J. H. COLTOFS &e-1^0O(i3, GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL WORKS. Office, No. 86 Cedar Street, New York. The general accuracy and exactness of the works published from this long-established house, has been fully appreciated by the learned and intelligent of all parts of the world ; and it is with pleasure that the publisher can refer to this fact, in soliciting a continuance of the public favor. It has ever been his care to procure the earliest and most reliable information, on all topics con- nected with the peculiar branch iu which he is engaged, and being assisted in the several departments of his business by competent co-laborators, he has been enabled to invest his pub- lications wUh that authenticity which has gained for him the confidence and approbation of all persons interested in geographical inquiries. His efforts, in the same direction, are unremitted, and by frequent revisions and the issue of new works, the public may rely upon receiving, in an authentic form, every new geographical and statistical fact at the earliest period. The followiig works from his Catalogue for 185i (which may be had on application), are worthy of special notice : — ilToitntcIif illaps. WORLD, on Mercator's projection, engraved on [ INDIANA, in sections, of two sizes, viz. : 66 by in two series ; the size of one being .58 by 44 inches, and of the other 32 by 25 inches. 48 inches, and 43 by .32 inches. ILLINOIS, in sections, 43 by 32 inches. MICHIGAN, in sections, 35 by 25 inches. TOWNSHIP MAPS, of the (States severally, a UNIFORM sERiKs, size of cach 32 by 29 inches, now in progress, and of which the following are completed — stee! and highly embellished, .in tliree sizes, viz. : 80 by 60 inches ; 44 by 30 inches ; and 28 by 22 inches. WORLD, in hemispheres, for the use of schools and churches, each hemisphere siz feet in diiimeter. NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, 32 by 25 inches. WEST INDIES, 32 by 25 inches. UNITED STATES, &c., enijraved on steel, in twii sizes, viz. : 02 by 55 inches, and 45 by 36 inches. MEXICO, 42 by 32 inches. NEW YORK, in townships, 60 by 50 inches. Also, mounted Maps of PALESTINE, in two sizes, viz. : 80 by 62 inches, and 43 by 32 inches : EoYPT, Arabia. Petr.€a, &c., 32 by 25 inches ; and a great variety of local Maps. Also, the Stream OF Time, an historical chart ; Portraits of the Presidents, &c. Maine, N. Hamp., Vermont, Conn., Mass., Rhode Is., New York, Virg., Md., Del., Ohio, Wisconsin, Missouri, Iowa, &c., &c. NEW ENGLAND, in townships, on steel aw embellished. 64 bv 56 inches. SOUTHERN STATES, size, 80 by 60 inch« (in proi;ress). WESTERN STATES, in townships, 30 by 31 inches. (Suibc JBooks, ^r. Guide-Book through the United States, Canada, &c., with a large Map. Route-Book through the United States, Canada, &c., with a large Map. Guide-Book through New England and the Middle States, with a new Map. Western Tourist and Emigrant's Guide, with a township Map. Overland Guide to California and Oregon, by Horn, with a Map. Isthmus of Panama Guide, with three Maps, by Dr. E. L. Autenrieth. Western Portraiture, with a Township Map, by D. S. Curtiss. ^[rawcUing iWapo in Portable i^orm. UNITED STATES, in several sizes. NEW YORK, in I wo sizes. MAINE, NEW B.^UNSWICK, &c. NEW HAMPSHIRE and VERMONT. MASS.. RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT VIRGINIA, DELAWARE and MARYLAND, WESTERN STATES, viz.: Ohio. Tnd., &c. OHIO. MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN. ILLINOIS, IOWA, INDIANA NORTH Hiul SOUTH CAROLINA. MISSOURI, TEXAS, GEORGIA. NEW YORK VICINITY, LONG ISLAND. N. 15.— .All of the above .Maps are complete in regard of railroads, canals, &c., up to the date which appears in the title, and iu all respects are much more correct and detailed than any others hitherto published. Besides his own publications, J, H. C. has constanthj on hand an assort- ment of American and foreign Atlases, Mai^s, and other geographical works. GAZETTEER OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND, OOI»CE>XX.^I> VWL09X ffliis I! f Bi siviiTB rasisiF Ti im mm AND OTHER OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. TO WHICH IS ADDED, A GENERAL ACCOUNT or THK DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. BY R. S. FISHER, M. D., AUTHOR OF THE "BOOK OF THE WORLD," &c.,fcc J)nblis!)cb bg J. H. COLTON, Nbw-Yoek, AND JAMES S. WATERS, Baltimore. " ^^^^^^ 1852. <^^vC7:^^ A TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. General Account of the State of Maryland 5 Situation, Extent, &c 5 G-eographical and Topographical Description 6 Chesapeake Bay, Rivers, &c 7 Geology, and Mineral Productions 7 Historical Sketch of the State — Claiborne's Settlement on Kent Island — Charter of Charles I.^The " Ark" and the " Dove" — St. Mary's Settlement — Leonard Cal- vert, first Governor — Revolution in England — Act of Religious Toleration — Puri- tans at Pi:ovidence — Commission from England, and Deposition of Stone — Lord Baltimore regains his possessions — Claiborne flees to Virginia — Litroduction of Slavery — Charles, Lord Baltimore — First post-route — Manufactures founded — Death of Lord Baltimore — Indian Troubles — Germs of the Revolution of 1776 — Towns and Cities Chartered — Baltimore — Annapolis — Expedition to the Spanish Main — Manufactures discouraged by the EngUsh — Tobacco current as Money — Boundary Disputes with Virginia and Pennsylvania — Mason and Dixon's Line — Annihilation of the French Dominion in America — Resistance of Maryland to the Usurpations of the British Government — Revolution — Constitution — New Le- gislature — The " Maryland Line" — Peace — Cession of District of Columbia to Con- gress — The Potomac Company — Bishop Carroll — Federal Constitution — War of 1812 — Battle of North Point — Defence of Baltimore — March to Washington — Public Education — Internal Improvements — Canals and Rail-roads — African Race in ^Maryland — Colonization Society established — Constitution Revised — Present Constitution, &c., 11 to 25 Statistics of Population 25 Immigration 29 Deaf and Dumb, Bhnd, Insane, and Idiotic 29 Distribution of Population, &c 30 Occupations 31 Agriculture, Crops, Live Stock, &c 32 Manufactures, General Industry, &c 33 Assessments and Taxation 37 Pauperism, Crime, &c 38 Schools, Academies, Colleges, Education, &c 39 Periodical Press 39 Statistics of Churches 40 Abstract of the Constitution of 1851 42 Right of Voting 42 Election, Eligibility, Attributes, &c., of Governor 42 Senators and Representatives 42 Judiciary, &c 43 General Provisions of Constitution 44 Finances of the State 44 Governors of Maryland, 1637 to 1852 46 iv table of contents. Gazeteer of the State of Maryland — Alleghany County, Statistical Account of 47 Anne Arundel County .... " 49 Baltimore County " 64 Calvert County " 58 Caroline County " 59 Carroll County « CO Cecil County " 61 Charles County " 63 Dorchester County " 68 Frederick County " 71 Harford County " 74 Howard County " 77 Kent County « 78 Montgomery County " 82 Prince George County " 88 Queen Anne County " 90 St. Mary's County " 93 Somerset County " 95 Talbot County « 97 Washington County " 100 Worcester County " 103 General Account of the District of Columbia. 105 City of Washington 103 City of Georgetown 122 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. Maryland, the most southern part of that division of the United States of America, usually called the " Middle States," is situate between the latitudes 38^ and 39° 43' north, and between the longitudes 75° 03' and 79° 32' west from Greenwich, or 2° 31' west and 1° 58' east from Washington. Its outline is extremely irregular, except on the north and east, where Mason and Dixon's line constitutes the fron- tier, and separates Maryland from the adjoining states of Pennsylvania and Dela- ware. On the south the Potomac river, with a winding channel and a circuitous general course, is its limitary stream, and divides it from Virginia. The main body of the eastern section is bounded by Delaware state line ; but a narrow strip, projecting eastward to the sea, intrudes itself between that state and the "Virginia portion of Chesapeake peninsula. The periphery of the state is estimated to be about 766 miles : namely, frorn the mouth of Potomac river to the source of its north branch, 320 miles ; thence north to the Pennsylvania line, 35 miles ; thence along that line eastward, 199 miles ; thence along the west and south line of Delaware, 122 miles; thence along the Atlantic Ocean, 32 miles ; thence across the peninsula to the mouth of Pocomoke river, 20 miles ; and directly west to the confluence of Potomac river with Chesapeake Bay, the place of beginning, about 38 miles. Within this outline is contained a superficies of 13,959 square miles ; but of this extent only 9,674 square miles are land, the residue being covered by the waters of Chesapeake Bay and its numerous inlets and bays. Maryland is naturally divided into three distinct geographical sections. The frst section comprises that portion lying to the east of Susquehanna river and Chesapeake Bay, known locally as the " Eastern Shore," and which contains the counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Caroline, Queen Anne, Kent and Cecil. It forms a part of that long peninsula, which, projecting south- ward towards and into the Atlantic Ocean, divides the waters of Chesapeake and Delaware bays, and which, though of very limited extent, comprises the whole of one state, and portions of two others. The surface of the whole tract is level, and but slightly elevated above the sea ; and in every part its soils are more or less sandy, but, in their general character, may be considered as above the average in respect of their adaptation to the purposes of agriculture. Few rocks are found in any part, and the mineral deposits are chiefly bog iron-ore, chromes, &c., with aluminous and magnesian salts. Marl, shell-lime, marsh mud, peat or turf, and other agents used as fertilizers, abound. In the northern districts of this region, however, the country is hilly, and in some parts has a rocky substratum — the rocks chiefly sandstone and slate. The forest growths consist principally of oaks of vaiious species, hickory, chestnut, pine, locust, walnut, cedar, gum, beech, and a great variety of shrub and herbaceous annuals. Wheat, Indian corn and tobacco, are 6 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 'the staple productions ; and in the more southern counties, the cotton plant is said to succeed well. The climate is temperate, and highly favorable to the enjoy ment and extended duration of life. The land area of this section is computed at 3,386 square miles, or 2,107,040 acres. The peninsula of which this portion of Maryland forms a part, is about 180 miles in length from the north line of the state to Cape Charles, and has an area of about 5,980 square miles ; — the neck between the inclosing bays is only al)Out 17 miles wide; but, as it stretches south- ward, it expands gradually to the width of 70 miles, and then as gradually contracts until it terminates in a long, narrow tongue, called Accomac peninsula, about 50 miles in length and ten miles wide. The coast on the Chesapeake is deeply in- dented by numerous spacious gulfs and estuaries; such as those at the confluence with the bay of the Pocotnoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester and Elk rivers; each receiving considerable streams from the interior and affording great facilities to navigation. /The eastern coast presents a striking contrast when compared with the western coast. " Between the ocean and the cultivated portion of the country, there is a prolonged sandy beach, varying from a few hundred yards to a quarter of a mile or upwards in breadth, and extending the whole length of the coast, without a single outlet to the ocean, from hidian river, in Delaware, to the south- ern extremity of Chincoteague Island, in Virginia. Between this beach and the main-land lies Sinepuxent Bay, from one to four or five miles wide, and nearly 30 miles in length. It is a shallow sheet of water, navigable only to a short distance above South Point, at the lower end of Sinepuxent Neck." Some inlets that for- merly existed in this beach, and admitted the sea, are now closed, and the waters of the bay have become comparatively fresh. The second section, comprising what is usually called the Western Shore, consists of another peninsula lying inland be- tween the Potomac river and Chesapeake Bay, and up to the line of the river falls, which extend from above Port Deposit to above Georgetown. In its general features, soil and productions, it closely resembles the section of country already described. It is alluvial in its formation, and lying principally on the western shores of the bay, or upon the eastern bank of the lower Potomac, has the same climate as the " Eastern Shore." The counties comprised in this section are St. Mary's, Calvert, Charles, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Howard, parts of Mont- gomery, Baltimore, and Harford. The territorial extent of these counties is about 3,698 square miles, or 2,306,520 acres. The leading geographical feature of the north-western part of this section, is the ledge of primitive rocks which runs from the left bank of the Potomac, in Montgomery county, north-eastward ly to the Susquehanna river, where it crosses the north line of the state. The primitive ledge forms a natural boundary between the alluvial region and the mountainous district of Maryland; which latter constitutes the third or western section, passing through which we meet with, in succession. South East Mountain or Parr's Ridge, terminating with Sugar-Loaf Mountain, on the Potomac ; Catoctin Mountain, reaching the same river at the Point of Rocks; South Mountain or Blue Ridge, crossing it at Harper's Ferry ; the Kittatinny, crossing it at Hancock ; Rugged Mountain, Wills Mountain, and other detached ridges ; and the great Alleghany ridge, traversing the fir western part of the state. Many fine valleys interlie the mountains, which in climate and soil are not surpassed by the most fovored re gions of the earth. This section extends along the left bank of the Potomac to the western boundary of the state, and, following the sinuosities of the river, is nearly 1'75 miles in length, but so irregular in shape that, though it is more than 100 miles wide at the eastern end, it is compressed in the middle by the near approach of the border lines of Virginia and Pennsylvania to a width of less than three miles. From the base of the primitive ledge, which is, in fiict, a lower branch of the Apa- lachian chain, the surface gradually rises to the head waters of the Potomac river 2,000 or more feet. This represents the rise from tide- water at Baltimore to the dividing grounds in Alleghany county, between the waters of the Potomac and GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 7 fliose falling into Ohio river. Embraced in this section are Carroll, Frederick Washington and Alleghany counties, which together cover an area of 2,590 square miles, or 1,057,000 acres. Chesapeake Bay, which divides the state into two unequal parts, in its greatest extent lies within Maryland. It is a noble sheet of water, equaled in its com- mercial capacities by few of the great estuaries that in various parts of the world have attracted the notice and admiration of the mariner. Its entrance between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia^ is about 15 miles in width, and opens from east to west; but on penetrating the land it suddenly changes its direction, and stretches from south to north over a distance of 180 miles, with a width in the southern part of 20 to 30 miles, and in the northern part of about 10 miles. It is, throughout, deep and navigable for large vessels, and it receives a-gfeat many deep and navigable rivers, of which the largest and principal are from Virginia. Its area is about 3,500 square miles. The Susquehanna river has its lower course in Mar^'land ; the tide reaches Port Deposit five miles from its mouth, above which there are falls ; the Patapsco river is a fine mill-stream falling into the bay of the same name below Baltimore ; the Patuxent, the principal river of the Western Shore, is a wide stream, flowing nearly parallel with the Potomac, and navigable to Nottingham about 50 miles for large vessels ; the Elk, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke, on the Eastern Shore, are navigable for 30 or 40 miles; and the Monocacy river, Antietam creek and Conecocheague creek are the prin- cipal tributaries of the Potomac in Maryland. All these contribute to the volume of the waters of Chesapeake Bay, and, in their several courses, furnish fine avenues of internal trade, or provide water-power sufficient for all the purposes of exten- sive manufacturing operations. The Potomac, common to Virginia and Maryland, forming the boundary between the two, is the most important of all the streams of the latter, and the largest of the tributaries of the Chesapeake. It rises in the recesses of the Alleghany Mountains, and reaches the bay between Point Lookout and Smith's Point. This river is seven and a half miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for ships of the greatest burden for 300 miles from the sea, three miles below the head of tide-water. Above this point, the navigation is obstructed by a succession of falls, around w^hich, however, canals have been dug, and the naviga- ble channel so far improved as to render the river passable for boats to Cumber- land 191 miles above Washington. The descent of the Potomac, from the mouth of Savage river to Cumberland, a distance of 31 miles, is 445 feet ; from Cumber- land to the Shenandoah Falls, 130 miles, it is 490 feet ; hence to Great Falls, 40 miles, 39 feet ; and between these and tide-water, 12 miles, 143 feet ; making the whole descent from the mouth of Savage river to tide- water, a distance of 213 miles, 1,117 feet, or, on the average, 5^ feet in each mile. Rising westward of the Alleghany Mountains is the Youghiogeny, the only river of Maryland that does not empty its waters into Chesapeake Bay : it flows northward through Alleghany county, and passing into Pennsylvania, falls into Monongahela river, 18 miles s. E. of Pittsburg ; and thence its waters are carried through the Ohio and Missis- sippi rivers to the Gulf of Mexico. To comprehend the geology of Afaryland,* we must understand the general facts as to the structure of the broad plain which skirts the ocean in the middle and south- ern states; of the less elevated region lying west of this plain, called sometimes the Atlantic slope ; and of the great Apalachian chain, which includes the greatest variety of rocks and the most important formations. Commencing at the ocean and proceeding westward, we find a low and almost level region. This plain extends from New-Jersey through the southern states. As the soil composing this plain consists of incoherent materials, which are easily washed away, the tide flows across it and forms large estuaries, where it meets the * The whole of this article on geologry is taken from the census of Maryland, the less impor tant points being omitted or abbreviated. 8 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. rivers ^Yhlch flow from the interior. This plain does not now present an unbroken surface, but is marked by minor irregularities and undulations, which have been due to the action of brooks, creeks, and rain torrents ; still, the general character of a broad level is preserved, as it is in the ocean, notwithstanding its surface is broken by waves. The portion of the plain lying in Maryland, which is sometimes called the tide- water district, embraces nearly one-half of the territory of the state. This great region, which once formed the bed of an ancient ocean, and has risen by means of those elevatory forces which have acted upon all the continents, con- tains beneath its surface unquestioned records of the epochs when its materials were deposited. In the strata which compose this plain towards the north, in New-Jersey, fossils are found indicating that the strata belong to the cretaceous or chalk formation, which occupies in the geological scale the upper part of the secondary formation. The cretaceous strata, if they exist in Maryland, are con- cealed by the overlying deposits ; but they probably form the floor of these depo- sits from New-Jersey to North Carolina, where they again appear at the surface. The fossils found in the cliffs and banks of the Atlantic plain, prove that the strata which compose it belong principally to the tertiary formation, which lies next the chalk.* All the tertiary deposits, with the exception of the pliocene, occur in the state. The inclination of the tertiary beds in Maryland is very slight, and towards the southeast, so that the Potomac below Washington presents sections of each of the divisions, the lower beds rising to the surface as we proceed west. The later tertiary or post pliocene, which represents the epochs next antecedent to the introduction of the human race, occurs in Maryland only in limited patches. The principal one is in St. Mary's county. To this period are referred the nume- rous beds of oysters which skirt the low margins of the islets and rivers of Mary- land, and which are usually attributed to the agency of the aborigines. The deposit in St. Mary's county is interesting, as containing several southern species, and par- ticularly the ^natliadon cfineatus, which is now found only in the warmer waters of the Gulf oFMexico ; a fact indicating the prevalence in this region of a climate like that of Florida, at the period of the formation of this deposit. The miocene formation, which underlies the last-named deposits, is the most widely extended of the tertiary beds. The principal marl beds are in this formation. It occurs near Chestertown, Wye Mills, on Choptank river, near Easton, and at other places near the Eastern Shore ; also through the counties of St. Mary's, Calvert, &c. Within the miocene, at Piscataway, has been traced a remarkable bed of silieious clay, entirely composed of silieious cases (of infusoria) so minute as only to be detected by a powerful microscope, yet containing distinct specific characters, en- abling us to refer them to the miocene. Of the shells in the miocene deposits in this state, about seventeen per cent, have been identified with living species. Thus, at this remote period, the peculiar distribution of living mollusca, which now exists, had begun to prevail in the region of Maryland, while at this geological era the fauna were so distinct from the present, that four-fifths of the species now living had not come into existence. An abrupt line of demarcation exists between the fossil groups of the miocene and eocene, which lies next below the former. Before the deposition of the mio- cene beds, some event has occurred, like a sudden fall in the temperature of the ocean, which has destroyed every kind of animal life ; for in the miocene deposits not a single form of the lower tertiary bed exists, even where the two beds are in juxtaposition. The eocene, which towards the ocean has been sunk beneath the * By collecting all the fossils contained in any tertiary deposit, and comparing them with existing species, the geologist is enabled to classify the deposits into one of three great groups. In the lowest deposit or group but few recent species are found. It is thence called the eocene or dawn of recent species. The next above contains a minority of recent species, and is thence called miocene. Over this occurs a deposit containing a majority of recent species, which is called pliocene, and above the last a deposit called the post pliocene. