ; compassion. — v. t. -eled or -elled (-eld) ; -el-ing or -el-ling. To dis- embowel. bow'er (bou'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bows, or bends. 2. Naut. An anchor carried at the bow. bow'er, n. [G. bauer peasant, OHG. giburo ; — from the figure sometimes used for the knave in cards.] In euchre, the knave (right bower) of the trump suit, or the knave (left bower) of the suit of the same color as the trump. The joker is often called the best bower. bow'er (bo'er), n. A performer with a bow on the violin, etc. bow'er (bou'er), n. [AS. bur chamber, cottage.] 1. A rustic cottage or retreat. 2. A chamber ; esp., a lady's pri- vate apartment. Now only Poetic. 3. A leafy or wooded shelter or arbor. — v. t. To embower ; inclose. bower bird. Any of certain oscine birds of the Australian region that build bowers, or runs, used as playhouses and to attract the females, not as nests. bow'er-y (-1), a. Like a bower ; full of bowers. bow'er-y, n.;pl. -eries (-iz). [D. bouwerij.] A farm with its buildings (among the Dutch settlers of New York). — a. [cap.] Characteristic of the Bowery (a cer- tain street in New York City, formerly notorious for cheap resorts, tawdry display, etc.) ; hence : flashy ; vulgar. bow'fin/ (bo'finO, n. A voracious ganoid fish (Amia calva), Bowfin {Amia calva). (i) little valued as food, of the Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley, etc. ; the mudfish. bow hand, a Archery. The hand that holds the bow, i. e., the left hand ; hence : on the bow hand, away from the mark or correct place or opinion, b Music. The hand (normally the right) that draws the bow. bow'head' (bo'hed'), n. The Arctic right whale. bow'ie knife (bo'i ; boo'T). [From its inventor, Col. James Bowie (d. 1836).] A kind of long, strong, curved knife. bow'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of bow. bow'knot' (bo'nof), n. A kind of knot. See knot, 1. bowl (bol), n. [AS. bolla.] 1. A concave vessel, usually hemispheric, to hold liquids, etc. 2. Specif., a drinking vessel for wine, etc. ; hence, convivial drinking. 3. The hollowed or bowl-shaped part of a thing, as of a spoon, pipe, etc. bowl, n. [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud.] 1. A ball for rolling on a level surface in play, esp. one having one side weighted so as to give it a bias. 2. [In the form bowls, construed as a sing.] a A game, popular in Great Britain from early times, played with biased balls on a level green- sward, b Ninepins, skittles, or tenpins. Z.Mach. A cylin- drical roller or drum, as for an antifriction bearing, in pairs for pressing, etc. 4. A delivery of the ball in bowling. — v. i. 1. To play with or at bowls. 2. To roll a ball on a plane, as in the game of bowls. 3. Cricket. To serve the ball to the batsman with a smooth movement of the arm ; — disting. from throw or jerk. 4. To move rapidly and smoothly, as a ball. — v. t. l.To roll or deliver, as a bowl or cricket ball. 2. To roll or carry smoothly on or as on wheels. 3. To pelt or strike with anything rolled ; — often used with over, down. 4. Cricket. To put out (a batsman) by bowl- ing ; — often used with out. bowl'der, boul'der (bol'der), n. Any detached and round- ed or worn mass of rock larger than a cobblestone. bow'leg' (bo'legO, n. A crooked leg, esp. one bowed out- ward. — bow'-leg'ged (-leg'ed ; -legd'), a. bowl'er (bol'er), n. One who bowls. bowl'er, n. [From 2d bowl.] A derby hat. Eng. bow'line (bo'lin ; -lln), n. 1. Naut. A rope used to keep the weather edge of the sail taut forward. 2. A bowline knot.See knot, 1. — on a bowline, Naut., close-hauled. bowl'mg (bol'ing), n. The sport of playing bowls, or ten- pins, or the game itself. — bowling alley, an alley for playing bowls. — b. green, a level greensward for bowling. bowls (bolz), n. See 2d bowl, a ball, 2 b. bow'man (bo'man), n. An archer. bow'man (bou'man), n. The front oarsman in a boat. bown, bowne (boun). Vars. of boun. bow pen (bo). Bow compasses one leg of which carries a drawing pen. See bow compass. bow'pot' (bou'pot' ; dial. boo'-). Var. of boughpot. bowse. Var. of bouse. bow'shot' (bo'shof), n. The distance traversed by an arrow shot from a bow, approximately 300 yards for the English long bow formerly used in war. bow'sprit (bo'sprit; bou'- ), n. {bow + sprit.'] Naut. A large spar projecting forward from the stem of a vessel. bow'string' (bo'strmg'), n. The string of a bow. — v. t.; -stringed (-stringdO or -strung (-strung'). To strangle with a bowstring. bow window (bo). A bay window, esp. a curved one. bow'wow' (bou'wou'), n. An imitation of a dog's bark ; the bark of a dog ; also, a dog. — v. i. To bark ; fig., to snarl. bow'yer (bo'yer), n. One who makes or sells bows ; also, Rare, an archer. box (boks), n. A buffet on the head or ear with the hand. — v.i. To fight with the fist; specif., to spar with gloves. — v. t. To strike with the open hand or the fist. box (boks), n. [AS. box, L. buxus, Gr. 7r6£os.] An ever- green shrub or small tree (genus Buxus, esp. B. semper- virens), widely used for hedges and borders. box, n. [AS.] 1. A receptable of any firm material char- acteristically having, or adapted for having, a lid or cover. 2. A present in a box ; a gift ; esp. , a Christmas gift. 3. The driver's seat on a carriage or coach. 4. The quantity that a box contains. 5. A limited compartment in a public place, as in a theater, or its occupants. 6. In a stable or railroad car, a compartment for a horse. 7. A boxlike shed ; as, a sentry box. 8. A small country house ; as, a shooting box. 9. Mach. A receptacle like, or suggestive of, a box, as a journal bearing. 10. A hole cut into the trunk of a tree for collecting its sap. 11. Baseball. The space where the pitcher stands ; also, that for the batter. — v. t. l.To furnish with boxes or inclose like a box. 2. To inclose in or as in a box ; confine ; stow ; — often used with up or in. 3. Arch. To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to bring to a required form ; — usually used with out or up. 4. Naut. To boxhaul. to box the compass, Naut., to name the 32 points of the compass in their order ; fig., to make a complete turn. box'ber-ry(-ber-T), n. 1. Wintergreen (Gaultheria procum- bens). 2. Partridge berry (Mitchella repens). box calf. A kind of calfskin tanned with chrome salts ; — from the square markings on the grain made in rolling. box coat, a A thick overcoat for driving, sometimes with a cape, b A plain outer coat, fitted only at the shoulders. box elder. A tree (genus Rulac, esp. R. negundo) of the eastern United States, related to the maple. box'er (bok'ser), n. One who boxes. Box'er, n. A member of a Chinese secret society (lit., the "righteous league of fists") which in 1900 spread through the northern provinces of China in an uprising which culminated in a siege of the legations in Peking. box'haul' ( boks'hol' ), v. t. Naut. To put ( a square- rigged vessel ) on the other tack by luffing into the wind and then veering short round on her heel. box'ing, vb. n. 1. Act of inclosing in a box. 2. Material used for boxes or casings. 3. A boxlike inclosure ; casing. Boxing Day, the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday on which Christmas boxes are given. The night of this day is Boxing Night. Eng. box'ing, n. Act of fighting with the fists ; sparring. boxing glove. A large mitten or glove, padded on the back, for use in sparring. box kite. A kite consisting of two rectangular boxes, or cells open on two sides, horizontally. box Office. Theaters. The office where admission tickets are sold. box oyster. A choice large oyster. box plait or pleat. A plait that doubles both to the right and left. box Stew. A stew of superior oysters. box tail. Aeronautics. In a flying ma- fox Kite, chine, a tail or rudder, usually fixed, resembling a box kite. box'thorn' (boks'thornO, n. Any of a genus (Lycium) of solanaceous plants, some of which are cultivated for their evergreen foliage or their ornamental flowers or berries. box'wood' (boks'woodO, n. The very close-grained, tough, hard wood of the box (Buxus). boy (boi), n. 1. A male child from birth to puberty ; youth ; familiarly, a man. 2. A male servant ; specif., as in China, India, or South Africa, a male servant, laborer, or slave of a native or inferior race ; also, a man of such a race. bo-yar' (bo-yar' ; boi'dr), bo-yard' ( bo-yar' ; boi'drd ), n. [Russ. boyarin.] 1. A member of a Russian aristocratic order (abolished by Peter the Great) next below that of the ruling princes. Also, one of a privileged class in Roumania. 2. Erroneously, a Russian landed proprietor. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing', ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); BOYCOTT 121 BRAIN boy'COtt (boi'kot), v. t. [From Captain Boycott, a land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] 1. To subject to a boycott. 2. To refrain from the use of ; keep aloof from.— n. A combining to withhold, or to prevent others from holding, business or social relations with a tradesman, employer, etc. ^ _ [being a boy. I boy'hood (boi'hotid), n. State, condition, or period of] boy'ish, a. Like, pert, to, or after the manner of, a boy. — Syn. See youthful. boy SCOUt. Orig., a member of the Boy Scouts, an organiza- tion of boys founded in 1908, by Sir R. S. S. Baden-Pow- ell, to promote good citizenship by creating in them a spirit of civic duty and of usefulness to others. Hence, a member of any similar organization elsewhere. brab'ble (brab''l), v.i. To dispute noisily; brawl. — to. Broil ; wrangle.— \)Ta.b'hle-ment,n.BothArchaicorDial. brace (bras), n. [OF., the two arms, embrace, fathom, L. bracchia (outstretched) arms, pi. of bracchium arm.] 1. Warlike preparation ; harness. 06s. 2. Print. A curved line F jl connecting two or more words or lines ; thus, j^wZ/ '> or, in music, connecting staves. 3. Mech. A curved imple- ment for holding and turning bits, etc. 4. That which connects or fastens, as a clamp. 5. In pi. Suspenders. 6. A cord or rod for producing or maintaining tension, or a piece of material used to transmit, divert, or resist pressure. 7. Naut. A rope rove through a block at the end of a yard to swing it horizontally. 8. A pair ; a couple ; — orig. of dogs. 9. That which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly, as a bandage or prop. 10. State of being braced, tight, or re- sistant ; tension. — Syn. See couple. — 1>. t.; braced (brast) ; brac'ing (bras'ing). 1. To bind, connect, support, or gird with or as with braces. 2.To give tone or firmness to ; stimulate ; — often used with up. 3. To draw tight ; strain ; make firm ; as, to brace a bow ; to brace the nerves. 4.To place in a position for resisting pressure ; hold firmly. — v. i. To get tone or vigor ; rouse one's ener- gies ; — used esp. with up. Colloq. brace game. A game in which one or more participants are swindled or cheated, esp. by preconcerted action. Cant. bracelet (bras'let ; 24), n. [F., dim. of OF. bracel armlet, braz arm, L. bracchium.'] 1. An ornamental band worn about the arm, chiefly by women. 2. A handcuff. Colloq. brac'er (bras'er), n. 1. That which braces ; a brace. 2. A guard for the arm or wrist. 3. A tonic or stimulant. brach (brach ; brak), n. Alsobrach'et (brach'et ; 24). [F. bracket a hunting dog.] A bitch of the hound kind. bra'chi-al (bra'kl-dl ; brak'-), a. [L. brachialis.'] Pert, to, of the nature of, or resembling, a brachium or arm. bra'chi-ate (-at), a. Bot. Having wide-spreading branches arranged in alternate pairs, as the maple ; decussate. brach'i-O-pod' (brak'i-o-pod'), n. [brachium -\--podJ] Any of a class (Brachiopoda) of animals, formerly classed as mollusks, having symmetrical bivalve shells within which is a pair of "arms" bearing tentacles, by which a current of water is made to bring the microscopic food to the mouth. bra'cbi-um (bra'ki-&m ; brak'i-um), n.; L. pi. -chia (-a). [L. brachium or bracchium arm.] Anat. The part of the arm or fore limb from the shoulder to the elbow. brach'y- (brak'I-). A combining form from Greek Ppaxte, short; as, brachycepha\ic, brac/iygraphy, etc. brach'y-ce-phal'ic (-se-fal'ik) \a. [brachy- + Gr. K ea\i, brach'y-ceph'a-lous (-sef'd-lits)J head.] Anthropom. Short-headed or broad-headed ; having a cephalic index of above 80. — brach'y-ceph'a-ly (-sef'd-li), n. brach'y-dome (brak'i-dom), n. Cryst. See dome, n., 4. bra-chyg'ra-phy (brd-kTg'rd-fi), n. Stenography ; — now chiefly used of disused systems. bra-chyl'o-gy(-kil'6-ji),n. [Gr. p P a X v\oyta.. See brachy-; -logy.] Conciseness ; brevity ; a condensed expression. brach'y-u'ran (brak'i-u'rdn), a. [NL. Brachyura; brachy- + Gr. obpa tail.] Of or pertaining to a suborder {Brachy- ura) of decapod crustaceans consisting of the common crabs. — n. A brachyuran crustacean. brac'ing (bras'ing), p. a. Strengthening ; invigorating. — n. A brace ; also, braces collectively. brack (brak), n. A crack or breach ; a flaw, esp. in cloth, brack'en (brak''n), n. A brake, or large fern. brack'et (-et ; 24), n. 1. Arch., Mech., etc. A laterally pro- jecting member to support weight or re- sist pressure or strain. 2. Hence : a A shelf supported by a bracket, b A gas fix- ture or lamp holder projecting from a wall, column, orthelike. 3.1nwritingand printing, eitherof the characters [] .called also square brackets, or, rarely, either of the characters ( ),calledalso round brack- ets and now commonly parentheses, used to set something off from the context. Also, sometimes, a brace. —-v. t. To place within brackets ; connect by, or furnish with, a bracket or brackets. Bracket. 1 brack'et-ing (-ing), n. Arch. A series or group of brackets ; brackets collectively, brack'ish (-ish), a. [From brack salt water.] Saltish, as water in saline soil; distasteful. — brack'ish-ness, n. bract (brakt), n. [L. bractea a thin plate of metal.] Bot. a A leaf from the axil of which a flower or floral axis arises, b A leaf borne on the floral axis itself, esp. one subtending the flower ; — more properly called bractlet. — brac'te-al (brak'te-dl), a. — te- ate (-at), a. — bract'ed, a. brac'te-ole ( brak'te-ol ), n. [L. bracteola.'] Bot. = bract, b. — Flower of Campanula brac'te-o-late (-6-lat), a. medium, showing: 1 bracelet (brakt'let). = bract, b. Bractlets : 2 Bract - brad (brad), n. A kind of thin, small nail. brad'awF (brad'61'), n. A straight awl with chisel edge. brae (bra ; bre), n. [Icel. bra eyelid.] Hillside ; slope ; bank; a hill. Scot. & Dial. Eng. brag (brag), v. i. bragged (bragd) ; brag'ging. [ME. brag- gen to resound, blow, boast.] To talk boastfully ; boast. — Syn. See boast. — v. t. To boast of ; vaunt. — n. 1. Boast- ing; ostentatious pretense or self-glorification. 2. Thing bragged of .3. One who brags ; boaster ; braggart. 4. A game at cards similar to poker. — a. Archaic. 1. Brisk ; val- iant. 2. Boasting ; spirited ; conceited. — brag'ger (-er), n. brag'ga-do'ci-0 (brag'd-do'shi-o),™. [FvomBraggadocchio, a braggart in Spenser's " Faerie Queene."] 1. A braggart ; swaggerer. 2. Empty boasting ; brag. brag'gart (brag'drt), n. [OF. bragard flaunting, vain, brag- ging.] A boaster. — a. Boastful. gart-ism (-Iz'm), n. Bra'gi (bra'ge), Bra'ge, n. [Icel. Bragi.] Norse Myth. One of the iEsir, god of poetry, and husband of Ithunn. Brah'ma (bra/md; popularly often bra'md), n. [From jBra/tmaputra River, India.] One of a breed of large domes- tic fowl, having a small comb and feathered legs. Brah'ma (bra'md), n. Hindu Myth. The first member of the Hindu trinity ; the Creator. Brahma (neuter), or Brahm, as it is also written, denotes the supreme soul or essence of the universe, and is conceived as comprising the trinity, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva. Brahma (masculine) is the personi- fication of the supreme Brahm, and is conceived as the creator of the world. Brail 'man (-man), n.; pi. -mans [ Skr. Brahmana. ] A Hindu of the highest, or sacerdotal, caste. Brah-man'ic (bra-man'ik), -i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Of or pert, to the Brah- mans or their doctrines and worship. Brah'man-ism (-Iz'm), n. The pan- theistic religion or the system of doctrines and institutions of the Brahmans and orthodox Hindus. Socially, the great institution of Brahmanism is the caste system, now dominant throughout India. Brah'man-y (bra'mdn-i), Brah'min-y (bra'mm-i), a. Of or pert, to the Brahmans ; Brahmanic. Brahmany, or Brahminy, kite, a kitelike bird of prey (Haliastur indus) found from India to Australia. Brah'min (-mm), -min'ic. Vars. of Brahman, etc. braid ( brad), V. t. [AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to weave.] 1. To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as threads ; plait. 2. To bind (the hair) as with a braid. 3. To trim, ornament, or outline with braid.— n. 1. A plait, band, or narrow fabric formed by intertwining different strands. 2. A string or band for confining the hair. 3. A narrow fabric for binding, trimming, etc. — braid'er, n. brail (bral), n. [OF. braiol, braioel, braiel, a band around thebreeches.fr. braies, pi., breeches, L. braca, bracae.~] Naut. A rope fastened to the leech or corner of a sail, by which the sail can be hauled up or in, as in furling. — v.i. To haul up by the brails ; — used with up. || Braille (bra'y' ; E. bral),n. A system of printing or writing for the blind in which tangible points or dots are used as the characters . It was invented by Louis Braille (1809-1852), a French teacher of the blind. brain (bran), n. [AS. bragen, brxgen."] ___/* 1. a In vertebrate animals, the large J^j mass of nerve tissue inclosed in the "d skull or cranium, regarded as the seat A fishing boat with of consciousness. It includes the cere- Mainsail partly brum in front and above, and the trailed up. BB smaller cerebellum below at the back. iJraus - D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BRAINLESS 122 BRAVERY b In many invertebrates, a large ganglion more or less corre- sponding to the brain of a vertebrate. 2. Understanding ; intellect ; — often in the pi. -—v. t. To dash out the brains of ; hence : to destroy ; defeat. brain'less, a. Without understanding ; witless. brain'pan' (bran'pan'), n. The cranium proper. brain'siclV (-slk/), a. Disordered in, or due to disorder of, the mind.— brain'sick'ly, adv. — brain'sick'ness, n. braise(braz),i>. £. braised (brazd) jbrais'ing. [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] Cookery. To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan. — n. Charcoal powder; breeze. brais'er (braz'er), n. A kettle or pan for braising. brake (brak), n. 1. Any of a genus (Pteris) of ferns (esp. : P. aquilina and related species), with ternately compound fronds ; less properly, any fern. 2. A thicket ; a brushwood. brake, n. 1. A machine for bruising the woody part of flax or hemp so as to separate it from the fiber. 2. Any of various instruments for breaking, bruising, or kneading. 3. Any of several devices consisting essentially of a lever, as a pump handle, esp. a long one for several persons to use._ 4. A frame for confining a horse while being shod ; also, an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, etc. 5. Any device for retarding or stopping by friction ; as, a brake on a wagon wheel, on a bi- cycle, etc. 6. = break, a carriage. — v. t. braked (brakt) ; brak'ing (brak'ing). 1. To crush or break (flax or hemp) in a brake. 2. To apply a brake to ; re- tard or stop by a brake. 3. To furnish or equip with a brake or brakes. — v. i. To manage a brake. brake'age (brak'aj), n. Action of a brake ; use of a brake. brake'man (-man), n. Also, especially Brit., brakes'man (braks'-). A man in charge of a brake or brakes. brak'y (brak'!), a. Full of brambles, shrubs, or ferns. Bram'ah {properly bram'd; often bra'md or bra'md), n. Joseph Bramah (1748-1814), English inventor ; — used at- tributively to designate certain devices invented by him, as a kind of desk, pen, lock, etc. bram/ble (bram'b'l), n. [AS. bremel, brembel, brsembel.'] Any of a genus (Rubus) of rosaceous, often prickly, shrubs, including the raspberry and blackberry ; hence, any rough, prickly shrub. bram'bling (-bling), n. A handsome Old World finch (Fringilla montifringilla). bram'bly (-bli), a. Full of or like brambles. bran (bran), n. [OF. bren."] The broken coat of the seed of grain separated from flour or meal by sifting or bolting. branch (branch), n. [F. branche, fr. LL. branca claw.] 1. A shoot growing from the main stem of a plant or from one of the primary divisions of the stem. 2. Any divi- sion extending like a branch ; ramification. 3. Specif. : a A small stream ; a creek. Local, U. S. b In a bridle, either of the two parallel pieces of metal which act as levers upon the curb chain ; — ■ usually in pi. 4. Genealogy. A division of a family descended from a particular ancestor. 5. A member, part, section, or the like, of any complex body, work, department, etc. ; as, a branch of knowledge, of botany. 6. A subordinate local office, as of a bank. — Syn. Limb, offshoot, twig, sprig. See bough. _ — v.i. To shoot, spread, or spring off or out, in branches; ramify ; diverge.— v. t. 1. To divide into or as into branches. 2. To embroider with figures of flowers or foliage. branch'er, n. Falconry. A young hawk that has left the nest and takes to the branches of the trees, bran'chi-a (bran'kT-d), n.; pi. -cbxe (-e). [L., fr. Gr. @p&y- X ia, pi. of /SpdYxiov.] Zool. A gill. — bran'chi-al (-dl), bran'chi-a te (-at), a. bran'chi-o-pod' (-o-podO.w- [Gr. fo&yxiov fin, pi. Pp&yxia gills -\--pod.~] Zool. Any of a suborder \Branchiopoda) of phyllopods. Their feet were supposed to serve as gills, branch'let (branch'lSt), n. A little branch. branch'y (bran'chi), a. Full of or bearing branches. brand (brand), n. [AS. brand, brond, brand, sword, from byrnan, beornan, to burn.] 1. A piece of wood partly burnt, whether still burning or not. 2. A sword. Archaic. 3. A mark put on criminals with a hot iron ; hence : any mark of infamy or vice; stigma. 4. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as to designate ownership, quality, etc. ; any mark made for such a purpose, as with a stencil ; hence : quality ; grade ; sort ; class ; make ; as, a good brand of flour. 5. Bot. Any rust fungus producing a burnt appearance in plants. 6. A branding iron. — y. t. To make a brand upon ; hence : to mark as infamous ; stigmatize ; as, to brand a man as a thief. brand'er (bran'der), n. One who, or that which, brands. brand goose. [Prob. brand -f- goose.'] The European brant. bran'died (bran'did), p. a. Impregnated with brandy. bran'dish (-dtsh), v. t. [F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, OHG. brant brand.] To move or wave, as a weapon ; to shake or flourish. — v. i. To glitter; coruscate.— n. A flourish, as with a weapon. — bran'dish-er, n. Syn. Flourish, flaunt, wave, shake, flutter. — Brandish, flourish, flaunt agree in denoting a waving motion. Brandish implies menace or threat ; flourish, parade, bravado, or triumph ; flaunt, impudent or brazen ostenta- tion or display. brand'ling (brand'ling), n. [See brand, n.; -ling.] A small dunghill earthworm ( Allolobophora fcetida), used as bait. It is yellowish with brownish purple rings. brand'— new', a. Perfectly new ; quite new. bran'dy (bran'di), n. ; pi. -dies (-diz). [From older brandy- wine, brandwine, D. brandewijn, fr. branden to burn, distill -f- wijn wine.] A spirituous liquor distilled from wine ; hence, any similar distilled liquor, as from the fer- mented juice of peaches, cherries, or apples. — v. t. ; -died (-did) ; -dy-ing. To flavor, blend, or treat with brandy. bran'gle (bran'g'l), n. & v. i. Wrangle ; brawl ; squabble. brank (brank), n., or, more commonly, branks (brarjks), n. pi. An iron frame having a triangular piece entering the mouth, formerly used for correcting scolding women. bran'-new'. Var. of brand-new. bran'ny (bran'i), a. Of, like, or containing bran. brant (brant), n. Any of several species of small dark geese. bran'tail' (bran'tal'), n. [For brandtail.'] The European redstart ; — so called from its red tail. brash (brash), n. 1. A fit of sickness ; also, rash or eruption. 2. A burst of rain. brash, a. Hasty ; impetuous ; hence, saucy. Colloq. brash, a. Brittle, as vegetables or, especially, timber. — n. 1. Rubbish, as clippings of hedges, fragments of ice, etc. 2. Wood that is brash, or brittle. — brash'y (-1), a. bra'sier (bra'zher). Var. of brazier. bras'i-lin (braz'I-lm), n. Chem. A substance, CieHuOs, from brazilwood in yellow crystals, white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies on exposure to air, being oxidized to bra-sil'e-in (brd-zil'e-in), C16H12O5. brass (bras), n. [AS. 6ra?s.] 1. An alloy of copper, and zinc, with, sometimes, tin. 2. Money in general ; cash. Dial, or Colloq. 3. In pi. Brass utensils, ornaments, musical in- struments, etc. 4. Mach. Any of the brass, bronze, or gun- metal linings or steps in a bearing. 5. An engraved or fig- ured brass plate, as a memorial tablet. bras'sage (bras'aj), n. [F., from brasser to stir, as fused metal, OF. bracier.~\ The sum levied to pay the expense of coinage ; — sometimes, less properly, called seigniorage. bras'sard (bras'drd; brd-sard'), n. [F.] A brassart; also, a badge worn on the arm ; armlet. bras'sart (bras'drt).n. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm.] Armor for the arm, esp. the upper arm. See armor, Illust. brass band. Music. A band of musicians who play upon wind instruments made of brass. bras'si-ca'ceous (bras'i-ka'shus^a. [L. brassica cabbage.] Belonging to the family (Brassicacese) of herbs including the cabbages, mustards, cresses, turnips, and radishes. || bras'siere' (bra/syar'), n. [F.] A form of woman's under- waist stiffened with whalebones, or the like, and worn, often over the corsets, to support the breasts. brass'y (bras'I), a.; brass'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of, pert, to, or like, brass. 2. Impudently bold; brazen. 3. Degener- ate ; base. — brass'i-ly, adv. — brass'i-ness, n. brass'y (bras'I), n.; pi. -ies (-Iz). Golf. A wooden club soled with brass. brat (brat), n. [AS. bratt cloak, fr. Celtic] A child; off- spring ; — now usually contemptuous. bratch'et (brach'et). Var. of brachet. brat'tlce (brat'is), n. [ME. bretasce, bretage, parapet, OF. bretesche wooden tower, LL. breteschia, bertresca.'] 1. Fort. A temporary construction of wood erected as an advanced work or on such a work. 06s. or Hist. 2. A wooden partition, as in a mine for controlling ventilation or as a support to a roof or wall. — v. t.; -ticed (-1st) ; -Tic-iNG {-is-mg). Mining. To provide with a brattice ; — often used with up. braun'ite (broun'It), n. [After M. Braun, of Gotha.] Min. A brittle silicate of manganese, 3Mn203 • MnSi03. bra-va'do (brd-va'do;-va'do),?i.;pZ. -does or -dos (-doz). [Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag. See brave.] Boastful behavior ; ostentatious show of bravery. — Syn. See brav- ery. — v. i. To show bravado ; storm. brave (brav),a.; brav'er (brav'er) ; brav'est (-est ; 24). [F., fr. It. bravo (orig.) fierce, wild.] 1. Courageous ; as, a brave man, act ; — -opposed to cowardly. 2. Superior ; excel- lent ; fine. Archaic. 3. Making a fine show or display ; as, brave clothes. — Syn. Gallant, daring, valiant, valorous, bold, heroic, intrepid, fearless, dauntless, stout-hearted. — n. 1. A brave person. 2. A bully ; a bravo. 3. A North American Indian warrior. 4. A challenge ; defiance. Archaic. — v. t.; braved (bravd) ; brav'ing (brav'ing). 1. To en- counter with courage and fortitude ; dare. 2. To adorn ; make showy. 06s. 3.To make brave ; embolden.— v. i. To vaunt or boast. — brave'ly, adv. — brave'ness, n. brav'er-y (brav'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Quality of being brave ; courage. 2. Brave show ; fine dress. Syn. Bravery, bravado. Bravery stands for the quality (see courage) of which bravado is the pretense. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, flp, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); BRAVO 123 BREAK bra'VO (bra'vo;bra'vo);n.; pi. -voESor-vos (-yoz). [It.] A daring villain ; a bandit or professional assassin. bra'VO (bra'vo), interj. [It.] Well done ! excellent ! good ! — n.; pi. bravos (-voz). An exclamation of "bravo." fora-VU'ra (bra-voo'rd), n. [It.] 1. A show of daring or brilliancy ; dash. 2. A florid, brilliant style of music. brawl (brol), n. [F. branle a sort of dance, shake.] A kind of sprightly dance or its music. 06s. brawl, v. i. [ME. braulen to quarrel, boast, brallen to cry, make a noise.] 1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously. 2. To make a loud confused noise, as a stream running over stones. — n. Noisy quarrel ; wrangle ; a noise likened to wrangling. — Syn. See dispute. — brawl'er, n. brawn (bron), n. [OF. braon fleshy part, muscie, fr. OHG. brato flesh.] 1. Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or leg ; muscular strength. 2. Flesh of a boar. brawn'y (bron'i), a. ; brawn'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Muscu- lar ; fleshy ; strong. — brawn'i-ness, n. brax'y (brak'si; brak'-), n. A fatal infectious disease of sheep, closely resembling anthrax. bray (bra), v. t. [OF. breier to pound, grind, OHG. breh- han to break.] To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine. bray, v. i. [F. braire to bray, OF. braire to cry.] To utter a loud harsh cry ; — now chiefly used of the ass, or donkey. —v. t. To make or utter (a bray).— n. A harsh cry or noise ; esp. the cry of an ass. — bray'er, n. bray'er (-er),ra. One who, or that which, brays, or grinds ; specif., an implement for spreading ink in hand printing. braze (braz), v. t.; brazed (brazd) ; braz'ing (braz'ing). [F. braser.2 1. To solder with hard solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc. 2. To harden. braze, v. t. [AS. brsesian, fr. braes brass. See brass.] To make, cover, or ornament with or as with brass. bra'zen (bra'z'n), a. [AS. brsesen.~] 1. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass. 2. Sounding harsh and loud, like resounding brass. 3. Impudent ; shameless. brazen age, Myth., the bronze age. — b., or molten, sea, Jewish Antiq., a large laver or basin of copper or bronze in Solomon's temple. 1 Kings vii. 23-26 ; 2 Chron. iv. 2-5. — v. t. 1. To face brazenly ; carry (out or through) impu- dently or shamelessly. 2. To make bold or brazen; harden. — bra'zen-ly, adv. — bra'zen -ness, n. bra'zen-faced' (-fast'), a. Impudent ; shameless. bra'zier (bra'zher), n. [ME. brasiere.] An artificer who works in brass. bra'zier, n. [From F., fr. braise live coals, OF. brese.~\ A pan for burning coals. bra-zil' (brd-zil'), n. [ME. brasil, LL. brasile; perh. from Sp. or Pg. brasa a live coal (cf . brazier a pan) ; or Ar. wars plant for dyeing red or yellow. _ This name was given to the wood from its color, and King Emanuel of Portugal (1469-1521) is said to have given the name Brazil to the country in South America because it produces this wood.] Brazilwood. [tive or inhabitant of Brazil I Bra-zil'ian (-yan), a. Of or pertaining to Brazil. — n. A na-| Bra-zil' nut (brd-zil'). An oily 3-angled nut, the seed of a tree (Bertholletia excelsa) of Brazil. bra-zil'wood' (-wdod'), n. [See bra- zil.] 1. The hard, heavy dyewood of a redwood {Biancsea sappan). See sapan wood. 2. The similar wood of various tropical American caesalpinia- 2' ceous trees. breach (brech), n. [AS. brece (in comp.) a (broken) piece, fr. brecan to break.] 1. Act of breaking ; state of being broken ; gap or opening made by breaking ; rupture ; break. 2. A break- ing of waters, as over a vessel ; the 1 waters themselves ; surge ; surf. 3. A _, breaking or infraction of a law, obli- ? h ^\ **"'•* n« gation, or tie ; violation ; as, a breach ment f Q Uts . 2 Nut" of trust. 4. A breaking up of amicable relations ; rupture ; as, a breach of friendship. 5. A bruise ; wound. — Syn. Rent, cleft, chasm, rift, disruption ; frac- ture ; infringement ; quarrel, dispute, difference. breach of promise, violation of one's plighted word, esp. of a promise to marry. — v. t. To make a breach or opening in. breach'y (-?), a. 1. Having a breach or breaches. 2. Apt to break fences ; as, breachy cattle. bread (bred), n. [AS. bread fragment, morsel, bread.] 1. An article of food made from flour or meal by moistening, kneading, and baking. 2. A piece or portion of bread ; roll ; loaf ; as, an altar bread. Now chiefly Eccl. 3. Food ; sustenance. 4. Beebread. — v. t. Cookery. To cover with bread crumbs. bread and butter, or (esp. when used adjectively) bread- and-butter, n. Bread spread with butter ; hence, Colloq., livelihood. As an attributive adjective phrase : a Juvenile ; boyish or girlish, b Associated with getting a livelihood ; workaday ; prosaic. bread'fruit' (-froot'), n. The large round fruit of a Poly- nesian moraceous tree (Ar- tocarpus communis) ; also, the tree. The fruit, when baked, somewhat resembles bread. bread'nut't-mit'), n. The nut of a moraceous tree (Brosi- mum alicastrum) of Jamai- ca and Mexico. It is roasted and ground into a flour. bread'root 7 (-root 7 ), n. The« edible, farinaceous root of a l fabaceous plant (Psoralea esculenta). West. U. S. bread'stuff' (bred'stuf), n. That of which bread is made ; also, bread ; biscuit ; — used Breadfruit. 1 Fruit; 2, chiefly in the pi. Staminate and Pistillate breadth (bredth), n. [AS. Flower clusters. briedu, h.brad broad.] 1. Distance or measure from side to side ; width. 2. Anything with reference to, or as meas- ured by, its width, or breadth. 3. Spaciousness ; extent ; distance. 4. Largeness ; liberality, as of ideas. 5. Fine Arts. Quality of having the details so massed as to pro- duce an impression of largeness and unity. breadth'ways' (-waz')ladv. In the direction of the breadth/wise' (-wlz') / breadth. bread'win'ner (bred'wTn'er), n. A member of a family whose labor supplies its food ; also, a means of livelihood. break, brake (brak), n. A kind of large wagonette. break (brak), v. t.; pret. broke (brok), Archaic brake; p. p. bro'ken (bro'k'n), Obs. or Archaic broke ; p. pr. & yb. n. breaking. [AS. brecan.'] 1. In general, to separate into parts or fragments by concussion or stress ; separate vi- olently. 2. Hence : a To cut or tear up (game or fowl) ; carve, b To rupture the surface of; specif., to plow (land) preparatory to sowing ; — sometimes used with in or up. c To crack the skin of or bruise, as the head ; wound. 3. To destroy, impair, disable, or overcome by or as by breaking ; shatter ; crush ; specif., to destroy the completeness or ar- rangement of ; as, to break a set ; to break ranks. 4. To de- stroy the tone, firmness, or resiliency of ; specif. : a To re- duce to subjection ; as, to break a colt, b To bankrupt ; ruin, c To cashier ; degrade ; dismiss ; deprive (of), d To go beyond or exceed (a record). 5. To lay open by or as by breaking ; burst in, through, or out ; force a way into ; pene- trate. 6. Hence : a To transgress or violate ; as, to break a law. b To lay open, as a purpose ; disclose, c To impart, as news. 7. To destroy the continuity of ; as : a To terminate; interrupt ; as, to break joints (as in bricklaying) ; to break silence ; to break one's fast ; to break one's journey, etc. b To open or interrupt (an electric circuit or current) ; — op- posed to make. C To lessen or avert the shock of, as the wind, d To change the direction of, as a line. 8. To cause in (one) the discontinuance (of a habit or practice) ; also, with off, to discontinue. — Syn. Dispart, rend, tear ; shatter, batter ; violate, infringe, demolish ; burst, dislocate, to break bread, to partake of or dispense bread or food, as in the Communion. — to b. bulk, to destroy the en- tirety of a load, package, etc., as in beginning co unload. — to b. in. a To force in ; as, to break in a door, b To train ; discipline ; as, to break in a horse. — to b. on tbe wheel, formerly, to execute or torture by stretching upon a wheel or frame and breaking the limbs with an iron bar. — to b. the ica, to get through first difficulties ; introduce a subject. — to b. up, to dissolve ; put an end to. — v. i. 1. To come apart, usually with suddenness and vio- lence ; part ; burst asunder ; curl over and fall in foam, as waves. 2. To disintegrate or dissolve ; as, the frost breaks before the sun. 3. To fail, weaken, or succumb as if by breaking ; specif.: a To give way ; as, the enemy broke be- fore them, b To be overwhelmed with grief ; as, my heart is breaking. C To lose health or strength, d To become bankrupt ; fail. 4. To burst forth violently ; as, a cry broke from his lips 5. To come suddenly (into sight or notice) ; specif., to dawn. 6. To change abruptly, as in the gait, in direction, etc. 7. To cease to have relations ; fall out ; as, to break with a friend. 8. Music. To fail in musical quality, as the voice of a singer ; also, to change in tone, as a boy's voice at puberty. 9. Of fish, to leap wholly or partly out of water, as after the bait. — n. 1. An act or the action of breaking ; rupture ; fracture ; also, the action of breaking in or forth ; irruption ; as, a break for freedom ; break of day ; hence, dawn. 2. An effect of, or the condition produced by, breaking ; a gap, rent, or breach ; specif. : a A cessation ; pause ; as, a break in the conversation, b A caesura. C An interruption in continuity in writing or printing ; also, marks [. . .] indicative of such interruptions, d A change of direction, esp. abrupt ; as, a break in a wall ; a break of a cricket ball. 3. a Elec. An opening or lack of continuity in a circuit, interrupting the G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M > BREAKABLE 124 BRETON i> electric current, b Teleg. A commutator. C Stock Exchange. A sudden and abrupt decline of prices. Amer. 4. Music, a An abrupt change in the quality or pitch of a tone, b The point where one register changes to another, as of a voice or an instrument. 5. Sports and Games, a Tenpins. A failure to get a strike or a spare on a frame, b Pool. The shot that scatters the balls, as at the opening of a game, c A sequence of successful shots in billiard or pool games or in croquet ; a run. 6. A blunder, esp. in saying or doing something out of place. Colloq. Amer. break'a-ble (brak'd-b'l), a. Capable of being broken. break'age (brak'aj), n. Act or result of breaking ; a break; articles broken ; allowance for things broken. breakstone' fe'ver (-bon'). Dengue. breakdown 7 (-dounO, n. 1. A breaking down ; downfall ; failure. 2. A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance. break'er (brak'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks. 2. Naut. A small water cask. 3. A wave breaking into foam, as against the shore. — Syn. See wave. breakfast (brek'fdst), n. [break + fast.~] 1. The first meal of the day, or the food then eaten. 2. A meal after fasting. — v. i. & t. To eat, or to furnish with, breakfast. break'neck' (brak'nek'), a. Involving danger of a broken neck ; as, a breakneck pace. break'-up', n. Disruption ; dispersion. break'wa'ter (brak'wo'ter), n. A structure for breaking the force of waves, as a sea wall. bream (brem), n. [F. breme, OF. bresme.'] 1. A European fresh-water cyprinoid fish ( Abra- mis brama). 2. a Any of various marine fishes (family Sparidse), as the schnapper, p o r g y , and scup. b Any of various fresh-water sunfishes. bream, v. t. Naut. To clean, as a ship's bottom. European Bream, (i) breast (brest), n. [AS. breost.'] 1. The fore or ventral part of the body between the neck and the belly. 2. Either of the two protuberant glands on the chest in man and some other mammals, in which, in the female, the milk is secreted ; a mamma ; teat. 3. Something like, or sugges- tive of, the human breast, or bosom ; as, the breasts of a hill, specif. : a The face of a working in a mine, b In a plow, the front part of the moldboard. 4. The seat of conscious- ness, esp. of the emotions ; hence : courage ; spirit. — v. t. To meet with the breast ; struggle with or oppose manfully ; as, to breast the waves ; to breast adversity. breastbone' (brest'bon'), n. The sternum. [throat. I breast'pin' (-pin'), n. A pin worn on the breast or at the| breastplate' (-plat'), n. 1. A plate or the like covering or protecting the breast, as a piece of defensive armor, a piece against which a workman presses in operating a breast drill, a strap across a horse's breast, etc. 2. JewishAntiq. ■ A vestment of the high priest, set with twelve gems bearing the names of the tribes of Israel. breast'plow' l(-plou'), n. A kind of plow, for cutting breast'plough'j turf, driven by the breast of the workman. breast'rail' (-ral'), n. The upper rail of a parapet. breast'sum'mer (-sum'er), n. [breast -f- summer 2i beam.] Arch. A beam, girder, or lintel placed horizontally over an opening, as a window, to support the superstructure. breast'work' (-wurk'), n. Fort. A defensive work of moderate height, hastily thrown up. breath, (breth), n. [AS. brx3.~] 1. Odor. Obs. 2. A vapor or exhalation ; esp., a fragrant emanation, or the air charged with it. 3. Air inhaled and exhaled in respiration. 4. A very slight breeze. 5. Power of respiration ; hence : life ; strength. 6. A single respiration ; hence : a single act ; an instant ; as, all at one breath. 7. Act or power of breathing naturally or freely ; as, out of breath ; also, time to breathe ; respite. 8. Gentle exercise, quickening respiration. 9. That which is produced by the breath, as a film of moisture on a cold ob- ject, or an utterance ; hence : the slightest effort ; a trifle. 10. Phon. Voiceless expiration, as in uttering /, k, p, s, t, etc. Cf. VOICELESS. under one's breath, in a whisper or low tone. breath'a-lile (breth'd-b'l), a. Fit or suitable for breathing ; respirable. breathe (breth), v. £.; breathed (brethd); breath'ing. 1. To exhale an odor or perfume. 2. To respire ; hence : to take breath ; rest ; also, to live. 3. To pass like breath ; exhale ; blow gently, —v. t. 1. To exhale. 2. To inject by breathing ; infuse ; — used with into. 3. To respire. 4. To utter, esp. softly or secretly ; whisper. 5. To express ; man- ifest ; give forth ; as, the whole book breathes unrest. 6. To suffer to take breath, or recover natural breathing ; rest, as, to breathe a horse. 7. To promote free respiration in ; exercise. 8. To put out of breath ; exhaust. 9. Phon. To utter without vocality, as the nonvocal consonants. breatb/er (breWer), n. 1. A person or creature that breathes. 2. That which puts one out of breath or stimu- lates breathing, as violent exercise. Colloq. breath'ing (breWing), vb. n. 1. Respiration ; hence : a A pause for respiration ; delay, b Promotion of respiration ; act of exercising, c Utterance ; communication by words. 2. Inspiration ; also, aspiration or ardent desire. 3. Air in gentle motion ; also, a vent or breathing place. 4. The sound expressed by the letter h; aspirate; aspiration. 5. Gr. Gram. A mark ['] , called rough breathing, used to in- dicate aspiration, or a mark ['], called smooth breathing, usedto indicate the absence of aspiration, as in &pa {pron. ho'ra) and wpa (pron. o'ra) ; — called also, respectively, spiritus asper and spiritus lenis. breathless (breth'les), a. 1. Without breath ; hence, dead. 2. Spent with action ; out of breath. 3. Holding the breath because of fear, expectation, or intense interest. brec'cia (brech'd), n. [It.] Geol. A rock of angular frag- ments cemented together. — brec'ci-at'ed (-I-at'ed), a. bred (bred), pret. & p. p. of breed. brede (bred), n. [See braid.] Braid; embroidery. Archaic. breech (brech), n. [See breeches.] 1. The buttocks. 2. The hinder or lower part ; esp., the rear part of a firearm, behind the bore. 3. The bottom of a block, or pulley. — (brech ; brich), v. t. To furnish with breeches or a breech. breech-block' (brech'blok'), n. Ordnance. In the mecha- nism of breech-loading firearms, the steel block which closes the rear of the bore against the force of the charge. breech/Cloth' (-kloth' ; 62), n. A cloth around the breech. breecb/es (bnch'ez; 24), n. pi. [AS. brec, pi. of broc breech, breeches.] 1. An outer garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs. 2. Trousers. Colloq. breeches buoy. In the life-saving service, a pair of canvas short-legged breeches de- pending from an annular or beltlike life buoy, running on a hawser ex- tending from the ship to the land, to take off pas- sengers. breech'ing (brich'ing; brech'-), n. 1. A whip- ping on the breech. 2. Part of a harness which passes round the breech of a horse. 3. The breech i Breeches Buoy; ' or breech action of a gun. 2, 3 4 Tackle ' breecb/load'er (brech'- for hauling backhand forth; 5 lod'er), n. A breech-load- Supporting Block ru nnin g on ing firearm. the Hawser, 6. breech'-load'ing, a. Receiving the charge at the breech. breech plug. Ordnance. A plug for closing the breech of a gun, as of a field gun ; a breechblock. breech screw. Ordnance. A breechblock having an inter- rupted screw. breed (bred), v. t.; bred (bred) ; breed'ing. [AS. bredan to nourish, cherish, fr. brod brood.] 1. To produce as off- spring ; bear ; beget. 2. To bring up ; nurse and foster. 3. To be the birthplace of ; as, a rugged country breeds a hardy race. 4. To cause; produce; as, to breed disease. 5. To propagate, as any kind of stock. — Syn. Engender, gener- ate, gender, nourish, rear, train. —v.i. 1.- To bear and nourish young ; be with young. 2. To have birth ; originate. 3. To raise a breed ; get progeny. — 7i. 1. A race or variety related by descent and, in general, similar ; stock ; strain. 2. Class ; sort ; kind. 3. Brood. Obs. breed'er (-er), n. One who, or that which breeds, breed'ing, n. 1. Act of one who breeds ; esp., propagation of animals or plants. 2. Nurture ; bringing up. 3. Deportment, esp. good deportm'ent, regarded as the result of one's up- bringing ; manners. — Syn. See education. breeze (brez),n., breeze fly. [AS. briosa.~] Any of various horseflies and botflies that torment animals. breeze, n. [F. braise cinders, live coals.] Refuse, as that left in making coke or charcoal. breeze, n. [F. brise, or Sp. briza, brisa."] 1. A gentle wind. 2. A flurry of excitement. Colloq. — Syn. See wind. breez'y (brez'i), a.; breez'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Having breezes; airy. 2. Fresh; brisk; vivacious. Colloq. breg'ma (breg'md), n. [Gr. /3pey/ia front of the head.] Craniol. The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull. — breg-mat'ic (breg-mat'ik), a. bre'hon ^bre'hon), n. [Ir. breitheamh judge.] An ancient Irish lawyer or judge. The brehons were abolished in the reign of James I (1603-25). bre-loque' (bre-16k'),n. [F.] A seal or charm for a watch chain. breme (brem), n. Fierce; furious; stormy. Obs. or Poetic. brest'sum'mer. Var. of breastsummer. bretb/ren (bretfe/ren),n., pLof brother; — used in solemn address, and of religious sects or their members. Bret'on (bret'im ; bnt'un ; F. bre-to.V), a. Of or relating ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); BREVE 125 BRIER to Bretagne (Brittany, formerly called Armorica) or the Bretons.— n. A native of Bretagne ; also, the language of the Bretons, related to Welsh. breve (brev), n. [It. breve or F. breve, fr. L. brevis short.] 1. Music, a A note equivalent to one half (or one third) of the long in the Middle Ages, b The longest modern note, rarely used, equivalent to two semibreves. 2. Law. An original writ ; any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any court. 3. A curved mark [ - ] used to indicate a short vowel or syllable. bre-vet' (bre-vet'; brev'et), n. [F., fr. L. brevis short.] Mil. A commission giving an officer higher nominal rank than that for which he receives pay ; an honorary promo- tion of an officer. — v. t.; bre-vet'ted; -vet'ting; or brev'et-ed ; -et-ing. To confer rank on by brevet. — a. Taking or conferring rank by brevet ; as, brevet officer ; brevet rank. [of a brevet officer.] bre-vet'cy (-si), n.; pi. -ctes (-siz).Mi'L Rank or condition! bre'vi-a-ry (bre'vT-a-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-nz). [L. brevia- rium abridgment, fr. breviarius abridged.] In the Roman Catholic and Eastern churches, a book containing the daily public or canonical prayers for the canonical hours. bre-vier' (bre-ver'), n. [Prob. orig. used in printing a breviary.] Print. A size of type. See type. brev'i-ros'trate (breVi-ros'trat), n. [L. brevis short + E. rostrate.'] Zo'ol. Short-billed. brev'i-ty (brev'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. brevitas, fr. brevis short.] 1. Shortness of duration ; briefness of time. 2. Shortness in speech or writing ; conciseness. brew (broo), v. t. [AS. breowan.] 1. To prepare, as beer, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation, or infusion and fer- mentation. 2. To foment or prepare as if by brewing; Elot ; concoct, as mischief.— v. i. 1. To brew beer or other quor. 2. To be in preparation ; be forming or gathering, as a storm.— n. That which is brewed. — brew'er, n. brew'age (-aj),n. Malt liquor; also, a brewing. brew'ers' grains (broo'erz). The insoluble residue left from the grain in making beer, much used for fodder. brew'er-y (-er-i) , n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). A building and appa- ratus for brewing. *. brew'house' (-hous'), n. A brewery. _ brew'ing, n. 1. Act or process of preparing liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale. 2. The quantity brewed at once. 3. A mixing together ; concoction. brew'iS (broo'is), n. [OF. & F. brouet.] 1. Broth or pot- tage, properly that in which beef has been boiled. 2. Bread soaked in broth, drippings of roast meat, etc. bri'ar (bri'er). Var. of brier. Bri-a're-an (brl-a're-an ; 3), a. Pertaining to or like Bri-a'- re-us (-us), one of the hundred-handed giants of Greek mythology ; hence, hundred-handed or many-handed. bri'ar-WOOd 7 (brl'ar-wood'). Var. of brier wood. brib'a-ble (brib'd-b'l), a. Capable of being bribed; venal. bribe (brlb), n. [F., a lump of bread, scraps, LL. briba scrap of bread.] 1. A price, gift, or favor bestowed or promised in order to pervert or corrupta person in a position of trust, as an official. 2. That which seduces ; seduction ; allurement. — v. t.; bribed (brlbd) ; brib'ing (bribing). To give promise, influence, or gain by a bribe. — v. i. To bribe a person ; practice bribery. — brib'er (brlb'er),n. brib'er-y (brlb'er-i), n. ; pi. -eries (-iz). Act or practice of giving or taking bribes. bric'-a-brac' (brik'd-brak'), n. [F. bric-a-brac] Curious or antique articles of virtu ; odd knickknacks. brick (brik), n. [F. brique.] 1. A building and paving material made from moist clay molded into blocks and hardened in the sun or by fire ; also, one of these blocks. 2. Any of various oblong rectangular masses. 3. A good fellow. Slang. — v. t. To lay, pave, or the like, with bricks. brick'bat' ( -bat' ), n. A fragment of a brick. brick'kiln' (-kil' ; -kiln'), n. A kiln, or furnace, in which bricks are baked, or burnt ; also, a pile of green bricks arched to receive underneath the fuel for burning them. brick'lay'ing, n. Act, occupation, or art of laying bricks, or building with bricks. — brick'lay'er, n. brick'le (brik''l), a. [ME. brekil, brokel, bruchel, fr. AS. brecan, E. break.] Brittle. Obs. or Dial. brick'work' (-wfirk'), n. Work of or with bricks. bri-cole' (bri-kol' ; brik'iil), n. [F.] 1. A catapult. 2. In court tennis, the rebound of a ball from a wall ; also, the side stroke or play by which the ball is driven against the wall ; fig., indirect action or stroke. 3. Billiards. A shot in which the cue ball is driven first against the cushion. brid'al (brid'dl), n. [AS. brydealo. See 1st brtoe ; ALE.] A nuptial festival or ceremony ; a marriage. — a. Of or per- taining to a bride or a wedding ; nuptial. bride (brld), n. [AS. bryd.] A woman newly married, or about to be married. bride, n. [F.] 1. A loop, bar, or tie in needlework, etc. 2. A bonnet string. [a wedding feast. I bride-cake 7 (-kak'), n. Rich or highly ornamented cake for| Masonry Bridge. bride ''groom' (-groom 7 ), n. [AS. brydguma; or j/d bride -f- guma man, the r being perhaps due to confusion with groom.] A man newly married, or about to be married. bride'maid'en (-mad''n), n. A bridesmaid. Archaic. brides'maid' (bridz'mad'), n. A maid or woman who at- tends a bride at her wedding, brides'man (-man), n. A groomsman, bride'well (brld'wel), n. A house of correction ; loosely, a jail ; — from a former house of correction in London. Eng. bridge (brfj), n. [AS. brycg, bricg.] 1. A structure erected over a de- pression or an obstacle, as a river, railroad,etc, carryinga passageway for foot passengers,vehicles, etc. 2. A gangway for boats. 3. Naut. A platform elevated above the rail and extending across or over the deck of a vessel. 4. Any thing (k SiiSfrSCSt • " - **"«-« B - M - a The upper bony part of the nose, b The arch for the strings on a violin, guitar, etc. C The pons Varolii, d A low separating wall, usually of fire brick, in a furnace, e Den- tistry. A device for securing artificial crowns, in spaces where teeth are missing, by anchorage to natural teeth as abutments, I Elec. A device to measure the resistance of a wire or other conductor forming part of an electric circuit. 5. A card game resembling whist, in which one hand is played as a dummy. [bridges on or over.l — v. L; bridged (brijd); brtdg'ing. To build a bridge or| bridge'board' (-bord'), n. Arch. A notched board to sup- port the treads and risers of wooden stairs. u - bridge'head' (-hedO, n. Fort. A defensive work covering or com- manding the extremity of a bridge nearest the enemy ; t§te-de-pont. Bridg'et-tine. Var. of brigittine. bridg'ing (brrj'ihg), p. pr. & vb. n. of bridge. Specif. : vb.n. Arch. The braces, or system of bracing, used between timbers to stiffen them and distribute the weight. bri'dle (brl'd'l), n. [AS. bridel.] which a horse is governed, consisting of headstall, bit, and reins. 2. A restraint ; curb ; check. 3. A scold's bridle. See brank. 4. The action of a person who bridles, or assumes a dignified or offended air. 5. Something suggestive of a bri- dle ; as, a strip of metal joining two parts in a machine ; a similar piece, as a band or flanges, for restraining motion. — v. t.; -deed (-d'ld); -dling (-dling). l.To equip with a bridle. 2. To restrain, guide, or govern with or as with a bridle. — Syn. Check, curb, control, master, subdue. —v. i. To hold up the head and draw in the chin, as an'ex- pression of pride, scorn, or resentment. — bri'dler, n.~ bridle path. A path or way allowing, or open only to, the passage of saddle horses and pack horses. bri'dle-wise', a. Responsive to the action of the reins. bri-doon' (bn-doon'), n. [F. bridon.] The snaffle and rein of a double bridle (one having both snaffle and curb bits) . Brie (bre), n., Brie Cheese. A kind of cream cheese made in the district of Brie, France ; also, any similar cheese. brief (bref), a. [F. brief, bref, fr. L. brevis.] 1. Short; curtailed. 2. Concise ; terse ; succinct ; condensed. Syn. Brief, short. Brief commonly refers to duration only ; short, to either duration or linear extent or to both ; as, a brief interview ; a short sermon, time, man. —adv. Briefly. Obs. or Poetic. — n. 1. A # short, concise writing or letter; hence: a sum- mary ; epitome. 2. a An apostolic brief, or kind of papal letter less formal than the bull, b Any formal letter or dis- patch. 3. Law. a A writ, b A concise statement of a cli- ent's case for instruction of counsel, or of the points of a legal argument. in brief, in short ; briefly. — y. t. 1. To make an abstract or abridgment of. 2. To pro- videwith, or instruct by, abrief ; hence, to retain as counsel. Eng. 3.Toexpress briefly.— brief'ly,aaV — briefness,?*. briefless, a. Having no brief ; without clients. bri'er (brl'er), n. [AS. brer, brser.] 1. Any plant with a woody stem bearing thorns or prickles, as the blackberry. 2. A group of brier bushes ; also, a thorn or twig of a brier. bri'er, n. [F. bruyere.] 1. The tree heath (Erica arbor ea) of southern Europe. Its root is used in making tobacco pipes. 2. A pipe of brierwood. A A Bridgeboards; T Tread ; R Riser. 1. The headgear with H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BRIER ROOT 126 BRITISHER Brig. together ; as, a fire brigade; brier root (bri'er). Brierwood. bri'er -wood' (-wood'), n. 1. The root wood of the brier; also, any of various other woods used in the manufacture of tobacco pipes. 2. A pipe made of this wood. bri'er-y (-1), a. Full of briers. — n. A briery place. brig (brig), n. [Short for brigantine.] Naut. Atwo-masted, square-rigged vessel. brig, n. On a United States man-of-war, the place of con- finement for offenders. bri-gade' (brl-gad'), n. [F., fr. It. brigata troop, crew, brigade, briga quarrel.] 1. Mil. A body of troops consisting of two or more regiments, or similar units, commanded by a brigadier gen- eral. 2. Any body of persons or- ganized for acting or marchinj the Boys' Brigade. — v. t. ; -gad'ed (-gad'ed ; 24) ; -gad'ing. 1. To form into a brigade, or into brigades. 2. To classify. brig'a-dier' (brlg'd-der'), n. [F.] Mil. One commanding a brigade ; specif. : a In the United States army, a brigadier general, b In the British service, an officer of any rank temporarily in command of a brigade. brigadier general. Mil. An officer commanding a brigade, ranking next above a colonel. See army. brig'and (brig'and), n. [F., fr. OF. brigant light-armed soldier, LL. brigans.") A lawless fellow who lives by plun- der ; a freebooter. — brig'and-age (-an-daj), n. — brig'- and-ish, a. — brig'and-ism (-dlz'm), n. brig'an-dine (-an-den ; -din), n. [F., fr. OF. brigant.'] A medieval coat of body armor consisting of scales or plates. brig'an-tine (-ten; -tin), n. [F. brigantin, fr. It. brigan- tino, orig., a piratical vessel.] A two-masted, square-rigged vessel differing from a brig in not having a square mainsail. bright (brit), a. [AS! beorht, bryht.~\ 1. Radiating or re- flecting light ; not dark. 2. Transmitting light ; clear ; trans- parent. 3. Resplendent with charms ; as, bright beauty. 4. Keen ; intelligent ; also, cheerful ; cheery. 5. Illustrious ; glorious. 6. Brilliant in color ; as, bright red. 7. Naut. Of woodwork, scraped and cleaned, but not painted. Syn. Luminous, lustrous, splendid, resplendent, effulgent, refulgent, radiant, shining, brilliant, sparkling, gleaming, flashing, glittering, glistening, lucid, clear ; illustrious, wit- ty, clever, vivacious, sunny. — Bright, shining, brilliant. Bright (opposed to dull) applies to any object which emits or reflects light ; as, a bright fire, a bright sword ; shining, to objects which emit or reflect light strongly or steadily ; brilliant, to those which gleam or flash. — n. Splendor ; brightness. Poetic. — adv. Brightly. bright'en (brit''n), v. t. & i. 1. To make or grow bright. 2. To improve or relieve ; make or become cheerful ; as, to brighten one's prospects. — bright'en-er, n. brightly, adv. In a bright manner. bright 'ness (brlt'nes), n. Quality or state of being bright. — Syn. Radiance, luster, resplendence, effulgence, glory. Bright's' dis-ease' (brits' dl-zez'). [After Dr. Richard Bright of London.] Med. Any of several forms of kidney disease attended with albumin in the urine. Brig'it-tine (brlj'I-tln ; -ten), n. A member of an Augus- tinian order founded, for men as well as women, by St. Bridget (or Brigit) of Sweden about 1344. brill (bril), n. A European flatfish (Bothus rhombus), allied to the turbot, esteemed as food. brilliance (brll'yans), n. Brilliancy. bril'lian-cy (-yan-sl), n. ; pi. -cies (-siz). Quality or state of being brilliant ; glitter ; great brightness. brilliant (-yant), a. [F. brillant, p. pr. of briller to shine, sparkle, fr. L. beryllus beryl.] 1. Sparkling ; very bright. 2. Distin- guished by admirable qualities ; splendid ; shining. — Syn. See bright. — n. 1. A diamond or other gem cut in a particular form with numerous facets ; also, the form itself. 2. Print. A size of type. See type. 3. A kind of cotton goods, figured in the weaving, and sometimes hav- ing a colored design. Description of Illustra- tion: Brilliant. A.B Top and Side View of American cut; 1 Ta- ble, 2 Star facets, 3 Main facets, 4 Corner facets, 5 Girdle (all above the girdle is the Bezel, all below is the Pavilion), 6 Culet ; CTop of 20th-century cut; D Marquise ; E Briolette. bril'lian-tine (-yan-ten), n. [F . brillantine."] 1. An oily composition used to make the hair glossy. 2. A kind of dress fabric, as of mohair or goat's wool, glossy on both sides, and resembling alpaca. bril'liant-ly, adv. In a brilliant manner. brim (brim), n. [AS. brymme edge, border.] 1. Edge or margin, as of a fountain or of the water in it ; brink ; bor- der. 2. Rim or upper edge of a dish or other vessel. 3. The rim of a hat. — Syn. See border. — v. t. & i.; brimmed (brlmd) ; brim'ming. To fill, or be full, to the brim. brim'iul' (brlm'fool' ; often — in poetry usually — brlm'- fobl), a. Full to the brim ; completely full. brim'mer (-er) , n. A brimful bowl ; a bumper. brim'stone (-ston),n. [ME. brimston,bremston, bernston, brenston. See burn, v. t. ; stone.] 1. Sulphur. 2. A spit- fire; virago. — brim'ston'y (-ston'I), a. brin'ded (brin'ded; 24), a. Brindled. brin'dle (-d'l), n. Brindled state or color; also, a brindled animal — brin'dle, a. brin'dled (-d'ld),o. [Dim.fr. brinded. ] Having dark streaks or spots on a gray or tawny ground. brine (brln), n. [AS. bryne.] 1. Water strongly impreg- nated with salt ; pickle ; hence: any strong saline solution ; fig., tears. 2. The ocean ; water of an ocean, sea, etc. — y. t. To steep or pickle in brine. bring (bring), v. t.; pret. & p. p. brought (brot) ; p. pr. & vb. n. bring'ing. [AS. bringan.] 1. To convey to the place where the speaker is or is to be. 2. To procure in or as in exchange ; fetch ; produce ; as, coal brings 6 dollars a ton ; vice brings disgrace. 3. To carry or conduct ; move ; as, to bring into contact. 4. To persuade ; induce ; draw ; lead ; guide ; as, they could not bring themselves to believe it. 5. To advance ; adduce ; Law, to prefer, as a charge ; institute, as an action. 6. To cause to come or to become ; as, my letter brought him. — bring'er, n. Syn. Bear, fetch, transport. — Bring, fetch. To bring is simply to come with ; to fetch is to go to, get, and bring. to bring home, to prove conclusively ; cause one to feel or appreciate by personal experience ; as, to bring home a charge of treason. — to b. to book, a To compel to give an account, b To compare with an admitted authority. brin'ish (brin'ish), a. Somewhat briny. brink (brink), n. [Dan. brink.] Edge, margin, or border, esp. of a steep place, as of a precipice. — Syn. See border. brin'y (brln'I), a. brin'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. Like brine; salty. — brin'i-ness (-I-nes), n. [veast, and eggs.l || bri'oche' (bre'osh'), n. [F.] A light cake of flour, butter, bri'o-lette' (bre'6-let'), n. [F.] An oval or pear-shaped diamond cut in triangular facets. See brilliant, Illust. bri'o-ny. Var. of bryony. bri-quette' (brl-ket'), n. [F., little brick ] A brick-shaped mass, usually of fine stuff with a cementing material. Bri-se'is (brl-se'Is), n. [Gr. Bptav^'] In Homer's "Iliad," a beautiful captive girl whom Agamemnon takes from Achilles to replace Chryseis. Bri'sin-ga-men' (bre'sen-ga-men'), n. [From Icel., fr. bri- singr flame -f- men necklace.] See Freya. brisk (brisk), a. 1. Full of activity ; lively ; spirited ; quick. 2. Effervescing, as liquors ; sparkling. — Syn. Agile, nim- ble, quick; sprightly, vivacious, gay, spirited, animated. See active. — v. t. &. i. To make or become brisk. — brisk'ly, adv. — brisk'ness, n. bris'ket (brls'ket ; 24), n. [ME. bruskette.] In quadrupeds used as food, the breast. bris'tle (brls'l), n. [AS. byrst.] A short, stiff, coarse hair. — v. t. ; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). 1. To cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog. 2. To furnish with a bristle or bristles. 3. To make bristly ; ruffle. — v. i. 1. To stand erect, like bristles. 2. To appear as if covered with bristles ; as, the fort bristles with guns. 3. To show defi- ance or indignation. bris 'tie-tail' (-tal'), n. Any of various wingless insects (or- der Thysanura) bearing slender bristlelike appendages at the end of the body. bris'tly (brls'll), a. Bristlelike; rough. Bristol board (-tul), n. A kind of fine, smooth, usually un- glazed, pasteboard ; — after Bristol, in the west of England. brit, britt (brit), n. The young of the common herring ; also, certain small species of herring. Bri-tan'ni-a (brl-tan'I-c), n. [L.] 1. Orig., Great Britain, esp. its southern part. Now, Poetic or Rhetorical, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or the female figure symbolizing it. 2. [Z. c] Short for britannia metal, a white alloy, usually of tin, antimony, and copper. Bri-tan'nic (-Ik), a. [L. Britannicus.J British; — now rare except in His, or Her, Britannic Majesty. Brit'i-cism (brlt'l-slz'm), n. A linguistic usage, word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Great Britain or the British. Brit'ish (-Ish), a. Of or pert, to Great Britain or its inhab- itants. — n. 1. The language of the ancient Britons ; Cym- ric. 2. Collective pi. The people of Great Britain. Brit'ish-er, n. A subject of Great Britain of British descent. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing 1 , ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); BlilTON 127 BRONCHITIS Brit'on (brit'un), n. [OF. Breton, L. Britto, Brito.] 1. A member of one of the tribes inhabiting Britain before the Anglo-Saxon invasions. 2. A native, or British-born, sub- ject of Great Britain, esp. an Englishman. brit'tle (bnt''l), a. [From AS. breotan to break.] Easily broken ; fragile ; not tough or tenacious. — brit'tle-ness, n. Syn. Frangible, breakable ; fragile, frail ; weak, feeble, infirm, slight. — Brittle, fragile, frail. Brittle refers to substances. Fragile has a wider range than brittle (as, spun glass is both brittle and fragile ; a spider's web is fragile, but not brittle), and applies esp. to objects easily broken or of delicate constitution. Frail and fragile are often converti- ble, but frail usually implies the greater weakness. brittle Star. An ophiuran. britz'ka, brits'ka (bnts'kd), n. Also britzs'ka. [Pol. bryczka.~] A long roomy carriage with a calash top. broach (broch), v. i. & t. Naut. Used only in : to broach to, to veer suddenly into the wind, so as to lay the sails aback, and risk capsizing. broach, n. [F. broche.] Any of various pointed things; as a spit for roasting meat, a tool for tapping casks, a reamer, a kind of church spire, etc. — v.t. 1. To stab ; pierce, esp. with a spit ; fix on or as on a spit. 2. To tap, as a cask to draw liquor; hence: a To draw, as wine; shed, as blood. b To open for the first time, as a mine. 3. To make public ; put forth ; introduce in conversation ; as, to broach a sub- ject. broach'er (-er), re. One who, or that which, broaches. broad (brod), a. [AS. brad.'] 1. Wide ; extended in breadth ; — opposed to narrow. 2. Spacious ; vast ; as, broad plains. 3. Extended, in the sense of diffused or expanded ; clear ; full ; as, broad daylight. 4. Plain ; evident ; obvious ; as, a broad hint ; also, pronounced ; strongly marked ; as, a broad Scotch accent. 