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OT MARYLAND, niiocene, rises shortly after passing a line from Fort Washington to Annapolis. Of two hundred species of shells found in this formation, not one now exists on the coast, or is found in the more recent deposits of the United States, although many are identical with the eocene fossils of the Paris basin. A circumstance of much economical interest in relation to this formation is the occurrence, in many locali- ties of the eocene, of that most valuable fertilizer, the green sand, which occurs in the secondary beds of New-Jersey, and has added so much to the agricultural "wealth of that state. The decomposed shells, or marl, of the tertiary have con- tributed, in scarcely a less degree, to the fertility of the lower counties of Mary- land. The head of tide water forms the limit of the tertiary. On the western borders of this formation, all along the Atlantic coast, all the great rivers descend by foils and rapids. At these points the navigation is stopped, and large cities have sprung up. Thus the western boundary of the tertiary is a line of great geographical and political interest. Proceeding westward from the limit of the tertiary, we find a belt of stratified metamorphic, or hypogene rocks, which ranges nearly parallel with the Atlantic coast. These rocks include gneiss, micaceous, chloritic, and tal- cose slates, and beds of serpentine, granite, and limestone. The v/idth of this belt, in Maryland, from its eastern border to the points where its rocks begin to be covered unconformably with new red sandstone, is from 20 to 30 miles. This re- gion is characterized by hills generally of moderate height, but sometimes rising as high as nine hundred feet above mid tide. Their summits are rounded, and present a striking contrast to the long, steep, parallel ridges of the Alleghanies. The beds of the rivers which pass through this region are in deeply-cleft valleys, with rounded or abrupt sides, that afford small tracts of alluvial soil. The general inclination of these hypogene rocks is to the southeast, at an angle of about 45° ; the direction of the range is northeast and southwest. The principal minerals and rocks of economical value in this belt are the gneiss, which forms an excellent and indestructible material for ordinary building purposes ; primary limestone, or sac- charoidal marble, extensively used for building purposes in Baltimore and Wash- ington ; hydrosilicates of magnesia, which furnish a material for the production of a large amount of magnesia. The serpentine of Harford county, and the northern border of Cecil county, has yielded a large amount of ferroxide of chrome, for making pigments and dyes ; titaniated iron, which occurs in gneiss, has been worked with success in Harford county. Ores of brown hematite, extensively used in Maryland for the manufacture of iron of excellent quality, occur in beds of clay and loam, particularly on the borders of the primary limestone within this belt. Near Frederick, in passing westward, we perceive that the hypogene rocks begin to be covered with unconformable beds of red sandstone. This group of rocks is one of the most remarkably uniform in the country, possessing the same charac- teristics from the Hudson to North Carolina. It consists of dark reddish brown argillaceous sandstones, of crumbly-brown shales and coarse conglomerates. The strata dip gently towards the northwest, or towards the mountains. The beds, which show themselves along the southeastern edge of the tract, consist mostly of coarse sandstones, alternating with red shales. The central parts consist more exclusively of brown shales and brown argillaceous sandstone. The uppermost beds, or those occurring along the northwestern margin of the formation, have fre- quently the character of coarse conglomerates, made up of pebbles derived from a great variety of rocks, chiefly those which occur at the base or on the side of the adjoining South mountain. The beds of rock on the Potomac, which have fur- nished the material from which the columns in the House of Representatives in the Capitol at Washington have been constructed, belong to this formation, the pebbles and the cementing materials in these beds being of limestone. The few fossil fishes and shells found in this formation establish its age to be that of the upper new red sandstones of Europe, or the period of the middle ages of geologi- 10 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. cal history. To this formation belong the most important localities of copper ores in Maryland. Indeed, this formation is the depository of the principal copper mines in the United States, the beds containing the copper of Lake Superior being now referred to this formation. After passing the formation of new red sandstone, which occupies, as we have seen, a narrow trough in the hypogene or metamorphic rocks, proceeding west- wardly, we approach the first ridge of the Alleganies or the great Apalachian chain, A rapid glance at the general features in the structure of the whole chain will en- able us to comprehend more fully the portion of the chain which exists in this state. This chain, geologically considered, extends from Vermont to Alabama, being more than 1,000 miles long, from 50 to 100 miles broad, and varying in height from 800 to 4,000 feet. Unlike the great chains of many countries which contain a principal central mountain, to which all the minor ranges tend, this sys- tem consists of a broad zone of almost innumerable parallel ridges of nearly equal parallel height. The characteristic features of the ridges are great length, nairow- ness, and steepness, the evenness of their summits, and their remarkable parallel- ism; many of them are almost straight for more than 50 miles. This feature, combined with their steep slopes and sharp and level summits, gives them the appearance, seen in perspective, of so many colossal intrenchments. The first belt of the chain, having in a less degree the characteristics above mentioned, is the narrow undulating mountain range called, in New-York and New-Jersey, the Highlands ; in Pennsylvania, the South Mountain ; in Maryland, the South Moun- tain or Blue Ridge — the latter name being applied to the range in Virginia — the Ca- toctin mountain, which is the first chain of importance which presents itself in Maryland as we proceed west, being a spur of the Blue Ridge. The rocks of this belt are, for the most part, of the older metamorphic strata, including gneiss, mica- ceous, chloritic, argillaceous and talcose slates, and the Pottsdam sandstone. Such is the character of the rocks exposed by the canal and railroad excavations at Har- per's Ferry, Immediately northwest of this mountain range is the great Apala- chian valley, which ranges from Vermont to Alabama under various local names. The portion lying in Maryland is called the Hagerstown valley. The latter, like the continuation of the same valley north and south, is principally based upon the Trenton limestone, remarkable as containing all the great caverns in the country. Beyond this valley to the northwest is a wide belt of long, narrow, parallel ridges and included valleys, spreading northwestward to the foot of the great plateau of the Alleghany or Cumberland mountain. Tliis belt has a breadth varying from thirty to sixty miles. These narrow and parallel ridges consist of strata folded into a succession of convex and concave strata, which have been subsequently laid open by denudation. They consist of silurian, devonian, and carboniferous forma- tions, adopting the terms applied to similar formations in England — the older groups, or silurian, lying chiefly along the southeastern flank of the Apalacbians, and the carboniferous making their appearance as we proceed west. It is evident that these beds, now so much folded and fractured, were originally horizontal, and formed continuous deposits with the rocks of the great western coal field. It ap- pears that the bending and fracture of the beds is greatest on the Atlantic side of the chain, and the strata become less and less disturbed as we proceed towards the west. The most important feature in the geology of the Apalachian chain, as it exists in Maryland, is the occurrence among its strata of the carboniferous for- mation, and its included beds of coal and ores of iron. There are three important coal areas within the state; two northwest of the so-called Backbone of the Alle- gany mountain ; the northwest, or Youghiogeny field, estimated to contain 250 square miles ; the middle area, between Negro and Meadow mountains, estimated to contain 120 square miles. These fields, lying in the midst of a forest region, have not been thoroughly explored. The estimates of their value cannot be much relied on. This is of comparatively little importance, as from their location they GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 11 must remain fur a long time undisturbed. The Frostburg, or Cumberland coal basin, lies between Davis mountain to the east, and Savage mountain to the west, extending within the state twenty miles in length, with an average breadth of four and a half miles. The carboniferous strata, composing the coal series, con^i ^ting, as elsewhere, of shale, grit, sandstone, limestone, argillaceous iron ore, and coal, dip on every side towards the centre of the trough. The successive beds have been compared, in shape, to a great number of Indian canoes, placed one within the other. The entire thickness of the coa'l measures about 1,500 feet. The present surface of the basin is irregular, as it has been intersected by numerous deep ravines, formed by streams and rivers. By these means large portions of the beds have been swept away. Wherever the beds have been cut off by the intervention of a valley, they are seen on the opposite sides at the same level, showing that the beds were once continuous. The whole amount of denudation has been estimated at 26,250 acres, 86,847 acres or 135 square miles, being the supposed present area of the coal. This denudation has given great facility for exploration of the strata and working the coal, and saves the large expenditures necessary in other regions for draining the mines. The whole quantity of coal may be extracted without the use of a shaft. The principal seam has been ten feet in thickness of workable ooal, and there are several other workable beds of less thickness ; the whole thickness of available coal having been estimated at 45 feet. The data above given, sup- posing the whole coal to be accessible, would make the gross amount in this basin 6,305,137,827 tons, and the available quantity, making the ordinary deductions, over four thousand million tons. The analysis of the Cumberland coal shows it to be of the kind denominated dry or close burning, or intermediate between the fat coal of Pittsburg and the anthracite of Pennsylvania. Experiments prove that this coal, in evaporative power, occupies the very highest place among American coals. This is further demonstrated by its extensive use in the ocean steamers. It will be seen from this rapid sketch, in which, from want of space, many interesting details are omitted, that the State of Maryland, in the extended range of its geological formations, is favored with one of the most important physical elements of prosperity. The same cause has been in a high degree conducive to the wealth of England. The tertiary of Maryland has conti'ibuted a soil of easy tillage and inexhaustible supplies of the best and cheapest material for enriching it. Its incoherent beds have suffered the tide to penetrate far inland, thus giving the advantages of the seaboard to the inhabitant of the interior. The metamorpMc rocks furnish the best materials for construction near the points where they are most needed, and producing water-falls on the rivers at the borders of the Atlantic plain, have placed the sites of manufactures near the great water highways. The shales and sandstones of the secondary have formed new varieties of soil, and con- tributed new material for architecture and metallurgy. To the silurian formation is due the broad and fertile valley resting on the Trenton limestone, and to the peculiar structure of the Apalaehian chain, the rich glades of the upper mountain valleys. Finally, the carboniferous beds supply without limit the minerals most essential to commerce and the arts — coal, the indispensable aliment of industry, and iron, the instrument with which all wealth is created. Kent Island, now forming a portion of Queen Anne county, was the site of the first white settlement within the present limits of Maryland. In 1631, William Claiborne, with a party of men from Virginia, commenced a colony on the island. But the charter under which Maryland was permanently established was granted to Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, by Charles I., and bears date 20th June, 1632. The province covered by this grant, however, had been partially explored by Sir George Calvert, the father of the grantee, four years previously. The name. Terra Maria or Mary's land, was given it in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of the reigning monarch. The " Ark" and the " Dove," the two vessels de- signed to convey the emigrants, about 200 in all and chiefly Roman Catholics, to 12 GENERAL AOCOUKT OF THE STATE OF MAR'/LAVD. the future settlement, sailed from the Isle of Wight on the 22d November, 1G33. These were landed on tde island of St. Clement on the 25th March, 1634, and im- mediately took possession of the country with religious solemnities. On the 27th they commenced a settlement on the main land, at St. Mary's, and this is counted the date of the foundation of the colony. The chief design and motive of these colonists was to secure to all who might be inclined to emigrate a refuge from religious persecution. They considered themselves, and have been generally denominated by historians, fugitives from ecclesiastical tyranny, and bear in their own annals the honorable title of " Pil- grims of St. Mary's." The first governor of the country was Leonard Calvert. Shortly after landing he directed his attention to Claiborne's settlement on Kent Island, and notified that indomitable pioneer that he must henceforth consider himself a subject of the Pro- prietary. Claiborne refused compliance, and after some hard fighting, both be and his followers were banished from the colony. Beyond this nothing, if we ex- cept slight Indian disturbances, distracted for many years the repose of the set- tlers. The first legislature was convened in 1639, and adopted many Mise and useful lavvs. The county of St. Mary's had been previously organized, but no other political subdivisions existed but " Hundreds." A county court for this county was now established, and local jurisdictions for the several hundreds. Tobacco had already become so important a staple that it was thought expedient to tax its exportation as a source of revenue. Provision was also made for build- mg a water-mill for the use of the people, and also for erecting a '' towne-house." The great revolution in England now began. The Proprietary was a Catholic and an adherent of the king. A congregation of Puritans, expelled from Virginia as non-conformists, had settled in Maryland about 1042, and now, believing the time eligible, became the nucleus of a powerful opposition to the monarchical and Catholic party. Claiborne also returned from his exile and regained possession of Kent Island, and eventually, in conjunction with the Puritans, compelled the legal governor to fly into Virginia, and took possession of the province. This event was almost cotemporary with the triumph of the parliament in England, with which party the opponents of the colonial government in Maryland seem to have been identified. In 1646, however, Calvert returned from Virginia at the head of a military force and recovered possession of the government, and having restored order, died in 1647. In 1649 the assembly passed that noble act of religious toleration that has placed Maryland so far above her sister colonies, and which threw the mantle of charity over all, and in the benefits of which the Catholic, Quaker and Puritan participated ; for all had experienced the rigors of persecution. The colony truly became the "Land of the Sanctuary," and by this act all sects and denominations of Chris- tians were secured in the public profession of their faith and in the exercise of their religion according to the dictates of their consciences. " Far even in advance of the toleration of the present day," says a recent historian, " was the liberty of conscience of early Maryland in this respect; for it protected the feelings as well as the rights and interests of the citizens." The Puritans, whose arrival from Virginia has heretofore been noticed, with Richard Bennet as the leader, settled at Providence, which at a later period re- ceived the name of Annapolis, and became the seat of government. They de- murred to some of the regulations of the then government, and in consequence, to conciliate them, their settlements were erected into a separate county under the name of Anne Arundel ; and still, additional numbers of this denomination arriving from England, Charles county was organized for them shortly afterwards. They now began to exercise an important and even controlling influence in public affairs. On the overthrow of royalty their party insisted on the immediate ac- knowledgment of the commonwealth ; but so far from conforming to the political GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE' OF MARYLAND. 13 necessities of the times, the authorities representing the Lord Proprietary took an opposite course, and prockiimed Charles II. the rightful sovereign. In the assem- bly that met next after the death of the king, it was ft)und that the supporters of the commonwealth were in the majority. In 1652 commissioners from England visited Marylaud, with whom were associated Claiborne and Bennet. They re- moved Governor Stone, the representative of Lord Baltimore, and completely established the authority of Cromwell. Kent Island was once more delivered up to Claiborne, and he acquired in addition Palmer Island, at the mouth of the Sus- quehanna. The power of the Proprietary was thus for a time entirely suspended. Richard Bennet was removed only from Maryland to be made Governor of Vir- ginia, and Claiborne was appointed secretary under him. In 1654: Lord Baltimore made an effort to regain possession of the colony and to restore his authority. lie succeeded, and restored Governor Stone ; but with characteristic promptitude Bennet and Claiborne returned to Maryland, deposed the governor, reversed all the proceedings of Lord Baltimore and his agents, and established a commission for the government of the colony, placing Captain Wil- liam Fuller at its head. Hereupon commenced a contest which had all the charac- teristics of civil war. Under renewed instructions. Stone, in 1655, made a deter- mined effort to restore the Proprietary government, and hostilities were carried on by land and water. St. Mary's was the nominal capital and the focus of the royalists; while the actual possessors of power considered Providence as the seat of lawful authority, and there or in its vicinity was concentrated the strength of their party. A small detachment of Governor Stone's force captured from their opponents the records of the province and a magazine of arms and ammunition ; and at length, with his whole force, Stone proceeded to Providence and made an attack on the Puritans, whom they found prepared to receive them near that place. A battle ensued, in which the latter were completely victorious. The vic- tors treated their conquered enemies as traitors and rebels, and many of them, including Governor Stone, were condemned to death, and at least four of them were executed in pursuance of the sentence. The governor and his council were spared only at the intercession of the victorious soldiery themselves. This deci- sive action was fought 25th March, 1055. After three years of civil commotion, during most of which time the Puritans governed the colony, the power of the Proprietary was restored, and his brother, Philip Calvert, was appointed governor. William Claiborne, who had so perseveringly contended for his rights as settler and proprietor of Kent Island, retired to Virginia, where he established a county called New Kent, and represented it in the assembly in 1666. In 1660, twenty six years from the foundation of the colony, the population of Maryland was about 1*2.000; in 16(55 it was 16,000, and in 1(571 it had increased to 20,000. The extension of political organization had kept pace with population. Up to this period seven counties had been founded, but there were no considerable towns. St. Mary's and Providence were still small villages. Importations sup- plied the place of domestic manufactures, except such as were made in the families of the settlers. f The period of the introd\iction of slavery into Maryland has not been fixed with ex- actness ; but it was probaljly nearly cotemporaneous with the foundation of the col- ony, and it is even thought that Claiborne had negro servants with him on his first settlement on Kent Island. It is a well-ascertained fact that slaves were brought into Virginia by a Dutch ship as early as 1620. Mention of negro slaves is first made in the laws of Maryland in 1663 ; but there can be little doubt that the allusions in previous statutes to slaves without the prefix, referred to the African or his descendant. In 1671 an act was passed to encourage their importation. There was, however, another class of servants called RedemjHlonists, emigrants from Europe who had pledged their services for certain terms of years, in order to procure the means of transportion to the New World. Their time was sold at 14 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. public auction. Baltimore seems to have been tiie port to which this class chiefly came, and they afterwards formed a numerous and respectable class of citizens. Philip Calvert was superseded in 1(502, as governor, by Charles, son of the Lord Proprietary, who acted in that capacity until 1675, wheii, upon the death of his father, he succeeded to his rights, and appointed Thomas T^Totely as his repre- sentative. On the occurrence of the Revolution, 1088, the government of Mary- land, by the desire of the Protestant inhabitants, was assumed by King William, and ig 169 1 Sir Leonel Copley was appointed governor. Among the first acts of the new government was the removal of the capital from St. Mary's to Provi- dence, thence-after known as Annapolis. The first post route in the colony was established in 1695, and extended from the Potomac through Annapolis to Philadelphia. The mail carrier was required to traverse it eight times a year, for which services he received £50 sterling annu- ally. Contrast this period with the present facilities of the state. The solitary route of 1695 had been multiplied in 1850 to one hundred and four, the combined length of which was 2,435 miles, and the total amount of annual transportation 1,010,450 miles ; and the line of conveyance on which the mail was then carried eight times a year is now traversed twice a day. The government was again restored to the family of the Proprietary in 1715, having since 1691 been administered by governors holding under the king's ap- pointment. At this period the population was estimated at 30,000, a fact which conclusively shows that the ratio of increase was much less since than before the census taken in 1071. The prosperity of the colony had been checked by the almost exclusive occupation of the farmers and planters in raising tobacco to the neglect of those crops upon which they ought to have relied for food ; nor is it surprising that years of scarcity and great consequent distress occurred. -In 1694 and 1695, a destructive disease broke out among the stock of the farmers, and 25,429 cattle and 62,375 hogs perished, i hi so small a community the loss of such an amount of property must have been seriously felt. Before 1697, the colonists had been without manufactures of their own, but in that year an effort was initiated in Somerset and Dorchester counties to make woolen and linen cloths. Every attempt of this kind, however, was closely watched by the English government, which desired to compel them to consume the manufactures of England as a source of profit to its own people, or means of securing their dependence upon them. These efforts to supply a domestic manu- facture, therefore, either failed at once or languished out a sickly existence. In 1714, Charles, Lord Baltimore, the hereditary Proprietary, died at the age of 84. His son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, succeeded to the province, but lived only long enough to have his rights acknowledged. He died in April, 1715. The principal obstacle to the recognition of the claim of this family was now removed, for the young heir had been educated a Protestant. In 1715, therefore, the au- thority of the Proprietary was restored throughout the colony, and a commis- sion in his name was issued to Hart, the last of the governors appointed by the king. From this period until the breaking out of the French war in 1753, the history of Maryland is not marked by any great event. Its local annals are filled with relations of contentions between the Proprietary and the people : the one struggling to maintain his hereditary privileges, and the other to establish their liberties. In all these struggles are discernil)le the germs of the Revolution of 1776. For fifly years the Six Nations of Indians had maintained a claim to lands west of the Susquehanna, in Maryland, which at times had given rise to disturb- ances. These claims were extinguished in 1744, by the payment on the part of Maryland of £300 current money of the province. The cession was arranged at a treaty held between the representatives and the commissioners of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, at Lancaster. The building of towns and cities was a favorite pursuit in the early times of GENERAL ACCOUNT OP THK STATE OF MARYLAND. 15 Maryland history, as it has been in most other parts of the country in later days. A large number was chartered by acts of the assembly, which never attained a growth to satisfy the hopes of their projectors. Baltimore was laid out in 1729 on the lands of Charles Carroll, and was extended in 1732 by the addition of the city plot of lands belonging to Edward Fell, whence the name of Fell's Point applied to that part of the city. Annapolis continued to increase. It is an evidence of its advancement that in 1745, the first and for a long time the only newspaper printed in Maryland was established there. It was called the "Maryland Gazette," and was commenced by Thomas Green, official printer to the province. It con- tinued to be published until 1839 by the descendants of its founder. A printing- press, however, had been set up at Annapolis some forty years before this, for printing the laws and public documents. Frederick, the next largest and most important town in Maryland after Baltimore, was founded in 1745, and was named after Frederick, son of Charles, Lord Baltimore. It was made the county town on the formation of the county of Frederick in 1748. Georgetown, now in the Dis- trict of Columbia, was laid out on a plot of sixty acres in 1751 ; and being a port of deposit for the produce of a large and fertile district of country and the head of navigation in the Potomac, it grew rapidly in population and trade. In 1740, Maryland contributed 500 volunteers and £7,500 to the disastrous ex- pedition against the Spanish Main, A noble fleet, consisting of nearly 100 ves- sels, including 30 ships of the line, commanded by Admiral Vernon, and an army of 12,000 men under General Wentworth, assembled at Jamaica in 1741. With this imposing force a descent was made on Cartagena, which was rendered abortive, rather by the malignity of the climate than the prowess of the enemy. It was cal- culated that nine out of ten of these levies perished in this most disastrous expe- dition. The province, in 1748, contained about 130,000 inhabitants, of which 94,000 were white and 36,000 colored persons. Eight years later, the number of inhabitants was computed at 154,188, exhibiting the very satisfactory increase of 24,188, or about 18.6 per centum in eight years. The development of the resources of the province had perhaps hardly kept pace with this advancement of population. The policy of England continued to be rigorous in the discouragement of domestic manufactures, and its repressive mea- sures were not without effect. Meanwhile, the legislature of the province offered bounties in land for the erection of flour mills, iron furnaces and forges, and other works of industry, and its efforts succeeded to a considerable extent. In 1749 there were in the colony eight furnaces and nine forges. In 1742, copper works were in operation. The great staple export, however, was tobacco. In 1747, 5,000 hogsheads were exported. For many purposes tobacco was the currency of the province, and in certain years, the great depression in the price of this article drew out the specie of the colony to meet the balance accruing in its foreign trade. The government sought to remedy this evil by an issue of bills of credit, w^hich experiment of course proved unavailing. In 1732, tobacco was made a legal tender at one penny per pound, and Indian corn at 20 pence a bushel ; but the issue of paper money continued, even after this expedient, to supply the place of a safe and convenient currency. The boundary disputes of Maryland with the adjoioing provinces have become somewhat famous among controversies of that kind among us ; the most celebrated was that which concerned her northern and part of her eastern frontier, and which resulted in the establishment of "Mason and Dixon's Line." This dispute had an even date almost with the original grant to Lord Baltimore. His grant, it was contended, covered all the territory bordering the Atlantic and Delaware Bay, be- tween 38^ and 40° N. lat., including the whole of the present State of Delaware and a considerable strip of Pennsylvania ; but this portion of his grant was at the time occupied by settlements of the Swedes, who were subsequently conquered by the Dutch. After the latter were dispossessed, the territory wrested from them 16 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. was conferred by a special grant from the Duke of York, in 1782, upon William Penn. A decree was obtained in 1685 by Penn, confirming to him the bounda- ries nam.ed in his grant; but the Proprietary of Maryland refused to submit, and from this time to 1732, the dispute was the cause of almost ceaseless litigation between the Proprietaries of the two colonies, and of violence and outrage on the border. At length, in consequence of a decree in chancery in favor of the heirs ol William Penn, granted in 1750, commissioners were appointed to determine and mark the line mentioned in the decree of 1685, The " scientific gentlemen" em- ployed in this important service, probably the chief surveyors, were Messrs. Mason and Dixon, from whom this celebrated boundary received its name. They began at the angle formed by the intersection of the boundary line between Delaware and Maryland with that between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and proceeded westward 130 miles, when their operations were suspended by fear of hostilities from the Indians. At the end of every mile they set up a stone, with the letter "P" and the arms of the Penns engraved on the north side, and " M," with the escutcheon of Lord Baltimore, on the south. In 1782-3, a continuation was made of " Mason and Dixon's line" to its western terminus ; this, however, was looked upon as a mere temporary arrangement, and the controversies and recriminations continued ; and complaints were made to the Governor of Virginia, who appealed to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania to come into some arrange- ment to effect a permanent and acknowledged boundary, " For this desirable purpose, each state selected the best and most suitable men within its reach, so that their work when completed would merit and receive entire confidence in its accuracy," The commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania were David Ritten- house, John Ewing and Captain Hutchins; those on the part of Virginia were An- drew Ellicott, Rev. James Madison, Rev, Robert Andrews and T. Page. They performed the duty assigned them in the fall of 1784. The line having been thus carried to its western terminus, it only remained to run a meridian line from that point to the Ohio river to close this long-protracted controversy. This task was committed to Messrs, Rittenhouse and Porter on the part of Pennsylvania, and Andrew Ellicott and Joseph Neville on that of Virginia, They entered on their work in May, 1785, and on the 23d August they had made a final report, locating the western boundary of Pennsylvania, as now acknowledged, from the south- western corner of the state to the Ohio river ; for Virginia had no special interest in extending the line further north, having finally relinquished in favor of the general government her claims to territory north and west of the Ohio the year before. In the contest which annihilated French dominion in America, Maryland bore a gallant part. Braddock's unfortunate expedition against Fort Duquesne was or- ganized in this province, and marched from Frederick in the spring of 1754. After the defeat and death of this general, a fearful panic pervaded the frontier region of all the Middle States, and extended in Maryland even to the Bay Shore. Num- bers of the inhabitants fled to Baltimore, and even prepared to leave the country altogether. From this time until the capture of Fort Duquesne in 1758, the west- ern part of Maryland was kept in constant terror, and of course the incidents of the war fully occupied the attention of the people and the public authorities. The pro- gress of population during these years of Indian warfare was necessarily slow. The inhabitants in 1761 numbered 164,007, of whom 114,332 were whites, and 49,675 slaves, showing an increase for five years following 1756 of somewhat less than 10,000. The relative increase was but little over half as great as that of the pre- ceding five years. The extension of settlements towards the west was also sus- pended during the war. From the conclusion of the French war until the commencement of the Revolu- tion, the history of Maryland, like that of most of the other colonies, is a narrative of usurpations upon public liberty attempted by the royal government and resisted GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 17 by the people. In 1765, the stamp act, and afterwards the tea tax, excited general indignation and hostility. The most violent opponents of these measures took the name of " Sons of Liberty," As the contest drew towards the issue which had been inevitable from the beginning, the Proprietary government fell, as a matter of course, giving place to local and general committees of safety, and to conventions assembled in the name of the people, to supply the want of a more regular authority. The war, which had been long expected, and for which great preparations were made, commenced with the desultory fight at Lexington, 19th April, 1775. The Revolution having now fairly commenced, elections were held throughout the province in August, 1776, for delegates to a convention to frame a constitution and state government. This body assembled August 14th, and by the 10th Sep- tember a Bill of Rights and a Constitution were reported. On the 3d November the constitution was adopted in convention, and elections ordered to carry it into effect. The system of government established by this first constitution of Mary- land was republican, and as nearly democratic as the state of public opinion at that day, and the circumstances under which it was adopted, gave reason to expect. It was divided into three departments — the executive, represented by a governor and executive council of five members ; the legislative, consisting of a Senate and House of Delegates ; and the judicial, composed of the general court, or court of chancery, the court of appeals, and a court of admiralty. The right to vote at elections was limited by a property qualification. The House of Delegates was to consist of members chosen directly by the people ; but the Senate, composed of fifteen members, nine from the Eastern and six from the Western Shore, was to be appointed by electors designated for that purpose by the people. Members of the first-named bi'anch were required to own property to the amount of £500, and senators were required to be at least twenty-five years of age, and be pos- sessed of property to the value of £1,000. The elections took place in November, as provided for in the constitution, and the legislature convened at Annapolis on the 5th February, 1777. The meeting took place five days earlier than appointed by the constitution, from the necessity of raising additional troops to reinforce Washington's army. Laws were promptly passed providing for new levies and the supplies needful to equip and subsist the troops. On the 13th February, Thomas Johnson was chosen first constitutional governor of Maryland. Throughout the Revolutionary War the services of the Maryland troops were marked by gallantry and efficiency. In the first considerable action after that of Bunker's Hill, the "Maryland line" signalized its valor, and took a high position among the several corps of the continental army. They were under the command of Col. Wm. Smallwood, who afterwards became a major-general and one of the most distinguished officers whose achievements in the struggle illustrate the bravery of his native state. In the battle of Long Island, and in those of Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Fort Washington, the Maryland regiments were con- spicuous for their courage and discipline ; nor were they less so in the memorable actions at Trenton and Princeton. With the exception of actions in the campaign against Burgoyne, indeed, there was no prominent battle of the war, from Brook- lyn Heights to Yorktown, in which the Marylanders did not take an active and honorable part ; and under every commander — Washington, La Fayette, DeKalb and Greene — they earned special notice and applause for gallantry and good con- duct. The number of troops furnished by Maryland during the war was 15,229 regulars, and 5,407 militia ; and the expenditures of the state amounted to 17,508,145 in specie, a large portion of which was raised by the sale of confiscated British property within the state. In Maryland, as in most of the other colonies, there existed at the commence- ment of the Revolution dissensions among the people, which impeded'the pro- 18 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. gress of the patriotic cause. A small minority of the people still clung to the sen- timents of loyalty to their king, and affectionate dependence on the mother coun- try. At the beginning of the struggle there was found to be a formidable party, in the lower counties of the Eastern Shore, bitterly opposed to all measures re- sisting the royal authority, and among this class Lord Dunmore, lately expelled from V^irginia, of which he had been governor, employed agents to organize seve- ral companies for the service of the king. After these attempts had been sup- pressed, Dunmore continued to carry on, with the co-operation of the " tories" of the Bay Shore, a harassing system of maritime depredations. In order to repel these predatory expeditions, a small, but efficient, naval force was organized by the state, which rendered good service. In 1781, a conspiracy for raising a do- mestic insurrection was detected and frustrated in Frederick county, and several of the leaders were hanged in the court-house yard. The last acts of a warlike nature which marked, in Maryland, the close of the contest, were the outrages of the tories and refugees upon the defenceless inhabitants of the towns and settle- ments along the shores, after the surrender of Yorktown. These ffee-booters were driven off, with the aid of boats and barges from the French fleet, still lying at Norfolk or Yorktown. On the 23d Dec, 1783, the brilliant drama of the Revolution was closed by Washington's resignation of his commission. This event took place at Annapolis, in the presence of Congress, the state legislature, many officers who had served through the war, and a crowd of deeply-interested spectators. The ceremony constitutes a scene in our history, second in solemnity and importance only to the reading of the Declaration of Independence. The war being at an end, the legislature of Maryland tendered to Congress, in case that body should decide to remove the seat of government to Annapolis, the use of the State-House, the Public Square, the Governor's house as a residence for the president of that body ; thirteen dwelling-houses, corresponding with the number of the states, for the accommodation of the delegates, and a full jurisdic- tion over the city and people of Annapolis. Congress accepted the invitation to repair to Annapolis, and adjourned thither from Princeton, but declined to locate the capital of the Confederacy at that place. This question was finally arranged in 1790, after the adoption of the present constitution, when Messrs. Johnson, Stewart and Carroll, wei-e appointed commissioners to lay out the portion of the Federal district ceded by Maryland. On the return of peace, public attention was directed towards the means of ren- dering available for use the vast natural resources of the state, and in particular towards the opening of a cheap, easy, and expeditious route of travel between the Atlantic and the rapidly-spreading settlements of the west. To attain this object a meeting of commissioners, appointed by Maryland and Virginia, was held in 1789 at Annapolis. The measures suggested on this occasion were prac- tical, and well-suited to the object. It was proposed that the two states should unite their efforts to render the Potomac river navigable, by means of locks and dams, and that, to connect its head waters with those of the Ohio, a road should be constructed some forty miles in length. On the recommendations of the dele- gates a company was chartered, called the Potomac Company, and Gen. Wash- ington became its first President. Something was done to carry the designs into effect, but its complete accomplishment was reserved for a period when the popu- lation and capital of the country were more comiBensurate with the magnitude of the enterprise. It had now become necessary to conform the regulation of church affairs in the United States to their altered condition. The Roman Catholics of Maryland had been under the jurisdiction of a Vicar, appointed by the bishop of the Roman church in London ; but in pursuance of a request of the clergy of the state, in 1787 the Rev. John Carroll became, by appointment from Rome, spiritual superior. In 1790 he was appointed bishop of the whole United States, as the diocese of GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 19 ■whicli Baltimore was the centre was the only one then existing. In 1810, on the division of his see into several bishoprics, he was made an archbishop. The re- organization of the other religious bodies is not so peculiarly connected with the history of Maryland as that of the Roman Catholic denomination, and is therefore passed over in this connection. The Federal Constitution was readily and heartily adopted by Maryland. The Convention that accepted it on the part of the state, met on the 21st April, 1788, and adjourned on the 28th, having agreed to the instrument, without reservation or amendment, by a vote of 63 to 11. From this period to the war of 1812, the history of Maryland presents nothing calling for special notice. During that war Admiral Cockburn, commanding the British naval forces, committed on the shores of Chesapeake Bay a series of wan- ton outrages against the property and persons of the citizens. In the spring of 1 813 t he villages of Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, Fredericktown and George- town, were plundered and burnt by his orders, and in August, 1814, occurred the expedition of Gener al Ross again st the city of Washington. Cockburn. since the opening of the preceding year, had been cruizing about the bay and the mouth of the Potomac, with four ships of the line and six frigates; in the course of the summer he was largely rein forced, and in August a landing was effected at Bene- dict, on the Patuxent, some thirty-fi ve miles south-east of Washington. The land force was under the command of General Ross, and was 5,000 strong. It pro- ceeded toward s Washi ngton ; the militia_of Maryland and of the District assem- bled under General Winder, to oppose their march ; but the Americans were in no condition to resist their numerous and well-disciplined enemies. The army retired to Bladensburg, and was reinforced by Gen. Stansbury, with 2,100 Mary- land troops, including the sailors and marines of Commodore Barney. At this point it was resolved to risk an action in defence of the national capital. The re- sult of the conflict that ensued was not fortunate to the American arras. The British gained a complete victory, though at a cost of life much greater than the loss sustained by the Americans. The victors marched on to Washington, oc- cupied the city as long as they thought advisable, and then returned to their ship- ping at Benedict. • They, however, sullied the laurels which their daring and suc- cessful expedition might have gained for them, by an act of Vandalic barbarism, to ■which the annals of modern warfare among civilized nations hardly furnishes a paral- lel. While in secure possession of the seat of government, they burnt and destroyed the Capitol, the President's house, the offices of the Treasury, War and Navy, all the national records accessible to them, the public library, and other property belonging to the public and individuals. Their loss in this expedition is said to have been four hundred in killed and wounded, and five hundred prisoners. At nearly the same time Alexandria was occupied and plundered, or laid under trib- ute. The remaining principal incidents of the war particularly belonging to the history of Maryland, are the battle of North Point and the defence of Baltimore. The British forces engaged at North Point numbered 5,000, and were under Gen. Ross. He was killed in a skirmish between parties of the advance, immediately before the battle. The Americans were commanded by Gen. Striker, who had under his command 3,200 men. The result of the engagement was unfovorable to the invaders, though the American general judged it prudent to retire towards Baltimore, The British lost about 400 men, and the Americans about half that number. The battle of North Point was fought 13th September, 1814. On the evening of next day the enemy commenced a bombardment of Fort McHenry, the work chiefly relied upon for the defence of the city. The attack was gallantly repelled, and the failure of the operations during the night, which were conducted by land and water, was so complete that a day or two after the land forces were taken on board the shipping, and all attempts against Baltimore were finally 20 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. abandoned. On the IGth of the month the hostile fleet was seen standing down the bay. Among other objects of importance, which occupied the attention of the legis- lature, was the establishment of a general and efficient system of public educa- tion. A fund was provided by an act of 1812, derived from bonuses upon bank charters, yielding 120,000 annually, to be divided among the counties, and to be applied to educational purposes. In 1825 the system was permanently arranged, with great and judicious minuteness of detail. When the surplus revenue was distributed among the states, after the payment of the public debt, Maryland ap- propriated $600,000 of the amount received by her, for the benefit of the schools ; the interest of which, with the former funds and new contributions from the banks, increased the annual amount disbursed by the state treasury for school purposes, to 865,031. The good effects of the system thus established are every- where perceptible, in the improving intelligence of the people. The extraordinary abundance of useful minerals in Maryland, continually urged upon the attention of her citizens the necessity of some more efficient plan for the prosecution of works of public improvement than had hitherto been adopted : easy and rapid communication from the seaboard to the coal mines in the moun- tains, and the vast deposits of iron ore in various parts of the state, was found to be indispensable to its prosperity. It had long become apparent that the method of rendering the Potomac river navigable, proposed by the Potomac company, was impracticable, or, at least, quite inadequate to the greatness of the object contemplated. It necessarily, therefore, gave place to a much greater and more expensive work. A design was formed for the construction of a canal through the valley of the Potomac to its head, and thence to the Ohio river ; and it was proposed that the Potomac company should transfer its powers and privileges to a new corporation, to be formed, for the execution of the more enlarged schemes. The legislature of Maryland approved of the design, and a convention was called at Washington city, to consist of delegates representing the counties most inter- ested of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland. It