5. Unrestrained in language ; esp., indeli- cate ; coarse. 6. Extended in amount or range ; general ; comprehensive ; as, honest in the broadest sense. 7. Liberal ; catholic/as in ideas. 8. Main and essential ; general ; as, the broad outlines of a plan. 9. Of a vowel, uttered with a wide opening of the articulating organs, as a in father, man. Syn. Large, ample, wide, roomy, extensive, expanded ; tolerant. — Broad, wide are often convertible ; as, a broad or wide street, ribbon, margin ; but broad applies esp. to sur- faces or areas as such. Wide applies also to apertures, or to that which opens or spreads ; as, wide wounds ; t^Mespread. Broad Church, Eccl., in the Church of England and affiliated churches, a party holding liberal views as to doc- [ trine and fellowship. — B. Churchman. — adv. Broadly; — now; chiefly in phrases; as: broad awake, fully awake ; wide awake. — n. l.The broad part of anything, as of the hand. 2. An expansion of a river ; a flooded fen. Eng. broad arrow. An arrow-shaped mark placed on British ordnance and government stores. broad'ax' Hbrod'aks'), n. An ax with a broad broad'axe'j blade, as any of various battle-axes, or an ax for hewing. broad-brim' (-brim'), n. 1. A hat with a very broad brim, as that of Quakers. 2. [cap.] Hence : A Friend ; a Quaker. Sportive. broad'cast 7 (-kast'), n. A casting or throwing of seed in all directions. — a. Cast or dispersed, or scattering, in all di- rections ; widely diffused. — adv. So as to spread widely. broad'cloth (-kloth ; 62), n. A kind of fine smooth woolen cloth, usually of double width. broad'en (-'n), v. i. & t. To grow, or to make, broad. broad'ish, a. Somewhat broad. broad'ly, adv. In a broad manner. broad'ness, re. Quality or state of being broad. broad 'piece' (-pes'), n. An old English gold twenty-shilling piece; — so called after the introduction, in 1663, of the guinea, which was narrower and thicker. broad seal. The public seal of a country or state. broad'side' (brod'sld'), n. 1. Naut. The side of a ship above the water line, from bow to quarter. 2. A broad sur- face of any object, as of a house, etc. 3. All the guns, collec- tively, that can be trained to fire to one side of a ship, or their simultaneous discharge. 4. Also broad'sheet'. Print. A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only. broad's word' (-sord 7 ; 57), n. A sword with a broad blade and a cutting edge ; esp., a claymore. Brob'ding-nag (brob'dlng-nag), n. Incorrectly Brob'- dig-nag. In Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," an imaginary country where everything is on an enormous scale. Brob'ding-nag'i-an (-nag'I-dn), a. Incorrectly Brob'dig- nag'i-an. Colossal ; gigantic. — n. A giant. bro-cade' (bro-kad'), n. [Sp. brocado, fr. LL. brocare to prick, figure (textile fabrics).] Silk stuff woven with gold and silver threads, or ornamented with raised flowers, fo- liage, etc. — bro-cad'ed (-kad'ed; 24), p. a. bro'ca-tel (bro'kd-tel; brok'd-), n. Also broc'a-telle' (brok'd-tel'). [F. brocatelle.] A kind of figured fabric, usually of wool and silk, as for tapestry, upholstery, etc. Broad Arrow. broc'CO-li (brok'o-lT), n. [It.] A hardy variety of cauli- flower (Brassica oleracea botrytis). bro'chette' (bro'shef), n. [F.] Cookery. A small skewer. || en bro'chette 7 (aN) [F.], on a brochette ; skewered. bro-Chure' (bro-shiir'), n. [F., fr. brocher to stitch.] A pamphlet ; a treatise or article published in pamphlet form. brock (brok), n. [AS. broc, W. broch.] A European badger ; — sometimes used as an opprobrious appellation. Brock'en spec'ter or spec'tre (brok''n). [Trans, of G. Brockengespenst.] A mountain specter (which see), esp. that observed on the Brocken, in the Harz Mountains. bro'gan (bro'gdn), n. A kind of stout, coarse shoe. brbg'ger-ite (brug'er-It), n. [After W. C. Brogger, Nor- wegian mineralogist, who discovered it.] Min. A radioac- tive mineral provisionally classed as a variety of uraninite. brogue (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog shoe.] 1. A brogan. 2. A dialect pronunciation or accent, esp. one such as often characterizes the Irish pronunciation of English. broid'er (broid'er), v.t . [F. broder, confused with E. braid.] To embroider. Archaic. — broid'er-y (-er-i), n. Archaic. broil (broil), n. [F. brouiller to disorder.] A confused dis- turbance ; a brawl. — Syn. Contention, fray, affray, tu- mult, altercation, dissension, discord. See dispute. broil, v. t. [AF. broiller to burn, OF. bruillir to be hot.] l.To cook by direct exposure to heat over a fire, esp. on a gridiron or live coals. 2. To subject to great (commonly direct) heat. — v. i. To be subjected to heat, as meat over the fire. — n. Act of broiling ; also, something broiled. broil'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, broils ; as : a One who cooks by broiling, b A utensil used in broiling, c A young fowl for broiling. Colloq. d A very hot day. Colloq. broil'er, n. One who excites broils, or brawls. bro'kage (bro'kaj), n. Brokerage. Brokage is now little used, exc. in marriage brokage, which is the common form. broke (brok), pret. & obsoles. p. p. of break. broke, v. i.; broked (brokt); brok'ing (broking). To deal as or through a broker ; traffic. Rare, exc. in comb. bro'ken (bro'k'n),p.p. of break, v.t. Hence : p.a. 1. a Vio- lently separated or fractured, b Subdued ; crushed ; as, a broken spirit. C Made infirm or weak, as by disease, age, or hardships, d Violated, as a vow. e Ruined financially; bankrupt. 2. Disconnected ; bent ; also, rough ; uneven ; as, a broken surface. 3. Imperfectly spoken ; as, broken Eng- lish. — bro'ken-iy, adv. — bro'ken-ness, n. bro'ken-heart'ed (-har'ted ; 24, 109), a. Utterly depressed by grief or despair. — Syn. Heartbroken, disconsolate, in- consolable, comfortless, woebegone, forlorn. broken wind. Veter. = heaves. bro'ken-wind'ed (109), a. Veter. Affected with heaves. bro'ker (bro'ker), n. [ME. brocour.] 1. A dealer in money, notes, drafts, stocks, etc. 2. A go-between in affairs of love or marriage. Obs., exc. specif. : A hired marriage agent. bro'ker-age (-aj), n. The business of a broker, or his fee, reward, or commission. bro'mal (bro'mdl), n. [bromine + aMehyde.] Chem. An oily fluid, CBr3«C0H, related to bromoform as chloral is to chloroform, and got by action of bromine on alcohol. bro'mate (bro'mat), n. Chem. A salt of bromic acid. — v. t. To combine or impregnate with bromine. brome grass (brom). Any of a genus (Bromus) of mostly coarse, troublesome weeds, having large spikelets. bro-me / li-a , ceous(br6-me / li-a , shus),a. [After Olaf Bromel (1639-1705), Swedish botanist.] Bot. Belonging to a large family (Bromeliacese) of monocotyledonous tropical plants, including the pineapple. bro'mic (bro'mik), a. Of, pert, to, or containing bromine, esp. in its valence of five (the next to its highest). bro'mide (bro'mId;-mid),re. Also bro'mid. 1. Chem. A binary compound of bromine with another element or a radical. 2. A person conventional and commonplace in his habits of thought and conversation. Cf . Philistine, n. , and Sulphite. Slang. — bro-mid'ic (bro-mid'ik), a. Slang. bro'mine (-min ; -men), n. Also bro'min. [Gr. /3pa>Mos stink.] Chem. An element which at ordinary temperatures is a deep reddish brown, ill-smelling, caustic liquid, emit- ting a brownish vapor. Symbol, Br ; at. wt., 79.916. bro'mism (bro'miz'm),^. Med. A diseased condition pro- duced by the excessive use of bromine or its compounds. bro'mo-form (bro'mo-form), n. [bromine -+- formyl.] Chem. A colorless liquid, CHBr3, having an agreeable odor and sweetish taste, and resembling chloroform in its effects. bro'mo-gel'a-tint-jel'd-tTnXa. [6romine-f- gelatin.] Pho- tog. Designating a process of preparing dry plates with an emulsion of bromides and silver nitrate in gelatin. bro'mol (bro'mol; -mol), n. [Abbr. fr. tribromophenoZ.] Pharm. A crystalline substance (chemically, tribromo- phenol,_C6H2Br30H) used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. bron'chi (bron'kl), n., pi. of bronchus. bron'chi-a (-kl-d), n. pi. [NL.,fr. Gr. /Spoyxia.] Thebron- chior, esp. , the subdivisions of them. — bron'chi-al (-dl) , a. bron-chi'tis (brorj-kl'tis), n. [NL.; bronchus + -itis.] Med. Inflammation of the bronchi. chit'ic (-kit'ik), a. G H K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. K L M BRONCHO 128 BRUNT bron'cho, bron'co (bror/ko), n.; pi. -chos, -cos (-koz). [Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A small hardy horse or pony of the plains of western North America. bron'cho-bust'er, bron'co-bust'er (-buVter), n. One who breaks bronchos ; hence, a cowboy. Slang, Western U. S. bron'cho-cele (brorj'ko-sel), n. [Gr. ^07x0x17X77; (Ipoyxos windpipe + "17X77 tumor.] Med. See goiter. bron-Chot'O-my (bron-kot'o-mi), n. [Gr. (Ipoyxos wind- pipe + -tomy.J Surg. An incision into the windpipe or larynx, as in tracheotomy and laryngotomy. bron'chus (bron'kus), n. ; pi. -cm (-kl). [NL., fr. Gr. 0p6y- Xos windpipe.] Anat. One of the subdivisions of the tra- chea, or windpipe, esp. either of the two primary divisions. bron'to-graph ( bron'to-graf ), n. [Gr. Ppovri] thunder + -graph.] Meteor. A tracing showing the phenomena at- tendant on thunderstorms. bronze (bronz), n. [F., fr. It. bronzo.] 1. An alloy chiefly of copper and tin. 2. A statue, bust, or the like, of bronze. 3. A yellowish or reddish brown ; color of bronze. — v. t. ; bronzed ; bronz'ing. To give the appearance of bronze to. bronze age. a The culture period between the stone and iron ages, characterized by the widespread use of bronze implements, b Myth. The age of war and lawlessness which succeeded the silver age. bronz'ite (bron'zlt), n. Min. A ferriferous variety of en- statite, often having a bronzelike luster. brooch (broch ; brooch), n. [Var. of broach, to.] An orna- mental clasp, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it. brood (brood), n. [AS. brod.j 1. Progeny or young, esp. of such as breed from eggs ; specif., those hatched or cared for at one time. 2. A particular kind bred ; breed. — v. 1. 1. To sit on or incubate (eggs) ; hatch. 2. To think anxiously or moodily upon ; ponder. — v. i. 1. To sit on and cover eggs or young to hatch or protect them ; hence, to sit quietly, as if brooding. 2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject ; — usually used with over or on. — a. Kept for breeding from ; as, a brood mare. brood'er (brobd'er), n. 1. One who broods. 2. A pen or coop capable of artificial heating and used for raising young fowl. brood'y (-1), a. Inclined to brood. brook (brook), n. [AS. broc.~\ Anatu- [ ral stream of water smaller [than a river or creek. brook, v. t. [AS. brucan to use, en- joy.] To bear ; endure ; — chiefly in negative constructions; as, he will brook no rival. — Syn. See bear. brook'let, to. A little brook. brook'lime' (-11m'), to. [ME. brok brook + lemeke, leomeke, a kind of ^ plant, AS. hleomoc] 1. A scrophu- °£ e form °j Brooder, lariaceous plant ( Veronica beccabun- X Hover ' 2 SunRoom. 0a) having small blue racemose flowers. 2. The water cress. brook'weed' (-wed'), to. Either of two small white-flowered primulaceous herbs (Samolus valerandi of Europe and S. floribundus of U. S.) ; water pimpernel. brook'y (-1), a. Full of brooks. broom (broom), to. [AS. brom.'] 1. Any of several Euro- pean fabaceous shrubs, esp. a certain one (Cytisus sco- parius) having slender branches, small leaves, and yellow flowers. 2. An implement for sweeping, orig. one made of twigs of broom. — v. t. To sweep with or as with a broom. broom corn. A variety of sorghum having a jointed stem bearing a stiff-branched panicle, of which brooms are made. broom rape. Any of various orobanchaceous plants, chiefly fleshy yellowish or whitish plants, parasitic on the roots of the broom, clover, etc. broom'stick' (-stlk'), n. The handle of a broom. broom'y (-1) , a. Of or pertaining to broom ; overgrown with broom ; resembling broom or a broom. broth (broth ; 62), n. [AS. broS.] Liquid in which flesh (or, sometimes, barley or rice) has been boiled ; thin soup. broth'el (broth'el ; broth/el), n. [ME., fr. AS. breoSan to ruin, destroy, p. p. broSen.] 1. A lewd man or woman ; prostitute. Obs. 2. A house of lewdness or ill fame. broth'er (bruth/er),n.; pi. -ers (-erz) or brethren (breth- ren). See brethren. [AS. broSor.] 1. A male considered in his relation to another having the same parents (whole brother), or one parent only in common (half brother). 2. One of a common family or race ; hence, broadly, a fellow man, associate, fellow member of a profession, etc. broth'er-hood (-hood), to. 1. Quality or state of being brothers or a brother. 2. An association of brothers, as monks ; a fraternity ; guild. 3. The whole body of men engaged in the same business or profession. broth'er-in-law', n.; pi. -ers-in-law. The brother of one's husband or wife, or the husband of one's sister. Brother Jonathan. The United States personified ; — a humorous appellation. [brothers.l broth'er-ly (-IT), a. Of, pertaining to, or becoming to,| Syn. Kind, affectionate, tender, fraternal. — Brotherly, fraternal. Brotherly often connotes more warmth of feeling or intimacy than fraternal. — adv. Like a brother. — broth/er-li-ness, n. brough'am (broo'ftm ; broom ; bro'um), to. [After Lord Brougham.'] A form of light, closed car- riage. See Jllust. brought (br6t), wet. & p. p. of BRING. brow (brou), to. [AS. bru.] 1. The eyebrow. 2. The fore- head. 3. General air or expres- sion of the countenance ; mien. 4. Edge or projecting upper part of a steep place ; as, the brow of a hill. brow'beat' (brou'beV), v. t. To bear down, or abash, with stern looks or with arrogant speech ; bully. brown (broun), a. [AS. brun.] Of any of various shades of dusky color between black and red or yellow. — n. 1. A brown color. 2. Any pigment or dye which colors brown. — v. t . & i. To make or become brown. brown Bess. The old flintlock smoothbore musket, with bronzed barrel, formerly used in the British army. brown bill, {brown + bill cutting tool.] A kind of bill or halberd painted brown, formerly used by foot soldiers. brown bread, a Dark-colored bread now made of unbolted wheat flour; Graham bread, b Dark-colored steamed bread made, usually, of rye and Indian meal, Graham or wheat flour, molasses, etc. ; — often called Boston brown bread. U. S. brown coal. Lignite. Brown'i-an (broun'i-an), a. Pertaining to Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the common- ness of the Brownian movement or motion, or rapid vibration of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid. brown'ie (-1), n. Also brown'y. Folklore. A good-natured goblin supposed often to work around the house by night. brown'ish, a. Somewhat brown. brown'stone' (-ston'), to. A reddish brown sandstone used for building. brown study. Reverie. brown'-tailed' moth. A tussock moth (Euproctis chry- sorrhea), whose larvae injure many trees. The moth has white wings, the female having a brown-tipped abdomen. browse (brouz), n. [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot.] Ten- der shoots or twigs, fit for food of cattle ; green food. — v. t. ; browsed (brouzd) ; brows'ing. 1. To eat or nibble off, as tender branches. 2. To graze. — v. i. To browse the shoots of shrubs or trees. — brows'er (brouz'er), n. bruc'ine (broos'in; -en), to. Also bruc'in. [After James Bruce, Scottish traveler.] Chem. A poisonous alkaloid, C23H26O4N2, found, with strychnine, in seeds of nux vomica and other plants of the same genus (Strychnos). bruc'ite (-It), to. [After Dr. A. Bruce, of New York.] Min. Native magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2- bru'in (brbb'Tn), n. [D. bruin brown.] A bear ; — so called in populartales and often [_cap.~\ personified. bruise (brooz), v. t.; bruised (broozd) ; bruts'ing. [AS. brysan; or fr. OF. bruisier, bruser, to break, shiver.] 1. To injure, as by a blow, without laceration ; contuse. 2. To batter or indent, as with the fists. 3. To break, as in a mor- tar ; crush ; triturate. — v. i. To fight with the fists ; box. — n. An injury without laceration, as from a blow with a blunt instrument ; a contusion. [pugilist. | bruis'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises. 2. A| bruit (broot),n. \¥.,ir.~LL.brugitus.~\ 1. Noise; din. Ar- chaic. 2. Report; rumor. 3. {Fr. pron. brwe.) Med. An abnormal sound heard on auscultation. — v. t. To report ; noise abroad. || Bru'maire^brii'mar'), n. See Revolutionary calendar. bru'mal (broo'mal), 0. [L. brumalis, fr. bruma winter.] Of or pertaining to winter ; winterlike. brume (broom), n. [F. brume winter, mist, L. bruma win- ter.] Mist; fog. Rare. — bru'mous (broo'mus), a. Rare. brum'ma-gem (brum'd-jem), a. [From Birmingham, Eng., a great market for gilt toys, etc.] Counterfeit ; gaudy but cheap or worthless. bru-net' (broo-net'), a. [F. brunet, brunette, dim. of brun, fem. brune, brown, fr. OHG. brun."] Anthropol. Of dark pigmentation; having brown or olive skin and brown or black hair and eyes; — used esp. of dark Caucasians. — n. A person displaying predominant brunet traits. 1 bru-nette' (-net'), n. [F.] A brunet girl or woman. Brun'hild (brdon'Mlt), n. [G. Brunhilde, MHG. Priin- hilt, OHG. Brunihilt, a Valkyrie.] Ger. Myth. In the Nibelungenlied, a queen whom Siegfried, by magic, wins and later tames for Gunther. When she learns the deceit from Siegfried's wife, Kriemhild, she induces Hagen to murder Siegfried. Brun'ne-hil'de (brun'e-hil'de), n. See Siegfried. Bru-no'ni-an (broo-no'ni-an), a. [LL. Bruno Brown.] Of or pert, to Brown, esp., in U. S., to Brown University. brunt (brunt), n. 1. An onset ; attack. Obs. 2, The force of a blow ; shock or greatest violence, as of an onset or struggle. file, senate, care, am, occount, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (ben, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; BRUSH 129 BUCKLE brush (brush), re. [OF. brosse, broisse, LL. brustia."] 1. A kind of implement composed of bristles, or the like, set in a back or handle. 2. The bushy tail of some animals, esp. of the fox. 3. Something suggestive of a brush (in sense 1) ; specif. : Elec. a One of the pieces of some conducting material, esp. copper or carbon, bearing against a commu- tator or collector to give passage to an electric current, b A brushlike electric discharge. 4. Optics. A striated bundle of light rays. 5. Act of brushing, rubbing, or grazing. — v t 1. To rub, smooth, clean, paint, etc., with a brush. 2. To touch or rub as with a brush ; graze lightly or quickly. 3. To remove with or as with a brush. — v. i. To move so as to graze, skim over, or sweep anything. brush, n. [From OF.] 1. Branches of trees lopped off. 2. A thicket of shrubs or small trees ; underbrush. brush, v. i. To move nimbly in haste ; rush away. brush, n. 1. A short, brisk encounter. 2. A short contest, trial, or spurt of speed. [ cutting brush. | brush hook. A short heavy hook, or cutting implement, for| brush turkey. A large gallinaceous bird (Talegalla latha- mi) of eastern Australia ; also, any of several allied species of New Guinea, the Arrou or Aru, Islands, etc. brush wheel, a A toothless wheel used to turn another by the friction of bristles, buff leather, or the like on the edge in contact, b A kind of revolving polishing wheel, used by turners, lapidaries, etc. . , . , r , , brush'WOOd (brush/ wood), n. A thicket of shrubs and small 1 trees ; also, small branches cut off. [brushwood.! brush'y (-i), a. Covered with, or abounding in, brush or| brush'y (-i), a. Resembling a brush ; shaggy ; rough. brusque (broosk; brusk), a. [F., fr. It. brusco brusque, tart, sour.] Rough and short in manner ; abrupt ; bluff. — Syn. See bluff.— brusque'ly, adv.— brusque'ness, re. || brus'que-rie' (briis'ke-re'), n. [F.] Brusqueness. Brus'sels carpet (briis'elz). Carpet of worsted yarns fixed in a linen web, the worsted being drawn up in loops to form the pattern ; — originally made in Brussels, Belgium. Brussels sprouts. A variety of cabbage producing numer- ous little green heads (sprouts) resembling small cabbages. Obrut (brut), a. [F.] Lit., natural, raw.or crude; — applied orig. to new and unmanipulated sparkling wine, but now to champagne with one to three per cent of liqueur added. bru'tal (broo'tal), a. Of, like, or pert, to, a brute ; brutish. — Syn. Beastly; savage, inhuman. — bru'tal-ly, adv. bru-tal'i-ty (broo-tal'I-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Quality of being brutal ; savageness. 2. A brutal act. bru'tal-ize (-Iz), v. t. & i. To make or become brutal ; bru- t jf y- i-za'tion (broo'tal-i-za'shun ; -I-za'shun), re. brute (broot), a. [F. brut, masc, brute, fem., L. brutus irrational.] 1. Irrational ; unthinking ; as, the brute crea- tion ; brute beast. 2. Without life or sensibility ; inani- mate ; soulless ; as, the brute forces of nature. 3. Of, pert. to, or like, a brute beast ; hence : brutal ; savage ; also, coarse ; sensual. — Syn. Brutish, animal, bestial, beastly. — re. 1. A beast. 2. A brutal person. — Syn. See animal. bru'ti-fy (br6o'ti-fi),'y. t. & i.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [brute + -fy-1 To make or become like a brute ; brutalize. bru'ting (broo'tmg), vb. n. [AS. bryttian to divide in frag- ments.] Process of cutting diamonds by rubbing one against another. brut'ish (broot'Tsh), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, a brute ; irrational ; stupid ; coarse. — Syn. Insensible ; unfeeling, savage, cruel, brutal, inhuman; gross, sensual, bestial. — brut'ish-ly, adv. — brut'ish-ness, re. Bryn'hild(briin'hilt), re. [Icel. Brynhildr."] I eel. Myth. A Valkyrie condemned to become a mortal, and placed in an enchanted fortress. Sigurd wakes her from her enchanted sleep, but, as a result of a magic drink, forgets her and mar- ries Gudrun. He later wins Brynhild for his brother-in-law Gunnar. Brynhild procures the murder of Sigurd, but slays herself and is burned on his pyre. bry-ol'o-gy (brl-ol'6-ji), re. [Gr. 0pvov moss -f -logy.] Botany that relates to the mosses. — bry'o-log'i-cal (bri'- S-loj'i-kal), a. — bry-ol'o-gist (brl-ol'o-jTst), re. bry'o-nin (bri'6-nin), re. Chem. A white substance, C34H48O9, the bitter principle of the root of bryony. bry'O-ny (bri'6-m), re.; pi. -NiES (-mz). [L. bryonia, Gr. (jpvuvLa, fr. fipveiv to swell.] Any of a genus (Bryonia, esp. B. alba and B. dioica) of cucurbitaceous vines, with white or yellowish flowers, and powerfully cathartic roots. bry'o-phyte (-fit), re. [Gr. Ppvov moss + 4>vt6v plant.] Bot. Any moss or liverwort (phylum Bryophyta). — bry- o-phyt'ic (-flt'ik), a. bry'o-zo'an (brl'6-zo'an), a. & re. # [NL. Bryozoa, the class name ; Gr. fipvov moss -f- $Qov animal.] Polyzoan. bu'ba-line (bu'bd-lln; -lTn), a. Of the genus (Bubalis) of antelopes including the bubalis, hartebeest, and allies. bu'ba-lis (-lis), re. [NL., fr. Gr. 0ou/3aX« an African ante- lope.] A large antelope (Bubalis buselaphus) of Egypt, the Sahara, Arabia, and Syria. bub'ble (biib''l), re. 1. A thin film of liquid inflated with air or gas. 2. A small body of air or gas within a liquid. 3. A globule of air or globular vacuum, in a transparent solid, as glass. 4. Anything wanting firmness, solidity, or reality ; a false show ; delusive scheme. 5. A bubbling, as of water. bubble and squeak, beef and cabbage fried together. — v. i.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling). 1. To rise in or form bubbles. 2. To run with a gurgling noise, as if forming bub- bles ; to gurgle or warble, as the nightingale. — v. t. l.To cause to bubble. 2. To cheat ; delude. — bub'bly, a. bub'by (bub r i), re. A woman's breast. Now vulgar. bub'by, re. A small boy ; — used in familiar address. U. S. bu'bo (bu'bo), re. ; pi. -BOES.(-boz). [LL. bubo groin, swell- ing in the groin, Gr. /3ou/3wi\] Med. An inflammatory infectious swelling of a lymphatic gland, esp. in the groin. bu-bon'ic (bu-bon'ik), a. Pertaining to buboes ; character- ized by or attended with buboes ; as, the bubonic plague. bU-bori'O-cele (bu-bon'6-sel), re. [Gr. fiovfiuv groin -f- -cele.~\ Med. An inguinal hernia, esp. the kind in which the hernial pouch descends only to the groin, forming a swelling. bue'eal (buk'31), a. [L. bucca cheek.] Anat. Of or per- taining to the cheeks or the cavity of the mouth. bue'ean (buk'Sn; bii-kan'), n. [F. boucan; a word of American origin.] A wooden frame or grid for roasting, smoking, or drying meat over fire. — v. t. To expose (meat) in strips on a buccan. bue'ea-neer' (biik'd-ner'), re. [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner to smoke or broil meat or fish, to hunt wild beasts.] A pi- rate; esp., oneof the piratical adventurers who preyed on the Spaniards in America in the 17th and 18th centuries. buc'ci-nal (buk'sT-nal), a. [L. bucina, buccina, a crooked horn.] Shaped or sounding like a trumpet ; trumpetlike. bu-cen'taur (bu-sen'tSr), re. [Gr. /3o0s ox + Kevravpos cen- taur.] 1. A fabulous mon- ster, half ox, half man. 2. [ It. bucento- ro.\ The state barge of Venice in ithe time of the doges. Bucentaur,2. ( 5 fo) Bu-ceph'a-lUS (bu-sef'd-lws), re. [L., fr. Gr. Povicea\os> lit., ox-headed.] The warjiorse of Alexander the Great ; jocosely, any horse. bu'ehu (bu'ku ; boo'koo), re. [Zulu bucu a mixture of aro- matic leaves.] The aromatic leaves of several South African rutaceous shrubs (genus Barosma), used in medicine. buck (buk), re. Lye or suds for washing clothes ; also, 06s., the clothes to be washed.— v. t. To wash (clothes) in buck. buck, re. [AS. bucca, buc, he-goat.] 1. The male of deer, antelopes, goats, hares, or rabbits. 2. A dashing young fel- low ; a dandy. Archaic. 3. A male Indian or negro. Col- loq., U. S. 4. In various card games, an object passed from one dealer to the next to prevent mistakes as to the position of the deal. Cant. buck,v.t.To springwitha quick plunging leap ; as, a horse bucks. — v. t. To throw by bucking. — n. Act of bucking. buck, v. t. To butt or charge against. Colloq. or Slang. buck, v. i. Used only in : to buck up, to dress up, or race up. Colloq. or Dial. buck, v. t. Mining. To break up or pulverize, as ores. buck, re. 1. A sawbuck. 2. Gymnastics. A thick leather- covered vaulting block. buck basket. A clothes basket. buck bean. A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) growing in bogs, having racemes of white or reddish flowers. buck'ber-ry (buk'ber-i), re._ A huckleberry (Gaylussacia ursina) of the southern United States, eaten by deer. buck'board 7 (biik'bord'; 57), re. A four-wheeled vehicle having a long elastic board or frame bearing the seat. buck-een' (buk-en'), re. In Ireland, a young man of the lesser gentry, or a younger son of the poorer aristocracy aping the style of living of the rich. Anglo-Irish. buck'et (buk'et ; 24), re. [ME. boket.~\ 1. A vessel in which to hold, hoist, or carry something, as water, coal, etc., or a vessel likened to such a one. 2. The valved piston of a lifting pump. — v. t. 1. To draw or lift in or as in buckets. 2. To ride (a horse) hard; Colloq., to drive forward hurriedly. buck'et, v. t. Stock Gambling. 1. To deal with (an order) in or as in a bucket shop. 2. To cheat ; swindle. Slang. bucket shop. A place for making bets on current exchange prices of stocks, grain, etc., by going through the form of a purchase or sale with no actual buying or selling. buck'eye' (buk , I / ), n. Any of several American trees (genus . JEsculus, esp. M. glabra) of the horse-chestnut family. buck'hound 7 (-houndO, re. A hound for hunting deer. buck'ish, a. Dandified ; foppish. — buck'ish-ly, adv. ish- ness, re. buck'le (buk''l), re. [OF. bode Buckeye(^Esculus glabra). boss of a shield, ring, fr. L. buc- Leaf and Fruit. (&) C G H K K = ch in G. ich-, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BUCKLER 130 BUGLE cula, dim. of bucca cheek.] 1. A device of a frame and tongue used for uniting two loose ends, as of a belt or strap. 2. A buckle-shaped device used chiefly by women to adorn the hair, waistband, shoes, etc. 3. A distortion, as a bend or twist in a metal tube. 4. A curl of hair. Obs. or Archaic. — v. t.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling. 1. To fasten with a buckle. 2. To prepare for action ; apply ; — generally reflexive ; as, he buckled himself to the work. 3. To bend permanently ; distort by bending. — v. i. 1. To prepare for a contest, as, orig., by buckling on armor ; to apply one's self with vigor ; as, to buckle down to work. 2. To grapple ; struggle ; — usu- ally with with. 3. To bend permanently or so as to distort. buck'ler (buk'ler),TO. [OF. bocler a shield with a boss, fr. bode, boucle, boss. See buckle, to.] A kind of shield worn on the arm. — v. t. To shield ; defend. buck'o (buk'o), to.; pi. buckoes (-oz). A blustering, bully- ing fellow ; a bully. buck'ra (buk'rd), to. [In the language of the Calabar coast, buckra means "demon, a powerful and superior being." J. L. Wilson.'] A white man. — a. White ; white man's ; strong; good. Both Negro Terms of Southern U. S. & West Indies. buck'ram. (-rdm), n. [OF. boqueran.] 1. Formerly, a fine fabric for garments, etc. 2. A coarse stiffened cloth of linen, hemp, or cotton. 3. Stiffness ; precise formality ; starchi- ness of manner. — a. 1. Made of buckram. 2. Stiff ; pre- cise. — v. t. To stiffen with buckram ; stiffen. buck'saw' (buk'so'), n. A saw set in a frame and used for sawing wood on a sawbuck, or sawhorse. buck'shot' (-shot'); n. A coarse leaden shot. buck'skin' (-skin'), n. 1. The skin of a buck. 2. 'A strong, soft dressed leather, usually yellowish or grayish ; also, a kind of cream- white closely woven woolen cloth. 3. a A person clothed in buckskin, esp. [cap.] an American soldier of the Revolutionary War. b In pi. Breeches of buckskin. buck'thorn' (-thorn'), n. 1. Any of a genus (Rhamnus) of trees or shrubs some of which have thorny branches. 2. A sapotaceous tree (Bumelia lycioides) of the southern United States. buck'tooth' (-tooth'), n. Any tooth that juts out. buck'wheat' (-hwef), n. [buck beech tree + wheat.] An herb (genus Fagopyrum) cultivated for its triangular seeds, which are ground into flour. Also, the seed or the flour. bu-COl'ic (bu-kol'ik), a. [L. bucolicus, Gr. PovkoXlkos, fr. (SoukoXos cowherd,' herdsman.] Pastoral ; rustic. — n. 1. A pastoral poem ; eclogue ; idyl. 2. A rustic ; farmer. Humorous. — Syn. See rural. — bu-col'i-cal (-i-kol), a. bud (bud), n. [ME. budde.] 1. Bot. An undeveloped shoot or stem ; a small axillary or terminal protuberance on the principal axis of a plant, consisting of rudimentary foliage or floral leaves. 2. Biol. A protuberance which develops into a new organism. — v. i. ; bud'ded ; bud'ding. To put forth buds ; begin to develop ; hence, to be like a bud in youth, growth, or prom- ise. — Syn. Sprout, germinate, blossom. — v. t. 1. To put forth as buds ; cause to bud. 2. Hort. To graft by inserting a bud from one plant into the bark of another. Bud'dha (bdod'd), n. [Skr. buddha wise.] The title of an incarnation of self-abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddhartha (d. about 480 B. a), the founder of Buddhism. Bud'dhism. (-Tz'm), n. A religion of central and eastern Asia. It teaches that life is sorrow, and presents release from existence ( Nirvana) as the greatest good, which may only be attained by escape from the causal nexus ( Karma) whereby the unenlightened suffer endless rebirths. — Bud'- dhist (-1st), n. — Bud'dhist, Bud-dhis'tic (bdbd-is'tik), a. bud'dle (bud''l ; dial. bobd''l), n. [E. dial., to cleanse ore, also a vessel for this purpose.] Mining. An apparatus, esp. an inclined trough or plane, where stamped ore is washed by running water. budge (buj), to. A kind of lambskin fur. — a. Lined or trimmed with budge, as a scholar's gown ; hence, scholastic. budge, v. i. & t. ; budged (bujd) ; budg'ing. [F. bouger to stir, fr. L. bullire. See boil, v. i.] To move ; stir ; specif., usually with a negative, to give way resistingly. budg'et (buj'et ; 24), to. [F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag, L. bulga.] 1. A bag or sack with its contents. Obs. 2. A stock ; store ; accumulation ; as, a budget of news. 3. The annual financial statement made, for the ensuing year, in the British House of Commons. 4. Any similar statement. — budg'et-a-ry, a. buff (buf), to. [Formerly buffe buff, buffalo, F. buffle buf- falo.] 1. A sort of superior leather made of buffalo skin. 2. A military coat of buff. 3. The bare skin. Colloq, 4. The color of buff ; a saddened yellowish orange. 5. A polishing wheel covered with buff leather. 6. A buff stick. 7. Med. The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. — a. Made of or like buff ; of the color of buff. — v. t. 1. To polish with a buff. 2. To give a buff or velvety surface to (leather). 3. To color or stain buff. buff, v. t. To take or deaden the shock of, as a buffer. — n. A buffet ; blow ; — now used only in blindman's buff. buf'fa-lo (buf d-lo), n. ; pi. -loes or -los (-loz). [Sp. bufalo, fr. L. bubalus, bufalus, a kind of Afri- can stag or gazelle ; also, the wild ox ; fr. Gr. jSou/SaXos buffalo.] 1. Any of several species of wild ox (genus Bos), as the water buffalo (B. bubalus) of India, the American bison {B. bison), and the South African Cape buffalo {B. caffer). 2. Short for buffalo robe, Head of Cape Bui- buffalo FISH. tal0, V2s) buffalo berry. The edible scarlet berry of either of two shrubs (Lepargyrea argentea and L. canadensis), of the oleaster family, of the western United States, having silvery foliage ; also, either of these shrubs. buffalo bush. Either shrub bearing the buffalo berry. buffalo fish. Any of several large fishes of the sucker family, mostly found in the Mississippi valley. buffalo moth. The larva of the carpet beetle. buffalo nut. The oily drupaceous fruit of the rabbitwood (Pyrularia puoera) ; also, the shrub itself. buffalo robe. The skin of the American bison, prepared with the hair on, formerly much used as a lap robe. buffer (buf er), to. [Prop., a striker. See buffet a blow.] Anything serving to deaden a shock or to bear the brunt of opposing forces ; as, a buffer at the end of a railroad car. buffer, to. [ME. buff ere stammerer.] A fellow ; esp., an elderly man. Chiefly Humorous or Disparaging. buffer, to. 1. One who polishes with a buff. 2. A wheel for buffing ; a buff. buf-fef (boo-fa' ; buf et ; F. bii'fe'), to. [F.] 1. A cupboard or set of shelves for displaying plate, china, etc. ; sideboard. 2. (pron. bcJo-fa' ; bii'fe'). A counter for refreshments ; a restaurant, as at a railroad station. buffet (buf et ; 24), n. [OF., a slap in the face, buffe blow.] A blow, as with the hand ; a slap ; hence, any blow or stroke. — v. t. 1. To strike with the hand or fist ; box ; cuff. 2. To affect as with blows ; strike repeatedly ; contend against. — v. i. 1. To box ; strike ; contend. 2. To make one's way by blows or struggling. — buf fet-er, to. buf fle-head' (-'1-hed'), to. [F. buffle buffalo + E. head.] A small North American duck (Charitonetta albeola) allied to the goldeneye ; the butter- ball. || buffo (boof fo), to. masc; pi. buffi (-fe). [It.] A comic actor or singer in an opera. buf-fooif (bu-foon'), to. [F. bouffon, It. buffo- ne.] A man who makes a practice of amusing others by tricks, antic gestures, etc. ; a clown. — buf-f oon'ish, a. , buf-foon'er-y (er-i), to. pi. -ERiES (-iz). Arts and practices of a buffoon buff stick. A strip of wood covered with buff "leather, used| buff wheel. An emery wheel. Cf. 1st buff, to., 5. buffy (buf i), a. 1. Of a buff, or somewhat buff, color. 2. Physiol. Pert, to a buffy coat or its color, buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red corpuscles have so settled that the coagulum is nearly colorless. bug (bug), n. [W. bwg, bwgan, hobgoblin, bugbear.] 1. A bugbear ; bogy. Obs. 2. Popularly, an insect of almost any kind ; esp., a beetle or an insect that crawls like a beetle. In England, now chiefly Dial., "bug" usually signifying the bedbug. 3. The bedbug. bug'a-boo' (bug'd-boo'), to. [bug goblin + boo, interj.] An imaginary object of fright ; a bugbear ; bogy. bug'bane' (-ban'), to. A perennial ranunculaceous herb (Cimicifuga racemosa) with a wandlike raceme of white flowers supposed to be distasteful to insects. bug'bear' (-bSr'), to. [bug goblin 4- bear the animal.] Something frightful, as a specter ; anything imaginary that arouses needless fear. bug'ger (bug'er), n. [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus a Bul- garian, also, a heretic ; — buggery was attributed to Bul- garian heretics.] 1. A sodomite. 2. A wretch ; — some- times used playfully. Low. bug'ger-y (-i), ». Sodomy. bug'gy (-T), a. ; -gi-er (-i-er) ; -gi-est. Infested with bugs. bug'gy, to. ; pi. -GIES (-Tz). A light vehicle or carriage. bu'gle (bu'g'l), to. An oblong glass bead, commonly black, as for ornament on clothing. — bu'gle, a. bu'gle, to. [F.] Any of a genus ( Ajuga, esp. A. reptans) of annual menthaceous plants. ^ Bufflehead. (I) [in polishing. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; BUGLE 131 bu'gle, n. [OF., fr. L. buculus a steer, dim. of bos ox.] 1. A buffalo; buffalo's horn. I Obs. 2.Ahunts- man's horn. 3. | A brass or cop- per wind instru- ment, shorter V^ ~y 1 Huntsman's Bugle ; than the trum- 7*—^ 2 Military Bugle, pet, curved, and sometimes keyed. — v. t. & i.; -gled (-g'ld) ; -gling (-gling). To sound with or like a bugle ; also, to summon by a bugle call. — bu'gler (-gler), n. bu'gle-weed' (-wed'), n. Any of a genus (Lycopus) of mints ; esp. L. virginicus, mildly narcotic and astringent. bu'gloss (bu'glos), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. PobyXao-aos oxtongue ; /3o0s ox -f- yX&aaa tongue.] Any of a genus (Anchusa, esp. A. officinalis) of rough, hairy, Old World boraginaceous herbs. bug'seed' (bug'sed'), n. A chenopodiaceous annual herb {Corispermum hyssopifolium) having flat, oval seeds. bu'hach (bu'hach), n. [Servian bukhacha fieawort.] A yellowish powder, the dried and ground flower heads of cer- tain species of chrysanthemums, used as an insecticide. buhl (bool), buhl'work' (-wurkO, n. [From A. Ch. Boulle, French wood carver.] Furniture. Cabinetwork inlaid with tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc. buhr 'stone', burr 'stone' (bur'ston'), n. Any siliceous rock used for millstones. build (Mid), v. t. ; pret. & p. p. built (bilt), or, Archaic, build'ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. build'ing. [AS. byldan to build, bold house.] 1. To erect or construct, as an edifice ; fabri- cate ; make. 2. To construct after the manner of a builder ; fashion ; create by gradual means ; as, to build a reputa- tion. 3. To settle, or establish, and preserve ; as, he builds his hopes on your fidelity. 4. Games. To form (as a member or word) by combination, or to raise (a denomination). — Syn. Erect, raise, found, frame. — v. i. 1. To perform the act, or follow the business, of building something. 2. To rest or depend, as on a foundation ; rely. — n. Form of construction ; general figure ; make. build'er (bil'der), n. One who builds ; one whose occupa- tion is to build or to manage building operations. build'ing, n. 1. Act of making, erecting, or establishing. 2. That which is built, as a house, barn, factory, etc. 3. Art of constructing edifices ; architecture. Syn. Building, edifice, structure. Building is the common term. Edifice usually applies to large and elegant buildings only. Structure retains more often the sense of something constructed in a particular way, or, like edifice, is used ot buildings of some size or magnificence. bulb (bulb), n. [L. bulbus, Gr. j9o\/36s.] 1. A large bud, usually subterranean, emitting roots from below, and bear- ing overlapping, scalelike leaves, as in the lily, onion, tulip, etc. 2. A fleshy tuber or corm resembling a bulb. 3. A bulb- shaped expansion or part ; as, the bulb of a thermometer ; specif., Anat., a rounded enlargement of one end of a part ; as, an end bulb of a nerve, etc. — bul-ba'ceous (bul-ba r - shws), a. — bulb'ar (bill'bdr), a. bulb-if'er-ous (bul-bif'er-us), a. Bot. Producing bulbs. bulb'i-form (bul'bi-form), a. Bulb-shaped. . bulb'il (bul'bll), n. Bot. A small or secondary bulb ; usually, an aerial bulb or deciduous bud, produced in the leaf axils, as in the tiger lily,or replacing the flowers.as insomeonions. bulb'let, n. Bot. A small bulb ; a bulbil. bulb'OUS (bul'bus),a. Alsobulb'ose (-bos). [L. bulbosus.2 Having or containing bulbs ; bulblike in shape or structure. bul'bul (bdbl'bdbl), n. [Per.] A Persian song bird, prob- ably a kind of nightingale (Luscinia hafizi) ; also, any of several Asiatic and East African singing birds. Bul'gar (bool'gar ; bill'-), n. [Orig. a name for the Tatars settled in what is now Bulgaria.] A Bulgarian. Bul-ga'ri-an (b<361-ga'ri-dn ; bul- ; 3), n. 1. One of a people of Bulgaria, of Finnic origin. 2. The language of the Bul- garians, a Slavonic dialect. — a. Of or pertaining to Bulga- ria or the Bulgarians. bulge (bulj), n. 1. A swelling, protuberant part, as in a wall. 2. The bilge of a vessel, or of a cask. 3. Advantage ; esp., a slight but telling advantage; — used chiefly in to get, ox have, the bulge on. Slang. — Syn. See projection. — v. i. & t. ; bulged (buljd) ; bulg'ing (bul'jing). To swell or jut out ; bend outward. — bulg'y (bul'ji), a. [vex face.l bulg'er (bul'jer), n. Golf. A driver or a brassy with a con-| bu-lim'i-a (bu-lim'i-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr., fr. 0oOs ox + Xijuos hunger.] Med. A morbid, insatiable hunger ; also, the disease characterized by it. — bu-lim'ic (-ik), a. bulk (bulk), n. A small projecting structure, as before a shop ; a stall. bulk, n. [ME. bulke, bolke, heap.] 1. Magnitude or vol- ume; spatial dimension; esp., great extent; imposing di- mension. 2. The body of a man or an animal, living or dead ; esp., the trunk. 3. A body ; a mass ; an aggregate. 4. The main mass or body ; largest or major portion. BULL PEN Syn. Size, volume, mass, bigness, largeness. — Bulk, vol- ume, mass. Bulk commonly implies an object of more or less definite shape ; volume often applies to that which can- not be considered as having outline (as in a volume of water) ; mass stresses the idea of solidity and coherence. — v. i. 1. To swell or expand ; — used with up. 2. To be of bulk ; to be weighty, significant, or impressive. bulk'head 7 (bulk'hed'), n. 1. Naut. Any of the upright partitions separating the compartments of a vessel. 2. A structure to resist the pressure of earth or water. 3. A box- like structure rising above a floor, roof, etc., as for a cover for an elevator or stairway. U. S. bulk'y (bfll'ki), a.; bulk'i-er (-ki-er) ; -i-est. Of great bulk ; big ; large ; massive. — bulk'i-ly, adv. i-ness, n. Syn. Bulky, massive, ponderous. Bulky refers to volu- minous size ; massive refers to solidity ; ponderous, to weight and size together, often implying unwieldiness. bull (bool), n. A grotesque blunder in language. bull, n. [L. bulla bubble, stud, LL., seal, stamp.] A papal letter sealed with a bulla, or with a red-ink imprint of the device on the bulla. It is more formal than the brief. bull, n. [ME. bule, bul, bole.~] 1. The male of any bovine or of certain other animals, as of the elephant, whale, fur seal, etc. 2. One suggestive of a bull, as in size, violence, roaring. 3. [cap.~\ Astron. = Taurus. 4. Stock Exchange. One expecting, or trying to effect, a rise in price. — v. t. To try to raise the price of (stocks). — a. Large or big of its kind ; as, a bull lathe, bul'la (bobl'd; bul'd), n.; pi. -LiE (-e). [L., bubble. See 2d bull.] 1. A round leaden seal at- tached toa papal bull. 2.Med. A bleb ; vesicle. bul'lace (bool'as), n. [F. beloce."] A wild or half-domesticated European plum (Prunus spinosa insititia). bul'late (bool'at ; bul'-), a. [L. bulla- tus, fr. bulla bubble.] Appearing as if blistered ; as, a bullate leaf. bull'dog' (bob! 'dog' ; 62), n. 1. One of a variety of short-haired, powerful, courageous dogs ; — so named, prob- ,, ably, from being formerly employed in ^£JiJ£j£jJ\/^ J "i\ baiting bulls. 2. a A cannon, esp. on fe*'"-*' 1 shipboard. Obs. b A pistol or a re- " volver, now confined to one of large caliber and short barrel. 3. a A sher- iff's officer. Obs. b In the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, a proctor's Bulla, 1, of Pope Six- attendant. Colloq. tus IV. (i) — a. Characteristic of or like a bulldog ; stubborn. bull'doze' (-doz'), v. t.; -dozed (-dozd'); -doz'ing (-doz'- ing). To restrain or coerce by intimidation. Colloq., U. S. bull'doz'er (-doz'er), n. One who bulldozes. Colloq., U. S. bUl'let (bdol'et; 24), n. [F. boulet cannon ball, dim. of boule ball.] 1. A small ball. 2. A missile, usually of lead, to be shot from a firearm. bul'le-tin (-e-tm), n. [F., deriv. of It. bulla, bolla, a bull. See 2d bull.] 1. A brief statement of news to the public, esp. from an acknowledged authority. 2. A periodical pub- lication, esp. one containing proceedings of a society. — v. t. To state in a bulletin or bulletins. bull'fight' (bobl'flt'), bull'fight'ing, n. A spectacle in which men torment, and fight with, a bull or bulls in an arena for public amusement. — bull / fight / er (-er), n. bull'finch' (-finch'), n. Any of several fringilline birds, esp. a European species (Pyrrhula europsea), having the breast, cheeks, and throat red, and remarkable for its power of learning to whistle musical airs. [leap. Eng.\ bull'finch', n. A hedge too high for a mounted hunter to| bull'irog' (-frog'), n. A very large North American frog (Rana catesbiana or, sometimes, R. aurora). bull'head' (bobl'hed'), n. 1. Any of various large-headed fishes, as certain catfishes {Ameiurus nebulosus and A. melas), the miller's-thumb, sculpin, etc. 2. A stupid fel- low ; lubber. Colloq. bull'head'ed, a. Blindly stubborn or impetuous. bul'lion (bool'yiin), n. 1. Coinage. Gold or silver consid- ered merely as so much metal ; as, the bullion in a silver dollar ; specif., gold or silver in bars or ingots. 2. Heavy twisted fringe, esp. of fine gold or silver wire for epaulets. bul'li-rag. Var. of bullyrag. * buil'ish (-ish), a. 1. Pert, to or resembling a bull; head- strong. 2. Stock Exchange. Inclined to " bull " the market ; tending to rise in price ; as, a bullish feeling or market. Bull Moose. U. S. Politics. [Often I. c] A follower of Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912, or a member of the Progressive party. Cant. bull'ock (bool'&k), n. [AS. bulluc young bull.] 1. A young bull. Obs. or Dial. 2. An ox or steer. bull pen. 1. A pen for a bull or bulls. 2. The barracks in a lumbering camp. Cant. 3. An inclosure in which prisoners are kept in time of riot. Colloq., Western V. S. D H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BULLPOUT 132 BUNTLINE bull 'pout' (-pout'), n. The common bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus) or related catfish. bull'-roar'er, n. A slat of wood tied to the end of a thong, making an intermittent roaring when whirled. It is used in religious rites by some savages, and survives as a toy among civilized peoples. Bull's Eye (boolz). A stron. = Aldebaran. bull's'-eye' (boblz'I'), n. 1. Naut. A small perforated oval wooden block without sheaves, having a groove around it. 2. A disk of glass in a deck, floor, etc., to let in light. 3. A circular or oval opening for air or light. 4. A lens of short focal distance, or a lantern with such a lens. 5. The center of a target ; also, a shot which hits it. 6. A kind of hard globular candy. bull terrier. One of a breed of dogs produced by crossing the bulldog and terrier, possessing much of the strength and courage of the former with the activity of the latter. bul'ly (bdol'I), n. ; pi. -lies (-Tz). 1. A sweetheart or darling ( of either sex ) ; — often used as an epithet. Obs. 2. A blustering fel- low, more insolent than courageous. 3. Specif. : a The protector of a prosti- tute, b A hired ruffian or bravo. Obsoles. Bull Terrier. — a. 1. Jovial ; dashing ; — esp. in : bully boy, a term of address. 2. Fine ; excellent. Slang. — inter] '. Good ! Well done ! Slang. — v. t. ; -lied (-id) ; -ly-ing. To intimidate by manner or by threats. — v. i. To act the bully. — Syn. Bluster, swag- ger, hector, domineer. bul'ly (bdbl'i), n., bully beef. [F. bouilli boiled meat, fr. bouillir to boil. Formerly bouilli was used on the labels of canned beef.] Pickled or canned beef. bully-rag (bool'i-rag), v. t. To intimidate by bullying; scold abusively ; rally contemptuously ; badger. bully tree. Any of several West Indian sapotaceous trees. bul'rush' (bobl'rush'), n. [ME. bulrysche, bolroysche."] Any of various large rushes growing in wet or overflowed land, as the common rush (J uncus effusus), the club-rush (genus Scirpus), etc. bul'tow (bdbl'to), n. A trawl ; a boulter ; the mode of fish- ing with a boulter or spiller. bul'wark (b661'wdrk), n. 1. A solid, wall-like, defensive structure ; rampart. 2. Any means of defense or protection. 3. The side of a ship above the upper deck ; — usually in pi. — v. t. To fortify or secure with or as with a bulwark. bum (bum), v. t. & i. Also Dumb. To make, or sound with, a humming noise ; to din. Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. bum, v. i. To guzzle or drink to excess ; sponge upon others, as for drink ; lead the life of a vagabond. Slang, U. S. — n. Slang, U.S. a A spree, b A guzzler or idle drunkard or vagabond ; a sponger of drinks, or the like. bum'bail'iff (-bal'if), n. A bailiff ; — contemptuous. Eng. bum'ble-bee' (-b'l-be'),re. [ME. bumblen to hum +oee.] Any of a genus (Bombus) of true bees, mostly of large size ; — so called from the humming noise made in their flight. bum'ble-pup'py (-pup'i), n. Card Playing. Whist played in an unscientific way. bum-boat' (-bot'), «. A boat conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale to vessels in port or off shore. bum'kin (bum'kin), n. [boom a beam + -kin."] Naut. A bumpkin. [visible means of support. Slang, U. S.\ bum'mer (bum'er), n. An idle, worthless fellow without! bump (bump), v. i. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern ; boom. — n. The noise made by the bittern. bump, v. t. To strike, as against or with something large or solid ; thump. — v. i. To come in violent contact with some- thing. — n. 1. A thump; heavy blow. 2. A swelling due to a bump, or blow. 3. Phren. One of the protuberances on the cranium associated with the various "faculties." Colloq. bump'er (bum'per), n. That which bumps or causes a bump ; also, anything deadening a bump or shock. bump'er, n. 1. A cup or glass filled to the brim, esp. in drinking a toast. 2. Anything unusually large or great. Colloq. — v. t. To fill brimful, as a cup, wineglass, etc. ; also, to toast with a bumper. — v. i. To drink bumpers. bump'kin (bump'kin), n. [See bumkin.] 1. Naut. A pro- jecting beam or boom. 2. A countrv lout. bump'tious (bump'shus), a. Self-conceited ; forward. — bump'tious-ly, adv. — bump'tious-ness, n. bump'y (burn^pi), a. Covered with bumps. bun, bunn (bun), n. A kind of cake or bread ; commonly, a slightly sweetened, often spiced, raised cake or biscuit. bunch (bunch), n. 1. A protuberance ; hump ; knob ; lump. 2. A cluster, as of grapes. 3. A group or number of things of the same kind, as of cattle. — Syn. See bundle. — v. i. & t. 1. To swell out or form into a bunch or bunches. 2. To gather in a bunch or bunches. The dwarf cornel (Cornus bunch'ber-ry (buncb/ber-i), canadensis). bunch'flow'er (-flou'er), n. A melanthaceous plant (Melan- thium virginicum), bearing a panicle of small greenish flowers ; also, any other species of the same genus. bunch'y (biin'chi), a. Swelling out or growing in bunches. bun'co (bun'ko). Var. of bunko. bun'combe, bun'kum (-kiim), n. [From Buncombe, a county of North Carolina.] Speechmaking to gratify con- stituents, or to gain public applause ; anything said, writ- ten, or done for mere show. Cant or Slang, U. S. || Bund (boont), n.; G. pi. Bunde (biin'de). [G.] A league, esp. that of the German states. bund(bund),n. [Hind, band.'] 1. An artificialembankment, as a dike. India. 2. An embanked quay. China, Japan, etc. bun'der (bun'der), n. [Pers. bandar a landing place.] In the East, a landing place ; quay ; pier ; harbor. ||Bun'des-raV,Bun'des-rath' (boon'des-rat'), n. [G.] Lit., federal council, esp. of the German Empire. bun'dle(bun'd'l),n. [ME. bundel.'] 1. A number of things bound together ; a loose package ; roll. 2. A number taken together ; a group ; lot. 3. Bot. A fascicle composed of strands of conducting tissue traversing the body of a plant. Syn. Bundle, bunch, parcel, package, pack, packet apply to things done up for storage or transportation. A bundle is a collection of articles bound or rolled together ; as, a bundle of papers. A bunch is a collection of things, usually of the same sort, fastened closely together ; as, a bunch of keys, of flowers. A parcel is a bundle of moderate or small size. A package is something packed, esp. for transportation ; as, an express package. A pack is a bundle to be carried on the back, esp. by a peddler ; as, a peddler's pack. A packet is a small package or parcel. — v. t. ; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). 1. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. 2. To hustle or hurry unceremoniously. — v. i. 1. To prepare for departure ; hurry. 2. To sleep or lie, as lovers, on the same bed without undressing. Hist. bung (bung), n. The stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a cask ; also, the bunghole. — v. t. To stop with a bung ; hence, Slang, to bruise so as to unfit for action. bun'ga-low (biirj'gd-lo), n. [Bengali bangla.] A type of single- storied house or cottage, usually with a wide veranda. bung'hole' (bung'hol'), n. The orifice stopped by a bung. bun'gle (bun'g'l), v. i. & t. ; -GLED (-g'ld) ; -GLING Bungalow. (-gling). To act, work, make, or perform in a clumsy or awkward manner. — n. A clumsy or awkward performance ; botch. — bun'gler (-gler), n. — bun'gling, p. a. bun'ion (bun'yun), n. An inflamed swelling on the foot, usually on the first joint of the great toe. bunk (bunk), n. A case or frame attached to a wall to serve as a bed, asm a^ship. — v. i. To go to bed in a bunk. Colloq. bunk'er (bunk'er), n. [Scot, bunker, bunkart, a bench, or low chest, serving for a seat.] 1. A large bin ; esp., one of several large compartments for coal on shipboard. 2. Golf. Any rough hazardous ground on the links ; esp., an artificial hazard with built-up faces. — v. t. Golf. To drive (the ball) into a bunker. bun'ko (bun'ko), n. Also bun'co. A swindling game or scheme. — v. t. To swindle by a bunko game. bun'kum. Var. of buncombe. bunn. Var. of bun, a cake. bun'ny (bun'i), n. A rabbit or a squirrel ; — a pet name. Bun'sen burn'er (boon'sen). A kind of burner for gas, con- sisting, usually, of a straight tube, with small holes for the entrance of air at the bottom. The air and gas mix and burn with intense heat and a blue sootless flame. It was invented by W. R. Bunsen, a German chemist. bunt (bunt), n. 1. A disease of wheat changing the kernels to a mass of dark, ill-smelling spores. 2. Either of the two fungi (Tilletia tritici or T. fattens) causing the disease; — more often called stinking smut in the U. S. bunt, n. 1. The bagging portion of a fishing net or the like. 2. Naut. The middle part of a square sail, which bags or bulges when the sail is spread and is gathered in a bunchy roll on the yard when the sail is furled. bunt, v.t.&i. 1. To butt or push with or as with the horns. 2. Baseball. To bat or tap (the ball) slowly within the in- field by meeting it with the bat without swinging at it. —n. Act of bunting ; specif., Baseball, a bunted ball. bun'ting (bun'ting), n. [ME. bonten to sift.] A thin woolen stuff, used chiefly for flags ; also, a cotton stuff imitating this ; hence, flags collectively, as of a ship. bun'ting, n. Any of various oscine birds (genus Emberiza or an allied genus), usually included in the finch family.^ bunt'line (bunt'lin ; -lin), n. [bunt part of a sail + line.l Naut. One of the ropes attached to the foot of a sail, used to haul the sail up to the yard for furling. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, tip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; na(jjre, verdure (87) ; BUNYA 133 BURNET bun'ya (biin'yd) or bun'ya-bun'ya, to. [Native name.] An Australian coniferous tree {Araucaria bidwillii), bearing edible seeds about two inches long. bun'yon (bun'yiin). Var. of bunion. buoy (boi ; boo'i ; bwoi), n. [B.boei, ir.F.bouee.J 1. Naut. A float ; esp., a floating object moored to the bottom to mark a channel, anchor, rock, etc. 2. A life buoy. — v. t. & i. 1. To keep from sinking in a fluid ; float ; hence : to support ; sustain ; — with up. 2. To mark by or as by a buoy or buoys. buoy'age (boi'aj ; boo'I-aj; bwoi'-), n. Buoys collectively ; a system of buoys ; the providing of buoys. buoy'an-cy (-dn-sT), to.; pi. -cies (-siz). 1. Property of floating on the surface of a liquid, or in a fluid, as in the at- mosphere. 2. Power possessed by a fluid of bearing up a body that is in it ; upward pressure exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in it or floating on it. It is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. 3. Cheerfulness ; vivacity. buoy 'ant (-ant), a. 1. Having the quality of rising or float- ing in a fluid. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid. 3. Light-hearted. — Syn. See elastic. — buoy'ant-ly, adv. bur, burr (bur), n. [ME. burre burdock.] 1. Any rough or prickly envelope of a fruit, as of the chestnut ; also, any weed bearing burs. 2. Something that clings like a bur. — v. t. ; burred (burd) ; bur'ring. To remove burs from. bu-ra' (boo-ra'Hn. A snowstorm resembling the blizzard, bu-ran' (-ran') / on the steppes of Central Asia. bur'ble (bur'b'l), v. i. To bubble. Dial, or Colloq. blU'bOt (-bot), to. [F. barbote, fr. barbe beard.] Either of Burbot of Europe {Lota lota) . (fa) .'two fresh-water fishes (Lota maculosa and L. lota), of the cod family, having barbels on the nose and chin. bur'den (bur'd'n),TO. [ME. burdoun bass in music, F. bour- don^] 1. The verse repeated in a song; chorus; refrain. 2. That which is often repeated or dwelt on ; main topic ; gist. 3. The drone of a bagpipe. bur'den, to. [AS. burden.] 1. Thing borne ; load ; hence : care ; responsibility. 2. Thing borne with labor or diffi- culty ; hence : a burdensome lot ; grievous fate. 3. The bear- ing of loads ; as, a beast of burden. 4. Capacity of a vessel for carrying cargo ; weight of the cargo. — Syn. See load. —v. t. To encumber with weight ; load ; hence : to oppress. bur'den-some (-sum), a. Grievous to be borne ; oppressive. — Syn. Weighty, cumbersome, onerous, troublesome. See heavy. — bur'den-some-ly, adv. — some-ness, n. bur'dock (bur'dok), n. [bur + dock the plant.] Any of a genus ( Arctium) of coarse biennial asteraceousjjlants with burlike involucres. bu'reau (bii'ro ; bu-ro'), n. ; pi. E.'-reaus (-roz), F. -reaux (E. pron. -r5z). [F., a writing table, OF. burel drugget, often used to cover a table, bure coarse woolen cloth.] 1. An office where business requiring writing is transacted. 2. Hence : A government department or office, or subdivi- sion thereof, for the transaction of public business. 3. A chest of drawers for clothes, often with a mirror. U. S. bu-reau'cra-cy (bu-ro'krd-sT), n.; pi. -cies (-siz). [bureau • + -cracy.] 1. A system of carrying on the business of gov- ernment by departments, or bureaus, each under a chief ; loosely, officialism; also, government conducted on this system. 2. Government officials collectively. bu'reau-crat (bu'ro-krat), n. An official of a bureau, esp. one confirmed in a narrow and arbitrary routine. — bu'- reau-crat'ic (-krat'ik), a. — bu'reau-crat 'i-cal-ly, adv. bu-rette' (bu-reV), n. [F., can, cruet, dim. of buire flagon.] Chem. An apparatus, essentially a graduated glass tube, for delivering measured quantities of liquid or for measur- ing the liquid or gas received or discharged. burg (burg), n. [AS. burh, burg.~] 1. A fortified town. 06s. 2. A town or city. Colloq., U. S. burg'age (bur'gaj), to. [From burg.] Eng.& Scots Law. a In England, a form of privileged tenure of real property | by which lands are held of the king or other lord at a certain yearly rent, b In Scotland, a kind of tenure by the service (now nominal) of watching and warding. bur 'gee (bur'je), to. Naut. A swallow-tailed or triangular flag used as a distinguishing pennant. bur'geon (-jun), v. i. [F. bourgeon a bud.] 1. To sprout ; bud. 2. To grow forth, as a feather. — j). t. To put forth ; — used chiefly with out ox forth. — n. A bud ; sprout. bur'gess (-jes), n. [OF. burgeis, fr. burc fortified town, fr. LL. burgus fort, city.] 1. An inhabitant or, strictly, a free- man of a borough. 2. a The person elected to represent a borough, corporate town, or university in Parliament. Eng. b Before the Revolution, a representative in the popular branch (House of Burgesses) of the legislature of Vir- ginia ; — now called delegate. "6 «-"»■", "«*vi burgh (burg; Scot, biir'o, -u), n. [See borough.] Orig., a borough ; usually, a kind of incorporated Scottish town. burgh'al (bur'gal), a. Of or pertaining to a burgh. burgh'er (bur'ger), n. A freeman of a burgh or borough. bur'glar (-gler), n. [LL. burglator, burgulator, fr. LL. bur- gus fortified place.] Law. One guilty of burglary. bur-gla'ri-ous (biir-gla/n-us), a. Pertaining to burglary ; constituting the crime of burglary. OUS-ly, adv. bur'glar-ize (bur'gler-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd); -lz'tng (-Tz 7 - lng). To enter burglariously. Colloq. bur'gla-ry (-gld-rl), to.; pi. -rtes (-riz). Law. Breaking and entering the dwelling house of another, in the night- time, with intent to commit a felony therein, or, as fixed by some statutes, such breaking and entering of any of various buildings by night or day. [FacetiousA bur'gle (-g'l), v. i. & t. To commit burglary, Colloq. &\ bur'go-mas'ter (bur'go-mas'ter), n. [D. burgemeester ; burg borough + meester master.] A chief magistrate of a municipal town of Holland, Flanders, or Germany, corre- sponding to mayor in the United States. bur'go-net (-net), n. [F. bourguignotte, because the Bur- gundians first used it.] A kind of light steel cap or helmet. bur'grave (bux'grav), n. [G. burggraf; burg fortress -+- graf count.] German Hist. Orig., one appointed to the command of a town or castle ; now, one ruling by right a town or castle with the attached hereditary domain. Bur-gun'di-an (bur-gun'di-dn), a. Of or pert, to Burgundy, the ancient kingdom or duchy, or the former province in eastern France. — to. A native or inhabitant of Burgundy. Bur'gun-dy (bur'gun-di), n. Wine made in Burgundy, France, or a wine resembling it. bur'i-al (ber'I-dl), to. [AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to bury.] Actof burying ; sepulture ; interment. bur'i-er (-er), n. One who buries. bu'rin (bu'nn), n. [F.] A pointed steel cutting tool, used by an engraver on metal in line engraving. bu / ri-on(-ri-on),n. The house finch (Carpoda- ^ - - cus mexicanus). T ; — burke (burk), v. t.; Bunn - burked (burkt); burk'ing. [After William Burke of Edin- burgh, executed for the crime in 1829.] To murder so as to produce few marks of violence, in order to obtain the body to sell for dissection. burl (burl), n. [ME. burle stuffing, knot in cloth.] 1. A knot or lump in thread or cloth. 2. A knot or excrescence on a tree. — v. t. To dress or finish up (cloth). bur'lap (bur'lap), n. Also bur'laps (-laps). A fabric of jute or hemp, used for bagging, curtains, etc. bur-lesque' (bQr-lesk'), a. [F., fr. It. burlesco, fr. burla jest, mockery.] Tending to excite laughter or contempt by extravagant images, or by incongruous contrast, as when a trifling subject is treated with mock gravity or vice versa. — to. 1. Burlesque representation ; also, an instance of it. 2. A composition in burlesque style, as a parody, travesty, caricature, or extravaganza. — Syn. See caricature. — v. t. & i.; -lesqued' (-leskt') ; -les'quing (-les'king). To mock or make ludicrous by, or to employ, burlesque. burly (bur'li), a. ; -li-er (-11-er) ; -li-est. [ME. burlich, borlich, strong, excellent.] 1. Large or stout of body; bulky. 2. Coarse and rough ; boisterous ; bluff. — Syn. See stout. — bur'li-ly (-li-li), adv. — burli-ness, n. Bur'man (-mon), a. & n. Burmese. bur marigold. Any of a genus {Bidens) of coarse astera- ceous herbs, the achenes of which are called beggar licks. Bur'mese' (bur'mez' ; -mes'), n. 1. sing. & pi. A native or the natives of Burma. 2. The language of the Burmese, of which the alphabet is Pali. — Bur'mese', a. burn (burn), n. [See bourn a stream.] A brook; rivulet. Dial. Eng. & Scot. burn, v. t.; burned (bfirnd) or burnt (bfirnt) ; burn'ing. [AS. baernan, bernan, v. t.] 1. To consume by fire ; reduce to ashes by heat or fire. 2. To injure or change destructive- ly by fire or heat ; scorch ; scald ; blister ; singe ; char ; sear. 3. To submit to fire or heat for an economic purpose ; bake ; as, to burn clay. 4. To make or produce by fire or heat ; as, to burn a hole. 5. To affect as if by the action of fire or heat ; as, to burn the mouth with pepper. 6. Chem. To cause to undergo combustion ; oxidize. 7. To cauterize. — v. i. 1. To be on fire ; undergo combustion. 2. To undergo some change, esp. some injury, by fire or heat ; as, the meat burns. 3. To feel, or to appear, as if on fire or excessively heated. 4. Chem. To undergo combustion of any kind. — n. 1. A hurt, injury, or other effect caused by burning. 2. Process of burning. 3. A disease in vegetables. See brand, to., 5. burn'er (bur'ner), to. 1. One who, or that which, burns any- thing. 2. Part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced. bur'net (bur'nSt), to. [From F. brunet brownish, dim. of brun brown.] Any of a genus (Sanguisorba) of plants, esp. H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BURNING BUSH 134 BUSTER the common burnet (S. sangvisorba), a species often oc- curring in fields of sainfoin, which it much resembles. burning bush. Any of several plants, esp. either of two American shrubs (Evonymus americanus and E. atropur- pureus) having bright red capsules. burning glass. A convex lens for producing an intense heat by converging the sun's rays. _ bur'nish (bur'nish), v. t. [OF. burnir, brunir, to make brown, polish, brun brown, OHG. brun.] To make smooth and bright ; polish. — Syn. See polish. — n. Effect of burnishing ; gloss ; brightness^— bur'nish-er, n. bur-noose', bur'nous (bur-noos' ; bur'noos ), n. [Ax. bur- nus a kind of cap.] A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs and Moors. burn'sides (burn'sldz), n. pi. Side whiskers. Colloq.,U.S. burnt (burnt), pret., p. p., & p. a. of burn. burr (bur), n. The prickly envelope of a fruit. See bur. burr, bur, n. 1. A circle. Obs. 2.Mech. a A thin flat piece of metal, formed from a sheet by punching, b A small washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down. 3. Any rounded knot or excrescence on a tree. See knot. 4. The external opening of the ear. 5. A thin ridge or roughness left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, etc. 6. Phon. A trilled pronunciation of the letter r; any rough pronunciation ; as, to speak with a burr. 7. A whirr ; a rough humming sound. — v. i. To speak or pronounce with a burr. — v. t. 1. To form into a burr, or projecting edge ; as, to burr over the end of a brass tube. 2. To pro- nounce with a burr ; as, to burr one's r's. burr (bur), n. Also buhr. 1. = buhrstone. 