assembled 6th November, 1823, and was attended by representatives from all the above states, and from the cities of the District. It was determined at this convention that the best mode of effecting the objects in view, was to form a company for the construction of a canal from tide-water to the coal mines on the east side of the Alleghanies, and from that point, as soon as practicable, to the navigable waters of the Mo- nongahela river, on the opposite side of the mountains. As it was expected that this great work would be carried through by the combined exertions of the Gene- ral Government, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the name of " Union Canal" was suggested for it ; but it finally received the designation it now bears, namely, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Virginia passed an act 27th January, 1824, incorporating the company by which the work was to be accomplished ; which was confirmed by Congress and the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. Maryland claimed the privilege of constructing a lateral canal from the termin- ation of the main line through the District to Baltimore, which was conceded to her. Another convention took place at Washington, at which the charter, pro- vided in the act of incorporation, was accepted. The required amount of stock having been subscribed, the company was organized in June, 1828. The general government subscribed for 10,000 shares of stock, the District cities for 15,000, the state of Virginia for 770, making, with the individual subscriptions, 36,089 shares, representing a capital of $3,608,900. The estimate of the expense of making a canal from Washington to Cumberland, forty feet wide at top, twenty- eight feet at bottom, and four feet deep, was $4,000,000. Before the commence- ment of actual operations these dimensions were increased to six feet in depth, and in width between 50 and 60 feet. In 1827 measures were taken to secure the building of a rail-road from Balti- GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 21 more to Cumberland, as a means of preventing a diversion of trade by the canal to the cities of the District. The state favored this project, and subscribed for 5,000 shares of its stock, and the enterprise was begun. There was a long legal contest between the rail-road and canal companies, as to the right of each to the track along the Potomac, which impeded the progress of the two works, but was settled, at length, by a compromise. Many other improvements were now projected. Rail-roads were undertaken from Baltimore to York, Pa., (Baltimore and Susque- hanna Rail-road, 57 miles in length;) from Baltimore to Washington, (Washing- ton Branch Rail-road, 40 miles in length,) with a lateral branch to Annapolis ; (Annapolis and Elkridge Rail-road, 21 miles in length ;) and many others of a less practical character, were proposed and discussed. Some of them received the patronage of the state, and hence a large public debt was rapidly accumulated. By the time the great canal had been completed to Harper's Ferry, the means which had been provided at its commencement failed, and from the refusal of the Federal Government and of Virginia to extend further aid to the work, it became evident that the whole burden of its completion would devolve upon Maryland. Not appalled by these difficulties the task was assumed by the latter state, and a convention was called to meet at Baltimore, in December, 1834. At this meeting a memorial was adopted, requesting the legislature to advance $2,000,000 for finishing the canal, and $1,000,000 for the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail-road. The legislature complied, and $3,000,000 six per cent, bonds were directed to be issued, the tolls of the works being pledged for the interest. Still the means were inadequate, and the legislature was again appealed to in 1835. Again the credit of the state was extended to works believed to be essential to the general prosperity, and a bill was passed authorizing the issue of bonds to the amount of $8,000,000 ; of this immense sum $3,000,000 were to be applied to the Chesa- peake and Ohio Canal, $3,000,000 to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road, $500,000 to the Cross-Cut Canal, from the Potomac at Washington, to Baltimore ; $500,000 to the Annapolis and Potomac Canal, and $1,000,000 to the Eastern Shore Rail-road. The act required that the bonds should be sold at a premium of 20 per centum, the amount of which should be invested as a sinking fund for the redemption of the principal. They could not be sold at this rate, and the portion applicable to the completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the Balti- more and Ohio Rail-road, was transferred to those companies. The bonds which were thus issued to the Canal company, were afterwards exchanged by the state for $3,200,000 in 5 per centum sterling bonds. In 1838, a further subscription of $1,375,000, in 5 per centum bonds, was authorized. The proceeds of this loan were exhausted without completing the work, and the legislature refused further subscriptions, its interest in the canal having now been increased to the sum of $7,197,000, and the total debt in 1839 had reached the startling sum of $10,050,000 ; of which $3,200,000 remained in the possession of the Rail-road company, undisposed of. The immense responsibilities thus undertaken by the state caused no general alarm, so long as the several companies were in a condi- tion to meet the demands upon them for interest ; but in 1840 the Canal com- pany, and several others less heavily indebted, announced their inability to pay, and thence commenced the direct liability of the state for an annual amount far greater than the whole of her ordinary revenues. The deficit, 1st December, 1840, was $556,387. No provision for the payment of the interest was made at the following regular session of the legislature : various schemes, however, were suggested for relief in the premises, one of which was the sequestration of the school fund to the payment of the interest, but nothing was determined. Direct taxation was admitted to be the only reliable resource ; and at an extra session in 1841 a bill was passed imposing a tax of 20 cents on each $100 of property as- sessed, which rate was afterwards increased to 25 cents, and the State Treasurer was directed to borrow $500,000 to meet the interest accruing before the coUec- 22 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. tions under the law could be made. This law created much discontent, especially in counties not directly interested in the works on which so much money had been expended ; and for the years subsequent the financial conditif»n of the state was in a most deplorable condition. At length, however, public seiitiment for the credit of the state was fully aroused, and became unanimous that effectual exer- tions must be made to sustain the public faith. The legislature that assembled in December, 1844, resolved to take all needful measures to this end; not only were means taken to meet the interest on the debt, biit the liens of the state upon the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal were released, so far as to enable that company to borrow 81, 700,000 still required for its completion. After a series of difficult negotiations the money was raised, and the canal has now been brought to a com- pletion. The rail-road had been previously carried forward as far as Cumberland, and energetic measures are now being applied for carrying it forward to its ter- minus on the Ohio river, which will probably be effected early in 1853. The measures adopted at the session of 1844-^5 gradually commended themselves to public favor. The counties which had fallen into arrears hastened to pay them into the treasury ; and every year the receipts were more than sufficient to pay the current expenses ; at length all arrears due to creditors were funded, and on the 1st January, 1848, after seven years' suspension of the full discharge of its obligations, though at all times recognizing their validity, the state resumed the payment on its whole debt. From the earliest period the condition of the African race in Maryland had attracted much attention. By gradations which there are now no means of tra- cing, this class of the population had attained, in 1790, the number of 111,079, of which 8,043 were free, and 103,036 were slaves. The tendency of public opinion in this state, for many years subsequent to the commencement of the Revolution, seemed favorable to emancipation, and its effect was perceived in the gradual in- crease of free blacks. It was shown by the census of 1800 that the free colored had gained 11,544 during the preceding ten years, equal to 143 per centum, while the slaves had increased only 2,599, or about 2^ per centum. The decen- nial census from this period exhibited an equally remarkable increase of free ne- groes and decrease of slaves, so that from 1790 to 1850 the free negroes had in creased 821 per centum, and the slaves had decreased more than 12 per centum. The decennial movement is shown elsewhere. But during the first twenty years of this period thei'e had been a small increase of slaves, so that for the next thirty years to 1840, the falling off had been 21,765, or about 19 per centum ; which decrease, if sustained, would have extirpated slavery in Maryland in a very short time ; but owing to various circumstances in the history of the times, the policy of emancipation, without a provision for the removal of the persons whose condition was affected by it, began to be looked upon with disfavor, and a provision was inserted in the Constitution of 1836, declaring "That the relation of master and slave, in this state, shall not be abolished, unless a bill for that purpose shall be passed by a unanimous vote of both branches of the General Assembly, be pub- lished three months before a new election, and be unanimously confirmed by a succeeding legislature." Thus was checked effectually the disposition to public emancipation ; but individuals continued to exercise it, and the prevalence of this desire to confer freedom upon slaves gave occasion to the institution of the^ American Colonization Society, about the year 1819; a branch of the association was established in Maryland, but in order to obviate certain features in the organ- ization and proceedings of the General Society, not acceptable to the friends of colonization in this state, it was determined to establish an independent colony in Africa for the blacks of Maryland, The legislature extended its fostering care to the enterprise, and an annual appropriation of 5^20,000 was allowed to the Society, which is yet continued. The Maryland colony has flourished, having now a con- siderable trade, and being visited, at stated periods, by regular packets from Baltimore. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 23 Immediately upon the close of the Revolutionary War, a contest, which had laid dormant under the pressure of that absorbing struggle, arose in Maryland, over the anti-popular provisions in the constitution. The popular party desired universal suffrage, and resolutely set about attaining the object of their wishes. After several years of discussion and contention between the people and those who doubted their capacity to exercise wisely the franchise they sought, the House of Delegates, in 1800, passed a bill, extending the right to vote to every free white male citizen of twenty-one years of age, who had been two years a resident of the state, and six months in the county, dispensing entirely with the property qualification. The Senate insisted upon amendments to this bill, which defeated the object of it. But at the next session the House repassed the bill, with a hint at the necessity of reforming the Senate itself, so significant, that that body took up the bill from the lower house, and passed it without material amendment the day after its reception. In 1809 the property qualification for holders of office was also abolished. These acts of the legislature were approved at subsequent sessions, in the manner required by the existing constitution ; but the work of reform was still considered incomplete. The Senate was not elected by the people, but appointed by electors chosen by them. The Governor and Council were elected by the legislature. The Senate also had the power of filling vacancies, under certain circumstances, in its own body. But all efforts at procuring reform in these particulars failed, though an animated struggle was kept up from the close of the war of 1812 to 1836. At length, in the latter year, a convention of reformers was held at Balti- more, at which it was resolved, that if the legislature continued to refuse the re- forms which were believed to be necessary, the agency of that body ought to be dispensed with ; and it would be the duty of the people to remodel the constitu- tion by their own action, independently of its authority. The chief obstacle in the way of reform had been the Seriate. Its term was now about to expire, and the election which took place for the choice of electors to form a new one, in the mode prescribed by the then existing constitution, resulted in the success of a majority of electors favorable to reform. Afler a very bitter contest betw'een the whig and democratic divisions of the electors, during which the state seemed convulsed almost to the point of civil war, a Senate was chosen of a complexion which insured a compliance with the demands of the most decided advocates of reform. The legislature entered upon the work of remodeling the constitution of the state, immediately upon their assembling. The governor was made eli- gible by the people ; his official term was fixed at three years, and he was re- quired to be taken alternately from each of the three districts into which the state was divided. The Executive Council was abolished, and the office of Secretary of State was created, as a depository of part of the duties formerly lodged with it. The Senate was reorganized on the basis proposed at near the beginning of the contest on the subject, as far back as 1807 ; that is, one member was assigned to each county, and one to Baltimore city, to be elected immediately by the people, and the term of its members was extended to six years. The first election under the new constitution was held in October, 1838. The same method of arranging the terms of senators was adopted as obtains in respect to members of the United States' Senate. The senators first elected were to be divided into classes, who were to serve, respectively, two, four, and six years. At the expiration of the two initial fractional terms, a full term of six years was to begin, so that the seats of one-third of the senators would be vacated each two years, and their places would be supplied by new elections. The House of Dele- gates was also reorganized. Five members each were allotted to Frederick and Baltimore counties and Baltimore city ; four to each of nine other counties ; three to each of the remaining counties ; and one to Annapolis. But this was not a permanent arrangement ; for afler the results of the census 24 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. of 1840 should be ascertain«d, it was provided that the number of delegates should be appointed as follows : A county with a population under fifteen thou- sand, in federal numbers, was to have three delegates ; one with more than fifteen thousand, four delegates ; one with over twenty -five thousand, five delegates ; one with over thirty-five thousand, six delegates ; and Baltimore as many as the most populous county. After 1840 the right of Annapolis to a separate representation was to cease. Considering their political system still capable of amendment, the people of Maryland, during the year 1850, decided to call a convention for the formation of a new constitution. This body met in the spring of 1851, and concluded its labors on the 14th of May. The constitution framed by the convention was submitted to the people on the 4th of June, and was adopted by a large majority. It went into effect July 4th. By this instrument Howard district, previously a part of Anne Arundel county, was erected into a county, and one senator was as- signed to it. No other change was made in that branch of the legislature. The number of members in the more numerous branch was diminished from eighty- two to seventy-four. In the distribution of representatives two members were allotted to Howard county ; ten to Baltimore city, being an increase of five ; six to Baltimore county, exclusive of the city, a gain of one ; and six to Frederick county, which before had five. Fifteen of the older counties lost seventeen members. The reason for these changes was the inequalities in representation among the counties in the state, which had been brought about by the former constitution, by their very different rates of progression as to population and property. The governor in office, at the time of the adoption of the new constitution, was to continue until the expiration of his term. The salary of his successors was fixed at $3,600 per annum. A Board of Public Works was created, to consist of four Commissioners, chosen from districts, into which the state was divided for the purposes of their election. The Treasurer of the state is, ex officio^ a member of tne Public Works. This officer is to be chosen by the legislature once in two years. A Comptroller of the public finances is to be chosen by the people, for the term of two years. The judiciary was modified, so that the four judges of the Court of Appeals should be chosen by popular election, each member of the court being taken from a district, the boundaries of which were prescribed, except the Chief Justice, whose appointment was lodged with the Executive. The state was divided into judicial circuits, and in each the people are to elect a judge, to hold office for ten years. The salary of the judge in the Baltimore circuit will be |2,500, and of the other members of the court, |2,000. County clerks and registers will be elected by the people, and their term of office is limited to six years. The experience of the people under the former constitution had made them specially solicitous for an efficient check upon the power of the legislature to con-, tract debts. Accordingly, it was prohibited to that authority to borrow a greater sum than $100,000, unless in case of war or invasion ; nor can they pass a bill to contract a loan, of that or a less amount, without a provision levying a tax to meet the interest. To meet temporary deficiencies in the treasury, $50,000 may be borrowed. It is made the duty of the legislature to submit to the people, as soon after each United States' census as convenient, the question whether they desire a revis- ion of the constitution ; and if they decide in the affirmative, a convention shall be called, the delegates of which shall be apportioned among the counties, on the basis of their representation in the two houses of the legislature. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 25 Lotteries are to be suppressed after the 1st of April, 1859, and in the mean time a commissioner, to manage them, will be chosen every two years by the people. Orphans' courts are established in each county, and in Baltimore city, by popu- lar vote, to consist of three judges, who will draw per diem compensation while engaged in the actual discharge of judicial duties. Magistrates and constables are to be elected in each ward and election district, and to serve two years. Maryland is shown, by the census of 1850, to be the fourteenth state of the Union in respect to population. The first settlements within its limits, as before intimated, were formed in 1031, by a few straggling adventurers, but the per- manent foundations of the colony were laid in 1634. From that epoch until the first federal enumeration, authentic data for calculation, the materials for tracing the progress of population are meagre and unsatisfactory. From such records as the annals of the province and state present, previous to the latter period, the fol- lowing table has been prepared, showing the number of inhabitants at different times : Years. Whites. Free Blacks. Slaves. TotaL , Increase. ■ ■ . 1634 — .... — — 200.... — 1660 — .... — — 12,000.... 11,800 or 5900.00 p. c. in 26 years. 1671 — — — 20,000 8,000" 66.06 " in 11 " 1701 — — — 25,000 5,000" 25.00 " in 30 " 1715 — — — 30,000 5,000" 20.00 " in 14 '• 1748 94,000.... — ....36,000 130,000. ., .100,000 ** 333.33 " in 33 " 1756 107,963 — 46,225 154,188 24,188" 18.60 " in 8 " 1760 116,759 — ....49,764 166,523 12,335" 7.99 " in 4 *« 1770 140,110.... — 59,717 199,827.... 33,.304 " 20.00 " in 10 •« 1775 159,083 — 65,917 225,000 25,173" 12.50 " in 5 " 1782 170,688.... — 83,362 254,050 29,050 " 12.91 " in 7 " 1790 208,649 8,043 103,036 319,728 65,678 " 25.85 " in 8 " The progress of population was discouragingly slow from 1660 to 1715, a period of fifty-five years. The advancement of the province was retarded by civil and religious dissensions, by scarcity and pestilence. Under an improved system of agriculture, and upon the cessation of disputes among the inhabitants, consequent upon the removal of the causes of contention, a return or rather beginning of pros- perity was experienced about the latter year, and the community advanced rapidly in numbers and the other elements of strength and power until 1748, when hostil- ities between England and France, and Indian disturbances, caused a slight check to immigration and settlement. Maryland, however, being less exposed from her local position to suffer from these causes, her population increased in a satisfactory rate up to the beginning of the Revolutionary War. During that contest consider- able numbers of Germans in the British armies abandoned the cause to which they had become attached by no ties of nationality or duty, and settled in this state. In 1778 the legislature passed an act by which all foreigners, upon taking the oath of allegiance to the state, were naturalized, and admitted to all the rights of citizen- ship, except that of holding civil offices. As an inducement to immigration, circu- lars were printed in English and other languages, setting forth the advantages which Maryland presented to those who wished to establish themselves in the new world, and distributed in England and Germany. These efforts to give a direction to the stream of immigration which might reasonably be expected upon the return of peace, were doubtless successful, as is indicated by the surprisingly rapid in- crease between the close of the Revolutionary War and the year 1790. It does not appear that the introduction of the African race among the body of the population had any marked effect upon its progress. It is not until the year 1768 that we find anything to indicate the proportion between the whites and blacks, although slavery had then existed in the province over a century. The subjoined table presents a view of the relative advance of the two races : 26 GKNERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. Years. Population. Whites. Blacks. Rates of Increase. Whites. Blacks. 1748 91,000 36,000 - - 17.'i6 107,!»(;3 46,2i!5 14.8 28.4 1760 116.7.'J9 49,764 8.1 7.6 1770 140,110 59,717 19.9 20.0 1775 159,083 65,917 13.5 10.5 1782 170,688 83,362 7.3 26.5 1790 208,649 111,079 22.2 33.2 Proportion to Whole. Whites. Blacks, 72.3... .. 27 7 1 70.0... 1 70.1... ...30.0 ...29.9 1 70.1... ...29.9 1 70.7... i 67.1... 1 65.2... ...29.3 ...32.9 ...34.8 As we find no distinction made between the free blacks and slaves in the state- ments which serve as authority for the above exhibit, it is assumed that prior to the returns of the census of 1790, the number of the former class was too incon- siderable to receive notice in any analysis which the purposes of those times re- quired, although it is probable the work of emancipation had commenced many years before. The following tables show the aggregate statistics of the population, from the taking of the first federal census in 1790, to the 1st June, 1850 : Table L — Statement of the absolute proportion of each class of Population, Census White . Colored Persons s Total Year. Persons. Free, Slave. Total. Population. 1790 208,649 8,043 103,036 111,079 319,728 1800 216,326 19,587 105,635 125,222 341,548 1810 235,117 33,927 111,.502 145,429 380,546 1820 260,222 39,730 107,398 147,128 407,350 1830 291.108 52,938 102,994 155,932 447,040 1840 318,204 62,078 89,737 151,815 470,019 1850 417,943 74,723 90,368 165,091 583,034 Table II. — Statement of the uelative proportion of each class to the whole Population. Census White . Colored Persons , Total Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. 1790 65.26 2.51 32.23 34.74 100 1800 63.34 5.73 30.93 36.66 100 1810 61.78 8.92 29.30 38.22 100 1820 63.88 9.75 26.37 36.12 100 1830 65.12 11.84 23.04 34.88 100 1840 67.70 13.19 19.11 32.30 100 1850 71.69 12.81 15.50 28.31 100 Table III. — Statement of the absolute proportion of Sexes. Census Year. 1790.. 1800.. 1810.. 1820.. 1830.. 1840.. 1850.. ^White Male. ..107,254 ..110,650 ..120,210 ,.131,743 ..147,340 ..1,58,804 ..211,187 Persons— » Femakv Free. Male. Female. -Colored Persons- Slave, Total. Male. Female. ^Total Population—, Male. Female. Male. Female. ..128,479 18,746.. 20,984 56,373.. 51,025 75,119. .72,009 206,862.. 200,488 ..143,768 24,906.. 28.032 53,442.. 49,.5.52 78,348. .77,584 225,688. .221,352 -.1.59,400 29,187. .32,891 46,068.. 43,669 75,255. .76,.560 234,059.. 23.5,960 206,756 35,192. .39,531 45,944. .44,424 81, 136. .83,955 292,323. .290,71U Table IV. — Statement of the kklatiye proportion of Sexes. Census .—White Persons—, Year. Male. Female. 1790.. 51.40. ...48.60.. 1800.. 51.15 48.85.. 1810.. 51.13 48.87.. 1820.. 50.63 49.37.. 1830.. 50.61 49.39.. 1840.. 49.91 50.09.. 1850,. 50.51.- ..49,49.. Free. Male. Female. -Colored Persons- Slave. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. -Total Population— \ Male. Female. ..47.18. ..52.82 52.46. ..47.54 51 06. ..48.94 50.76. ..49.24 ..47.08. ..52.92 51.87. ..48.13 50.25. ..49.75 50.49. ..49.51 ..47.05. ..52.95 51.35. ..48.65 49.67. ..50.33 49.79. -.50.21 49,49 47.09. ..52,91 50.84.. .49.16 49.14. ..50.86 50.14. ..49.86 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 27 Table V. — Statement of the absolute Tuiovement of Population. Between the White . —-Colored Persons > Total Years Persona. Free. Slave. Total. Population. 1790-1800 + "ifi'Tl + 11,544 + S.-'iDD +14,143 + 21,820 1800-1810 + 18,791 + 14,.-340 + •'5.867 f- 20,207 + :i8,i)98 1810-1820 + 2.i,10r) 4- -VCS — 4,104 j. 1,699 + ~C,804 1820-1830 + 30,886 + 13,208 — 4,404 l 8,804 4" 3;),(i90 1830-1840 + 27,096 + 9,140 13,2.")7 4,117 + 22,979 1840-1850 + 99,739 + 12,640 + 631 + 13,276 + 113,015 Table VI. — Statement of the relative movement of Population, Between the White , Colored Persons > Total Years Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. 1790-1800 + 3.67 + 143.52 + 2..T2 + 12.73 + 6.82 1800-1810 + B-68 + 73.21 + 5..55 + 16.13 + H--!! 1810-1820 + 10.67 + 17.10 + 3.68 + 1.16 + 7.04 1820-1830 + 11.87 + 33.24 _ 4.10 + 5.98 + 9.74 1830-1840 + 9.30 + 17.26 — 12,87 _. 2.64 + 5.14 1840-1850 + 31-34 + 20.36 + 0.70 + 8.74 + 24.04 — signifies minus, "decrease." + signifies j?/tts, "increase." The portion of territory ceded by Maryland to the General Government, and incorporated with the District of Columbia, was set off between 1790 and 1800. The number of its inhabitants in the latter year should be properly taken into account, in stating the population of Maryland, when the second census was taken. But the figures could not be conveniently admitted into the tables. The number of whites, with whom were reckoned a few free colored persons, was 8,144, and of slaves, 2,072. Adding these amounts to the figures in the lines referring to the census of 1800, it will be seen that but for this cession of terri- tory, Maryland would have had in that year 351,774 inhabitants ; namely, whites, 224,480 ; free blacks, 19,587 ; and slaves, 107,707. The rates of progression for the entire population, and the several classes, during the preceding decade, would be shown to be considerably different from those given in the tables. The in- crease of the whites would be found to be about 7.50 per centum, and of the slaves, 4.53 per centum. But it was necessary to represent the facts, as given in the return, for the actual limits of the state. Making the proper allowance for the effect of this loss of territory, it appears that, since the organization of our present government, the African race has increased in Maryland at a very moderate rate. During one decennial term this class of inhabitants remained almost stationary, and in the course of another actually decreased. The aggregate increase of slaves and free colored during the sixty years, included between 1790 and 1850, has been 54,012, or 48. GG per centum; while that of the governing race has been 209,294, which is equal to 100.31 per centum. The proportion between whites and colored inhabitants has varied from 65. 2G to 34.74 in 1790, to 71.69 whites and 28.31 blacks in 1850. But this change in the relative progress of the races dates only from the census of 1810, and is in remarkable contrast with the state of facts developed by the several enumerations for si.\ty-two years preceding. In 1748 the blacks formed twenty-seven hundredths of the population, and they ap- pear to have gained upon the whites, with comparative steadiness, until the first federal census, when, as has been shown, they reached the appro.ximate propor- tion of 35 per centum of the whole population, while the whites had receded from 73 to 65 per centum. This tendency of the colored race to encroach upon the numerical superiority of the whites continued for twenty years longer, until in 1810 they were found to have attained the ratio of 38.22 in every hundred of the entire population, and the whites had correspondingly declined to 61.78 per centum. The low rate of increase among the blacks during the twenty years ending in 1810, forbids the supposition that their numbers were recruited by heavy importations from Africa, or from the other states of the Union. The rate 28 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. of progress of the colored class in Maryland during these years was about 31 per centum, while in the Union at large it was about 82 per centum. Besides, the public sentiment of this state became decidedly and effectually adverse to the continuance of the foreign slave trade as early as 1804. The comparative gain of the colored over the white inhabitants during this period, is clearly traceable to the migration of the latter to the new states of the West and South. As this more rapid rate of progress had been going on for sixty-two years, and, as during the last twenty years of this period it had more than doubled that of the whites, there was in 1810 reason for apprehension that in another half century the blacks would become the preponderating race. There is reason to believe that this alarming tendency was checked by the introduction of new pursuits of industry, giving employment to a portion of the native population, which would otherwise have sought it beyond the limits of the state, and inviting into it emigrants from foreign countries. The erection of numerous manufiicturing establishments, the commencement and energetic prosecution of extensive public improvements, and the consequent revival of commercial activity, imparting a new growth to the chief city and principal interior towns, may be cited as the causes which reversed the order of advancement, and rescued the whites from the peril which seemed to be impending of a loss of their numerical preponderance. The census of 1820 showed an increase of white inhabitants equal to 10.67 per centum, while that of the colored was barely appreciable, being 1,16 per centum only ; and the proportion between the races had changed 2.10 per centum in favor of the former. This tendency continues, and is more marked in the results of the last census than in any preceding one. The territorial extent of Maryland is computed, by competent authority, at 9,674 square miles; adopting this statement, the density of population is 60.27. to the square mile. It would be out of place here to go into that minuteness of investigation which would be required to develop, with any degree of accuracy, the capacity of the state to sustain population ; but that it has not yet reached the limit which the experience of civilization has marked out for it, may be easily- demonstrated. Its soil is naturally more fertile than that of Massachusetts, and its climate more genial ; and in respect of its position towards the sea, and its inland extension, these are very similar in both. The proportion between level and mountainous surflice is also, probably, about the same in both states. The mineral resources of Maryland are greater beyond comparison. The area is a fourth larger than that of Massachusetts. Massachusetts has 126 inhabitants to the square mile. With its enormous and yet unfiithomed deposits of iron and coal, and its unvarying moderation of temperature, it may fairly be assumed that Maryland can support 151 persons to the square mile, with the same average de- gree of comfort and convenience as are enjoyed by the 126 now occupyina- the same space in Massachusetts. This concession of 20 per centum in favor of Mary- land, certainly appears to be due to its superior natural advantages, and would give it a population of 1,460,774. At the rate of increase observable in Mary- * land from 1840 to 1850, it would have in 1800, in round numbers, 1,380,000,- and at the end of the present century, 1,700,000. Whether its advance will be as rapid and steady as the conditions of this calculation require may be doubted ; but as the estimate is based upon facts within our own experience, it must be ad- mitted to be reasonable. Of the 417,943 white inhabitants of Maryland in 1850, 53,750 were persons of foreign birth, and the proportion of native-born to foreigners was as 87.15 to 12.85. We have seen that the legislature of this state took measures at an early period to invite immigration. There is reason to suppose that the invitation was accepted by large numbers previous to the commencement of the wars of the French Revolution, which would naturally cause the suspension of the migratory movement from the old to the new world, although we have but few authentic GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 29 details of the accessions to population in any portion of the United States, from this source, prior to 1819, when the collectors of customs were first required by law to make returns of the number of foreign passengers arriving at their respec- tive ports ; there is no doubt that many Germans sought a home within the borders of Maryland previous to that dite, landing either at Baltimore or coming through Pennsylvania. The people of that nation appear to have manifested a preference for both of those states from an early period, being probably first attracted to Maryland by the extensive tobacco trade which was carried on between the principal port of the state and the German cities of the Baltic. The following table presents a statement of foreign immigration into Baltimore, for thirty years preceding the 30th Sept., 1850, which is believed to be substantially accurate : , First Decade % Y No. of ^^''' Immigrants. 1820-21 646 1821-22 499 1822-23 707 1823-24 378 1824-25 852 1825-26 1,068 1826-27 1.163 1827-28 1,772 1828-29 1,507 1829-30 1,960 Year. -Second Decade No. of Immigrants. -Third Decade- Vcar. 1830-31 4,531 1831-32 5,092 1832-33 6,556 1833-34 6,959 1834-35 4,065 1835-.36 4,255 1836-37 5,2.54 1837-38 7,087 1838-39 4,896 1839-40 6,627 No. of Immis^ranU. 1840-41 5,818 1841-42 4,194 1842-43 4,662 1843-44 3,601 1844-45 6.001 1845-46 9,347 1846-47 12,009 1847-48 7,091 1848-49 8.072 1849-50 7,597 10,552 55,322 68,392 Aggregate imtnigration for 30 years, 134,266. No means now exist for determining with certainty how many of these immi- grants permanently settled in Maryland ; but as Baltimore had not been during this period connected with the country west of the Alleghanies by direct rail-road or water communication, it is probable that the foreign passengers arriving there usually selected that port of landing with the purpose of remaining in the state. Much the larger portion of this immigration consisted of Germans'. The propor- tion between that class and all other foreign passengers in 1850, 'was about 60 per centum; andof the whole of the .53,750 persons among the population in 1850, born out of the United States — 26,936 were natives of Germany, 19,557 uf Ireland, 3,467 of England, 1,093 of Scotland, 260 of Wales, and 507 of France. The re- sidue was composed of immigrants from twenty-three difierent nations, and of those whose origin was not ascertained. Of the American population 400,594 were born in Maryland and in the neighboring states — 16,076 in Pennsylvania, 7,030 in Virginia, 4,373 in Delaware, and 1,940 in the District of Columbia. The number of the inhabitants born in states of the Union other than those, was as follows: in Maine, 456; in New-Hampshire, 260; in Vermont, 262; in Mas- sachusetts, 1,421; in Rhode Island, 209; in Connecticut, 484; in New-York, 2,646; in New-Jersey, 1,321 ; in North Carolina, 225; in South Carolina, 158; in Georgia, 74; in Florida, 37; in Alabama, 51 ; in Mississippi, 143 ; in Louisi- ana, L^l ; in Texas, 24; in Ohio, 535; in Indiana, 65; in Illinois, 54; in Mis- souri, 86 ; in Arkansas, 14; in Kentucky, 131; in Tennessee, 39 ; in Michigan, 16 ; in Wisconsin, 4 ; in Iowa, 5 ; in California, 1 ; and in the teriitori»^s, 1. The following table exhibits the number of deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and idiotic persons within the state in 1850 : Persons. . Whites . ^Free Colored-^ Male. FeniAle. Total. Male. Female. Total. Deaf and Dumb 103... 92. ..195 19.. . 17. ..36.. Blind 96... 97.. .193 30.. . 41.. .71.. . Slaves . . AL'preeate— — \ Male. Female. Total, ^^^lle. Kfmala. Total. ..15... 8... 23... 137... 117... 254 ..22. ..21.. .43. -.148. ..159. ..307 Insane 226. ..251.. .477 23. ..29. ..52 9. ..15. ..24.. .258. ..295. ...553 Idiotic 147... 121... 268 32. -.21... 53 41.. .31. ..72. . .220. ..173. . .393 and the number of slaves manumitted in 1849-50 was 493, and the number that fled from service was 379. 30 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OP MARYLAND. The distribution of the population into the several counties in 1850, was as follows : „ Number of Number of White , Colored Persons > Total OouNTiM. Dwellings* Families.* Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. AUeehany 3,850 3,902 21,633 412.... 724.... 1,136 22,769 Anne Arutidelt. 3,712 3,745 16,.542 4,602.... 11,249.... 15,851 32,393 Baltimore 30,065 34,925 174,853 29,075 6,718 35,793 210,646 Calvert 1,006 1,006 3,630 1,530 4,486 6,016 9,646 Caroline'..'...'. 1,526 1,526 6,096 2,788 808 3,596 9,692 Carroll. 3,476 3,.593 18,667 974 975 1,949 20,616 Cecil 3,056 3,114 1.5,472 2,623 844 3,467 18,939 Charles 1,335 1,335 5,665 913 9,584 10,497 16,162 Dorchester 2.705 2,709 10,747 3,848 4.282 8,130 18,877 Frederick 6,397 6,614 33,314 3,760 3,913 7,673 40,987 Harlord 2,977 2,985 14.413 2.777 2,166 4,943 19,3.56 Kent 1,584 1,.584 5,616 3,143 2,627 5,770 11,386 Montgomery.... 1.923 1,960 9,435 1,311 5,114 6,425 15,860 Prince George.. 1,875 1,875 8,901 1,138.. ..11,510.. ..12,648 2!,549 aueenAnue... 1,864 1,864 6.936 3,278 4.270 7,.548 14,434 St. Mary's 1,512 1.646 6,223 1,6.33.... 5,842.... 7,475 13,698 Somerset 3,158 3,1.58 13,385 3,483 5,588 9.071 22,456 Talbot 1,751 1,776 7,084 2,.593.... 4,134.... 6,727 13,811 Washington.... 5,0.52 5,182 26,930 1,828 2,090 3,918 30,848 Worcester 2,884 2,885 12,401 3,014.... 3,444.... 6,458 18,859 Total 81,708 -..87,384 417,943 74,723 90,368 165,091 583,034 The number of persons born in the state during the year ending 1st June, 1850, is stated in the census to have been 16,482, J the number that were married dur- ing the same year was 3,703, and the number that died was 9,544. These figures, however, can only be taken as an approximation. The classes, sexes, and ages of the inhabitants of the state in 1850, were as follows : , — White Persons—, Male. Female. , Colored Persons > Free. SlaTe. Male. Female. Male. Female. Under 1 year 6,059 5,962 1,017 998 1.243 1,203 1 and under 5 years 24,309 23,037 4,422 4,502 5,961 5,931 5 and under 10 years 27,5.58 27,016 4,950 5,131 6,902 6,712 10 and under 15 years 25,307 24,608 4,516 4,582 6,963 6,400 15 and under 20 years 20,767 22,461 3,396 4,015 5,643 5,466 20 and under 30 years 40,164 38,173 5,437 6,816 8,092 7,443 30 and under 40 years 29,460 26,685 4,344 5.273 4,269 4,.500 40 and under 50 years 18 740 18,414 3,030 3,625 2,953 2,931 50 and under 60 years 10,647 10,802 2,104 2,252 1,926 1,850 60 and under 70 years .\429 6,088 1,242 1,334 1,187 1,175 70 and under 80 years 2,161 2,631 503 605 549 510 80 and under 90 years 508 749 175 239 190 196 90 and under 100 years 63 114 45 110 41 74 100 and upwards 7 10 11 48 24 31 Age unknown 8 6 1 1 2 Among the deductions from the census returns of Maryland, transmitted to * Congress by the Commissioner, will be found several abstruse tables on the law of mortality in the state, the specific intensity of life, and the expectation of life ; these are not of popular interest, and can easily be referred to by those whose pursuits require their aid ; hence they are omitted in this connection. *In all slave holding states the dwellings and families of slaves are counted as parts of the dwellings and families of their owners. t Howard district, formerly a part of this county, was erected into a separate county in 1851, in accord- ance with the constitution of that year. There are no means afibrded by the census, as published bv the commissioner, of ascertaining the proportions of population, products, i^c, due to it; but as the principal villages are within its limits, these may be rated at two thirds the totals given to Anne Arundel. ■f This number (16,482) is given as the total number of persons born within the year. By summing np the numbers of persons under one year of age (all of whom must have been born within the year indicated) we have the same aggregate : hence, if the census be correct, all the children born in the year ending June 1st. 1850, have luckily escaped the usual fatality of infancy. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 31 There are specified in the returns nineteen cities, towns and villages, containing more than 200 inhabitants each. Their aggregate population is 200,381, of which 162,274 are natives of the United States, and 37,340 of foreign countries. From these statements it results that 30.01 per centum of the native inhabitants, and 70 per centum of those born abroad, dwell in towns. The returns also enumerate about 300 professions, trades and occupations, which, together, present a condensed view of the industry of the state. The en- tire number of persons, whose employments are given, is 131,910. 1. Of the whole number of specified employments, 43 are of a character to require the exertion of the intellectual faculties, as the learned professions, engi- neering, teaching and surveying; in these are occupied 13,187 persons. 2. Next is the class of planters and farmers, which comprises a body of 20,757 persons. 3. The third in order of this classification includes such as are engaged in me- chanical trades, in manufacturing, and other departments of manual industry, re- quiring various degrees of skill ; of such pursuits there are 190, and they gave employment to 44,218 persons. 4. This division comprises such as are occupied in unskilled labor : it com- prises 25 occupations, in which are engaged 32,933 persons. Laborers, without a more specific description, count four-fifths of the aggregate number. 5. Merchants, bankers, retail dealers and others, occupied in the pursuits of commerce, and in the almost innumerable ramifications of trade and business, the chief province and objects of which are the management of the exchange and dis- tribution of the products of industry, are ranked together under this head. It includes 26 branches of employment, which are pursued by 4,607 individuals. The following table exhibits an alphabetical list of the employments above alluded to, and the number of persons engaged in each : Oocupations. No. of Pereons. Actors 18 Agents 239 Agricultural Implement Makers 342 Architects 20 Artists 52 Auctioneers .26 Astrologists 2 Bakers, &c 773 Bank Officers 73 Barbers 235 Barkeepers 174 Basket Maker* 73 Bell Hangers 8 Blacksmiths 3,425 Bleachers 4 Blind Makers 14 Block Si- Pump Makers. 102 Boarding Housekeepers. 54 Boat Builiiers 65 Boatmen 281 Boiler M.ikers 59 Bone Du!^t Makers 16 Book Binders 78 Booksellers and Sta- tioners 73 Bottlers 48 Brass Founders 85 Brewers 81 Brick Makers 1,381 Bridse .Makers " Brokers and Bankers ...81 Broom Makers 26 Brush Makers 40 Butchers 879 Button Makers ,...54 Cabinet Makers ..1,071 Carpenters and Build- ers 5,244 Carpet Makers 46 Carriers 112 Carters 969 Occupations. No, of Peraons. Carvers 37 Caulkers 203 Chandlers 202 Chemists 118 Clerks 3,2.56 Clergymen 430 Clock Makers 14 Coacli Makers 429 Collectors 94 Comb Makers 29 Conveyancers 44 Composition Workers.. .12 Coopers 1,199 Coppersmiths 82 Cordwainers 3,832 Cork Cutters 4 Cotton Manufacturers 3,247 Curriers 108 Cuthrs 39 DaguerreotypistR 21 Dairymen 100 Dentists 79 Distillers 52 Draughtsmen 7 Drivers 744 Drovers 30 Druggists, &c 218 Dvers 43 Edge Tool Makers 55 Engineers 327 Engravers 25 Farmers 26,324 File Makers 24 Fire Engine Makers 32 Fire Works Makers 59 Fishermen 106 Fringe Makers 68 Fullers 14 Furriers 6 Gardeners 477 Gas Fitters 14 Gaa Makers 52 Occupations. No, of Persons. Gilders 24 Glass Makers 81 Glovers 92 Glue Makers 35 Goldsmiths 19 Grocers 737 Gunsmiths 81 Hair Workers 14 Harness Makers 628 Hatters 320 Hosiers 8 Ice Dealers 13 India Rubber Manufac turers 17 Innkeepers 697 Iron Forges, Workers in , 90 Iron Founderies, do.. .,535 Iron Furnaces, ..do. ..1,351 •' Rolling Mills do... 175 " Workers, all oth- ers 253 Japaiiners 3 Jewellers 54 Laborers 26,577 Lamp Makers 8 Last Makers 23 Lawyers 580 Lime Burners 40 Lithographers 20 Locksmiths 94 Looking-Glass Makers ..30 Lumbermen 179 Machinists 301 Mariners 8,747 Murketmen 164 Masons and Bricklay- ers 1,217 Match Makers 8 Math, lustrum. Makers.. 12 Measurers 45 Merchants 3,409 Occupnttooa . No. of Persons. Mills — Bark, workers in. 33 " — Clover do .4 " — Coffee.&c.do. ...14 " — Flour,&c. do. ..CS7 " — Planing do. ...53 " —Plaster do. ...14 " —Saw do. ..304 " — Sumac do. ...13 Milliners 262 Millstone Makers 9 Millwrights 102 Mineral Water Makers.. 22 Miners 526 Morocco Dressers 00 Moulders 294 Musical Inst. Makers... 169 Musicians 59 Music Teachers 24 Nail Manufacturers 203 Officers of the State, and of the U. States 589 Oil Cloth Manufacturers.. 5 Oil Makers 18 Opticians ..5 Organ Builders 18 Ostlers 124 Overseers 474 Oystermen 113 Painters and Glaziers. .809 Paper and Band-Box Makers 39 Paper llanirers 133 Paper .Manufacturers.. 186 Paper Stainers 117 Patent Medicine Makers. .7 Pattern Makers 52 Paviers 127 Peddlors 154 Perfumers .. 5 Physicians 942 pilots 101 Planters 410 32 OccuiMitions. No. of Ptrsons. Flaslerers 469 Platers 11 Plumbers 59 Potters lOG Powder Makers 272 Printers 383 Provision Dealers 23 Publishers 14 Porters 4C8 Quarrym^n 45 Rejjalia Makers 72 Rigirers 76 Riveted Hose Makers 9 Rope Makers 119 Sail Makers 119 Sailing Masters 22 Scavengers 20 Servants 1,881 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. OccupRtiorji. No. of Feraons. Ship Bnilders 673 ■' Joiners 82 Ship Smiths 109 Shot Manufacturers 10 Silversmiths 76 Soapstone Workers .^0 Soldiers 123 Spinners 35 Steam Engine Makers.. 330 Steel Manufacturers 2 Stone and Marble Cut- ters 430 Stove Makers 413 Straw Workers 3 Students 746 Stevedores 45 Sugar Refiners 19 Surgicallustr. Makers 8 Occupations. No. of Persons. Surveyors 33 Tailors 5,294 Tanners 479 Teachers 799 Teamsters 144 Telegraph Operators 54 Tin Smiths 361 Tobacconists, &c 849 Traders 600 Trunk Makers 30 Turners 138 Type-cutters and found- ers 22 Umbrella Makers 51 Upholsterers 76 Varnish Manufacturers. . 11 Watchmen 208 Watch Makers 98 Occupations. No. of Peraona, Weavers 342 Weigh Masters 5 Wheelwrights 805 Whip Makers 36 White Lead Manuf. 20 Whitesmiths 33 Wig Makers 12 Wire Workers 24 Woolen Manuf. 373 Manufactures, (not spe- cified) 261 Mechanics, (not speci- fied) 250 Engaged on Rail-roads and Steamboats 123 Other Occupations... 