2. A knob, boss, or mass of siliceous rock in softer formations. 3. A whetstone. 4. = 3d clinker, 2. bur reed. A plant (genus Sparganium) having elongated linear leaves and globose burlike fruit. bur'rel (bur'el), n. A sort of pear. = beurre. bur'ro (boor'o ; bur'o), n. ; pi. -ros (-oz). [Sp.] A donkey, or ass. Southwestern U. S. bur'row (bur'o), n. [See borough a town.] A hole in the ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and habitation ; a similar passage, excavation, or place of re- treat ; a shelter. — v. i. 1. To excavate a hole, as in the earth, esp. one to lodge in. 2. To lodge or nest in a burrow ; hence, to hide. — v. t. To make burrows in or to construct by burrowing. — bur'row-er, n. burr'stone' (bur'ston')- Var. of buhrstone. bur'ry (bur'i), a. Abounding in, containing, or resembling, a bur or burs ; prickly. burr'y, a. Characterized by a burr or burrs. bur'sa (bur'sd), n.; L. pi. -sm (-se). [LL. See bourse.] Anat. A sac or saclike cavity. bur'sar (-ser), n. [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa. See bourse.] A treasurer, or cash keeper, as of a college ; a purser. bur'sa-ry (bur'sd-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. Treasury of a college or monastery. 2. In Scotland, a scholarship or charitable foundation in a university or school. 11 Bur'schen-schaf t/ (boor'shen-shaftO, n.; pi. -schaften (-shaf'ten). [G.] In Germany, any of various associations of university students formed to support liberal ideas, or the organization formed by affiliation of the local bodies. burse (burs), n. [LL. bursa or F. bourse. See bourse.] 1. Eccl. An ornamental flat case or pocket of silk or bro- cade. 2. A students' hall, or college. bur'si-form (bur'si-form), a. [LL. bursa purse + -form.'] Shaped like a purse. [flammation of a bursa. I bur-si'tis (bur-sl'tis),n. [NL. ; bursa + -itis.] Med. In-j burst (burst), v. i.; burst, also, Inelegant or Dial., burst'ed ; burst'ing. [AS. berstan.] 1. To fly apart or in pieces ; break open ; explode. 2. To exert pressure that causes something to give way ; hence, to appear or depart suddenly and unexpectedly ; — usually used with forth, out, away, into, upon, etc. 3. To break into sudden ac- tivity ; specif., to exclaim; — usually used with forth, out. — v. t. 1. To cause to burst. 2. To produce as an effect of bursting ; as, to burst a hole through the wall. — n. 1. Act of bursting ; also, that which bursts forth or out ; as, a burst of thunder, applause, passion. 2.Any brief vio- lent activity or effort ; a spurt. 3. Result of bursting ; a breach. — burst'er, n. bur'then (bur'tfe'n), -then-some, etc. Vars. of burden, etc. bur'ton (bur't'n), n. Any of several kinds of light tackle, usually (when used without a qualifying term) one with a single and a double block. bur'weed' (-wed'), n. Any plant having burlike fruit, as the cocklebur, burdock, etc. bur'y (ber'i), v. t. ; bur'ied (-id) ; bur'y-ing. [AS. byrgan, byrigan.] 1. To deposit (a corpse) in its resting place, with funeral ceremonies ; inter ; inhume. 2. To cover over out of sight. 3. To put away or out of sight as if in the grave ; as : a To hide in oblivion or obscurity, b To put away finally ; to have done with ; as, to bury strife. C To submerge or engross ; — used with in; as, buried in grief. — Syn. In- tomb, inurn ; conceal ; overwhelm, repress. Busby. bus (bus), n.; pi. busses (bus'ez; 24). [Abbrev. from omnibus.] An omnibus. Colloq. bUS'by (buz'bi), n. ; pi. -bies (-biz). A kind of British mili- tary headdress or cap. bush (boosh), n. [ME. bosch, busch, bosk, busk.] 1. A shrub ; esp., a thick, densely branched shrub or a cluster of shrubs. 2. A shrub cut off, or a shrublike branch of a tree. 3. A shrub or branch, as of ivy, hung out at vintners' doors, or as a tavern sign ; hence, a tavern sign. 4. A bushlike mass, as of foliage or feathers. 5. Specif. : Hunting. The tail, or brush, of a fox. 6. Uncleared or unculti- vated country, esp. woodland or land covered with shrubby vegetation. — v. t. 1. To set bushes for ; support or cover with bushes ; as, to bush peas. 2. To use a bush harrow on (land), or cover (seeds) by using a bush harrow. — v. i. To branch thickly like a bush. bush, n. [D. bus a box or F. boucher to plug.] Mech. A detachable lining used esp. as a bearing to reduce friction. — v. t. To furnish with a bush, or lining. bush buck. = boschbok. [but mostly of upright habit. 1 bush clover. A plant (genus Lespedeza) allied to clover,| bush cranberry. The cranberry tree. busb/el (boosh'el), n. [OF. boissel, deriv. of L. pyxis box, Gr. irv£Ls.] 1. A dry measure containing 4 pecks, or 32 quarts. Abbr., bu. 2. A measure holding a bushel. 3. A weight assumed as the equivalent of the bushel measure. bush'el, v. t. Tailoring. To repair or put in order, as men's garments. — v. i. To repair garments. — bush'el-er, bush/el-ler (-er), busb/el-man, n. All U.S. busb/ham/mer (-ham / er), n. A hammer having a serrated face, as of rows ofpyramidal points, for dressing stone. UBu'shi'do' (boo'she'do'), n. [Jap. bu military + shi knight + do way, doctrine, principle.] The unwritten code of moral principles regulating the actions of the Japanese knighthood, or Samurai ; the chivalry of Japan, [bushy. I bush'i-ness (b<56sh'I-nes), n. Quality or state of being| bush'ing (-mg), n. Mech. A bush, or detachable lining. Bush/man (b<56sh'man), n.; pi. -men (-men). 1. One of a native race of nomadic hunters of South Africa. 2. [I. c] A woodsman ; specif., Australia, one who lives or travels in the bush, or uncleared country. busb/rang'er (-ran'jer), n. One who ranges in the bush; esp., in Australia, an escaped convict living in the bush. bush'whack'er (-hwak'er), n. One accustomed to beat about through bushes ; hence, a guerrilla ; orig., as used by the Federal troops, a Confederate guerrilla in the Civil War. U. S. — bush'whack'ing, n. busb/y (-i), a. ; bush'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. 1. Full of, or over- gfown with, bushes. 2. Thick and spreading like a bush. bus'ied (biz'id), pret. & p. p. of busy. bus'i-ly (biz'T-li), adv. In a busy manner. busi'ness (biz'nSs), n. [busy + -ness.] 1. State of being busy. Obs. 2. That which busies, or engages one's time, attention, or labor, asaprincipalseriousemployment ; as, the business of life ; business before pleasure. 3. .That which one has to do or should do ; duty ; mission ; as, that is no business of ours. 4. Affair ; matter ; — used indefinitely ; as, a strange business. 5. Mercantile transactions ; traffic in general ; trade ; as, a knowledge of business. 6. A com- mercial or industrial establishment or enterprise ; as, he owns a large business. — Syn. See trade. busi'ness-llke' (biz'nes-Hk'), a. Characterized by or exhib- iting business qualities ; hence : practical ; thorough. busk (busk), n. [F. busc] A thin elastic strip worn in the front of a corset. busk, v. t. & i. [Icel. buask to get ready.] To prepare ; make ready. Archaic, Dial., or Scot. — busk'er, n. bus'kin (bus'km), n. [Prob. fr. OF. or D.] 1. A covering for the foot, coming some distance up the leg ; a half-boot. 2. = cothurnus, the high boot of tragic actors in ancient Athens, which is, hence, symbolical of tragedy. Cf . sock. 3. Fig., tragedy ; the tragic vein or drama. . bus'kined (-kind), a. 1. Wearing buskins. 2. Hence, of or pertaining to tragedy ; tragic ; lofty. buss (bus), n. & v.t. & i. Kiss; smack. buss. Var. of bus, omnibus. bust (bust), n. [F. buste, fr. It. busto.] 1. A piece of sculpture representing the upper part of the human body. 2. The part of the human body between head and waist. bust, v. t. & i. 1. To burst. Dial, or Vulgar. 2. To be ruined financially. Slang, U. S. 3. To tame ; break. Col- loq., Western U. S. bUS'tard (bus'tdrd), n. [From OF., fr. L. avis tarda, lit., slow bird.] Any of a family (Otididas) of large Old World game birds, related to the cranes and plovers. The great bustard (Otis tarda) is the largest European land bird. bust'er (bus'ter), n. 1. Dial, or vulgar for burster. 2. Something huge or stupendous. Slang. 3. A roistering blade ; also, a spree. Slang. 4. A fierce wind ; specif, a cold, violent southwesterly wind in New Zealand or Australia. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, nm, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; BUSTIC 135 BUTTERWEED bus'tic (buVtik), to. A sapotaceous tree (Dipholis salici- folia) of southern Florida and the West Indies. bus'tle (buV'l), v. %.; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling (-ling). To move about busily and noisily or with commotion. — n. Act of one who bustles ; stir ; agitation. — Syn. See stir. bus'tle, n. A kind of pad or form worn on the back below the waist, by women, to extend the skirts. bus'tling (bus'ling), p. a. Agitated; tumultuous; charac- terized by confused activity. — bus'tling-ly, adv. bus'y (biz'i), a. ; bus'i-er (-er) ; -i-est. [AS. bysig.'] 1. En- gaged in some business ; hard at work. 2. Constantly or actively at work ; active ; as, busy thoughts ; busy hands. 3. Crowded with business or activities ; as, a busy street. 4. Officious ; foolishly or intrusively active. 5. Characteristic of, pert, to, or indicating, diligence ; as, the city's busy hum. 6. Telephone. In use ; — said of a line. Syn. Occupied, employed, attentive ; industrious, diligent, assiduous, sedulous ; laborious, hardworking, painstaking, persevering, indefatigable, tireless, untiring, unwearied, unremitting. — Busy, industrious, diligent, assiduous, sedulous agree in the idea of application. One is busy who is actively engaged, either habitually or for the time being ; as, busy as a bee ; too busy to eat. Industrious implies habitual devotion to labor ; as, industrious habits. Diligent implies earnest application to a specific pursuit, not nec- essarily general induslriousness ; as, a diligent student of the classics. Assiduous implies studied and unremitting, sedulous, painstaking and persevering, application to a business or enterprise ; as, assiduous in attendance. — v. t. & i. ; bus'ied (bTz'id) ; bus'y-ing. To make, keep, or be, busy ; to employ ; occupy. bus'y-bod'y (biz'T-bod'T), n.; pi. -bodies (-Tz). One offi- cious in the affairs of others ; a. meddling person. but (but), prep. & conj. [AS. butan without, on the outside, except, besides ; be- + utan outward, without, fr. ut out.] 1. Outside of ; without ; except ; save ; as, all went but me ; none but the brave. Hence: that (in various negative con- structions where that alone is now felt to be more logical or natural) ; as, there is no doubt but he is here (now usually, there is no doubt that he is here). 2. a Only; no more than ; as, he is but young ; I can but hear, b No more or less than ; just ; as, if they kill us, we shall but die. 3. If not ; as, no man may come, but he have warrant. 4. That not ; — in expressions where, by ellipsis of a pronoun, but has the force of a negative relative ; as, "There is no man of worth but has a piece of singularity." 5. On the contrary ; yet ; however ; — introducing a coordinate but adversative term ; as, he boasted not of his courage, but of his skill. Syn. But, however, still, nevertheless, yet. But marks opposition without emphasizing it ; as, this is not winter, but it is almost as cold. However is weaker, and throws the opposition into the background. Still, like nevertheless and yet, states more strongly the opposition, implying a conces- sion in what precedes. Nevertheless implies that the con- cession has no real bearing on the question. Yet implies that, however extreme the concession, the consequence natu- rally to be expected does not follow. See except. but, n. The conjunction but ; also, an objection such as is often introduced by but. bu'tane (bu'tan), n. [L. butyram butter. See butter.] Chem. An inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon, C4H10, of the methane series. butch/er (bdbch'er), n. [OF. bochier, orig., slaughterer of buck goats, fr. boc a buck goat.] 1. One whose business is to slaughter animals.or dress their flesh, formarket ; a dealer in meat. 2. A slaughterer ; one who kills in large numbers or brutally. — v. t. 1. To slaughter as a butcher does. 2. To garble; botch; mangle. , [on thorns. I butcher bird. Any of certain shrikes that impale their prey | butch'er-Iy, a. Like a butcher ; savage ; bloody. butch/er 's-broom/, n. A European convallariaceous plant (Ruscus aculeatus), of which the twigs are used as whisk brooms. butch'er-y (-er-i),7i.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Slaughterhouse. 2. The business of a butcher ; — now only attributive. 3. Murder or manslaughter, esp. when extensive or brutal ; great or cruel slaughter. — Syn. See massacre. but'ler (but'ler) ,n. [¥ .bouteillier bottle bearer, cupbearer.] A manservant in charge of the wines and liquors, now usu- ally the head servant, having charge, also, of the plate, etc. — but'ler-ship, n. but'ler-y (-1), n.; pi. -leries (-Tz). [F. bouteillerie store- room for wine. See butler.] A butler's pantry or buttery. butt, but (but), n. A flounder or flatfish, esp. the halibut. butt, n. [From F. fr. LL. butta.~\ 1. A large cask or vessel, esp. for wine or beer. 2. As a measure, two hogsheads. butt, n. [F. but butt, aim, at least for senses 4 a & 6, but confused with F. bout, OF. bot, end, extremity, fr. OF. boter, buter, to push, butt, strike.] 1. The thicker end (of anything) or the part at the bottom, source, or the like. 2. Carp. A kind of hinge. 3. A bound; goal. 4. a The target in archery ; now, usually, a mound or bank on which the mark or target is set up to be shot at in archery ; any target, b Ground set apart as an archery range ; hence, any range for target practice ; — called also the butts. 5. A mound of earth, usually in the rear of a target, to catch projectiles from artillery, rifles, etc., which pass through or miss the target, or which are fired in proving. 6. A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed. 7. A push, thrust, or sudden blow given by the head of an animal. 8. Leather Trade. The part of a hide or skin corresponding to the animal's back and sides. — v. i. [Sense 1 is fr. OF. boter to push.] 1. To strike or thrust, now esp. with the head or horns ; hence, to go or drive headfirst. 2. To project ; — used with out, into, etc. 3. To join at the butt end, or outward extremity ; abut ; — used with on, against, etc. — v. t. 1. To strike, esp. with the head or horns ; drive or push by butting. 2. To touch or meet with the butt, or end ; to abut on ; also, to cause to abut ; — used with on, upon, against. 3. To join end to end without overlapping. butte (but), n. [F.] A conspicuous isolated steep hill or small mountain. Western U. S. & Canada. but'ter (but'er), n. [AS. buter e, L. butyrum, Gr. fiovrv- pov.~\ 1. The fatty substance obtained from milk or cream by agitation, as by churning. 2. Any butterlike sub- stance ; as : a In old chemistry, an anhydrous chloride, as butter of antimony or zinc, b Any of certain concrete fatty oils remaining nearly solid at ordinary temperatures, as butter of cacao. C A preserve of fruit, as apples, peaches, or plums, stewed to a butterlike consistency. butter and eggs, any of several plants having flowers of two shades of yellow, esp., in the United States, the toadflax (Linaria linaria). — v. t. To cover or spread with butter. but'ter-ball' (-bol'), n. The bufflehead. but'ter-bur' (-bur'), n. An asteraceous plant (Petasites petasites) the broad soft leaves of which are said to have been used in England to wrap up butter. but'ter-cup' (-kiip'), n. Any of various yellow-flowered spe- cies of crowfoot (genus Ranunculus) ; esp., the tall butter- cup (R. acris) or the meadow crowfoot (R. bulbosus). but'ter-fish/ (-fish'), n. Any of several fishes, mostly so called from their slippery coating of mucus, as the dollar- fish (Poronotus triacanthus) , a common food fish. but'ter-fly' (-£!'), n.; pi. -flies (-fllz'). [AS. buter-flege, buttor-fieoge.~] 1. Any of various diurnal lepidopterous insects, often brightly colored, having a slender body and very large wings. 2. Something suggestive of a butterfly. butterfly fish. Any of various fishes so called from their variegated colors, or broad winglike fins, or both ; as : a The ocellated blenny (see blenny, Illust.). b Esp., any of numerous small brilliantly colored fishes (family Chseto- dontidas), of tropical seas, having a narrow deep body and dorsal and anal fins partly covered with scales. butterfly valve. Mech. a A kind of double clack valve, b A damper or throttle valve in a pipe, con- sisting of a disk turning on a diametral axis. butterfly weed. Either of two orange- flowered milkweeds (Asclepias tube- rosa and A. decumbens) of the eastern and southern United States; — called also pleurisy root. but'ter-ine (but'er-en ; -in), n. Artificial butter, or oleomargarine, esp. when made Butterfly Valve, b. with neutral lard and with addition of genuine butter. See OLEOMARGARINE. but'ter-is (-is),ti. [The same word as buttr ess.] Farriery. A steel instrument used in paring the hoofs of horses. It is pushed by shoulder pressure. but'ter-milk' (-milk'), n. The liquid remaining from cream or milk from which the butter has been churned. but'ter-nut' (-nut'), n. 1. The edible oily nut of a cer- tain American wal- nut tree (Juglans cinerea) ; also, the tree. 2. The souari nut. 3. Something resembling the but- ternut in color, as the brown home- spun clothes of the Confederate sol- diers in the Ameri- can Civil War. but'ter-scotch' (but'er-skoch'), n. A kind of candy, mainly of sugar and butter. Colloq. but'ter-weed' (-wed'), 71. Any of Butteris. Butternut Leaf ; 2, 3 Nuts without, Husk G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M BUTTERWORT 136 BYE various plants so called from their yellow flowers or their smooth, soft foliage ; as : a The horseweed. b A ragwort (Sen ecio lobatus) of the southern United States. but'ter-wort' (biit'er-wurt'), n. Any of a genus (Pingui- cula ) of plants so called on account of the mucilage secreted by the leaves to capture insects. but'ter-y (-1), a. Having the qualities or look of butter; containing, or spread with, butter. but'ter-y (but'er-i ; colloq. but'ri), n. ; pi. butteries (-iz). [OF. boterie place for keeping bottles, prop., a place for keeping casks, or butts.'] 1. A room or rooms where liq- | uors or other provisions are kept. 2. In some English col- leges, a room where beer, wine, refreshments, etc., are kept for sale to students. butt joint. Mech. Any joint made by fastening the parts together butt to butt, usually with a strengthening strap or straps ; hence, a joint so strengthened as a combined lap and butt joint. but'tock (-#k), n. [From butt end.] 1. The part at the back of the hip ; in pi., rump. 2. Naut. The convex after- 1 Butt Joint with roost part of a ship above the water double straps ; 2 line ; — now often in pi. Lap and Butt Joint. but'ton (but''n), n. [F. bouton button, bud.] 1. A knob, disk, or the like, to be sewn on an article of dress, usually as a catch. 2. A small fastening, knot, or piece suggestive of a button. 3. A small knob, piece, or growth suggestive of a button ; as : a Fencing. A guard on the tip of a foil, b Assaying. A globule of metal remaining after fusion, as at the bottom of a crucible or cupel. C In electrical apparatus, ! a push button. dAbud. eThe rounded receptacleof arose, the flower head of certain composite plants, a little round seed vessel, etc. f A small rounded fruit, as an immature mushroom, etc. — v. t. To furnish or fasten with a button or buttons. — v. i. 1. To admit of being fastened by a button or buttons. 2. To head prematurely, as cauliflower. but'ton-ball' (-b61'), n. = buttonwood. but'ton-bush' (-boosh'), n. An American rubiaceous shrub (Cephalanthus occidentalis) ; — from its globular head of flowers. but'ton-er, n. One who, or that which, buttons. but'ton-hole' (-hoi 7 ), n. The hole or loop for a button. — v. t. 1. To hold by the button, as for conversation. 2. To furnish with buttonholes. — but'ton-hol'er (-hol'er), n. buttonhole stitch. A kind of closely worked loop stitch used to make a firm finish on the edge of material, as in buttonholes. but'ton-hook' (-book'), n. A hook for catching a button and drawing it through a buttonhole, but 'ton-mold', -mould' (-mold'), n. A disk, as of wood, to be made into a button by covering with cloth. but'tons (but''nz), n. sing. A boy serv- ant or page ; — alluding to the buttons on his livery. Colloq. button snakeroot. Any of a genus (Lacinaria) of plants with long spikes of buttonlike flower heads. button tree, a Any of a genus (Conocarpus) of shrubs or trees, having hard, tough wood and buttonlike fruits. b The buttonwood. but'ton-weed' (buVn-wed'), n. Any of certain weeds (as Diodia teres and several species of Spermacoce). but'ton-wood' (-wood'), n. Any of the plane trees (genus Platanus) ; — from the globose, pendent fruits. but'ton-y (-l), a. Ornamented with buttons ; buttonlike. but'tress (-res), n. [OF. bouterez, it. bouter, boter, to push.] 1. Arch. A projecting structure | to support a wall or building. 2. Something like a buttress in function or appearance ; .as : a A projecting part of a mountain, b Fort. A counterfort. — v. t. To furnish or support with a buttress ; prop. butt shaft. An arrow, blunt or without a barb. butt weld. Mech. A butt joint made by welding. See weld. bu'tyl (bu'til), n. [L. but yrum butter -f -vl.] Chem. Any of four isomeric univa- lent organic radicals, C4H9. With hydroxyl they form butyl alcohols, C4H9OH. bu'ty-lene (bu'tl-len), n. [From butyl.] Chem. Any one of three isomeric hydro- ' carbons, C4H8, of the ethylene series. bu'ty-ra'ceous (bu'tT-rS'shus), a. [L. butyrum butter.] Like, or having the qualities of, butter. bu'ty-rate (bu'tT-rat), n. A salt or ester of butyric acid. bu-tyr'ic (bu-tlr'ik), a. Pert, to, or derived from, butter. butyric acid, an acid, C3H7CO2H, of the acetic acid series. It gives the disagreeable odor to rancid butter. Buttonhole Stitch over Couching. Buttress. buse buzzard.] bu'ty-rin (bu'tY-rin), n. Chem. Any of the three glyceryl butyrates, liquid substances derived from glycerin and butyric acid, one, C15H26O6, of which contributes to the peculiar flavor of butter. bu'ty-rom'e-ter (-rom'e-ter), n. [L. butyrum butter + -meter.] An instrument for determining the amount of fatty matter or butter contained in milk. bux'om (buk'sum), a. [AS. bugan to bend + -sum, E. -some.] 1. Pliable ; obedient. Archaic. 2. Having health, vigor, and comeliness, with a gay, lively manner; plump and rosy ; jolly. — bux'om-ly, adv. — bux'om-ness, n. buy (bi), v. t.; pret. & p. p. bought (bot) ; p. pr. & vb. n. buy'ing (bi'ing). [AS. bycgan.] 1. To acquire (property) by giving a price ; purchase ; — opposed to sell. 2. To get at a price, cost, or sacrifice ; as, to buy pleasure with pain. 3. To redeem, as by a ransom ; — now only in a figurative theological sense. 4. To constitute the purchasing equiva- lent of ; as, that which no gold can buy. 5. To hire ; bribe ; — sometimes used with over. to buy off, to induce to abstain, by some consideration. — to buy out, to purchase the share^or interest of, as in a business. — v. i. To perform the'act of buying something. to buy in, or into, to obtain a place, footing, or in- terest by purchase, as in a stock company or a regiment. — n. A buying ; thing bought or to be bought. Colloq. buy'er (bl'er) , n. One who buys, as a purchasing agent. buzz (buz), v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To make a low, continuous humming or sibilant sound, as that made by bees. — v. t. 1. To utter or give forth with a buzz. 2. To talk to incessantly or confidentially. Colloq. 3. To cause to buzz ; as, a fly buzzing its wings. — n. 1. A continuous humming sound, as of bees ; confused murmur ; hum. 2. A whisper or rumor, as a report spread secretly. buzz, y. t. Also buz'za (buz'd). To empty to the last drop in drinking ; as, to buzz a bottle. Eng. buzz'ard (buz'drd), n. [buzz, v. + -ard.] Any buzzing insect, as a cockchafer or dor. buz'zard (buz'drd), n. [F. busard, 1. Any of numerous heavy, slow-fly- ing hawks (genus Buteo and allied genera). 2. Any of various other birds of prey; esp., Southern U. S., the turkey buzzard. — a. Buzzardlike ; stupid. buzz'er, n. One who, or that which, buzzes, as a kind of electric call. buzz saw. A circular saw. buzz'wig' (buz'wigO, n. A large bushy wig (in this sense usually written buzz wig), or a person wearing it ; jocosely, a person of consequence ; a bigwig. by (bi), prep. [AS. bi, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to.] 1. In proximity to ; near. 2. Along, over, or through ; as, to go by the road. 3. In, on, or at ; as, perils by sea. 4. Past ; near to and then on beyond ; as, he passed by him. 5. Near or through as regards time ; as, by day, by night ; also, not later than ; as, by two o'clock. 6. To the amount of, involving comparison ; as, better by far. 7. After ; according to ; with. 8. With respect to ; as, he did well by her. 9. Through the medium of ; as, to hang by a thread. 10. With the witness or .sanction of ; — used in oaths. Syn. By, through, with, as expressing means, instrumen- tality, agency. By emphasizes the idea of agency ; through, that of means or cause ; with, that of instrument ; as, the mark was made by me, through inadvertence, with a pencil. by all means, most assuredly ; certainly. — by and by, before long ; soon ; at some future time. — by no means, in no possible way ; decidedly not. — by the way, in pass- ing ; incidentally. — adv. 1. Near ; near by. 2. Near in passing ; past ; beyond ; as, a bird flew by. 3. Aside ; as, to put by. — a. Out of the way ; aside. — n. Less usual var. of bye ; — esp. in by the by. by-. The word by (see above), used in composition, and meaning esp. : Aside or apart from the main or common; out of the way ; side ; private ; as, fey-path, hence : second- ary ; aside ; incidental ; extra ; as, by-play ; oy-name. by'— bid'der, n. One who bids at an auction in behalf of the auctioneer or owner, to run up the price. bye (bi), n. [See by, prep.] 1. Something aside or secondary. Obs., exc. in : by the bye, by the way (see be- low). 2. a Cricket. A run made on a ball that passes the batsman without touching the bat or any part of the person except the hand, b In various sports, after pairs are drawn, the position or turn of one left without an opponent, who advances to the next round without playing, c Golf. The hole or holes of a stipulated course remaining unplayed at the end of a match. — by the bye, or by, apropos; paren- thetically, in passing ; by the way ; it may be said. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa: eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb. odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); BY-ELECTION — a. Aside as regards position, direction, purpose, impor- tance, etc. ; incidental ; secondary ; as, a bye consideration. by'-e-lec'tion n. An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election. bye'— low', or bye'— lo', inter j. Hush ; lullaby. by'-end', n. Also bye'-end'. A subordinate end ; a pri- vate end or interest ; secret purpose ; selfish advantage. by'gone' (bi'gon'; 62), a. Past; gone by. — n. Something gone by or past. by'— law', n. 1. A local law. 06s. 2. A law or regulation made by a corporation or an association or unincorporated society. 3. A secondary law. by'-name', n. 1. A secondary name ; esp., a cognomen, surname, or sobriquet. 2. A nickname. by'-pass', n. 1. Mech. A side or secondary passage, as for a pipe. 2. Elec. A shunt. by'past' (bl'past'), a. Past ; gone by. Cf. bygone. by'path' (bl'path'), n.; pi. bypaths (-patfez'). A side, private, indirect, or retired path or way. by'play' (-pla'), n. Action aside or apart, as in conversation, or, on the stage, apart from the main action. by'— prod'UCt, n. Something having a market value of its own produced, as in manufacture, from material left over in the production of the chief product. byre (blr), n. A cow house. byr'nie (bur'nl), n. [Icel. brynja.] A coat of linked mail. 137 CABLE by'road' (bl'rod'), n. A side road, or one not a main road. By-ron'ic (bl-ron'ik), a. Having the characteristics, or in the style, of Byron or his writings, which are marked by the portrayal of pride, cynical scorn, irony, and remorse. bys'SUS (bis'ws), n. [L. byssus fine linen or cotton, Gr. |9wr Cabrilla of California (Para- labrax clathratus). (|) Cable car. A car made to be moved on a cable railroad by an endless cable operated by a stationary motor. ca'ble-gram' (ka'b'l-gram'),™. [cable + -gram.] Ames- sage sent by a submarine telegraphic cable. ca'ble— laid' (-lad'), a. Naut. Composed of three plain-laid ropes laid together left-handed. See cordage, Illust. Ca'ble's, or ca'ble, length (ka'b'lz). The length of a ship's cable; specif., a maritime measure of about 100 fathoms. Ca'blet (ka/blet), n. _ [Dim. of cable.] A cable-laid rope less than ten inches in circumference. cab'man (kab'mdn), n. A cab driver. ca-bob' (kd-boV), n. [Hind, kabab.] Meat roasted in small pieces on a skewer and seasoned ; also, in India, roast meat in general ; — now always in pi. Oriental. ca-boched'. Var. of caboshed. || ca'bo'chon' (ka/bo'shoN'), n. [F.] Jewelry. A stone of convex form, highly polished, but not faceted ; also, the style itself. Such stones are said to be cut en cabochon. ca-boo'dle (kd-boo'd'l), n. A collection ; crowd ; pack ; kit ; — used with whole. Slang, U. S. ca-boose' (kd-boos'), n. 1. Naut. A deck room for cook- ing; galley. 2. Railroads. A car used on freight or construction trains for workmen or the train crew. U. S. Ca-bOShed' (-bosht'), a. [F. caboche head.] Her. Of an ani- mal's head, borne full-faced and not showing any neck. cab'0-tage (kab'o-taj), n. [F.] Coast navigation or trade. ca-bril'la (ka-brel'yajkd-bril'd), n. [Sp., prawn.] Any of various edible serranoid fishes (genus Serranus and re- lated genera) ; also, the red hind (Epi- nephelus guttatus) other grouper. cab'ri-o-let' (kab'ri-8- la'), n. [F., dim. of cabriole a leap, fr. dim. of L. caper he-goat.] A kind of light one-horse carriage with tv/o seats and often with a calash, canopy, or extension top ; a cab. ca-ca'0 (kd-ka'o; kd-ka'o), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. kakauatl] 1. A South American sterculiaceous tree (Theobroma cacao), now also cultivated in the West Indies, Mexico, etc., for its seeds. 2. The seeds of this tree, _ used in making cocoa and chocolate. cach'a-lot (kash'd-lot),n.[F. fr. Sp.] The sperm whale. cache ( kash ), n. [F., fr. cacher to hide.] A hiding or storing place, as for goods, treasure, or provisions ; esp., a hole or mound for hiding stores of provisions, ammu- nition, etc. ; also, that which is hidden in a cache. — v. t. & i. ; cached (kasht) ; cach'ing (kash'ing). To put, ! hide, or store, in a cache. ca-chec'tic (kd-kek'tik), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, cachexia. || Cache'pot' (kash'po' ; kash'pot), n. [F. ; cacher to hide -f- pot a pot.] An ornamental casing for a flowerpot. Uca'chet' (ka'she'), n.; pZ.-chets (-shez'). [F.] 1. A seal, as of a letter. 2. Peculiar stamp or character ; distinctive mark. 3. A flat capsule for inclosing ill-tasting medicine. Ca-chex'i-a (kd-kek'si-d)!™. [L. cachexia, Gr. Kzy^ia.; ca-chex'y (kd-kek'si) J #ca/c6s bad + i!£is condition.] Med. General ill health and malnutrition due to a chronic constitutional affection. cach'in-nate (kak'i-nat), v. i.; -nat'ed; -nat'ing. [L. cachinnare.] To laugh loudly or immoderately. _ cach'in-na'tion ( kak'i-na'shiin ), n. [L % cachinnatio.] Loud or immoderate laughter, as of a hysterical person. cach'O-long (kash'6-long), n. [F.] Min. An opaque bluish white or pale yellow opal, containing a little alumina. ca'chou' (ka'shoo'), n. [F. See catechu.] An aromatic pill or pastil used to sweeten the breath. ca-chu'cha (kd-choo'chd), n. [Sp.] An Andalusian dance in triple time, resembling the bolero. ca-cique' (-sek'),ra. [Sp., from the language of Haiti.] A na- tive chief or petty king in the West Indies, Peru, Mexico, etc. Cack'le (kak''l), v. i.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). [Imita- tive.] 1. To make the sharp, broken noise or cry of a hen. 2. To laugh or chatter with a noise like a hen's cackle. — v. t. To utter with cackles. ■— n. Act or noise of cack- ling ; idle talk ; prattle. — cackler (-ler), n. Cacao. 1 Leaves ; 2 Pod : 3 Single Seed. cac'o-de'mon.cac'o-dae'mon (kak'o-de'mon^n. [Gr./cawj. daifioiif, lit., bad demon.] An evil spirit ; a devil. cac'O-dyl (kak'6-dil), n. [Gr. kmcuStis ill-smelling (ko.k6s bad + 6£eiv to smell) + -yl.~] Chem. a An arsenical rad- ical, As(CH3)2, whose compounds are noted for their vile smell and poisonous properties, b A polymer of the radical, or As2(CHa)4, a colorless, poisonous liquid of off ensive odor. — cac'o-dyl'ic (-dil'Ik), a. cac'q-e'thes (-e'thez), n. [L., fr. Gr. kokotj^s of bad habits.] A bad custom or habit ; mania. ca-cog'ra-phy (kd-kog'rd-fi),7i. [Gr. /caws bad -f- -graphy.] Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. — -COg'ra-pher (-fer), n. — cac'o-graph'ic (kak'6-graf'ik), -i-cal (-i-kdl), a. cac'o-mix'le (kak'o-mis''! ; -mik's'l), n. [Mex. caco- mixtl.'] A carnivore (Bassariscus astutus) related to and resembling the raccoon. ca-coph'0-ny (kd-kof'6-nT),n.; pl.-mzs (-mz). IGt.kclko- o)vi\ sound.] Harsh sound ; discord. — ca-coph'o-nous (nus), a. — ca-coph'o-nous-ly, adv. Cac-ta'ceous (kak-ta'shiis), a. Bot. Belonging to a large family (Cactacese) of plants, the cactus family, having fleshy stems and branches with scales or spines instead of foliage leaves. cac'tUS (kak'tfts), n. ; pi. E. -tuses (-ez), L. -ti (-tT). [L., a kind of prickly plant, Gr. k&ktos.'] Any cactaceous plant. Ca-CU'mi-nal (kd-ku'mi-nal), a. [L. cacumen, -minis, top, point.] Phon. Of certain consonant sounds, formed or articulated with the tip of the tongue turned up and back ; cerebral ; inverted ; as, English r in some pronunci- ations is cacuminal. Ca'c-US (ka'kus), n. [L.] Roman Myth. A giant slain by Hercules for stealing from him the cattle of Geryon. cad (kad), ra. [Abbr. fr. cadet.] 1. An inferior assistant or confederate, as of a thimblerigger (Dial. Eng.) ; a familiar friend ; chum. Eng. 2. A conductor of an omnibus. Obs. Eng. 3. A man or boy who hangs about to assist the stu- dents in sports ; at Oxford, any townsman. English College Cant. 4. A lowbred, presuming person ; a mean, vulgar fellow. Colloq. ca-das'tral (kd-das'tral), a. [F.] Of or pert, to a cadastre or landed property. cadastral survey, map, or plan, strictly, a survey, map, or plan for the purpose of making a cadastre ; hence, commonly, one made on a very large scale. cad'as-tra'tion (kad'as-tra'shun), n. Act or process of making a cadastre or cadastral survey. ca-das'treHkd-das'ter), n. [F. cadastre.] An official state- ca-das'terj ment or register of the quantity, value, and ownership of real estate for apportionment of taxes. ca-da'ver (kd-da'ver), n. [L., fr. cadere to fall.] A dead body, esp. a human one. — ca-dav'er-ic (-dav'er-Tk), a. ca-dav'er-OUS (-dav'er-ws), a. Of, pertaining to, or having the qualities of, a cadaver ; esp., pale ; ghastly. — ca-dav'- er-ous-ly, adv. — ca-dav'er-ous-ness, n. cad'die, cad r dy (kad'T), n. [From cadet.] 1. One who waits about for chances to do errands or other odd jobs. 2. An attendant who carries a golf player's clubs, etc. cad'diS, cad'dice (kad'Ts), n. [ME. caddas, Scot, caddis lint, caddes a kind of woolen cloth.] Worsted yarn ; crewel ; esp., a worsted ribbon or binding for garters, etc. cad'dis, cad'dice, n. A caddis worm. cad'dis fly. Any of an order (Trichoptera) of four-winged insects having (except in one genus) aquatic larvae, called caddis worms, which live in, and drag about, a silken case covered with bits of shell, gravel, etc. cad'dish (-Tsh), a. Like a cad; lowbred and presuming. — cad'dish-ly, adv. — cad'dish-ness, n. cad'dy (kad'i). Var. of caddie. cad'dy, n.; pi. -dies (-iz). [Malay kail weight of \\ pounds.] A small box, can, or chest, orig. one for tea. cade (kad), n. [F., fr. Pr.] A European juniper (Juni- perus oxycedrus). Its wood yields by destructive distilla- tion oil of cade, a thick, black, tarry liquid. cade, a. Left by the mother and bred by hand; pet. ca'dence (ka'dens), n. [From LL., fr. L. cadere to fall.] 1. a Rhythmical flow or modulation of sound ; rhythm. b The measure or beat of any rhythmical motion, as of music. 2. A fall of the voice in utterance. S.Music. a The close or fall of a strain ; the subsidence of melody or chord sequence to a harmonic close. D A concluding strain, c A trill or other closing embellishment. — ca'denced (-denst) , a. ca'den-cy (ka'den-si), n. 1. Cadence, or rhythmical flow. 2. Her. Descent of a younger branch of a family from the main line ; status of a cadet, or member of a younger branch. ca'dent (-dent), a. [L. cadens, -entis, p. pr.] 1. Falling. Archaic. 2. Having cadence, or rhythmical flow. ca-den'za (kd-dent'sd), n. [It.] Music. A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the course of an aria, concerto, or other solo piece, commonly just before the final cadence or a final section. ca-det' (-det r ), n. [F. (in sense 1), dim. fr. L. caput head.] ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure («0; CADETCY 139 CAJUPUT 1. A younger brother or son ; youngest son ; also, a younger branch of a family, or a member of it. 2. a A gentleman who enlisted in a regiment, as a volunteer private, to acquire military skill and obtain a commission. Obs. except Hist. b A young man in training for military or naval service. Students at Annapolis are, since a change in the law in 1902, officially called midshipmen. 3. A young man who makes a business of ruining girls to put them in brothels. Slang. ca-det'cy (kd-det'si), n. A military or naval cadetship. ca-det'ship (-ship), n. Cadet's position,rank,orcommission. Hca'dette' (ka/det'), n. [F., fern, of cadet.'] A younger daughter or sister. cadge (kaj ; kaj), v. t. & i. 1. To hawk or peddle. Dial. 2. To sponge ; beg. Dial, or Slang, Eng. — cadg'er, n. ca'di (ka'di ; ka'di), n. [Ar. qadl.] An inferior magistrate ' or judge among Mohammedans. Cad-me'an (kad-me'dn), a. Also Cad-mse'an (-me'an). Of or pertaining to Cadmus. — Cadmean victory, a vic- tory that ruins the victors as well as the vanquished. cad'mi-um (kad'mi--um), n. [NL., fr. L. cadmia calamine, Gr. Kadfida.] Chem. A tin-white, malleable, ductile metal- lic element. Sp. gr., 8.6 ; symbol, Cd ; atomic weight, 1 12.4. Cad'mus (-mus), n. [L., fr. Gr. KdSfios.] Gr. Myth. A prince of Phoenicia who slew a dragon and sowed its teeth. From these sprang armed men who fought together till but five were left. They, with Cadmus, founded Thebes. Cad- mus is said to have introduced the alphabet into Greece. U ca'dre (ka'dr'), n. [F. cadre, It. quadro square, from L. quadrum, fr. quatuor four.] 1. A frame or framework ; scheme. 2. Mil. The framework or skeleton of a regi- ment or other military unit, usually consisting of at least the commissioned and noncommissioned officers ; also, the officers of a regiment forming the staff, or a list of them. ca-du'ce-US(kd-du'se-us),n.; pi. -cei (-se-T). [L.] Class. Antiq. A herald's staff of office ; specif., the staff of Hermes, or Mercury. — ca-du'ce-an (-se-on),a. ca-du'ci-ty (-si-tf), n. [LL. caducitas. See cadu- cous.] 1. Caducous quality or state ; tendency to fall ; perishableness ; transitoriness. 2. Senility. ca-du'COUS (-kus), a. [L. caducus falling, cadere to fall.] 1. Falling off ; dropping away ; Bot ., fall- ing offvery early. 2. Transitory ; fleeting. Cse-ciFi-an (se-sil'i-an), n. [L. caecilia a kind of lizard, fr. caecus blind.] Zo'dl. Any of an order (Gymnophiona) of wormlike limbless amphibians of tropical countries. Csefcum (se'kiim), n.; L. pi. -ca (-kd). [L. caecus blind.] Anat. & Zool. A cavity open at one end only ; esp., the blind pouch or sac in which the large intes- tine begins and into which the ileum opens ; the blind gut. — cae'cal (-kdl), a. Cse'no-zo'ic. Var. of Cenozoic. cses'al-pin'i-a'ceous (ses'al-pin'i-a'shws) , a. [From Andrea Cesalpino, Italian botanist.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Csesalpiniacex) of shrubs and trees typified by a large genus (Csesalpinia) of tropical trees having showy flowers, bipinnate leaves, and, often, spiny branches. Cse'sar (se'zdr), n. 1. The cognomen of Caius Julius Caesar ; hence : a Title of the Roman emperor, b An emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ; a kaiser. 2. Any emperor or auto- crat. — Cse-sa're-an, Cae-sa'ri-an (se-za'n-dn ; 3), a. Cesarean operation or section, Surg., the operation of taking a child from the womb by cutting through the wall3 of the abdomen and uterus. Julius Caesar is reported to have been so brought into the world. Cae'sar-ism (se'zdr-iz'm), n. Absolute government such as that of a Roman Csasar ; imperialism. — Cae'sar-ist, n. cse'si-ous (se'zi-ws), o. [L. caesius.] Bluish gray. cae'si-um (se'zi-wm), n. [NL., fr. L. caesius bluish gray.] Chem. A soft, silvery metal much like rubidium and potassium. Sp.gr., 1.84; symbol, Cs; at. wt. 132.81. caes'pi-tose', cses'pi-tose'ly. Vars. of cespitose, etc. cae-su'ra (se-zu'rd; se-su'rd), n.; pi. E. -ras (-rdz), L.-R^: (-re). [L., division, stop, fr. caedere, caesum, to cut off.] 1. Gr. & Lat. Pros. A break in a verse caused by the ending of a word in a foot at any of certain recognized places near the middle of the verse ; — loosely used to in- clude diseresis. A caesura is commonly marked Q. Thus : Arma vilrumque ca|no || Troljse qui | primus ab | oris. 2. Modern Pros. A rhythmic break, usually a sense pause, about the middle of a verse. 3. Music. A pause marking a rhythmic point of division in a melody ; also, loosely, the preceding accented note. cae-su'ral (-rdl), a. Of or pertaining to a caesura. Ilca'fe' (ka'fa'), n. [F.] 1. A coffeehouse; restaurant; now, a certain class of restaurant, or often, in the United States, erroneously, a barroom. 2. Coffee. caf'e-te'ri-a (kaf'e-te'rT-d ; ka'fa-ta-re'a), n. A restaurant or cafe at which the patrons serve themselves with food kept at a counter, taking the food to small tables to eat. U. S. caf-fe'ic (ka-felk), a. [See coffee.] Chem. Pert, to or designating an acid, C6H 3 (OH) 2 CH:CHC0 2 H, got in yel- low crystals by boiling caffetannic acid with alkali. caf'fe-ine (kaf'e-m ; -en), n. Also -in. Pharm. A stimulant alkaloid, C8H10O2N4, found in coffee, tea (see THEiNE),etc. caf'fe-ol ( kaf'e-ol; -51 ), n. Chem. The aromatic oil of coffee, C8H10O2, developed by roasting. caf'fe-tan'nic (-tan'Ik), a. [caff eic + tannic.'] Chem. Pertaining to or designating a crystalline acid, CisHisOs, obtained from coffee berries. Caf'fre (kaf'er). Var. of Kafir. caftan (kaftan ; kaf-tan'), n. [Turk, qaftan.] A long- sleeved gown fastened by a girdle, worn in the Levant. cage (kaj), n. [F.,fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavus hollow.] 1. A box or inclosure, wholly or partly of open- work, for confining birds or other animals. 2. A place of confinement for malefactors. Obs. 3. Fig., that which confines ; place or state of imprisonment. 4. Something suggestive of a cage in form or purpose ; as : a The box or inclosed platform of an elevator or lift ; a cagelike struc- ture moving in a shaft, b The steel and iron skeleton of a modern high building, c Ordnance. An openwork steel sup- port for rapid-firing or other guns, d Baseball. The catch- er's wire mask ; also, a place inclosed for practice, e In polo on skates, the structure used as the goal. — v. U; caged (kajd) ; cag'ing (kaj'ing). To confine in or as in a cage. cage'ling, n. A bird confined in a cage. || Ca'got' (ka/go'), n. [F.] One of a people or caste of unknown origin formerly inhabiting the valleys of the Pyrenees. They were, until the French Revolution, polit- ical and social outcasts, i Sometimes, an outcast or pariah. || ca'hier' (ka/ya'), n. [F., fr. OF. cayer, fr. LL. quater- num. See quire of paper. The sheets of manuscript were folded into four parts.] 1. A number of sheets of paper or leaves of a book put loosely together, as for binding. 2. A report of legislative proceedings, etc. ca-hin'ca root (kd-hin'kd). Also cainca root. [Native name of a Brazilian species of Chiococca.'] a The root of a tropical American rubiaceous shrub (Chiococca racemosa), used as a purgative and diuretic, b The root of an allied South American species (C. anguifuga), a celebrated an- tidote for snake poison. ca-hoot' (kd-hoof), n. Partnership; — used in the sing., or sometimes in the pi. with sing, meaning, after in, or in the pi. in : to go cahoots, to go shares. Slang. cai'man (ka'man), n. Var. of cayman. Cain (kan), n. The brother of Abel ; hence, a murderer. ' Gai'no-zo'ic (ki'no-zo'ik). Var. of Cenozoic. || ca'ique' (ka/ek'), n. [F., fr. Turk, qaiq boat.] Naut. A light skiff or rowboat used on the Bosporus. U Qa 7 i'ra' (sa/e'ra'). [F.] A French popular song of the Revolution with the refrain "ca ira," ("it will go on"). cairn (karn), n. [Gael, earn, gen. cairn, heap.] A heap of stones for a memorial or mark. — cairned (karnd), a. cairn'gorm' (karn'gorm'), n., or Cairngorm stone. Min. A yellowish or smoky-brown variety of quartz crystal found esp. in the Cairngorm (mountain), in Scotland. cais'son (ka'son), n. [F v fr. caisse case, chest.] 1. Mil. a A chest to hold ammuni- tion, b An ammunition wagon for mobile artil- lery. 2. a Civil Engin. A water-tight chamber with- in which submarine con- struction or the like is car- ried on. b A hollow float- ing box or boat used as a floodgate for a dock or ba- sin, c A "camel" for float- _ ing a sunken vessel. See Caisson, 2.4 AirLock.communi- CAMEL, n., 2. eating with interior ; B Bottom ; Caisson disease. Med. A C Cutting Edge ; D Masonry, disease induced by remaining unduly long in an atmos- phere of high pressure, as in caissons, diving bells, etc. It is marked by neuralgic pains and paralytic symptoms. cai'tiff (ka'tif), a. [OF. caitif, fr. L. captivus captive] Base ; wicked and mean ; despicable. — n. A mean, despica- ble person. caj'e-put (kaj'e-put), n. 1. Var. of cajuput. 2. The Cali- fornia laurel (Umbellularia californica). ca-jole' (kd-joF), v. t. & %.; -joled' (-jcld') ; -joi/ing (-jol'- Ing). [F. cajoler.] To deceive with, or persuade by, fair words or other false persuasives ; wheedle ; coax. ca-jole'ment (-ment), n. Act of cajoling ; cajolery. ca-jol'er (-jol'er), n. One who cajoles. ca-jol'er-y (-jol'er-T), n.; pi. -eries (-Yz). Act of cajoling. Ca'jun (ka'jtin), n. [Corrupt, of Acadian.] In Louisiana, a person reputed to be of Acadian French descent. caj'u-put (kaj'u-put), n. [Of Malayan origin ; kayu tree + putih white.] An East Indian myrtaceous tree (Melaleuca H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); bow; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation, biplanatlons of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CAKE 140 CALEFACTIVE leucadendron) yielding a pungent greenish oil (oil of cajuput), used as a stimulant and anodyne. cake (kak), to. 1. A small mass of dough baked ; esp., such a mass of unleavened dough baked on both sides by turn- ing. 2. A sweetened mixture of flour and other ingredients baked in a loaf or mass. 3. A griddlecake ; pancake. 4. Matter congealed or molded into a solid mass, esp. into a rather flat form ; as, a cake of soap. — v. t. & i.; caked (kakt) ; cak'ing (kak'Ing). To form or harden into a cake or mass. cake'walk' (-wok'), to. A form of entertainment, of Amer- ican negro origin, in which a prize of cake is given for what are considered the most accomplished steps and figures in walking, usually to a musical accompaniment. — v. i. To do, or walk as in, a Cakewalk. — cake'walk'er, n. Cal'a-bar' bean (kal'd-baV ; kal'd-bar). The highly poison- ous seed of a climbing fabaceous plant (Physostigma venenosum) of tropical Africa. It is used as a myotic, and in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases. Cal'a-bash (kal'd-bash), to. [From Sp., fr. Ar. qar' gourd + aibas dry.] 1. A gourd. 2. The hard-shelled fruit of a cer- | tain tropical American tree (calabash tree) ; also, the tree itself {Crescenlia cujete), of the bignonia family. 3. A utensil made from a calabash. cal'a-ba-zil'la (kaFd-ba-sel'yd^TO. [Mex. Sp., dim. of Sp. calabaza gourd.] A wild squash (Cucurbita foetidissima) of California and Mexico, having a very large root. cal'a-ber, cal'a-bar (kal'd-ber), to. [F. Calabre Calabria.] Orig., a kind of deep-brown squirrel fur, from Calabria; now, in commerce, the gray fur of a Siberian squirrel. cal'a-boose^ (kal'd-bods'), n. [Sp. calabozo dungeon.] A prison ; a jail. Local, U. S. ca-la'di-um (kd-la'dl-um), to. [NL., fr. Malay kaladi, name of a plant.] Hort. a Any cultivated plant of a genus (Cyrtospadix) of South American aroids. b The taro, or elephant's-ear. Cal'a-man'co (kal'd-man'ko), to. ; pi. -coes (-koz). A check- ered, satin-twilled woolen stuff ; also, a garment of it. cal'a-man'der wood (kal'd-man'der). The hazel-brown wood of an East Indian tree (ZHospyros Mrsuta) of the ebony family. cal'a-ma-ry (kal'd-ma-ri), to.; pi. -rles (-riz). [XL. cala- marium inkstand, fr. L. calamus a reed pen.] A squid. cal'a-mine (-m!n; -min), to. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. cadmia.~] Min. a A native hydrous silicate of zinc, (ZnOH)2 SiC>3. b Native zinc carbonate, ZnCC>3 ; smithsonite. -—v.t.; -mined (-mind; -mind); -min'lng (-mln'ing). To coat with calamine. cal'a-mint (-mint), to. [L. calamintha, Gr. KahanLvd-q, icaXauivdos.] Any of a genus (Clinopodium, syn. Cala- mintha) of menthaceous herbs or undershrubs of the north temperate zone ; esp., a species ( Clinopodium calamintha) often called calamint balm. ca-lam'i-tOUS (kd-lam'I-tus), a._ [L. calamitosus.] Pro- ducing, or attended with, calamity ; making wretched. — Syn. Deplorable, distressful, afflictive, wretched, griev- ous, baleful, disastrous, adverse, unhappy, sad, unfortu- nate. — ca-lam'i-tous-ly, adv. — ca-lam'i-tous-ness, n. ca-lam'i-ty ( -ti ), to.; pi. -tees (-t!z). [L. calamitas.] 1. A state of deep distress or misfortune ; misery. 2. Any great misfortune. — Syn. Catastrophe, cataclysm ; mis- hap, mischance; affliction, adversity. See disaster. cal'a-mus (kal'd-mws), to.; L. pi. -mi (-ml). [L., a reed.] The sweet flag ( Acorus calamus) or its aromatic root. ca-lash' (kd-lash'), to. [F. caleche; of Slavonic origin.] 1. A kind of light, low-wheeled carriage with a top or hood. 2. A carriage hood or top that can be thrown back. 3. A kind of hood formerly worn by ladies. cal'a-thus (kal'd-thws), to.; L. pi. -im (-thl). [L., fr. Gr. KaXados.] Class. Antiq. A vase-shaped basket ; esp., a woman's workbasket. In art it often typifies maidenhood. cal-ca'ne-um (kal-ka'ne-#m),TO.; L. pi. -nea (-ne-d). [L., the heel, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] Anat. The great bone of the heel. cal'car (kaWar), n. ; L. pi. -caria (kal-ka'ri-d). [L., a spur, fr. calx, calcis, heel.] Bot. & Zobl. A spur. cal'ca-rate (-kd-rat), a. [LL. calcaratus. See caxcar.] Having a calcar, or spur ; spurred. cal-ca're-OUS ( kal-ka're-us ; 3 ), a. _ [L. calcarius. See calx.] Of the nature of, or consisting of, or containing, calcite or calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. cal'ce-ate (kal'se-at), a. [L. calceatus, p. p. of calceare to shoe, calceus shoe, calx, calcis, heel.] Wearing shoes ; shod. Cal'ce-at'ed (kal'se-at'ed), a. Calceate. Cal'ce-i-form' (-I-form'), a. [L. calceus shoe -f -form."] Shaped like a slipper, as the lip in flowers of certain orchids. cal'ce-O-la'ri-a (kal'se-o-la'rl-d), to. [NL., fr. L. calceola- rius shoemaker.fr. calceolus a little shoe.] Any of a genus (Fagelia) of plants, of the figwort family, cultivated for their pouch-shaped flowers, which are mottled with yellow or purple. They are chiefly natives of South America. cal'ces (kal'sez), to., L. pi. of calx. Cal'chas (kal'kds), to. [L., fr. Gr. KdX X as.] Gr. Myth. The prophet of the Greeks in the Trojan War. cal'cic (kal'slk), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] Derived from or containing calcium or lime (calcium oxide). cal-cif'er-OUS (kal-slf'er-us), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -ferous.] Bearing, producing, or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime. cal-cif'ic (-Ik), a. Calciferous. cal'ci-fi-ca'tion (kal'sl-fl-ka'slnm), to. Process of calcify- ing; conversion into lime; deposition of insoluble lime salts in a tissue or the like. cal'ci-fy (kal'sl-fi), v. t. cfci.;-rrED (-fid) ; -fy'emg. [L. calx, calcis, lime 4- -fy.~] To make or become stony or cal- careous by deposition or secretion of salts of lime. cal'ci-mine (-min; -min), to. Also kalsomine. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] A kind of white or colored wash for a ceiling or other plastering. — v. t.; -mined (-mind; -mind); -min'ing (-mln'Ing). To wash or cover with calcimine. cal'ci-na'tion (-na'shun), to. Act, process, or product of calcining. cal-cin'a-to-ry (kal-sln'd-to-ri ; kal'sin-), o. Serving for calcination. cal-cine' (kal-sin'; kal'sin), v. t. & i.; -ctned' (-slnd'; -slnd) ; -ciN'rNG. [From F., fr. L. calx, calcis, lime.] 1. To make or become powdery or friable by heat. 2. To oxidize, as by heat. cal'cite (kal r slt), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] Min. Native calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , including chalk, marble, etc. cal'ci-um (-sl-£m), to. [NL.,fr. L. calx, calcis, lime.] Chem. A soft silver-white metal, occurring only in combi- nation. Sp. gr. 1.56; symbol. Ca; at. wt., 40.07. Calcium carbide. A crystalline solid, CaC 2 , colorless when pure, but often resembling gray limestone. It is used for the generation of acetylene. calcium chloride. Chem. A compound, CaCb, used as a drying agent and in making chlorine. calcium light. See limelight. calc'-sin'ter, to. [G. kalksinter; kalk (L. calx, calcis) lime + sinter sinter.] Calcareous sinter, or travertine. calc'-spar 7 , calc'spar', to. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime + E. spar.'] Calcite. calc'-tu'fa, calc'-tuft% to. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime + E. tufa.] Min. Calcareous tufa. See tufa, travertine. cal'CU-la-ble (kal'ku-ld-b'l) , a. That may be calculated. cal'cu-late ( -lat ), v. t. ; -lat'ed ( -lat'ed ; 24 ) ; -lat'ing. [L. calculatus, p. p. of calculare to calculate, calculus a stone used in reckoning, calx, calcis, limestone.] 1. To determine by mathematical processes ; reckon ; compute. 2. To adjust for a purpose ; adapt. 3. To plan ; expect ; think ; "reckon." Local, U. S. — v. i. 1. To forecast consequences ; estimate. 2. To count or rely ; — used with upon or on. cal'cu-la'tion (-la'shim), to. 1. Act, process, or result of calculating ; reckoning ; estimate. 2. An expectation based on circumstances ; forecast. — Syn. See prudence. Cal'CU-la-tive (kal / ku-la-tlv), a. Of or pertaining to cal- culation ; involving, or inclined to, calculation. cal'CU-la'tor (-la'ter ),n. 1. One who calculates. 2. a A set or book of tables for facilitating computations, b A calculat- ing machine, i. e., a machine for the mechanical perform- ance of mathematical operations. J cal'CU-lous (-12s), a. 1. Hard like a stone ; gritty. 2. Med. Caused or characterized by a calculus or calculi. cal'cu-lus (-lus), to.; pi. -Li (-11). [L. calculus. See cal- culate.] 1. A solid concretion formed in the body, as in the bladder or kidneys. 2. A method of computation ; esp., a branch of higher mathematics (differential and integral calculus) by which problems involving motion or constant variation are solved. 3. A book containing the principles of this science. cal-da'ri-um (kal-da'rl-#m ; 3), to. ; pi. -RIA (-d).[L., fr. cal- dus, calidus, hot.] The hot room of the Roman thermae. cal-de'ra (kal-da'rd), to. [Sp., lit., a caldron.] Phys. Geog. a A very large crater produced by a gigantic explosion, usually open at one side, b A crater produced by fusion of the core of a volcano and the falling in of its summit. cal'dron, caul'dron (koFdriin), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus, calidus, warm, calere to be warm.] A large kettle or boiler. U caleche' (ka'lesh'), to.; pi. caleches (-ez ; F. -lesh'). [F.] 1. = calash; — usually with reference to continental European countries. 2. In Quebec, Canada, a two-wheeled vehicle with a folding hood or top. Cal'e-do'ni-a (kal'e-do'ni-d), to. [L.] Scotland. — Cal'e- do'ni-an (-an), a. & to. All Poet, or Rhetorical. cal'e-fa'cient (kal'e-fa'shent), a. [L. calefaciens, p. pr. of calefacere to warm ; calere to be warm + facer e to make.J Making warm ; heating. — to. A calefacient remedy. cal'e-fac'tion (-fak'shwn), to. [L. calef actio.] A warming; state of being warmed. — cal'e-fac'tive (-tiv), o. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); CALEFACTORY 141 CALLA LILY cal'e-fac'tO-ry (-fak'to-ri), a. [L. calefactorius.] Making hot ; producing or communicating heat. — n. An apart- ment in a monastery warmed and used as a sitting room. cal'e-fy (kal'e-fi), v. t. & i.; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. calere to be warm + -fy.] To make or grow warm or hot. cal'en-dar (-en-ddr), n. [L. kalendarium an account book, kalendae, calends.] 1. A system of reckoning time ; an or- derly arrangement of the divisions of time, as years, months, etc., adapted to civil life. 2. A table or set of tables show- ing the divisions of a given year, referring the days of each month to the days of the week, etc. 3. A pattern. Obs. 4. A list ; schedule ; esp., Law, a list of causes to be tried. — v. t. To enter or write in a calendar ; register. cal'en-der (-der), n. [Per. qalandar.] One of a sect or order of wandering mendicant dervishes. cal'en-der (-der), n. [From LL., fr. L. cylindrus cylinder.] A machine for calendering cloth, etc. — v. t. To press, as cloth, paper, etc., between rollers so as to glaze or water it. — cal'en-der-er, n. cal'ends, kal'ends (kal'endz), n. pi. [From AS., fr. L. kalendae, calendae, calends.] The first day of the month, among the ancient Romans. ca-len'du-la (kd-len'du-ld), n. [NL., fr. L. calendae the calends, when the plant was supposed to blossom.] Any of a genus {Calendula) of asteraceous plants, the pot mar- igolds, natives of temperate regions. cal'en-ture (kal'en-tur), n. [F., fr. Sp., fr. L. calere to be warm.] Med. A tropical fever attributed to heat. Obs. ca-les'cent (kd-les'ent), a. [L. calescens, p. pr. of cale- scere, inchoative of calere to be warm.] Growing warm ; increasing in heat. — ca-les'cence (-ens), n. calf (k'af ) , n. The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee. calf (kaf) , n.; pi. calves (kavz). [AS. cealf.") 1. The young of the cow ; also, the young of any of various other large mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, whale, etc. 2. Leather made of calfskin. 3. An awkward or silly youth. Colloq. 4. A small mass of ice set free from a coast glacier or from an iceberg or floe. calfskin 7 (-skin 7 ), n. 1. The skin of a calf. 2. = calf, 2. Cal'i-ban (kal'i-ban), n. A savage and deformed slave in Shakespeare's "Tempest." cal'i-berl(-ber), n. [F. calibre.'] 1. Gunnery. The diam- cal'i-brej eter of a projectile or of the bore of a firearm. 2. The diameter of a round body ; esp., the internal diameter of a hollow cylinder. 3. Capacity of mind ; hence : degree of excellence or importance ; quality. cal'i-brate (-brat), v. t.; -brat'ed (-braVed); -bracing. To ascertain the caliber of, as of a thermometer tube; also, to determine or rectify the graduation of. — call- bra'tion (-bra'shun), n. Dca-li'che (ka-le'cha), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. caliche, a pebble in a brick, a flake of lime.] Min. Any of various mineral deposits ; specif. : a Native Chile saltpeter, con- taining from 50 to 75 per cent of sodium nitrate, b A cal- careous deposit, sometimes gold-bearing, of Arizona. cal'i-Cle (kal'i-k'l), n. [L. caliculus, dim. of calix, -lids, cup.] Zo'dl. Any of various cuplike cavities or structures, as one of the cavities of a coral containing the polyps. cal'i-co (kal'I-ko), n. ; pi. -coes or -cos (-koz). [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies.] 1. Orig., cotton cloth of any kind imported, first in 1631, from India and the East ; also, later, any of various cotton stuffs of European make. 2. Plain white cotton cloth. Eng . 3 . A kind of cheap cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern. U. S. — a. Looking like calico ; — often applied to an animal, as a horse, marked with conspicuous patches of color. Colloq., U. S. cal'i-co-back' (-bak'), n. The calico bass. calico bass. An edible fresh-water fish (Pomoxis sparoi- des) of the United States, allied to the sunfishes ; — called also strawberry bass. calico bush. The mountain laurel (Kalmia laiifolid) ; — called also calico flower and calico tree. U. S. ca'lif, cal'i-fate, etc. W rJ^v^l m Vars. of caliph, etc. " Cahco Bass * 6> Cal'i-for'ni-an (kal'I-fSr'nY-cra), a. Of or pert, to Califor- nia. — n. K native or inhabitant of California. cal'i-for'nite (-nit),n. [It is found in Siskiyou County, California.'] Min. A compact variety of vesuvianite of an Cal'i-pash (kal'i-pash; kal'I-pash'), n. A fatty greenish part of a turtle next to the upper shell, esteemed as food.' eal'i-pee (kal'i-pe ; kal'i-pe'), n. A fatty yellowish part of a turtle attached to the lower shell, esteemed as food. | cal'i-per, calli-per (kal'i-per), n. [From caliber.] 1. An instrument with two legs, usually bent and joined with a hinge or spring, used to meas- ure the thickness of objects or the dis- tance between surfaces ; — usually in pi. 2. A graduated rod or rule with one fixed and one sliding jaw ; a caliper rule. — v. t . & i. To measure by calipers. caliper, or calliper, rule. A rulelike scale with an adjustable jaw. caliph, ca'lif (ka'Hf ; kal'if), n. [From F., fr. At. khalifah.] Successor ; — a title of the successors of Mohammed as temporal and spiritual rulers, now claimed by the sultans of Turkey. cal'i-phate (kal'I-fat), n. Office or dominion of a caliph. cal'i-sa'ya bark ( kal'I-sa'yd ). Pharm. A yellow variety of Peruvian bark (from Cinchona calisaya), containing at least two per cent of quinine. See Peruvian bark. caFis-then'ics, callis-then'ics (-Is-then'Iks), n. (See-ics.) [Gr. KaWos beauty + adkvos strength.] Science, art, or practice of bodily exercise to promote strength and gracefulness. — cal'is-then'ic, cal'lis-then'ic (-Ik), o. caPi-ver (kal'T-ver; kd-le'ver), n. [From caliber.] An early form of harquebus. ca'lix(ka'liks;kal'iks), n.; pi. calices (kal'i-sez). [L.] 1. A cup. 2. = calyx. Rare. calk, caulk (kok), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. calcare, fr. calx heeh] l.To drive oakum, cotton, etc., into the seams of (a boat, etc.) to prevent leaking. 2. Mech. To tighten (a joint formed by overlapping metal plates, as in a boiler or a ship's hull) by driving the edge of one plate hard down on or into the surface of the other with a calking iron ; hence, to make water-tight or steam-tight, as a boiler, by such means ; also, to hammer, as a plate, the edge of a .rivet, etc., in so doing. 3. To_,stop up the crevices of, as windows. calk, n. 1. A metal point on the shoe of a horse or an ox to prevent slipping. 2. An instrument with sharp points, worn on the sole of a shoe or boot, to prevent slipping. U. S. — v. t. 1. To furnish with calks. 2. To wound with a calk, as a horse's leg. calk'er (kok'er), n. A calk on a shoe. i calk'er, caulk'er, n. One who calks ships, etc. '* " calk'in (kok'In; kal'km), n. = 2d calk, 1. call (kol), v. t. [AS. ceallian.] 1. To utter in a loud or distinct voice; hence: to read over (a list, or roll, of names) loudly ; proclaim ; announce, esp. with authority ; as, to call a halt.^ 2. To summon with a call ; summon ; also, Archaic, to invite or bid. 3. To rouse from sleep, or summon to get up, by a call. 4. To invoke ; appeal to. 5. To call for ; bring into action or discussion, as a law case. 6. To attract (animals) by an imitative call. 7. To in- vite or command to meet; convoke, as Congress. 8. To summon to a particular duty, office, or employment. 9. To name ; address. 10. To regard or characterize as ; consider ; as, do you call that fair? ll.To estimate or consider as being approximately ; as, they call the distance ten miles. 12. To demand payment of ; as, to call a loan. 13. Poker. To summon to a show of hands, by seeing the bet. 14. Bil- liards, Pool, etc. To name or designate the particulars (as to the balls, the pocket, etc.) of (a shot about to be played). U. S. — Syn. Assemble, collect, convene ; invite, bid. to call back, a To recall, or summon back, b To take back ; retract. — to c. up. a To summon from below ; re- call, as to the mind, b To summon before a court or the like ; to bring under consideration ; as, to call up a bill in a legislative body. — v. i. 1. To speak in a loud distinct voice ; cry ; shout. 2. To make a brief visit. — n. 1. Act of calling or that which is made or done by way of calling. 2. A roll call; as, the call of the House. 3. A name or thing called or indicated by calling ; as, his call was "heads." 4. A summons or invitation ; a bidding ; as : a A summons or signal on a drum, bugle, etc. b A divine vocation or prompting to a special service or duty ; also, an invitation to become the pastor or minister of a church. 5. A requirement or appeal ; also, the occasion of the re- quirement ; demand ; claim ; specif., a duty, need, or occa- i sion. 6. A short, usually formal, visit ; as, to make a call on a neighbor. 7. Hunting. A note or strain blown on the horn to encourage the hounds. 8. The cry of a bird or other ani- mal ; also, a noise or cry, or a pipe, whistle, or other instru- ment to call birds, etc., by imitating their note or cry. 9. A demand for the payment of money ; an assessment. 10. The right to demand a certain amount of stock, grain, or other commodity, at a fixed price, at or within a certain time agreed on. In stock gambling the transaction is closed by payment of the difference in value, if any, in favor of the holder of the call. Cf . put. Brokers' Cant. — Syn. Shout, cry ; summons, convocation ; invitation, bidding ; demand, requirement, appeal, requisition ; visit. calOa (kal'd), n., or calla lily. Hort. A familiar cultivated H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CALLER 142 CAM araceous plant (Aroides sethiopicum) , with a large white spathe and a yellow spadix. call'er (kol'er), n. One who, or that which, calls. cal'let (kal'et ; kal'et ; 24), n. A trull or prostitute. 06s. Cal-lig'ra-phy (kd-lig'rd : fi), n. [Gr. Ka\\iypala; ko\\os beauty + ypa to write.] 1. Fair or elegant writing or Eenmanship. 2. Handwriting or penmanship in general; and. — cal-lig'ra-pher (-fer), cal-lig'ra-phist (-fist), n. cal'li-graplt'ic (kal'i-graf'ik), a. Of or pert, to calligraphy. call'ing (kol'ihg), n. 1. Act of one that calls (in any sense) ; as : a A crying aloud, b A convocation, as of Par- liament. C An invitation ; a summons. 