1,339 Total 131,910 The branches of industry, as pursued in Maryland, are set forth in the detailed statistics, under the heads of the several counties. In this place, therefore, it is only necessary to exhibit the aggregates of the various departments. Agriculture, except in what are specifically denominated the manufacturing dis- tricts, is the all-engrossing occupation. The principal staple of the southern coun- ties is tobacco, which has been the great export article of the province and state since its first settlement. Prince George, Carroll, Charles and St. Mary's coun- ties, are the sources from which ninety five hundredths of the annual crop is derived. Less than one million pounds weight is produced in all the other coun- ties in the year. In the northern counties, the main crops consist of wheat, oats, rye, &c., while in the south-eastern counties the grain crops are more varied. Flax and hemp are grown almost everywhere, but to no great extent. The sys- tem of farming formerly pursued has exhausted the soils of Maryland, and ren- dered them comparatively worthless ; but for several years past great improve- ments have been made, the worn out lands have been fertilized by various man- ures, and by a judicious rotation of crops, the lands now in use are kept in excel- lent condition. In almost every part of the state the richest fertilizers are abun- dant, and by means of improved fecilities of transportation, many foreign com- posts, formerly excluded, are now easily procured — thus guano, lime, &c., are carried to the remotest plantations in the country, and are being successfully and widely used where most wanted. The unusual increase of population in the agri- cultural counties is a consequence of the improvements that have been effected, and the demand for labor, that has followed the adoption of the economic prin- ciples involved in the change. The whole land area of Maryland, as before stated, is 9,674 square miles or 6,191,360 acres; of this extent, 4,634,350 are farm lands, of which 2,797,905 acres are improved and 1,836,445 acres unimproved. The number of farms undei* cultivation in 1850, according to the returns of the census takers, was 21,860, and their aggregate cash value, $87,178,545. The value of farming implements and machinery at the same time was $2,463,443. No former census has made re- turns on these important points, and hence w^e have no means of showing the changes that have taken place in the quantity and value of lands under cultivation. The amount of live-stock in 1850, was as follows : horses, 75,684 ; asses and mules, 5,644; milch cows, 86,859; working oxen, 34,135; other cattle, 98,595; sheep, 177,902, and swine, 352,911. The value of these in the aggregate was $7,997,634. In 1840, the number of horses, mules, &c., was 92,220; of neat cattle, including milch cows, working oxen and other cattle, 225,714 ; of sheep, 257,922 ; of swine 410,943, and the value of poultry of all kinds was $218,765. The census of 1850 does not account for poultry. These statistics exhibit a de- crease in the number of horses, mules, &c., of 10,892 ; of cattle a decrease of GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 33 6,125; of sheep a decrease of 80,020, and of swine a decrease of 64,032. The quantity of wool produced in 1849-50, was 480,226 pounds ; the quantity of butter was 4,202,160 pounds, and cheese, 3,925 pounds. The value of animals slaughtered is stated at $1,954,800, or one-fourth the value of the remaining live stock together. In 1840, wool was produced to the amount of 488,201 pounds, and the value of the products of the dairy was $457,466. The field crops produced in 1839-40, and in 1849-50, as exhibited in the two last census returns, are stated in tabular form for facility of comparison, as follows : Crop. 1839-'40. 1849-'50 Irish Potatoes, bushels. } -, ^^r Anr, $ -- 764,939 .. 723,577.. 226,014 Sweet Potatoes, " J i,uJt),«>JJ ^ __ 208,993 . .8,233,086 .. 10,749,859 Tobacco, pounds. . .24,816,012 21,407,497 ..3,534,211.. 2,242,151 Hay, tonx 106,687.... 157,956 3,594.. 745 Wine, gallons... 7,585 1,431 73,606.. 103,671 Market Garden products.. $133,197 $200,869 — .. 12,816 Orchard products $105,740.... $164,051 Crop. 1839-'40. 1849-'50. Wheat bushels 3,345,785.. 4,494,680 Rye, " Indian Corn.... " Oats " Barley " Buckwheat " Peas and Beans. " Other products under this head in 1849-50, were — clover-seed 15,217 bushels ; other grass seed 2,561 ; hops 1,870 pounds ; hemp (dew-rotted) 63 tons ; flax 35,686 pounds ; flax-seed 2,446 bushels ; silk cocoons 39 pounds ; maple-sugar 47,740 pounds, and maple-molasses 1,430 gallons (all from Alleghany County ;) bees-wax and honey 74,802 pounds. The aggregate value of home-made manu- factures, which, in the census returns, are classed as agricultural productions, is stated at $111,828 — in 1840 the same manufactures were produced to the; value of $178,181, From these comparative returns it will be seen that the only staple crops which have been increased since 1840, are those of wheat and Indian corn ; the production of tobacco has decreased one-eighth. The increase or decrease in other crops is less important. The manufacturing industry of Maryland has more than duplicated within the ten years from 1840. In that year the total amount of capital invested in all manufactures was S6,450,284, and in 1850 the capital invested was $14,753,143. The distribution of this class of employments in 1850, and the value of the aggre- gate capital invested in each county in 1840 and 1850 comparatively, are exhi- bited in the annexed table : No. of Value Average Average Annual Capital No. of Establish- Capital of Raw Hands Monthly Cost V:ilue of Invested, Counties. Pursuits. ments. Invosteil. Material. F.mploycJ. of Labor. ProiUiets. 1840. Alleghany* 10 24.. $750,100.. $130,848 403 $9,284 $491,391.. $99,410 Anne Arundel. 25 159.. 402,.570.. 599,837 968 13,972 937,260.. 307,150 Bahimore 29 134.. 3,387,410.. 2,791,319 3,377 51,013 4,123,.503 ) . ooj -n--> Baltimore city. 138 ...2,243.. 6,-541,922.. 9,444,244 20,486 4.59,441 20,416,5115 ^'"■^"'''"^ Calvertt — — .. — .. — — — — .. 13,545 Carroll 22 121.. 246,800.. 216,345 357 6,047 352,369.. 207^473 Cecil 28 170.. 529,990.. 418.062 893 16,6.56 776,857.. 109,838 Chariest — — -- — .. — — — .... — .. 6,000 Dorchestert-... 4 12.. 7,2.50.. 10,600 46 8.33 24,.500.. 8.5,129 Frederick 30 253.. 81.5,.581.. 1,136,-533 880 15,236 1,600,967.. .520,605 Harford 20 70.. 428,6-55.. 398,732 324 6,4-56 545,676.. 106,918 Kentt 10 34.. 45,700.. 73,642 82 1,540 111,750.. 28,370 Montgomery ... 19 80.. 137,810.. 219,372 242 3,870 331,167.. 61,925 Prince George. 14 28.. 428,370.. 285,044 708 7,371 414,859.. 53,800 Clueen Anne-... 10 29.. 42,060.. 68,870 128 2,167 122,226.. 500 St. Maryt 3 11.. 38, .500.. 56,000 31 259 68,312.. 30,282 Somerset 12 90.. 109,600.. 96,775 200 3,276 1.5.j,350.. 25,750 Talbot 11 36.. 54600.. 63,460 ISO 2,938 119,050.. 19,000 Washington.... 32 169.. 726,375.. 1,283,675 730 13,099 1,859,993.. 421,188 Worcestert 7 45-. 69,850.. 33,176 89 1,110 65,961.. 51,650 Total 143. ...3,708.. $14,753,1 43 $17,326,734 30,124... $614,556 $32,477,702. . $6,450,284 • The capital investocl in minps within this county is ahout $7,000,000 ; but this is not accounted for in the census, in which only $005,000 is stated as being the mining capital, t In the " errata'' appended to the census of Maryland, wc fiud tlie following note, " No indu$trial establish- 34 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. It may be proper in this place to note, that in 1850 no account was taken of those manufacturing establishments, the annual products of which did not ainount to $500 in value. The number of such is doubtlessly great, especially in the agricultural districts ; and in -whole counties, such as Calvert, Caroline, and Charles, the manufactures carried on are probably on this scale, as we have no returns given in the census. In 1840 all these counties returned manufactures. We have no means of estimating the aggregate numbers and values of the establishments referred to, but may safely conclude that had they been returned, they would have added at least 10 per centum to the aggregates as above given. The following is a recapitulation of the industry of Maryland, and exhibits the number of establishments connected with each pursuit, the amount of capital in- vested, the value of raw material consumed, the kind of motive power employed, the average number of hands employed, the average monthly cost of labor, and the value of the annual products of each. Name of Business or Manufacture. No. of E.^lablish- meuts. Capital Invested. Value of Raw Material. Agricultural implement makers 76.. Artificial flower makers 1... Bakers 193... Band-box makers 1.. Basket makers 7.., Blacksmiths 232 .. , Block and pump makers 19.. Boat builders • • • • 15.. Book binders 9.. Boot and shoe makers 464... Brewers 18... Brick makers 61 Broom makers 7... Brush makers 6.. Button makers 1 ... Cabinet makers 141.., Cage makers 1... Car builders 1.. Carpenters and builders 234.. Carvers 5.. Chandlers, &c 12.. Charcoal burners 1... Chemicals 5... Cigar makers 125... Clothiers 265 . . . Coach makers 52... Comb makers 4.., Coopers 99.. Copper refining 1... ' smelting 1.., " smiths 6 Cordage 7.., Cork cutters 1... Corset makers 2.. Curriers 21... Cutlers 1 . . . Daguerreans 9... Distillers 16 . . . Dyers 3... Earthenware 16... Edge-tool makers 8... Engravers 3... Engine, fire, builders 3... Factories, card 1... $100,150 $103,572 500 2,000 .249,187 658,100 100 225 . 2,450 2,493 . 87,730 100,490 .. 13,300 8,992 .. 15,000 14,705 .. 13,200 15,700 .297,965 504,210 . 62,800 59,873 .280,536 124,279 . 10,050 14,055 ,. 15,600 13,410 , 1,000 2,.500 .301,215 208,895 75 75 600 1,090 ,.218,497 518,588 650 960 ..224,600 427,290 . 1,000 .570 .210,000 110,150 .196.960 210,542 .628,940 1,327,481 .127,450 113,415 . 1,400 2,819 .. 47,730 111,761 . 4.5,000 105,400 .100,000 29.5,300 . 30,800 30,983 . 28.500 71,430 . 2,.500 4,000 1.50 .332 . 65,100 208,545 . 2,000 500 . 13,900 9,350 .184,300 457,638 . 5.500 1,200 . 46.030 14,408 . 10,100 9,731 . 2,500 1,495 . 16,800 5,237 . 21,100 5,296 Average Power Hands Employed. Employed. Steam, &c 333.. Hand 6.. " 443.. " i 22.. " 607.. «< 57.. " 65.. " 44.. " 2,756.. Stills 79.. Kilns 1,381.. Hand 26.. " 46.. Steam 10.. Hand 903.. " 2.. " 6.. " 1,237.. " 10.. Steam, &c 202.. Pits 4.. Steam 118.. Hand 508. " 5,293 " 423, " 11 " 487, Water 15 Steam 40 Hand 27. Steam, &c 85 Hand 4. " 10 " 80. " 4. CamertB 21, Stills 52. Hand 8 Kilns 106 Hand 40. " 7. Steam 32 " 8 Averaje Monthly Value of Co.st of Annual Labor. Products. $7,436 $257,655 .. 125 4,000 .11,013 1,145,949 ,.. 105 1,200 ,.. 561 11,084 . 10,946 323,678 ...1,704 44,300 ..1,887 47,950 .. 922 52,i;50 .50,264 1,372,358 ..1,657 122,720 ..33.334 471,450 .. 647 38,950 ...1,244 44,950 ... 148 2,340 .23,031 705,175 ... 35 850 .. 156 3,600 .37,658 1,518,117 .. 326 9,300 ..4,043 579,.5.53 ... 80 2,170 ..2,938 421,200 .12,779 608,716 .70.616 2,662,127 .10,8.55 387,470 ... 242 7,100 ..9,066 284,»5S ... 460 ll-5,.500 ..1,480 450,000 .. 923 40,600 ..2,584 106,600 .. 144 6,000 .. 110 3,000 -.3,010 324,058 .. 140 3,000 .. 834 32.700 ..1,435 5S6.064 ... 258 6.800 ..2,841 83,700 -.1,013 34,296 .. 290 7,120 ... 836 22,350 ... 360 41,000 ments were returned in the counties of Calvert, Caroline, and Charles ; and incomplete returns from Dorchester, Kent, St. Mary'.s. and Worcester Counties." This explanation invites two questions— /rst, were there in exist- ence any indu.strial establishments to return; and, seco/wi. if there were, why were they not returned, and why were incomplete returns received when complete ones might have been obtained ? Tlie i»robability is that the three first counties named have no manufactures coming witliiu the limitation of the census, and then no returns were required ; but the merits of the case ought to be ascertained. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 35 Name of Business or Manufacture. Factories, cotton , " file No. of Establish- Capital ments. Infested. Value of Raw Material. 33 " glue 3. " lamp 2. " linseed-oil cake .... 1 . " mill-stone 2. " nail 8. " riveted hose 2. " shot 1. " woolen 43. Forges, iion 5. Foundries, brass 10. " iron 18. " type, &c 1. Fringe makers 4. Furnaces, iron 19.. Gas company 1. " fixture makers 2. Gilders 1. Glass manufacturers 2. Glovers 5. Gunsmiths 11. Hat and cap makers 46. Hosiery 1. India-rubber clothing 2- Instruments, mathematical,... 4. " musical 2. " surgical 2. Iron railing workers 4. Japamiing 1. Last makers.... 5. Lime burners 16. Looking-glass, &;c. makers.... 4. Machine shops 15., Matchmakers 1. Mills, bark 7. " bone 3. " clover 4., " coffee, &c.... .. ....... 3. " flour .245. " grist 147-' " linseed-oil 1. " paper 25. " planing 5., " plaster 2.. " powder 2.. " rolling 5. " saw 118. " sumac 3. Milliners 51.. Millwrights 3., Mineral waters 3. Mining, coal 3. *' copper 3. " gold 1. " iron 21. Morocco dressers 7. Carmakers 1. Oil -cloth makers 1. Organ builders 2. Paper-box makers 1. Paper stainers 6. Patent medicines 3.. Perfumery 2. Piano-forte makers 10. Plaster casts 1. Plumbers 12. Printers and publishers* 28. .2,248,600 1,353,361 ... 2.''>,.'500 17,315 ... 20,000 16,0.-)0 ... 6,000 7,9.j1 ... 10,000 37,500 ... 5,600 6,125 ...121,550 96,717 ... 6,800 7,250 ... 30,000 36,2.50 ...258,100 176,518 ... 94,500 78,935 ... 52,240 190,049 ...253,100 230,562 ... 1.5,000 2,875 ... 40,650 27,200 . 1,033,500 576,225 ...500,000 32,190 ... 8,000 6,998 500 2,000 ... 54,000 19,300 ... 21,860 10,384 ... 14,300 12,0.50 ... 55,200 120,338 ... 1,000 425 . .• 3,000 12,000 ... 3,600 2,140 ... 1,600 950 ... 3,000 1,045 ... 4,650 8,610 150 375 ... :,350 965 ... 14,930 13,867 ... 22,500 15,160 ...257, .500 120,843 200 250 ... 26,000 27,900 ... 7,000 15,478 ... 1,5.50 — ... 12,100 21,625 . 1,833,460 4,126,324 ..•264,150 432,583 ... 3,000 750 ...134,300 118,668 ... 42,700 119,085 ... 10,000 14,.563 ... 64.000 10,211 ...196,000 210,564 ...195,350 185,630 ... 9,000 14,075 ... 26,275 74,912 ... 17,500 9,880 ... 9,400 8,090 ...605,000 — ... 13,200 — 500 — ... 34.750 — ... 36,400 111,576 ... 2,000 800 ... 6,000 8,000 ... 2,000 1,850 400 1,322 ... 60,000 20,974 ... 1,6.50 5,130 650 2,700 ... 61.100 32,184 200 250 ... 11,4.50 41,090 ...124,525 151,753 Average Power Hands Employed. Employed. Steam, &c 3,247. Water 24. Steam 21. Hand 8., Steam 6. Hand 9., Steam, &c 203.. Hand 9.. Steam 10. Water 370.. " 90.. Steam 76. " 555.. Hand 31.. Looms 68. Steam ,...1,351.. Retorts 52., Forge 14. Hand 2.. " 54.. " 92.. " 81.. " 320.. " 3. " 17. " 8., « 6. " 8.. " 27.. " 3. " 11. Kilns 46.. Hand 30., Steam, &c 458.. Hand 8. Water 33. Steam, &c 16., Water 4. Steam, &c 14.. Water, &c 502.. " 185.. " .. .. 2.. " 186.. Steam 53. " 14., Water 9. " 175.. " 304.. " 13., Hand 262.. " 42., Steam 22. " 210.. " 35.. Hand 7.. " 274., * 60.. " 4. " 5., " 8., " 6., " 117.. " 7. " 5,. " 163., •' 2. " 59., Steam, &c 372.. Average Slonthly Value of Co.iit of Annual Labor. Products. .-38,112 2,021,396 • -. 540 35,000 ... 465 29,400 .. 216 13,750 ... 120 7,500 .. 270 27,000 ..4,011 224,100 .. 190 20,500 ... 250 44,000 ..6,144 319,240 -.2,3.53 136,000 ...2,259 27.3,600 .15,444 515,862 ..1,000 25,000 ... 929 6.5,800 .26,671 1,048,250 ..1,600 1.56,050 ... 390 19,675 .. 60 3,000 ..2,426 .52,000 .. 766 29.900 -.2,223 53,500 ..5,652 243,483 ... 54 1,725 ... 220 18,250 ... 350 8,900 ... 120 4,200 .. 240 6,000 .. 660 22,800 .. 75 2,000 ,.. 411 12,.500 .. 689 28,725 ..1,065 3.5,150 .12,591 497,.550 ... 100 5,000 ... 557 56,740 .. 362 24,274 ... 53 5,350 .. 293 31,560 ..9,055 4,918,576 ..2,806 539,689 .. 30 1,400 ..2,401 234,365 ,..1,300 185,290 .. 320 21,500 ... 189 16,750 ..5,015 282,531 ..5,191 399,778 .. 206 21,525 ..2,374 151,900 ..1,250 49,000 ... 442 27,312 ..5,450 196,000 .. 732 8,975 .. 175 1,596 ...5,344 171,675 ..1,345 147,550 ... 160 10,000 .. 100 12,000 ... 230 8,300 ,.. 155 4,000 ..1,578 63,000 ,.. 183 15,.500 ,.. 132 9,800 ..5,396 124,550 ,.. 50 1,500 ..1,865 88,750 ..7,552 379,569 • Of the 28 printers and publishers returned in the census, 2 are returned for Anne Arundel County. 17 for the City of Baltimore, and 9 for Washington County. Thus it would appear that 18 counties have no printers GENERAL ACCOUNT OP THE STATE OF MARYLAND. No. of Name of Business or Establish- Manufacture. meats. Printers, lithographic, &c. .... 2.. " music 1.. Pyrotechnists 1.. Rail-road machinery 4.. Regalia makers 3., Saddlers, &c 71.. Safe makers 1 . . Sail makers 24.. Screw-dock company 1.. Ship builders 24.. " joiners 13.. " smiths 16.. Silver platers 2.. Silversmiths, jewelers and watchmakers 31.. Soap and candle makers. (See cha Soap-stone quarries 1. " manufacturers 1. Steam-engine makers 2. Stonecutters 29. " quarriers 6. Stove makers 19. Sugar refiners 2. Tanners 116. Tinners 69. Turners 8., Umbrella makers 7. Upholsterers 14., Varnish makers 1. Vinegar makers 2. Weavers 16. Wheelwiights 33. Whip and cane makers 3. White -lead makers 1. White and lock smiths. ...... 10. Wig and curl makers 2. Wire-workers 5. Value Capital of Raw Invested. Material. .. 9,600 .3,750 .. 10,000 2,200 .. 5,000 900 .. 81,500 37,541 .. 5,500 31,600 .. 90,195 90,834 200 664 .. 21,680 121,526 .. 30,000 4,750 ..164,000 273,985 .. 14,220 32,155 .. 17,600 23,738 .. 8,600 5,500 .. 55,400 93,611 ndlers.] 4,700 — ...100,000 8,000 ...125,000 66,279 ...139,050 112,425 ... 6,000 — ...271,500 320,875 ... 62,000 184,040 ...628,900 725,612 ... 91,325 113,483 . .. 9,925 25,350 ... 9,300 23,948 24,200 36,290 1,200 1,378 350 2,365 8,396 22,416 10,675 15,124 10,650 16,650 25,000 24,000 6,422 7,721 5,800 4,450 5,800 5,450 Average Power Hands Employed. Employed. Hand 20.. " 10.. Steam 187.., Hand 72.. " 285.. " 2.. '• ....112.. Steam 15.. Hand 673.., " 82.. " 109.. " 16.. " 120.. Average Monthly Value ot Cost of Annual Labor. Products. .. 700 16,500 .. 300 20,000 : 130 7,000 ..5,892 136,550 .. 860 50,500 ..6,920 222,053 .. 64 2,228 ..3,170 211,530 .. 580 15,000 .26,722 832,100 ..3,207 89,500 ..2,614 91,700 .. 503 15,000 .4,124 236,175 10... Steam 20. " 330. Hand 283. " 65. Steam 413. " 19. " 479. Hand 253. Steam 21. Hand 50. '• 76. " 2. " 3. Looms 37. Hand 85. " 36. Steam 20. Hand 33. " 12. « 15. . 260 4,500 . 720 20,000 10,725 227,000 .9,340 278,364 .1,620 49,850 12.259 665,000 . 560 303,500 .8,034 1.103,139 .6,628 262,117 ,. 586 50,050 .. 760 49,572 .1,557 78,160 . 80 3,400 ,. 64 4,090 . 676 36,025 .1,804 51,029 . 618 27,950 . 600 42,000 . 895 27,900 . 172 8,000 . 510 16,500 Aggregate 3,708 $14,753,143 $17,326,734 30,124 $614,556 $32,477,702 Of the hands eniployed in the above industrial establishments, 22,641 were males and 7,483 females. The principal businesses in which the females are em- ployed are — boot and shoe factories, which employ 634 ; clothing establishments, which employ 3,554; cotton factories, which employ 2,035; and millineries, which employ 262 ; the residue of the aggregate being engaged in other occupa- tions of minor importance, but chiefly those in which dress, decorations, and fancy articles are manufactured. The monthly cost of the labor of the average number of male hands employed in 1850 was $544,931, or about $24 to each hand, and the monthly cost of the average number of female hands employed was $69,625, or about $9 31 to each hand. The wages paid to hands, however, necessarily varies with the description of employment. The average wages of a carpenter is about $1 25 a day. Farm hands average, with board, S7 88 a month ; a day-laborer, with board, earns on an average $0 49, and without board, an average of $0 69 ; and average weekly wages to a female domestic, with board, is $0 89. The within their limits ; yet in the returns of the newspaper press, (published under the Census Commissioner's name in Livingston's Law Register for 1852,) it is there shown that in the counties which are apparently without printers and publishers, there are no less than 32 newspapers issued from no less than 24 several towns and vil- lages. There must be some omission here, else the printers of Maryland must be the veritable descendants of Dr. Faustus, and print by the power of magic, or some other spiritnal agency, which the census takers could not assess. The amount of capital invested therein, the raw material consumed, or the annual product thereof, are under the circumstances, no doubt, purposely omitted, although an e:sposition on these points would have been very interesting. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 37 average price of board to laboring men is $1 75 a week, varying from $1 37 to $2 35 ill the several counties. In regard of foreign commerce Maryland ranks fifth or sixth amoiig the United States. Its intercourse is chiefly with the northern German ports, the "West Indies, and South America. According to the Report of the Register of the U. S. Treasury on Commerce and Navigation, for the year ending the 30th June, 1850, the exports from Baltimore were valued at 16,967,353, and the im- ports to $6,124,201, of which the following are the details : In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. Total. Exports— Domestic produce $4,657,185 $1,0:52,296 $6,589,481 " Foreign produce 250,861 127,011 377,872 Total exports $4,908,046 $2,059,307. Imports 5,529,682 594,519. Aggregate Exports and Imports $10,437,728 $2,653,826. . $C,9C7,353 . 6,124,201 .$13,091,554 The character, tonnage, and crews of the shipping employed in the foreign trade were as follows : CHARACTER. -CLKAEED Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. American 359 89,296 3,605, 295 70,427 2,770 Foreign 162 37,-523 1,670 143 29,161 1,341 Total 521. .126,819 5,275. .438 99,588 4,111 The total amount of registered shipping owned within the district of Baltimore was 67,061 tons permanently registered, and 23,608 tons temporarily registered. The tonnage of the state and of the districts to which it belonged, exclusive of the above, was as follows : Licen'sed DISTRICT. Enrolled. (under 20 tons.) TotaL Steam Shipping. Baltimore 57,612 737 58,349 13,114 Oxford 12,066 277 12,343 — Vienna 14,942 536 15,478 — Snow Hill 9,226 286 9,512 — St. Mary's 2,143 42 2,185 — Town Creek 2,227 — 2,227 — Annapolis 2,298 24 2,322 336 Total. .100,514 1,902 102,416 13,450 The number of vessels built within the state, in the year 1849-50, was 150, with a total burden of 15,964 tons : of which were built in Baltimore 16 ships, 5 brigs, 41 schooners, and 4 steamers, in the aggregate 11,683 tons; in Oxford 31 schooners of 1,757 tons ; in Vienna 27 schooners of 1,533 tons, and in Snow Hill 26 schooners of 990 tons. Commerce of Maryland from 1790 to 1850. Years.'' Domestic. — EXPOttTS- Foreign. Total." '^'f""*" Years. . EXPORTS Domestic. Foreign. Total. "" PORT 1791,$ — $ 2,239,691$ — 1803,. .$3,707,040$ 1,371,022$ 5,078.062 — 1792, — — 2,623,808 — 1804,. . 3,938,840 5,213,099 9,151,939 — 1793, — — 3 665,056 — ISO."),. . 3,408,543 7,450,937 10,859,480 — 1794, — — 5,686,191 — 1806,. . . 3,661,131 10,919,774 14,580,905 — 1795, — — 5,811,380 — 1807,. . . 4,016,699 10,282,285 14,298,984 — 1796, — — 9,201,315 — 1808,. . . 764,922 1,9.56,184 2,721,106 — 1797, — — 9,811,380 — 1809,. .. 2,.57 0,957 4,056,369 6,627,326 — 1798, — — 12,746,190 — 1810,. .. 3,275,904 3,213,114 6,489,018 — 1799. — — 16,299,609 — 1811,. .. 4,.5.53,582 2,280,405 6,833,987 — 1800, — — 12,264,331 — 1812,. .. 3,9.56,093 1,929,886 5.885,979 — 1801, — — 12,767,530 — 1813,. .. 2,782,073 1,00.5,792 3,787,865 — aeo2, — — 7,914,225 — 1814,. . . 238,235 10,199 248,434 — * No returns of the value of imports prior to 1821. 38 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. IHFORTB. Years. --B.KPORTS - Foreign, Total. Years. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. IMPORTS 1815,. . . 4,086,274 950,327 .5,036,601 1833,. .. 3,301,014 761,453 4,002.467 5,437,057 1816,. .. 4,834,490 2,504,277 7,338.767 1834,. .. 3,012,708 1,15.5,537 4,168.245 4,647,483 1817,. .. 5,887,884 3,046,046 8,933,930 1835,. .. 3,176,866 748,368 3,925.234 5,647,153 1818,. .. 4,945,322 3,625,412 8,570,634 1836,. . 3,028,916 646,559 3,675,475 7,131,867 1819,. .. 3,648,067 2,278,140 5,926,216 1837,. . 3,365,173 424,744 3,789,917 7,857,033 1820,. .. 4,681,598 1,927,766 6,609,364 1838,. .. 4,165,168 359,407 4,524,575 5,701,869 1821,. .. 2,714,850 1,135,544 3,8.j0,394$4,070,841 1839,. . 4,313.189 263.372 4.576,,'=61 6,995,285 1822,. .. 3,496,993 1,039,803 4,-536,796 4,792.486 1840,. . 5,495,020 273,748 5,768,768 4,910,746 1823,. .. 3,173,112 1,857,116 5,030,228 4,946,179 1841,. . 4,789,160 158,006 4,947,166 6,101,313 1824,. . 3,549,957 1,313,276 4,863,233 4,551,442 1842,. . 4,635,507 269,259 4,904.766 4.417,078 1825,. .. 3.092,365 1,408,939 4,,501,304 4,751,815 1843,. . 4,820,215 195,342 5,015,556 2,479,133 1826,. .. 2,947,352 1,063.396 4,010.748 4.928.569 1844,. .. 4,841,950 291,216 5,133,166 3,917,750 1827,. .. 3,457,691 1,058,715 4,516,406 4,405,708 1845,. .. 