2. Vocation ; busi- ness. — Syn. See occupation. Cal-li'O-pe (ka-H'o-pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. KoWlotttj; koXKos beauty + tip, ottos, voice.] 1. Class. Myth. The Muse of eloquence and heroic poetry. 2. [I. c] A musical instru- ment consisting of a series of steam whistles played by keys. cal'li-pash, cal'li-per, cal'lis-then'ic. Vars. of calipash, CALIPER, etC. Cal-lis'tO (ka-lis'to), n. [L., fr. Gr. KaXXto-ri.] Gr. Myth. A nymph loved by Zeus, and changed into a bear by Artemis. Zeus placed her in the sky as a constellation. Cal'li-thump' (kal'i-thump'), n. A boisterous parade, with blowing of tin horns and other discordant noises ; also, a burlesque serenade ; a charivari. U. S. call loan. A loan repayable on demand. call money. Money loaned or ready to be loaned on call. cal-los'i-ty (kd-los'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or quality of being callous ; callousness. 2. A hard or thick- ened place on the skin, or on the bark of a plant. Carious (kal'us), a. [L. callosus, fr. callum, callus, cal- lous skin.] 1. Hardened ; having a callosity or callosities. 2. Insensible ; unfeeling. — Syn. Hard, indurated. — cal'- lous-ly, adv. — cal'lous-ness, n. cal'loused (-ust), a. Rendered callous ; hardened. Gal'low (kal'o), a. [AS. calu.'] 1. Unfledged, as a bird. 2. Immature ; green ; as, a callow youth. 3. Pertaining to an unfledged bird or a youth. cal'lUSj(-us), n.; pi. E. calluses (-ez; 24), L. calli (-T). [L. 1. a A callosity. b A substance exuded around the fragments of a broken bone and aiding repair. 2. Bot. The soft parenchymatous tissue which forms over any wounded surface of a stem. — - v. i. To form a callus. Calm (kam), n. [F. calme, prob. fr. LL. cauma heat, Gr. K.a.vy.0. burning heat.] Freedom from motion or disturb- ance ; tranquillity ; quiet ; serenity. — v. t. & i. To make or become calm. — Syn. Still, quiet, allay, pacify, tran- quilize, soothe, compose. — a. 1. Not stormy ; still ; quiet. 2. Undisturbed by passion or emotion ; tranquil. Syn. Cool, composed, collected, unruffled, tranquil, serene, placid, peaceful. — Calm, tranquil, serene, placid, peaceful. Calm, primarily applied to sea or weather, usu- ally conveys an implicit contrast with its opposite, stormy, end suggests freedom, real or assumed, from agitation of whatever sort. Tranquil implies a more settled inher- ent quiet than calm, with less suggestion of previous agita- tion overcome; as, "the tranquil beauty of Greek sculp- ture. " Serene suggests a lofty and unclouded tranquillity ; as, a serenity unruffled by cares. Placid connotes content- ment, and suggests an unruffled and equable aspect or tem- per ; as, the placid common sense of Franklin. Peaceful implies repose, or attainment of undisturbed tranquillity. calm/a-tive (kal'md-tiv ; kam'd-tTv), a. Producing a calm- ing effect ; sedative, — n. A calmative medicine. calm'ly, adv. In a calm manner or way. calm'ness, n. State or quality of being calm. calm/y (kam'i), a. [From calm, n.J Calm. Poetic. cal'0-mel (kal'6-mel), n. [Gr. ko\6s beautiful + fie\as black.] Chem. Mercurous chloride, HgCl, much used in medicine as a mercurial, purgative, and anthelmintic. cal'O-res'cence (kal'6-res'ens), n. [L. color heat.] Phys- ics. Transmutation of obscure heat rays into light rays. ca-lor'ic (kd-lor'ik),n. [L. color heat.] 1. Physics. The principle of heat, a supposed imponderable fluid to which the phenomena of heat and combustion were formerly er- roneously ascribed. 2. Heat.— a. Of or pertaining to heat. — cal'o-ric'i-ty (kal'6-rfs'i-ti), n. cal'o-rie (kal'6-n), n. [F., fr. L. color heat.] Physics. Any of several thermal units ; as : a The amount of heat (small calorie) required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade, b The amount of heat (large, or great, calorie) required to raise a kilogram of water one degree centigrade ; i. e., 1,000 small calories. cal'o-rif'ic (-rif'ik), a. [L. calorificus; color heat -\~facere to make.] Producing heat ; heating. ca-lor'i-fi-ca'tion (kd-lorl-fi-ka'sh&n), n. Production of heat, esp. animal heat. cal'O-rif'ics (kal'6-rif'iks), n. (See -ics.) [See calorific] 1. Physics. The science of heat ; esp., the old doctrine ascribing the phenomena of heat and combustion to caloric. 2. The technics of artificial heating. cal'o-rim'e-ter (-rim'e-ter), n. [L. color heat + -meter.'] Physics. An apparatus for measuring quantities of heat. — cal'o-rim'e-tiy (-tri), n. — ca-lor'i-met'ric (kd-lor'i- met'rlk), -met'ri-cal (-ri-kdl), a. ca-lotte' (kd-lof), n. [F., dim. of cole a sort of flat cap.] A close, plain skullcap, as of Roman Catholic ecclesiastics, etc. cal'0-yer (kal'6-yer ; kd-loi'er), n. [F., fr. NGr. KaXoyepos, lit., good old man.] A monk of the Eastern Church. cal'pac U kal'pak ), n. [ Turk, qalpaq. ] A large cap of cal'packj sheepskin, felt, or the like, worn by Orientals. cal'te-tep'on (kal'te-tep'on), 7i. [Mex. acaltetepon.] See Gila monster. cal'trop (kal'trop)\n. [AS. coltrseppe, calcetreppe, a sort cal'trap (kal'trdp)/ of thistle.] l.Mil. An instrument with four iron points so disposed that when it lies on the ground one point always projects up- ward. 2. Bot. Any of several plants bearing stout spines on the fruit or flower heads ; as : t a The star thistle, b Any species of either of two genera (Tribulus and Kallstrcemia) of the bean-caper family. cal'u-met (kal'u-met), n. [F., fr. L. cola- Caltrop. mus reed.] The ceremonial pipe, or pipe of peace, of the North American Indians. ca-lum'ni-ate (kd-lum'ni-at), v. t.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'- ing. [L. calumniatus, p. p. of calumniari to calumniate. See calumny.] To accuse falsely and maliciously ; slander. — Syn. See asperse. — v. i. To utter calumnies. ca-lum'ni-a'tion (-a'sh&n), n. Act of calumniating; slan- dering ; also, a calumny. ca-lum'ni-a'tor (-lum'ni-a'ter), n. One who calumniates. ca-lum'ni-a-to-ry (kd-lum'ni-d-to-ri), a. Calumnious. ca-lum'ni-OUS (-us), a. Containing or implying calumny ; slanderous. — Syn. Defamatory, opprobrious, libelous. cal'um-ny (kal'um-ni), n.; pi. -nies (-niz). [L. calum- nia, fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive.] False accusation maliciously made or reported to injure another ; slander. cal-va'ri-a (kal-va'ri-d) \n. [L. calvaria. See Calvary.] cal-va'ri-um (-va'rf-iim)/ Anat. The domelike upper por- tion of the cranium. — cal-va'ri-al (-dl), a. Cal'va-ry (kal'vd-n), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, deriv. of calvus bald.] 1. The place, outside the ancient city of Jerusalem, where Christ was crucified. Luke xxiii. 33. 2. [I.e.; pi. -ries (-riz).] R. C. C'h. A representation in the open air, as on a hill near a city, of the crucifixion of Christ ; also, a series of representations, as in a chapel, of the various scenes of Christ's Passion; sometimes, the church or chapel provided with such representations. calve (kav), v. i.; calved (kavd) ; calv'ing.- [AS. ceal- fian.~] 1. To give birth to a calf ; — said of the cow, doe, etc. 2. To separate or break so that a calf or calves become detached ; — said of an iceberg or glacier. — v. t. To give birth to (a calf). Cal'vin-ism (kal'vm-Tz'm), n. The doctrines of the French theologian John Calvin (1509-64), including election or predestination, limited atonement, total depravity, effectual calling, and the perseverance of the saints. Calvinism em- phasizes the sovereignty of God in the bestowal of grace. Cal'vin-ist (-1st), n. A follower of Calvin ; an adherent of Calvinism. Carvin-is'tic (-ls'tik) 1 a. Of or pert, to Calvin or Cal- CaFvin-is'ti-cal (-ti-kal) / vinism ; following Calvin. cal-vi'ti-es (kal-vish'i-ez), n. [L.] Med. Baldness. calx (kalks), n.; pi. E. calxes (kalk'sez; 24), L. CALCES (kaFsez). [L., limestone.] The friable residue left when a metal or mineral has been calcined. caFy-ces (kal'i-sez), n., L. pi. of calyx. ca-lyc'i-nal (kd-lis'i-ndl) \a. Bot. & Zo'ol. Pertaining to cal'y-cine (kaFi-sin ; -sin) / or resembling a calyx. cal'y-cle (kal'i-k'l), n. [L. caly cuius small flower bud, dim. of calyx.] Bot> An epicalyx. — ca-lyc'U-lar (kd- lik'u-ldr), a. — ca-lyc'u-late (kd-lik'u-lat), a. CaFy-dVni-an (kal'i-do'nT-an), a. Of or pert, to Calydon, an ancient city of ^Etolia, in Greece. Calydonian boar hunt, Gr. Myth., the pursuit, by a band of heroes, of the boar sent by Artemis to ravage Calydon. Meleager slew the boar. Ca-lyp'SO ( kd-lip'so ), n. [ L., fr. Gr. KaXu^w. ] 1. In Homer's "Odyssey," a sea nymph who kept Odysseus seven years on her island, Ogygia. 2. [Z. c] Bot. A bog orchid (genus Cytherea), having a single white flower va- riegated with purple, pink, and yellow. ca-lyp'tra (kd-lip'trd), n. [NL., fr. Gr. KaKvvrpa a covering for the head.] Bot. a In mosses, a thin hood or cap cov- ering the mouth of the capsule, b Any caplike covering. ca'lyx (ka'liks ; kal'iks), n.; pi. E. calyxes (-ez ; 24), L. calyces (kal'i-sez). [L., fr. Gr. /cdXu£.] Bot. Theexter- nal, usually green or foliaceous, part of a flower. cam (kam), n. Mach. A rotating or sliding piece or pro- ale, senate, care,j*m, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Tee, HI; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, &rn, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii)k; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); A Cam. CAMAIL jection, as on a wheel, for moving, or receiv- ing motion from, a roller, pin, or the like, moving against its edge. ca-mail' (kd-mal'), to. [F. camail, Pr. cap- malh,lr. L. caput head -f- source of E.maz7.] A hood or neck guard of chain mail, esp. one hanging from the basinet or other headpiece. See basinet. — ca-mailed' (kd-mald'), o. |) ca'ma'ra'fie-rie' (ka/ma/ra'd'-re'; -rad'e-re), n. [F.] Comradeship ; good-fellowship. ca'ma-ril'la (kam'a-rTl'd ; Sp. ka'ma-rel'ya), to. [Sp.] 1. A small chamber, as a king's pri- vate audience chamber. 2. A company of se- cret and irresponsible advisers of one in au- thority, as a king ; cabal ; clique ; set. Cam'as (kam'as), to. [Amer. Indian name.] Any of a genus (Quamasia, esp. Q. quamash) of liliaceous plants of the western United States. Cam'ber (-ber), n. [OF. cambre bent, curved.] Slight con- vexity of a member or part ; also, a piece of timber having a camber. — v. t. & i. To give camber to ; to have camber. cam'bist (-bist), to. [F. cambiste, It. cambista,ix. cambio exchange. See change.] A banker or exchange broker ; also, a book giving the exchange values of moneys, weights, and measures of various countries. Cam'bi-um (-bi-Sm), n. [LL., exchange/] Bat. The soft tissue from which new wood and bark originate in dicotyle- ' donous and gymnospermous shrubs and trees. Cam'bri-an (-brT-an), a. 1. Of or pert, to Wales (LL. Cam- bria) ; Welsh. Poetic. 2. Geol. Of, pertaining to, or desig- nating, the earliest division of the Paleozoic era and the lowest systems of Paleozoic rocks. Plant fossils are scarcely recognizable, but every great animal type except the verte- brate is represented in the fossils of the Cambrian. — n. 1. A native of Cambria, or Wales. Poetic. 2. Geol. The Cambrian period or system. Cam'bric (kam'brik), n. [From Cambrai (Flemish Kame- rik), a city of France.] 1. A fine, thin, white linen fabric. 2. A similar fabric of hard-spun cotton, often figured. cambric tea. A beverage of hot water, esp. with milk and sugar, and little or no tea. came (kam), pret. of come. came (kam), to. A slender grooved rod of cast lead, used, in casements and stained-glass windows, to hold together the panes or pieces of glass ; a lead. cam/el (kam'el), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. Kaurfkos; of Semitic origin.] 1. Either of two large ruminants peculiarly adapted for life in desert regions. The Arabian camel, or dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), has one large dorsal hump ; the Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) has two. 2. A water-tight structure used to assist a vessel in passing through shallow water, or to raise sunken ships, remove rocks, etc. By admitting water, the camel may be sunk and attached to an object. As the water is pumped out, the camel tends to rise and lift that to which it is attached. Cam'el-eer' (-er'), n. A camel driver ; also, a soldier mounted on a camel. ca-mel'li-a (kd-mel'i-d; -mel'yd), n. [After G. J. Kamel, or Camelh, a Jesuit.] An evergreen greenhouse shrub (Thea japomca), with red or white double roselike flowers. Ca-mel'O-pard (kd-mel'o-pard ; kam'el-6-pard'), n. [LL. camelopardus, fr. L., fr. Gr. KanriXowapSaXis ; /cd^Xos camel -+■ irap8a\is leopard.] 1. The giraffe. 2. [cap.] Astron. A northern constellation between Cassiopeia and Ursa Major; the Giraffe. Cam'e-lot (kam'e-lot), to. In Arthurian legend, the place where King Arthur had his palace and court. Cam'el'S hair (kam'elz). 1. The hair of the camel. 2. Cloth made of camel's hair ; also, a fabric imitating this. Ca'mem'bert' (ka'maVbar'), n., or Camembert cheese. A kind of soft, un pressed cream cheese made in the vicinity of Camembert, near Argentan, France. Ca-me'nae (kd-me'ne), to. pi.; sing. Camena (-nd). [L.] Rom. Myth. Orig., nymphs of fountains or springs, later identified with the Greek Muses. cam'e-o (kam'e-o), to.; pi. -eos(-oz). [It. cammeo."] A gem carved in relief ; also, relief carving ; — opposed to intaglio. cam'er-a (kam'er-d), to. ; pi. E. -eras (-dz), L. -ERiE (-re). [LL., chamber. See chamber.] 1. A chamber; Law, a. judge's chamber ; as, in camera. 2. A camera obscura ; esp., Photog., an apparatus so arranged that the image can be thrown on a surface sensitive to light. cam'er-al (-51), a. Of or pert, to a camera, or chamber ; of or pertaining to a council, or chamber, having the manage- ment of state expenditures, etc. ; hence, of or pert, to cameralistics. Cam'er-al-ist, to. An economist who pays undue or exclu- sive attention to public revenue as a measure of national prosperity. — cam'er-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. cam'er-al-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. Of or pert, to public finance. TAMPANULACEOUS cam'er-al-is'tics (-tiks), to. (See -ics.) Science of finance. cam'e-ra lu'ci-da ( kam'e-rd lu'si-dd ). [LL. camera chamber + L. lucidus, lucida, lucid, light.] Optics. An instru- ment which, by means of a prism or mirrors, causes an apparent image of an external object to appear as if projected upon a plane surface, so that the outlines may be con- veniently traced. cam'e-ra ob- 3, scu/ra(ob-sku / - rd). [LL. cam- era chamber + L. obscurus, ob- scura, dark.] Optics. A dark- ened chamber or box having Camera Lucida. 1 Diagram showing path an aperture oflightrays. 2 Camera Lucida attached to through which microscope ; a Eyepiece of Microscope ; light from exter- ° Prism, nal objects enters to form an image on the surf ace opposite. Cam'er-0'ni-an (-er-o'm-an), to. A follower of Richard Cameron (d. 1680), Scottish Covenanter and field preacher. Ca-mil'la (kd-mil'd),n. [L.] In Vergil's "/Eneid," a fleet maiden, queen of the Volsci, slain by the Trojans. I ca-mi'sa (ka-me'sa), to. [Sp. See chemise.] A shirt or chemise ; also, a kind of waist worn by women. cam/i-sade' (kam'i-sad') ; pi. -sades (-sadz')l n. [F. cami- cam/i-sa'do (-i-sa'do) ; pi. -sadoes (-sa'doz)J sade.'] Mil. A night attack, orig. one in which the soldiers wore shirts over their armor as a means of recognition. Archaic. Cam'i-sard (kam'i-zard), to. [F., fr. Pr. camisa shirt.] One of the French Protestant insurgents of the Cevennes who, in 1702, rebelled against Louis XIV. because of per- secutions following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. ca-mise' (kd-meV), to. [Ar. qamic.~\ A light, loose shirt, smock, or tunic. cam'i-sole (kam'i-sol), to. [F.] 1. A kind of jacket or jersey with sleeves, formerly worn by men. 2. A woman's negligee jacket. 3. A kind of strait-jacket. Cam'lan (kam'lan), to. In Arthurian legend, the battle in which Arthur was mortally wounded. cam'let (-let), to. [F. camelot.'] 1. A beautiful Oriental fabric, or an imitation of it. 2. A garment of this material. cam'o-mile, cham'o-mile (-5-mIl), to. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. xaMaiV^Xoi', lit., earth apple.] 1. Any of a genus (An- themis) of Old World asteraceous herbs, esp. a certain European species (A. nobilis). This and re- lated species contain a bitter an- tispasmodic and diaphoretic prin- ciple. 2. Any plant of an allied genus (Matricaria). Ca-mor'ra (kd-mor'd; It. ka- mor'ra), to. [It.] A secret organi- zation formed at Naples, Italy, and used for political and for criminal ends. — Ca- mor'rism (iz'm), n. — Ca-mor'rist (-ISt), TO. camp (kamp), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. cam- pus plain, field.] 1. The spot on which tents, huts, etc., are erected for shelter. 2. A ' tent or a collection of tents, huts, etc. ; encampment. 3. The body of persons en- camped. 4. Fig., military service or life. 5. A camping out or encamping. 6. A body of partisans or the position defended by them. 7. A lodge or local division of cer- tain patriotic societies. U. S. 8. A mining town which has rapidly sprung up. West- ern U. S. — v. t. To put into camp ; to afford lodging for. — v. i. To lodge in a camp ; — often used with out. cam-paign' (kam-pan'), to. [From F., fr. It., fr. L. Campania the plain about Naples, campus field.] 1. A series of military operations forming a distinct stage in a war. 2. A series of operations to bring about some result. — v.i. To serve in, or go on, a campaign. — cam-paign'er, to. cam'pa-ne'ro (kam'pd-na'ro), to.; pi. -ros (-roz). [Sp., a bellman.] The bell bird of South America. cam'pa-ni'le (kam A pa-ne']a), to.; pi. It. -nili (-ne'le), E. -niles (-laz). [It.,fr. It. & LL. campana bell.] A bell tower, esp. one built separate from a church. cam'pa-nol'O-gy (kam'pd-nol'o-jT), to. [LL. campana bell + -logy.'] Science or subject of bells ; art of ringing bells. cam-pan'U-la (kam-pan'u-ld), to. [LL., dim. of campana bell.] Any of various herbs (genus Campanula) bearing bell-shaped flowers. cam-pan'u-la'ceous (-la'shfts), a. Belonging to a large G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN-j yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CAMPANULATE 144 CANCER family {Campanulacese) of herbs, shrubs, and tree? ; the bellflower family, having an acrid juice, alternate leaves, and rather showy flowers. cam-pan'u-late (kam-pan'u-lat), a. Bell-shaped. Camp'bell-ite (kam'bel-It; kam'el-),??. Eccl. A member of the denomination called Disciples of Christ; — called Campbellite from the founder, Alexander Campbell (1788- 1866), although the sect repudiates the nickname. camp chair. A light chair that can be folded compactly. Cam-pes'tral (kam-peVtral), a. [L. campester, fr. campus field .] Relating to a level field ; specif., growing in or inhab- iting a field or an open flat country. camp follower. A civilian accompanying an army, as a sutler, servant, etc. cam'phene (kam'fen ; kam-fen'), re. Chem. A solid terpene, CioHis, resembling, and related to, camphor. cam/phine (kam'fen; kam-fen'), re. [from camphor.] 1. Rectified oil of turpentine. 2. A mixture of this substance with alcohol, used as an illuminant. cam'phol (kam'fol; -fol). See borneol. cam'phor (kam'fer), re. [From F., fr. Ar. kafur."] A well- known gumlike, crystalline substance, CioHieO, obtained from a large evergreen lauraceous tree (Cimiamomum camphora) found chiefly in Japan and Formosa. cam/pho-ra'ceous (kam'fo-ra'shtts), a. Of the nature of camphor ; like camphor. cam'phor-ate (kam'fer-at), v. t.; -at/ed (--at'ed) ; -at'lng (-at'mg). To impregnate or treat with camphor. cam-phor'ic (kam-for'ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or de- rived from, camphor. cam'phor-OUS (kam'fer-iis), a. Camphoraceous. cam/pi-on (kam'pi-im), re. Any of various plants (genera Lychnis and Silene), of the pink family, including several handsome garden species. camp meeting. A religious gathering held, esp. by Meth- odists, for conducting a series of religious services in the open air or in a tent in some retired spot. cam'po (kam/po; kam'po), re.; pi. -pos (-poz). [It. See campus, camp.] In Italy, an open place in a town, some- times smaller and less important architecturally than a piazza. camp stool. A light stool that can be folded up compactly. cam'pus (kam'pits),re. [L., a field.] l.[L. pLcAMPi(-pi).] Roman Antiq. An open space, as for martial exercises. 2. The grounds of a college or school about the buildings or within the main inclosure. U. S. cam'py-lot'ro-potlS (kam'pT-lot'ro-p&s), a. [Gr. Kanirv\os curved + -tropous.'] Bot. Having the nu- cellus and its integuments so curved that the apex is brought near the base ; — said 9(Sf$, of an ovule or seed like that of the chick- weed, goosefoot, etc. cam'wood 7 (kam'wood'), re. The hard wood of an African fabaceous tree (Baphia niti- Campylotro- da) used as a dyewood. p OU s Seed of can (kan), v. t. & i.; pres. sing., 1st & 3d Chickweed in pers. CAN, 2d canst (kanst)_, pi. CAN; pret. section. En- could (kood). Can, inf., is obs., except larged. Scot, or dial., and the participles are now lacking in standard English. [AS. cunnan. The present I can (AS. ic cann) was orig. a pret.] 1. To know ; understand. Obs. or, as v. i., Archaic. 2. As an auxiliary : To be able (to j do, accomplish, etc., what is indicated by the verb — ex- pressed or understood — with which can is used) ; as, he can walk ; I will do what I can. Syn. Can but, cannot but. Can but is equivalent to can only; as, I can but speak ; I can do no more. Cannot but is equivalent to cannot help, and often expresses moral ne- cessity or constraint ; as, we cannot but go. See may. can, n. [AS. canne.~\ 1. A drinking cup. 2. A vessel or case of tinned iron or of sheet metal, of various forms; as, a can of tomatoes ; an oil can; a milk can. Also,?/. S., a glass or earthenware jar used in preserving food. — v.t.; canned (kand) ; can'ning. To put in a can or cans ; to preserve by sealing up in a can or cans. Cf . tin. Chiefly U.S. Ca'naan (ka'nan), n. [L. Chanaan, Gr. Xava&p, Heb. Kna'an.~\ 1. Anc. Geog. A region corresponding vaguely to modern Palestine. It was the "Lar " of Promise" of the Israelites . 2. Hence : A land of prom: se ; heaven. Ca'naan-ite (-It), n. 1. Bib. A descendant of Canaan, the son of Ham and grandson of Noah. Gen. x. 2. A member of one of the races or peoples occupying Palestine before the Hebrews. Ca'naan-it'ess (-It'es), n A woman of Canaan. Ca'naan-it'ish (-It'ish), a. Of or peitainjng to Canaan or the Canaanites, or like a Canaanite. U ca-na'da (ka-nya'dd), re. [Sp.] A small canon; a glen; also, an open valley. Local, Western U. S. Can'a-da bal'sam (kan'd-dd). The turpentine yielded by the balsam fir. It is a yellowish, viscid liquid, solidify- ing in time to a transparent mass, and is much used as a transparent cement, esp. in microscopy. Canada robin. The cedar bird. Ca-na'di-an (kd-na'di-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Canada. Canadian hemp, a common North American plant (Apocynum cannabinum) of the dogbane family, bearing greenish white flowers and long linear pods. — n. A native or inhabitant of Canada. ca-naiUe / (kd-nal'; F. ka'na'y'), n. [F., prop., a pack of dogs, L. canis dog.] The lowest class of people ; rabble. can'a-kin (kan'd-kin). Var. of cannikin. ca-nal' (kd-naF), n. [F., fr. L. canalis."] 1. Anat. & Zo'ol. A duct ; a tubular passage or channel. 2. A water- course ; a channel. Obs., exc. : in physical geography, an arm of the sea, approximately uniform in width ; — used chiefly in proper names; as, Portland Canal; Lynn Canal. 3. An artificial channel filled with water, designed for navigation, irrigation, etc. 4. Any of various narrow seasonal markings on the planet Mars. They are thought by many astronomers to be due to vegetation. canal boat. A boat for use on a canal (sense 3). can'a-lic'U-lar (kan'd-lik'u-ldr), a. Anat. & Zobl. Pert, to, like, or provided with, a canaliculus or canaliculi. can'a-lic'u-late (-lik'u-lat) \ a. [L. canaliculars chan- can'a-lic'll-lat'ed (-laVed) / neled.] Channeled ; grooved. can'a-lic'u-lus (-lfts), n.; pi. -li (-11). [L., dim. of canalis channel. See canal.] Lit., a small groove or channel ; Anat. & Zo'ol., a minute canal, esp. in bone. ca-nall-za'tion (kd-nal'i-za'sh&n ; kan'd-lT-), n. 1. Act of canalizing. 2. A system of canals or conduits. ca-nal'ize (kd-nal'Iz; kan'd-Hz), v. t. To provide with canals ; make like a canal. ca-naHer (kd-nal'er), n. Also ca-nal'er. One who works on a canal boat ; also, a canal boat. flca^a'pe' (ka/na/paO.re. [F., orig., a couch with mos- quito curtains. See canopy.] 1. A sofa or divan. 2. Cookery. A slice or piece of bread fried in butter or oil, on which anchovies, mushrooms, etc., are served. ca-nard' (kd-n'ard'; F. ka'naV), n. [F., lit., a duck.] An extravagant or absurd report set afloat to hoax the public. Can'a-rese'. Var. of Kanarese. ca-na'ry (kd-na'ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [From the Canary Islands.] 1. An antiquated dance resembling the jig. 2. Wine made on the Canary Islands, resembling Madeira. 3. A canary bird. 4. A light yellow color, like that of a canary bird. 5. Short for canary grass, etc. — v. i. To perform the canary (dance). Obs. canary bird. A small finch (Serinus canaria) native of the Canary Islands, the Azores, etc., now the commonest of all cage birds. canary grass, a A Canary Island grass (Phalaris canad- ensis) , producing canary seed, b Any species of peppergrass (genus Lepldlum), the pods of which are sometimes fed to cage birds. canary seed. The seed of the canary grass, used as food for cage birds. ca-nas'ter (kd-nas'ter), n. [Sp. canasta. See canister.] A kind of coarse tobacco for smoking, formerly imported from South America in rush baskets. can'can ( kSn'kan; F. kaVkaN' ), n. [ F. ] A rollicking French dance accompanied by indecorous or extravagant postures and gestures. — can'can-ing, p. a. can'cel (kan'sel), v. t.; -celed (-seld), or -celled; -cel- ing or -cel-ling. [From F., fr. OF., fr. L. cancellare to make like a lattice, to cross out, fr. cancelli lattice, dim. of cancer lattice.] 1. To cross and deface, as a word ; mark out by or as by a cross line or lines ; hence : to annul by such marking or in any other way ; destroy ; revoke. 2. To neutralize or counterbalance ; as, an injustice may can- cel a previous kindness. 3. Print. To suppress or omit ; dele. — Syn. Obliterate, efface, expunge ; abrogate. See erase, abolish. — re. l.The suppression of matter in type or in print. 2. Matter thus suppressed, or the page or passage after new matter has been substituted. can'cel-er, can'cel-ler (-er), re. One who, or that which, cancels ; specif. , a hand stamp or instrument for canceling. can r cel-late (-se-lat) \a. 1. Marked with numerous cross- can'cel-lat'ed (-lat'ed)/ ing lines or ridges; lattice-like; reticulated. 2. Cancellous. can'oel-la'tion (-se-la'shi/n), re. 1. Act, process, or result of canceling. 2. Act of marking jwith cross lines, or state of being so marked ; reticulation. can'cel-lons (kan'se-lus), a. Anat. Having a spongy or porous structure. can'cer (kan'ser), re. [L., crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac] 1. [cap.; gen. Cancri (karj'kri).] Astron. a A northern zodiacal constellation between Gemini and Leo, pictured as a crab ; the Crab, b The fourth sign [@] of the zodiac, the first point of which is the summer solstice, or the northern limit of the sun's course in its declination. See sign, solstice, tropic. 2. Med. Any of various ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd ; eve, event end, recent, maker ; ice, 111 ; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect ; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); CANCERATE 145 CANISTER malignant tumors characterized by unlimited tendency to proliferation in the tissues and, usually, by a setting up of secondary diseased growths. Cancers are much varied in growth. — v. t. To eat into or eat like a cancer. can'cer-ate (-at), v. i. & t.; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing (-at'- ing). [LL. cancer atus eaten by a cancer. See cancer.] To grow into a cancer ; become or make cancerous. — can'- cer-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. can'cer-ous (-us), a. Like a cancer; affected by cancer. can'cer-root', n. Any of several orobanchaceous root para- sites as the squawroot, beechdrops, etc. can'cri-nite (karj'kri-nlt), n. [After Count Cancrin, a Russian.] Min. A silicate and carbonate of sodium, cal- cium and aluminium, occurring in igneous rocks. can'cri-zans (-zdnz), a. [LL., p. pr. of cancrizare, fr. L. cancer crab.] Lit., moving backward, like a crab ; specif., Music, having the theme or subject repeated backward ; — said of a canon. . can'croid (kan'kroid), a. £cancer + -oid.j 1. Zool. Resembling a crab. 2. Med. Like a cancer ; as, a cancroid tumor. — n. Med. A form of cutaneous cancer. can'de-la'brum (kan'de-la'brum), n.; pi. L. -bra (-bra) (candelabra is often used as a sing., with pi. candela- bras), E. -brums (-brumz). [L., fr. candela candle.] A large ornamental candlestick, with several branches. can'dent (kan'dent), a. [L. candens.~] Incandescent. can-des'cence (kdn-des'ens), n. Incandescence. can-des'cent (-ent) , a. [L. candescens, -entis, p. pr. of can- descere, v. incho. fr. candere to shine.] Glowing; daz- zling ; incandescent. — can-des'cent-ly, adv. can'did (kan'did), a. [From F., fr. L. candidus white, candere to be white.] 1. White. Archaic. 2. Fig.: a Il- lustrious. Obs. b Clear; pure; immaculate. Archaic. 3. Free from undue bias ; fair ; just ; impartial. 4. Open ; frank ; ingenuous ; outspoken. — Syn. See frank. can'di-da-cy (-di-dd-si), n. State of being a candidate. m can'di-date (-di-dat), n. [L. candidatus, prop., clothed in white.] One who offers himself, or is put forward, as an aspirant or contestant for an office, privilege, or honor. can'did-ly, adv. In a candid manner. can'did-ness, n. Quality of being candid. can'died (-did), p. a. 1. Preserved in or with sugar, as fruit. 2. Converted into sugar or candy; crystallized; con- gealed, as sirup. 3. Fig.: Honeyed ; sweet ; flattering. m Can/di-Ot (kan'di-ot), Can'di-ote (-ot), a. Of or pertain- ing to Candia ; Cretan. — n A Cretan. Can'dle (-d'l), n. [AS. candel, L. candela, fr. candere to glitter.] 1. A slender rounded body of tallow, wax, or the like, containing a wick, burned to give light. 2. Something suggestive of a candle ; as, a Roman candle. 3. Photom. A kind of candle used as a standard or unit of illumination. It is usually of spermaceti, and is made, as in the British standard candle, so as to burn at the rate of 120 grams, or 7 8 grams per hour. See candle power, below. — '•» t --dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dling). To test or examine, as egg's, by holding between the eye and a candlelight, or (hence) any light. can'dle-bex'ry (-befi), n. 1. The candlenut. 2. The wax myrtle or its berry. can'dle-fish' (-fish'), n. A very oily food fish (Thaleichthys pacificus) of the north Pacific, allied to the smelt candle foot. Photom. The. illumination produced by a British standard candle at a dis- \S§g^ Candlefish. tance of one foot ; — used as a unit of illumination can'dle-light' (-lit'), n. 1. Light of a candle or candles; artificial light. 2. Nightfall ; twilight. Can'dle-mas (-mds), n. [AS. candelmxsse.] l.The feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary. Candles for sacred uses are then blessed. 2. More fully Candlemas Day. The day or date of this feast (February 2d). can'dle-nut (-nut'), n. The fruit of a tree or shrub (Aleu- rites moluccana) of some of the South Sea islands, used by the natives as a candle; also, the tree itself. can'dle-pin' (-pin'), n. Tenpir.s. 1. A form of pin slender and nearly straight like a candle. 2. [In form candlepins, but construed as sing.'] The game played with such pins. Candle power. Photometry. Illuminating power, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. Cf . candle foot. can'dle-stick' (-stik'), n. A utensil to support a candle, can'dle-wood (-wood'), n. 1. Pine or other resinous wood, split fine for burning, as on a hearth, in place of candles. 2. Any of several resinous trees or shrubs (as Fouquieria splendens and Amyris balsamifera). can'dor, can'dour (kan'der), n. [L. candor, fr. candere. See candid.] 1. A disposition to treat subjects with fair- ness; impartiality. 2. Outspokenness ; frankness. can'dy (-di), n.; pi. -dies (-diz). [F. candi, sucre candi, fr. Ar. & Per. qand cane sugar.] A preparation, usually flavored, made of sugar or molasses boiled down and crys- tallized ; any sweetmeat made of, or coated with, sugar or molasses.— v. t. ; -died (-did) ; -dy-ing. 1. To conserve or preserve by boiling with sugar, as fruit. 2. Fig., to make appear pleasant, as if covered with candy ; sweeten. 3. To form into sugar crystals ; as, to candy sirup. 4. Fig., to in- crust or cover with a substance like or suggestive of crystal- lized sugar or candy, as frost ; — often used with over; as, plants candied over with frost. — v. i. To become coated with, or to form, sugar crystals. can'dy-tuft' (-tuff), n. Any of a genus (Iberis) of brassi- caceous plants cultivated for their white or pink flowers. cane (kan) , n. [OF., fr. L. canna, Gr. nawa, tcavvv.] 1. Bot. Any hollow or pithy jointed stem, usually slender and more or less flexible, as the stem of the rattan, of the sugar cane, or of any of various bamboos ; also, one of the plants themselves. 2. Hort. One of the stems of certain bush fruits, esp. a shoot springing directly from the base of the plant, as in the raspberry. 3. A walking stick ; a staff. — v. t. ; caned (kand) ; canning (kan'ing). 1. To beat with a cane. 2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan, as chairs. cane'brake' (kan'brak'), n. A thicket of canes. ca-nePla (kd-nel'd), n. [LL., dim. of L. canna a reed ; — from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark.] The aromatic bark of the whitewood, or wild cinnamon (Canella winte- rana), of South Florida and the West Indies ; — ■ called also canella bark. It is used as a condiment and in medicine as a tonic. ca-neph'o-ros (kd-nef'o-ros), n.fcm., pi. -rce (-re) ; or ca- nepii'o-rus (-rus), pi. -ri (-ri) ; or ca-neph'o-ra (-rd), pi. -km (-re). [L., fr. Gr. icai>r]4>6pos ,* koviov a basket of reed + 4>op6s bearing.] 1. Gr. Antiq. One of the maidens who bore upon their heads baskets con- taining the sacred utensils and offer- ings in religious festivals. 2. Arch. A representation of the foregoing, as on a frieze. can'er (kan'er), n. One who canes something, as chairs. ca-nes'cent (kd-nes'ent),a. [From L. canescens becoming white.] Growing white or whitish. — ca- nes'cence (-ens), n. cangue (kang), n. [F., fr. Pg. canga yoke.] wooden collar, three or four feet across, in which the neck and (usually) the hands are confined ; — used in China in punishing certain minor crimes. Ca-nic'u-la (kd-nik'u-ld), n. [L., dim. of canis dog.] Astron. The Dog Star. ca-nic'u-lar (-ldr), a. 1. Of or pert, to the rising of the Dog Star. 2. Of or pert, to the dog days (about mid-August). Cangue and Prisoner. can'i-cule (kan'i-kul), n. [F.] The period of the dog days. can'i-kin. Var. of cannikin. ca-nine' (kd-nln' ; ka'nin), a. [L. caninus, fr. canis dog.] 1. Of or pert, to the family {Canidse) consisting of the dogs, wolves, jackals, and foxes ; doglike. 2. Anat. Pert, to or designating the pointed tooth next to the incisors, or one of like shape. — n. 1. Anat . A canine tooth. 2. A dog. Colloq. or Humorous. can'ions (kan'yunz), n., pi. [Sp. canon or F. canon, orig., tube, pipe. See 1st cannon.] Ornamental rolls formerly worn around the lower ends of the legs of breeches. Ca'llis (ka'nls) , n. [L., a dog.] Zool. The principal genus of the dog family (Canidse), including the domestic dogs, and most wild dogs, wolves, and jackals. UCa'nis Ma'jor; gen. Canis Majoris (md-jo'ris; 57). [L., larger dog.] Astron. A constellation to the south- east of Orion, containing Sirius, the Dog Star. || Ca'nis Mi'nor ; gen. Canis Mlnoris (mi-no'ris; 57). [L., lesser dog.] Astron. A constellation to the east of Orion, containing Pro- cyon. can'is-ter (kan'is-ter) , n. [L. canistrum a reed basket, Gr. nhvaarpov, fr. Kavva, Kavvrj, reed.] 1. A small box Canis Major. Canephoros. From a Greek vase. A square D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); DON; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CANKER 146 CANT or case for tea, coffee, etc. 2. Mil. A kind of case shot for close-range artillery fire. Can/ker (karj'ker), n. [AS. cancer, fr. L. cancer cancer.] 1. A corroding or sloughing ulcer ; esp., a spreading gan- grenous ulcer of the mouth. 2. Hort. a Any disease of trees causing slow decay of the bark and wood, b = clubroot. 3. A cankerworm. 4. That which corrodes, corrupts, or destroys. — v. t. To affect or consume with canker or as a canker ; corrupt ; eat away. — v. i. To be or become dis- eased, or as if diseased, with canker. Can'ker-OUS^kan'ker-ws), o. Like, or of the nature of, canker or a canker ; gangrenous ; also, corroding. canker rash. Scarlet fever. can'ker-root', n. Any of several plants with astringent roots ; as : a The marsh rosemary (1) . b The goldthread. Can'ker-worm/ (-wurm'), n. Any of various insect larvae in- jurious to plants; esp., U. S., the larva of either of two geometrid moths (Alsophila pometaria and Paleacrita vernata) which injure fruit and shade trees. Can'ker-y (-1), a. Cankerous; cankered. can'na ( kan'd ), n. [ L., a reed. ] Any of a genus (Canna, typifying the family Cannacese ) of tropical American plants, with large leaves and irregular flowers ; also, a flower of any such plant. Can'na -bin (-d-bin), n. [L. cannabis hemp.] Chem. A resin extracted from hemp. It is regarded as the active principle to which the narcotic effects of hashish are due. Can'nel coal, or can'nel (kan'el), n. [Corrupt, fr. candle coal.'] A coal containing much volatile matter and burn- ing with a bright flame. || can'ne-lon' (ka/n'-loN'), n.; pi. -lons (F. -Ion')- [F-] Cookery, a A hollow stick or roll of baked puff paste. b A roll of highly seasoned minced meat baked or fried. can'ne-lure (kan'e-lur), n. [F., fr. canneler to groove.] A groove or fluting. — can'ne-lured (-lurd), a. can'ner (kan'er), n. One who cans fruit, meat, etc. can'ner-y ( -er-i ), n.; pi. -neries (-Tz). A place where the business of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. can'ni-bal (-i-bdl), n. [Sp. canibal, caribal, fr. name of the Caribs. ] A human being that eats human flesh ; hence, any animal that devours its own kind. — can'ni-bal, a. can'ni-bal-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Act or practice of cannibals. 2. Murderous cruelty ; bloodthirsty barbarity. can'nie. Var.^of canny. can'ni-kin (-kin), n. A small can or drinking vessel. can'ni-ly (-li), adv. In a canny way or manner. can'ni-ness, n. State or quality of being canny. can'non (kan'un), n.; pi. -nons (-unz), collectively -non. [From F., fr. It., fr. L. canna reed, tube.] 1. A piece of ordnance or artillery; a firearm discharged from a carriage ormount ; a gun. 2. Mech. A hollow spindle or shaft con- taining another spindle having an independent motion. 3. [F. canon, prop., a hollow bit.] A smooth round horse bit ; — called also cannon, or canon, bit. 4. The canon, or ear, of a bell. b.Billiards. A carom. Chiefly Eng. 6. a The cannon bone, b The part of the leg where the cannon bone is situated. — v. i. 1. To discharge cannon. 2. To collide or strike vio- lently, esp. so as to rebound ; to strike and rebound. — v. t. l.To cannonade. 2.Tocause to rebound by violent collision. can'non-ade' (-ad r ), n. Act of discharging cannon to de- stroy an army, or to batter a town, fort, etc. — v. t. ; -ad'ed ( -ad'ed ) ; -ad'ing. To attack with heavy artillery. Cannon ball. Strictly, a round solid missile for a cannon ; popularly, any missile for cannon. cannon bone. [F. canon, prop., a tube.] In hoofed quad- rupeds, the bone from the hock joint to the fetlock. can'non-eer' (kan'un-er'), n. An artillery gunner. can'non-ry (-n), n. 1. Cannonading. 2. Artillery. can'not (kan'not). Am, is, or are, not able; — the more usual form of can not. ean'nu-la (kan'u-ld), n. [L., a small reed, dim. of canna a reed, tube. ] Surg. A small tube, as of metal or India rubber, for insertion into the body, as for drainage. can'nu-late (kan'u-lat)l a. Hollow; affording a passage can'nu-lat'ed (-lat'ed) / through its interior length for wire, thread, etc. ; as, a cannulated (suture) needle. can'ny,can'nie(kan'i),a.; -Ni-ER(-i-er) ; -ni-est. 1. Know- ing ; prudent ; cautious. Archaic, Scot. 2. Shrewd ; sharp. 3. Frugal ; thrifty ; — a sense used by English writers as describing a characteristic Scotch quality. Archaic, Scot. 4. In a superstitious sense, safe to deal with ; trustworthy. Scot. 5. Quiet ; as, a canny hour ; gentle, as of speech ; careful. Scot. 6. Comfortable ; snug. Scot. [quietly. I — adv. In a canny manner ; cautiously ; carefully ; gently ;| ca-noe' (ka-noo'), n. ; pi. canoes (-nooz'). [Sp. canoa, orig. due to a misreading f L. [sjcapha boat.] Any light boat of a primitive peo- ple, or one of simi- lar type; usually, r — , a frail craft pro- V " pelled only by paddling, — v. i.; -noed' (-nood') ; -noe'ing. To paddle, sail in, or voyage in, a canoe. — ca-noe'ing, n. — ca- noeist, n. can'on (kan'ftn), n. [AS., rule, fr. LL., fr. Gr. Kav&v rule, rod.] 1. An ecclesiastical law or rule; specif., one en- acted by a council and confirmed by the Pope or sovereign. 2. A law or rule not ecclesiastical ; a general rule, law, or truth ; as, a canon of art. 3. A critical standard ; criterion. 4. The collection or list of Biblical books received as genuine and inspired. 5. Liturgies. Of the Mass, that part begin- ning after the Sanctus with the prayer "Te igitur." It contains the fixed rule regulating the " sacrifice " of the Mass. 6. Music. A composition in two or more voice parts, employing imitation (see imitation, 3) in its strictest form. 7. A chronological list or calendar, serving as a basis for early chronology. 8. R. C. Ch. A catalogue of saints. 9. Print. The largest size of type (48 points) having a specific name. 10. The part of a bell by which it is suspended ; — called also ear and shank. can'on, n. [From OF., fr. L. canonicus, fr. canon canon.] Eccl. One of a body of dignitaries forming a sort of coun- cil to a bishop, or connected with a collegiate church. ca'non (kan'yun ; Sp. ka-nyon' ), can'yon (kan'ywn ), n. [Sp. candn tube, hollow.] A valley with high, steep sides. Western U. S. & Mex. — Syn. Chasm, gorge, ravine. can'on-ess (kan'wn-es), n. A woman living in a commu- nity or college under a rule but not under a perpetual vow ; hence, a woman who holds a canonry in a conventual chapter. ca-non'i-cal (kd-non'i-kal), a. Of, established by, or con- forming to, a canon or canons. — ca-non'i-cal-ly, adv. canonical hour, a Eccl. Any of certain times of the day appointed for the offices of prayer and devotion (now seven, viz., matins with lauds, prime, tierce, sect, nones, vespers, and compline) ; also, any of these offices, b In England, any of the hours (now from 8 a. m. to 3 p. m.) be- fore or after which marriage cannot be legally performed in any parish church. ca-non'i-cals (-kalz), n. pi. The dress prescribed by canon to be worn by an officiating clergyman. ca-non'i-cate (-kat), n. Office of a canon; canonry. [ical.l can'on-ic'i-ty (kan'im-is'i-ti), n. Quality of being canon-| can'on-ist (kan'un-ist), n. One skilled in the canon law. — can'on-is'tic (-is'tik), can'on-is'ti-cal (-tl-kdl), a. can'on-ize (-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 1. To declare (a deceased person) a saint ; put into the canon of saints. 2. To glorify. 3. To include in a canon ; make ca- nonical. — can'on-i-za'tion ( -i-za'shwn ; -I-za'shwn ), n. canon law. The body of ecclesiastical law adopted in the early Christian Church, chiefly set forth in the "Corpus Juris Canonici, " and, with later additions, still constituting the law of the Roman Catholic Church. can'on-ry (-ri), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). Eccl. The benefice of a canon or a canoness ; the dignity or office of a canon. can'on-ship, n. Canonry. Ca-no'pic (kd-no'pik), a. [L. Canopicus."] Of or pertain- ing to Canopus, a city of ancient Egypt. Canopic jar, Egypt. Archseol., any of the four jars con- taining the principal intestines of a deceased person, and buried with the mummy. — C. vase. Archseol. a A Cano- pic jar. b A kind of Etruscan cinerary urn having a cover in the form of a human head. Ca-no'pus (-pfis), n. [L., fr. Gr. K&vunros a town of Egypt.] 1. Astron. A star of the first magnitude in the constellation Argo, not visible north of 37° north latitude ; Alpha (a) Argus. 2. ( pi. Canopi [-pi]). A Canopic jar or vase. can'o-py (kan'S-pf), n.; pi. -pies (-piz). [Through OF. & LL., fr. Gr. Kuv a bed with mosquito curtains, k6>vw4> gnat.] 1. A covering fixed over a bed, dais, or the like, or carried on poles over an exalted personage or a sacred object, etc., chiefly as a mark of honor. 2. An overhanging shelter or shade ; a covering. 3. Arch. An ornamental rooflike structure projecting from a wall or supported on pillars. — v. t. ; -pied ( -pid ) ; -py-ing ( -pi-ing ). To cover with or as with a canopy. ca-no'H>US (kd-no'r#s; 57), a. [L. canorus, from canor melody, fr. canere to sing.] Melodious ; musical ; ring- ing ; resonant.— -ca-no'rous-ly, adv.— ca-no'rous-ness, n. can't (kant; kint). Contraction for cannot. Colloq. cant (kant), n. [OF., edge, angle.] 1. An outer or ex- ternal angle, as of a building. 2. An oblique line, surface, or face. 3. A sudden thrust producing a change of direc- tion or position ; also, the bias or turn so given. 4. An in- clination or slope ; tilt. — v. t. 1. To give a cant to ; bevel. 2. To incline ; set at an angle ; tip. 3. To turn or throw off or out by tilting. Syn. Incline, slant, slope. — v. i. To lean ; tilt ; turn. — a. Having canted corners or sides ; also, inclined ; oblique ; sloping. cant, n. 1. An affected, singsong mode of speaking; a whine. 2. The idioms of speech in any sect, class, or occupation, as: a The secret jargon of thieves, gypsies, etc. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; singf, ink; then, thin; na(ure, verdure (87); CANTABILE 147 CAPACIOUSNESS b The professional or technical jargon of lawyers, doctors, etc. 3. Phraseology used merely out of convention; esp., affected use of religious or pious phraseology ; hypocrisy. Syn. Cant, Jargon, argot, lingo, slang. Cant, jargon, argot, and lingo apply primarily to the phraseology of a class ; slang does not. Cant usually connotes depreciation or contempt. Jargon adds the implication of unintelligi- bility except to the initiated ; as, the jargon of astrology. Argot denotes specifically the* secret jargon of thieves. Lingo is contemptuous for any foreign language or peculiar dialect (esp. one not understood), and also for technical cant regarded as a dialect. Slang usually refers to the pop- ular but unauthorized (and usually ephemeral) vogue of odd, grotesque, or strained words or turns of speech. — v. i. 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected, singsong tone, as a beggar ; hence, to beg. 2. To talk with an affectation of religion, piety, philanthropy, or the like ; to practice hypocrisy ; as, a canting fanatic. || can-ta'bi-le (kan-ta/be-la), a. [It., fr. cantare to sing.] Music. Suitable for singing; melodious and flowing in style ; — opposed to recitativo or parlando. — n. Canta- bile style, or a piece or passage of this style. Cf. bravura, 2. Can'ta-brig'i-an (kan'td-brij'i-dn), a. Of or pert, to Cam- bridge [in L. form Cantabrigia] , England, or its univer- sity. — n. A native or resident of Cambridge ; esp., a stu- dent or graduate of Cambridge University, England. can'ta-le'ver (kan'td-le'ver ; -leVer) . Var. of cantilever. can'ta-loupe, can'ta-loup (-loop; -lop), n. [From F., fr. It. ; — from the castle of Cantalupo, in Italy, where first grown in Europe.] A variety of muskmelon having a furrowed rind and reddish flesh ; loosely, any muskmelon. Can-tan'ker-OUS (kan-tar/ker-iis), a. Exhibiting ill nature; contentious. OUS-ly, adv. OUS-ness, n. All Colloq. Can-ta'ta (kan-ta/td) , n. [It., fr. cantare to sing.] Music. A choral composition arranged somewhat dramatically. || can'ta-tri'ce (kan'ta-tre'cha ; F. kaN'ta/tres'), n.; pi. It. -trici (-tre'che), F. -trices (F. -tres'). [It. & F. (fr. It.).] A female professional singer. Can-teen' (kan-ten'), n. [F. cantine, fr. It. cantina cellar, bottle case.] 1. Mil. A sort of sutler's shop connected with a post, etc., for supplying extra provisions, liquors, etc., to the enlisted men. 2. Mil. A chest or box con- taining utensils, used by officers, etc. 3. A small vessel or flask used by soldiers, travelers, etc., for carrying liquid. cant'er, n. One who uses cant, as a beggar or hypocrite. can'ter (kan'ter), n. [Abbr. of Canterbury.'] A gait re- sembling the gallop, but moderate and easy. — v. i. & t. To move, or cause to go, in or as in a canter. — can'ter-er, n. Can'ter-bur-y (-ber-i; -ber-i), n. 1. A city in England, seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury (primate of all England). It contained the shrine of Thomas a, Becket, to which pilgrimages were formerly made. 2. A stand with divisions for music, loose papers, etc. Canterbury bell, any of several species of plants (genus Campanula, esp. C. medium, C. trachelium, and C. glo- merata) cultivated for their handsome bell-shaped flowers. — C. gallop, pace, rack, trot, etc., a gentle gallop, etc., such as was supposed to have been used by pilgrims riding to Canterbury ; a canter. can-thar'i-des (kan-thar'i-dez), n. pi. [See cantharis.] 1. PI. of cantharis. 2. [Also construed as a sing.] Med. A preparation of certain dried blister beetles, or Spanish flies (see blister beetle), used as a diuretic, vesicatory, etc. It was formerly considered an aphrodisiac. can'tha-ris (kan'thd-ns), n.;pl. cantharides (kan-thar'- I-dez). [L., a kind of beetle, esp. the Spanish fly, Gr. navdapis.l The Spanish fly. See blister beetle. cant hook. A wooden lever with a movable iron hook near the end ; — used for canting or turning over logs, ^ etc can' thus (kan'- thSs), n.; pi. -thi (-thl). [NL.,fr.Gr. kcw06s.] Anat. The i | Cant Hook. =r logs, etc. corner on each side of the eye where the upper and under eyelids meet. Can'ti-cle (kan'tl-k'l), n. [L. canticulum, dim. of canti- cum song, fr. canere, cantum, to sing.] 1. A song ; esp., a Scriptural hymn or chant used in church services. 2. In pi. \_cap.~] In the Old Testament, the Song of Solomon. can'ti-le'ver (-le'ver; -leVer), n. A projecting beam or member supported only at one end ; esp., Engineering, either of two beams or trusses projecting from piers so that when joined they form a span of a bridge. Part of Cantilever Bridge over the Firth of Forth. can'til-late (kan'ti-lat), v. t. [L. cantillatus, p. p. of can- tillare to sing low, dim. of cantare to sing.] To chant, esp. as in Jewish synagogues. — can'til-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. can'tle (-t'l), n. [OF. cantel, dim. of cant edge, corner.] 1. A corner ; a segment or slice. 2. The upwardly pro- jecting rear part of a saddle, opposite to the pommel. cant 'let (kant'let), n. [Dim. of cantle.] A small cantle; a piece ; a fragment. can'to (kan'to), n. ; pi. -tos (-toz). [It.] l.A song. Obs. 2. One of the chief divisions of a long poem ; a "book." can'ton (kan'ton; kan-ton'), n. [F., fr. OF. cant edge, corner.] 1. Her. A rectangular division of the shield, occupying the upper, usually dexter, corner. 2. A division, part, or section. 3. A small territorial division ; esp., one of the states of the Swiss confed- eration. — v. t. 1. To divide into can- tons, or districts. 2. To separate off or out by dividing or cutting; — used with out or from. Archaic or Obs. 3. To al- q u • i lot quarters to, as to troops. Canton index- can'ton-al (kan'ton-dl), a. Of or pert, to a ter chief, canton ; of the nature of a canton. Can'ton-ese' (kan'ton-ez' ; -es'), o. Of or pert, to Canton, as Canton, China. — n. A native or inhabitant of Canton. Can'ton flan'nel (kan'ton). A stout cotton fabric having a long fleecy nap, used for underclothes, draperies, etc. can'ton-ment (kan'ton-ment ; kan-toon'-), n. 1. The can- toning of troops. 2. Mil. The place, as in a town, as- signed to troops for quarters. can'tor (kan'tor), n. [L., a singer, fr. canere to sing.] A singer; esp., the leader of a church choir; a precentor. can'tus (kan'tiis), n. sing. & pi. [L., fr. canere to sing.] Music. A song ; the plain chant of ancient type ; the giv- en melody or theme ; also, the principal voice. Ca-nuck' (kd-niak'), n. In Canada, a French Canadian; in the United States, often, any Canadian. Slang. can'vas ( kan'vds ), n. [ From F., fr. LL. canabacius hempen cloth, canvas, L. cannabis hemp, fr. Gr. kLwo.- /3ts. ] l.A strong cloth of hemp, flax, or cotton, used for tents, sai Is, etc. 2. Something made of canvas, as a sail, a tent, etc., or on canvas, as a painting. 3. A coarse cloth so woven as to form regular meshes for working with the needle, as in tapestry or worsted work. can'vas-back' (-bak'), n. A North American wild duck (Aythya vallisneria) highly esteemed for its flesh. can'vass (kan'vds), v. t. 1. To toss in or as in a canvas sheet, etc., for sport or punishment. 06s. 2. To examine in detail mentally; scrutinize; sift; discuss. 3. To go through (a district ),or go to (persons), in order to solicit orders, votes, etc. — v. i. To solicit or seek orders, sup- port, votes, etc. ; solicit ; as, to canvass for a book. — n. Act of canvassing. — can'vass-er, n. can'y (kan'i), a. Made or consisting of cane or canes. can'yon (kan'yun), n. Var. of canon. || can-zo'ne (kan-tso'na), n. ; pi. -ni (-ne). [It., a song, fr. L. cantio, fr. canere to sing.] 1. A song or ballad. 2. Music. A setting of such a poem, or a similar instru- mental piece. can'zo-net' (kan'zo-net'), n. [It. canzonetta.] A short song, or vocal piece, commonly light and graceful. caout'chouc (k6o'ch<56k ; kou'-), n. [F., fr. S. Amer. name.] A tenacious, elastic substance got from the milky juice of many tropical plants ; India rubber ; gum elastic. cap (kap), n. [AS. cseppe, fr. LL. cappa.~\ 1. A covering for the head; esp.: a One of lace, muslin, or the like, for women or infants, b One usually with a visor and without a brim, for men and boys. C One used as a badge of rank, office, or dignity. 2. Something resembling, or suggestive of, a cap ; as a covering for the top or end of a thing for protection or ornament, a percussion cap, the pileus of a Slant, the kneecap, etc. 3. A size of writing paper ; as, at cap ; foolscap ; legal cap. — v. t. ; capped (kapt) ; cap'ping. 1. To cover with or as with a cap ; cover the top or end of. 2. To crown ; overlie. 3. To match ; furnish an equal, or an offset, to ; as, to cap a proverb. 4. To salute by removing the cap. to cap the climax, to top or exceed the climax ; reach the utmost limit in action or words, as of absurdity. — v. i. To uncover the head respectfully. ca'pa-bil'i-ty (ka'pd-bil'i-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Qual- ity of being capable; capacity; esp., intellectual power. 2. Capacity of being used, improved, or developed. 3. A feature, condition, faculty, or the like, capable of develop- ment or improvement ; — usually in pi. ca'pa-ble (ka'pd-b'l), a. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. caper e to take, contain.] 1. Able to receive ; having capacity. 2. Capa- cious ; comprehensive ; adequate. Obs. 3. Having abil- ity ; efficient ; competent. — Syn. Fitted, effective, skillful. — ca'pa-ble-ness, n. — ca'pa-Wy (-bli), adv. ca-pa'cious (kd-pa'shws), a. [L. capax, -acis, fr. caper e to take.] Able to contain much ; large ; spacious. — Syn» Full, extensive, wide, broad, roomy, large, considerable. — ca-pa'cious-ly, adv. — ca-pa'cious-ness, n. D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. CAPACITATE 148 CAPITULATION ca-pac'i-tate (kd-pas'i-tat), v.t.; -tat'ed (-tat'ed) ; -tat'- ing. To render capable ; enable ; qualify. Ca-pac'i-ty (kd-pas'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Power of receiving or containing ; hence : extent of room or space ; content ; volume. 2. Power of receiving and holding ideas, knowledge, etc. ; active mental power. 3. Ability ; capa- bility ; possibility of being or of doing. 4. Relation ; charac- ter ; position ; as, in the capacity of a guide. 5. Law. Legal qualification, competency, power, or fitness. Law. Syn. Facul- ty, talent, skill, efficiency, cleverness. Cap'a-neus (kap'd-niis ; kd-pa'ne-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ko- iravevs.'] See SEVEN AGAINST THEBES. cap'-a-pie' (kap'd-pe'), adv. Often cap-a-pie, though not in modern F. [OF. (de) cap a pie from head to foot, fr. L. caput head + pes foot.] From head to foot ; at all points. ca-par'i-son (kd-par'i-s5n), n. [F. caparacon, deriv. of Sp. capa cloak.] 1. An ornamental cover- ,w ing, or housing, for a horse ; trappings. 2. The clothing or dress and ornaments of men or women ; outfit. — v. t. To cover with a caparison ; hence, to dress richly. cape (kap), n. [F., fr. LL. cappa.~] A sleeveless garment, or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders. Cape, n. [F. cap, It. capo, fr.L. caput head, point.] 1. A point or extension of land jutting Caparison of 13th Century, out into a sea, lake, or river. 2. leap.; usually the Cape.] Some particular cape, as Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope ; familiarly, the Cape Province ( formerly Cape Colony ) ; — often used attribu- tively ; as, Cape region, Cape diamond, etc. cap'e-lin (kap'e-lm ; kap'lin),n. [_F.capelan,caplan,cape- lin, lit., needy priest.] A small marine fish {Mallotus villosus ) of (kap'e-lm), n. [F., prop., armor for the head.] Armor. A small skullcap of steel or iron worn by foot soldiers in the Middle Ages. 06s. exc. Hist. See helmet, Illust. Ca-pePla (kd-pel'd), n.JL,., dim. of caper a goat.] A star of the first magnitude in Auriga ; Alpha (a) Auriga? . ca'per (ka'per), v. i. [For capreoll. See capriole.] To leap or jump about in a sprightly way ; skip ; dance. — n. A frolicsome leap ; a skip ; a jump, as in mirth or dancing ; a prank. — ca'per-er n. ca'per, n. [F. capre, fr. L., fr. Gr. iccnnrapis. ] Any of a genus {Capparis) of shrubs ; esp., a low prickly shrub (C. spinosa) often cultivated in southje rn Europe for its green- ish flower buds, which are pickled and used in sauces, etc. ; also, usually in pi., the flower buds themselves. cap'er-cail'lie Hkap'er-kal'yi ; -zi; -i), n. [Gael, capull- cap'er-cail'ziej coille.~] The largest European grouse (Te- trao urogallus). ca'pi-as (ka'pT-as; kap'i-as), n. [L., thou mayest take.] Law. A writ or process commanding an officer to take the body of the person named. Cap'il-la'ceous (kap'Ha'shSs), a. [L. capillaceus hairy, fr. capillus hair.] Having long filaments ; capillary. cap'il-lai'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. 1. Quality or state of being capillary. 2. Physics. The action, due to surface tension and best observed in capillar}' tubes, by which the surface of a liquid where in contact with a solid, is elevated or de- pressed ; capillary action. cap'il-la-ry ( kap'i-la-ri ; kd-pil'd-ri ), a. [L. capillaris, fr. capillus hair. ] 1. Resembling a hair ; very slender ; as, a capillary tube. 2. Pert, to capillary tubes or vessels, or to capillarity. capillary attraction, c. repulsion, the apparent attrac- tion or repulsion exhibited in capillarity. — n. ; pi. -RTES (-riz). 1. A capillary tube or vessel. 2.Anat. A minute, thin-walled vessel"; esp., one of the minute blood vessels connecting arteries and veins. cap'i-tal (kap'I-tal), a. [F., fr. L., fr. caput head.] 1. Hav- ing reference to, or involving the forfeiture of, the head or life ; punishable with death ; as, a] capital offense. 2. Initial ; — now only in capital letter ~( see below ). 3. Of primary importance ; vital ; chief. 4. Chief, in a political sense, as being the seat of government ; as, a capital city. 5. Of first-rate quality ; excellent. 6. Of or pert, to capital ; as, capital stock. — Syn. Cardinal, leading, prominent. capital letter, Print., a leading or heading letter, used at the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain words, usually distinguished from the small (lower-case) let- ters by both different form and larger size. — c. stock or Roman Ionic. fund, a = capital, n. 3. b The amount (whether paid in or not) representing the total face value of all the shares of a corporation ; — often called simply capital. — n. 1. A capital letter. 2. A capital city. 3. A stock of accumulated wealth ; as : a The amount of property owned at a specified time, b The amount of such property used for business purposes. C An aggregation of ( economic ) goods used to promote the production of other goods, instead of being valuable solely for purposes of immediate enjoyment. 4. See capital stock or fund, b, under capital, a. 5. Any- thing that serves to increase one's power or influence. cap'i-tal, n. [L. capitellum, prop., dim. of caput head.] The head.or uppermost, member, of a column, pilaster, etc. cap'i-tal-ism (-iz'm), , __ n. 1. The state of hav- W I ing capital ; the posi- Roman Doric. tion of a capitalist. 2.<- An economic system in which capital or capi- talists play the princi- pal part ; the power or influence of capital, as when in the hands of a cap'i-tal-ist, n. One Ror who has capital; esp., a person of large prop- erty which is or may be employed in busi- ness. — cap'i-tal-is'- tic (-is'tik), a. cap'i-tal-i-za'tion (i- za'shwn;-i-za'sh«n),n. Act, process, or result of capitalizing. cap'i-tal -ize (-Iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'lng (-Iz'ing). 1. To con- vert into, or use as, capital. 2. To compute the present value of (a periodical payment) ; to convert, as income, Composite. Moorish. Byzantine. Capitals (Arch.). into an equivalent capital sum. 3. To write or print with an initial capital, or in capital letters. cap'i-tal-ly, adv. In a capital manner or degree. cap'i-tate (-tat), a. [L. capitatus. ] Headlike; specif.: Bot. a Gathered into a head, as a flower, b Enlarged and globose, as a stigma. Cap'i-ta'tion ( -ta'shim ), n. QL. capitatio poll tax. ] 1. A levying of a tax or charge on each person. 2. A poll tax. 3. Any uniform payment or fee payable by each person. Cap'i-tol ( kiip'i-tol ), n. I L. capitolium, fr. caput head. ] 1. The ancient temple of Jupiter at Rome on the Capitoline hill. 2. The edifice at Washington in which Congress holds its ses- sions ; also [often I. c] , a statehouse, U. S. Cap'i-to-line (kap'- l-to-lin; kd-pit'6 lln), a, Desig nating or pert to, one of the seven ^^^^^^^W^^'^r?^^'^^ hills of Rome, the^^^™"-?**"* „; T*"' ancient Capitol The Capitol at W ashington. upon it, or the gods whose cult centered there, esp. Jupi- ter Optimus Maximus.— n. One of the seven hills of Rome. ca-pit'U-lar (kd-pit^u-ldr), to. [L. capitulum small head, chapter, dim. of caput head.] 1. Eccl. A member of a chapter. 2. = capitulary, 2. — a. 1. Eccl. Of or pert. to a chapter. 2. Bot. Growing in, or pertaining to, a capitulum. 3. Anat. Pertaining to a capitulum. ca-pit'u-la-ry (-la-ri), n.; pi. -rtes (-riz). 1. A member of a chapter, esp. of an ecclesiastical or a masonic chapter. 2. An ordinance ; chiefly, in pi., a collection of ordinances. — a. Of or pertaining to a chapter, esp. an ecclesiastical or a masonic chapter. [lum or capitula.l ca-pit'u-late (-lat), a. Having, or consisting of, a capitu-| ca-pit'u-late (-lat), v. i. ; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing. [LL. capitulatus, p. p. of capitulare to distinguish by chap- ters.] To surrender on conditions agreed upon; make terms of surrender. ca-pit'u-la'tion (-la'shim), n. 1. A statement of the heads of a subject; summary. 2. The making of terms or conditions ; an agreement ; a treaty. 06s. exc. specif. ; ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, so£d; eve, event end, recent, maker ; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; eiiair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); CAPITULATION DAY 149 CAPTIVATION as : Any of the conventions by which the Porte granted special rights to foreigners. 3. Act or agreement of one who capitulates, or surrenders. Capitulation Day. The 13th day of August, a legal holi- day in the Philippines, commemorating the capitulation of Manila to the American troops in 1898. ca-pit , U-la / tor (-latter), n. One who capitulates. ca-pit'u-lum (-piOl-liim), n.; L. pi. -la (-Id). [L., a small head.] 1. Anat. & Zo'dl. A knoblike protuberance of any Eart, as at the end of a bone or cartilage. 2. Bot. An in- orescence consisting of a close rounded or flattened cluster of sessile flowers, as in the clover and daisy. See inflores- cence, Illust. ca'ple, ca'pul (ka'p'l), «• A horse. Obs. ca'pon (-pon), n. [AS. capun, L. capo, Gr. naivuv.~] A cas- trated cock, esp. one fattened for the table. cap'o-nier/, cap'o-niere' (kap'6-neV), n. Also cap'on- niere'. [F. caponniere, fr. Sp. caponera, orig., a cage for fattening capons, hence, a place of refuge. See capon.] Fort. A work made crosswise in the ditch to sweep it with flank fire or to cover a passageway. Cap'O-raP (kap'o-raP), n. [F.] A kind of cut tobacco. ca-poP (kd-pot'_; formerly kap'wt^n. [F.] Piquet and Imperial. A winning of all the tricks.— v. t.; -pot'ted; -pot'ting. To win all the tricks from. || ca'po-tas'to (ka/po-taVto), n. [It.] Music. A sort of bar or movable nut attached to the finger board of a lute or other fretted instrument for the purpose of raising uni- formly the pitch of all the strings. ca-pote' (kd-pot'), n. [Sp., fr. LL. capa cape, cloak.] 1. A long cloak or overcoat, properly, one with a hood. 2. A kind of bonnet with strings, for women and children. 3. A leather top or hood for a cabriolet or other vehicle. cap'pa-ri-da'ceous (kap'd-ri-da'shus), a. [L. capparis caper.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Capparidaceas) of herbs, shrubs, or trees, the caper family, distinguished from the related brassicaceous plants by the 1 -celled capsule. cap'per (kap'er), n. 1. A maker or seller of caps. 2. One who, or that which, caps (in various senses of the verb). 3. A by-bidder ; a decoy, as for gamblers. Slang, U. S. Cap're-O-late ( kap're-6-lat ; kd-pre'- ), a. [L. capreolus tendril.] Bot. Having a tendril or tendrils. cap'ric (kap'rik ) , a. [ L. caper a goat. ] Chem. Pertaining to or designating a fatty acid, C9H19CO2H, occurring in butter, coconut oil, etc., and having a slight goatlike odor. IJca-pric'cio (ka-prePcho),n.; pi. It. -ci (-che), E. -cios (-choz). [It.] A caper ; trick ; caprice. || ca'pric-cio'so (kiPpret-cho'so), a. & adv. [It.] Music. In a free, fantastic style ; — used as a direction. Ca-price' (kd-pres'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. caper, capra, goat.] 1. An abrupt change in feeling, opinion, or action, due to a whim or fancy ; a freak ; fantastic notion. 2. The mental disposition or state which produces or is sub- ject to such changes ; capriciousness. Syn. Humor, fancy, whim, whimsey, quirk, freak, vagary, crotchet. — Caprice, freak, whim, vagary, crotchet agree in the idea of a sudden or arbitrary fancy, desire, or change of mind. Caprice emphasizes the lack of apparent motive, and implies a certain willfulness or wantonness ; this implication is even stronger in the adj. capricious; as, they had no reason for the act except the caprice of their good pleasure. Freak denotes an impulsive, seemingly causeless, change of mind, like that of a child or a lunatic. A whim is a mental eccentricity ; it suggests not so much a sudden as a quaint, fantastic, or humorous turn or in- clination. Vagary suggests still more strongly an erratic, 1 extravagant, or irresponsible character. A crotchet is a perversely heretical or whimsical opinion on some (often) unimportant or trivial point. ca-prPcious (-prish'us), a. 1. Fanciful. Obs. 2. Governed or characterized by caprice ; freakish ; apt to change sud- denly and without reason ; changeable. — Syn. Whimsi- cal, fickle, crotchety, fitful, unsteady, inconstant. — ca-prP- cious-ly, adv. — ca-pri'cious-ness, n. Cap'ri-corn (kap'n-korn) 1 n. ; L. gen. -ni (kap / ri-k5r , nT). Cap'ri-cor'nus (-kor'nus)/ [L. capricornus; caper goat -j- cornu horn.] Astron. a A southern zodiacal constella- tion between Sagittarius and Aquarius, pictured as a goat ; the Goat, b The tenth sign [10°] of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about December 21st. Cap'ri-fi-cate (kap'ri-fi-kat ; kd-prif'i-), v. t. [L. capri- ficare.~\ To subject to, or cause to ripen by, caprification. Cap'ri-fi-ca'tion (kap'ri-fi-ka'shun), n. [L. caprificatio, fr. caprificare to ripen figs by caprification, fr. caprificus the wild fig ; caper goat + ficus fig.] An artificial method of pollinating the cultivated fig to insure its ripening, by suspending in the tree fruits of the caprifig containing the fig wasp (Blastophaga grossorum). The insects emerge from the caprifigs and enter the edible figs, effecting cross-pollination. cap'ri-fi-ca'tor (kap'rf-fT-ka'ter ; kd-pnPi-), n. One who performs the process of caprification. Cap'ri-fig' (kap'rT-fig'), n. [L. caprificus.'] Bot. a The wild fig (Ficus carica sylvestris) of southern Europe and Asia Minor, b The fruit of this tree, commonly used for caprificating the edible fig. cap'ri-fo'li-a'ce-ous (-fo'li-a'shizs), a. [LL. caprifolium honeysuckle ; L. caper goat -{-folium leaf.] Bot. Belong- ing to a family (Caprifoliacese) of plants, the honeysuckle family, consisting of woody vines, shrubs, or perennial herbs having opposite estipulate leaves and, often, showy flowers. cap'ri-form (kap'ri-form), a. [L. caper goat -f -form.] Goat-shaped. cap'ri-ole (-51), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. caper goat.] 1. A leap or caper, as in dancing. Rare. 2. A kind of leap that a horse makes with all fours without advancing. — v. i. ; cap'ri-oled (-old) ; -ol'ing. To perform a capriole. ca-pro'ic (kd-pro'ik), a. Chem. Pertaining to or designat- ing a fatty acid, C5H11 • CO2H, found in company with capric acid. It is a colorless oil with a faint rancid odor. cap'si-cum. (kap'si-kwm), n. [NL.,fr. L. capsa box, chest.] Any of various tropical herbs and shrubs, of the nightshade family, yielding very pungent berries called chilies or pep- pers ; also, the dried and pulverized fruit of these plants. cap-size' (kap-slz'), v. t. & i.; -sized' (-sTzd') ; -siz'ing (-siz'ing). To upset or overturn, as a vessel. Cap'stan (kap'ston), n. [From F. or Pr., fr. Sp., fr. L., fr. capere to hold.] A vertical revolving drum or cylinder much used, esp. on shipboard, for exerting power by trac- tion on a cable drawn around it. Cap'su-lar (-su-ldr). a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a capsule. — cap'su-la-ry (-la-ri), a. cap'SU-late (-su-lat) \a. Inclosed in, cap'SU-laPed (-laPed)/ or formed in- to, a capsule. cap'SUle (-sul), n. [L. capsula a little Capstan, box, fr. capsa case.] 1. Anat. A membrane or saclike structure inclosing a part or organ. 2. Bot. Any closed vessel containing spores or seeds ; specif., in seed plants, a dry, dehiscent, usually many- seeded, fruit composed of two or more carpels. See fruit, Illust. 3. Med. A small cylin- drical or spherical envelope for offensive doses of medicine. capsules of the brain, Anat., layers or laminae of white matter in the cerebrum. cap' tain (-tin), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. caput head.] 1. A chief or headman; a leader. 2. Mil. An officer of the army or marine corps. See army. 3. Nav. A naval Poppy ; officer entitled to command a man-of-war. See navy. 4. Naut. The commanding officer, or master, of a vessel. 5. A person having authority over others acting in concert ; as, in sports, the leader of a side or team. — v. t. To act as captain of ; to lead. — cap'tain-cy (-si), cap'tain-ship, n. cap'tion (kap^shwn), n._ [L. captio, fr. capere to take.] 1. Act of taking or seizing ; seizure ; esp. : a Chiefly Scots Law. Arrest, by legal process, b In early times, the taking, by way of tax, by the sovereign of a percentage of goods exported. 2. Law. That part of a legal instru- ment, as an indictment, which shows where, when, and by what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. 3. A heading of a chapter, section, page, etc. Chiefly U. S. cap'tious (-shus),_a._ 1. Apt or calculated to entrap or entangle subtly ; insidious ; also, due to a caviling spirit. 2. Apt to catch at _ faults ; caviling ; carping. — Syn. Faultfinding, hypercritical, censorious, severe. — cap'- tious-ly, adv. — cap'tious-ness, n. cap'ti-vate (-ti-vat), v. t. ; -vat'ed (-vat'ed) ; -vat'ing. [L. captivatus, p. p. of captivare to capture, captivus cap- tive.] 1. To capture ; subdue. Now Rare. 2. To acquire ascendancy over by art or attraction ; fascinate. Syn. Charm, fascinate, enchant, bewitch, transport, rav- ish, enrapture. — Captivate, charm, fascinate, enchant, bewitch agree in the idea of a strong attraction. To captivate is to enthrall or capture the fancy by some special excellence, with no particular implication of magic influences ; as, a hero captivates a romantic girl ; captivating frankness. Charm has lost its original connotation of mag- ic and implies simply the attractive power of that which gives delight ; as, there was a charm in his voice. Fascinate still suggests the exercise as it were of an irresistible spell, sometimes with implication of an effort to resist ; as, a fasci- nating subject. In enchant and bewitch the original con- notation is often latent ; enchanting commonly suggesting such compelling qualities as holdand bind, bewitching, such engaging graces as draw and allure ; as, enchanting music, a betoitching smile. cap'ti-va'tion (-va'shfln), n. A captivating. Chiefly Fig. Capsule 2:aDatura;6 c Gentian. G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CAPTIVE 150 CARBON PAPER Cap'tive (kap'tfv), n. [L. captivus, fr. caper e to take.] 1. A prisoner, esp. in war. 2. One captivated by beauty, excellence, or affection. — a. 1. Made or held prisoner, esp. in war ; kept in confinement or bondage ; as, to hold one captive. 2. Charmed ; captivated. 3. Of or pert, to cap- tivity. — v. t. To capture ; captivate. cap-tiv'i-ty ( kap-tiv'i-ti ), n. ; pi. -ties ( -tiz ). State of being a captive ; bondage. — Syn. Imprisonment, confine- ment, servitude, slavery, thralldom, serfdom. cap'tor (kap'tor), n. One who captures a person or thing. cap'ture (kap'tur), n. [L. captura.~] 1. Act of seizing by force or stratagem. 2. Thing captured ; prize ; prey. — 1 Syn. Seizure, apprehension, arrest. — v. t. ; -tured (-turd) ; 1 -tur-ing. To take captive ; seize by force or stratagem. ca-puche' (kd-pobsh'; -pooch'), n. [Deriv. of LL. capu- tium, fr. cappa cloak.] A hood ; cowl, esp. of a Capuchin. Cap'U-Chin (kap'u-chm; kap'u-shen'). n. [F., fr. It. cap- puccio hood.] 1. A Franciscan monk of an austere branch wearing a pointed capuche. 2. [I. c] A hooded cloak for women. 3. [ I. c. ] Any of a genus ( Cebus ) of long-tailed American monkeys (esp. C. capucinus). Cap'u-let (kap'u-let), n. See Romeo. Uca'put (ka'pftt; kap'&t), n.; L. pi. capita (kap'i-td). [L., the head.] 1. Anat. Head; specif ., a knoblike pro- tuberance. 2. The top of a thing. 3. Formerly, a ruling council of the University of Cambridge, Eng. cap'y-ba'ra (kap'i-ba'rd), n. [Sp. capibara, fr. the native name.] A large South American rodent (Hydrochaerus hy- drochosrus), largely aquatic in habit. It is the largest existing rodent. It is related to the guinea pig. car (kar), n. [From OF., fr. L. carrus.~] 1. A vehicle moved on w h e e 1 s ; specifi- Capybara. cally : a A chariot of war or of triumph. Poetic, b A ve- hicle for use on a railroad ; as, freight car, trolley car, etc. C An automobile. 2. [cap.'] The seven stars of the Great Bear ; — called also Charles's Wain or Wagon, also often the Dipper. 3. The cage of an elevator, or lift. 4. The bas- ket, box, or cage of a balloon. 5. A floating perforated box for keeping fish, lobsters, etc., alive. U. S. t| ca'ra-ba'o (ka'ra-ba'o), n.; pi. carabaos (-oz). [Native name.] A water buffalo. Phil. I. car'a-bin (kar'd-bin), car'a-bine (-bin), n. A carbine. car'a-bi-neer', -nier' (kaVd-bi-ner 7 ), n. [F. carabinier.] A soldier, esp. a cavalry soldier, armed with a carbine. See soldier, Illust. car'a-cal (kar'd-kal), n. [F. caracal, fr. Turk, qarahqu- laq; qarah black + qulaq ear.] A lynx {Lynx caracal), native of Africa and Asia, reddish brown in color, with the ears black and tipped with long black hairs. ca'ra-ca'ra (ka'rd-ka'rd; kd-ra'kd-raO, n. [Tupi cara- cara.] Any of certain species of large hawks, mostly South American, of vulturelike habits ; as : the common caracara {Polyborus tharus), the black caracara (Ibycter ater), etc. Car'ack, car'rack (kar'dk), n. [From F., fr. LL. carraca.~] A kind of large ship ; a galleon. Obs. or Hist. car'a-cole (-d-kol), car'a-col (-kol), n. [From F., fr. Sp. caracal, lit., snail.] Manege. A half turn to right or left; any turn in a zigzag course. — v. i.; -coled (-kold) ; -col- ing. To perform a caracole, or move in caracoles. ca'ra-CUl' (ka'rd-kobl' ; pop. kar'd-kul), n. See karakul. ca-rafe' (kd-raF), n. [F.] A kind of glass water bottle. car'a-geen, car'a-gheen. Vars. of carrageen. car'am-bo'la (kar'dm-bo'ld),™. [Pg.] An East Indian tree ( Averrhoa carambola) of the sorrel family ; also, its acid fruit, eaten as a preserve. car'a-mel ( kar'd-mel ) , n. [ F. ] 1. Burnt sugar, used for coloring and flavoring. 2. A kind of confection. — v. i. & t. To turn into caramel. — car'a-mel-ize (-Iz), v. t. & i. ca-ran/goid (kd-ran'goid), a. [Carangus, the type genus + -oid.~\ Zo'dl. Of or pert, to a large family (Carangidzz) of marine acanthopterygian fishes containing the pompanos cavallas, etc. Car'a-pace (kar'd-pas),n. [F.,fr. Sp.] A bony or chitinous case covering an animal's back, as the turtle's upper shell. car'a-pax (-paks), n. [NL.] = carapace. car/at (kar'dt), n. [F., fr. Ar., fr. Gr. nepariov little horn, carob bean, a carat.] 1. A unit of weight for precious stones, as diamonds, being 200 milligrams (or about 3| grains troy). 2. A twenty-fourth part; — used in stating the proportionate fineness of gold ; as, 14 carats fine, i. e., being 14 parts gold and 10 alloy. car'a-van (kar'd-van ; kar'd-van'), n. [From F., fr. Per. karwan a caravan.] 1. A company traveling together, esp. through a desert or dangerous country. 2. A covered vehicle of any of various sorts ; as : a In the 17th and 18th centuries, a vehicle for carrying a number of people ; — now called a van. b Now, a large covered wagon variously used, as for conveying wild beasts for exhibition, for moving furniture, etc., as a traveling house, etc. ; a van. car'a-van'sa-ry (-van'sd-n ), n.;pl. -ries (-rfz). Also car'a-van'se-rai (-se-rl). [From F., fr. Per. karwan- sarai; karwan caravan + sarai palace, inn.] 1. A kind of rude inn, in the East, where caravans rest. 2. A large hotel or inn. car'a-vel (kar'd-vel), n. [Through F., Sp., & L., fr. Gr. /cdpa/Sos a kind of ship.] Naut. Any of several kinds of vessels, usually small sailing vessels. car'a-way (-d-wa), n. [Through F. & Ar., fr. Gr. napov.] A biennial apiaceous plant (Carum carui) having seeds with aromatic smell and pungent taste. [acid.l car'ba-mate (kar'bd-mat), n. A salt or ester of carbamic| car-bam'ic (kar-bam'ik), a. [carbon + araido.] Chem. Pertaining to or designating an acid, NH2 • CO2H, occurring as a salt of ammonium in commercial ammonium carbonate. It may be regarded as an amino derivative of formic acid. car'ba-mide (kar'bd-mld ; -mid ), n. [car&onyl -j- amide.'] Chem. Urea. car'bide (kaVbld ; -bid), n. Chem. A binary compound of carbon ; specif., calcium carbide (which see). car'bine (-bin), n. [From F., fr. carabin carabineer.] A short, light rifle or, formerly, musket, used esp. by cavalry. car'bi-neer' (-bi-neV). Var. of carabineer. car'bo-hy'drate (kaVbo-hi'drat), n. Chem. Any of a group of compounds, including the sugars, starches, celluloses, etc., composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. car'bo-late (kar'bo-lat), n. Chem. A salt of carbolic acid. car'bo-lat'ed (-lat'ed), a. Impregnated with carbolic acid. car-bol'ic (kar-bol'ik), a. [L. carbo coal + oleum oil.] Designating a substance technically called phenol, esp. in solution. See phenol. car'bo-lize (kar'bo-llz), v. t.; -lized (-llzd) ; -liz'ing (-liz'- Tng). Med. To wash or treat with carbolic acid. car'bon (-bon), n. [From F., fr. L. carbo coal.] 1. Chem. An elementary substance occurring native as the diamond and also as graphite, and forming a constituent of coal and carbonates and of all organic compounds. Symbol, C ; at. wt., 12.00. 2. Elec. A carbon rod or pencil used in an arc lamp, or a piece of carbon used as an element of a vol- taic battery. car'bo-na'ceous (kaVbo-na'shfts), a. Pertaining to, com- f.-posed of, or containing carbon. car'bo-na'do (-bo-na'do), n. ; pi. -does or -DOS (-doz). [From Sp., fr. L. carbo coal.] A piece of flesh or fish scored across, seasoned, and broiled. — v. 1. 1. To score across and broil ; hence, to broil. 2. To cut ; slash. Obs. Car'bo-na'do (-na'do), n.; pi. -does (-doz). [Pg., carbon- ated.] An opaque, dark-colored variety of diamond, found in Brazil, and used for drills ; — called also black diamond. UCar'DO-na'ro (-na'ro), n.; pi. -nari (-re). [It., a coal man.] A member of a secret political association in Italy, organized in the early part of the 19th century for the purpose of changing the government into a republic ; — usually in the pi. — Car'bo-na'rism (-riz'm), n. car'bon-ate (kar'bon-at), n. Chem. A salt or ester of car- bonic acid. — v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. 1. To car- bonize. 2. Chem. To convert into a carbonate ; impregnate with carbonic acid. — car'bon-a'tion (-a'shwn), n. carbon dioxide. A heavy colorless and odorless gas, CO2, which extinguishes flame and is unfit for breathing. Plants absorb it from the air and decompose it, assimilating the carbon, and returning most of the oxygen. See carbonic acid. car-bon'ic (kar-bon'Ik), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, or obtained from, carbon. carbonic acid, Chem., an acid, H2CO3, existing only in solution and reacting with bases to form carbonates. It breaks up readily into water and carbon dioxide (often called carbonic acid or carbonic acid gas). car'bon-if'er-OUS (kaVbon-if'er-us), a. [carbon + -fer- ous.~] 1. Producing or containing carbon or coal. 2. [cap.2 Geol. Of, pert, to, or designating, a Paleozoic period following the Devonian, or the system of rocks formed during this period ; — so called from the great coal beds in the system. Specif., designating : a The entire period between the Devonian and the Triassic. b The period between the Devonian and the Permian. C The period of . the coal measures ; — called also Pennsylvanian. Car r bon-ize (kar'bon-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Tz'- Ing). 1. To reduce to a residue of carbon as by fire; char. 2. To impregnate or combine with carbon. — carbon-i- za'tion (-T-za'shun ; -T-za'-) , n. carbon monoxide. Chem. A colorless, odorless gas, CO, a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon. It burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide. It is very poisonous. carbon paper. Thin paper coated with a preparation of ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; CARBON PROCESS 151 CARDITIS lampblack, or of some color, used in making written copies. Pressure on the back causes the color to be trans- ferred to paper laid against it. carbon process. Photog. A printing process depending on the effect of light on gelatin sensitized with potassium di- chromate. Paper coated with a mixture of the gelatin and a pigment is called carbon paper or carbon tissue. car'bon-yl ( kar'bon-il ) , n. [ carbon + -yl. ] Chem. The bivalent radical CO, occurring only in compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc. Though denoted by the same formula as carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct. — car'bon-yl'ic (-Tl'ik), a. carbonyl chloride. Chem. A colorless gas, COCb, formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence sometimes called phosgene. Car'bo-runMum (-bo-run'dwm), n. [carbon + corundum.'] A compound of carbon and silicon, SiC, harder than emery. car-box'yl (kar-bok'sil), n. [carbon + oxygen H — yl.] Chem. The univalent radical CO -OH, the characteristic group of almost all the organic acids, as formic, acetic, and benzoic acids. — car'box-yl'ic (-sil'ik), a. car^boy (kar'boi), n. A large globular glass bottle, esp. one inclosed in wickerwork or a box, as for carrying acids. car^bun-cle (-bun-k'l), n. [From OF., fr. L. carbunculus, dim. of carbo coal.] 1. Formerly, any of several deep red minerals, as the ruby ; now, the garnet cut in convex form j without facets. 2. A painful local inflammation of the sub- cutaneous tissue, larger than a boil and often fatal. 3. A pimple or red spot due to intemperance. car-bun'CU-lar (kar-bur/ku-ldr), a. Of or pert, to a car- buncle ; like a carbuncle ; inflamed. Car'bu-ret (-bu-ret), n. [From carbon.] Chem. A carbide. Archaic — v.t.; -ret'ed or -ret'ted ; -ret'ing or -ret/- ting. To combine or impregnate with carbon, or, esp., with a volatile carbon compound ; as, to carburet water gas by passing it over or through benzene, to increase its illumi- nating power. car'bu-ret'ant (-ret 'ant), n. Any carbureting agent. car'bu-ret'or, car'bu-ret 7 tor (-refer), n. That which car- burets, as an apparatus by which air is mingled with the vapor of petroleum oil. car'bu-rize (-rtz), v. t. ; - R I Z E D (-rizd) ; -riz'ing (-rlz'mg) To com- bine or impregnate with carbon ; as, to carburize iron. — car'bu-ri-za'- tion (-n-za'shun ; -ri-za'shun),n. — car'bu-riz'er (-rlz'er), n. car'ca-jou(-kd-jdo; -zhoo), n. [Can. _, . , F. corrupt, of an Float-feed Indian name of the wolverene.] Zool. The wolverene. Sometimes, the Canada lynx, the cougar, o r t h e American badger. car'ca-net (-kd- net), n. [Dim. fr. F.,fr.LL.]Anor- buretor. Float control- ling (by lever B) needle valve so as to regulate gasoline supply through C ,' D Needle Valve regulating flow of gasoline to Mixing Chamber E through Spraying Nozzle F, through which it is drawn by engine ; G Auxiliary Air Inlet Valve controlled by Spring H, adjusted by K; L Exit to engine ; M Throttle Valve. na'mental chain, necklace, or collar, usually of gold or jew- eled. Archaic. car'case (kar'kds), n. Var. of carcass. car'cass (-kds), n. ; pi. -casses (-ez ; 24). [From F., fir. It. carcassa.] 1. A dead body of a beast or (now only in con- tempt) of a human being. 2. The living material, or physi- cal, body. Obs. or Contemptuous. 3. Anything from which the vital principle is gone. 4. The abandoned and ! decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship ; the skeleton of a thing, as of a building. — Syn. See body. Car'cel (-sel), n. Photom. A light standard much used in France, being the light from a lamp (Carcel lamp) of stated size and construction consuming 42 grams of colza oil per hour with a flame 40 millimeters in height. Its illuminat- ing power is from 8.9 to 9.6 British standard candles. Carcel lamp. [After B. G. Carcel (d.1812), the inventor.] a A French mechanical lamp, in which the oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork, b See carcel. car'ci-no'ma (-si-no'md), n. ; L. pi. -nomata (-md-td). [L., fr. Gr. napulvwua, fr. Kapdvos crab, cancer. See-OMA.] Med. Any of a class of cancers, typically painful and tender, arising from epiblastic or hypoblastic epithelia. The neigh- boring lymphatic glands become large and tender. Carcino- mata include the majority of malignant tumors. card (kard), n. [F. carte, L. charta, Gr. xhprrjs a leaf of paper.] 1. A playing card. 2. In pi. A game or games played with cards ; card playing. 3. A person or thing compared to, or thought of as resembling, some card, the effect of playing which in a game is in mind ; — used with adjectives, as sure, good, safe, likely, doubtful, etc. 4. A flat, stiff, usually rectangular, piece of paper or thin paste- board, variously used; as, a post card, indicator card, Easter card,. birthday card. 5. A program of, or a form for keeping a record of, the items of races, games, etc. ; hence, an attraction ; as, a drawing card. 6. A published note of explanation, request, etc., as in a newspaper. U. S. — v. t. 1. To place or fasten on, or by means of, a card. 2. To provide with a card. card, n. [F. carde teasel, thistle head, card, fr. L. carduus, cardus, thistle.] 1. An implement for raising a nap on cloth. 2. An instrument for combing cotton, wool, flax, hair, etc. — v. t. To comb with or as with a card. car'da-mom (kar'dd-m&n) , n. Also -mum, -mon (-mun). [From L., fr. Gr. Kapdanu/xou.] 1. The aromatic capsu- lar fruit of any of several Oriental plants of the ginger family, used as a condiment, etc. 2. A plant that pro- duces cardamoms (esp. Elettaria cardamomum and spe- cies of Amomum). card'board' (kard'bord' ; 57), n. A stiff compact paste- board of various qualities, for making cards, etc. card'case' (-kas') , n. A case for visiting cards. car'de-CU (kar'de-ku) , n. [From quart d'ecu.] An old French silver coin worth about 24 cents. card'er (kar'der), n. One who, or that which, cards wool, flax, etc. car'di-ac (-di-ak), a. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. Ka P 8la heart.] Anat. 1. Of , pertaining to, or situated near, the heart. 2. Of, pertaining to, or designating, the part of the stomach into which the esophagus opens, or the whole stomach ex- cept the narrow pyloric end. 3. Med. Exciting action in the heart ; cordial. — n. A medicine that excites action in the heart ; a cordial. — car-di'a-cal (kar-dl'd-kdl), a. car'di-al'gi-a (kar'di-al'ji-d), n. [NL., fr. Gr. napdiaXyia ; Kapdla heart + aXyos pain.] Med. A burning or gnaw- ing pain, or feeling of distress, usually a symptom of indi- gestion, referred to the region of the heart ; heartburn. car'di-gan (kar'di-gdn), n., or cardigan jacket. [After an Earl of Cardigan.] A warm jacket of knit worsted. car'di-nal (-ndl), a. [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo hinge, that on which anything turns or depends.] 1. Of fundamental importance ; chief ; principal. 2. Of or pert, to a cardinal or the cardinals. 3. Of or designating the bright red color of a cardinal's hat, cassock, etc. cardinal bird, or c. grosbeak, any of several brightly colored American song birds of the finch family. — c. flower, the brilliant red flower of an American herbaceous plant (Lo- belia cardinalis) ; also, the plant. — c. number or numeral, a primary number or numeral used in simple counting, etc. — c. points, Geog., the four principal points of the compass. — c. virtues, preeminent virtues; among the ancients, prudence , jus- tice, temperance, and fortitude, to which some modern writers add faith, hope, and charity. car'di-nal, n. 1. R. C. Ch. One of the ecclesiastical princes appointed by the Pope, and constituting his council. 2. A woman's short hooded cloak, orig. of bright red cloth. 3. Cardinal Bird (Cardi- a Cardinal red (see cardinal, a., 3). nahs cardinalis) . (*) b A dyestuff for dyeing cardinal red, obtained as a by- product in the manufacture of magenta. — car'di-nal- ship', n. car'di-nal-ate (-at), n. Office, rank, or dignity of a cardi- nal ; the cardinals collectively. car'di-nal-ly, adv. In a cardinal manner or degree ; funda- mentally. car'di-o- (kar'dT-o-). Combining form from Greek KapSCa, heart, as in cardiograph, cardiology, cardiometer, etc. car'di-O-graph' (-graf ), n. Physiol. An instrument that, when in contact with the chest, registers graphically the comparative duration and intensity of the heart's move- ments. — car'di-o-graph'ic (-graf'ik), a. car'di-oid (kar'di-oid), n. [Gr. Kap8io-€t.8ris heart-shaped; KapSLa heart + eI5os shape.] Math. The one-cusped epi- cycloid traced by any point of a circle that rolls all round on an equal circle. car'di-ol'o-gy (-ol'S-ji), n. The science that treats of the heart and its functions. car-di'tis(kar-dl'tis),n. [NL.; Gr. KapSia. heart + -Ms.] Med. Inflammation of the muscular substance cf the heart. D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CARDOON 152 CARMINE Car-doon' (kar-d6on'), n. [From F., fr. LL., fr. L. car- duus, cardus, thistle.] A kind of large edible thistlelike plant (Cynara cardunculus), related to the artichoke. Care (kar), ?i. [AS. caru, cearu.~\ 1. Grief ; sorrow. 06s. 2. A burdensome sense of responsibility ; anxiety ; con- cern. 3. Serious attention of mind ; heed ; as, have a care ; take care. 4. Charge ; oversight ; as, addressed in care of. 5. A person or thing that is an object of care, or concern. Syn. Care, concern, solicitude, anxiety agree in the idea of mental burden or troubled thought. Care implies a dis- quieting sense of oppression ; as, a careworn face. Concern implies anxious thought, often inspired by interest or re- gard ; as, concern for a friend's safety. Solicitude suggests greater uneasiness than concern, but is less distressing than anxiety ; it often implies fond or tender care ; as, he showed a constant solicitude for his daughter's welfare. Anxiety is a disturbing uneasiness regarding what is future or uncertain. «— v. i.; cared (kard) ; car/ing (kar'ing). 1. To have, feel, or exercise, care. 2. a To have an inclination or wish (to ) ; as, I do not care to go. b To have a fondness or affection ; — usually with for ; as, he does not care for me. ca-reen' (kd-ren'), v. t. [From OF., fr. L. carina keel of a ship.] Naut. a To cause (a vessel) to lean over on one side ; also, to clean, calk, or repair (a vessel in this position). b To cause to be off the keel, or to heel over. — v. i. To lie or heel over. — n. Act or process of careening. ca-reer' (kd-rer r ), n. [F. carrier e race course, highroad, street, L. carrus wagon.] 1. A race course. Obs. 2. A running ; course, esp. a swift one ; hence : speed ; full speed ; — chiefly in such phrases as in full career. 3. General course of action or conduct, as in a calling or in some undertaking, esp. when notable ; as, Washington's career as a soldier. — v. i. To move or run rapidly. — v. t. 1. To cause to career, as a horse. 2. To go over or across in a career. Care'flll (kar'fobl), a. 1. Full of care ; anxious. Archaic. 2. Filling with care ; painful. Obs. or Archaic. 3. Tak- ing care or heed ; cautious. 4. Marked by care ; done with care. — care'ful-ly, adv. — care'ful-ness, n. Syn. Watchful, vigilant ; guarded, chary ; heedful, thought- ful, prudent, judicious, cautious, wary, circumspect, dis- creet. — Careful, cautious, wary, circumspect, dis- creet. Careful suggests watchfulness, without necessary implication of danger ; cautious implies some contingency against which one guards ; as, carefully made prepara- tions ; he is too generous to be cautious. Wary suggests more strongly than cautious, suspicion of danger and alert- ness or vigilance ; as, the mouse ran warily across the room. Circumspect rather implies attentive deliberation or habitual prudence, esp. in matters of peculiar delicacy or difficulty ; as, be wise and circumspect. Discreet sug- gests esp. caution with respect to speech or conduct ; as, a secret may safely be intrusted to a discreet man. careless (kar'les), o. 1. Free from care, anxiety, or solici- tude; as, careless infancy. 2. Having no care; uncon- cerned; also, not taking proper care; heedless; inatten- tive ; as, he was careless of his clothes. 3. Not receiving or exhibiting care : a Not attended to or cared for ; as, a careless trifle, b Done, made, caused, or the like, with- out attention to rule or system ; unstudied ; spontaneous ; as, a careless speech, c Done, said, or caused, without due care ; negligent ; heedless ; as, a careless mistake. — Syn. Unconcerned, thoughtless, negligent, inattentive, un- studied. — careaess-ly, adv. — care'less-ness, n. car'er (kar'er), n. One who cares. ca-ress' (kd-res'), n. [Through F., It., & LL., fr. L. carus dear.] An act of endearment ; an embracing or touc'iing with tenderness. — v. t. To treat with tokens of fondness, affection, or kindness ; fondle. — ca-ress'er, n. Syn. Pet, coddle, caress, fondle. — Caress, fondle. Ca- ress suggests softness of touch, and implies tenderness, but not undue familiarity. To fondle is to handle, or toy with, the object of affection, and often suggests lack of dignity. ca-res'sive (-iv), a. Of the nature of a caress; expressing endearment. car'et (kar'et ; ka'ret ; 3) , n. [L. caret there is wanting.] A mark [ A ] used by writers and proof readers to indicate that something interlined or in the margin belongs in the place marked. care'worn' (kaVworn'; 57), a. Worn with care. car'go (kaVgo), n.; pi. -goes or -gos (-goz). [Sp., fr. cargar to load.] The lading or freight of a ship or other vessel ; load ; freight. — Syn. See freight. [grebe. I car/goose' (-goos'), n.; pi. -geese' (-gey). The crested! Car'ib (kar'ib), n. [See cannibal.] An Indian of a lin- guistic stock now chiefly confined to Brazil and Guiana, but formerly occupying also the Lesser Antilles. Car'ib-be'an (-i-be'an), a. Of or pertaining to the Caribs, or the Caribbean Sea. — n. A Carib. llca-ri'be (ka-re'ba; kar'i-be), n. [Sp., a cannibal.] Any of several South American fresh-water fishes (genus Ser- rasalmo) , remarkable for their voracity. car'i-bou ( kaVi-boo ; kar'i-boo' ), n. ( See plural, Note.) [Can. F., fr. Amer. In- dian, prop., pawer, scratcher.] Any of several species or varie- ties of reindeer of northern North America and Greenland. car'i-ca-ture (kar'i-kd-tyr), n. [It. caricatura, fr. caricare to charge, overload, exagger- ate.] 1. A distor- tion by exaggera- tion, producing a grotesque or ridic- ulous effect, as in a picture. 2. A picture, figure, or description show- ing such exaggera- tion of the peculi- arities of a person or thing. Caribou (Rangifer caribou). Syn. Caricature, burlesque, parody, travesty. A cari- cature is a ludicrous exaggeration or distortion of char- acteristic or peculiar features. A burlesque is an imita- tion made grotesquely incongruous either by treating a trifling subject in mock-heroic vein, or by giving to a seri- ous subject a frivolous turn. A parody treats a ridicu- lous subject in the exact style (esp. in its mannerisms) of someserious and (usually) well-known composition or writer ; in a travesty the subject remains unchanged, but the style is made extravagant or absurd. — v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -Turing. To make a caricature of. — car'i-ca-tur'ist (kar'i-kd-tS'rist ; kar'i-kd-tS'rist), n. ca'ri-es (ka'ri-ez), n. [L.] Med. Decay ; esp., ulceration of bone in which the bone is carried away piecemeal. car'il-lon (kar'i-lon; F. ka/re'yoN'), n. [F., a chime of bells, orig. of four bells.] 1. Music, a A set of bells played by machinery or by finger keys, b An instrument, or an attachment to one, imitating in sound a carillon of bells. See glockenspiel. 2. A tune adapted for a carillon of bells, or a composition suggesting or using bells. ca-ri'na (kd-n'nd), n.; L. pi. -nje (-ne). [L., keel.] Bot. & Zool. A keel. — ca-ll'lial (-nal), a. car'i-nate (kSr'i-nat) 1 a. [L. carinatus, fr. carina keel.] car'i-nat'ed (-nat'ed) j Keel-shaped ; as, a carinate sepal. car'i-Ole, car'ri-ole (-51), n. [From F., fr. L. carrus wagon.] A small, light, open one-horse carriage. ca'ri-OUS (ka'n-Ss; 3), a. Med. Affected with caries. — ca'ri-os'i-ty (ka'rl-os'i-tT ; kar'i-), n.; pi. -ties (-tfz). cark (kark), n. [F. carque, dial, form of charge. See charge.] Care ; worry. — v. t. & i. To burden with care ; trouble ; fret ; labor anxiously. — cark'ing, p. a. All Obs. or Archaic. carl (karl), n. [Icel. karl a male, a man.] 1. A man of the peasantry or common people. Archaic or Hist. 2. A base fellow ; churl. Scot, or Archaic. car'line tbis'tle (kar'lin). [F. carline, It., Sp., & Pg. carlina.'] Any of a genus (Carlina) of thistlelike plants of the Mediterranean region, esp. one (C. acaulis) the root of which was formerly valued as a medicine, and one (C. vulgaris) used as a weatherglass on account of its hygroscopic involucral scales. car'ling (kar'ling), n. Naut. One of the short timbers running lengthwise of a ship, from one transverse deck beam to another ; — usually in pi. Car'lism (kar'liz'm), n. Adherence to Don Carlos of Spain (1788-1855) or his successors, or, formerly, to Charles X., King of France from 1824-30; the principles, plans, or claims of either of these parties. — Car list (-list), n. jCar'lo-vin'gi-an (kar'16-vm'ji-dn), a. Carolingian. U car'ma'gnole' (kar'ma/nyol'),?!. [F.] 1. Costume. Orig., a kind of jacket with short skirts, a large collar, and sev- eral rows of metal buttons, worn in the south of France. It was brought to Paris in 1792 and was adopted by the ar- dent revolutionists. To it were added large black woolen trousers, a waistcoat of scarlet or of blue, white, and red, and a red cap, the name being extended to this costume. 2. A popular or Red Republican song and dance, of the time of the first French Revolution (1789-1799). 3. A soldier of the French Revolution. car'man (kar'mdn), n. A man employed to drive, or to convey goods in, a car or cart ; a carter. Car'mel-ite (-mel-It), n. R. C. Ch. A friar of a mendicant order established on Mt. Carmel, Syria, in the 12th cen- tury ; a White Friar. car-min'a-tive (kar-mTn'd-tTv ; kar'mi-na-tiv), a. [From F., fr. L. carminare to card, hence, to cleanse, carmen a card for wool.] Expelling wind from the alimentary canal ; relieving colic or flatulence. — n. A carminative agent, car'mine (kar'min ; -mln), n. [F. carmin.] The coloring matter of cochineal, having a rich red, crimson, or purplish red color ; also, this color. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, Srb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circiJs, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; CARNAGE 153 •CARPOUS car'nage f-naj), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. Flesh ; a collection of carcasses. 2. Great destruction of life, as in battle ; slaughter. — Syn. See massacre. car'nal (-ndl), a. [L. carnalis, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] Of or pertaining to the body as the seat of the appetites ; animal ; fleshly ; hence : material ; temporal ; worldly ; — opp. to spiritual. carnal knowledge, sexual intercourse. car-nal'i-ty (kar-nal'i-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). Fleshliness; fleshly lust, or indulgence of lust ; sensuality ; worldliness. car'nal-lite (kar'ndl-It), n. [After yon Carnall,a. Prus- sian.] Min. A native hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium, EMgCU '6H20, valuable as a source of potas- sium. car'nal-ly, adv. In a carnal manner. car-nas'si-al (kar-nas'i-dl), a. [F. carnassier carnivo- rous, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh.] Zool. Pert, to or designat- ing certain teeth, the last pair of premolars of the upper jaw and the first pair of true molars of the lower jaw. — n. A carnassial tooth. car-na'tion (kar-na'shwn), n. [ F., the flesh tints in a painting, deriv. of L. caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. A light rosy pink, or, often, a deeper crimson color; a shade of red. 2. In pi. Paint. The flesh-tinted parts. 3. Any of many cultivated, usually double-flowered, varieties of the pink. car-nau'ba (kar-nou'bd), n. [Pg., prob. fr. native name.] The Brazilian wax palm. Its wax is used in candles. Car-nel'ian (-nel'ydn), n. [For cornelian; influenced by L. carneus fleshy, because of its color.] Min. A reddish variety of chalcedony, often used for seals. car'ne-ous (kar'ne-us), a. [L. carneus, from caro, carnis, flesh.] Consisting of or like flesh. car'ni-fy (-ni-fl), v. i. & t.; -ited (-fid) ; -py'ing (-fl'ing). [LL. carnificare, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make.] To form, or turn into, flesh ; become like flesh. — car'ni-f i-ca'tion (-fi-ka'shim), n. car'ni-val (-vdl), n. [It. carnevale, prob. deriv. of L. caro, carnis, flesh + levare to take away.] 1. The season or fes- tival of merrymaking before Lent, observed esp. in Italy. 2. Any merrymaking, feasting, etc., esp. when indecorous. Car-niv'O-ra (kar-niv'6-rd), n. pi. Zool. An order of mammals, mostly carnivorous, including the dogs, cats, bears, seals, etc. — car'ni-vore (kar'ni-vor), n. car-niv'O-rous (-rus), a. [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, flesh + vorare to devour.] 1. Eating flesh. 2. Of or pertaining to the Carnivora. — car-niv'o-rous-ly, adv. car'nose (kaVnos; kar-nos'), a. [L. carnosus, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] Of, pertaining to, or like, flesh ; fleshy. car-nos'i-ty (kar-nos'i-ti), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Qual- ity or state of being fleshy. 2. Fleshy substance or growth ; specif., Med., an abnormal fleshy excrescence. car'no-tite (kar'no-tlt), n. [After Carnot, a Frenchman.] Min. A hydrous vanadate of uranium, potassium, etc. It is radioactive and has been used as a source of radium. car'ob (kar'ob), n. An evergreen tree (Ceratonia siliqua) of the Mediterranean region, bearing red racemose flowers ; also, its pulpy legume, used esp. as fodder. ca-roche' (kd-roch' ; -rosh'), n. [From OF., fr. It., fr. L. carrus wagon.] An old form of stately carriage or coach. car'ol (kar'ul), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. xopavX^'one who accompanies a chorus on the flute.] 1. A round or ring dance accompanied with song. Archaic. 2. A song, usually of joy, exultation, or mirth ; a lay. 3. A song of praise or devotion ; a popular song or ballad of religious joy, or the music of such a song ; as, a Christmas carol. — v. i. & t. ; -oled (-wld) or -olled ; -ol-ing or -ol-ling. 1. To sing, esp. joyfully. 2. To praise or celebrate in song. — car'ol-er, car'ol-ler, n. Car'o-li'na pink' (-S-lI'nd). a The wild pink. bPinkroot. Car'o-line (kar'6-lln ; -lm), a. Of or pertaining to Charles ( LL. Carolus ), as Charles the Great ( Charlemagne ), Charles I. or Charles II. of England, etc. Car'o-lin'gi-an (-lin'ji-an), a. Of or pertaining to the second Frankish dynasty of kings and emperors, succeed- ing the Merovingian. The dynasty began with Pepin the Short and continued from 752 to 911 in Germany and to 987 in France. It is so called from Charles Martel, father of Pepin, or from Charlemagne, Pepin's son. Car'o-lin'i-an (-I-dn), a. 1. Of or pert, to Charles (LL. Carolus), esp. Charles the Great, or Charlemagne. 2. Of or pertaining to Carolina (as North or South Carolina, or the region in which they are located). — n. A native or inhabitant of North or South Carolina. car'0-lus (kar'6-liis), n.; pi. E. caroluses (-ez; 24), L. caroli (-11). [LL., Charles.] Any of various coins issued under monarchs of this name ; specif., an English gold coin of the reign of Charles I., orig. worth 20s. (£4.8665), later 23s. ($5.59). Car'om (kar'um), n. 1. Billiards. A shot in which the cue ball strikes each of two object balls. 2. A similar shot in other games. — v. i. To make a carom. Ca-rot'id (kd-rot'id), a. [Gr. Kaposrldes, pi. fr. K&pos heavy sleep; — from the belief that the carotid arteries caused drowsiness.] Anat. Designating the chief artery or pair of arteries which pass up the neck and supply the head ; hence, pertaining to or near such artery or arteries. — n. A carotid artery. — ca-rot'id-al (-i-ddl), a. U ca'rotte' (ka/rof), n. [F., prop., carrot.] A cylindrical roll of tobacco ; as, a carotte of perique. ca-rous'al(kd-rouz'dl),n. [See .carouse.] 1. A jovial feast or festival; a carouse. 2. Erroneous for carrousel, 1. — Syn. Banquet, revel, orgy, carouse. ca-rouse' (kd-rouz'), n. [From F., fr. G. garaus finishing stroke, the emptying of the cup in drinking a health ; gar entirely + aus out.] 1. A cupful drunk up ; large draft ; a toast. 06s. 2. A drinking match or bout ; carousal. — v. i. ; -roused' (-rouzd') ; -rous'ing. To drink deeply ; take part in a carousal. — ca-rous'er, n. ca'rou-sel'. Var. of carrousel. carp (karp), v. i. [From Scand., but influenced by L. carpere to pluck, calumniate.] To talk complainingly, censoriously, or cavilingly ; cavil. carp, n. (See plural, Note.) A kind of soft-finned, fresh- water fish {Cyprinus carpio), very prolific and tenacious of life ; also, any of various allied fishes. -Carp (-karp). A suffix from Greek napiros, fruit; as, endocarp, schizocarp, pleurocarp. car'pal (kar'pdl), a. [From carpus.] Anat. Of or per- taining to the wrist. — n. A wrist bone. car-pa'le (kar-pa'le), n.; pi. -lia (-li-d). [NL. See car- pus.] Anat. A carpal bone, esp. one of the distal series articulating with the metacarpals. Car-pa'thi-an (kar-pa'thi-dn), a. Pert, to or designating a range of mountains in Austria-Hungary. car'pel (kaVpel), n. [NL. carpellum, fr. Gr. KapirSs fruit.] Bot. In seed plants, a kind of spore-bearing organ consid- ered as part of the pistil. It is a modified leaf. — car'pel- la-ry (-a-ri), a. car'pel-late (-at), a. Bot. Having carpels. Car'pen-ter (-pen-ter), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. car- pentum wagon.] An artificer in timber; a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc. — car'pen-ter-ing, n. carpenter bee. Any of various bees (genus Xylocopa and allied genera) that gnaw long galleries in sound timber. car'pen-try (kiir'pen-tri), n. The work of a carpenter. carp'er (kaVper), n. One who carps; a faultfinder. car'pet (kar'pet; 24), n. [From OF., fr. LL. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, L. carpere to pluck, card (wool).] 1. A heavy woven or felted fabric ; esp., a floor covering made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the floor. 2. A covering suggestive of a carpet, as in softness, etc. ; as. a carpet of leaves. — v. t. To cover or furnish with or as with a carpet. [nally made of carpet.l car'pet-bag' (-bag'), n. A traveler's portable bag, origi-| car'pet-bag'ger (-bag'er),n. One traveling with a carpet- bag ; — a term of contempt orig. for itinerant wildcat bankers of the West, later esp. for Northerners who went south after the Civil War to live, esp. to seek profit under the often corrupt Reconstruction governments. Slang, U. S. carpet beetle or carpet bug. A small beetle (Anthrenus scrophularise) which, in the larval state, does great damage to carpets, etc. ; — called also buf- falo bug. car'pet-ing, n. Cloth or materi- als for carpets ; carpets. carpet knight. _ A knight who cJ^sLtiJ has spent his time in ease and <-arpetueeue. luxury, as in a lady's boudoir. Contemptuous. car'pet-weed' (-wed'), n. A prostrate weed {Mollugo ver- ticillata) of North America, that forms a mat over the .ground. -car'pic (-kar'pik). Combining form equiv. to -carpous. carp'ing (kar'ping), p. a. Faultfinding; captious. car'po-go'ni-um (kaVpS-go'ni-wm), n.; L. pi. -gonia (-d). [NL. ; Gr. Kaptros fruit + root of yiyveadai to be born.] Bot . In some thallophytes, as the red algae, the flask-shaped basal portion of the procarp, in which the egg is formed, and which develops into the sporocarp or cystocarp after fertilization. — car'po-go'ni-al (-51), a. car-pol'0-gy (kar-pol'6-ji), n. [Gr. napirbs fruit 4- -logy.~\ That branch of plant anatomy which relates to the struc- ture of fruit and seeds. — car'po-log'i-cal (kar'po-loj'i- kdl), a. — car-pol'o-gist (kar-pol'6-jist), n. car-poph'a-gous (kar-pof'd-gfis), a. [Gr. icapiros fruit 4- -phagous.'] Feeding on fruits. car'po-phore (kar'po-for), n. [Gr. Kapnos fruit 4- -phore.1 Bot. a In fungi, the stalk of a sporocarp. b A slender pro- longation of the floral axis between the carpels, as in the geranium and many apiaceous and brassicaceous plants. C Incorrectly, the stipe of an ovary. -car'pous (-kar'pus). [From Gr. Kapiros fruit.] A suffix sig- nifying having (such) fruit or (so many) fruits; as, syn- carpous, monocarpous. D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CARPUS 154 CARTWHIP car'pus (kar'pus), n. ; pi. carpi (-pi). [NL., fr. Gr. Kapiros wrist.] Anat. The wrist, or wrist bones collectively. car'rack. Var. of carack. car'ra-geen' (kar'd-gen'), n. Also car'ra-gheen'. [From Carragheen or Carrigeen, Ireland.] A kind of cartilagi- nous seaweed which forms commercial Irish moss. car'riage (kar'ij), n. [OF. cariage luggage, carriage, fr. carter to cart. See carry.] 1. Act of carrying ; convey- ance, esp. of goods. 2. The price or expense of carrying. 3. Act of carrying by assault ; capture. 4. Act or manner of conducting measures or projects ; management. 5. Manner of carrying one's body or self ; bearing ; demeanor. 6. That which carries or conveys ; as : a A wheeled vehicle for per- sons, esp. one designed for elegance and comfort, b A ve- hicle or support carrying a fixed burden ; as, a gun carriage. car'rick bend (kar'Ik). Naut. See knot, 1. car'rick bitts. Naut. The bitts supporting the windlass. car'ried (kar'id), pret. & p. p. of carry. car'ri-er (-I-er), n. One who, or that which, carries, as : a A bearer ; messenger, b One who carries goods for hire, c A mechanism by which something is supported and moved or is driven, d A carrier pigeon, e A conduit for water, etc. f Chem. A catalytic by whose agency some element or group is transferred from one compound to another ; as, iron is a carrier of oxygen. Carrier pigeon. Orig., and in popular usage, a pigeon used to carry messages ; technically, one of a certain fancy breed of pigeons of large size. The pigeons actually used for carrying messages or flying races are properly called homing pigeons. See homing pigeon. car'ri-ole. Var. of cariole. car'ri-on (-zm), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. caro flesh.] The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an animal. — a. Of or pertaining to carrion ; feeding on carrion. || car-roc'cio (kar-rot'cho), n.; pi. carrocci (-che). [It. See caroche.] A car which accompanied the army and bore the standard of an Italian free city of the Middle Ages. The carroccio also bore a bell and, usually, a crucifix. car'rom. Var. of carom. || car'ro-ma'ta (kar'ro-ma'ta), n. [Sp. in Phil. I.] In the Philippines, a kind of light, two-wheeled, boxlike vehicle. car'ron-ade' (kar'u-nad'), n. [From Carron, in Scotland.] A kind of obsolete, short, light iron cannon of large bore. car'ron Oil (kar'un). A lotion of equal parts of linseed oil and limewater, used as an application to burns and scalds ; — first used at the Carron ironworks in Scotland. car 'rot (kar'ut), n. [F. carotte, L. carota.~] A biennial api- aceous plant {Daucus carota) ; also, its edible yellow or or- ange-red, usually spindle-shaped, root. — car'rot-y (-1), a. car'rou-sel' (kar'oo-zel'), n. [F., fr. It., carosello.] 1. A sort of tournament in which knights or cavalrymen, divided into troops, execute various evolutions, and often, formerly, allegorical dances, scenic shows, etc. 2. A merry-go-round. car'ry (kar'i), v. t.; -ried (-id); -ry-ing. [OF. carter, charier, fr. car, char, car. ] 1. To convey, or transport, while supporting, orig. in a cart or car ; to bear ; transfer ; take. 2. To conduct ; lead ; guide ; impel ; move. 3. To transfer from one place (as a country, book, or column) to another ; as, to carry the war into Asia ; to carry an account to the ledger ; to carry a number in adding. 4. Golf. To cover (a distance) or pass (an object) at a single stroke ; as, to carry a bunker from the tee. 5. To convey by extension or continuance; extend. _ 6. Hunting. To follow, as the scent. 7. To get or obtain, as by effort or force; capture. 8. To succeed in; win; secure the adoption or passage of, as a motion. 9. To support; sustain ; hold ; bear ; bear about ; as, to carry a wound ; to carry an unborn child. 10. To have as an attribute, property, or the like ; to bear the aspect of ; to show or exhibit; to imply; to involve. 11. To bear (one's self) ; behave. 12. To hold (a weapon or standard) in a certain prescribed way, practically vertically at the right side ; — often used imperatively in commands ; as, carry sabers i carry arms ! 13. To sustain the weight of ; bear ; as, Eillars carry an arch. 14. Com. To bear the charges or urden of having. 15. To produce, as crops ; to yield ; to support, as cattle. 16. To make good or valid ; support ; sustain ; as, the decision in this case carries the other. — v. i. 1. To act as bearer. 2. To have or exert propulsive power ; as, some rifles carry a mile. 3.To hold the head, etc. ; as, a horse carries well when he holds his head high, with arching neck. to carry on, to keep behaving or acting in. a certain way ; esp., Colloq., to behave or act in a wild, rude, romping, or boisterous manner. — n. ; pi. -ries (-Tz). 1. Mil. The position assumed in re- sponse to the order "carry arms," "carry sabers," or the like. 2. Range, as of a gun or projectile. 3. A portage between navigable waters. U. S. & Canada. car'ry-all' (-610, n. [Corrupted fr. cariole.] A kind of light, covered carriage for four or more persons. U. S. cart (kart), n. [AS. crset, or Icel. kartr."] 1. Any of various vehicles, as a chariot. 2. A two-wheeled vehicle for transporting bulky or heavy articles. 3. Alight business or delivery wagon. 4. An open two-wheeled pleasure car- riage. — v. t. To carry or convey in or as in a cart. cart'age (kar'taj), n. 1. Act of carrying in a cart. 2. The price paid for carting. carte, ||quarte (kart), n. [F. quarte, prop., a fourth.] Fenc- ing. A certain posi- tion in thrusting or parrying. carte (kart), n. [F. See 1st card.] 1. Bill of fare ; — used esp. in a la carte. 2. Short for carte de visite. [carte' blanche' (kart 7 blaNsh') [F., Thrust and Parry in Carte, lit., white paper.], blank paper with a person's signature, etc., given to another with permission to superscribe what he pleases ; unconditional power. — 1| c. de vi'site' (de ve'- zeV) ; pi., cartes de visite (kart) . [F.] a A visiting card. b A portrait photograph, about 2\ x 3f in., close-trimmed. car'tel (kar'tel; kar-tel'), n. [¥., dim. deriv. fr. L. charta paper.] _ 1. Letter of defiance or challenge, as to a duel. 2. A written agreement between opposing nations. cart'cr (kar'ter), n. One who carts ; a teamster. Car-te'sian (kar-te'zhan), a. [From Renatus Cartesius, Latinized form of Rene Descartes.] Of or pertaining to the French philosopher Rene Descartes, his writings, theories, or methods. Cartesian devil, diver, or imp, Physics, a hollow glass fig- ure placed in a vessel of water having i a cover so arranged that pressure] forces the water into the figure, which I hangs suspended, sinks, or floats, ac- cording to the pressure ; — called also bottle imp. —7i. A follower of Descartes ; anadherent of Car- tesian philosophy. — Car-te'sian-ism(-iz'm), n. Car'tha-gin'i-an (kaVthd-jm'i-an), a. Of or pert, to ancient Carthage, in Africa. — n. An inhabitant of Carthage. Car-thu'sian (kar-thii'zhan), n. A member of a very austere religious order, founded near Chartreuse, France, by St. Bruno, in 1086. Car'ti-lage (kar'tT-laj), n. [L. carti- lago.~\ Anat. 1. A translucent elastic tissue composing most of the skeleton of the embryos and very young of all vertebrates ; gristle. 2. A part or structure composed of cartilage. car'ti-lag'i-nous (kaVti-laj'J-nSs) , a. 1. Composed of, con- taining, or pertaining to, cartilage. 2. Zo'ol. Having the skeleton mostly of cartilage, as the sharks. Car'tist (kar'tist), n. [Sp. cartista, fr. carta paper, docu- ment. See chart.] In Spain and Portugal, one who supports the Constitution. car'to-gram (kar'to-gram), n. [F. cartogramme. See 1st card ; -gram.] A map showing statistics geographi- cally, by shades or curves ; a statistical map. car'to-graph (-graf), n. [F. carte map + E. -graph.] A map or chart. car-tog'ra-phy (kar-tog'rd-fT), n. [See 1st card ; -graphy.] The making of charts or maps. — car-tog'ra-pher (-fer), n. — car'to-graph'ic (kar'to-graf'ik), -graph'i-cal, a. car'to-man'cy (kar'to-man'si), n. [See 1st card ; -mancy.] Divination by means of playing cards. car'ton (kar'ton), n. [F.] 1. Pasteboard, as for boxes; also, a pasteboard box. 2. A white disk or circle within the bull's-eye of_a rifle target ; a shot which strikes this. car-toon' (kar-toon'), n. [F. carton, fr. L. charta paper.] 1. Fine Arts. A full-size design or study to serve as a model, as of a fresco. 2. A large pictorial sketch. 3. A pictorial caricature. — car-toon', v. L — car-toon'ist, n. car-tOUChe', car-tOUCh' (-toosh'), n. [F. cartouche, fr. It., fr. L. charta paper.] 1. In some fireworks, the case holding the inflammable materials. 2. Arch, a A scroll- shaped ornament, b A tablet of ornamental form. 3. Astron. A curve exhibiting the varying visibility of an ob- ject, as of a canal on Mars. LArcheeol. An oval or ob- long figure, as on monuments, containing a sovereign's name. See hieroglyphic, Illust. car'tridge (kar'trrj), n. [From F. cartouche. See car- touche.] 1. A case, capsule, shell, or bag, as of metal or pasteboard, holding an explosive charge, esp. for a fire- arm, and in small arms and some cannon holding also the projectile. 2. Photog. a A small case or capsule of chem- icals, b A roll of protected films for insertion in a camera. car'tu-la-ry (kar'tu-lS-n). Var. of chartulary. cart'whip' (kart'hwTp'), v. t. To punish with a cart whip. — v. i. To move with violent sinuosities, like a cart whip. Cartesian Devil. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, flxn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); CARUCATE 155 CASINO Built with the planks 1 Carvel-built ; 2 Clinker- built ; 3, 4 Section at a rib. car'U-cate (kar'o6-kat), n. [LL. carucata, carrucata, fr. carruca plow.] A measure of land and unit for assessment, formerly in use in England, equiv. to the hide or plowgang. car'un-cle (kar'Qn-k'l ; kd-rurj'-), n. [L. caruncula, dim. of caro flesh.] 1. A naked fleshy excrescence, as the wattles and comb of certain birds. 2. Bot. An excres- cence or outgrowth from the seed coat at or near the hilum | of a seed. — ca-run'cu-lar (kd-run'kii-ldr), ca-run'cu- late (-lat), ca-run'cu-lous (-lus), a. carve (karv), v. t.; carved (karvd), Obs. or Archaic carv'en ; carving. [AS. ceorfan.] 1. To cut ; esp., to cut in an artistic manner ; to sculpture. 2. To cut into pieces or slices, as meat at table. — v. i. 1. To cut up meat. 2. To divide and assign as in carving at table; serve ; minister. — n. A carving ; a carving stroke or cut. car'vel (kar'vel), n. A caravel. caravel-built', a. Shipbuilding. meeting flush at the seams. carv'en(kar'v'n), p. a. Wrought by carving; ornamented by carving ; carved. carv'er (-ver), n. One who, or that which, carves. carv'ing, n. 1. Act or art of one who carves. 2. Carved work ; decorative sculpture. car'y-at'id (kar'i-at'id), n.; pi. E. -ids (-idz), L. -k>es (-T-dez). [From L., fr. Gr. KapvariSes, lit., priestesses in the temple of Artemis at Caryas, in Laconia.] Arch. A draped female figure supporting an entablature. car'y-o-ki-ne'sis (kaVi-6-ki-ne'sTs), car'y-o- ki-net'ic (-net'Ik), etc. Vars. of karyortne- sis, etc. car'y-o-phyl-la'ceous ( -fT-la'shus ), a. [ Gr. Kapv6vWov clove tree ; tcapvov nut -f- v\\ov leaf.] Bot. 1. = silenaceous. 2. Having a corolla of five long-clawed petals inclosed in a tubular calyx, as in the pink. car'y-op'sis(-op'sis), n.; pi. -opses (-sez), -op- sides (-op'si-dez). [Gr. icapvov nut kernel + 6\ffis appearance.] Bot. A small-celled, dry, in- dehiscent fruit, with fruit and seed in a single grain, as in wheat, barley, and other grasses. See fruit, Jllust. Ca-sa'ba, or Cas-sa'ba, mel'on (kd-sa'bd). [From Kassaba, in Smyrna, Asia Minor, whence the melon was introduced.] A type of winter muskmelon. cas'a-reep. Var. of cassareep. ca-sa'va. Var. of cassava. Cas'ca-bel (kas'kd-bel), n. [Sp., prop., a little bell.] In certain muzzle-loading cannon, a projection at the rear of the breech. cas-cade' (kas-kad'), n. [F., fr. It. cascata, fr. cascare to fall.] 1. A waterfall less than a cataract. 2. Some- thing suggestive of a cascade ; specif. : a A kind of firework. b A fall of gathered lace, etc., on a dress. — v. i. ; -cad'ed (-kad'ed) ; -cad'ing. To fall in a cascade. cas'ca-ra buck'thom' (kas'kd-ra). A buckthorn {Rham- nus purshiana) of the Pacific coast of the United States, yielding cascara sagrada ; — called also bearwood. Cas'ca-ra sa-gra'da Osas'kd-ra sa-gra'da ; the drug is pop- ularly called kas-ka'rd or kas-kar'd). [Sp. cdscara sa- grada, lit., holy bark.] Pharm. The bark of a California buckthorn, used as a mild cathartic or laxative. cas'ca-ril'la ( kSs'kd-nl'd ), n., or cascarilla bark. [Sp. cascarilla a small thin bark, Peruvian bark, dim. of cds- cara bark.] 1. Pharm. The aromatic bark of a West Indian euphorbiaceous shrub ( Croton eluteria ). It is used as a tonic and stomachic. 2. The shrub itself. cas'ca-ron' (kas'kd-ron' ), n. [Sp. cascaron.] Lit., an eggshell; hence, an eggshell filled with confetti to be thrown by revelers at balls, carnivals, etc. Western U. S. Case (kas), n. [F. cas, fr. L. casus, fr. cadere to fall, hap- pen.] 1. An instance of the kind ; a special state of affairs ; as, a case of injustice. 2. Condition ; actual state of things or affairs ; as, that being the case, we will not go ; specif., physical condition. 3. Med. & Surg. A patient under treat- ment ; an instance of sickness or injury. 4. Law. A suit or action ; a cause. 5. A person peculiar in some way ; a char- acter. Slang. 6. Gram. One of the forms, or of the inflec- tional changes in form, of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicate its sense relation to other words; as, the objective case denotes the relation of object. Loosely, the sense relation itself. — Syn. Situation, circumstances ; plight, predicament ; contingency, conjuncture, event. Case, n. [OF. casse, fr. L. capsa, fr. capere to hold.] 1. A box, sheath, or covering. 2. A box and its contents ; quantity in a box ; hence, set. 3. Print. A shallow divided tray for type. The upper case contains capitals, accented and marked letters, etc. ; the lower case, the small letters, figures, etc. 4. An inclosing frame or framework ; as, a window case. 5. A pair ; couple ; brace ; as, a case of pistols. 6. Bookbinding. A book cover that is separately made complete before fastening in the stitched sheets. 7. The cavity in the head of the sperm whale which contains sper- maceti and a fine oil. [in a case ; incase. I — v. t. ; cased (kast) ; cas'ing (kas'ing). To inclose or put| ca'se-ate (ka'se-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'ed); -at'ing (-aV- mg). [L. caseatus mixed with cheese, fr. caseus cheese.] Med. To become cheesy; undergo caseous degeneration. ca'se-a'tion (-a'shim), n. 1. Conversion into cheese. 2. Med. Caseous degeneration. case'— bay', n. Arch. Any bay or division of a roof or floor, except a tail-bay, comprising two principals with the joists or purlins between them. case bottle, a A bottle fitting into a case with others. b A bottle having a protecting case. case'hard'en (kas'har'd'n), v. t. 1. To harden superfi- cially, as iron or steel. 2. To render insensible to good influences or external impressions. ca'se-in (ka'se-m), n. [L. caseus cheese.] A proteid pre- cipitated from milk, esp. by rennet, important in cheese. ca'se-in'o-gen (-m'6-jen), n. [ casein + -gen. ] Physiol. Chem. The specific proteid of milk. See casein. case knife. A knife carried, or such as is kept, in a sheath or case, such knives formerly being often used at table : hence, a table knife. Haw.) case law. Law. Law made by decided cases ; judge-madel case'mate (kas'mat), n. [F.] 1. Fort. A bombproof chamber, as for cannon. 2. In ships of war, an armored inclosure where guns are mounted. — case'mat'ed, a. case'ment (-ment), n. 1. Arch. A window sash opening on hinges ; hence, chiefly Poetic, a window with such a sash or sashes. 2. An incasement ; casing. ment-ed, a. ca'se-ose (ka'se-os), n. [casein + -ose.] Physiol. Chem. A soluble product, as proteose, formed in the gastric and pancreatic digestion of casein and caseinogen. ca'se-OUS (-us), a. [L. caseus cheese.] Of, pert, to, or like, cheese ; having the qualities of cheese ; cheesy. caseous degeneration, Med., a morbid process in which the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy substance. ca-sern', ca-serne' (kd-zurn'; ka'zern), n. [F. caserne.] Mil. One of a series of buildings in garrison towns, usually near the ramparts, used as barracks. case shot. A collection of small projectiles contained in a case. See canister. case system. Law. The system of teaching law in which the instruction is primarily a historical and inductive study of leading or selected cases, with or without the use of textbooks for reference and collateral reading. case'worm' (kas'wurm / ), n. A worm or larva that makes a case or tube to protect its body, as the caddis worm. cash (kash), n. [It. cassa box, case, fr. L. capsa.'] 1. Money, esp. ready money. 2. Money or its equivalent paid promptly after purchasing ; as, to sell goods for cash. — v. t. To pay or receive cash for ; as, to cash a check. cash, n. sing. & pi. [Tamil & Kanarese kasu.] 1. Any of various coins of small value in India, China, etc. ; esp., a Chinese (and Japanese) alloyed copper coin, worth about tV of a cent. 2. A Chinese money of account, of such value that 48 cash coins equal 100 cash of account. ca-shaw' (kd-sho'). Var. of cushaw. U. S. cash/book' (kasb/bock/), n. Bookkeeping. A book in which is kept a record of all money received or paid out. ca-shew' (kd-shoo'), n. [F. acajou, fr. Brazilian native name.] A tropical tree (Anacardium occidentale) , native of America, but naturalized in all warm countries ; also, its edible nut (cashew nut) yielding a sweet oil. cash-ier' (kash-er'), n. [F. caissier.] 1. One who has charge of money. 2. One who has charge of payments and receipts (moneys, checks, notes, etc.), as in a bank. cash-ier', v. t. [From D., fr. F., fr. L. cassare to annul, cassus empty, useless.] 1. To discharge ; dismiss with ignominy from military service or a place of trust. 2. To discard ; cast off. cash-ier's' check (kash-erz'). Banking. A check drawn by a bank upon its own funds, signed by the cashier. cash'mere (kash'mer, kash'mer'), n. 1. A shawl of cash- mere (sense 2). 2. A rich stuff for shawls, scarfs, etc., originally made in Cashmere (Kashmir), India, from the soft wool of goats ; also, a dress fabric imitating it. ca-shoo' (kd-shoo'). Var. of catechu. cash register. A device for recording the amount of cash received, usually having an automatic adding machine and a money drawer and exhibiting the amount of the sale. cas'i-mere (kas'i-mer), cas'i-mire. Vars. of cassimere. cas'ing (kas'ing), n. Something that incases, or material for incasing ; a case. ca : si'no (kd-se'no), 7i.; pi. E. -NOS (-noz), It. -ni (-ne). [It., dim. of casa house, L. casa cottage.] 1. In Italy, a kind of country house. 2. A building or room for social meet- H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CASK 156 CASTIGATE ings, amusements, etc. 3. = cassino. 4. Id England and the United States, a house designed after the style of an Italian casino, either one-storied or with at least one front pretending to be so. cask (kask), n. [Sp. casco potsherd, cask.] 1. A barrel- shaped vessel of staves, hoops, and heads, usually for liquids ; — a generic term for barrel, hogshead, pipe, butt, keg, etc. 2. Sometimes, such a vessel larger or smaller than the ordinary barrel, as the hogshead, keg, etc. 3. A cask 1 and its contents ; hence, the quantity a cask will hold. cas'ket (kas'ket ; 24), n. 1. A small chest or box, as for jewels. 2. A coffin, esp. an expensive one. U. S. Cas'pi-an ,(kaVpi-dn), a. Of or pert, to the Caspian Sea. casque ( kask ), n. [F., fr. Sp. casco. See cask.] _ A piece of armor for the head ; a helmet. — casqued (kaskt), a. Cas-sa'ba mel'on. See Casaba melon. Cas-san'dra (ka-san'drd), to. [L., fr. Gr. KaertravSpa.'] Gr. Myth A daughter of Priam of Troy. Apollo, who loved her, made her prophetic, but,_ becoming angry with her, decreed that no one should believe her prophecies. cas'sa-reep (kas'd-rep), to. A preparation made, in the West Indies, by boiling the sap of the bitter cassava. It is the basis of the dish called pepper pot. cas-sa'tion (ka-sa'shun), to. [F.] Act of annulling, can- celing, or quashing ; abrogation. cas-sa'va (kd-sa'vd), to. [From F., fr. Sp., fr. Haitian Jca- sabi.] Any of several plants (genus Manihot, esp. Manihot manihot, the bitter cassava) cultivated in the tropics for their rootstocks, which yield a nutritious starch ; also, the starch. Cf. cassareep. cas'se-role (kas'e-rol; kas'e-rol'), to. [F.] 1. A sauce- pan. 2. Ctiem. A small round dish with a handle. 3. Cookery. A mold of boiled rice, mashed potato, or paste, baked, and filled with vegetables or meat. 4. A covered earthenware baking dish. U cas'sette' (ka'seV), to. [F., dim. of casse case.] 1. A casket. 2. Photog. A plate holder. cas'sia (kash'd; -l-d), to. [L., fr. Gr. Kaaala; of Semitic origin.] 1. An inferior kind of cinnamon ; also, any of the trees (genus Cinnamomum) that produce it. 2. Any of various plants (genus Cassia), of warm regions, which bear pods having laxative pulp ; also, the pulp. cas'si-mere (kas'i-mer), to. Also ker'sey-mere. A thin twilled woolen cloth, used for men's garments. Cas'si-nette' (kaVT-net'), to. A cloth with a cotton warp, and a woof of very fine wool or of wool and silk. cas-si'no (ka-se'no), n. [It. casino a small house, gaming house. See casino.] A certain game at cards. cas'si-O-ber'ry (kas'i-6-ber'i), to. [NL. cassine, from the language of the Florida Indians.] 1. The yaupon {Ilex vomitoria) or its fruit. 2. The fruit of a shrub (Vi- burnum obovatum) of the southern United States. Cas'si-O-pe'ia (kas'i-6-pe'yd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Katro-toima.] 1. See Andromeda. 