6,744,110 124,945 6.869,053 4,042,915 1828,. .. 3,107,819 1,226,603 4,334,422 5,629,694 1846,. . 6,744,110 124,945 6,869,055 4,042,915 1829,. . 3,662.273 1,142,192 4,804.4.55 4.804,135 1847,. . 9,632,360 129,884 9,762,244 4,432,314 1830,. . 3,075,985 715,497 3,791,482 4,.523,S66 1848,. . 7,016,034 113,748 7,129,782 5,343,643 1831,. .. 3,730,506 578,141 4,308,647 4,826,577 1849,. . 7,786,695 213,965 8,000.660 4,976.731 1832,. . 3,015,873 1,484,045 4,499,918 4,629,303 1850,. . 6,589,461 377,872 6,967,353 6,124,201 The total value of real and personal estate in the several counties, as assessed for taxation, and the true valuation thereof as stated in the census returns ; and the amount of ta.xes collected in each county for the year 1849-50, are exhibited in the following table : -Real and Personal Estate.- COIJNTIES. Amount of taxation. Assessed value. True valuation. Alleghany $ 4,205,453 $ 5,080,635 $ 37,429 Anne Arundel 9,774.931 11,243,624 31,931 Baltimore 13,546.132 13,546,132 70,880 Baltimore city 80,237,960 80,237,960 617,994 Calvert 2,151,9.52 2,474,096 14,950 Caroline 1,421,826 1,421,826 11,497 Carroll 6,629,812 6,629,812 30,834 Cecil ' 5,191,099 6,500,000 38,386 Charles 3,330,717 6,645,891 20,859 Dorchester 4,635,105 4,635,105 39.561 Frederick 18,773,926 20,455,298 98,892 Harford 5,087,990 5,087,990 41,686 Kent "' 4,574,821 4,574,821 32,472 Montgomery 4,523,800 4,523,800 26,256 PrinceGeorse 11,711,254 11,921,478 18,283 Queen Anne 3,967.277 3,967,277 35,513 Somerset 3,303,935 4,129,919 23,383 St Mary's 3,972,100 3,972,100 21,246 Talbot 4,541.295 4,541,295 50,226 Washington 1.499,231* 1,499,231* 57,758 Worcester 3,523,009 4,169,233 14,393 Total. ,603,625 $207,257,523 $1,334,429 Of the total taxation $444,866 was for state purposes ; $380,727 county tax ; $89,810 school tax; $22,651 poor tax; $14,866 road tax; and $381,509 tax for other purposes. The details of these, as respects the several counties, are stated in another part of this work. The afTo-regate number of paupers supported by all the counties within the year endino- I'st June, 1850, was 4,458, of which 2,555 were native born, and 1,903 foreio'ners • and the whole number of the same class receiving relief at the date specified, was 1,936 — namely, 1,618 natives, and 318 foreigners. The total cost to the counties was $71,668. The whole number of criminals convicted yrithin the year ending 1st June, » The ficures given are those of the census return ; a casual glance wiU show that there is some error in the sum as respects Washington county, and it is probable that the valuation is not less than ton times the amount stated. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 39 1850, was 207, of which 183 were natives, and 24 foreigners ; and the number in prison at that date, undergoing the penalties inflicted, was 397, of which 325 were natives, and 72 foreigners. The provisions for education in Maryland, though by no means sufficient for the amount of population in the state, are still very respectable. The law with re- gard to schools has been recently amended, and in consonance with its provi- sions the counties have been divided into school districts, in which it is impera- tive on the inhabitants to establish and support schools for a certain period in each year. Many of the counties, however, have not yet complied with the law ; but nevertheless there have been gi-eat improvements effected, and the prospect of future efficiency in all that pertains to public schools is very promismg. The means of obtaining education in this state, as they existed on 1st June, 1850, are returned in the census as follows : Academies and other schools. Colleges and Universities. Primary and Public schools. Number of establishments 923 174 12 Number of teachers 1,104 427 95 Number of scholars, &c 34,467 7,759 1,112 Total annual income $225,260 $206,430 $124,714 Ft* : income from endowment 2,959 12,365 " from taxation 75,296 « from public funds 67,412 15,227 3,200 " from other sources 79,563 178,808 121,514 The whole number of white children who attended school within, or during any part of the year, was 60,447, of which 32,214 were males, and 28,233 fe- males ; and the total number of free colored children was 1,616, of which 886 were males, and 730 females. Of all classes, amounting to 62,063, those of na- tive birth numbered 60,386, and those of foreign birth, 1,677. Of those classed " adults who cannot read and write," the whites numbered 20,815, of whom 8,557 were males, and 12,258 females, and the free colored numbered 21,062, of which 9,422 were males, and 11,640 females. Of the total number of white persons in this class 17,364 were native born, and 3,451 foreigners. The total number of public libraries in the state was 17, containing 54,750 volumes ; private libraries 325, containing 222,455 volumes ; school libraries 8, containing 6,335 volumes ; Sunday school libraries 84, containing 28,315 vol- umes ; college libraries 10, containing 33,792 volumes ; and church libraries 5, contaming 1,850 volumes. Total, 449 libraries, and 347,497 volumes. The statistics of the public press of the state present the following generalities respecting the number of periodicals published, and the aggregate number of copies printed annually : Circulation Copies annn- ChArect«r. No. of each issue, ally printed. Xeligious 6 13,950 669,400 Political— whig 22 19,172 2,739,744 " democratic 17 12,465. ...1,457,180 Miscellaneous .20 71,000... .14,654,000 Agricultural 1 6.000 72,000 Musical 1 1,000 12,000 Colonization 1 700 8,400 Total 68 124,287... .19,612,784 Copies Character, Mo. annusUy printed. Daily 6 15,806,500 Tri-Weekly 4 499,700 Weekly 54 3,166,124 Semi-monthly 1 43.000 Monthly 3 92,400 Total .68 19,612,724 The following is a detailed list of the newspapers published in Maryland. It is not given in the official census sent in to Congress by the commissioner ; but it is taken from the list of newspapers and periodicals furnished to and published in Livingston's Law Register for 1852, by the " Hon, J. C. G. Kemiedy, of the Census Ofllice," and may be considered as officially correct : 40 GENERAL ACOOtTNT OF THE STATE OP MARYLAND. Name. Town and Co. Issued. Cumb. Cirilian.... Cumberland, Alleff...W. Alleghanian " " " .. Unionist " " .... " . Md. Kepublicau.. Annapolis, Anne Ar... " . Free Press " " " . Howard Gazette.. Ellicotts Mills. " " . Bait. Co. Advocate Baltimore, Bolt... " . Luth. Chr. Messenger.. Baltimore Suu do do do Clipper do do Baltimore American do do do. do do Patriot do do Republican and Argus. do do do do German Correapondent. Baltimore Herald , American Farmer Methodist Protestant. . , Catholic Mirror Baltimore Olio Colonization Journal. .. Free Union Lutheran Observer German Catholic Maryland Reformer ..S. M.. ....D.. ....D.. " " Dl " " -T.WS " " ....W) " " DJ " " .T.W5 " " D> " " .T. W> " "....W> Clmr, Circ, Whig... 400 Dem....405 .Neut...400 ,Dem....700 . " ....500 Misc. 550 Rel..'.2,000 Neut.. 30,000 " .18,000 " ..8,000 " ..5,000 Whig. 5,500 D. ".T.W. " M. "-...W. " ....W. " M. " M. " ....W.. "....W. "....W. ..W " ..4,200 Dem.. 5,000 .Indep.4,000 Dcm.. 1,000 Agri.. 6,000 Rel... 3,700 Rel... 1,500 Name. Town and Co. Issued. Cecil Democrat Elkton, Cecil.. W. Port Tobacco Times. ..Pt. Tob., Chas. .W. Denton Journal Denton, Caroline. .W. Cam. Chronicle Cambridge, Dnr..W. do.. Democrat " " ..W The Star Frederick, Fred..\V Banner of Liberty " " . W. Caloctin Whig, Catoctin, " W. E.xaminer Frederick, " W. Frederick Herald " " W. Republican Citizen " .... " W. Emra'b'gStar Emmittsburg, " W. Madisonian Hav. de Grace, Har. . W. Gazette Bel-Air, " ...W. Republican " " ...W. Kent News Charlcstown. Kent..W . Maryland Journal... Rockville, Monig. . W. Marlboro' Gazette. Up. .Marlbo.' P. Geo. .W. Cent, Times Ceiitreville, Q. Anne . .W . do.. Sentinel " " W. Somerset Herald Pr. Anne, Som..W. Beacon Leonardtown, St. Mary' s . .\V . Easton Gazette Easton, Talbot. .W. do.. .Star " " ....W. The Odd-Fellow. ...Boonsboro', fFash..\V. Mus.. 1,000 I Clear Spring Sentinel. CI. Spring, " ...W. Col'u...700 I Hagerstowu News.Hagerstown,.. " W. Rel 750 I Herald of Freedom " " ...W. .Rel. ..4,000 I Hagerstown Mail " " ...W. Rel.. .2,000; People's Own " " ...W. Dem.... 800 Torchlight " " ...W. Whig.. .700 Republican " " ...W. Dem 400 , Casket " " ...W. Whig. ..500 [Worcester Shield.... Snow Hill, fforc.W. D. daily ; W. weekly ; T. W. tri-iceekly ; S. M. semi-monthly ; and M. monthly. Carrolltonian. . .Westminster, Carroll.. W.. Carroll Co. Democrat.. " " W.. Cecil Whig Elkton, Cecil. .W.. Char. Circ, .Dem.... 500 .Neut.... 300 .Liter.. '.100 .Whi?....300 ..Dem.... 360 ..Liter.. 200 .Whig... 600 .Whig... 500 .Whig... 150 .Whig.. .600 .Dem 800 .Liter,... 200 .Dem... .400 .Whig... 300 .Dem... .300 .Whig. ..500 .Whig... 600 .Neut... .WO .Whig... 400 .Dem. ..200 .Whi2...500 .Indep...30O .Whig... 372 .Dem ...400 .Neut... 350 .Whig... 450 .Neut... 800 .Whig... 700 .Dem.... 800 .Neut.... 500 .Whig... 700 .Dem.... 300 .Neut.. 1,400 .Whig... 400 The statistics of churches, as returned in the census, are very meagre. From the table of occupations, (see page 31,) we learn that the whole number of clergy- men is 430, and the following are the figures relating to church buildings, church accommodation, and church property : Character or Denomination. Number of Churches. Aggregate Accommodation. Value of Property. Baptist 45 15,950 $130,710 Church of God, 2 650 1,700 Covenanter 1 600 2,000 Evangelical Reformed 2 2,100 40,000 Friend or Quaker 26 7.760 114,050 German Reformed 22 14,800 197.800 Jewish 3 1,400 41,000 Lutheran 40 24,700 247,950 Mennonite 4 850 2,000 Methodist 479 181,715 837,665 Presbyterian 56 22,635 376,300 Protestant Episcopal 133 60,105 610,877 Roman Catholic 65 31,100 1,1 6 1,532* Tunker 6 3,300 8,400 Union or Free 10 4,250 13,000 Unitarian 1 1,000 104,000 United Brethren (Moravian) 12 5,350 32,500 Universalist 1 1,000 26,000 Winebrennarian 1 200 400 Total. .909. .379,465 $3,947,884 The following statistics are taken from returns published by the several churches about the year 1851, The Baptist Church in Maryland consists of the Regular and the Anti-Mission Baptists : the Regular church, in 1850, was comprised in one association, and embraced 22 churches, 18 licensed ministers, and 2,004 members ; and the Anti- * One of the Roman Catholic churches, the cathedral at Baltimore, has property reported as valued a» $495,000. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 41 Mission church was comprised in two associations, and embraced 23 churches, 8 ordained and 3 licensed ministers. The Methodist Church is comprised in the Conference of Baltimore, and in the Methodist Episcopal Church North, and in 1850 embraced 253 traveling, 25 super- annuated, and 303 local preachers, and 68,855 church members, of which 15,802 were colored persons. There were at that time 539 Sunday schools attached to the church, with 7,112 teachers, and 33,805 scholars. The Protestant Upiscopal Church is comprised in the Diocese of Maryland, which also includes the District of Columbia, and consists of a bishop, 122 clergy- men, and 7,138 communicants. It has also connected with it 327 Sunday school teachers, and 2,167 scholars ; a corporation for the relief of the widows and chil- dren of deceased clergymen ; a Prayer Book, Homily and Tract Society, and the following several colleges and schools — College of St. James, near Hagerstown ; St. Timothy's Hall, Catonsville ; Patapsco Female Institute, Ellicott Mills ; Hannah More Academy for Girls ; St. John's Institute, Mt. Alban, D. C. ; St. Mary's Hall, Baltimore, and Trinity School, Baltimore. The College of St. James is one of the best in the country, and has a very efficient professional staff. In 1850, it had in the college class 42 students ; and in the grammar school 53. The Roman Catholic Church is comprised in the Arch-diocese of Baltimore, which also includes the District of Columbia. This is the oldest see in the United States. The statistics of this ai-ch-diocese, given in the Catholic Almanac for 1850, ex- hibits the followmg details : Churches, 70 ; churches building, 4 ; chapels, 9 ; other stations, 10 ; clergymen, on the mission, 57 ; clergymen otherwise employed, 46 ; Catholic population about 100,000 ; ecclesiastical seminaries, 6 ; clerical students, 98 ; literary institutions for young men, 5 ; female religious institutions, 7 ; female academies, 7 ; free schools, 12 ; charitable institutions, orphan asylums, &c., 23. The Ecclesiastical Seminaries are St. Mary's Theological Seminaries, under charge of the Sulpitians; Mount St. Mary's Theological Seminary, near Emmittsburg ; the Noviciate of the Society of Jesus, at Frederick City ; St. Charles' College, near Baltimore ; the Seminary and Noviciate of the Ke- demptionists, and the Congregation of the Mission, near Emmittsburg. The Literary/ Institutions for Young Men, within the arch-diocese, are — St. Mary's College, at Baltimore ; Georgetown College, D. C. ; Mt. St. Mary's College, near Emmittsburg ; St. John's College, Frederick City, and Washington Seminary, D. C. ; and the Convents and Female Academies are — the Convent and Academy of the Visitation, at Georgetown ; the Convent and Academy of the Visitation, at Baltimore ; the Convent and Academy of the Visitation, at Washington, D. C. ; the Convent and Academy of the Visitation, at Frederick City ; St. Joseph's Sisterhood and St. Joseph's Academy, near Emmittsburg ; the Carmelite Convent, and Carmelite Sisters' Academy, Baltimore ; the Sisters of Notre Dame, Balti- more ; St. Vincent's School for Girls, Baltimore ; St. Peter's School for Girls, Baltimore ; and the School for Colored Girls, Baltimore. The Universalist Church consists of three societies, and has three meeting houses, and two preachers. The census only returns one church (at Baltimore) belonging to this denomination, but the U. Almanac for 1851, reports one at Elk- ton, and one at Woodboro', in addition. With these returns are included all the statistics embraced in the census, and also the statistics of commerce ; and here might be concluded this general ac- count of the state. Since the taking of the census, however, several essential alterations, as before intimated, have been made in the state constitution, and in the organization of the government, an accoimt of which will no doubt be looked for in a work of this description. The following abstract is therefore submitted : 42 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. ABSTRACT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. Done in Convention \Zth May, \^h\— Ratified by the People Ath June, 1851— Went into operation Ath July, 1851. Every free white male citizen of the United States, 21 years of age. resident in the state one year, and in the county, town, or city, where he offers to vote, for six months next preceding the election, may vote. Citizens removing to another town or city shall be allowed to vote in the place they have left, until they have acquired a residence in the place to which they have removed. Per- sons convicted of giving or receiving bribes, and persons knowingly casting illegal votes, shall be forever disqualified to hold any office of profit or trust, or to vote at any election thereafter ; and in addition hereto laws shall be passed to punish them with fine and imprisonment. No citizen convicted of larceny or other in- famous crime, unless pardoned, and no lunatic or non compos, can vote, A Governor shall be chosen on the 1st Wednesday in November, by a plurality of votes, and his term shall commence on the 2d Wednesday in January following, and shall continue 4 years. He must be 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the state for the 5 years next preceding his election, and 3 years a resident of the district from which he is elected. The state shall be divided into 3 districts,* and the Governor shall be elected from each district suc- cessively. He shall reside during his term at the seat of government, and have the annual salary of $3,600. He may grant pardons, but not until after a publi- cation in the newspapers of the applications made therefor, and of the day when the hearing will be had, and he shall report every case to the legislature. In case of vacancy, the President of the Senate, and, after him, the Speaker of the House of Delegates, shall act as Governor, until an election by the people. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor, to hold office during his own term, at an annual salary of $1,000. The Governor shall semi-annually, or oftener, ex- amine the accounts of the State Treasurer and Controller. He may employ counsel, when necessary. He may appoint the Adjutant-General, with the con- sent of the Senate, to hold office for six years. Senators, 22 in number, are chosen one from each county and Baltimore city, and hold office for four years. They must be citizens of the United States, 25 years of age, residents of the state for three years next preceding the election, and the last year, of the district. They shall be divided into two classes ; the first shall vacate their seats in two years, and the second in four years, and afterwards one-half shall be chosen every two years. Delegates, not more than 80 nor less than G5 in number, shall be chosen for two years, from single districts. They must be citizens of the United States, 21 years of age, 3 years next preceding the election residents of the state, and the last year thereof of the district. After the returns of each federal census are published, commencing with that of 1 860, the Assembly shall re-apportion the delegates according to population, but Baltimore city shall always have four delegates more than the most populous county, and no county shall have less than two members. Members shall be paid $4 per diem, and mileage. The presiding officer of each house shall be allowed an addition of $1 per diem. After the first two sessions under the new constitution, no session shall continue longer than the 10th of March. Any five may call for the yeas and nays on any question, in the House of Delegates, and one, in the Senate. Teach- ers of religion, and those holding offices of profit under the state or the United * Gubernatorial Districts.— First. St. Mary, Charles, Calvert, Prince George, Anne- Arundel, Mont- gomery, Howard, and Baltimore City. 2(i. The eight counties of the Eastern Shore. 3d. Baltimore, Harford, Frederick, Washington, Alleghany, Carroll. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 43 States, except justices of the peace, are ineligible to the Assembly. The members of each House shall have the usual exemption from arrest, and freedom of speech. Two-thirds of each House may expel a member, but no member shall be expelled twice for the same offence. After 185-4 the sessions of the legislature shall be bi- ennial. At the first session after the adoption of the constitution, the legislature shall appoint two commissioners to revise and. codify the laws of the state, and one or more to revise and simplify the practice, form of pleading and of convey- ancing. No bill shall become a law, unless passed by a majority of all the mem- bers elected, and on its final passage the ayes and noes be recorded. No law shall take effect until the 1st of June after the session when it was passed. No law shall be passed creating the office of Attorney-General. Persons in any way engaged in any duel shall be forever incapable from holding any office of honor or trust in the state. Holders of public money are ineligible to any office of profit or trust, until they pay the same into the Treasury. The Assembly shall pass laws to protect and secure the property of married women. Imprisonment for debt is abolished, and the legislature shall exempt a reasonable amount of a debtor's property, not exceeding S500, from execution. The relation of master and slave, us now exist- ing, shall not be altered by the legislature. No bank shall be established, except with the individual liability of the stockholders to the extent of their shares. Cor- porations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special acts, except for municipal purposes and in other special cases. Private property shall not be taken for public use, unless compensation is first paid or tendered. The rate of interest shall not exceed six per cent, per annum. In all criminal cases the jury shall be judges of the law as well as facts. All officers, except the Governor, whose pay exceeds $3,000 per annum, shall account for the excess on oath. There shall be a Court of Appeals, with appellate jurisdiction only, the judges whereof, four in number, shall be elected from districts* by the voters therein, for ten years, unless they shall before reach the age of 70. They must be above 30 years of age, citizens of the. state at least 5 years, residents of the judicial dis- tricts from which they are elected, and have been admitted to practice in the state. Tlie Court of Appeals shall appoint its own clerk, to hold office for six years, and who may be re-appointed at the end thereof. When any judge of any court is in- terested in a case or connected with any of the parties by affinity or consan- guinity within the proscribed degrees, the Governor may commission the requisite number of persons, learned in the law, for the trial and determination of the case. The Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall designate one of the four judges elected as chief justice. The present Chancellor and Register in Chancery shall continue in office until July 4, 1853, w^hen their offices shall be abolished. No new business shall be done in said court. The state shall be divided into 8 judicial circuits,f each of which shall elect a judge of the Circuit Court for 10 years. The qualifications of the judges shall be the same as those of the Court of Appeals, except that they must be citizens of the United States, and residents for two years in their judicial district. Clerks of the Circuit Court shall be elected in each county by the qualified voters for six years. There shall be in the city of Baltimore a Court of Common Pleas, with jurisdiction in civil cases between $100 and §500, and exclusive jurisdiction in appeals from justices of the peace in that city ; and a Superior Court, with jurisdiction in cases over $500. Each of these courts shall consist of one judge, elected by the people for 10 years, * Judicial Districts for Court of Appeals,— Firat. Alleghany, Washington, F ederick, Carroll, Balti- more, Harlord. ^d. Monigoniery. Howard, Anne-Arundel, Calvert, St. Mary, Charles, Prince George. 3d. Bahiniore City. Ath. Cecil.'Kent. Queen Anne, Talbot, Caroline, Dorchester, Somerset, "Worcester. t Jiidinal Circuits. — First. St. Marv, Cliarles, Prince George, ^d. Anne-Arnndel, Howard, Mont- gomery, Calvert. 3d. Frederick, Carroll. 4ih. Washington. Alleghany. 5th. Baltimore City. Gtk. Bal- timore, Harford, Cecil. Tlk. Kent, Queen Anne, Talbot, Caroline. 8tA. Dorchester, Somerset, Wor- cester. 