2. \_gen. Cassiopeia (-ye).] Astron. A northern constellation between Andromeda and Ce- pheus ; — named in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabu- lous king of Ethiopia. Cassiopeia's Chair. Astron. A group of stars in the constellation Cassiopeia, crudely resembling a chair; also, the entire constellation. cas-sit'er-ite ( ka-sit'er-Tt ), to. [Gr. Kaaalrepos tin.] M in. Native tin dioxide, Sn02", tin- stone, a mineral usually brown or black in color. It is the chief source of metallic tin. cas'SOCk (kas'uk), to. [From F., fr. It. casacca."] l.Eccl. a A long close-fitting garment worn by cer- tain clergy under their surplices, by vergers as an outer garment, etc. b A shorter, light, double-breasted coat or jacket, usually of black silk, worn under the Geneva gown. 2. a The clerical office, esp. that of an Anglican clergy- man, b One wearing a cassock ; esp., a clergyman. cas'socked (-ukt), p. a. Wearing a cassock. cas'so-wa-ry (-6-wS-ri), to.; pi. -rjes (-riz). [Malay ka- sudri.'] Any of several large ratite birds (genus Casuarius) of New Guinea, Australia, etc., related to the emu. cast (kast), v. t.; pret. & p. p. cast ; p.pr. & vb. n. cast'- ing. 1. To throw ; fling. 2. Hence : a To project or impel as if by throwing ; as, to cast a shadow, b To de- posit or place, esp. in a decisive or violent manner ; as, to cast a man into prison, c To deposit (a ballot) formally or officially ; give (a vote), d To direct or bestow ; as, to cast a glance upon something. 3. To throw off, out, or away ; as, the horse cast a shoe. 4. a To shed ; molt. b To bring forth ; bear; esp., to slink, c To vomit, d To reject as unfit or disqualified ; throw off ; discard. 5. To throw down ; overthrow; specif.: a To throw on or to the ground, b To defeat in a lawsuit ; as, to be cast in damages. C To find guilty ; convict ; condemn. Obs. or Cassiopeia's Chair. Dial. 6. To compute ; reckon ; calculate : specif, r a To cal- culate astrologically ; as, to cast a horoscope, b To conjec- ture ; forecast. 7. To consider ; contrive ; plan. Obs. or R. 8. To put into proper shape; arrange; dispose; specif.: a Art. To arrange, dispose, or adjust (formerly colors, now only draperies). bTo allot (as the parts of a play among actors) ; to allot or assign the parts of (a play) ; also, to assign (an actor) for a part. 9. To throw up, or form by throwing up, as earth, a mound, etc. 06s. or Archaic. 10. To form (liquid material) by pouring it into a mold and letting it harden ; to found ; as, to cast iron. 11. Specif., Print., to stereotype or electrotype. 12. To turn; twist; specif.: a Naut. To veer or turn. Obs. or R. b To turn (the balance or scale) ; hence : to make preponderate ; decide ; as, a casting vote. — Syn. See throw. — to cast away, to wreck. — v. i. 1. To throw ; project ; specif. : a To throw dice, b To throw forth a line in angling, esp. one with a fly. 2. To vomit. 3. To consider ; plan ; scheme. 4. To add figures. 5. To conjecture ; forecast. 6. To receive form or shape in a mold. 7. To turn or twist ; specif. : a To warp ; twist out of shape, b Naut. To turn ; veer ; also, to tack ; wear ship. 8. Hunting. To make a cast (sense 18), as hounds. — n. 1. The act or manner of casting; a throw. 2. Dis- tance to which a thing can be thrown. 3. a A throw of dice ; also, the number or aggregate thrown, b A stroke of fortune ; hence : fortune ; chance. 4. A turn ; change of direction or course ; specif. : a A turn of the eye ; hence : a look; glance; expression, b A fixed turn, twist, or bent ; a warp. 5. An assistance rendered by giving one a ride on bis way ; a "lift." 6. The thing or quantity thrown ; as, a. cast of seed. 7. A throwing down, off, etc. ; also, that which is cast ; hence : the mass of undigested feathers, bones, etc., thrown up from a hawk's or owl's stomach; also, the excrement of the earthworm or lugworm ejected in a convoluted mass. 8. Computation ; reckoning ; esp., addition ; also, conjecture ; forecast. 9. Form into which anything is thrown ; arrangement ; disposition ; as, "A neat cast of verse." Hence, specif. : The assignment of parts in a play to the various actors ; also, the set of actors. 10. Act of casting, or founding ; also, the quantity of metal cast at a single operation. 11. An impression or mold; a pattern. 12. Thing formed in a mold or form ; a casting. 13. Med. A formation in cavities of various diseased or- gans, composed of effused plastic matter ; as, renal casts from the kidneys. 14. Form ; appearance ; style ; as, a peculiar cast of countenance. 15. A tendency to any color ; a tinge ; a hue. 16. A degree ; a dash ; a tinge, as of some quality. 17. Kind ; sort ; stamp ; type. 18. Hunt- ing. A scattering of the hounds in various directions to search for a lost scent ; — also fig. 19. a A throw of a fishing line, net, sounding lead, etc. ; also, that which is so thrown or used; specif., Angling, the flies attached to the line at one time, b A place adapted to fishing or an- gling. 20. Falconry. The number (a couple) of hawks let go at one time from the hand ; hence, of other birds, a couple. — Syn. See turn. Cas-ta1i-a(kas-ta'ii-d),n. [L.,fr.Gr.Ka6p-ncns a bearing.] Med. Electric osmose, used in intro- ducing drugs into the body. — ca-tapb/O-ret'ic (-ret'ik), a. Cat'a-phract (kat'd-frakt), n. [From L., deriv. of Gr. /card wholly -\- (bpao-crcLv to inclose.] Mil. Antiq. A coat of mail for the whole body, or a soldier clad in one. cat'a -plasm (-plaz'm), n. [L. cataplasma, deriv. of Gr. /card down, wholly + ir\acraeii> to form.] Med. A poultice. Cat'a -pult (-pult), n. [L. catapulta, fr. Gr. /cara7re\r7js.] Class. Antiq. 1. An engine for throwing stones, arrows, spears, etc. 2. A forked stick with elas- tic bands for throwing small stones, etc. — v. t. & i. To throw from or as from a catapult. cat'a-ract ( -rakt ), n. [ L. cata- racta a waterfall, Gr. Kara- paKTris, deriv. of /card down + <^y p-qyvvva.1 to break, or ApaaaeLv to strike.] 1. In pi. Sluices; flood- gates ; — usually in cataracts of catapult, l. heaven. Obs. 2. A waterspout. Obs. 3. A waterfall, esp. a large and precipitous one. 4. A deluge ; flood. 5. Med. An opacity of the crystalline lens or its capsule. ca-tarrh' (kd-tar'), n. [L. catarrhus, Gr. /cardppoos a run- ning down, rheum, deriv. of /card down -f- pelv to flow.] Med. An inflammatory affection of a mucous membrane, esp. of the nose or air passages. — ca-tarrh'al (-dl), a. ca-tas'ta-sis (kd-tas'td-sis), n.; pi. -ses _(-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. /cardcrracrts, fr. Kadiaravai to set in order; «card down + la-ravai to place.] 1. Drama. The height or acme of the action, which is to be followed by the catas- trophe. It is preceded by the protasis and epitasis. 2. Rhet. That part of a speech, usually the exordium, in which is set forth the subject matter to be discussed. ca-tas'tTO-phe (-tro-fe), n. [L. catastropha, Gr. Karacrrpo- $■!}; Kara + arpefieiv to turn.] 1. An event producing a subversion of the order of things ; a final event, usually calamitous ; hence, sudden calamity. 2. The final event in a romance, drama, etc., in a drama following the catastasis ; denouement. 3. Geol. A violent and widely extended change in the surface of the earth. See catastrophism. — Syn. See DISASTER. cat'a-stroph'ic (kat'd-strof'ik), a. Of, or pertaining to, or of the nature of, a catastrophe. ca-tas'tro-phism (kd-tas'tro-fiz'm), n. Geol. The doc- trine that the geological changes in the earth's crust have been caused by the sudden action of violent physical causes. Cf. untpormitarian. — ca-tas'tro-phist (-fist), n. Ca-taw'ba (kd-to'bd), n. A light-red variety of American grape ; also, a light-colored rich-flavored wine made from it. cat'bird' (kat'burdQ, n. An American song bird (Galeo- scoptes carolinensis) allied to the mocking bird, note resembles at times theC" mewing of a cat. cat block. Naut. A heavy iron-strapped block with a large hook, used in catting the anchor. cat'boat' (-botO, n. A sailboat rigged with a single mast set far forward and a single large gaff- and-boom sail. cat brier. Any of several smilaxes ; esp., the common greenbrier (Smilax Totundifolia) and other prickly /aw- hirri species. J$& cat'call' (-koF), n. A sound like the cry of a cat, often form- erly made in theaters to show dissatisfaction. — v. i. & t. To sound a catcall ; deride or assail with catcalls. catch (kach), v. t.; pret. & p. p. caught (kot) ; p. pr. & yb. n. catch'ing. [From OF. deriv. of L. captare, v. intens. of capere to take.] 1. To capture or seize, as after pursuit ; take ; get. 2. Hence : a To insnare ; entangle. b To reach or get to, esp. in time ; overtake ; as, to catch a train, c To come on by surprise ; surprise ; detect ; as, to catch one stealing. 3. To take or contract by sympathy, or by or as if by contagion, infection, or exposure, as a disease. 4. To lay hold on, as if capturing ; as, the fire caught the woodwork ; to catch one's hand. 5. To reach with a blow ; hit or strike ; as, he caught him a blow on the head. 6. a To grasp or intercept and hold (anything moving through the air) ; as, to catch a ball, b To seize (an occasion or opportunity) when it is passing or pre- senting itself. 7. To arrest the attention, fancy, etc., of ; please ; charm. 8. To apprehend mentally. 9. To seize and retain ; fasten with or as with a catch ; as, to catch down a raw edge of cloth with a thread. — v. i. 1. To make captures. 2. To take hold, as fire ; spread. 3. To take and retain hold, as a hook. 4. To be held or im- peded by entanglement or obstruction ; as, the kite caught in the tree. 5. To make a snatch or catch ; move in order to, or as if to, snatch ; — often with at. — n. 1. Act or fact of catching ; specif. : Act of catching the ball in various games ; also, a player who catches ; catcher. 2. That which catches, as a catching or insnaring question, a device for fastening, etc. 3. That which is, or is to be, caught or taken ; as, a good catch of fish. 4. Something or some one desirable to be caught, esp. as a husband or wife. 5. A snatch, or small 'fragment ; a scrap, as of song. 6. Music. Orig., a round for three or more unaccompanied voices, written out as one continuous melody, each suc- ceeding singer "catching" up a part in turn. Later, such a round on words combined with ludicrous effects. 7. Agric. The germination of a field crop, esp. to such an extent that replanting is unnecessary. catch/all' (kach'olO, n. A general receptacle. catch crop. Any crop grown between the rows of another crop or intermediate between two successive crops. — catch'-crop'ping, n. catch'er (-er), n. One who catches ; specif., Baseball, the player who stands behind the batsman to catch the ball when pitched. catch'fly' (-fli 7 ), n.; pi. -flies (-fllz). Any of various sile- naceous plants having a viscid secretion on the stems or in- florescence to which small insects adhere. catch'ing, p. a. 1. That catches ; of diseases, infectious ; contagious. 2. Captivating ; alluring ; taking. catch'ment, n. Act of catching ; also, what is caught. catchment area, catchment basin. The entire area from which drainage is received by a reservoir, river, or the like. catch'pen-ny (-pen-i), a. Made for getting small sums of money, as from the unwary. — n. A catchpenny thing. catch'pole', catCh'polF (-poF), n. [From a dial, form of OF. chacepol, chacipol, taxgatherer.] A sheriff's officer, esp. one who makes arrests for debt. catch'up (kach'wp), cat'sup (kat'sup), n. [Malay kechap.2 A table sauce made of tomatoes, mushrooms, or walnuts. catch'weight' (kach'waV), n. Sport. The weight of a con- testant as he happens or chooses to be, instead of as fixed by an agreement or by rule. catch'word' (kach'wurdO, n. 1. Print. The first word of a page inserted at the right-hand bottom corner of the preceding page, below the line. 2. A word so placed or used as to catch the eye or attention ; as : a Either of the words printed over the first and last columns of a page of a dictionary, cyclopedia, etc., being reprints of the headings of the first and last entries or articles on the page, b Among theatrical performers, the cue word, c A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect ; as, the catchword of a political party, etc. catch'y (-T), a.; catch'i-er (-i-er) ; catch'i-est. 1. Catch- ing ; taking. 2. Entangling. 3. Fitful. cate ( kat ), n. [From earlier acate, prop., purchase, fr. OF. acat.'] A choice viand ; a dainty ; — usually in pi. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); CATECKETIC 159 CATHEDRATIC Cat'e-Chet'iC (kat'e-ket'ikHa. IGr. KarrjxvTiKos. SeeCATE- cat'e-chet'i-cal (-i-kdl) J chize.] 1. Of or pertaining to instruction in the rudimentary Christian doctrines. 2. Pertaining to or using questions and answers, as in teaching. cat'e-chin (kat'e-chln; -kin), n. Chem. A crystalline com- pound contained in catechu ; — called also catechuic acid. cat'e-C-hism (kat'e-kiz'm), n. [See catechize.] 1. In- struction by question and answer. 2. A book containing a summary of principles, esp. of religious doctrine, in the form of questions and answers. 3. A set of formal ques- tions put to candidates, etc. cat'e-chist (-kist), n. One who instructs by question and answer, especially in religious matters. cat'e-chis'tic ( -kis'tik ) 1 a. Of or pertaining to a cate- cat'e-chis'ti-cal (-ti-kdl) J chist or catechism. cat'e-chi-za'tion, cat'e-chi-sa'tion (-ki-za'shun ; -kl-za'- shun), n. Act of catechizing. cat'e-chize, cat'e-chise (-klz), v. t.; -chized, -chised (-kTzd) ; -chiz'ing, -chis'ing (-klz'ing). [From L., fr. Gr. /carj/xtfeiv, lit., to resound, impress by word of mouth ; /card + rixelv to sound.] 1. To instruct by question and answer, esp. in religion. 2._To question in detail, -chiz'er (-er^ n. cat'e-chu (kat'e-choo ; -shoo),n. Also ca-ShOO' (ko-shoo'). [Malay kachu, Kanarese kachu.] Any of several dry, earthy, or resinlike, astringent substances, got from certain tropical plants, and used in tanning, dyeing, etc. cat'e-chu 'ic (-choo'ik ; -shoo'ik), a. Of or pert, to catechu ; as, catechuic acid, or catechin. cat'e-chu'men (-ku'men), n. [L. catcchumenus, fr. Gr. Karrixovnevos instructed.] One receiving rudimentary instruction, esp. in Christian doctrines ; neophyte. cat'e-gor'e-mat'ic (-goVe-mat'ik), a. [Gr. Karvyopvua predicate.] Logic. Capable of being employed by itself as a term ; significant in itself, as not involving by its nature reference to anything else; as, "man" is a categorematic word ; — opposed to syncategorematic. cat'e-gor'i-cal (-gor'I-kdl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or in the , form of, a category. 2. Not hypothetical ; unconditional. — cat'e-gor'i-cal-ly, adv. — cat'e-gor'i-cal-ness, n. cat'e-go-ry (kat'e-go-rT), n.; pi. -exes (-riz). [L. categoria, deriv. fr. Gr. /card down + root of ayoptveiv to harangue, assert.] 1. Logic. One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system ; an ultimate con- ception. 2. A class or division, as for discussion ; as, spe- cies, genus, family, etc., are biological categories. cat'e-lec'trode (kat'e-lek/trod), n. [cata- + electrode."] Physics. = cathode. cat'e-Iec-trot'o-nus (-lek-trot'6-nSs), n. [NL. ; cata- + electro- -f- Gr. rbvos tone.] Physiol. The condition of increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode or negative electrode, on the passage of an electric current through it. — cat'e-lec'tro-ton'ic (-lek'tro-ton'ik), a. ca-te'na (kd-te'nd), n.; pi. -KM (-ne). [L., a chain.] A chain ; esp., a series of things connected with each other. Cat'e-na'ri-an (kat'e-na'ri-an; 3), a. [L. catenarius, fr. catena chain.] Like or pertaining to a chain or a catenary. cat'e-na-ry (kat'e-na-n ; kd-te'nd-rT), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). Math. A certain curve, approximately that assumed by a chain suspended freely by its ends. — cat'e-na-ry, a. cat'e-nate (kat'e-nat),v.£.; -nat'ed (-nat'ed) ; -nat'ing. To connect in a series of links or ties ; form into a catena ; link. Cat'e-na'tion (-na/shim), n. Connection of links, as in a chain ; a regular or connected series. ca-ten'U-late (kd-ten'u-lat), a. [L. catenula, dim. of catena chain.] Having a chainlike form or appearance. Ca'ter (ka'ter), v. i. [OF. acater to buy, provide.] 1. To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions. 2. To supply what is needed or desired ; — used with for or to. Cat'er-an (kat'er-dn), n. [Gael. ceatharnach.~\ An irreg- ular soldier or marauder of the Scottish Highlands. ca'ter-cor'nered (ka'ter-kor'nerd ; kat'er-), a. [F. quatre four + E. cornered."] Diagonal. Dial. ca'ter-cous'in (ka'ter-kuz / 'n), n. # An intimate friend; — usually taken as originally meaning a fourth cousin. Ca^ter-er (-er), n. One who caters ; esp., a provider of pro- visions and service at banquets, etc. — ca'ter-ess, n. fern. Cat'er-pillar (kat'er-pil'er), n. [From OF., fr. LL. cattus cat -f- L. pilosus hairy.] The wormlike larva of a butter- fly or moth, or any similar larva of other insects. cat'er-waul (-wol), v. i. [cat + waul, wawl, to cry as a cat.] Of cats, to make a kind of harsh cry ; hence, to cry as cats. — n. Act of caterwauling. cates (kats), n. pi. Provisions; dainties. See cate. cat'fall/ (kaf'foF), n. Naut. A rope or chain used in hoist- ing the anchor to the cathead. cat'fish' (-fish' ), n. Any of various fishes, esp. those of cer- tain physostomous scaleless species constituting a family {Siluridse), having long barbels (which have been likened to a cat's whiskers ) about the mouth. cat'foot'ed (-fdot'ed ; 24), a. 1. Having a short high foot with arching toes ; — said of certain dogs, as the pointer. 2. Soft-footed like a cat ; stealthy or noiseless in walking. cat'gut' (-gut'), n. 1. A tough cord variously used, made from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep. 2. A violin ; stringed instruments collectively. 3. A fabaceous plant (Cracca virginiana) of the eastern United States, with attractive yellow and pink flowers. cath-. Variant of cata-. cat'-hammed' (-hamdO, a. Thin and flat from side to side of the thigh, with an incurving of the rear line ; — said of some horses and cattle, esp. dairy cattle. Cath'a-ran (kath'd-rdn), n. One of the Cathari ; a puri- tan ; a Catharist. — a. Catharistic. Cath'a-ri (-ri), n. pi. [LL., fr. Gr. naOapos pure.] Eccl. Hist. Lit., the pure ; hence, the members of any of various sects which aimed at giving a practical protest to real or fancied corruption, as the Novatians of the 3d century, the Manichseans, and any of various dualistic sects of the later Middle Ages. Gatii'a-rine wheel (kath'd-rfn). Var. of Catherine wheel. Cath'a-rism (-riz'm), n. The principles of the Cathari. Cath'a-rist (-rist), n. [From LL., fr. Gr. K a8a P 6s clean, pure.] One professing greater purity of life than others ; a puritan ; one of the Cathari. — Cath'a-ris'tic, a. cat'harp'ing (kat'har'ping ; -pin), or, more commonly, cat'harp'in, n. Naut. One of the short ropes or iron cramps used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so as to give freer sweep to the yards. ca-thar'sis (kd-thar'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. KaBapcris. See cathartic] 1. Med. A natural or artificial purgation of any passage, as of the mouth, bowels, etc. 2. Philos. = katharsis. 3. Psychotherapy. The process of relieving an abnormal excitement by reestablishing the association of the emotion with the memory or idea of the event that first caused it, and of eliminating it by complete expression (called the abreaction). Ca-thar'tiC ( -tlk ), a. [ Gr. Ka6apTiic6s, fr. KaOaipeiv to cleanse, tcaOapos pure.] Cleansing the bowels ; purgative. cathartic acid, the bitter purgative principle of senna. — n. A cathartic medicine ; often, a mild purgative. Ca-thay' (kd-tha'), n. [LL. Cataya, of Tatar origin.] China ; — an old name, now only in literary use. cat'head' (kat'hedO, n. Naut. A projecting timber or iron near the bow of a ship, to which the anchor is hoisted. ca-the'dra (kd-the'drd ; kath'e-drd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kade- 5pa seat.] The official chair or throne of a bishop, teacher, or any person in high authority. ca-the'dral (kd-the'drdl), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or con- taining, the cathedra; as, a cathedral church. 2= Ema- nating from the cathedra ; authori- tative. — n. The church containing the bishop's cathedra ; as, St. Paul's Cathedral, London ; improperly, in nonepiscopal churches, any of various large or impor- tant churches ; as, the cathedral (of the state church of Prussia) in Berlin. w I t I 8 1 > I U.»I £ 15 - [ Plan of Salisbury Cathedral, England. 1 Principal West Doorway ; 2, 3 Aisles of Nave ; 4 North Porch ; 5 Tower ; 6, 6 Pulpits; 7 Throne; 8 Altar; 9 Font; 10, 11 Choir Aisles ; 12, 13 East or Choir Transept ; 14 Sacristy ; 15 _ Cloister ; 16 Chapter House. cath'e-drat'ic (kath'e-drat'ik), a. 1. Law. Of or pert, to the bishop's cathedra or the episcopal see ; as, cathedratic right. 2. Pronounced ex cathedra ; authoritative^ G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabu'ary. |) Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CATHERINE WHEEL 160 CAUSE > Cath'er-ine Wheel (kath'er-m). [After St. Catherine of Alexandria, who is represented with a wheel, in allusion to the attempt to torture her on a spiked wheel or wheels.] 1. A representation, esp. in heraldry, of a wheel with spikes projecting from the rim. 2. Pyrotechny. A revolving piece of fire- works suggestive of a rose window. Cath'e-ter (kath'e-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kaderrip thing let down or put in; deriv. of Kara down + Vtva.\. to send.] Med. Any of various instruments for passing along mucous canals ; esp. a tubular instrument to draw off the urine. — cath'e-ter-ize (-Iz), v. t. Catb/ode (-od), n. [Gr. Kcudodos descent; /card down + o86s way.] Elec. The negative terminal of an electric source, or more strictly, the electrode by which the current leaves an electrolyte on its way back to the source. Cf. anode. cathode rays. Physics & Chem. Rays projected from the cathode of a vacuum tube in which an electric discharge takes place. They consist of negative ions or electrons. By impinging on solids they generate Rontgen rays. ca-thod'ic (kd-thod/ik) , a. Also ka-thod'ic. Physics. Of, pert, to, or emanating from, a cathode ; as, a cathodic ray. Ca-thod'o-graph(-6-graf),n. [cathode + -graph.'] Physics. A picture produced by the Rontgen rays ; a radiograph. cath'o-lic (kath'6-llk), a. [From L., fr. Gr. nadoXiKos, fr. koS' 6\ov in general ; Kara down, concerning -f- oXos whole.] 1. Universal or general ; specif., affecting mankind as a whole. 2. Broad in sympathies or understanding ; liberal. 3. Of or pert, to the church universal. Hence : a [cap.] Designating, or pertaining to, the Western Church after its separation from the Eastern Churchy which assumed the title of Or- thodox, b [cap.] Designating, or pertaining to, the Roman Catholic Church or Roman Catholics. — n. [cap.] A member of a Catholic church ; esp., a Roman Catholic. — ca-thol'i-cal-ly (kd-thol'i-kdl-i), adv. ca-thol'i-cism (-siz'm), n. 1. Faith or system of, or adher- ence to, the catholic church, or [cap.] a Catholic church, esp. the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Catholicity. Rare. Cath'o-lic'i-ty (kath'6-lis'i-ti), n. 1. State or quality of being catholic ; liberality. 2. Catholicism. ca-thol'i-cize (kd-thol'i-slz), v. t. & i.; -cized (-slzd); -ciz'ing. To make or become catholic or [cap.] Catholic. ca-thol'i-con (-kon), n. [Gr. KadoXiKos, neut. koOoXikov uni- versal.] A universal remedy ; a panacea. Cat'i-on (kat'I-on), n. [Gr. nara. downward + Ibv, neut., going.] Chem. a The product evolved at the cathode in electrolysis, b In general, a positive ion. Cf. anion. cat 'kin (-km), n. An ament. cat'like' (-Ilk'), a. Likeacat; hence: stealthy; noiseless. catling (-ling), n. [cat + 1st -ling.] 1. A little cat ; a kitten. 2. Catgut ; a catgut string. Rare. cafminf (-mint'), n. Catnip. cat'nip(-nip),n. Also cat'nep (-ngp). [cat+nip, dial, of nep catnip.] A common plant (Nepeta cataria) of the mint family, having aromatic, strong-scented herbage. cat'— o'-moun'tain. Var. of catamountain. cat'-o'-nine'-tails' (kat'o-nln'talz'), n. An instrument consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle, used in flogging. ca-top'trics (kd-top'tnks), n. (See-ics.) # [Gr.KaToirrpi.K6s of or in a mirror.] Optics that deals with reflected light, esp. light reflected from mirrors. — ca-top'tric (-trik), a. ca-t os' to-mid (kd-tos'to-mTd), a. [Gr. kLtoi down + aropa mouth.] Of or pert, to a family (Catostomid^) of physostomous fresh-water fishes consisting of the suckers. — n. A catostomid fish. ca-tos'to-moid (-moid), a.&n. = Catostomid, a. & n. cat rig. Naut. A rig consisting of a single mast placed very far forward and carrying a single large sail extended by a gaff and long boom. — cat'-rigged' (kat'ngd'), a. Cat's'— Claw' (kats'klQ'), n. 1. In the southwestern United States, any of several prickly mimosaceous shrubs (as Acacia greggii and Mimosa biuncifera.) 2. In pi. In England : a The kidney vetch, b The bird's-foot trefoil. cat's cradle. A child's game played with a string looped over the fingers. cat's'-eye', n. A gem opalescent like the eye of a cat. cat's'-paw', n. l. Naut. A light a i r which ruffles the sur- face of the water in patches d u r i n g a 'Cat's Cradle. First Figure, calm. 2.Adupe; tool. 3. A kind of hitch. See knot, Illust. cat'stick' (kat'stik'), n. A stick or club used in the game of trapball or of tipcat. cat'sup (kat'sup). Var. of catchup. cat'-tail', n. A tall marsh plant (Typha lati folia), with long, flat leaves, and flowers in a close cylindrical spike. Cat'ta-lo (kat'd-lo), n.; pi. -loes or -los (-loz). [ca»le + buffaZo.] A hybrid produced by breeding a domestic animal of the ox kind with an American buffalo or bison. cat'tish (kat'ish), a. Catlike ; feline. cat'tle (kat/'l), n. [OF. catel, LL. captale, capitate, goods, property, esp. cattle, fr. L. capitalis chief, caput head, capital, stock.] 1. Live stock, now usually quad- rupeds, kept as property or for use ; esp., bovine animals. 2. By extension, such animals as vermin, insects, etc., and, contemptuously, human beings. Obs. or Archaic. cat'ty (kat'I), 7i.; pi. catties (-iz). [Malay katl. See caddy.] 1. A weight of the East Indies, China, etc., com- monly equal to about (in China by treaty, exactly) l\ lbs. av. (604.8 grams). 2. The Siamese chang of 2| lbs. av. Cau-ca'sian (ko-ka'shdn ; -kash'an), a. 1. Of or pertain- ing to the Caucasus or its inhabitants. 2. Designating, or pertaining to, the division of mankind comprising the chief races of Europe, North Africa, and southwestern Asia, named the Caucasian race on the supposition that the people of the Caucasus were typical of the race. — n. A member of any of various native peoples of the Caucasus, or of the Caucasian race. — Cau-cas'ic (-kas'ik), a. cau'CUS (ko'kiis), 7i. 1. A meeting of the members or leaders of a party or faction to decide on policies or candi- dates to be supported. U. S. 2. In England, an organization or committee within a political party, sometimes elected, which exercises more or less control over the political action of the party ; also, such a system. cau'dal (-dal), a. [L. cauda tail.] Like, or pertaining to, a tail; having a tail-like appendage. cau'date (-dat), cau'dat-ed (-dat-ed), a. [L. cauda tail.] Having a tail or tail-like appendage. cau'dex (-deks), n. ; pi. L. -dices (-di-sez), E. -dexes (-dek'- sez; 24). [L.j Bot. The woody base of a perennial plant. cau'di-cle (ko'dT-k'l), n. [Dim. of L. cauda tail, append- age.] Bot. The slender, stalklike appendage of the pollen masses in orchidaceous plants. cau'dle (-d'l), n. [From OF., fr. LL., fr. L. calidus warm.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, esp. a mixture of wine or ale with eggs, bread or gruel, sugar, and spices. caught (kot), pret. & p. p. of catch. caul (kol), n. [ME. calle, kelle.] An investing membrarc. Obs., except : a The great omentum, b A part of the amnion sometimes covering the head of a child at birth. caul'dron. Var. of caldron. cau-les'cent (ko-les'ent), a. [L. caulis stalk, stem.] Bot. Having a leafy stem above ground. cauli-cle (ko'li-k'l), n. [L. cauliculus, dim. of caulis stem.] Bot. A rudimentary stem. cau-lic'u-lus (kS-lik'u-lus), 7i.; pi. -Li (-11). [L., little stalk.] Arch. In the Corinthian capital, one of the eight stalks rising out of the lower leafage and ending in leaves that seem to support the small scrolls. cauli-flow'er (ko'li-flou'er), n. [From F. choufleur, lit., cabbage flower ; deriv. of L. caulis cabbage and/?os, fioris, flower.] A variety (Brassica oleracea botrytis) of the cabbage in which the head consists of the thick flower cluster instead of the leaves ; also, the head. cauli-form (-f6rm), a. [L. caulis stalk + -form.] Bot. Having the form of a stem, or caulis. cau'line (ko'lin; -lln), o. [From caulis.] Bot. Growing on, or belonging to, a stem ; specif., growing on the upper portion of a stem, as opposed to basal or radical. caulis (-lis), n.; L. pi. caules (-lez). [L., a stem.] Bot. The stalk or stem of a plant. caulk, caulk'er, etc. Vars. of calk, calker, etc. cau'lome (ko'lom), n. [Gr. k Cecropia moth (se-kro'pT-d). A large silkworm moth (Samia cecropia), the largest motb of the eastern United States. Its larva feeds on many forest and fruit trees. Ce'crops (se'krops), n. [L., fr. Gr. KtKpoi/'.] In Greek tradition, a hero said to have been the first king of Attica. He was represented as half snake. ce'dar (-der),n. [ F. cedre. fr. L. cedrus, Gr.KeSpos.] Any of a large number of evergreen trees, chiefly of the pine family, having fragrant, durable wood. [North America. cedar bird. A waxwing (Ampelis cedrorurri) of temperate| Ce'darn (-dem), a. Of or pertaining to the cedar. Poetic. cede feed), v. t.; ced'ed (sed'ed) ; ced'ing. [L. cedere to withdraw, yield.] To yield ; surrender ; give up. ce-dil'la (se-dil'd), n. [Sp. cedilla, dim. of zeta the letter z, Gr. f rjTa, because z was formerly written after the c to indicate sibilancy.] A mark under the letter c [thus, c] to show that it is to be sounded like s, as in facade. ced'U-la (sed'u-ld; Sp. tha'doo-la), n. [Sp. cedula. See schedule.] In Spanish countries, any of various certifi- cates, etc. ; as : a A personal registration tax certificate ; also, the tax. Phil. I. b Any of certain securities issued in some South and Central American countries. cee (se), n. The letter C, c. Ceil (sel), v. t. [OF. c{i)eler, prob. fr. L. caelare to carve, confused with F. del sky, canopy, L. caelum sky.] l.To overlay or line, as a wall ; wainscot. Obs. 2. To furnish with a ceiling. ceil'ing, n. 1. Act of one who ceils a room, vessel, etc. 2. The lining or covering of a room, esp. that overhead. cel'a-don(sel'a-don),7i. [F. celadon.'} Pale sea-green color. Ce-lae'no (se-le'no), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kekaivw, prop., the black one.] 1. See Harpy. 2. See Pleiades. cel'an-dine (sel'dn-dln), n. [OF. celidoine, fr. L., fr.Gr. xe\i56i>Los pert, to the swallow, fr. x^^wu swallow.] An herb (Chelidonium majus) of the poppy family, with yellow flowers. cel'e-brant (-e-brdnt), n. One who celebrates a public religious rite ; esp., the officiating priest at_the Mass. cel'e-brate (sel'e-brat), v. t.; -brat'ed (-brat'ed) ; -brat'- ing. [L. celebratus, p. p. of celebrare to frequent, cele- brate, celeber famous.] 1. To perform publicly and with appropriate rites ; solemnize. 2. To honor by, or observe with, solemn rites or ceremonies of joy and respect, or by refraining from business ; keep, as a holiday. 3. To pro- claim ; publish abroad. 4. To extol ; sound the praises of. Syn. Celebrate, commemorate, keep, observe, sol- emnize. Celebrate emphasizes outward ceremonies or demonstrations ; commemorate, the idea of calling to remembrance in some way ; as, we celebrate the Fourth of July, and thus commemorate the birth of American inde- pendence. Keep, as also observe, applies primarily to religious occasions or ceremonies ; as, to keep the Sabbath ; to observe the rites of the church. To solemnize is to per- form (esp. the marriage ceremony) according to a ritual. — - v. i. To perform a religious ceremony (esp. the. Eucha- rist), or to observe a festival, holiday, or the like. Cel'e-brat'ed (sel'e-brat'ed ; 24), p. a. Distinguished; re- nowned. — Syn. Famous, famed, illustrious. See eminent. cel'e-bra'tion (-bra'shun), n. Act or process of celebrating, or state of being celebrated. cel'e-bra'tor (sel'e-bra'ter), n. One who celebrates. ce-leb'ri-ty "(se-leb'n-tT), n .; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of being celebrated ; renown. 2. A celebrated person. Colloq. ce-ler'i-ty (-ler'i-tT), n. [L. celeritas, fr. celer swift.] Ra- pidity of motion ; speed. — Syn. See velocity. Cel'er-y (sel'er-T), n. [F. celeri, fr. Gr. aehivov parsley.] A European herbaceous apiaceous plant (Apium graveo- lens), the blanched leaf -stalks of which are eaten as a salad and also cooked. ce-les'ta {se-les'td), n. [F. celesta!] A keyboard instru- ment giving its tones from steel plates struck by hammers. C3-les'tial (se-les'chdl), a. [From OF., fr. L. caeleslis, fr. caelum heaven.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sky, or visi- ble heavens. 2. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the spiritual heaven ; heavenly ; divine. 3. Of or pert, to the Chinese Empire (see Celestial Empire, below), or, Humorously, the Chinese people. Syn. Celestial, heavenly. Celestial usually suggests the more conventionalized notions of heaven, pagan or Christian ; as, a celestial visitant. Heavenly is more apt to suggest spiritual qualities; as, "your heavenly Father." Celestial City, the heavenly Jerusalem. — C. Empire, , the Chinese Empire ; — so called from the Chinese words, T'icn Ch'ao, "Heavenly Dynasty," as being the kingdom ruled over by the dynasty appointed by Heaven. — c. globe, Astron., a globe on whose surface the constella- tions, fixed stars, and circles of the celestial sphere are de- picted. — c. horizon, c. latitude, c. longitude. See horizon, latitude, longitude, c. sphere, a sphere of indefinitely great radius, of which the apparent vault or dome of the sky forms half. — n. 1. An inhabitant of heaven ; a heavenly being. 2. leap."] A native of China ; a Chinese. Colloq. Cell, 4. Z Zinc Plate (negative pole) ; C Carbon Plate (positive pole) . ce-les'tial-ly, adv. In a heavenly manner. Cel'es-tine (sel'es-tTn ; -tin; se-les'tin), n. Eccl. Hist. A monk of an austere branch of the Benedictine Order founded in the 13th century by Pietro di Morone, who became Pope Celestine V. cel'es-tite (sel'es-tlt ; se-les'-), cel'es-tine (-tin ; -tin), n. [LL. caelestinus blue.] Min. Native strontium sulphate, SrS04, commonly white, but occasionally delicate blue. ce'li-ac. Var. of cceliac. cel'i-ba-cy (sel'i-bd-si ; se-lib'd-si), n. State of being un- married ; single life, esp. of a bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry. cel'i-bate (sel'i-bat), n. [L. caelibatus, fr. caelebs unmar- ried.] An unmarried person. — a. Unmarried ; single. cell (sel), n. [OF. celle, fr. L. cella.'] 1. A very small close apartment, as in a prison. 2. A small religious house attached to a monastery or convent. 3. A small hollow recep- tacle, as in a honeycomb. 4. Elec. A receptacle containing electrodes and an electrolyte for generating electricity or for producing electrolysis. 5. Anat. & Zo'dl. a A small cavity or compartment, as a calicle inclosing a zooid in hydroids and corals, b A case or covering for pro- tection of the eggs or young of insects, etc. C One of the areas bounded by veins in an insect's wing. 6. Bot. a One of the compartments of an ovary, or the whole interiorof a simple monocarpellary ovary. b = A theca. 7. Biol. The structural unit of which animals and plants are built up, consisting of a minute mass of protoplasm, generally containing a nu- cleus, and inclosed in a covering, or cell wall. Cella (sel'd), n.; pi. -le (-e). [L.] Arch. The part of an ancient Greek or Roman temple within the walls, as dis- tinct from open porticoes and other outside parts. cellar (sel'er), n. [OF. celier, fr. L. cellarium pantry, cella storeroom.] 1. A room or set of rooms below the surface of the ground, generally under a building, used esp. for keep- 3-- ing provisions and other I4.. stores. 2. Short for wine s- CELLAR. — v. t. To place or store in 6 " or as in a cellar. cellar-age (-aj), n. 1. Cellar space. 2. Charge for storage in a cellar. cel'lar-er (-er), n. A monas- tic steward or butler. cellar-et' (-Stf), n. A cabi- Diagram of an Animal Cell. net for holding a few bottles 1 Attraction Sphere inclosing of wine or liquor. two Centrosomes ; 2 Plastids rpl'litst 'rplliest ( rTipl'Tiov ; nevos empty + rd0os burial, tomb.] An empty tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person buried elsewhere. Ce'no-zo'ic ( se'no-zo'ik ; sen'o-), a. [Gr. km vos recent -f- f C017 life.] Geol. a Pert, to or designating the era extending from the close of the Mesozoic to the present and including the Tertiary and Quaternary ; — called also Age of Mam- mals, b = Tertiary. — Ce'no-zo'ic, n. Cense (sens), v. t. [For incense."] To_ perfume with odors from burning gums and spices ; offer incense to. cen'ser (sen'ser), n. [For incenser."] A vessel for perfumes, esp. one to burn incense in. cen'sor (-sor ; -ser), n. [L., fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. One of two magistrates of ancient Rome who took the census, and who became overseers of morals and conduct. 2. One who acts as an overseer of morals and conduct; esp., an official empowered to examine written or printed matter in order to forbid publication if objectionable. 3. A faultfinder; censurer. — v. t. To subject to the action of a censor. cen-SO'ri-al (sen-so'ri-al;57), a. Belonging to, censer. or characteristic of, a censor. cen-SO'ri-OUS (sSn-so'ri-us ; 57), a. 1. Addicted to censure; apt to condemn. 2. Implying or expressing censure. — Syn. Faultfinding, carping, caviling, condemnatory. — cen-so'ri-ous-ly, adv. — ri-ous-ness, n. cen'sor-ship (sen'sor-ship ; sen'ser-), n. State, office, or power of a censor. cen'sur-a-ble (-shur-d-b'D, a. Deserving of, or subject to, censure ; blamable. a-ble-ness, n. a-bly, adv. cen'sure (-shur), n. [L. censura, fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. Judgment; sentence; reprimand. Obs., exc. Eccl. 2. Act of finding fault with, or condemning as wrong ; hostile criticism. 3. Correction ; recension, esp. in literary criti- cism. — Syn. Blame, reproof, condemnation, reproba- tion, disapproval, disapprobation, reprehension, reflection. — v. t. & i. ; -sured (-shurd) ; -sur-ing. 1. To judge ; con- demn ; sentence. Obs. 2. To find fault with or condemn as wrong ; criticize adversely. Syn. Upbraid, chide, rebuke, reprove, admonish, blame, condemn, reprobate. — Censure, blame, condemn, rep- robate agree in the idea of an unfavorable opinion. To censure is to criticise adversely. To blame is to find fault with as culpable. Condemn is more judicial, and implies an adverse judgment. To reprobate is to condemn strongly or with detestation. cen'sur-er (sen'shur-er), n. One who censures. cen'sus (-siis), n. [L., fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. Roman Hist. A numbering of the people, and valuation of their estates, for taxation, etc. 2. An official enumeration of the population of a country, city, or other place, generally with classified social and economic statistics. — v. t. To take a census of ; count in a census. cent (sent), n. [F., hundred, L. centum.] 1. A hundred ; — used only in per cent (see per cent). 2. The 100th part of the unit in various monetary systems ; also, a coin of this value ; esp. : In the United States, Canada, Mexico, and elsewhere, the 100th of a dollar, a coin of alloyed copper. The sign £, which always follows the numeral (as, 1£, 10fi), is read cent or cents. Abbr., ct.; pi. cts. cen'tal (sen'tdl), n. [L. centum a hundred.] A weight of 100 pounds avoirdupois. — a. Relating to a hundred, or to the use of the cental. cen'tare' (sen'tar'; F. saN'tar')- Var. of centiare.' cen'taur (senator), n. [L. Centaurus, Gr. Kkvravpos.] Gr. Myth. One of a race, half man and half horse, of descend- ants of Ixion, dwelling in the mountains of Thessaly. Cen-tau'rus (sen-to'rus), n.; gen. Centauri (-rl). [L.] Astron. A southern constellation between Crux and Hy- dra ; the Centaur. Its brightest star, Alpha (a) Centauri, is the nearest known star. cen'tau-ry (sen'to-ri), n. [From L., fr. Gr. Kevravpiov, It. the centaur Chiron.] Either of two Old World gentiana- ceous herbs (Chlor a perfoliata and Erythrasa centaurium) with medicinal properties reputedly discovered by the cen- taur Chiron ; hence, any erythraea. cen-ta'vo (sen-ta'vo; Sp. than-ta'vo), n.; pi. -vos (-voz ; Sp. -vos). [Amer. Sp., prop., hundredth.] A small coin and money of account, usually the hundredth of a peso. cen'te-na'ri-an (sen'te-na'n-dn ; 3), a. Of or pertaining to a hundred years. — n. A person a hundred years old. cen'te-na-ry (sen'te-na-n), a. [L. centenarius, fr. centum a hundred.] Of or pert, to a period of 100 years ; centennial. — n.; pl. m -RTES (-riz). 1. A century. 2. A centennial. cen-ten'ni-al (sen-ten'i-dl), a. [L. centum hundred -f- an- nus year.] 1. Of, pert, to, or completing a space of 100 years. 2. Lasting or aged 100 years. — n. A 100th anni- versary or its celebration ; a centenary. ni-al-ly, adv. cen-ten'ni-um (-um), n.; pi. -nia (-d). [NL.] A space of one hundred years ; a century ; a centenary. cen'ter, cen'tre (sen'ter), n. [F. centre, fr. L. centrum, fr. Gr. nkvrpov sharp point, center of a circle.] 1. The mid- dle point of a circle or sphere, equally distant from every point of the circumference. 2. Middle or central point or part of anything, or something at or in the middle ; as, the center of an army. 3. That about which a body revolves or rotates ; hence : a point of concentration ; a point about which things, influences, etc., concentrate, or from which they proceed ; as, a religious center. 4. The middle point of the earth, or the earth itself as being the middle point of the universe. 5. Mech. a One of the two conical steel pins, in a lathe, etc., upon which the work is held, and about which it revolves, b A conical recess, or indentation, in the end of a shaft or other work, to receive the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a lathe. 6. [Usually cap. as used of a particular group.] Those members of a legislative assembly, as the Moderates in France or the Roman Catholic party in Germany, who occupy benches in the center of the chamber. See left, n., right, n. 7. Mil. That portion of an army between the two wings. 8. a That division of a target between the bull's-eye, or innermost division, and the inner, b A shot that strikes it. center, or centre, of gravity, that point in a body about which all the parts exactly balance each other. — v. i. ; -TERED or -tred (-terd) ; -ter-ing or -tring. To be centered. — v. 1. 1. To place or fix in or at the center. 2. To collect to a point ; concentrate. 3. To furnish or mark with a center; specif., Optics, to adjust (a lens or objective) so that its plane is perpendicular to the optical axis. cen'ter-bit', cen'tre-bit' (-bit'), n. A bit with a sharp pyramidal center point and two side cutting flanges, used for boring wood across the grain. cen'ter-board', cen'tre-board' (-bord'; 57), n. Naut. In a sailing vessel, a device, usually a broad board or slab of wood or metal, pivoted at the forward lower corner so that it can be raised within a watertight casing, or lowered to in- crease the area of lateral resistance and thus prevent leeway. cen'ter-ing (-ing), cen'tring (-tring), n. Also centre- ing. 1. Act of one that centers. 2. A substructure on which a masonry arch or vault is built until self-supporting. cen'ter-piece', cen'tre-piece' (-pes'), n. A piece put in the center of anything ; specif., an ornament for the center, as of a table, ceiling, etc. ; a central article or figure. cen-tes'i-mal (sen-tes'i-mal), a. [L. centesimus hun- dredth.] Hundredth ; pertaining to, or divided into, hun- dredths. — cen-tes'i-mal-ly, adv. cen-tes'i-mo (sen-tes'i-mo), n.; pi. It. -mi (-me), Sp. -mos (-moz ; Sp. -mos). [It. & Sp.] The hundredth part of a lira, or, in Uruguay, of a peso. ^^ G H K K = oh in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = eqaals. M CENTI- 164 CERAMICS > cen'ti- (sen'ti-). 1. [L. centi-, fr. centum hundred.] A combining form signifying hundred. 2. [F. centi-.'] A combining form used, chiefly in the metric system, to signify hundredth part; as, centimeter, centigram, etc. Cen'ti-are' (sen'ti-ar' ; F. saN'tyar'), n. [F. centiare; centi- (L. centum) + are."] A measure of land equal to one square meter. cen'ti-grade (sen'ti -grad), a. {centi- + L. gradus degree.] Consisting of a hundred degrees or divisions ; specif., of or pert, to the centigrade thermometer (abbr., C), on which the distance between the freezing point and boiling point of water is divided into 100 equal parts, or degrees, so that 0° C. corresponds to 32° F., and 100° C. to 212° F. This thermometer is called also Celsius thermometer, after its inventor Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer. cen'ti-gram, cen'ti-gramme (-tT-gram), n. [F. centi- gramme.'] A weight equal to one 100th of a gram. cen'ti-li'tsrl (-le'ter), n. [F. centilitre.] A measure of vol- cen'ti-li'trej ume equal to one 100th of a liter. ceri'tune' (saN'tem' ; san'tem), n. [F.] The hundredth part of a franc, or about ^ of a cent. cen / ti-me / terUsen'ti-me / ter), n. [F. centimetre.] Ameas- cen'ti-me'tre/ ure of length equal to one 100th of a meter. cen'ti-me'ter-gram'-sec'ond, a. See abbr. C.G.S., more commonly used. cen'ti-mo (sen'te-mo), n.; pi. -mos ('-moz). [Sp. cen- time-.] The hundredth part of a peseta, colon, or bolivar. cen'ti-pede (-ped), n. [L. centipeda; centum hundred + pes, pedis, foot.] Any of numerous myria- pods with a long flattened body, and the an- terior legs mod- ified into poison fangs. cen'ti-stere (sen'ti-ster ; F. saN'te-star'), n. [F. centistere.] One hundredth Centipede. (J) of a stere, or cubic meter ; 0.353 cubic foot. cent'ner (sent'ner), re. [G., a hundredweight, fr. L. cente- narius of a hundred.] 1. A commercial hundredweight in several Continental countries, generally 50 kilograms, or 110.23 lbs. 2. A weight (metric centner) of 100 kilograms or 220.46 lbs. 3. The cental. cen'to (sen'to), re.; pi. -tos (-toz). [L.] 1. A patchwork. Obs. 2. A literary or musical work formed of selections. 3. Any work, as a map, composed of incongruous parts. cen'tral (-trdl), a. Relating to, situated in or near, or con- taining or constituting, the center ; equidistant or equally accessible from certain points ; fig., chief ; dominant. U cen-tral' (sen-traF), re. [Amer. Sp.] A sugar mill which works for several plantations. cen'tral-ism (sen'tral-iz'm), re. Centralization or the cen- tralizing system, or advocacy of this system, esp. in govern- ment. — cen'tral-ist, re. — cen'tral-is'tic, a. Cen-tral'i-ty (sen-tral'I-ti), re.; pi. -ties (-tiz). State of being central ; central position. cen'tral-i-za'tion (sen'tral-i-za'shiin), re. Act or process of centralizing, or state of being centralized. cen'tral-ize (sen'trdl-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'lng (-Tz ; - Ing). To bring to a central point ; bring under one system or control. — cen'tral-iz'er (-Iz'er), re. cen'tral-ly, adv. In a central manner or situation. cen'tre (sen'ter). Var. of center. cen'tri- (sen'tri-). See centro-. cen'tric (-trik), a. 1. Placed in or at the center or middle ; central. 2. Of, pert, to, or characterized by, a center; specif., Physiol., of or pertaining to a nerve center. cen-tric'i-ty (sen-tris'I-ti), re. Centric quality or state. cen'tri-cal (-tn-kdl), a. Central; centric. cen-tlif'U-gal (sen-tnf'u-gal), a. [centri- + L. fugere to flee.] 1. Proceeding from the center ; designating a force (centrifugal force) directed outward when a body is made to move in a curved path. 2. Bot. Inflorescence. = deter- minate. — re. 1. A centrifugal machine, or a drum in such a machine. 2. Centrifugal sugar ; — often in pi. centrifugal sugar, sugar freed from liquid by a machine acting by centrifugal force. cen-trif'u-gal-ize (-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'Tng). To subject to centrifugal action, esp. so as to separate sub- stances of different densities or states of aggregation. — cen-trif'u-gal-i-za'tion (-i-za'sh£n; -I-za'-), re. cen-trii'u-gal-ly, adv. In a centrifugal manner. cen-trip'e-tal (trlp'e-tdl), a. {centri- + L. peter e to move toward.] 1. Proceeding or directed toward the cen- ter ; designating a force (centripetal force) directed toward the center. 2. Bot. Inflorescence. = indeterminate. — cen-trip'e-tal-ly, adv. cen'trist (sen'tnst), re. [F. centriste.] Polit. A member ot the center (see center, re., 6) ; esp., one of the French Moderate partv. cen'tro- (sen'tro-), cen'tri- (sgn'trT-). Combining forms from Greek tchrpov, or Latin centrum, E. center; as cen- trosome, centrifugal, etc. cen'tro-bar'ic (-bar'Ik), a. [Deriv. of Gr. xevrpov center -f /Sdpos weight.] Relating to the center of gravity, or to the process of finding it. cen'tro-some' (sen'tro-som'), re. {centro- + 2d -some.] Biol. A minute protoplasmic body found in the cytoplasm, less often in the nucleus, of many animal and some plant cells, which takes an important part in mitosis. cen'tro-sphere' (-sfer'), n. 1. Geol. The nucleus or central part of the earth, forming most of its mass ; — disting. from lithosphere, hydrosphere, etc. 2. Biol. The central mass of an aster from which the rays extend and within which the centrosome lies when present ; the attraction sphere. cen'trum (-trum), n. ; pi. E. -trums (-trumz),L.-TRA (-trd). [L.] 1. A center. 2. Anat. The body of a vertebra. cen-tum'vir (sen-tum'ver), n.; L. pi. -viri (-vi-rl). [L. centum hundred + vir, pi. viri, man.] Rom. Hist. One of a civil court of about 100 judges or jurors. vi-ral, a. cen-tum'vi-rate (-vT-rat), n. The office of a centumvir, or of the centumviri ; the centumviri collectively. cen'tu-ple (sen'tu-p'l), a. [Cf. L. centuplex; centum hun- dred + plicare to fold.] Hundredfold. — v. t.; -pled (-p'ld) ; -pling (-plmg). To increase a hundredfold. cen-tu'pli-cate (sen-tu'pli-kat), a. & re. Hundredfold. — (-kat), v. t. To centuple. cen-tu'ri-al (-ri-al), a. [See century.] Of or relating to a century ; as, a centurial sermon. cen'tu-ried (sen'ty-nd), a. Having lasted for a century or centuries; established for centuries. Cen-tu'ri-on (sen-tu'rf-nn), n. [L. centurio, fr. centuria. See century.] Roman Hist. A captain of a century. Cen'tU-ry (sen'tji-ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [L. centuria, fr. centum hundred.] 1. Roman Hist, a A division of the Roman army, of varying size, originally of 100 men. b A civil division, formed for voting. 2. Any body of 100 men or of 100 things. 3. A period of 100 years ; specif., one of the hundred-year divisions of the Christian Era. Century plant. A Mexican fleshy-leaved species of agave (Agave americana), commonly cultivated as a house plant. It does not flower until eight years or more old, whence it was formerly believed not to blossom until 100 years old. ceorl (keorl ; cherl), n. [AS. See churl.] O. Eng. Hist. A freeman who was not a noble ; a churl ; a villein ; — dis- tinguished from a noble or a slave. — ceorl'ish, a. ceph/a-lal'gi-a (sefd-lal'ji-d), re. [L., fr. Gr. Kea\a\yla; Kea\-f) head + &\yos pain.] Med. Headache. ceph'a-lal'giC (-lal'jik), a. Med. Relating to, or affected with, headache. — re. A remedy for the headache. ce-phal'ic (se-fal'Ik), a. [From L., fr. Gr., fr. Ked\r] head.] 1. Of, pert, to, directed toward, or situated near.the head. 2. Curing or relieving disorders of the head. cephalic index, Craniom., the ratio of the breadth of the cra- nium to the length, usually ex- pressed by a number denoting hundredths of the length, which ordinarily is measured from the n glabella to the most prominent ^1 P V al a Vo?&eihanc part of the occiput. Asoften used, gab^£ h p S?.2£ an index of 80 or above indicates niumasseenfrom above. brachycephaly; oi less than 80, The dotted lines indi- dolichocephaly. cate the measurements — n. A medicine for headache, from which the index is or other cephalic disorder. calculated. ceph'a-li-za'tion ( sefd-li-za'shnn ; -H-za'- ), re. Zool. Domination of the head in animal life by localization of im- portant organs or parts in or near the head ; — a sign of progress toward higher organization. ceph'a-lom'e-ter (-lom'e-ter), re. [Gr. Ke4>a\v head + -me- ter.] An instrument for measuring the head or skull. — ceph'a-lom'e-try (-trl), re. ceph'a-lo-pod' (sel'd-lo-podO, re. [Gr. Ke4>a\fi head + wovs, iro56s, foot.] Zool. Any of the highest class (Cephalopoda) of mollusks, containing the squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses, etc., having around the front of the head a group of mus- cular arms, usually furnished with prehensile suckers. ceph'a-lo-tho'rax (-tho'raks), re. [Gr. Kt^aKi] head + tho- rax.] Zool. In the Arachnida and the higher Crustacea, the anterior division of the body, consisting of the united head and thorax. - [head.) ceph'a-lous (sef'd-las), a. [Gr. Kea\ri head.] Having a| Ce'pheus (se'fus; se'fe-usXn. [L.,fr. Gr. Kriebs.] 1. Gr. Myth. An Ethiopian king, father of Andromeda, placed among the stars after his death. 2. Astron. \_gen. Cephei (-fe-T).] A constellation between Cygnus and the north pole of the heavens ; the Monarch. ce-ra'ceous (se-ra'shus), a. [L. cera wax.] Waxy. ce-ram'ic (se-ram'Tk), o. [Gr. Kepanmos, fr. nepafios earth- enware.] Of or pertaining to pottery. ce-ram'ics (-Iks), re. (See -ics.) Art of making things of baked clay, as pottery, tiles, etc. ale, senate, cSre, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, flurn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); CERARGYRITE 165 CERTAIN Ce-rar'gy-lite (se-rar'ji-nt ) , n [Gr. Kepas horn -f apyvpos silver.] Native silver chloride, AgCl, a white to pale yellow or gray mineral, darkening on exposure to light ; born silver. It can be cut with a knife, like lead or horn. ce-ras'tes (se-ras'tezl, n. [L., fr. Gr. Kepaarr)?, prop., horned, nepas horn.] The horned viper. See viper. Ce'rate (se'rat), n. [L. ceratum, deriv. of cera wax.] Pharm. A form of unctuous preparation for external use, consisting of wax, rosin, or the like, mixed with lard. It is stiffer than an ointment. ce'rat-ed (-rat-ed), p. a. [L. ceratus.] Covered with wax. ce-rat'o-dUS (se-rat'6-dws ; ser'd-to'dus), n. [NL.; Gr. *e- pas, Keparos, horn + &5ovs tooth.] An Australian dipnoan fish (genus Neoceratodus), known also as salmon and bar- ramundi. It reaches a length of six feet and is esteemed as food. Cer'a-toid (ser'd-toid), a. [Gr. icepas, Kkparos, horn + -oid.'] Horny ; hornlike ; also, horn-shaped. Cer'ber-US (sur'ber-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. KepjSepos.] Class. Myth. A three-headed dog with a serpent tail, and with serpents about the body, guarding the entrance to the infernal regions. — Cer-be're-an (sur-be're-dn), a. cer-ca'ri-a (sur-ka'n-d), n.; pi. -rim (-e). [NL., fr. Gr. Kepicos tail.] Zool. A larval stage of trematode worms, having the | shape of a tadpole with its body terminated by a tail-like append- --j, ij ^ age. See fluke. — cer-ca'ri-an ^ -^ - "^ -z-~^^7 w ^ (-an), a. & n. Hercules carrying off Cer- Cere (ser), v. t.; cered (serd); berus. From a vase. cer'ing (serving). [L. cerate to cover with wax.] To wrap in or as in a cerecloth. Cere, n. [L. cera wax.] Zool. A soft swollen area, typical in birds of prey and in parrots, in which the nostrils open. ce're-al (se're-dl), a. [L. Cerealis pert, to Ceres, and, hence, to agriculture.] Of or pert, to grain or the grasses producing it. — n. Any grass yielding grain used for food, as wheat, rice, etc., or the grain so produced. Ce're-a'li-a (-a'li-d), n. pi. [L.] 1. The Cerialia. See Ceres. 2. The cereal grasses. cer'e-bel'lum (ser'e-bel'wm), n.; pi. E. -ltjms (-wmz), L. -LA (-d). [L., dim. of cerebrum brain.] A large lobe of the dorsal part of the brain. It is concerned in the coordina- tion of movements. — cer'e-bel'lar (-dr), a. cer/e-bral (ser'e-brdl), a. [L. cerebrum brain.] 1. Of or pertaining to the brain ; also, of or pert, to the cerebrum. 2. Phon. Designating, or pert, to, a class of consonants in Sanskrit and other Indian languages (written t, th, d, dht n)i developed from the dentalsby turning the tongue up and inverting the tip so that its under surface touches the hard palate. — n. Phon. A cerebral consonant or sound. cer'e-brate (-brat), v. i.; -brat'ed (-braVed) ; -brat/ing (-brat/ing). Physiol. To exhibit brain activity or to expe- rience mental activity. [conscious or unconscious.] cer/e-bra'tion (-bra'sbun), n. Action of the brain, whether] cer'e-bric (ser'e-brik ; se-reb'rik), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the brain or cerebrum. cer'e-bri'tis (ser'e-brl'tis), n. [NL. ; cerebrum + -itis.] Med. Inflammation of the cerebrum. cer'e-bro-spi'nal (-bro-spl'ndl), a. Anat. Of or pert, to the brain and spinal cord. cerebrospinal meningitis, or c. fever, or, in full, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, Med., a dangerous epidemic and endemic febrile disease due to microorganic infection, characterized by inflammation of the mem- branes of the brain and spinal cord. It is not contagious. Cer'e-brum (ser'e-brum), n.; pi. E. -brums (-brumz), L. -bra (-brd). [L., the brain.] The hemispheres of the brain, in man the largest part of the brain, filling the entire upper portion of the skull. It is the part most concerned in the voluntary and conscious mental processes. cere'cloth' (ser'kloth' ; 62), n. [L. cera wax + E. cloth.] Cloth, or a cloth, treated with melted wax, or with gluti- nous matter, used esp. for wrapping a dead body. cered (serd), a. Zool. Provided with a cere. cere'ment (ser'ment), n. A cerecloth, or any shroud for the dead ; — usually in pi. cer'e-mo'ni-al (ser'e-mo'nT-dl), a. Of or relating to, char- acterized by, or of the nature of, ceremonies or ceremony. Syn. Ritual ; precise, punctilious, studied, stiff, prim ; cere- monious, formal. — Ceremonial, ceremonious, formal. Ceremonial applies only to things ; ceremonious, to either per- sons or things. That is ceremonial which relates to, or con- sists in, outward forms or ceremonies ; as, the ceremonial gown. Ceremonious applies to that which is characterized „ by ceremony (often elaborate or pompous), or to one ad- ' dieted to a punctilious observance of formalities ; as, they , took ceremonious leave. Formal, as compared with cere- monial, suggests set form or procedure rather than exter- nal rites (as. a formal call) ; as compared with ceremonious, formal suggests rigor, stiffness, or restraint, rather than show or pomp ; as, his manner is formal and old-fashioned. — n. 1. A system of rules and ceremonies enjoined by law or by custom, as in worship ; ritual. 2. A ceremonial usage or formality ; a rite. — cer'e-mo'ni-al-ism (-iz'm),n. — cer'- e-mo'ni-al-ist, n. — cer'e-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. cer'e-mo'ru-ous(seVe-mo'ni-us),a. 1. Ceremonial. 2. Ac- cording to prescribed or customary forms; punctilious. — Syn. See ceremonial. ous-ly, adv. ous-ness, n. cer'e-mo-ny (ser'e-mo-ni), n.; pi. -monies (-niz). [From OF., fr. L. caerimonia.] 1. A formal act or series of acts, often symbolical, prescribed by law, custom, or authority in matters of religion, of state, etc. 2. A rite or observance regarded as a mere form ; loosely, anything done ceremo- niously. 3. Ceremonial observances or usages collectively or as an established method ; specif., the social behavior re- quired by strict etiquette ; formality ; also, a formal or con- ventional act of civility or etiquette. 4. Ceremonial state or display. Archaic. 5. A ceremonial symbol, as a scepter. 06s. 6. A sign ; portent. Obs. Syil. Observance, ritual, solemnity ; form, r rite. — Form, ceremony, rite. A form is an established method of procedure ; as, social forms. Ceremony is more specific than form, and implies certain outward acts, usually impressive or dignified, associated with some religious, public, or state occasion ; as, the marriage ceremony. Rite suggests more definitely a solemn, religious, or secret character ; as, the rites of the Greek Church. Ce'res (se'rez), n. [L. Ceres, also, corn, grain.] Roman Relig. A daughter of Saturn and Ops, goddess of growing vegetation. She was identified with Demeter. Her feast, the Ce'ri-a'11-a (se'ri-a'li-d), was celebrated on April 19, honoring the young vegetation. ce're-US (se're-fe), n. [L., wax candle, cera wax ; — from the columnar shape of one species.] Any of a genus (Ce- reus) of cactaceous plants of the western United States and tropical America, including the night-blooming cereus (C. grandiflorus) bearing large fragrant white flowers that open about midnight. ce'ri-a (se'ri-d), n. See cerium. Ce'ri-a'li-a, n. pi. See Ceres. [Producing wax.l ce-rii'er-ous (se-rif'er-us), a. [L. cera wax -f- -ferous.] \ cer'iph (ser'if). Var. of serif. ce-rise' (se-rez'), a. [F., a cherry.] Of the color of the bright red cherry, — n. A cerise color. ce'rite (se'rlt), n. [From cerium.] Min. A hydrous sili- cate of cerium and allied 'metals, generally brownish. ce'ri-um (se'ri-ihn), n. [NL., fr. Ceres, name of an aster- oid.] Chem. Ararernetallicelement,rnalleableandductile. Symbol, Ce; at. wt., 140.25. Its oxide, ceria, a rare earth (see earth, n., 9), is used in incandescent mantles. cerium metals. Chem. A group of related rare earth met- als : cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, and neodymium. cer'nu-OUS (sur'nu-iis), a. [L. cernuus with the face turned toward the earth.] Inclining; nodding; pendulous. ce'ro (se'ro), n.; pi. -ros (-roz). [Corrupt, fr. Sp. sierra saw, sawfish, cero.] A large food and game fish (Scom- ber omorus cavalla), of the mackerel family, found in the West Indies ; also, the related pintado ( Cha'peau' (sha/po'), n.; pi. -peaux (-poz'; F. -po'). [F., fr. OF. chapel hat. See chaplet.] A hat. || Cha'peau' bras' (bra'). [F. chapeau hat -f bras arm.] A hat made to be compressed and carried under the arm. Chap'el (chap'el), n. [OF. chapele, fr. LL. capella, orig., a short cloak (cappa, capa) ; later, a reliquary, chapel (be- cause the building where St. Martin's cloak was preserved came to be called capella ).] 1. A subordinate place of worship. 2. A room, recess, or cell, in a church, containing an altar and separately dedicated. 3. A church used by others than members of an established church. British. 4. A chapel service, as at a college or university. 5. A choir of singers belonging to a chapel, as of a prince ; hence, the choir, or the orchestra, or both, at the court of a prince or nobleman. 6. Print, a Formerly, a printing office, b An as- sociation or meeting of the workmen in a printing office. Chap'el-mas'ter (chap'el-mas'ter), n. A director of music in a chapel ; the director of a court choir or orchestra. Chap'el-ry (chap'el-n), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). 1. The district of a chapel. 2. A chapel with its precinct and appurtenances. Chap'er-on (shap'er-on ; -on), n. [F.] A person, esp. a ma- tron, who accompanies a young unmarried lady in public, for propriety. — v. t. To attend as a chaperon ; escort. — chap'er-on'age (-on'aj; -on'aj), n. chap'fall'en (chop'fol''n ; chap'-), a. Having the lower chap, or jaw, drooping, as from humiliation. chap'i-ter (chap'i-ter), n. Arch. A capital. Archaic. Chap'lain (-lin), n. [F. chapelain, fr. LL., fr. capella. See chapel.] 1. The priest or minister of a chapel. 2. A clergy- man officially attached to the army or navy, to a public in- stitution, or to a family or court. 3. A clergyman or layman chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc. — ■ chap'lain-cy (-si), -n. — chap'lain-ship, n. Chap'let (-let), n. [F. chapelet, OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. L. cappa. See cap.] 1. A garland or wreath for the head. 2. R. C. Ch. A string of beads, a third of a rosary, used in praying. 3. A string of beads ; necklace. 4. Arch. A small molding carved into beads, pearls, etc. Chap'man (-man), n. [From AS., fr. ceap trade -f- man man.] 1= One who buys and sells; merchant; dealer. 06s. or Archaic. 2. A peddler ; hawker. ||cha-po'te (cha-po'ta), n. [Mex. Sp., prob. fr. a native name.] The Mexican persimmon (Diospyros texana). chap'py (chap'i), a. Full of chaps ; cleft ; gaping. chaps (chaps ; shaps), n. Short for chaparajos. Chap'ter (chap'ter), n. [F. chapitre, fr. L. capitulum, dim. of caput, lit., head.] 1. A main division of a book, treatise, or the like, or something suggestive of such. 2. Liturgies. A short passage of Scripture chanted or recited by the offici- ant between the last psalm and the hymn. 3. A regular meeting of the canons of a church, or of monks, knights, members of a fraternity, or the like ; also, a body of those who hold such a chapter. — v. t. To divide into, or arrange in, chapters, as a book. U cha-que'ta (cha-ka'ta), n. [Sp.] A jacket; specif., in Texas, a cowboy's heavy jacket of leather or cloth. D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. j| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CHAR Char (char ; char), n. A turn of work ; a job. Rare or Dial. — v.t.& i. To do chars. See chare. Char (char), v. t.; charred (chard) ; char'ring. 1. To re- duce to charcoal or carbon by heat. 2. To burn partially ; scorch. — Syn. See scorch. — v. i. To burn to charcoal ; burn. — n. A charred substance ; charcoal. Char, n. (See plural, Note.) [Gael, ceara, lit., blood- colored, cear blood. From its red belly.] Any of a genus (Salvelinus) of trouts having small scales. | char'-a-bancs' (sha'ra-baN'), n.; pi. chars-a-bancs (F. sha'ra-baN'). [F.j A long, light, open vehicle, with trans- verse benches or seats facing forward. char'act (kar'akt), n. [OF.] A distinctive mark or stamp ; a letter, figure, or sign, etc. Obs. or Archaic. Char'ac-ter (-dk-ter), n. [L., an instrument for marking, character, Gr. x a P aKT VP> fr- xapdo-o-ei?' to make sharp, en- grave.] 1. A sign or token placed on an object to indicate some special fact, as ownership or origin ; a brand or stamp. 2. Hence : a A graphic symbol ; esp., a graphic symbol used in recording language, as a letter, b Writing or printing. C Style of writing or printing ; as, the German character. d A private mode of writing ; cipher. 3. Appearance or out- ward trait viewed as a token of real nature, origin, or the like. 4. A distinguishing trait or characteristic or the sum of such traits or characteristics ; kind ; sort ; nature ; as, a man of fine character; the character of the soil. 5. A description of the character (sense 4) of a person or of a thing; esp., a written statement as to behavior, habits, competency, etc., given by an employer to an employee. 6. Quality, position, rank, or capacity ; status ; as, in his character as a judge. 7. Reputation ; repute.^ 8. A person regarded as embodying peculiar or notable traits. 9. One of the persons of a drama or novel. 10. Distinctive character ; individuality, esp. as distinguished by moral excellence. — Syn. See disposition. — v. t. 1. To engrave ; write. 2. To symbolize; represent; figure. Archaic. 3. To characterize. Char'ac-ter-is'tic (-Ts'tTk), a. 1. Pertaining to, or serving to constitute, the character ; distinctive ; typical. 2. Serv- ing as a character. — Syn. See distinctive. — n. 1. A distinguishing trait, quality, or property ; element of char- acter. 2. Math. The index or integral part (whether positive or negative) of a logarithm. — Char'ac-ter-is'ti- cal (-ti-kdl), a. cal-ly, adv. Syn. Peculiarity, mark, lineament, trait, feature. — Char- acteristic, trait, feature. A characteristic is a mark or quality which characterizes, or distinguishes. A trait is a somewhat sharply defined characteristic. A feature is a prominent detail or part. [characterizing.! Char'ac-ter-i-za'tion (-l-za'shim), n. Act or process of I Char'ac-ter-ize (kar'ak-ter-Tz),i;. t.; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'ing). 1. To indicate or delineate the character of; describe. 2. To be a characteristic of ; mark the character of. 3. To give character to. Char'ac-ter-less, a. Without character or individuality. Char'ac-ter-y (kar'ak-ter-i ; formerly also kd-rak'ter-i), n. ; pi. -teries (-Tz). Act of expressing thought by characters or symbolism ; characters or symbols collectively. Cha-rade' (shd-rad' or, esp. in British usage, shd-rad' ), n. [F.] A verbal or acted enigma based on a word with two or more significant parts, each of which, as well as the word itself, is to be guessed from the representations. Char'bon (shar'bon ; F. shar^bQN'), n. [F., coal, charbon.] The disease anthrax. See anthrax, 2. Char'coal' (char'kolO, n. 1. Carbon made from vegetable or animal substance ; esp., coal made by charring wood in a kiln, retort, etc., from which air is excluded. 2. Fine Arts. A piece of charcoal used in drawing ; also, a drawing made with this.—- v. t. 1. To blacken, mark, write, or draw with charcoal. 2. To asphyxiate with charcoal fumes. Chard (chard), n. 1. The tender leafstalks of the artichoke, blanched for table use. 2. A beet {Beta cicla) with large leaves and succulent stalks, often cooked as a potherb. Chare (char), char (char; char), n. [AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, occasion, business.] A turn of work, odd job, or task, esp. of household work ; a chore ; esp., in pi., chores. — v. t. & i. To work at odd jobs ; do chores. Charge (charj), v. t.; charged (charjd) ; charg'ing (char'- jing)- [OF. chargier, fr. LL. carricare, fr. L. carrus wag- on.] 1. To load ; lade. 2. To place a charge, as of powder, within or upon. 3. To place a heraldic bearing on, as on a shield. 4. To task or load mentally ; — used with with ; as, to charge the mind with a duty. 5. To command, instruct, or exhort with authority ; as, to charge a jury. 6. To accuse ; censure. 7. To lay to one's charge ; impute ; ascribe. 8. To subject to a pecuniary charge or liability ; make liable for. 9. To fix or demand as a price. 10. To place something as a debt to the account of ; debit. 11. To bring (a weapon) to a position of attack. 12. To bear down on ; attack. Syn. Charge, accuse. Charge implies something laid on one, and often connotes formality or gravity ; accuse is commonly more immediate and personal, and often sug- 170 CHARM gests rather directness or sharpness of imputation or cen- sure. See refer. —v.i. 1. To deliver acharge,asa judge. 2.To demand or set a price ; as, to charge high for goods ; also, to make a deb- it, as in an account book. 3. To make a charge, or impet- uous onset ; rush. 4. To squat on its belly, with head on its forepaws, and be still ; — said of a dog. — w. 1. A load ; burden. 2. Quantity, as of powder, elec- tricity, ore, fuel, etc., which any apparatus, as a gun, bat- tery, furnace, etc., is fitted to hold, or holds, at one time. 3. Her. A bearing. 4. Pecuniary burden ; expense; — usually in pi. 5. Price demanded. 6. An entry or account of some- thing due. 7. A duty or task laid on a person ; responsibil- ity ; trust. 8. A person or thing intrusted to another ; a trust. 9. Order; mandate; an instruction or instructions, esp. official; specif., Law, the statement made by the judge to the jury, at the close of a trial, of the principles of law in- volved, etc. 10. An accusation of a wrong; allegation. 11. An impetuous onset or attack, as of troops. — Syn. Care, custody ; management, office ; assault. See price. Hchar'ge' (shaVzha'), n. [F.] A charge d'affaires. Charge'a-ble ( char'jd-b'l ) } a . 1. Burdensome ; trouble- some. Archaic. 2. That may properly be charged. H char'ge' d'affaires' (shaVzha' da/far'), n.; pi. charges d'affaires (shaVzha'). [F., charged with affairs.] A tem- porary substitute for an ambassador or minister plenipo- tentiary ; also, an inferior diplomatic representative accred- ited to the minister for foreign affairs of another state. charg'er (char'jer), n. A large platter for carrying meat. Archaic or Literary. Charg'er, n. One who, or that which, charges; esp., a horse ridden in a charge ; an officer's horse for battle or parade. char'i-ly (char'i-li), adv. In a chary manner ; carefully. Char'i-ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being chary ; caution. 2. Carefully preserved state ; integrity. Obs. Char'i-ot (char'i-ot), n. [F., fr. char car, L. carrus.~\ A kind of wheeled vehicle, as a light four-wheeled pleasure carriage; esp., among the ancients, a two-wheeled car or vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc. — v. t. & i. To go or ride, or to convey or carry, in or as in a chariot. char'i-Ot-eer'Ger'),^. 1. One who drives a chariot. 2. leap.'] Astron. See Auriga. — v. t. To drive as charioteer. Char'ism (kar'iz'm), n. [Gr. x^P^na gift.] Theol. A special divine or spiritual gift ; a grace. — char'is-mat'ic, a. cha-ris'ma (kd-rTz'md), n.; pi. charismata (-md-td). [NL.] A charism ; — chiefly in pi. Char'i-ta-ble (char'i-td-b'l), o. [F.] 1. Exhibiting charity, or Christian love. Archaic. 2. Liberal in benefactions ; generous. 3. Of or pertaining to, or springing from, charity ; relating to almsgiving. 4. Liberal in judging others ; leni- ent. — Syn. Kind, beneficent, benevolent ; forgiving. — char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. — char'i-ta-bly, adv. Char'i-ty (char'i-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. charite, fr. L. caritas dearness, love, fr. carus dear, loved.] 1. Christian love and benevolence. 2. More generally, love ; good will ; an act or feeling of affection or benevolence. 3. Liberality in judging men or actions. 4. Good will to the poor or suf- fering ; generosity ; almsgiving ; hence, public relief of the poor. 5. In pi. Acts or works of benevolence to the poor. 6. Whatever is given the needy ; alms. 7. A gift, as by a person's will, for some beneficial public use ; also, an insti- tution founded by such a gift, as a hospital, a school, etc. Cha'ri-va'ri (sha'rS-va're ; shd-re'vd-re'), n. [F.] A mock serenade of discordant noises, made by beating kettles, etc. Chark (chark), v. t. To burn to charcoal ; char ; coke (coal). Char'la-tan (shar'ld-tdn), n. [F., fr. It. ciarlatano, fr. ciarlare to prate.] One who prates much in his own favor, and makes unwarrantable pretensions ; a quack. — Syn. See impostor. — char'la-tan'ic (-tan'ik), a. char'la-tan-ry (shar'ld-tdn-n), n. Alsocharla-tan-ism. Undue pretensions to skill ; quackery. Charles's Wain (charl'ziz). Also Charles' Wain. ICharles (Charlemagne) -\-wain."] Astron. The Dipper. Char'lock (char'lok), n. [AS. cerlic] The wild, or field, mustard (Brassica arvensis). Char'lotte (shar'lot), n. [F., fr. Charlotte, fem. proper name, fr._ Charles.] A kind of pudding of fruit, gelatin, or the like, inclosed in cake or bread. Char'lotte russe' (shar'lot rdos' ; F. pron. shar'lot' riis'). [F., lit., Russian charlotte.-] A dish composed of whipped cream or custard inclosed in sponge cake. Charm (charm) , n. [F. charme,h. L. carmensong,verse, in- cantation.] l.Orig., the reciting of a magic verse ; incanta- tion ; hence, any action, process, or thing believed to have such power ; talisman ; spell. 2. Anything worn to avert ill or to secure good fortune ; amulet. 3. That which fascn nates; alluring quality. 4. Any small decorative object worn on the person, as a seal on a watch chain. — Syn. Spell, conjuration, enchantment; fascination, attraction. See talisman. —v. t. l.To affect by or as by a charm ; fascinate ; bewitch ; enchant ; as, to charm a snake. 2.To endow with super- ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofdj eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, um, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing", ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87); CHARMER 171 CHATTER natural powers by means of charms; esp., to protect by spells or charms ; as, a- charmed life. 3. To subdue by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure ; hence : to allay ; assuage. 4. To attract irresistibly; delight exceed- ingly ; enchant ; fascinate ; bewitch. — Syn. Allure, de- light, transport, enrapture. See captivate. [fascinating. I — v. i. 1. To use charms or magic. 2. To act as a charm ; bej charm'er, n. One who charms, or has power to charm. charm'ing, p. a. Working a charm or charms; hence: pleasing greatly ; fascinating. — Syn. Enchanting, be- witching, captivating, delightful ; lovely, amiable, winning, attractive. — charm'ing-ly, adv. — charm'ing-ness, n. Char'nel (char'nel), a. [F., carnal, in OF. also as n., a place for corpses, fr. L. carnalis. See carnal.] Fit for or being a burial place ; sepulchral ; ghastly, — n. A burial place ; usually, a charnel house ; mortuary chapel. Charnel house. A place for the dead or bones of the dead. Cha'ron (ka'ron), n. [L., fr. Gr. Xdpaw.] 1. Class. Myth. The son of Erebus and Nox. He ferried souls over the Styx. 2. A ferryman. Humorous. Char'poy (char'poi),rc. AlsoChar'pai (-pi). [Hind, charpai, fr. Per. charpai; char four + pai foot.] The common light bedstead or cot of India. Anglo-Ind. Ijchar'qui (char'ke), n. [Sp., fr. native name in Peru.] Jerked beef ; beef or other meat cut into long strips and dried in the wind and sun. _ Char'ry (char'i), a. Pertaining to or like charcoal. Chart (chart), n. [F. charte charter, formerly also map, fr. L. charta sheet of paper.] 1. A map ; esp. : a A map for navigators, b An outline geographical map. 2. A graphic representation, as by curves, of fluctuations, as of tempera- ture, prices, etc. 3. A sheet, as of paper, on which informa- tion is given in tabular form. — Syn. See map. — v. t. To lay down in a chart ; map. Char-ta'ceous (kar-ta'shws), a. [L. chartaceus. See char- ter.] Resembling, or of the nature of, paper ; papery. Char'ter (chaVter), n. [OF. & F. chartre, fr. L. char tula a little paper, dim. of charta leaf of paper.] 1. A deed. Archaic. 2. An instrument in writing from the sovereign power of a state or country, granting or guaranteeing rights. 3. A writing from the authorities of an order or society (as the Freemasons) creating a lodge or branch. 4. A special privilege, immunity, or exemption. 5. Com. Short for charter party. — v. t. 1. To grant a charter to. 2. To hire or let by charter party. 3. To hire, esp. for exclusive use. Colloq. Char'ter-er (-ter-er), n. One who holds by charter. Charter party. [From F. ; lit., a divided, or indentured, charter.] Commerce. A mercantile lease of a vessel, as a ship. Chart'ism (char'tiz'm), n. [F. charte charter.] The prin- ciples or practices of a party in England who, from about 1836 to 1848, contended for universal adult male suffrage and other electoral reforms as stated in the National, or People's, Charter. — Chart'ist (char'tist), n. Chart'less, a. Without a chart ; also, uncharted. char-tog'ra-pher (kar-tog'rd-fer), char'to-graph'ic, char- tog'ra-phy, etc. Vars. of cartographer, etc. II Char'treuse' (shar'truz'), n. [F.] 1. [cap.] A Carthusian monastery. 2. A liqueur made by Carthusian monks. Char'tu-la-ry (kar'ty-la-ri),n.; pi. -Ries (-nz). [LL. cartu- larium, chartularium.~] A register of charters ; cartulary. Char'wom'an (char'wo&m'an ; chir'-), n. [See chare chore.] A woman hired for odd jobs of domestic work, or for such work by the day. Char'y (char'i ; cha'ri ; 3), a.; char'i-er (-er) ; -i-est. [AS. cearig careful, cearu, caru, care.] 1. Held, regarded, or done cautiously or with reserve or deliberation; charac- terized by care or caution. 2. Reserved ; shy ; fastidious ; also, frugal ; sparing. — Syn. See frugal. Cha-ryb'dis (kd-rfb'dis), n. [ L., fr. Gr. X&pvp8u. ] A whirlpool, sometimes dangerous, on the coast of Sicily op- posite the rock Scylla on the Italian coast. It was personi- fied by the ancients as a female monster. See Scylla. Chase (chas), v. t. & i. ; chased (chast) ; chas'ing. [OF. cha- cier, deriv. of L. captare to strive to seize. SeeCATCH.] l.To cause to depart or flee by threatening evil ; put to flight. 2. To follow (that which flees) in order to, or as if to, harm it ; follow persistently or regularly. 3. Specif., to hunt ; as ; to chase the moose. — Syn. See follow. — n. 1. Act of chasing or pursuing, as an enemy or game ; pursuit; hunting; specif., with the, the hunting of wild beasts. 2. Eng. Law. A liberty or franchise to hunt within certain limits of land, or to keep beasts of the chase therein. 3. An open hunting ground in which game is bred and hunted. Eng. 4. That which is hunted, as an animal. 5. Those who follow the chase ; the hunt. Chase, n. [F. chasse, fr. L. capsa box, case.] 1. Print. A rectangular iron frame into which pages or columns of type are fastened for printing or to make plates. 2. A prolonged hollow; a groove or furrow; as : a The part of a cannon from the trunnions to the mouth or the swell of the muzzle. b A groove or channel. — v. t. To groove or indent. chase, v. t. [Contr. of enchase.] To ornament (a metal surface) byembossing, engraving, or the like. chas'er (chas'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, chases; a hunter ; pursuer. 2. A horse for steeplechasing ; steeple- chaser. 3. Naut. A gun at the bow (bow chaser) or in the stern (stern chaser) of a vessel, for use when chasing or being chased. 4. A small potion of a mild drink, as water, taken after liquor. Colloq., U. S. Chas'er, n. One who, or that which, chases, or engraves. chas'ing (chas'ing), n. 1. Action of pursuing, hunting, etc. 2. Steeplechasing. 3. Dancing. = chasse. Chas'ing, n. Act or art of ornamenting metal by embossing or engraving ; also, the design or piece so produced. Chasm (kaz'm), n. [From L., fr. Gr. xa^Ma, fr. xalpeip to gape.] A deep breach, as in the earth ; cleft ; fissure ; rift. chas'my (kaz'mT), a. Abounding in chasms; also, like, or of the nature of, a chasm ; abyssal. || Chasse (shas), n. A small potion of spirituous liquor taken after coffee, tobacco, etc. ; — orig. chasse'— ca'fe' (shas'- ka'fa') [F.], lit., "coffee chaser." Hchas'se' (sha/sa/), n. [F.] Dancing. A kind of gliding step.— v. i.; -sed' (-sad') ; -se'ing. To make a chasse. Chasse'pot' (shas'po'), n. [After Antoine A. Chassepot, French inventor.] Firearms. A kind of breech-loading cen- ter-fire rifle, taking a paper cartridge. It was used by the French in 1870. chas'seur' (sha/sur'), «.. [F.] 1. A hunter; huntsman. 2. Mil. One of a body of light troops trained for rapid movements. 3. An attendant wearing a plume and sword. Chas'sis (sha'se), n.; pi. chassis (sha'sez). [F. chassis."] 1. Ordnance. In coast-artillery gun mounts, the movable railway along which the top carriage and gun move. 2. The under part of an automobile, consisting of the frame under the body with the wheels and machinery. Chaste (chast), a. [F., fr. L. castus pure, chaste.] 1. Inno- cent of unlawful sexual intercourse ; virtuous. 2. Unmar- ried ; virgin. Obs. 3. Pure ; modest ; decent. 4. Pure in design and expression ; refined, as art. — chaste'ly, adv. Chas'ten (chas''n), v. t. [OF. chastier, fr. L. castigare to chastise ; castus pure + agere to drive.] 1. To discipline ; chastise ; — usually of divine chastisement. 2. To purify from errors or faults ; refine. 3. To keep from excess ; sub- due ; temper. — Syn. See punish. — chas'ten-er, n. Chaste'ness (chast'nes), n. State or quality of being chaste (now esp. in sense 4). Chas-tise' (chas-tlz'), v. t.; -tised' (-tizd') ; -tis'ing (-tTz'- Tng). [See chasten ; -ize.] 1. To punish, as with stripes. 2. To purify; chasten. Archaic. — Syn* See punish. — Chas-tis'er (-tiz'er), n. [correction.) Chas'tise-ment (chas'tiz-ment), n. Action of chastising;! Chas'ti-ty (chas'ti-tT), n. State or quality of being chaste (now esp. in senses 1 & 3). Chas'u-ble (chaz'u-b'l; chas'-), n. [F., fr. LL. casubula, cassibula, casula, a hooded garment.] Eccl. The outer vestment of the celebrant at the Eucharist. Chat (chat), v. i. ; chat'ted ; chat'ting. [From chatter.] To talk in a light and familiar manner. Syn. Chat, chatter, prate, prattle. To chat is to talk in light, easy, and pleasant fashion ; as, we chatted over the trifles of our journey. To chatter is to talk aimlessly, in- cessantly, and (often) very rapidly ; to prate is to talk idly ; as, you chatter like a crow ; "a prating fool shall fall." To prattle is to talk artlessly and freely, like a child. — v.t. To chatter ; prate ; also, to tell in a gossipy way. Obs. — n. 1. Light, familiar talk ; causerie ; gossip. 2. Any of several birds so called from their notes, as the stonechat. chat, n. [F. chat cat, catkin.] The inflorescence or seed of various plants. Ocha'teau' (sha'to'), n.; pi. -teaux' (-toz'; F. -to'). [F., a castle.] 1. A feudal castle in France. 2. A manor house or a gentleman's countryseat. — a. Designating various French wines made upon private estates or chateaux ; as, in Cha'teau' La'fite' (la'fet'), Y'quem' (e'kem'), etc. Cha'te-lain' (F. sha't'-laN' ; E. shat'g-lan), n. [F. chate- lain.] A castellan. Obs. as an Eng. title. Chat'e-laine (shat'e"-lan;F.sha't'-len'),n. [F. ch&t elaine.] 1. Mistress of a chateau. 2. An ornamental clasp or brooch worn at a woman's waist, with a chain for keys, etc. Cha-toy'ant (shd-toi'dnt ; F. sha'twa'yiiN'), o. [F. p. pr., deriv. of chat cat.] Having a changeable luster, or color, like that of a changeable silk, or of a cat's eye in the dark. — n. A hard stone, as the cat's-eye, which presents on a polished surface, and in the interior, a wavy luster. chat'tel (chafl), n. [OF. chatel; another form of catel. See cattle.] 1. Law. Any item of r- ovable or immovable property except real estate, or the freehold, or the things which are parcel of it. 2. Sometimes, a slave. Chat'ter (chafer), v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To utter rapid, inarticulate, but speechlike sounds. 2. To jabber ; prate. 3.To make a noise by rapid collisions, as the teeth. 4. To vibrate rapidly in cutting, as a tool, causing fine undula- tions or ripples (chatter marks). — Syn. See chat. D H K K = ch in G. ich,ach(50); bow; yet; zh = z in azure Numbers refer to Sections in Guide Jo Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CHATTERBOX 172 CHEER To utter rapidly, idly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly. — n. Chattering, as of a magpie or monkey ; idle or unintelligible rapid talk ; prattle. 2. The act or noise of a tool that chatters. Chat'ter-box' (-boks'). n. An incessant chatterer. Colloq. Chat'ter-er (~er), n. 1. One who, or that which, chatters. 2. Any of various passerine birds. chatter mark. 1. Mach. See chatter, v. %., 4. 2. Geol. One of a series of short curved cracks, transverse to the striae, on a glaciated rock surface. chat'ty (chat'I), a. ; -ti-er (-T-er) ; -ti-est. Given to chat ; talkative. — chat'ti-ness (-i-nes), n. cbauf 'f er (shof 'er ; ch6f '-), n. Kind of small portable stove 1 or furnace. U chauffeur' (sho'ffir'), n. [F., lit., stoker.] One who man- ages the running of an automobile, often, specif., one who does so for hire. — || Chauf'feuse' (-fuz'), n. fern. Chaunt, Chaunt'er, etc. Vars. of chant, etc. Rare or Arch. ||chausses (shos ; formerly, as Eng., chou'sez), n. pi. [F.] The medieval garment or garments, worn by men to cover the legs and feet and the body below the waist ; also, the early medieval armor of linked mail for the same parts. Hchaus'sure' (sho'sur'), n. [F.] A foot covering of any kind ; a shoe, boot, or the like. Chau-tau'qua (shd-t6'kwd), a. [From Chautauqua lake, town, and county, in western New York.] Of or pert, to the Chautauqua system (of education) , a system of home study established in connection with the summer schools assembled at Chautauqua, N. Y., by Bishop J. H.Vincent. IJchau'vin' (sho'vaN'), n. [F. ; — so called from Nicolas Chauvin of Rochefort, a veteran soldier of the First Repub- lic and Empire, whose demonstrative patriotism and attach- ment to Napoleon came to be ridiculed by his comrades.] 1. F. Hist. One of those veterans of the First Empire who, after the fall of Napoleon, professed an unbounded admira- tion for his person and acts. 2. Hence, any person affected with exaggerated patriotism.military enthusiasm or thelike. Chau'vin-ism (sho'vin-iz'm), n. Blind devotion to a lost cause ; hence, exaggerated patriotism. — chau'vin-ist, n. — chau'vin-is'tic (-is'tik), a. Chaw (cho), v. t. & n. Chew. Now Vulgar. Chay (sha), n. Corruption of chaise. Illiterate. chay (cha ; chl) 1 n. Also choy, choya. [ Tamil Chay'a (chi'd; cha'd) J shaya. ] The root of an East In- dian rubiaceous plant (Oldenlandia umbellata) which yields a red dye similar to madder ; also, the plant itself. Cheap (chep), n. [AS. ceap bargain, sale, price.] 1. A bar- gain or bargaining. Obs. 2. Market place. Obs. Cheap, a. [ Abbr. fr. " good cheap " a good purchase or bar- gain.] 1. Of small cost or price. 2. Of comparatively small value ; of slight esteem. 3. Finance. Of money, obtainable at a low rate of interest. — adv. Cheaply ; as, to work cheap. — cheap'ly, adv. — cheap'ness, n. Cheap'en (chep''n), v. t. 1. To bargain or chaffer for. Archaic or Dial. 2.To beat down or lower the price of ; depreciate. — v. i. To become cheap. — cheap'en-er, n. Cheat (chet), n. [Prob. a form of escheat.~\ 1. A deception ; fraud ; imposture. 2. Law. The obtaining of property from another by an intentional active distortion of the truth. 3. A swindler ; impostor. 4. Anything made primarily for show ; a sham. 5. Chess (the grass). — Syn. Delusion, artifice, trick, swindle, humbug, deceit, finesse. — v. t . & i. 1. To deceive, esp. so as to defraud ; trick. 2. To beguile. — cheat'er, n. Syn. Defraud, swindle, dupe, trick, cozen, gull, chouse, hoax, bamboozle, fool, outwit, circumvent, overreach, beguile, mislead, hoodwink, delude. — Cheat, defraud, swindle, dupe imply fraudulent dealings. Cheat usually implies a certain degree of cunning or trickery ; as, to cheat at cards. Defraud implies a taking or withholding by fraud ; as, to defraud one's associates. To swindle is to cheat or defraud grossly and deliberately, often by taking ad- vantage of a confidence inspired by plausible misrepresen- tations ; as, to swindle customers with false prospectuses. To dupe is to delude or cheat by imposing on credulity, u Che-bee' (che-bek'), n. The least flycatcher. Check (chek), n. [OF. eschec, fr. Ar., fr. Per. shahking.~\ 1. Chess. A word of warning denoting that the king is in immediate danger. 2. A rebuke ; reprimand. Archaic or Dial. 3. A repulse or reverse ; hindrance of progress ; a sudden arrest or stop ; setback. 4. Phon. A sudden stop- page of the breath as in pronouncing -p, b, etc. ; a stop. 5. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action ; restrain- ing influence. 6. Short for checkrein. 7. Control or super- vision to secure or insure accuracy, correctness, or the like. 8. A mark to indicate that something has been examined or compared. 9. A written order directing a banker to pay money. 10. A ticket or token by which a thing or person may be identified ; as, a trunk check. 11. In certain games at cards, esp. gambling games, a counter, or token for money (cf. chip). Hence the slang phrase to hand, or pass, in one's checks, that is, to die. U. S. 12. Arch., Mason- ry, Cabinetmaking, etc. A rabbet, or rebate ; a rabbet- shaped cutting. 13. A crack or small chink, as in timber. 14. A pattern in squares, like those of a checkerboard ; a square in such a design ; cloth having such a figure. — Syn. Setback, interruption, obstruction ; censure, reproof • tally, counterbalance ; ticket, draft. — v. 1. 1. Chess. To put (a king) in check. 2. To reprimand. Archaic or Dial. 3. To put a sudden restraint on; stop temporarily. 4.To restrain ; curb. 5.To rein. Poetic. 6.To verify by a token or other check ; put a mark against (an item) after verification. 7. To make checks, or chinks, in (timber). 8. To mark with a check pattern; checker.' — Syn. Bridle, repress ; obstruct, interrupt ; tally. See stop. — v. i. 1. Chess. To put a king in check. 2. To make a sharp stop ; pause. 3. a Falconry. To turn, when in pursuit of proper game, and fly after other and baser game ; — used with at. b Hunting. To stop or pause, as on losing the scent; — said of dogs. 4. To draw a check, as upon a banker. Colloq., U. S. 5. To crack open, as wood. — a. 1. Serving to check, control, secure, or the like ; as, check weight ; check stopper ; serving to verify or rectify ; as, a check experiment. 2. Checkered ; checked. Check'er (chek'er), n. One who, or that which, checks. check'er, cheq'uer (chek'er), n. [OF. eschequier chess- board.] 1. A chessboard. Obs. 2. In form checkers, but construed as sing. A game played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having 12 pieces, or "men"; — called draughts in British usage, except in dialect. 3. A piece in the game of checkers. U. S. 4. A square or spot suggestive of those of a chessboard ; a pattern of such squares or spots. — v. t. 1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard. 2. To variegate or diversify ; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosperity and adversity. Check'er (chek'er), n. Also chequer. [From the spotted fruit.] 1. Either of the service trees (genus Sorbus) of Eu- rope ; — called also checker tree. 2. In pi. The fruit of either of these trees. check'er-ber/ry (-berT), n. 1. The spicy red fruit of the American wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) ; also, the plant. 2. Incorrectly, the partridge berry. check'er-board' (-bord'), n. A board with (usually) 64 squares of alternate colors, used for playing checkers. Check'ered, cheq'uered (-erd), p. a. 1. Marked with alter- nate squares, or checks, of different color or material. 2. Diversified or variegated ; marked by constant alternation, as of bad and good fortune ; as, a checkered life. Check'ers (-erz), n. See 2d checker, n., 2. check'er-work', cheq'uer-work' (-wfirkO, n. Work check- ered in pattern or arrangement. Check line. A checkrein. Check list. 1. A list by or on which things may be checked off, as a list of voters' names. 2. A list, usually alphabetic and numbered, of species, genera, etc. Check'mate (chek'mat), interj. [F. echec et mat, fr. Per. shah mat checkmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mata he died, is dead.] Chess. An exclamation by a player when he makes a move that puts the opponent's king in check from which there is no escape ; — now commonly mate. — n. 1. Chess. Act of checkmating an opponent's king ; also, state or position of a king checkmated ; a mate. 2. A complete check ; utter defeat. — v. t. ; -mat-ed (-mat-ed) ; -mat-ing. 1. Chess. To check (an adversary's king) so that escape is impossible ; mate. 2. To defeat completely. Check'rein' (-ran'), n. 1. A short rein fastened to the saddle of a harness to prevent a horse from lowering its head. 2. A branch rein connecting the driving rein of one horse of a span or pair with the bit of the other horse. Check'row' (-ro'), n. One of a series of rows of corn, trees, etc., which divide land into checks or regular squares. Cheek (chek), n. [AS. ceace, ceoce.'] 1. The side of the,face below the eye and above, and to the side of, the mouth. 2. Saucy talk ; assurance ; impudence. Colloq. or Slang. 3. La general, side. 4. Something suggestive of, or likened to, the human cheek in position or form ; as, a side post of a door, gate, etc., a projection on a mast supporting the trestletrees, etc. ; — usually in pi. cheek by jowl, side by side ; in close intimacy. — v. t. To speak impudently or saucily to ; to face. Slang. Cheek'y (chek'I), a. Brazen-faced ; impudent. — cheeki- ly, adv. — cheek'i-ness, n. All Colloq. Cheep (chep), v. i. & t. [Imitative.] To utter, or utter in, faint shrill sounds, as a young bird ; peep. — n. Act or sound of cheeping ; peep ; squeak. — cheep'er, n. Cheer (cher), n. [OF. chiere face, LL. cara.~] 1. Face. 06s. or Archaic. 2. Feeling ; state of mind or heart ; as, "be of good cheer." 3. payety ; animation. 4.That which is pro- vided for entertainment, esp. at table ; viands ; food ; as, a table loaded with good cheer. 5. That which cheers or gladdens. 6. A shout or acclamation of joy, applause, etc. — v. t. 1. To infuse good cheer or hope into. 2. To make cheerful ; enliven. 3. To urge on or encourage, now esp. by shouts or cheers. 4. To salute with shouts of approval, wel- come, or the like. — Syn. Gladden, inspirit, comfort, con- sole, refresh, exhilarate, animate, applaud. ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing-, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; CHEERER 173 CHEVAL — v. t. r l.To be in (some) state or temper of mind. Obs. 2. To grow or be cheerful ; — used with up. 3. To shout ap- plause, triumph, etc. — cheer/er, n. Cheer 'fill (-fo"61), a. Having or showing good spirits. — Syn. Lively, animated, gay, lightsome, gleeful, blithe, jocund, jolly, joyous, sunny, happy. — Cheer'ful-ly, adv. Cheer'ful-ness, n. Quality or state of being cheerful. Syn. Cheer, gladness, joy, merriment, jollity, gayety, ex- hilaration, mirth, hilarity, glee. — Cheerfulness, mirth, hilarity, glee. Cheerfulness (opposed to gloom) implies a bright and equable temper, which shows itself in the face, the voice, the actions ; it suggests a strong and spontane- ous, but quiet, flow of good spirits. Mirth implies less a disposition than a transient state, and suggests outward manifestations of merriment. Hilarity implies more boisterous, glee livelier, more exultant or demonstrative, merriment than mirth. Glee sometimes means exultation that is uncanny or sinister ; as, ghoulish glee. Cheer'less (-les), a. Without cheer ; joyless ; comfortless. — Syn. Gloomy, sad, disconsolate, dejected, melancholy, forlorn. — cheer'less-ly, adv. — cheer'less-ness, n. Cheer'ly (cher'li), adv. Cheerily ; heartily. Archaic. Cheer'y (cher'I), a.; cheer'i-er (-i-er) ; -i-est. Cheerful; lively ; gay. — cheer'i-ly (-Mi), adv. — cheer'i-ness, n. Cheese (chez), n. [AS. cese, fr. L. caseus.] 1. The consoli- dated curd of milk, used as food ; also, a cake of this. 2. A form like that of a cheese, as a mass of pressed apple pom- ace, or the fruit of the dwarf mallow. 3. A low curtsy made, as by schoolgirls, by whirling rapidly and then suddenly sinking the body ; — so called from the cheeselike form as- sumed by the dress as the body sinks. Cheese (chez), n. [Cf. Per. chiz thing.] Anything thor- oughly satisfactory ; the right thing. Slang. Cheese, v. t. To stop ; leave off ; — used esp. in the exclama- tion cheese it, stop! look out! Slang and Dial. Eng. Cheese'cake 7 (-kak'), n. Originally, a kind of cake contain- ing cheese ; now, one filled with soft curds, sugar, etc. Cheese-cloth' (-kloth' ; 62), n. A thin, unsized, loose- woven cotton cloth, such as is used in pressing cheese curds. Cheese'par'ing (-par'ing), n. A paring of cheese rind; hence, a worthless bit; fig., miserly economizing; parsi- mony. — a. Scrimping ; mean ; miserly. Colloq. Chees'y (-T), a.; chees'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. Having the taste, consistency, or appearance of cheese. Chee'tah (che'td), n. [Hind, chita.] An animal (Acinonyx jubatus) of the cat family, of India, Persia, etc., often trained to hunt. It is of about the size of a leopard. IChef (shef), n. [F.] A chief person; esp., a head cook. Chef'-d'oeu'vre (she'du'vr'), n.; pi. chefs- (she'-). [F.] A masterpiece ; a capital work in art, literature, etc. chei'lo-plas'ty (kT'16-plas'ti). Var. of chiloplasty. chei'ro- (kl'ro-), chei-rog'ra-phy, etc. Vars. of chiro-, etc. Che'la (cha'la), n. [Hind, chela, orig., slave, fr. Skr. ceta, cetaka, slave, servant.] In India, a disciple or novice. Che'la (ke'ld), n.; pi. -ije (-le). [NL., fr. Gr. xv^v claw.] The pincerlike organ or claw borne by certain of the limbs f of crustaceans and arachnids. — che'late (ke'lat), a. Chel'i-form (kel'Morm ; ke'li-), a. [Gr. xv^v + -form.} Zo'dl. Like a chela in form ; pincerlike, as a crab's claw. Che-lo'ni-an (ke-lo'ni-an), a. [Gr. x«X«»"? a tortoise.] Of or pert, to the tortoises or turtles.— n. A tortoise or turtle. Chem'ic (kem'Tk), a. 1. Alchemic; hence, counterfeit. Ar- chaic. 2. Chemical. Poet, or Archaic. — n. A chemist. 06s. Chem'i-cal (-I-kal), a. l.Of or pert, to chemistry or, for- merly, alchemy ; characterized by, produced by, or used in, the forces and operations of chemistry. 2. Acting by chem- ical agency. — n. A substance got by chemical process, or used to produce chemical effect. — chem'i-cal-ly, adv. Che-mise' (she-mez'), n. [F., fr. LL. camisa shirt, thin dress.] A woman's shirtlike undergarment, or shift. Chem'i-sette' (shem'i-zef), n. [F.] 1. A sleeveless under- garment, or bodice, worn by women. 2. A similarly shaped ornamental adjunct of a dress. Chem'ism (kem'iz'm), n. Chemical activity or affinity; also, chemical property or relationship. Chem/ist (kem'ist), n. [Shortened from alchemist.] 1. One versed in chemistry ; formerly, an alchemist. 2. A druggist. British. Chem/is-try (-is-tri), n. 1. Science of the composition of substances, and of their transformations. 2. An applica- tion of chemical theory and method to a particular subject. Chem'o-tax'is (-6-tak'sis), n. [c/iemical -f -taxis.'] Biol. The sensitiveness exhibited by small free-swimming organ- isms, as bacteria, etc., to chemical substances in solution. Che-mot'ro-pism (ke-mot'ro-piz'm), n. [c/iemical + -tro- pism.J Plant Physiol. The sensitiveness exhibited by va- rious plant organs to dissolved chemical substances. Che-nille' (she-nel'), n. [F., prop., a caterpillar.] A kind of tufted cord used for trimming, fringes, etc. Che'no-pod (ke'no-pod ;ken , t-),n. [Deriv.ofGr.xV»X'?»'os» goose -f 7ro6s,7ro56s, foot.] Any of a family (Chenopodiacx) of plants, the goosefoot family, typified by a genus (Che- nopodium) of glabrous or mealy herbs, the goosefoots or pigweeds. — che'no-po'di-a'ceous (-po'di-a'shfis), o. cheque (chek), n. A check, or written order to pay monev ■ — the usual spelling in England. ' cheq'uer (chek'er). Var. of checker. cher'ish (cher'ish), v. t. [F. cherir, fr. cher dear, L. cams 1 1. lo hold dear; treat or keep with tenderness and affec- tion; hence : to nurture with care ; protect and aid. 2. To harbor in the mind ; cling to. — Syn. Nurse ; entertain encourage, comfort, support. See foster.— cher'ish-er n Cher'O-kee' (cher'o-ke'), n. 1. An Indian of a tribe of Iro- quoian stock now mostly settled in Oklahoma, where they have their own newspapers and books, and a native alpha- bet. 2. The language of the Cherokees. Che-root' (she-roof ; dig-), n. [Tamil shuru^tu, prop., a roll.] A kind of cigar truncated at both ends. " Cher'ry (cher'i), n. ; pi. -rtes (-iz). [OF. cherise, dial, form of b. cerise, fr.LL.,fr.L. cerasus cherry tree, Gr. K € P acr6s xhe form cherry (cf. pea) is due to the French form being taken as a plural.] 1. Any of several species of a genus (Prunus) of trees bearing fruit in the form of globose drupes ; also, the fruit or wood. 2. A peculiar shade of red, like that of certain cherries. — a. Like a red cherry in color cherry bounce. Cherry brandy. Colloq. cherry brandy. Brandy in which cherries have been steeped. cher'so-nese (kfir'so-nez ; -nes), n. [From L., fr. Gr. x tpv\\ov; xalpeiv to rejoice + v\\ov leaf.] 1. An apiaceous plant {Anthriscus cerefolium), with aromatic leaves used in soups and salads. 2. Any of several other plants of the same genus or family ; — usually with an attributive, as the wild, or cow, chervil (A. sylvestris). Chess (dies), n. 1. A kind of grass (Bromus secalinus) troublesome in wheat fields. U. S. 2. The darnel. U. S. Chess, n.; pi. chess or chesses. Mil. One of the planks forming the transverse flooring of a pontoon bridge ; — usually in the pi. Chess, n. [OF. esches, ace. pi. of eschec check. See 1st check.] A game of pure skill, played on a board (chess- board), usually by two persons, with sets of 16 pieces (chessmen). Ches'sy-lite (ches'i-Ht), n. Min. The mineral azurite, found in fine crystallizations at Chessy, near Lyons, France. Chest (chest), n. [AS. cest, cist, fr. L. cista, fr. Gr. /cicr^.] 1. A large box, esp. one with a lid, as for keeping valuables. 2. The place for the keeping of the money of a public insti- tution ; treasury ; also, the fund itself. 3. Com. A case in which tea, opium, etc., are transported ; hence, the quan- tity which such a case contains. 4. The part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breastbone ; thorax. 5. Mech. A tight receptacle or box,|usually for gas, steam, liquids, etc. ; as, the steam chest of an engine. Ches'ter-field'i-an (ches'ter-felMi-an), a. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the fourth Earl of Chesterfield (1694-1773), distinguished for his elegant manners and for his "Letters," on manners, conduct, etc., to his son. chest'nut (ches'nut), n. [For chesten-nut, fr. OF. chas- taigne chestnut, fr. L., fr. Gr. Kaaravka, fr. Gr., Kdo-rava, a city of Pontus, where chestnut trees abounded.] l.The edible nut of any tree of a genus (Castanea) of the beech family; also, any of the trees or the _ _, wood of anv of them Chestnut (Castanea dentata) : 2. Chestaut colorT! ^ leaves and Ament S ;2Burs ; 3Nut. bright reddish brown. 3. The horse-chestnut. Eng. 4. A horny callosity on the inner sides of the legs of the horse or the forelegs only of the ass and zebra. 5. An old joke or retold story. Slang. — a. Reddish brown. chest register. See register, n., 3. Hche-val' (she-val'), n.„- pi. -vaux (-voQ. [F.] A horse. G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); don; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work. Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary, (i Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CHEVAL-DE-FRISE 174 CHILD ) ehe-val'-de-frise' (she-val'dS-frez'), n. ; commonly in pi. chevaux-de-frise (she-vo'-). [F. ; cheval horse + Frise Friesland, where first used.] 1. Mil. A defense consisting of timber or an iron barrel traversed with spikes. 2. A pro- tecting line of spikes along the top of a wall. Che-val' glass (she-val'). A swinging mirror large enough to reflect the full-length figure. Chev'a-lier' (sheVd-ler'), n. [F., fr. LL. caballarius. See cavalier.] 1. A knight. Archaic or Hist. 2. Esp., in France, a noble of the lowest rank. 3. A member of any of certain orders of knighthood ; also, in France, a member of an order of merit ; as, a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 4. A cadet of the old French nobility. 5. A chivalrous man ; cavalier ; gallant. 6. Her. A horseman fully armed. che-vaux'-de-frise', n., pi. of cheval-de-erise. Oche-ve-lure' (she-v'liir'), n. [F._] A head of hair. chev'er-el (chev'er-el), chev'er-il (-11), n. [OF. chevrel kid, dim. fr. L. caper goat.] Kid leather. Obs. ]|che-vet' (she-ve'), n. [F., fr. L. capitium head covering, fr. caput head.] Arch. The extreme end of the chancel or choir of a church ; the rounded or polygonal part at the east end of a church. Chev'i-Ot (chev'I-ut ; che'vi-wt), n. 1. One of a breed of sheep originating in the Cheviot Hills. 2. [I. c] A fabric made from the wool of Cheviots. Chev'ron (shev'rim), n. [F., fr. chevre goat, L. capra she- goat.] 1. A rafter. Rare or French. 2. A figure or device of two bands meeting at an angle, used in heraldry, or worn on the sleeve as a mark of military rank. 3. A unit of this shape used in art and architecture, as in a molding. Chevron bones. The V-shaped bones articulating with the spinal column in the caudal region of many vertebrates. Chev'ron-wise' (sheVrim-wIz'), adv. Like a chevron. Chev'ro-tain (shev'ro-tan ; -tin), n. [F. chevrotain, OF. chevrot little goat, roe, dim. of chievre goat. See chevron.] Any of several very small, hornless, deerlike ruminants ] (constituting the family Tragulidse) of tropical Asia, the Malay Islands, and West Africa. Chev'y (chev'i), n.; pi. chevies (-iz). Eng. 1. A cry used in hunting. 2. A hunt ; chase. chev'y, chiv'y (chev'i, chiv'i), v. t. & i.; -ted (-id) ; -y-ing. To chase or run ; pursue ; throw. Chiefly Dial. Eng. Chew (choo ; chu), v. t. & i. [AS. cSowan.] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth ; masticate. 2. To meditate or plan. — n. Act of chewing ; also, that which is chewed ; a portion suitable for chewing ; quid ; cud. Chewing gum. A preparation of chicle, spruce gum, or other plastic insoluble substance, used as a masticatory. Che- wink' (che-wirjk'), n. A common North American bird (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) of the sparrow family ; — so called from its note. Chey-enne' ( shl-en' ), n. One of a warlike Algon- quian tribe of Indians, now mostly on reserva- tions in Oklahoma and Montana, chi'a (che'a), n. [Sp.] Any of several salvias of Mexico and the southwestern United States, from the seeds of which a beverage is prepared ; also, the beverage. Chi 'an (kl'dn), a. Of or pertaining to Chios, modern Scio, an island in the ^Egean Sea. — n. An inhabitant or native of Chios ; also, Chian wine. Chi-an'ti (ke-an'te), n. [It.] Wine from the region of the Chianti Mountains, Tuscany, esp. a dry red piquant variety. IChia'ro-SCU'ro (kya'ro-skoo'ro) \n. [It., clear dark.] 1. Chia'ro-O-SCU'ro (-6-skoo'ro) J Pictorial art that em- ploys only light and shade. 2. Arrangement ofthelightand dark parts, as in a picture. — Chia'ro-SCU'rist (-rist), n. Chi-as'ma (kl-az'md), n.; pi. -mata (-td). [NL., fr. Gr. deriv. of xiafav to mark with a x-] Anat . A decussation or intersection; specif., the optic chiasma. as'mal, a. Chi-as'tO-lite (kl-as'to-llt), n. [Gr. xiao-ros marked with a x + -lite.'] Min. A soft, impure andalusite the crystals of which appear tessellated in cross section ; made. flchiaus (chous; choush), n. [Turk, chdush.] A Turkish messenger, sergeant, or the like. chibouk' Uchi-book'; -bd&k'), n. [From F., fr. Turk. Chi-bouque' / chibuq.] A Turkish tobacco pipe, usually long-stemmed with a bowl of baked clay. || Chic (shek), n. [F.] Artistic cleverness ; good form ; style. Colloq. — a. Characterized by chic. Colloq. flchi'ca-lo'te (che'ka-lo'ta), n. [Sp.] A white-flowered prickly poppy (Argemone platyceras), of Mexico and the southwestern United States. Chi-cane' (shi-kan'), n. [F.] Trickery, esp. in legal pro- ceedings; sophistry. — v. i.; -caned' (-kand') ; -can'ing (-kan'mg). To use shifts, subterfuges, or artifices ; quibble. Chewink — v. t. To quibble over ; also, to affect by chicanery. Chi-can'er-y (shl-kan'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-iz). Sharp practice ; trickery ; sophistry. — Syn. See deceit. Chick (chik), n. 1. A chicken, esp. a young one. 2. A child or young person. chick'a-dee' (chik'd-deO, n. Any of various titmice ; — from the note. Chick'a-ree' (-re'), n. The red squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus) ; — from its cry. Chick'a-saw (chik'd-s6),rc. An Indian of a tribe of Muskhogean stock, now in Oklahoma. Chick'en (-en ; 24), n. [AS. cicen, cy- cen.] 1. A young cock or hen ; also, the young of various other birds. 2. A barn- yard fowl of any age. 3. Short for prai- riechicken (WesternU. S.)ov Mother Carey's chicken. 4. A young or inex- perienced person ; a child. Chicken breast. Med. Abnormal pro- jection of the breastbone and of the ster- *-™ck aaee. nal region, often a symptom of rachitis. — -breast'ed, a. Chick'en-heart'ed, a. Timid ; cowardly. chicken pox. An acute, contagious, eruptive disease, chiefly of children. Chick'-pea', n. [F. pois chiche, fr. L. deer.] A fabaceous herb (Cicer arietinum) of southern Europe, or its seed. Chick'weed' (-wed'), n. Any of various weeds of the pink family, the seeds and young foliage of which birds eat. Chic'le (chik''l; chlk'le; Sp. che'kla), n. [Amer. Sp.] A gumlike substance got from the bully tree or the sapo- dilla, much used in making chewing gum. See balata. chi'co (che'ko),n. The common greasewood. Western U.S. Chic'0-ry (chik'o-n), n. [F. chicoree, fr. It., fr. L., fr. Gr. k'l- xopa, Kixopeia.] A common perennial plant (Cichorium intybus), with blue flowers, cultivated for its roots and as a salad plant ; also, its root, roasted for mixing with coffee. Chide (chid), v. i. & t.; pret. chid (chid), sometimes chid'- ed (chid'ed) ; p. p. chid (chid), chid'den (chid''n), chid'- ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. chid'ing (chid'mg). [AS. cidan.] To find fault ; scold ; make, or effect with, a noise as of scold- ing or brawling. — Syn. Blame, rebuke, censure, reproach, reprehend, reprimand. See reprove. — chid'er (chld'er),n. Chief (chef), n. [OF., fr. a LL. form for L. caput head.] 1. Her. The upper third part of the field of an escutcheon, or a band occupying it. 2. The head or leader of any body of men ; one in authority ; the principal actor or agent. 3. Most valuable portion ; as, the chief of their strength. Syn. Chief, chieftain,, .commander, leader, head. Chief implies hereditary or acquired rank in a tribe or clan or, oftener, superiority in civil, rather than military, office or rank ; as, the chief of police. Chieftain is practically limited to the captain of a band of robbers, or to the head of a Highland (or similar) clan ; as, a robber chieftain. Com- mander implies authority over a military or naval body ; leader, influence or directing power, as in a political party or an enterprise ; head, authority or executive power. — a. 1. Highest in office or rank. 2. Principal or most em- inent ; most distinguished ; having most or leading influ- ence ; foremost, as in place, importance, etc. — Syn. Head, leading, main, paramount, prime, supreme, vital, especial ; great, grand, eminent, master. — adv. Chiefly ; principally. Archaic. chiefly (-11), adv. 1. In the first place; above all; daily. 2. For the most part ; mostly. Chieftain (-tin), ». [OF. chevetain, fr. LL. capitanus.] A chief ; commander. — Syn. See chief. — chief tain-cy (-si), n. — chieftain-ship, n. Chiffon (shif'on ; F. she'foN'), n. [F., lit., rag.] 1. An ornament of a woman's dress, as of ribbon, lace, etc. 2. A kind of soft gauzy silk material. chif fo-nier' (shif'6-ner'), n. Also chif fon-nier'. [From F., fr. chiffon rag.] An ornamental cabinet ; specif., a high chest of drawers, often having a mirror. || chi/gnon' (she'ny6N' ; shm'yon), n. [F.] A knot or mass of hair worn by a woman at the back of the head. Chig'oe (chig'o)\n. A species of flea (Sarcopsylla pene- Chig're (chig'er)J trans) of the West Indies and South America. The fertile female burrows under the skin. Chi'la-ca-yo'te (che'la-ka-yo'ta), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. xilotl ear of corn -f- ayotli gourd.] 1. Any of several cucurbita- ceous plants of Mexico and the southwestern United States. 2. The fruit of any of these plants, the pulp of which is cooked and eaten as a dessert. chil'blain' (chil'blanO. n. A blain, or inflammatory swell- ing, due to exposure of the feet or hands to cold. Child (child), n.; pi. children (chil'dren). [AS. did.] 1. An infant ; baby. 2. A young person of either sex ; hence, a person who exhibits innocence, obedience, trustfulness, or the like. 3.A youth of noble birth. By modem writers spelt archaically childe or chylde by way of distinction. 4. A son or daughter ; Law, a legitimate offspring. 5. Any descend- espe- ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd,sSft, connect; use, unite, firn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); CfflLDBEARING 175 CHINQUAPIN ant. 6. A person having a characteristic, as of resemblance or dependence, suggestive of the relationship of a child ; as, I a child of God, of toil, of the people, with child, pregnant ; as, to be wiih child. child'bear'ing, to. The bringing forth of a child or children. Child'bed' (-bed'), to. State of a woman in labor. Child / birth / (-burth'), to. Act of bearing a child; labor. Childe (child), n. See child, to., 3. chil'der (chil'der). Obs. or dial. pi. of child. Chil'der-mas (chil'der-mds), to. [AS. cildamsesse ; lit. child mass.] Holy Innocents' Day, or December 28; — usually called Childermas Day or Childermastide. Child'tiood (child'hood), to. State or time of being a child. Child'ing, a. Bearing children ; parturient ; hence : produc- tive ; fruitful. Archaic. Child'ish, a. 1. Pert, to or like a child. 2. Puerile ; trifling ; weak. — Syn. See childlike. ish-ly, adv. ness, to. child'less, a. Having no child. — child'less-ness, to. Child'like / , a. Resembling, or pertaining to, a child ; be- coming a child ; characteristic of a child ; meek ; submis- sive ; dutiful. — child'like'ness, to. Syn. Simple, innocent, trustful, confiding ; childish, infan- tile, infantine ; weak, frivolous, foolish, silly. — Childlike, childish, infantile, infantine. Childlike suggests those Qualities of childhood worthy of respect or emulation ; childish, its less pleasing and less admirable character- istics. Infantile and infantine, as designating the qual- ities of earliest childhood, are practically interchangeable. Childly, a. Like or belonging to a child ; childish. Child'ness, to. Quality or state of being a child. Chil'dren (chil'dren), to., pi. of child. Chil'e-an (chil'e-dn), a. Of or pertaining to Chile. — to. A native or resident of Chile. chil'i (chil'i), n.; pi. chilies (-Tz). Also chile, chilli. [Sp., fr. Mexican chilli.'] The red pepper. Chil'i-ad (kil'I-ad), to. [Gr. x'^«, -aSos, fr. xtXtot a thou- sand.] 1. A thousand. 2. A period of a thousand years. Chil'i-archi(-ark), to. [Gr. x'Xidpxijs, x'^''apx°s; x^ tot a- thousand + dpxos leader, apxet-v to lead.] Class. Antiq. The commander of a thousand men. Chil'i-asm (-az'm), to. [Gr. xtXicurjuds, fr. x'^ias. See chiliad.] Theol. The doctrine of the millennium, or the reign of Christ on earth for a thousand years. Chil'i-ast (-ast), to. [Gr. x<^<- a(TT V s - See chill^sm.] One who believes in chiliasm. — chil'i-as'tic (-as'tik), a. Chili, or chilli, sauce. A condiment sauce made with chilies, tomatoes, and spices, cooked in vinegar. Chill (chil), to. [AS. cele, cyle.~\ 1. A sensation of cold at- tended with convulsive shaking. 2. A moderate but disa- greeable degree of cold. 3. A check to enthusiasm; dis- couragement. — a. 1. Moderately cold; chilly. 2. Affected depressingly by cold ; shivering. 3. Cool in manner ; for- mal. 4. Discouraging ; depressing. — v. i. 1. To cool. 2. To become surface-hardened by sudden cooling, as cast iron. — v. t. 1. To strike with a chill ; make chilly. 2. To check, as enthusiasm ; dispirit. 3. Metal. To cool suddenly at the surface so as to harden. — chill'er, n. Chill'ing, p. a. Making chilly or cold ; depressing ; as, a chilling manner. — Chill'ing-ly, adv. Chill'ness, to. Quality or state of being chill. Chill'y (chil'i), a. ; chill'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. Moderately or disagreeably cold. — chill'i-ly, adv. — chill'i-ness, to. Chi'lo-plas'ty 1 (ki'16-pla.s'ti), to. [Gr. x«^°s lip + -plas- Chei'lo-plas'tyj ty.~\ Surg. A plastic operation on the lip. Chiltern Hundreds (chll'tern). [AS. Ciltern the Chiltern, high hills in Buckinghamshire.] Three hundreds, in Buck- inghamshire, England, the stewardship of which is now a nominal office under the Chancellor of the Exchequer with a salary of 20 shillings and the fees of the office. The sole importance of this sinecure lies in the fact that the nom- ination to it is used to enable a member of Parliament to resign his seat, on the plea that he holds an office of honor and profit under the crown, to do which constitutes a dis- qualification. Chi-mae'ra (ki-me'rd; kl-), to. [L.] 1. leap. & I. c] Var. of chimera. 2. Any of a small group (Holocephali), and esp. of a genus (Chimasra) , of marine elasmobranch fishes. Chim'ar (chlm'dr). Var. of chlmer, robe. Chime, chimb (chim), to. [AS. dm, in cimstan base of a pillar.] The chamfered edge of a cask, etc. ; a chine. Chime (chim), to. [OF. cymbe, cymble, fr. L. cymbalum. See cymbal.] 1. Mechanical arrangement for chiming a bell or set of bells. 2. A set of bells musically attuned. | 3. The music from such a set of bells ; — usually _in pi. 4. Music; melody; harmony. — v. i.; chimed (chimd) ; chtm'ing (chim'ing). 1. To sound harmoniously, as bells. Archaic. 2. To recite ; utter singsong. 3. To sound, or sound in, chimes. 4. To harmonize ; agree. — v. t. 1. To give forth in chimes. Archaic. 2. To strike, as a bell, so as to produce a musical sound. 3.To bring, effect, utter, etc., by chiming. — chim'er (chim'er), to. Chim'er (chim'er; shlm'er), chi-mere' (chi-mer'; stu- mer'), n. [OF. chamarre, F. simarre, fr. Sp. chamarra, zamarra, a coat of sheepskins, a sheepskin.] A loose upper robe, esp. one worn by a bishop. chi-me'ra, chi-mae'ra (ki-me'rd; kl-), to.; pi. -ras (-rdz). EL. chimaera chimera, Gr. x'A""pa, lit., she-goat.] 1. cap.] Gr. Myth. A monster represented as vomiting flames, and, usually, as having a lion's head, goat's body, and dragon's or, serpent's tail, killed by Bellerophon. 2. a A horrible illusion or phantasm ; hobgoblin ; bogy, b A wild fancy ; a vain or visionary conception. Chi-mer'ic (-mer'ik), a. Chimerical. chi-mer'i-cal (-I-kdl), a. 1. Merely imaginary ; fantastic. 2. Inclined to entertain chimeras ; fanciful ; visionary. — Syn. Vain, delusive. See visionary. cal-ly, adv. chim'ney (chim'ni), n.;pZ. -neys (-niz). [F. cheminee,ir. LL.,fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. Kd/nros.] 1. Fire- place ; hearth. Obs. or Dial. 2. An upright flue, as of brick or stone, for smoke, often that part above the roof. 3. A tube, usually of glass, placed around a flame to create a draft. 4. The smokestack of a locomotive, steamship, etc. Chimney piece. 1. A picture, piece of tapestry or the like, placed as an ornament over a fireplace. 2. A decorative construction over and around the opening of a fireplace ; often, a mantel or shelf over a fireplace. chimney pot. A pipe, as of earthenware or sheet metal, placed at the top of a chimney to increase the draft, etc. Chim-pan'zee (chim-pan'ze ; chlm'pan-ze'), to. [From na- tive name.] An anthropoid ape (Simia satyrus) of equa- torial Africa, smaller and less ferocious than the gorilla. Chin (chin), to. [AS. tin.] The lower extremity of the face, below the mouth ; the point of the under jaw. — v. t. ; chinned (chind) ; chtn'ning. To raise (one's self) from a position in which one hangs by the hands with arms fully extended until the chin is level with the hands. Chi'na (chi'nd), n. Porcelain ware, or porcelain, originally brought from the Far East ; loosely, crockery in general. chi'na hark (kl'nd). [See quinine.] a = clnchona, 2. b Bark of a Brazilian rubiaceous shrub (Cascarilla hexandra). Chi'na-ber'ry (chl'nd-ber'I), to. 1. A soapberry (Sapindus marginatus) of the southern U. S. and Mexico; — called also wild China tree. 2. The China tree or its fruit. Chi'na-man (-man), to. A male Chinese. Chi'na-town' (-toun'), to. The Chinese quarter in a city. China tree. A handsome Asiatic meliaceous tree (Melia azedarach) , planted as a shade tree throughout the south- ern United States and in tropical countries. chi'na-ware' (-warO,n. China. chin'ca-pin (chlrj'kd-pin). Var. of chinquapin. Chinch (chinch), to., or chinch bug. 1. The bedbug. 2. A fetid hemipterous insect (Blissus leucopterus) very de- structive to grass and grains. Chin-chil'la (chin-chil'd), to. [Sp.] 1. A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), with pearly gray fur, of Peru and Chile ; also, its fur. 2. A long-napped, tufted woolen cloth. Chin'cough' (chin'kof ' ; 62), n. Whooping cough. chine (chin). Var. of chime, of a cask. Chine, to. [OF. eschine, fr. OHG. skina needle, prickle, shin.] 1. The backbone ; also, a piece of the backbone of an animal with adjoining parts, cut for cooking. 2. A ridge ; crest. — v. t. ; chined (chind) ; chin'ing (chin'ing). To cut through or break the backbone of. H Chi'ne' (she'na'), a. [F., p. p. of chiner to dyethreads of a fabric so as to produce a figure, fr. Chine China.] Colored or figured after a real or supposed Chinese fashion ; — ap- plied esp. to fabrics that have a mottled appearance and figures with indistinct outlines. — to. Chine fabric, as silk. Chi-nese' (chi-nez' ; -nes'), a. Of or pert, to China or its people. Chinese puzzle, a puzzle such as those made by the Chinese ; hence, fig., something intricate and arbitrary or mechanical in its form or application. — C. wall, the famous defensive wall, 35 feet high, 21 feet thick, extending for 1,250 miles between Mongolia and China proper. — C. white, a Zinc white. bA certain pigment made of barium sulphate. — C. windlass, a differential windlass. — to. sing. & pi. 1. A native of China. 2. The monosyllabic language of the Chinese. Chink (chink), to. A small, narrow cleft or fissure ; crack. — v. t. To crack ; also, to fill the chinks of. — Chink'y, a. chink, to. [Imitative.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal lightly struck. 2. Coin ; money. Slang. — v. t. & i. To make, or cause to make, a short, sharp, metallic sound. chin'ka-pin (chin'kd-pin). Var. of chinquapin. Chi-nook' (chi-ndbk'), to. 1. A Flathead American Indian of any of various Western tribes. 2. A jargon of Chinook and other Indian words mingled with English and French, used by Indians and traders of the Northwest. 3. [I. c] a A warm, moist, southwest wind blowing on the coast of Ore- gon and Washington, b A certain warm, dry wind which de- scends from the mountains in the Rocky Mountain region. Chin'qua-pin (chin'kd-pin), to. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] 1. The dwarf chestnut (Castanea pumila) of the United States ; also, its sweet, edible nut. 2. A related tree (Cas- H K k = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN< yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CHINTZ 176 CHLORO- > tanopsis chrysophylla), of California and Oregon ; also, its edible nut. Chintz (chints), n. [A pi. fr. Hind. chhint.J Originally, painted or stained calico from India; now, cotton cloth printed with flowers, etc., and often glazed. Chip (chip), v. t.; chipped (chipt) ; chip'ping. 1. To pare (bread) by cutting off the crust. Obs. 2. To cut or hew with an ax, chisel, etc. 3. To break or crack off a bit or bits of, as of crockery. — v. i. To break or fly off into bits. to chip in, to put chips or money into the pool at cards ; hence, to join in with others, as in making a fund. Colloq. — n. 1. A fragment or bit, as of wood, etc., chopped, cut, or broken off. 2. Hence: a Cookery. A thin slice of a fruit, a potato, etc. b A counter in poker, etc. 3. Wood, palm leaf, straw, etc., split into slips for making hats, etc. 4. Anything valueless or trivial ; also, anything dried up or flavorless. 5. A piece of dried dung, used for fuel ; as, buf- falo chips. 6. A crack or the like caused by chipping. Chip, v. i. To utter a cry represented by chip. — n. Act of chipping ; sound made by a bird, etc., that chips. Chip, n. Wrestling. A trick, or special attack. Chip'munk (chip'murjk), n. [From Amer. Indian name.] Any of a genu; (Tamias) of small striped terrestrial American rodents of the squirrel fam- ily; — of ten called ground squirrel, striped squirrel. Chip'per (chip'er), Chipmunk. (£) a. Lively ; cheerful ; brisk. Colloq., U. S. Chip'per, v. i. To chirp or chirrup ; twitter ; babble. Chip'pe-wa (chTp'e-wa). Var. of Ojibwa. chipping sparrow or bird. A small sparrow (Spizella socialis) which often builds its nest about dwellings. Chip'py (chip'i), n.; pi. -pies (-iz). The chipping sparrow. Chirk (churk), v. i. 1. To make a strident noise ; creak. Obs. or Scot. 2. To chirp; chirrup. Archaic or Dial. 3. To grow cheerful ; — used with up. Colloq., U. S. Chirm (churm) , v. i. [AS. cyrman, cirman, to cry out.] To chirp ; make a chirm, as birds. — n. Noise ; din ; hum, esp. of voices, bird notes, or the like. chi'ro- (ki'ro-). Combining form fr. Gr. \dp, x«P°s, hand. Chi-rog'ra-phy3(ki-rog'rd-fi), n . Art of writing or engross- ing; handwriting. — chi'ro-graph'iciki'ro-graf'ik), a. — chi-rog'ra-pher (kl-rog'rd-fer), n. Chi'ro-man'cy (kPro-man'si ), n. Divination by examina- tion of the hand ; palmistry. — chi'ro-man'cer (-ser), n. Chi'ron (kl'ron), n. [L., fr. Gr. Xdpav.") Gr. Myth. A centaur, son of Cronus, renowned for wisdom and skill in medicine. Accidentally wounded by Hercules, he resigned his immortality as an expiation for Prometheus. Chi-rop'o-dist (kl-rop'o-dist), n. Ichiro- +Gr. irovs, iroSos, foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands and feet ; esp., one who removes corns and bunions. — chi-rop'o-dy, n. Chi-rop'ter (kl-rop'ter), n. [chiro-^ + Gr. irrepov wing.] Any of the order (Chiroptera) consisting of the bats. Chirp (churp), v. i. [Imitative.] 1. To make a short, sharp sound, as small birds or crickets. 2. To speak or utter sounds likened to the chirping of birds. — v. t. l.To utter by chirping. 2. To salute, or urge on, by or as by chirping. — n. A short, sharp note, as of some birds or insects. Chirr (chur), v. i. Also Chirre. [Imitative.] To make the vibrant or trilled sound peculiar to grasshoppers, cicadas, etc., and some birds, or a sound like it. — n.The noise made f by one that chirrs. Chir'rup (chir'ztp), v. i. [Cf. chirp.] To chirp, esp. repeat- edly and with a lively effect. — v. t. 1. To utter by chir- ruping. 2. To quicken or animate by chirruping ; to cheer up. — n. Act or sound of chirruping. chir'rup-y (-1), a. Cheerful; lively; chatty. Chi-rur'geon (kl-rur'jun), n. [F '. chirurgien, fr. Gr., fr. xeip hand -f- Ipyov work.] A surgeon. — chi-rur'ger-y (-jer-i), n. — chi-rur'gi-cal (-jT-kal), a. All Archaic. Chis'el (chTz'el), n. [OF., fr. LL. cisellus.'] A tool with a cutting edge at the end of a blade, used in shaping wood * stone, etc. — v. t. & i. ; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -el-ing or -el-ling. To cut or work with a chisel. Chis'eled, chis'elled(-eld), p. a. l.Cut, shaped, or wrought with a chisel. 2. Appearing as if chiseled ; clear-cut. Chit (chit), n. A child; also, a person likened to a child; esp., a pert girl. _ Chit, n. A shoot or sprout. Chit, chit'ty (chit'Y), n. [Hind, chitp.2 A short letter; a memorandum ; certificate ; voucher. India, China, etc. Chit'chat (chit'chat), n. [From chat.] Small talk. Chi' tin (kl'tin), n. [See chiton.] The horny substance forming the harder part of the outer integument of insects, crustaceans, etc. — chi'tin-OUS (-ti-nus), a. Chi'ton (ki'ton), n. [Gr. x<-™v.~] 1. Gr. Antiq. The gar- ment or wrap commonly worn next the skin by both sexes in classical times. 2. Any of an order (Pla- cophora, type genus Chiton) of mollusks that cling to rocks like limpets. Chit'ter-ling (chit'er-lmg),TC. 1. The small- er intestines of swine, etc., esp. as cooked; ' — usually in pi. 2. A frill; ruff. Obs. Chiv'al-ric (shfv'al-rfk ; shi-val'rik), a. Relating to chivalry ; chivalrous. Chiv'al-ro-US (shiv'al-rus), a. [OF. chevale- rus, fr. chevalier. See chivalry.] 1. Like, or characteristic of, a knight of feudal times ; esp., valiant ; valorous ; warlike. 06s., exc. as in sense 3. 2. Pert, to chiv- alry or knight-errantry regarded as a sys- tem ; as, chivalrous society or ideals. 3. Of, pert, to, characteristic of, or possessing the qualities of, the ideal knight of the age of chivalry ; disinterestedly devoted to the cause of the weak or oppressed ; valorous and generous to foes. — Syn. See gal- Double Chiton lant. — chiv'al-rous-ly, adv. Chiv'al-ry (-ri), n. [F. chevalerie, fr. chevalier knight. See chevalier.] 1. Mounted men at arms. Obs. or Archaic. 2. A body of knights; hence: gallant warriors ; brave gentlemen. 3. Rank or characteristics of a knight ; esp., valor, dexterity in arms, honor, courtesy, etc. 4. The dig- nity or system of knighthood ; the spirit, usages, or man- ners of knighthood ; the practice of knight-errantry. 5. The traditional qualities of the ideal knight, as honor, protec- tion of the weak, generosity to foes, and gallantry. Chive (chiv), n. [OF. chive, dial, form of F. cive, fr. L. cepa, caepa, onion.] A perennial plant (Allium schoeno- prasum) allied to the onion ; — chiefly in pi. Chiv'y (chfv'i). Var. of chevy. Chlam/y-date (klam'i-dat), a. [L. chlamydatus dressed in a chlamys.] Zool. Having a mantle, as a mollusk. Chia'mys (kla'mis ; klam'is), n. ; pi. L. chlamydes (klam'- J-dez) i E. chlamyses (kla'mis-ez ; or ■ klam'is-). [L., fr. Gr. x^M^.] Class An- tiq. A short oblong mantle fastened with a clasp. chlo-an'thite (klo-Sn'thTt), n. [Gr. x ^ori verdure + &vdos flower.] Min. A native arsenide of nickel, NiAs2, white or grayish with metallic luster, and usually massive. Chlo'e (klo'e), n. [L., fr. Gr. XXoi?.] See Daphnis and Chloe. Chlo'ral (klo'ral), n. [F. or G. ; F. chlore (or G. chlor) chlorine + F. aZco(h)ol.] 1. Chem. A pungent oily liquid, CCh-CHO, obtained by action of chlorine on alcohol. 2. Chloral hydrate, a white crystalline sub- stance, got by treating chloral (def. 1) with water, and used to induce sleep. Chlo'ral-ism (-iz'm), n. Med. A morbid , condition of the system resulting from habitual use of chloral. Phocion wear- Chlor-al'um (klor-al'wm), n. Ichloro-, 2 + ingaChlamys. aluminium.] An impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminium, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Chlo'rate (klo'rat), n. Chem. A salt of chloric acid. chlor'hy'drate (klor'hl'drat), n. = hydrochloride. chlor 'hy'dric (-drik), a. = hydrochloric. Chlo'ric (klo-rik),a. Chem. Pertaining to, or obtained from, chlorine, esp. in a valence of five. Chlo'rid-ate (klo'ri-dat), v. t. 1. Photog. To treat with a chloride. 2. Metal. = chloridize. Chlo'ride (-rid; -rid), n. Also -rid. Chem. A compound of chlorine with another element or radical. chlo-rid'ic (klo-rid'ik), a. Of or pert, to a chloride; containing a chloride. Chlo'rid-ize (klo'ri-diz), v. t. 1. Metal. To combine with chlorine. 2. Photog. = .chloridate. Chlo'rin-ate (klo'rf-nat), v. t.; -at'ed (-nat'ed); -at'ing (-nat'ing). Chem. To treat, or cause to combine, with chlorine, as for bleaching or for extracting gold from its ores. — chlo'rin-a'tion (-na'shun), n. chlo'rine (klo'rin ; -ren), n. Also -rin. [Gr. xW6s green- ish yellow.] Chem. An element, ordinarily isolated as a poisonous, greenish yellow, suffocating gas. Symbol, CI; at. wt., 35.46. Chlorine is abundant in common salt. Chlo'rite (-rlt), n. [Gr. xXwptT-ts, fr. xXwpos light green.] Min. Any of a group of common native hydrous silicates, usually green, associated with, and much like, the micas. Chlo'rite, n. [chlorous + -ite.] Chem. A salt of chlorous acid ; as, chlorite of sodium. Chlo'ri-toid (klo'ri-toid), n. [chlorite + -oid."] Min. A native silicate of aluminium and ferrous iron (with magne- sium), H2(Fe,Mg)Al2Si07, occurring usually in brittle folia. Chlo'ro- (klo'ro-). 1. Combining form from Greek x^copoj, ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect ; use, unite, firn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; CHLOROFORM 177 CHOPHOUSE Hght green ; as cTiZoroplast, chlorophyll. 2. Chem. A com- bining form of chlorine, as in cMoralum, chloroform. Chlo'ro-fonn (-form), n. [chloro-, 2 + formyl.] Chem. A colorless sweetish volatile liquid, CHCI3, with ethereal odor, formed (for example) by treating alcohol with chloride of lime and slaked lime. It is a powerful solvent, and is used as an anaesthetic. — v. t. To anaesthetize with chloroform. Chlo-rom'e-ter (klo-rom'e-ter), n. \_chloro-, 2 -f- -meter.'] An instrument or apparatus for determining the chlorine available for bleaching in chloride of lime or the like. Chlo'ro-phane (klo'ro-fan), n. \chloro-, 1 -f- Gr. 4>aivecv to show.] A variety of fluor spar, which, when heated, emits a beautiful green light. chlo'ro-phyll, chlo'ro-phyl (-fil),n. \chloro-, l+'phyll] The green coloring matter of plants. Chlo'ro-phyl'lOUS (-fil'us) \a. Pertaining to, or having the chlo'ro-phyl'lose (-os) / nature of, chlorophyll. Chlo'ro-plast (klo'ro-plast), n. [chloro-, 1 -f- -plast.] Biol. A plastid containing chlorophyll, developed only in cells exposed to the light. Chlo-ro'sis (klo-ro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xX"P°s light green.] 1. Med. An anaemic disease of young women, characterized by a grayish yellow hue of the skin and by menstrual disor- ders ; green sickness. 2. Bot. A disease in plants causing loss of the green color, the chloroplasts not acting. Chlo'ro-spin'el (klo'ro-spin'el ; -spi-nel'), to. \_chloro- K 1 + spinel.'] Min. A grass-green variety of spinel, containing aluminium and iron, and colored by copper. Chlo'rous (klo'rus), a. [See chlorine.] Chem. Of, pert, to, or derived from, chlorine ; — said of compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of three. Chock (chok), n. 1. A wedge or block to fill in a space or to prevent motion, as of a cask. 2. Naut. A form of casting or a wooden piece, usually at the side of the upper deck, for ropes to run through. — v. t. 1. To provide, fasten, or wedge, with a chock or chocks. 2. To put (a boat) upon chocks. — adv. As close or tight as possible. Chock'a-block 7 (chok'd-blok'), a. 1. Naut. Hoisted as high as the tackle will admit. 2. Hence : crowded ; packed full. Chock'-full', Choke'-full', a. Full to the extreme limit. ChOC'0-late (chok'6-lat), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. chocolatl.] 1. A preparation of roasted cacao seeds, or a beverage made with it. 2. The color of chocolate ; dark brown. ChOC'taw (chok'to), n. An Indian of a tribe of Muskho- gean stock, now dwelling in Oklahoma. Choice (chois), n. [OF. chois, fr. choisir to choose.] 1. Act of choosing; preference of one thing to another; also, right of choosing ; option. 2. Best part ; that which is preferable ; the pick. 3. A sufficient number to choose among ; also, a choice supply. 4. Thing or person chosen. 5. Care in choosing ; discrimination. Obs. 6. An alternative. — Syn. See alternative. — a. 1. Worthy of being chosen ; select ; superior. 2. Se- lected with care. 3. Discriminative. 4. Preserving or using with care ; — used with of. — Syn. Precious, exquisite, uncommon, rare ; chary, careful. See dainty. — choice'ly, adv. — choice'ness, n. Choir, quire (kwlr), n. [OF. cuer, F. chceur, fr.L. See chorus.] 1. An organized company of singers, esp. in church service. 2. That part of a church appropriated to the singers. In an oriented cruciform church, it is east of the transept. 3. Any of the nine orders of angels. 4. A company of dancers, or dancers and singers ; any company ; band. — v. t . & i. To sing in concert, as a choir. Poetic. Choke (chok), v. t.; choked (chokt) ; chok'ing (chok'ing). [ME. cheken, choken.] 1. To stifle or to strangle ; suffo- cate. 2. To stop by or as by choking ; suppress ; smother. 3. To check the growth, progress, or action of. 4. To ob- struct by filling up or clogging ; congest. 5. To fill chock- full. — Syn. Throttle. — v. i. 1I.T0 stifle or strangle. 2. To be obstructed ; stick. — n. 1. Act or sound of choking. 2. A constriction, as in a chokebore. 3. A neckcloth; "choker." Slang. Choke'ber-ry (-ber-i), to. The small berrylike astringent fruit of an American genus ( Aronia) of malaceous shrubs, with small white or pink flowers ; also, the shrub. Choke'foore' (-bor' ; 57), n. In a shotgun, a bore narrov/ed toward the muzzle, to prevent undue scattering of shot. Choke'cher'ry (-cher'i), n. Any of several species of wild cherries, or their small astringent fruit. Choke damp. A heavy gas essentially carbon dioxide. choke'-full'. Var. of chock-full. Choke pear. Any pear with an astringent taste. chok'er (chok'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, chokes. 2. A cravat or necktie that encircles the neck ; also, a high collar. Slang. 3. Elec. A choking coil. Colloq. chok'ing (chok'ing), p. pr., p. a., & vb. n. of choke. Choking coil, Elec, a coil of small resistance and large inductance, used in an alternating-current circuit to im- pede or throttle the current, or to change its phase; — called also reactance coil or reactor. chok^y, chok'ey (chok'i), a. Tending or inclined to choke, as with emotion. Cho'ky (cho'ki), n.; pi. -kies (-kiz). [From Hind, chauki watching, guard.] 1. A station, as for collection of customs, for palanquin bearers, police, etc. Anglo-Ind. 2. Specif. : a lockup ; a jail. Anglo-Ind., or Slang, Eng. Chol'a-gogue (kol'd-gog),TO. [Gr. xoXayuyos ; X o\v bile + &7W70S leading.] A medicine promoting discharge of bile. — chol'a-gog'ic (-goj'ik), a. & n. chol'er (kol'er), n. [From F., fr. L., fr. Gr. xoXepo. cholera, fr. x6\os, xo^v, bile.] 1. Bile, formerly thought to cause irascibility. Obs. 2. Biliousness. Obs. 3. Irascibility. chol'er-a (-d), n. [L., a bilious disease. See choler.] 1. Choler ; bile. Obs. 2. Med. Any of several diseases ; esp. : a Cholera morbus, b A disease, rapidly developed and commonly fatal, due to a spirillum called the comma bacillus {Microspira comma), and characterized by vomiting, rice-water discharge, cramps, and collapse ; — more fully Asiatic Cholera. — chol'er-a'ic (kol'er-a'ikj.a. chol'er-a in-fan'tum ( in-fan'tum ) [L. infantum of children], a disease of infants, attended with vomiting and diarrhea. — c. mor'bus (mor'bus) [L. morbus disease], acute inflammation of the digestive tract, with vomiting and cramps. Chol'er-ic ( kol'er-ik ), a. 1. Characterized by choler. Hence : a Irascible, b Bilious. Obs. 2. Causing bilious- ness. 06s. 3. Angry ; wrathful. — Syn. See irascible. Chol'er-ine (kol'er-m ; -In), n. [Cf. F. cholerine.] Med. a The precursory symptoms of cholera, b The first stage of Asiatic cholera. C A mild form of cholera. Chol'er-oid (kol'er-oid), a. {cholera + -oid.] Like cholera. Cho-les'ter-in (ko-les'ter-in) \n. [Gr. xoXi? bile + arepeos Cho-les'ter-ol (-ter-ol; -61) / stiff , solid.] Physiol. Chem. A crystalline alcohol, C27H4VOH + H2O, tasteless and odorless, found in numerous animal products and tissues. Chol'ic (kol'ik),a. [Gr. xoXtws, from X0X17 bile.] Physiol. Chem. Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bile. Chon'dri-fy (kon'dn-fl), v. t. & i. [Gr. xofSpos cartilage -f- -fy-~\ To convert, or be converted, into cartilage. — chon'- dri-fi-ca'tion (kon'dri-fi-ka'shun), n. chon'dro-dite (kon'dro-dlt), n. [Gr. xovSp&S-qs granu- lar.] Min. A member of the humite group, yellow to red, often occurring in granular form in a crystalline limestone. Chon'droid (kon'droid), a. [Gr. x°vbpo% cartilage -j- -oid.] Resembling cartilage. Chon-dro'ma (kon-dro'md), to.; L. pi. -dromata (-dro'md- td; -drom'd-td). [NL. ; Gr. xbvhpos cartilage + -oma.] A cartilaginous tumor or growth. Chon-drot'o-my (kon-drot'6-mi), to. [Gr. xovBpos carti- lage + -torny.] The cutting or dissection of cartilage. choose (chooz), v. t.; pret. chose (choz) ; p. p. cho'sen (cho'z'n), Obs. chose; p. pr. & vb. n. choos'ing. [AS. ceosan.] 1. To make^ choice of. 2. To think proper; please; — used with infinitive object; as, he did not choose to go. 3. To wish ; desire. Vulgar or Colloq. — v.i. 1. To make a selection. 2. To have choice, or alter- native ; — now used only with a negative and but ; as, he cannot choose but go. — choos'er, n. Syn. Elect, prefer, select, pick, cull, single out. — Choose, select, pick, cull. Choose is the generic term ; it is to take or fix upon something by an act of the will, esp. in accordance with a decision of the judgment; as, refuse the evil, and choose the good. Select suggests more definitely a preference based on a discrimination among a number of objects ; as, he was selected to deliver his class valedictory. Pick implies a careful selection ; cull, a nice or fastidious gleaning. chop (chop), v. t.; chopped (chopt) ; chop'ping. To cut by striking, esp. repeatedly, with a sharp instrument. — v. i. 1. To make a quick stroke, or repeated strokes, as with an ax. 2. To go, come, or make some movement, sud- denly or violently ; — used esp. with in or into. — n. 1. Act of chopping; a cutting stroke. 2. A piece chopped off ; a slice or small piece, as of meat. 3. A crack, or chap. Obs. 4. A snap of the jaws or mouth. 5. Of waves etc., a short, abrupt motion. 6. A stretch of choppy sea. Chop, v. t. To change or exchange. Obs. to chop logic, to dispute with an affected use of logical terms ; argue sophistically. — v. i. l.To make an exchange. Obs. 2. To shift suddenly, as the wind ; veer. — n. A barter ; exchange. chop, to. 1. A jaw ; — usually in pi. 2. In pi. The jaws with the space between them ; the fleshy parts about the mouth ; mouth cavity ; fauces. — v. t. To utter (words) in a hurried, indistinct fashion. Chop (chop), to. [Hind. chKap stamp, brand.] 1. In India and China, an official seal or stamp ; also, a license, permit, or clearance. 2. In the China trade, a brand on goods; hence, a brand of goods. 3. Quality ; brand. chop'fall'en (chop^ioY'n), a. = chapfallen. chop'house' (chop'housO, to. A restaurant where chops, etc., are sold ; an eating house. D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used In this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CHOPHOUSE 178 CHRISTIANITY > Chop'house', n. A customhouse. China. Cho-pine' (cho-pen' ; chop'in), n. Also chop'in (chop'in)- [Cf. OF. chapin, Sp. chapin, Pg. chapim.~] A clog, or patten, having a thick sole, or raised on a stilt. Chop'per (chop'er), n. One who, or that which, chops. Chop'ping, a. Large and vigorous ; — said of a child. Chop'ping, p. pr. & vb. n. of (any) chop, v. Hence : p. a. 1. [From CHOPto barter.] Shifting or changing suddenly, as the wind. 2. [From chop tocut.] Breakingin short, abrupt waves, making boats move jerkily ; as, a chopping sea. Chop'py (chop'!), a. Full of cracks, or chaps; chappy. Chop'py, a. Rough, with short, tumultuous waves. Chop'py, a. Variable ; — said of the wind. Chop'stick 7 (chop'stik'), n. _ [A Pidgin English translation of the Chinese name, which means : hasteners, speedy ones.] One of two small sticks or slips of wood, ivory, etc., used by the Chinese and some others in taking food. Chop SU'ey or SOO'y (chop soo'I). [Chin. (Cantonese) shap sui odds and ends, fr. shap for sap to enter the mouth + sui small bits pounded fine.] A dish consisting typically of bean sprouts, onions, mushrooms, etc., and sliced meats, fried and flavored with sesame oil. U. S. ChO-ra'gus (ko-ra'gws), 7i. ; pi. -ragi (-jl). [L., fr. Gr. xopa- 76s; xopos chorus + ar/av to lead.] 1. Gr. Antiq. A chorus leader. 2. The leader of a chorus or choir or a band of any kind. — Cho-rag'ic (ko-raj'ik; -ra'jik), a. Cho'ral (ko'rdl), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a choir or chorus ; adapted to be sung in chorus or harmony. — cho'ral-ly, adv. Cho-ral', cho-rale' (ko-ral'; ko'rdl), n. Music. A hymn tune ; a simple sacred tune, sung in unison. Chord (kord), n. [L. chorda gut, string of a gut, Gr. x°P?>V-l 1. String of a musical instrument. Now © chiefly Poet, or Fig. 2.Anat. A cord. 3. Geom. Arightline intersecting a curve ; a ±£ ^ secant ; specif., the segment of the line be- tween two points of its intersection with the curve. 4. Engin. In a truss, one of the chief members, usually horizontal, braced [ by the web members. 5. [For accord, j 7i.] Music. A combination of tones Chords, 3/ AC, sounding simultaneously and in harmonic AB, Chords. relation. — v. i. Music. To accord ; harmonize. Chore (chor), n. [Same word as chare day work.] A small or odd job ; in pi., the daily light work of a household or farm. U. S. & Dial. Eng. ChO-re'a (ko-re'd), n. [NL., f r. Gr. xopda dance.] St. Vitus 's dance, a disease attended with convulsive twitchings, etc. — cho-re'al (-dl), cho-re'ic (-Ik), a. cho'ri-amb (ko'rf-amb ; kor'i-), n. Also cho'ri-am'bus (-am'bus). [L. choriambus, Gr. xopla-nPos; xopelos a tro- chee + iap/Jos iambus.] Pros. A foot of four syllables, the first and last long, and the others short (-« — ) ; that is, a trochee and an iambus united. Cho'ri-am'bic (-am'bik), a. [L. choriambicus, Gr. x°- piauPmos.'] Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, choriambs. — n. A choriamb ; also, a choriambic verse. Cho'ric]s(ko'rik ; kor'ik), o. Of or pertaining to a chorus. Cho'rUon (ko'rf-on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. xopiov.'] Membrane en- veloping the fetus of mammals, and inclosing the amnion. Cho'rist (ko'rist ; kor'ist), n. One of a chorus or choir. Chor'is-ter (kor'is-ter), n. 1. A singer in a choir; specif., a choir boy. 2. One who leads a church choir. U. S. Cho-rog'ra-phy (ko-rog'rd-fi),«. [FromL.,fr. Gr. x^poypa- eiv to describe.] l.Art of describing or mapping a particular region. 2. A description, map, or chart of a particular region, or its physical conformation and features. — cho-rog'ra-pher (ko-rog'rd-fer), n. — cho'ro-graph'ic (ko'rS-graf'Ik), -graph'i-cal (-i-k21), a. Cho'roid (ko'roid ; 57), a. [Gr. xopoeidiis; xopiov chorion + tldos form.] Anat. Pertaining to or designating any of several delicate vascular membranes or structures, as the membrane between the sclerotic and retina of the eye. — n. Anat. The choroid coat of the eye. Cho'roid-i'tis (ko'roid-I'tis), n. [NL. ; choroid -f -itis.'] Med. Inflammation of the choroid of the eye. Chor'tle (chor't'l), v. t. & i. ; -tled ; -tling. A word coined by Lewis Carroll_ (Charles L. Dodgson), and usually ex- plained as a combination of chuckle and snort. Humorous. Cho'rus (ko'rws; 57), n. [L., a dance in a ring or with song, a chorus, a band of dancers and singers, Gr. x°P°s-] 1. In Greek drama, a company of singers or chanters act- ing as a unit. 2. The part of the drama sung by the chorus. 3. A company like, or a single character in the part or the functions of, the Greek chorus. 4. Music, a A company of singers singing in concert ; choir, b The simultaneous song of a number of persons. C A composi- , tion to be sung by voices in concert, d A part of a song recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas; also, a company of singers who join in singing such parts. 5. Fig., utterance by a number simultaneously or in unison. — v. i. & t. To sing or exclaim in chorus. Chose (choz), pret. & obs. p. p. of choose. Chose (shoz), n. [F., fr. L. causa reason.] Law. A thing; a piece of personal property. Cho'sen (cho'z'n), p. p. of choose. Specif. : p. a. Selected from a number ; picked out ; choice ; in Theol., elect. chough (chuf), n. [ME. choughe, kowe.J Any bird of an Old World genus (Pyrrhocorax), of the crow family, with red legs and glossy black plumage. Chouse (chous), v. t.; choused (choust) ; chous'ing. [Said to be fr. Turk chaush a messenger or interpreter, one of whom in 1609 cheated Turkish merchants in England.] To cheat. Colloq. — n. Obs. 1. A swindler. 2. A dupe. Chow (chou;ch5), n. [Chin, chou.2 A prefecture or dis- trict of the second rank in China ; the chief city of such a district ; — often part of the city's name, as in Foochow. Chow'chow' (chou'chouO, a. Mixed; miscellaneous. — n. 1. Mixture ; hodgepodge ; esp., chopped mixed pickles. 2. One of a Chinese breed of domestic dogs of medium size, with thick close hair of a red or black color, remarkable for having the tongue black. Chow'der (-der), n. [F. chaudiere pot.] A dish of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together. Chow'ry (chou'ri), n.; pi. -ries (-riz). [Hind, chauhri.'] A fly flap, as the tail of a yak, used in India. Chre'ma-tis'tic (kre'md-tis'tik), a. Of, pert, to, or occu- pied in, the gaining of wealth. — n. = chrematistics. chre'ma-tis'tics (-tlks), n. [Gr. xpnp-^^TiKn (sc. rkxvv) the art of traffic, fr. xpwa-ra goods, money.] (See -ics.) The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy. chres-tom / a-thy (kres-tom'd-thi), n.; pi. -thies (-thiz). [Gr. xPV6s brother.] One of a religious sect founded in the United States about 1850 by John Thomas, M. D. They reject the Trinity and the natural immortality ot the soul, believing that only the righteous receive eternal life. christ'cross' (kris'kros'; 62), n. Often written crisscross. 1. The mark of the cross (typically thus, *$* ), as formerly put before the alphabet in a hornbook, etc., or as made (thus, X) by a person as a substitute for his signature. 2. The alphabet. Obs. or Dial. Eng. Christ' cross'-row', criss'cross'-row 7 (-roO, n. The al- phabet. Archaic or Dial. Eng. Chris'ten (kriVn), v. t. [AS. cristnian to make a Chris- tian,^, cristena, Christian, L..christianus.l 1. To baptize ; also, to name at or as at baptism. 2. To use for the first time. Colloq. Chris'ten-dom (-dwm), n. 1. Christianity (sense 2). 06s. 2. Christians as a body ; the church. 3. The Christian world, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. Christ'hood, n. State of being Christ. Chris'tian (kris'ch^n) ,n. 1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ. 2. A human being as distinguished from a brute. Colloq. or Dial. 3. A decent or respectable person. Colloq. or Slang. 4. The hero of Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress." — a. 1. Professing, or belonging to, Christianity. 2. Pert, to Christ or His religion. 3. Characteristic of or becoming Christian people. 4. Of or pert, to a Christian or Christians. 5. Human as distinguished from brutal. Now only Colloq. or Humorous. Christian Era, the era in use in all Christian countries, reckoned from the supposed date of Christ's birth. This date is now generally thought to be about lour years too late. — C. name, the name given in baptism as distinct from the family name ; first name ; given name. — C. Science, a system of healing disease of mind and body which teaches that all cause and effect is mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full under- standing of the Divine Principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. The system was founded by Rev. Mary Baker Glover Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 1866, and bases its teaching on the Scriptures as understood by its adherents. Chris'tian-ism (-Tz'm), n. The religious system, tenets, or practices of Christians ; — often used depreciatively. Chris'ti-an'i-ty (kris'chi-Sn'Y-ti ; kris-chan'-), n.; pi., in sense 3 only, -tees (-tiz). 1, The religion of Christians. 2. State or fact of being a Christian ; Christian character. 3. A Christian religious system. ale, senate, care, Jim, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftrn, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; CHRISTIANIZATION 179 CHRYSAROBIN Cfaris'tian-i-za'tion (kns'chan-i-za'shun ; -I-za'sMn), n. Act or process of Christianizing. Chris'tian-ize (kris'chan-Iz), v. t. To make Christian. — v. i. To become Christian. Bare. Chris'tian-like' \a. Befitting a Christian. — adv. In a Chris'tian-ly (-li)J manner becoming a Christian. Christ'less (krlst'les), a. Without Christ or faith in Christ ; unchristian. — Christ'less-ness, n. Christ'like, a. Resembling Christ. — Christ'like-ness, n. Christ'ly, a. Of or pertaining to Christ ; Christlike. Christ'mas (kris'mds), n. {Christ + mass.'] An annual festival (December 25) in memory of the birth of Christ. Christ'mas- tide' (-tld 7 ), n. The season of Christmas. Christmas tree. An evergreen tree, usually set up indoors, decorated with ornaments, hung with presents for distribu- tion, and illuminated on Christmas Eve or Christmas night. Chris-tol'o-gy (krYs-tol'o-ji), n. That department of the- ology which treats of Christ ; a doctrine or theory about Christ. — Chris'to-log'i-cal (kris'to-loj'i-kfil), a. Chris-toph'a-ny (-tof'd-m), n.; pi. -nies (-mz). {Christ + Gr. aLveiv to show.] One or all of the appearances of Christ after resurrection, as recorded in the Gospels. Christ's'-thorn', n. Any of several prickly or thorny shrubs of Palestine, as a species (Zizyphus vulgaris) which bears the jujube and is thought to have been the plant used for the crown of thorns (John xix, 2, 5). Chro'ma- (kro'md-). See chromo-. Chro'ma (kro'md), n. [Gr. xp&va- color.] Color intensity or purity ; degree of freedom from gray. Chro'mate (kro'mat), n. A salt of chromic acid. Chro-mat'ic (kro-mat'ik), a. [FromL.,fr. Gr. xpup-a-Tiubs suited for color (in music, chromatic), fr. xp&m**. xp&P- aT °St [ color.] 1. Of or pert, to color or colors. 2. Music. Pro- ceeding by the smaller intervals (semitones) of the scale, ' instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. chro-mat'ics (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) Science of colors. chro'ma-tin (kro'md-tm), n. [Gr. xp&na, xp£/*a™s, color.] Biol. A protoplasmic substance in the nucleus of cells, which stains deeply with basic stains. Chemically it consists largely of proteid compounds of nucleic acid. Chro'ma-tism (-tiz'm), n. [Gr. xpc^^'o^os a coloring.] 1. Optics. Chromatic aberration. 2. Bot. Abnormal coloration of the normally green parts of plants. Chro'ma-to- (kro'md-to-). See chromo-. chro'ma-to-phore' (-to-for'), n. 1. Zool. A pigment cell, esp. one capable of changing its form or size, causing changes of color in the translucent skin, as in cephalopods. 2. Bot. One of the color bodies or plastids in plant cells. — chro'ma-to-phor'ict-for'ikj.-toph'o-rous (-tof'6-r&s), a. Chro'ma-to-SCOpe' (-skSpO, n. l.Astron. A reflecting tel- escope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, to pro- duce a ringlike image of a star. 2. An instrument for com- bining rays of different colors to form compound colors. Chro'ma-trope (kro'md-trop), n. 1. Physics. An instru- ment for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light by means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored. 2. A de- vice in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleido- scopic effects. chro'ma-type (-tip), n. Photog. A picture made upon paper sensitized with potassium dichromate or some other chro- mium compound ; also, the process of making such pictures. Chrome (krom), n. [F., fr. Gr.xpwp-a color.] 1. Chro- mium. 2. Dyeing. Potassium dichromate.— v.i. Dyeing. To treat with a solution of potassium dichromate. -Chrome (krom). A suffix from Greek xp&p-o-, color. Chrome alum. Chem. A dark violet substance, KCr- (S04)2*12H20, chromium potassium sulphate, analogous to, and crystallizing like, common alum. Chrome red. Any pigment prepared from the basic chromate of lead. Chrome steel. An alloy of chromium with ordinary steel. It is fine-grained and very hard. Chrome yellow. A brilliant pigment essentially neutral lead chromate, PbCr04. Chro'mic (kro'mik), a. Chem. Pertaining to, or obtained from, chromium, in its higher valences. Chro'mite (-mlt), n. 1. M in. A mineral of the spinel group, usually iron-black, composed of iron, chromium, and oxy- gen, FeCr204. 2. Chem. A salt of chromous acid. Chro'mi-um(-mi-um), n. [NL. See chrome.] Chem. Agray- ish white metal, hard, brittle, and difficult to fuse ; — so called from the varied color of its compounds. Sp. gr., 6.8 ; symbol, Cr; at. wt., 52.0. chro'mo (-mo), n.; pi. -mos (-moz). A chromolithograph. chro'mo- (kro'mo-), chro'ma- (kro'md-), chro'ma-to-. Combining forms from Greek xpwjta, xp&P-o-tos, color. Chro'mo-gen (kro'mo-jen), n. I.Physiol. Chem. A sub- stance which readily becomes a coloring matter. 2,Dyes.a. A compound not itself a dye, but containing one or more color-forming groups. bA colorless derivative of naphtha- lene which, when applied to wool and oxidized, dyes the wool brown. 3. Plant Physiol. The color contents of the plant body. chro'mo-gen'ic (-jen'ik), a. 1. Producing color ; as, chro- mogenic bacteria. 2. Of or pert, to a chromogen. chro'mo-gram (kro'mo-gram), n. One of the three partial negatives used in the process of color photography. Chro'mo-lith'o-graph (-Hth'S-graf), n. A lithographic pic- ture printed in colors. — chro'mo-li-thog'ra-phy, n. chro-mom'e-ter (kro-mom'e-ter), n. An apparatus for com- paring the color of a substance with some standard. Chro'mo-pho'tO-graph (kro'mo-fo'to-graf), n. A photo- graph in colors. — -pho-tog'ra-phy (-fo-tog'rd-fi), n. Chro'mo-plast (kro'mo-plast), n. Bot. A plastid containing red or yellow pigments. chro'mo-scope (kro'mo-skop), n. An optical instrument for combining colored images so as to produce a picture in nat- ural colors. Chro'mo-some (-som), n. Biol. One of the small bodies, or- dinarily definite in number in the cells of a given species, into which the chromatin of a cell nucleus resolves itself previous to mitosis. Chro'mo-sphere (-sfer), n. Astron. A ruddy gaseous layer of incandescent hydrogen, helium, etc., surrounding the sun ; a similar layer about a star. — Chro'mo-spher'ic (-sfer'ik), o. Chro'mous (kro'm&s), a. Chem. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chromium ; — said esp. of compounds in which this element is bivalent. Chron'ic (kron'ik), a. [From L., fr. Gr. xpwfc concern- ing time, fr. xp°"°s time.] 1. Continuing a long time ; of a disease, of long duration ; — opposed to acute. 2. Hence (of an invalid or of one having an unpleasant habit, characteristic, or the like), having long had the affliction or habit; confirmed; as, a chronic sufferer from gout; a chronic grumbler. 3. Continuous ; constant ; as, chronic war. Syn. — See inveterate. — chron'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Chron'i-Cle (kron'i-k'l), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. xpovina., neut. pi. fr. xp ov <-k°s. See chronic] 1. A his- torical account of events in the order of time ; a history ; esp., a simple chronological record. 2. In pi. {cap.] Two books of the Old Testament, following 2 Kings. — Syn. Register, annals. — v. t.; -cxed (-k'ld), -cling (-kling). To record in or as in a chronicle. — chron'i-cler (-kler), n. Chrono-. Combining form from Greek xp°vos, time. Chron'o-gram(kron'6-gram),n. 1. An inscription, sentence, or phrase, in which certain letters express a date or epoch. 2. A record made by a chronograph. chron'o-graph (-graf), n. An instrument for measuring and recording time. chro-nol'o-ger (kro-nol'6-jer), n. A chronologist. chron/o-lcg'ic (kron'o-loj'ik), a. Chronological. Chron'o-log'i-cal (-i-kdl), a. Pert, to chronology ; arranged in the order of time. — chron'o-log'i-cal-ly, adv. chro-nol'O-gist (kro-nol'S-jist), n. One who investigates and arranges dates ; one versed in chronology. chro-nol'o-gize (-jlz), v. t. To arrange chronologically. chro-nol'O-gy (krS-nol'o-ji), n.; pi., -gies (-jiz). 1. Science of measuring time by regular periods, and dating and ar- ranging events. 2. A chronological table,list, or the like. Chro-nom'e-ter (-nom'e-ter), n. A timepiece, esp. one of a very exact portable kind. chron'o-met'ric (krSn'o-met'rikHa. Pert, to a chronome- chron'o-met'ri-cal (-rT-kdl) / ter or chronometry. chro-nom'e-try (kro-nom'e-tn), n. Art of measuring time, esp. by periods or divisions. Chron'o-pho'tO-graph (kron'6-fo'tS-graf), n. One of a set of photographs of a moving object taken to exhibit succes- sive phases of the motion. -Chroous. {Gr. xp&s, xpofc, color.] An adjective suffix denoting colored. chrys'a-lid (kris'd-lid), n. A chrysalis. — chrys'a-lid, a. chrys'a-lis (-lis), n.; pi. E. -lises (-lis-es; 24), L. -salides (kri-sal'i-dez). [From L., fr. Gr. xpvffaWls the golden pupa of butterflies, xpvaos gold.]{ The pupa stage of insects (esp. butterflies). chrys-an'i-line (-an'i-lin ; -len), n. [Gr. xp uo "os gold + E. aniline.'} Chem. A yellow crystalline com- pound, Ci9Hi5N3,obtainedasa by- product in the manufacture of ros- aniline ; — called also phosphine. It is chiefly used in dyeing leather. chrys-an'the-mum (-the-imim),n. [L., fr. Gr. xpv™s gold + avBtnov flower.] An ornamental cultivated plant derived from several species of a genus ( Chrysan- themum) of the aster family; also, its large double flower head of any of many shades of red, yellow, and white. chrys / a-ro'bin(kris / d-ro'bin), n.[Gr. xpt^sgold + E. ara- roba + -in.] Chem. A bitter yellow compound, C30H26O7, Chrysalis of a Swallowtail Butterfly. Nat. Size. G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work. Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. [| Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CHRYSEIS 180 CICADA forming the essential constituent of Goa powder. It is used locally and internally in skin diseases. Chry-se'is (kn-se'is), re. [L., fr. Gr. Xpva-qts.'] In Homer's "Iliad," a maiden, daughter of a priest of Apollo, captured by the Greeks and given to Agamemnon. Apollo sent a pestilence on the Greeks which ceased only when she was returned. Cf. Briseis. • Chrys'el-e-phan'tine (kris'el-e-fan'tin), a. [Gr. xpvcros gold + l\e4>avrivos of ivory, Z\eas ivory, elephant.] Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory. Chry'sene (kri'sen), re. [Gr. xpv6s light green.] Any of a genus (Chrysochloris) of South African moles, remarkable for the iridescent hairs mingled with the fur. chrys'o-colla (-kol'd), re. [L., fr. Gr. xpuo-6/coXXa gold solder, a mineral used in soldering gold ; xp vo ~°s gold+KoXXa glue.] Min. A hydrous silicate of copper, CuSi03*2H.20, of a blue to green color. Chrys'o-lite (kns'o-llt), re. [From OF., fr. L., ft. Gr.; xpvaos gold + \L9os stone.] A magnesium iron silicate, (Mg-Fe)2Si04, usually olive-green, often used as a gem; — called also olivine. Also, formerly, any of several yellow or greenish gems. chrys'o-prase (-praz), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. ; Xpvaos gold + itpa.Gov leek. 3 A light green chalcedony. Chrys'o-tile (-til), re. [Gr. xpvaSs gold + n'Xos fiber.] The fibrous variety of serpentine. It is one kind of asbestos. Chtho'ni-an (tho'm-an), a. I Also cap.'] [Gr. xS6vlos in or under the earth, fr. xQ&v, x^ovos, earth.] Designating, or pertaining to, gods or spirits of the underworld. Chub (chub), re. 1. A common European fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Leuciscus cephalus). 2. In America : a Any of various cyprinoid fishes, b Locally, any of several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc. chub'by (chub'i), a.; -bi-er (-i-er) ;_-bi-est. Like a chub; short, plump, and round. — chub'bi-ness (-T-nes), re. Chuck (chiik), v. i., v. t., & re. [Imitative.] Cluck. Chuck, re. A word of endearment, as for a child, wife, etc. Chuck, re. 1. A part of a side of dressed beef, including most of the neck and the parts adjacent. 2. A contrivance for hold- ing work or a tool in a machine. Chuck (chuk), v. t. l.To strike gently; tap. 2. To toss or throw, esp. with a short action of the arm. — n. 1. A Dnl1 Chuck. slight blow or pat under the chin. 2. A toss or jerk. chuck'-full'. Var. of chock-full. Chuck'le (chuVl), v. i.; -led (-'Id) ; -ling (-ling). [From chuck to cluck.] 1. To laugh in a suppressed manner, as from inward satisfaction. 2. To cluck. — re. Act or sound of chuckling. — chuck'ler, re. Chuck'le, a. Clumsy; lumpish. Chuck'le-head 7 (-hed'), re. A blockhead. Colloq. Chuck'-wilTs-wid'ow, re. A goatsucker (Antrostomus carolinensis) of the southern United States, resembling, but larger than, the whippoorwill ; — so called from its note. Chud'dar (chud'dr), re. [Hind, chadar a sheet, a square of cloth.] A sheet or square of cloth, worn as a mantle or shawl, or spread over a Mohammedan tomb. Anglo-Ind. Chu'fa (choo'fd), re. [Sp.] A kind of sedge (Cyperus es- culentus) of southern Europe, cultivated in many coun- tries. It produces small tubers of which hogs are fond. Chuff (chiif), re. A rustic or boor. Chuff 'y (-1), a. Clownish ; churlish ; rough ; surly. — chuff'- i-ly (-Hi), adv. — Chuff'i-ness, re. All Obs. or Dial. Chug (chug), re. A sound represented or imitated by the pronunciation of chug. Chuk'ker (chuk'er), or chuk'kar (-dr), re. [Hind, chakkar, chakar, Skr. cakra a wheel.] A period of play at pony polo. Chum (chum), re. A roommate, esp. at college ; also, an intimate friend. — v. i.; chummed (chumd) ; chum'ming. To live or associate as a chum or chums. Both Colloq. Chum, re. 1. Chopped fish, lobsters, or the like, thrown overboard to draw fish, as in trolling or fishing with seines. 2. Refuse or scrap fish, as in a fish cannery ; also, the pulp left after expressing oil from menhaden. U. S. — v. i. To fish with the aid of chum. Churn/my (-1), a. Intimate; sociable. Colloq. Chump (chump), re. 1. A short, thick piece of wood ; block. 2. Blockhead ; dolt. Colloq. or Slang. Chu-nam/ (chdo-nam'), re. [Hind, chuna, fr. Skr. curna powder, dust ; or a Dravidian word.] Prepared lime, esp. that made of calcined shells, chewed with betel leaves or areca nuts ; also, a fine building plaster, susceptible of high polish. India & China. jseu Deei, inciuamg chunk (chunk), n. A short, thick piece, person, or horse. Colloq. — chunk'y (-1), a. Colloq., U. S. Church (church), re. [AS. circe, cirice, fr. Gr. kvpiclkov the Lord's house, wptos lord, Kvpos power.] 1. A building for public Christian worship. 2. Christians collectively ; the whole body of Christ's followers. 3. A body of Christian believers of the same creed, rites, and ecclesiastical author- ity ; a denomination ; as, the church at Ephesus ; the Ro- man Catholic Church. 4. Organized Christianity, as in a nation ; ecclesiastical power, authority, or government ; as, church and state. 5. The clerical profession. 6. Church service ; divine worship. 7. Any body of worshipers ; a re- ligious society or organization ; as, the Jewish church. — v. t. To perform a church service or ceremony for or with, as for a woman after recovery from childbirth. church / go / er (-go'er), re. One who goes to church, esp. habitually. — church'go'ing, a. & re. Church'ly, a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, church. Church'man (-man), re. 1. An ecclesiastic; a clergyman. 2. An adherent of the church, esp. an established church ; in the United States, esp. a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. — church'man-ship, re. Church text. The Old English or black-letter style of type as used in ecclesiastical work, as on stained glass windows, on monuments, etc. ; also, Print., a tall, slender form of black letter, often used in ecclesiastical work. BOP" &f)ts line is in nonpareil church teit. Church'ward'en (-wSr'd'n), re. 1. A lay officer in Anglican churches whose duties include the care of church property. 2. A clay tobacco pipe with a long stem. Slang. church' wom'an (-woom'dn), re. 1. A woman member of the church, esp. of an Anglican church. 2. A woman active in the church. Church'yard' (-yard'), re. The inclosure about a church, often, esp. formerly, used as a burial ground. Churl (churl), re. [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband.] 1. A freeman without rank. Now Hist. 2. A rustic ; a boor. 3. A rough, surly, ill-bred fellow. 4. A selfish miser ; a niggard. Churl'ish (chur'lish), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or like, a churl. 2. Wanting pliancy; unyielding; as, a churlish soil. Now Fig. — Syn. Surly, sullen, crabbed. See" boorish. — churl'ish-ly, adv. — churl'ish-ness, re. Churn (churn), re. [AS. cyrin."] 1. A vessel in which milk or cream is agitated in making butter. 2. Any of various vessels or apparatus suggestive of a butter churn. — «._ t. 1. To agitate in a churn, to get butter. 2. To agitate vio- lently ; make, as foam, by thus doing. — v. i. To perform the operation of churning. — churn'ing, re. Churr (chur), re. A vibrant or whirring noise such as that made by the cockchafer, partridge, etc. — v. i. To make a churr. — v. t. To utter by churring. Chute (shoot), re. _[F. chute, prop., a fall.] 1. A quick or steep descent, as in a river ; rapid. 2. An inclined plane, channel, or trough for sliding things down ; a flume. Chut'ney (chut'ni), re. Also chut'nee. [Hind. cAafret.] A kind of spicy pickle or condiment. Chy-la'ceous (ki-la'shfe), a. Physiol. Possessed of the properties of chyle ; consisting of chyle. Chyle (kll), re. [Gr. x^6s juice, chyle, xe«" .to pour.] Physiol. A modification of lymph occurring in the lac- teals, in the lymphatics leading from the small intestine, and in the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, from which it is poured into the subclavian veins. It contains globules of emulsified fat, derived from chyme, giving it a milky appearance. chy'ii-fac'tian (kl'li-fSk'sh&n ;kn'i-),chy / li-fi-ca'tion(-fi- ka'shun), re. \_chyle + L. facer e to make.] Physiol. The formation of chyle. Chy'li-fac'tive (-fak'tiv),a. Physiol. Producing, or con- verting into, chyle ; having the power to form chyle. chy-lif'er-OUS(kI-lif'er-ws),a. {chyle + -ferous.'] Physiol. Transmitting, or conveying, chyle ; as, chyliferous vessels. chy'lous (ki'lus), a. Physiol. Consisting of or like chyle. Chyme (klm), re. [L. chymus chyle, Gr ; xvubs juice, xeetv to pour.] Physiol. The pulpy semidigested food in the small intestine. chym'ic (klm'ik), chym'ist (-1st), chym'is-try (-Is-trT), etc. Obs. or archaic vars. of chemic, etc. chy-mif'er-OUS (kl-mif'er-res), a. Physiol. Bearing or con- taining chyme. Chy'mi-fi-ca'tion (kl'mi-fi-ka'shun ; kimlt-), re. {chyme ■+■ L. facere to make.] Physiol. The conversion of food into chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice. Chy'mous (ki'mSs), a . Physiol. Of or pert, to chyme. Ci-bo'ri-um (si-bo'rT-iim), re.; pi. -ria (-d). [LL., fr. L. ciborium a cup, fr. Gr. icifiupiov a seed vessel of the Egyp- tian bean.] 1. Arch. A canopy, usually standing free and supported on four columns, and covering the high altar. 2. R. C. Ch. A pyx. ci-ca'da (si-kaMd), re. ; pi. E. -bas (-ddz), L. -d,e (-de). [L.j Any of various large homopterous insects (family Cica- ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, 111; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, firn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, irjk; (hen, thin; nature, verdure (87); CICALA 181 CINQUECENTO Cicada. dtdse, esp. genus Cicada) .often called locusts, with stout body and large transparent wings. The male produces long shrill notes by vibrating membranes on the under side of the abdomen. [ada.] A cicada. I Ci-ca'la(si-ka'ld),n. [It.,fr. L. cic-\ Cic'a-trice (sik'd-tris), n. [F.] A cicatrix. cic'a-tri'cial (-tr Tsh'al) , a. Relating to, or having the character of, a scar, or cicatrix. cic'a-tri'cle (sik'd-trik"l),'n. l.Bot. i A cicatrix. 2. Embryol. The small : disk of protoplasm on the yolk of an egg, from which the embryo devel- ops ; the tread. Ci-ca'trix (si-ka'triks ; sik'd-trYks), n.; pi. -trices (sik'd^tri'sez). [L.] 1. The skin or film which forms over a wound, later contracting to form the scar. 2. A scar or scar like mark, esp. one caused by the previous at- tachment of a part or organ, as, Bot., the mark left on the stem after the fall of a leaf or the hilum of a seed. Cic'a-trize (sik'd-triz), v. t. & %.; -trized (-trlzd) ; -triz'- ING (-trlz'ing). To heal with the formation of a cicatrix. — cic'a-tri-za'tion (-tri-za/sbim ; -trl-za'shim), n. Cic'e-ly (sis'e-li ; sls'li), n.; pi. -lies (-liz). [L. seselis, Gr. o-eo-eXi, aeaeXis.] Any of various apiaceous plants (genera Myrrhis, Washingtonia, etc.). Ci'ce-ro'ne (che'cha-ro'na ; E. sis'e-ro'ne), n.; pi. It. -roni (-ne), E. -rones (-nez). [It., fr. L. Cicero, the^ Roman ora- tor.] One who acts as a guide to local curiosities. Cic'e-ro'ni-an (sis'e-ro'ni-dn), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Cicero or his style ; hence, eloquent. Cich'lid (sik'lid), n. [Gr. Ki'xXTfa kind of sea fish.] Anyof a large family (Cichlidse) of fresh-water acanthopterygian fishes, somewhat resembling the American sunfishes. Ci-Cho'ri-a'ceouS (sT-ko'ri-a/shus), a. [L. cichorium chic- ory.] Belonging to a family (Cichoriacese) _ of composite herbs or shrubs, the chicory family, having milky juice and all the flowers of the head ligulate. U ci'cis-be'0 (che'chez-ba'o ; si-sis'be-o), n.; pi. It. cicisbei (-e), E. -beos (-oz). [It.] The recognized gallant of a mar- ried woman ; a cavalier servente. Cid (sid ; Sp. theth), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. seyid lord.] In Span- ish literature, a title of Ruy, or Rodrigo, Diaz de Bivar, an 11th-century champion of Christianity and of the royalty. -tide. 1. [L. -cida, fr. caedere to kill.] A suffix signifying killer, destroyer; as in matricide. 2. [L. -cidium.] A suffix signifying a killing ; as in homicide. Ci'der (sl'der), n. [F. cidre, fr. L., fr. Gr. aUtpa a fer- mented liquor.] The expressed juice of apples (or formerly of some other fruits), used for drinking, making vinegar, etc. Ci'der-kin (-kin), n. [_cider + -kin.'] A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace from cider making. || Ci'-de-vant' (se'de-vaN'), a. [F., formerly.] Former. Ci-gar' (si-gaV), n. [Sp. cigarro.] A small roll of tobacco for smoking. cig'a-rette' (sig'd-ref), n. [F.] Lit., a little cigar ; a little roll of finely cut tobacco for smoking, usually wrapped in paper ; also, such a roll of some other material, as cubebs. Cil'i-a (sil'i-d), n. pi. ; sing, cilium (-ilm). [L. cilium eye- lid.] 1. The eyelashes. 2. Biol. Hairlike processes, as of a cell, capable of a vibratory movement. 3. Hairlike proc- esses of certain plants forming a fringe, as in mosses. Cil'i-a-ry (-d-ri), a. Anat. & Biol, a Of or pert, to cilia. b Pert, to or designating certain structures of the eyeball. Cll'i-ate (-at), a. Bot. & Zool. Provided with cilia; as, a ciliate leaf ; ciliate infusorians. Cil'i-at'ed (-at'ed ; 24), a. Ciliate ; as, ciliated epithelium. Cil'ice (sil'is), n. [F. fr. L. cilicium a covering, orig. of Cilician goat's hair.] Haircloth ; also, a kind of haircloth undergarment ; a hair shirt. Gi-li'cian (si-lish'dn), a. Of or pertaining to ancient Cilicia, in Asia Minor. — n. A native of Cilicia. Cil'i-O-late (sil'i-6-lat), a. Biol. Minutely ciliate. cil'i-um, n., sing, of cilia. Ci'mex (si'meks),n.; pi. cimices (sim'i-sez). [L.,abug.] A bedbug (genus Cimex). Obs. Cim-me'ri-an (si-me'ri-an), a. Of or pert, to the Cimme- rians or their abode ; hence, shrouded in gloom or darkness. — n. One of a mythical people described in Homer's "Odyssey" as dwelling in a realm of mist and gloom. Cinch (sinch), n. [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.] 1. A strong girth for a pack or saddle. Western U. S. 2. A tight grip ; also, a sure or easy thing. Slang, U. S. — v. t. 1. To girth tightly. 2. To get a sure hold on. Slang, U. S. Cinch, n. A variety of auction pitch (see auction pitch) in which a draw to improve the hand is added. — v. t. In the game of cinch, to protect (a trick) by playing a higher trump than the five. Cin-Cho'na (sin-ko'nd), n. [From the wife of Count Chin- ch6n, viceroy of Peru in the 17th century.] Peruvian bark. Cin-chon'ic (-kon'ifk), a. Of or pert, to cinchona. cin'cho-nid'i-a (sin'ko-nid'i-dHn. Also -din. [From cin- cin-chon'i-dine (-kon'i-dm) / chona.] Chem. A crys- talline alkaloid, C19H22ON2, found in certain kinds of cin- chona, similar to quinine, but less powerful. Cin'cho-nine (sin'ko-nin; -nen), n. Also -nin. [From cin- chona.] Chem. A white crystalline alkaloid, C19H22ON2, found in various species of either of two genera (Cinchona and Remijia) of rubiaceous trees. cin'cho-nism (sm'ko-niz'm), n. Med. A condition pro- duced by excessive use of cinchona or its alkaloids, esp. quinine, and marked by deafness, headache, etc. cin'cho-nize (-niz), v. t.; -nized (-nlzd); -niz'ing (-niz'- ing). To impregnate or treat with cinchona or its alkaloids ; to produce cinchonism in. — cin'cho-Ili-za'tion (-ni-za'- shtin; -ni-za'shun), n. cinct (sirjkt), a. Girt; encircled. Poetic. cinc'ture (sink'tur), n. [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird.] 1. Act of girding or girdling; surrounding; also, an inclosure. 2. That which surrounds, as a belt or a girdle.— v. t.; -tured (-turd) ; -tur-ing. To gird or girdle. Cin'der (sm'der), n. [AS. sinder slag, dross.] 1. Slag from a metal furnace ; dross. 2. A partly burned combustible ; specif. : a A hot coal without flame ; ember, b A partly burned coal capable of further burning without flame. C In pi. Loosely, ashes. 3. Volcanic scoria. — v. t. To burn or reduce to cinders. Cin'der-el'la (-el'd),n. [Dim. fr. cinder.] The heroine of a well-known popular tale ; hence, a scullery maid, etc. cin r der-y (-1), a. 1. Of or like, or composed of, cinders; full of cinders. 2. Blackened or soiled with cinders. Cin'e-mat'o-graph (-e-mat'6-graf), n. [Gr. Klvrjua, ki- vrjuaros, motion + -graph.] 1. A machine for projecting a series of pictures, succeeding each other so rapidly as to produce the_ illusion of continuous motion. 2. A camera for taking pictures to be used in this machine. See moving picture. — cin'e-ma-tog'ra-pher ( -md-tog'rd-f er ), n. — cin'e-mat'o-graph'ic ( -mat'o-graf'ik ), a. — cin'e- mat'o-graph'i-cal-ly (-i-kdl-i), adv. cin'e-O-graph' (sm'e-o-grafO, n. [Gr. Kivelv to move -4- -graph.] A picture as projected on a screen by a cinemato- graph, representing objects in motion ; a moving picture. Cin r e-ol (sm'e-ol; -51), n. [From NL. oZeum cinse oil of wormseed, by transposition.] Chem. A liquid, CioHisO, of camphorlike odor, contained in many essential oils. Cin'e-ra'ri-a (-ra'ri-d), n. [NL., fr. L. cinerarius pert. to ashes, fr. cinis ashes ; — from the ash-colored down on the leaves.] A handsome asteraceous pot plant (Senecio cruentus), having ample heart-shaped leaves and large clusters of flower heads with white, red, or purple rays. cin'e-ra'ri-um (-«m), n.; pi. -ria (-d). [L.] A place to receive the ashes of the cremated dead. Cin'er-a-ry (sin'er-a-rT), a. [L. cinerarius.] Pert, to, or used for, ashes, esp. of the cremated dead. ci-ne're-OUS (si-ne're-us) \a. [L. cinereus; cineritius, cin'er-i'tious (sTn'er-isb/iis)/ cinericius.] Like ashes ; ash-colored ; ashy ; ashen. Cin'gu-lum (sirj'gu-lum), n.; pi. -la (-Id). [L., a girdle.] Biol. Any of various bands, zones, or girdlelike structures. Cin'na-bar (sin'd-bar), n. [From OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. kivv&l- (iapi..] 1. Min. Red mercuric sulphide, HgS, the only important ore of mercury. 2. Artificial red mercuric sulphide, chiefly used as a pigment. Cin-nam'ic (sT-nam'Ik ; sin'd-mik), a. Pert, to, or got from, cinnamon, as in : cinnamic acid, C6H5C2H2 • CO2H, which is found also in storax, balsam of Peru, etc., and is now extensively made from certain benzene derivatives. cin'na-mon (sin'd-mun),?i. [From F., fr. L , fr. Gi.,kiwo.~ jj.LOjj.ov, niwanov.] 1. The aro- matic bark of any of several lauraceous trees (genus Cin- namomum, esp. C. zeylani- cum of Ceylon), much used as a spice. 2. Any tree that yields cinnamon. cinnamon stone Min. A variety of garnet. Cinque (sirjk), n. [F. cinq, fr. L. quinque five.] FiveJ esp. in cards or dice. cin'que-cen'tist ( chen'kwa- chen'tist ), n. An Italian, esp. a poet or artist, of the 16th century. cin'que-cen'to (-to), n. [It., five hundred, abbr. for fifteen hundred, and hence the 16th century, i. e., 1501 to 1600.] The 16th century, regarded esp. as a period in the develop- Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zcylanicum) Leaves and Flowers. (\) j D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CINQUEFOIL 182 CIRCUMFUSE ) - empty, cipher, Cipher, 5. ment of Italian art and literature. In it the Italian renais- sance reached its height and began to decline. Cinque'foil' (sink/foil'), n. [cinque five + foil.'] 1. Any of several plants of a genus (Potentilla) of the rose family, having digitate leaves. 2. A decorative design likened to the leaf or flower of the cinquefoil, as, Arch., an ornament having five cusps. Cin'que-pace' (sir/ke-paV), n. {cinque + pace.] A kind of lively dance. Obs. Ci'on (sl'on), n. [OF. cion. See scion.] A shoot or bud of a plant; hence, a descendant. See scion. Cinquefoil. 2. ci'pher (sl'fer), n. [OF. cifre, fr. Ar. cifr empty, cipher, cafara to be empty.] 1. Math. A symbol (written 0) denoting absence of all magni- tude or quantity ; naught ; zero. 2. Loose- ly, any Arabic figure or number. 3. A per- son or thing of no weight, or influence ; a nonentity. 4. A private alphabet, system of characters, or the like, contrived for secret writing; a cryptograph. 5. A combination of letters ; a device or mon- ogram. — v. i. 1. To use figures in a mathematical process. 2. To calculate ; revolve in the mind. Colloq., U. S. — v. t. l.To write in or as in cipher. 2. To calculate ; figure ; — some- times used with out . 3. Hence, to calculate ; contrive ; — sometimes used with out. Colloq., U. S. Cip'0-lin (sTp'6-lin), n. Also || ci'pol-li'no (che'pol-le'no) ; pi. -ni (-ne_). [It. cipollino, prop., a little onion; — in allusion to its overlying zones.] A whitish marble, from Rome, with greenish zones and mottles of talc. Cir-cas'sian (ser-kash'an), n. 1. An individual of a group of tribes of the Caucasus, of Caucasian race but not of Indo- European speech, noted for their physical beauty and bravery. Many have emigrated to Turkish territory to es- cape Russian oppression. 2. The language of the Circas- sian tribes, not known _ to be related to any other family. 3. Any native or inhabitant of Circassia. Cir'ce (sur'se), n. [L., fr. Gr. Klpia,.'] Gr. Myth. In Homer's "Odyssey," a sorceress who changed some of the companions of Odysseus into animals. Odysseus, protected by an herb given him by Hermes, compelled her to restore his comrades, and remained with her for a year. Cir-ce'an, Cir-cse'an (ser-se'dn), a. Pertaining to, or hav- ing the characteristics of, Circe; pleasing, but noxious. Cir-cen'sian (-sen'shdn), a. [L. Circensis.] Of, pertain- ing to, or held in, the Circus, at Rome. Cir'ci-nate (sur'sT-nat), a. [L. circinatus, p. p., deriv. of Gr. kIpkivos circle.] Ring-shaped; specif., Bot., rolled up on the axis with the apex as a center. nate-ly, adv. Cir'cle (sur'k'l), n. [F. cercle, fr. L. circulus, dim. of circus circle.] 1. A closed plane curve exactly alike throughout, all of its points being equidistant from a point within called the center; a ring. 2. The surface bounded by such a curve. 3. Of a heavenly body: a Formerly, sphere of revolution; how, orbit ; also, period of revolution. b The sphere or orb. 4. A halo, as around the moon. 5. Something hav- Circle. kjBDiameter; ing in general a circular form; as: c Center; CD, CA, a A ring ; circlet, b A crown. C A CB Radii ; EKF Arc circus ring, d A group of tiers of onChor AEF ; ELF K seats in a theater; as, the dress g*& WTacB circle, e Astron. An instrument of ( are a) Sector; GH observation, the graduated limb of Secant; TPM' Tan- which consists of an entire circle. 6. gent at point P ; Compass; circuit. 7. A set or con- EKF BPDA Cir- nected series ; cycle ; round, as of cumference.^ pleasures. 8. Logic. A fallacious form of reasoning in which the conclusion is, in some form, assumed in the hypothe- sis. 9. A company bound by a common tie ; a coterie ; set. 10. A territorial division or district ; specif. [G. kreis] , in Germany, a division for local government, analogous to the English county. 11. Circuit of action or influence; realm; sphere. — v. t. & i. ; -cled (-k'ld) ; -cling (-kling). l.To encompass by or as by a circle ; surround. 2. To revolve around. Cir'cler (sur'kler), n. One who, or that which, circles. cir'clet (-klet; 24), n. A little circle; esp., an ornament such as a ring or a bracelet. Cir'cuit (-kit), n. [F., fr. L. circuitus; circum around + ire to go.] 1. The circumference of any space ; compass. 2. The space within a circle, or within limits. 3. Act of mov- ing or revolving round, as in a circle or orbit. 4. A regular or appointed journeying from place to place in the pur- suit of one's calling, as of a judge or a preacher. 5. A route over, or district through, which one periodically jour- neys, as the district in which a judge or itinerant Metho- dist preacher works. 6. In electricity, the complete path, or, by extension, any part of the path, of an electric cur- rent, including, usually, the generating device. — v. i. & t. To go or go around in a circuit. Circuit binding. A book binding having flexible projec- tions, circuit edges, that close in the edges of the book. cir-CU'i-tOUS (ser-ku'i-tus), a. Going round in a circuit ; roundabout. — cir-CU'i-tOUS-ly, adv. tous-ness, n. Cir-cu'i-ty (-ti), n.; pl. -ties (-tiz). A going round in a circle or circuit ; circuitousness ; roundabout proceeding. Cir'cu-lar (sur'ku-Idr), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a circle ; in the form of, bounded by, or moving in, a circle ; round. 2. Moving or happening in a cycle of repetition. 3. Cir- cuitous; roundabout; indirect. 4. Addressed to, affecting, or pertaining to, a circle, or number of persons. 5. Con- tinuing indefinitely by mere repetition ; as, respiration is a circular process. circular numbers, Arith., those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the numbers themselves ; thus 5< = 625, 63 = 216, 112 = 121. — c . sailing, a = spheri- cal sailing, b Great circle sailing. — c. saw, a thin steel disk with teeth on its periphery, used by revolving it at high speed ; also, the machine comprising such a saw as its chief essential. Called also buzz saw. — n. 1. A circular letter, note, or paper, usually printed and distributed to various persons. 2. A long sleeveless cloak, not shaped to the figure. cir'cu-lar'i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n.; pl. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state of being circular. cir'CU-lar-ize (sur'ku-ldr-Iz), v. t. 1. To make circular. 2. To send circulars to. — cir'cu-lar-i-za'tion (-i-za'- shun ; -I-za'-), n. — cir'cu-lar-iz'er (-Iz'er), n. Cir'CU-lar-ly, adv. In a circular manner. cir'CU-late (-lat), v. i. & t; -lat'ed (-lat'ed); -lat'ing. 1. To move or revolve in a circle or circuit, as the blood. 2. To pass or cause to pass about from place to place, person to person, etc., as money ; diffuse ; disseminate. Cir'cu-la'tion (-la'shiin), n. 1. Act of circulating. 2. The movement of the blood in the vessels of the body or of the cytoplasm in plant cells. 3. Act of passing from place to place or from person to person, or the extent to which this takes place ; dissemination or distribution, or the measure of it, as of a book, or a periodical. 4. Currency ; circulating coin, notes, bills, etc. cir'CU-la-tive (sur'ku-la-tiv), a. Promoting or showing cir- culation ; circulating. Cir'cu-la'tor (sur'ku-la'ter), n. One who, or that which, cir- culates. cir'cu-la-to-ry (-ld-t6-n), a. Of or pertaining to circula- tion, as of the blood, air, etc. cir'cum- (sur'kttm-). A prefix from Latin circum, meaning around, about, or round about. Cir'cum-am'bi-ent (-am'bi-ent), a. Surrounding ; inclos- ing; encompassing. — cir'cum-am'bi-en-cy (-en-si), n. Cir'cum-am'lm-late (-bii-lat), v. t. & i. [L. circumambu- latus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around ; circum + ambulare to walk.] To walk around or about. — cir'- cum-am'bu-la'tion (-la'shun), n. — am'bu-la'tor, n. Cir/cum-bend'i-bus (-ben'di-bSs), «. A roundabout or in- direct way or process ; a circumlocution. Jocular. cir'cum-cise (sur'kwm-sTz),r. t.; -cised (-slzd) ; -cis'ing, [L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere ; circum -j- caedere to cut.] 1. To cut off the prepuce of. 2. Script. To purify spiritually. — cir'cum-cis'er (-sTz'er), n. cir'cum-ci'sion (-sizh'un), n. Act of circumcising (sense 1), — a religious rite of the Jews, Moslems, etc. cir-CUm , fer-ence(ser-kiim'fer-ens), n. [L. circumferential circum + ferre to bear.] 1. The perimeter of a circle ; hence, in general, periphery, circuit, or bound. 2. Some- thing circular. 06s. cir-cum'fer-en'tial (-en'shal), a. Pertaining to the circum- ference ; encompassing ; encircling. cir'cum-flex (sur'kum-fleks), n. [L. circumflexus a bend- ing around, deriv. of circum + fiectere to bend.] Gram. A mark ( A , ", later ") orig. used in Greek over long vowels to indicate a compound (rising-falling) tone, and thence in in other languages to mark length, contraction, etc. — v. t. 1. To flex, or bend, round. 2. To mark or pronounce with a circumflex. — a. 1. Gram. Designating, or relating to, the circumflex. 2. Bent or bending round. cir'cum-flex'ion (-flek'shun), n. Act of bending round; also, a winding about ; a circuity. cir-cum'flu-ent (ser-kum'floo-ent ; 86), a. [Deriv. of L. circum + fluere to flow.] Flowing round. cir-Cum/flU-OUS (-&0, a. [L. circumfluus."] 1. Circum- fluent. 2. Flowed round ; surrounded, as by water. cir'CUm-fo-ra'ne-OUS (sflr'kMm-fo-ra'ne-ws), a. [L. cir- cumforanus found in markets ; circum + forum market.] Going from market to market ; hence : vagrant ; quack. cir'cum-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t.; -fused' (-fuzd'); -fus'ing (-fuz'ing). [L. circumfusus, p. p., deriv. of circum + ale, senate, care, am, account, arm. ask, sofd; eve, event end, recent, maker; Ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd, soft, connect; use, unite, ftrn, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; nature, verdure (87) ; CIRCUMFUSION 183 CISPADANE f under e to pour.] To spread or diffuse round. — Cir'cum- fu'sion (-fu'zhftn), n. cir'cum-gy-ra'tion (-jl-ra'shun), n. A turning round; revolution. — cir'cum-gy'ra-to-ry (-jl'rd-to-ri), a. cir'cum-ja'cent (-ja'sent), a. [L. eircumjacens, p. pr., deriv. of circum -j- jacere to lie.] Lying round ; surround- ing. — cir'cum-ja'cence (-sens), -ja'cen-cy (-sen-si), n. Cir'cum-lo-cu'tion (-lo-kii'shwn), n. [L. circumlocutio, deriv. of circum + loqui to speak.] Use of many or several words to express what might be expressed by few or only one ; roundabout language. — Syn. See redundancy. Cir'cum-loc'u-to-ry (-lok'u-to-ri), a. Characterized by circumlocution; periphrastic; roundabout. cir'cum-nav'i-ga-ble (-nav'i-gd-b'l), a. Capable of being sailed round. Cir'cum-nav'i-gate (-gat), v. t. [L. circumnavigatus, p. p., deriv. of circum + navigare to navigate.] To sail round. — nav'i-ga'tion (-ga'sh&n), n. — nav'i-ga'tor, n. cir'cum-nu'tate (-nu'tat), v. i.; -tat-ed (-tat-ed); -tat- ing (-tat-Tng). To exhibit or pass through circumnutation. Cir'CUHl-nu-ta'tion (-nu-ta/shun), n. Plant Physiol. The tendency exhibited by the growing portions of a plant to describe irregular curves or ellipses. cir'cum-po'lar (-po'ldr), a. Surrounding a pole. Cir'cum-ro-ta'tion (-ro-ta'shwn), n. Act of turning or going round, as of a wheel ; circumvolution ; rotation. Cir'cum-ro'ta-tO-ry (-ro'td-to-rT), a. Turning round. cir'cum-SCis'sile (-sis'il), a. Bot. Dehiscing, as a capsule, by a transverse fissure around the circumference. dr'cum-scribe't-skrlbO.v.L; -scribed' (-skrlbd') ; -scrib'- ing (-skrlb'ing). [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum + scribere to write, draw.] 1. To draw a line round ; bound ; hence, to limit, esp. narrowly. 2. Geom. To draw, or be drawn, round so as to touch at as many points as pos- sible. — Syn. Restrict, confine, abridge, restrain ^environ, encircle, inclose, encompass. scrib'er (-skrlb'er), n. Cir'cum-script (sur'kum-sknpt), a. [L. circumscripta. ,] Limited ; circumscribed. Cir'cum-scrip'tion (-skrYp'shwn), n. 1. Act of circum- scribing; state of being circumscribed; limitation; re- straint. 2. Outline or periphery of a body. 3. A circum- scribing thing. 4. A circumscribed space or place ; district. 5. Definition or limitation of meaning. Archaic. cir'cum-scrip'tive (-tiv), a. Of or pert, to circumscription. cir'CUm-SO'lar (-so'ldr), a. Astron. Situated near, sur- rounding, or revolving about, the sun. Cir'cum-spect (sur'kum-spekt), a. [L. circumspectus, p. p. of circumspicere to observe ; circum + spicere, spectre, to look.] Watchful on every side ; cautious ; prudent. — Syn. See careful. — spect-ly, adv. — spect-ness, n. Cir'cum-spec'tion (-spek'shun), n. Circumspect action or behavior; caution; prudence; watchfulness; wariness. cir'cum-spec'tive (-spek'tiv), a. Cautious; watchful. Cir'cum-stance (sur'kftm-stans), n. [L. circumstantia, fr. circumstans, p. pr., deriv. of circum + stare to stand.] 1. A condition, fact, or event accompanying or determin- ing the occurrence of another fact or event ; specif. : a An essential condition of the fact or' event ; a primary qualifica- tion, b An accessory condition ; a nonessential or casual de- tail. 2. In pi. Conditions in regard to worldly estate or means ; as, in easy circumstances. 3. The sum of the essen- tial conditions or attendant facts of a matter or subject ; environment ; significant state of affairs ; — used in sing. only ; as,"All are the sons of circumstance." 4.Hence, spe- cif. :aThe formality, of any event; the carrying put of code, ceremonial, or convention, b Significance; impor- tance ; as, a matter of circumstance. 5. An event, detail, or incident ; as, circumstances in his career. 6. Copious or circumstantial detail ; circumstantiality ; — used in_ sing. only ; as, he spoke with circumstance of his difficulties. — Syn. Occurrence, situation, position, item. See event. — v. t.; -stanced (-stanst); -stanc'ing (-standing). To Erovide with circumstances ; esp., to garnish with detail. /cum-Stanced (-stanst), p. a. Placed in a particular position or in certain circumstances ; situated. Cir'cum-Stan'tial (-stan'shal), a. 1. Consisting in, pert, to, or dependent on, circumstances ; as, circumstantial evidence. 2. Incidental ; having relation, but not essential. 3. Abounding with circumstances ; particular. 4. Of or pert, to circumstances, or conditions of material welfare. Syn. Detailed, precise, exact, minute, particular. — Cir- cumstantial, particular, minute. Circumstantial im- plies fullness of, particular more specific and precise attention to, details in a description or narration ; minute, the omission of nothing, however trivial or unimportant. circumstantial evidence, evidence that tends to prove a fact in issue by proving other events or circumstances which, in common experience, are usually or always attended by the fact in issue. cir'cum-stan'ti-al'i-ty (-shi-Sl'i-ti), n. State, characteris- tic, or quality of being circumstantial ; particularity or mi- nuteness of detail ; also, a circumstantial matter; detail. Cir'cum-Stan'tial-ly, adv. In a circumstantial manner. Cir'cum-stan'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. To support by circum- stances ; exhibit with or in detail. cir'cum-val'late (-val'at), v. t.; -lat-ed (-at-Sd); -lat- ing. [L. circumvallatus, p. p., deriv. of circum -f- vallare to wall, vallum rampart.] To surround with or as with a rampart, wall, or line of trenches. — a. Surrounded with or as with a wall, etc. ; — often in circumvallate papillae (of the tongue). — cir'cum-val-la'tion (-vd-la'shun), n. cir'cum-vent' (-vent'), v. t. [L. circumventus, p. p., deriv. of circum + venire to come.] 1. To surround or en- compass, as by craft or stratagem; lay traps for, as in speech. 2. To gain advantage over by stratagem ; delude. 3. To go round ; circuit. — Syn. See frustrate. — cir'- cum-ven'ter, cir'cum-vent'or, n. cir'cum-ven'tion (-ven'shzm), n. Act of circumventing. cir'cum-ven'tive (-tTv), a. Tending to circumvent. cir-cum'vo-lant (ser-kum'vo-ldnt), a. [L. circumvolans, p. pr.] Flying around. Cir'cum-vo-lu'tion (sur'k'um-vo-lu'shun), n. 1. A rolling or wrapping round. 2. a A fold of something rolled or bent, b A roundabout procedure ; esp., circumlocution. Cir'cum-volve' (-volv'), v. t. & i. [L. circumvolvere, -volutum; circum + volvere to roll.] To revolve. Cir'cus (sur'kws), n. [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1).] 1. Roman Antiq. A level oblong space with tiers of seats on three sides, and divided lengthwise by a bar- rier, around which was a course for chariot races, games, and public shows. 2. An inclosure for exhibition of feats by horsemen, acrobats, etc. Hence, the company of per- formers, or the performance. 3. A circle or ring. Rare. cirl bunting (surl). A handsomely marked European bunting (Emberiza cirlus). cirque (surk), n. [F.] 1. A circus. Archaic. 2. A circle or circular space or arrangement of objects. 3. Geol. A deep, steep-walled, amphitheatric recess in a mountain. cir'rate (sir'at), a. [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus a curl.] Zo'ol. Bearing cirri. cir'rhi-, cir'rho-. For various words beginning cirrhi- or cirrho-, see the preferable forms in cirri- and cirro-. cir-rho'sis (si-ro'sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Kippos orange-col- ored.] Med. A change consisting in induration and con- traction due to excessive formation of connective tissue, as of the liver. — cir-rhot'ic (-rot'ik), a. cir'ri (sir'l), n., pi. of cirrus. cir / ri-ped(sir , I-pgd), n. [L. cirrus curl + pes, pedis, foot.] One of an order (Cirripedia) of degraded marine crusta- ceans including the barnacles and certain allies. cir'ro-CU'mu-lus (sir'6-ku'mu-lws), n._ \_cirrus + cumu- lus.] Meteor. A cloud form of small, white, rounded masses at a high elevation, usually in lines and regular groupings forming the so-called mackerel sky. Cir'rose (sir'os ; sT-ros'), a. [See cirrus.] 1. Bearing a cir- rus or cirri. 2. Like cirri or tufted or curly hair. Cir'ro-Stra'tive ( sir'6-stra'tiv ), a. Tending to cirro- stratus formation. cir'ro-Stra'tUS (sir'6-stra'tus), n. Icirrus + stratus."] Me- teor. A fairly uniform layer of high stratus haze, darker than cirrus. It often consists of ice crystals. cir'rous (sir'&s), a. Cirrose. Cir'rus (sYr'iis), «.; pi. cirri (-T). [L., lock, curl.] 1. a A tendril of a plant, b Any of various flexible appendages of animals. 2. Meteor. A white, filmy variety of cloud. cir'soid (sur'soid), o. [Gr. Kipaos a dilated vein -fr- -oid.2 Med. Varicose. CIS- (sis-). [L. cis on this side.] A prefix denoting on this side, as in cisalpine, cisatlantic, etc. Cis-al'pine (-al'pTn; -pin), a. [L. Cisalpinus; cis -f Alpinus Alpine.] On the hither (Roman) side of the Alps ; — opposed to transalpine. Cis'at-lan'tic (sis'at-lan'tik), a. On this side (the side of the writer or speaker) of the Atlantic Ocean. Cis'co (sis'ko), n.; pi. -cos (-koz). The lake herring ( Argy- rosomus artedi) ; A also, any of various other whitefishes JUk. of the same genus, as Cisco (Argyrosomus artedi). (£) the mooneye cisco ( A. hoyi) of Lake Michigan, the bloater (A. prognathus), etc. cis-mon'tane (sis-mon'tan), a. Icis- -f- L. mons moun- tain.] On this side (the side of the writer or speaker) of the mountains, esp. of the Alps ; — opp. to ultramontane. Cis'pa-dane' (sis'pd-dan'), a. [cis- + L. Padanus pert, to the Padus or Po.] On the hither (usually the Roman) side of the river Po. D G H K K = ch in G. ich, ach (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to Sections in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations used in this work, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. M CISSOID 184 CIVIL > ds'soid (sTs'oid), to. [Gr. Kiffaotidjjs like ivy ; ia