44 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. with a salary of $2,500 per annum. There shall also be a Criminal Court, consist- ing of one judge, elected for six years, with a salary of $2,000. Clerks of the Circuit Courts in each county, and of the Baltimore Courts, are chosen for six years, and are re-eligible. There shall be elected in each county, and in Baltimore city, three persons as judges of the Orphans' Court, for four years, and a Register of Wills for 6 years, and justices of the peace and constables for two years. Two sheriffs shall be elected in each county, and in the city of Baltimore, for the term of 2 years, who shall be ineligible for the 2 years next succeeding, one of whom the Governor shall commission as sheriff, and the other shall act when the first is absent or disqualified. Sheriffs must be residents of the counties from which they are chosen, citizens of the state 5 years preceding the election, and above 21 years of age. Attorneys for the commonwealth shall be chosen in each county by the people, for 4 years. They must have been admitted to practice law in the state, and residents in their county for one year. A Controller shall be chosen by the people at each election of delegates, and a Treasurer shall be appointed by a joint vote of the legislature. Each shall have an annual salary of $2,500, and shall keep their offices at the seat of government. Four Commissioners of Public Works shall be chosen by the people, one from each of the four districts* into which the state shall be divided for the purpose. They must have been residents of their districts for 5 years before their election. They shall be so classified that two shall be elected every 2 years. While the lottery system continues, a Commissioner of Lotteries shall be chosen for two years. After April 1, 1859, no lottery scheme shall be drawn, nor ticket sold. A Commissioner of the Land- Office shall be elected by the people for 6 years, to act also as Register. A State Librarian shall be chosen by the joint vote of the two branches of the legislature for 2 years, with a salary of $1,000 per annum. County officers shall be elected by the people. No debt shall be contracted exceeding $100,000, nor unless the act creating it shall provide for a tax sufficient to pay the interest as it falls due, and the principal in 15 years. Such taxes shall not be repealed or applied to any other purpose. The credit of the state shall never be given or lent, nor shall the state be in any way concerned in internal improvements. The moneys levied to pay the public debt shall never be diverted until the debt is paid, or until the sinking fund equals the outstanding debt. At its first session after every federal census, the legislature shall pass a law to ascertain the sense of the people in regard to calling a convention to revise the constitution ; and if a majority vote therefor, a convention shall be called at the earliest convenient day ; the delegates to be elected by the several counties and the city of Baltimore in proportion to their representation at the time when the convention may be called. FINANCES OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. Amount of nominal debt, December 1, 1850 $15,424,381 46 Deduct Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road loan $3,266,000 00 " Tobacco loan 163,689 67 " Susquehamia and Tidewater Canals loan 1,000,000 00 4,463,689 67 Leaves debt, the interest on which is to be provided for by taxation $10,960,691 79 The Sinking Fund, Dec. 1, 1850, was $2,000,720, which has since increased and which must be deducted from the above debt to get the present actual liabilities of the state. To meet these liabilities, in addition to the proceeds of * The districts for the election of the Commissioner of Public Works are the same as the Judicial Dis- tricts for Court of Appeals. GENEBAt ACCOUNT OF THK STATE OF MARYLAND. 45 the annual tax, the state has $5,341,801 84 of productive property, consisting of stocks, bonds, &c,, and ^15.910,013 17 of unproductive property. Principal Items of Expenditure. Annapolis mu] Klk Ridge Railroad $3,950 83 Civil ullicors 1 4,(!1 4 97 Colleges, anademies, and schools 21,899 00 Indigent deaf and dumb 2,340 50 Judiciary 38,813 50 Legislature 5G,fJ36 1 Militia 1 ,1 00 00 Penitentiary 30,000 00 Pensions 5.679 68 Surolua revenue 34,069 36 State ( 'oloiiization , 10,000 00 Interest on public debt 690,840 36 Redemption of funded arrears of interest. 500,509 09 State tobacco inspection and warehouses. -.21,961 77 Contingent expenses 9,333 49 Miscellaneous expenses 21,172 94 Chief Soiorces of Income. Auction duties and licenses $2.5,635 44 Railroads 129,S40 30 Balance in treasury, December 1st, 1849 Receipts for the year Bank dividends and bonus $37,356 06 Fines and forfeitures 5,032 36 Licenses by county clerks 127,835 02 Road stock dividends 46,490 00 Stamps 52,579 75 Lotteries and stamps ou lottery tickets 38,633 82 Canal Companies 67,000 00 Direct tax 438,036 38 Taxes on State and city of Baltimore slocks 46,386 24 Collateral inheritances '^3,060 73 Commissions of e.xecutors and admin'rs. 29,166 26 Commissions of trustees 5,289 26 Foreign insurances 7,484 87 Policies of insurance 6,056 00 Protests 4,923 00 Certain officers 10,551 56 Civil commissions 7,221 80 Incorporated institutions 25,870 59 Tax for colonization 8,668 04 State tobacco inspector in Baltimore 51,519 93 $484,892 96 1,227,986 24 Total $1,712,879 20 Expenditures for the year 1 ,467,470 36 Balance in treasury, December 1st, 1850 $245,408 84 Since the last annual report of the Treasurer, (December, 1850,) the balance of funded arrears of interest has been entirely paid off, and the principal of the debt now existing is the same as it was in 184G. It will be remembered by those con- versant with the subject, that in the winter of 1846-47, the legislature of Mary- land passed a law for the resumption of the regular payment of interest on tihe state debt on the 1st of January, 1848. There had been a suspcn.sion for several years, and arrears of interest amounting to about 1900,000 had accumulated. In order to resume payment of interest the arrears were funded in a six per cent, stock, redeemable at the pleasure of the state. Those arrears and the stock in which they were funded, have been paid off' or redeemed, principal and interest; and all surpluses are now to be devoted to the extinction of the original debt. The amount of the sinking fund on the 1st of December, 1850, is shown by the Treasurer's report of that date, since then* it has been increased by about $100,000. If the taxes are not diminished by the legislature within a few years, the whole debt will be absorbed. The returns to the State Treasury from internal improvement companies are very favorable, and they must greatly increase with the progress of the different works, whilst the state, under the new constitution, can incur no new liability. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is now finished, and it is to be hoped that under judicious management it may yield the State Trea- sury some slight return for the millions she has spent upon its construction. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad will be finished to the Ohio River in a year and a half, and that work, already paying the state a large interest on her investment, will then supply a still increasing revenue, besides its indirect influence upon the Treasury of the state, by the advance of the state, and of the city of Baltimore especially, in wealth and resources. The history of her finances since the resump- tion, bill passed is very gratifying to the pride of the state, and her credit now stands deservedly high. The new constitution has effected a great improvement in the organization of the Treasury department, and has supplied checks which add greatly to the ef- ficient collection, the security and proper application of the funds of the state. » To October 1, 185L 46 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND, 1. — Under the Proprietary and Royal Government. Leonard Calvert Appointed 1637 Thomas Green do 1G47 William Stone do 1649 Parliamentary Commissioners, ... 1654 Josiah Fendall Appointed 1658 Philip Calvert do 1660 Charles Calveri do 166-2 Lord Baltimore Proprietor 1675 Thomas Notley Apiminied 1678 Lord Baltimore Proprietor 1681 Lionel Copley Apjiointed 1 692 Francis Nicholson do 1694 Jii the hands of the Crown 1697 Nathaniel Blackstone Appointed 1699 Thomas Tench President 1703 John Seymour Appointed 1704 Edward Lloyd I'reaidejlt 1704 John Hart Appointed 1714 j Charles Calvert do 1720 Benedict Calvert do 172V Lord Baltimore Proprietor 1733 Samuel Ogle Appoi.ntcd 1737 Thomas Bladen do 1743 Samuel Ogle do 1747 Benjamin Tasker President 1751 Horatio Sharpe Appointed 1753 Robert Eden do 1769 Robert Eden do 1773 2. — Under the Constitution. Thomas Johnson Elected 1777 Thomas Sim Lee do 1779 William Paca do 1782 William Smallwood do 1785 John Eaner Howard do 1788 George Plater do 1792 Thomas Sim Lee do 1792 John Haskens Stone do 1794 John Henrv do 1797 Benjamin Ogle do 1798 John Francis Mercer do 1801 Robert Bowie do 1603 Robert Wright do 1805 Edward Lloyd do 1809 Robert Bowie do 1811 Levin Winder do 1812 C. Ridgley, of Hampton do 1815 C. W. Goldsborough Elected 1818 Samuel Sprigg do 1819 Samuel Stevens do 1822 Joseph Kent do 1826 Daniel Martin do 1829 T. K. Carroll do 1830 Daniel Martin do 1831 George Howard Act'g Gov. 1831 George Howard Elected 1832 James Thomas.. do 1833 Thomas W. Veasey do 1836 William Grason do 1838 Francis Thomas do 1841 Thomas G. Pratt do 1844 Philip F. Thomas do 1848 Enoch Louis Lowe do 1851 GAZETTEER OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. ABI ALL Abingdon, p. v., Harford co. Situate on the w. side of Bush r., 6 m. s. of Bel- Air, and 52 N.N.E. of Annapolis. Accident, p. o., Alleghany co. Situate on the E. side of Youghiogeny r., 2 m. below the line of Pennsylvania ; 38 m. w. of Cumber- land, and 204 w.n.w. of Annapohs. Adamstown, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on w. side of Monocacy r., 6 m. n. of Fred- erick City, and 81 n.w. of Annapolis. Allaway Creek, Carroll co. A tributary of Monocacy r. from the e., into which it falls about two miles s. of the Pennsylvania line. Alleghany Company's Mines, Alleghany CO. Situate near Frostburg, 10 m. w. of Cumberland. ALLEGHANY COrOsTTY occupies the extreme N.w. part of the state, and is traversed by the main range of the mountains from which its name is derived. Its area contains 672,000 acres. The surface is extremely rugged and broken, but the more mountainous districts present broad valleys, called glades, which are peculiarly adapted for grazing and dairy farms. These valleys bear evidence of having been beds of extensive lakes, the waters of which have left behind them deposits of a clayey loam, covering which is a sward of rich and nutritious grasses. The "glades' butter," and mountain mutton, so celebrated for their qualities, are produced in these regions. The climate is necessarily cold ; but in the valleys, protected by lofty hill-walls, the cUraatic influences incident to their elevation are much moderated ; and out-door labor is httle interfered with, while cattle requires housing only in the middle winter months. The drainage of this county is received by the Potomac River, which borders its Avhole southern boundary, and the Youghiogeny River; the former emptying into the Atlantic, and the latter into the Monongahela River, 18 miles s. e. of Pittsburg, whence its waters are carried by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to the. Gulf of Mexico. Thermal springs, and springs charged with sulphuretted hydrogen, with some chalybeates, occur in this county, and the water in some parts is impregnated with hme, but the mountain water, clear and pure, most abounds. The geological structure of the country is similar to that of the Alleghany regions generally. The prevaihng rocks are sandstones of various colors ; but limestones, often traversed by veins of quartz, slate, shale and quartzite, are extensively dis- tributed. The ores of iron are found in great abundance ; and there is, within the limits of the county, a continuous series of beds of bituminous coal from three to fourteen feet in thickness and from three to six miles wide, known as the " Cumberland coal," extend- ing from the Pennsylvania border to the north bank of the Potomac River. The settlement of this county dates from 1732, when Fort Cumberland was estabhshed for the defence of the advancing white population ; but Col. Thomas Cresap is said to have been the first private individual who formed a permanent residence within its limits. Cresap was a native of England, and located himself at Old Town, on the north fork of the Potomac, with his own and other families, in 1741. The county formed a part of Frede- rick from 1748 to 1776 ; and of Washington, from the latter year to 1789, when it was organized with its present limits. In 1790, it contained 4,809 inhabitants; in 1820, 8,654; in 1830, 10,609; in 1840, 15,690; and in 1850, 22,769, of which, 21,633 were white persons, 412 free colored persons, and 724 slaves ; and of the aggre- gate number, 13,950 were natives of Maryland, 3,078 natives of other states of the Union, and 5,017 were foreigners, — the 724 remaining being colored slaves. Tliia population was comprised in 3,902 famihes, and occupied 3,850 dweUings. During the ALL [ 48] ALT year ending 1st June, 1850, there occurred 596 births, 138 marriages, and 150 deaths; and at that period, there were in the county 10 deaf and dumb persons, 8 blind, 5 insane, and 4 idiotic. The county contained 892 farms, occupying 72,577 acres of improved, and 144,695 acres of unimproved lands; and the cash value of these was $2,519,858; the value of farming implements and machinery was $60,368. The stock of domestic animals consisted of 2,902 horses, 9 asses and mules, 4,207 milch cows, 89 working oxen, 6,257 other cattle, 12,439 sheep, and 7,877 swine — in all, valued at §270,070 ; and the amount of animal pro- ducts in 1849-50 was — wool 25,244 pounds, butter 231,038 pounds, cheese 880 pounds, and the value of animals slaughtered was $57,587. The cereal crops amounted, in bushels : wheat to 73,525, rye to 29,187, Indian corn to 101,773, oats to 163,943, barley to 100, and buckwheat to 19,887, and the crop of peas and beans to 67 bushels, and that of Irish potatoes to 21,920 bushels. The value of the products of the orchard was $6,714, and of the market garden, $475. The crop of hay amounted to 10,896 tons, and flax was pro- duced to the amount of 1,517 pounds. Miscellaneous productions were: honey and bees- wax 6,451 pounds ; maple sugar 47,740 pounds ; molasses 1,430 gallons ; wine 65 gallons. Home-made manufactures were valued at $9,397. The Avhole number of manufacturing establishments in the county, in 1850, was 24, with an aggregate capital of $750,100, employing 403 hands, at wages averaging $9,284 per month, and producing annually to the value of $491,391. There were tiuo establish- ments for the manufacture of cabinet-ware, and two for cigars ; two for woolen goods, water power ; one for fire-brick ; one foundry, and one furnace, steam power ; four saw- mills, steam and water power; three coal mining establishments, cue rail-road machine shop ; and seven tanneries, steam power. The mining statistics, as returned in the census, are probably deficient, and that great interest of the country seems to have been almost overlooked by those entrusted with its ascertainment. The valuation of real and personal estate, in 1850, amounted to $4,205,453, (true valu- ation, $5,080,635,) and the amount of taxes assessed thereon, $37,429, of which, $10,514 for state purposes, and $26,915 for county purposes. The whole number of paupers supported during the year 1849-50 was 50, viz. : 44 natives and 6 foreigners, and the cost to the county was $2,000 ; number of criminals convicted, 4, viz.: 1 native and 3 foreigners; and the number in prison on the first of June, 1850, was 12, viz. : 7 natives and 5 foreigners. The number of adults in the county who could not read and write was 1,139, viz. : 389 na- tives and 750 foreigners. Primary and pubHc schools, in number 109, were attended by 2,480 children ; and 105 Avere being educated at academies and other schools. Three newspapers are published weekly — all at Cumberland. Accommodation was provided in 31 churches for 13,900 heai-ers ; and the value of church property was returned at $81,000, — 17 Metho- dist churches could accommodate 5,950 persons ; 5 Roman Catholic, 3,000 ; 4 Lutheran, 2,000; 2 Protestant Episcopal, 1,400; 1 Grerman Reformed, 800; 1 Presbyterian, 400 ; and 1 Baptist, 350. There are 72 libraries (private) and 55,467 volumes owned in the county. Adults, unable to read and write, 1,139. The great thoroughfares within Alleghany County are the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, and the National Road leading from Cumberland to the Western States ; the latter constructed by the federal government, at a great expense. There are also several state and county roads, and rail-roads leading to the coal and iron mines, viz : the Mount Savage rail-road, from Cumberland to the iron mines at Mount Savage ; Eckart rail-road, from Cumberland to Eckart's, the New- York Company's, and the Washington mines ; Detmold's rail-road, a wooden track, 3 feet wide, from Braddock's Run and Eckart's to Lonaconing; and there is a line of rail- road contemplated from the latter place to the mouth of Greorge's Creek, opposite to Western Port. Cumberland is the county seat of justice ; and the villages and post-offices are — Acci- dent, Altamont, Bevansville, Bloomington, Cresap Town, Dawson's, Flintstone, Frankville, Friendsville, Frostburg, G-rantsville. Hoystown, Keyser's Ridge, Little Crossings, Lona- coning, Mt. Savage, Old Town, Orleans, Pleasant GJ-rove, Prattsville, Sangrun, Savage Mill, Shade Mill, Selby's Port, Swanton, Wellersburg, Western Port, Winston, and Yough Grlades. Allen's Fresh, p. o., Charles co. Situate at the crossing of the creek of the same name, a large tributary of Port Tobacco river; 6 m. s. e. of Port Tobacco, and 81 s. s. w. of Annapolis. Altamont, v., Alleghany co. Situate in a mountain region, 2,600 feet above tide- water, near the head waters of Savage r., and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R.R. ; 44 m. s. w. of Cumberland. ALL L 49 ] ANN AxNAPOLis City, port of entry and p. o. ; CO. seat., Anne Arundel co., and capital of the state of Maryland. Situate on the w. side of Severn r., three miles from its en- trance into Chesapeake Bay, and distant 44 m. E. N. E. of Washinsyton, D. C. Lat. 38*^ 58' 50" N.: Long. 76° 29' 2G" w. from Greenwich, 0° 32' 04" e. from Washington. In 1830, the population was 2,623 ; in 1840, 2,792; and in 1850, 3,011—1,774 ■white persons, 585 free colored persons, and 652 slaves. The government removed from St. Mary's, the old capital, to Anna- polis, then called Providence, in 1689. An- napolis is regularly laid out ; its streets di- verging from the State House and Episco- pal Church, as from two principal centres. The State House is a substantial building ; in this the old Congress held some , of its sessions ; and the Senate Chamber, in •which AYashington resigned his commission to that august body^ has been preserved unaltered. The state hbrary contains about 25,000 volumes. The city has a market- house, a bank, (the Farmers' Bank of Mary- land,) a theatre, and about 420 dwellings, many of which are elegant and spacious. St. John's College, formerly a branch of the University, but now under different aus- pices, is located here. It was founded in 1784, and in 1850 had six professors, 30 students, 150 alumni, 8 of whom were min- isters, and a library containing 3,292 volumes. There are six academies, and four or five other schools ; and the pubHo press consists of two newspapers, issued weekly, together circulating 1,200 copies. The shipping owned in the collection dis- trict of Annapolis, on the 1st June, 1850, was 2,323 tons, of which 336 was navigated by steam power. Some small manufac- tures are carried on, and the coasting trad 37' 30" w. of Greenwich, or 0' 24" E. of Washington. Baltimore, the principal city of the state, and the third in the Union in regard to po- pulation, was laid out in 1729, and the first inhabitants were of the same class as the original colonists of St. Mary's, natives of England, but the settlement soon became a point of attraction for immigrants from many other countries. In 1790, it con- tained 13,503 inhabitants ; in 1800, 26,514 ; in 1810, 35,583 ; in 1820, 62,738 ; in 1830, 80,625; in 1840, 102,313; and in 1850, 169,054, viz. : 140,666 white persons ; free colored persons 25,442, and 2,946 slaves ; B A L [52] BAL and of the free population 113,583 were na- tives of Maryland; 16,808 natives of others of the United States ; and 35,617 were of foreign origin. Of the foreign population 19,274 were Germans, 12,057 Irish, and 2,023 English, 525 Scotch, and 110 Welch; the residue being natives of other parts of Europe and America. The industrial employments of the citizeng are various and extensive. The whole number of establishments in 1850 was 2,243, in which a capital of $6,541,922 was invested, and employment given to 15,442 male and 5,044 female artisans. The aggregate value of raw material con- sumed in 1849-50 amounted to $9,444,244 ; the sums monthly paid out for wages, $459,441, and the annual value of manu- factured products was $20,416,511. The numbers, capitals and values of the pro- ducts of the principal establishments, leav- ing out any account of bakers, butchers, grocers, and such other businesses, wliich are common to all places, were as follows : — Establishments. Capital. No. Hands. Agric'l implements. $54, 000 8 Blacksmiths 35,300.. - Tl Boatbuilding 8,700 8 Boots and shoes. ...-247,215. .356 Breweries 59,300. . . 16. Bricks 190,000. . . 45. Cabinetware 274,257. .111. Cigars 188,6fi0..120. Chemicals 210,000 5, Clothiers 617,580. .238 Coach, &c 79,550. ..26. Coppersmiths 12,800 6 . Distilleries 75,300 5 9. Earthenware 42,600 8 87 . Forges 30,000 1 35 . Foundries, Brass 52,240... 10 76, " iron. .. 198,500. ..13. ...576. " type, &c.l5,O0O 1 31. Furnaces, iron 27,500 2 403. " copper... 1-00,000 1 40. Glass 54,000 2 54. Gunsmiths 14,100'. .. 10 79 . Math'l instruments . . . 3,600 4 8. Musical do 1,600 2 6, Surgical do 3,000 2 8. Machinist 176,000... 12 377. Mills, flour 130,000 4 22. Piano Forte 61,000. ..10.. ..163. Printers & Publish. 11 4,200... 17 229. •' lithographic . . 9.600 2 20 . " music 10,000 1 8. R. R. machinery 71,500 3 171. Rolling mills 60,000 1 96 . Sails 21,680. ..24. ...112. Ship-builders 161,500. ..21 ....631. " joiners 1 4,220. . . 13 82 . " smiths 71 ,600 ... 16 .... 1 09 . Silversmiths, &c 55,400. ..31 120. Steam engines 125,000 2 330 . Stove-makers 271, 500. ..19 413. Sugar refiners 62,000 2 19. Tanneries 141,000 7 72. Weavers 7,696. ..15 36. Wheelwrights 4,550 ... 21 50 . Whitesmiths 6,422. . .10 33. ...126. ...226. 37. .2,329. 74. ...984. ...817. ...485. ...118. .5,196. ...275. ....27. Value. .$143,900 .. 195,203 31,250 .1,191,652 ...119,420 ...332,550 ...654,364 ...593,310 ...421,200 .2,646,190 ...304,288 40,600 ...358,864 74,800 60,000 ...273,600 ...434,862 ....25,000 ...195,000 ...450,000 . . . 52,000 ....52,900 8.900 4,200 6,000 ...420,550 ...491,133 ...124,550 ...358,234 16,500 ....20,000 ...103,000 ...171,531 ...211,580 ...820,000 ....89,500 ....91,700 ...236,175 ...229,000 ...665,000 ...303,500 ...277,150 ....34,225 ....37,430 ...27,900 As a commercial city, Baltimore ranks next to New-Orleans among the southern ports. It has an immense inland trade, which will be greatly increased when the hues of communication are completed to a junction with those of Oliio and other western states. In 1860, the principal re- ceipts from the interior for consumption and export were: Cumberland coal, 146,645 tons, and Anthracite 160,000 tons; wheat, 2,600,000 bushels, (about 1,750,000 bushels taken by millers, and 850,000 bushels shipped;) Indian corn, 3,000,000 bushels ; oats, 450,000 bushels, and considerable lots of rye, barley, peas and beans; beef, pork, and bacon ; tobacco, 41,833 hhds. ; wool, 500,000 lbs., &c., &c. ; the inspections of flour amounted to 896,592 barrels; of corn meal to 46,000 barrels ; and of rye flour to 5,441 barrels ; of leather, to 413,974 sides. Flour and tobacco, however, are the two great staples of Baltimore, and well has it been designated as " the greatest market for tobacco in the United States, and the prin- cipal flour market in the world." Its coast- wise trade is also very extensive, and the shipping of Baltimore is found in every port from Passamaquoddy Bay to the Eio Grande ; the lumber of Maine and the cotton and sugar of the Gulf states are brought here in vast quantities, as are also the various manufactures and merchandises of the intermediate Atlantic ports ; in 1850, 25,000 bales cotton were landed from southern ports, and 63 milUon feet of lum- ber from Bangor and other ports of Maine. The shipping owned in the collection district, of which Baltimore is the port, amounted on the 1st of June, 1850, to 140,019 tons, of which was registered 90,670 tons ; enrolled and hcensed 57,612 tons, and licensed under 20 tons 737 tons; and of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 13,115 tons navigated by steam power. In 1849-50, sixty-six vessels, of an aggregate burden of 11,683 tons, were built in the port district. The Baltimore chppers are pronounced to be the perfection of naval architecture, and they are no less fitted for trade than for privateering, in which ca- pacity they made a great figure in the last war with England. Boston, New- York and New-Orleans are the only sea-board ports of the Union, the foreign commerce of which exceeds that of Baltimore. In 1849-50, the en- trances amounted to 438 vessels and 99,588 tons, and the clearances to 521 vessels and 126,819 tons ; and the value of merchandise imported was $6,124,201, and of that ex- ported $6,967,353. The great bulk of the foreign commerce of Baltimore is carried B AL [53 ] BAL on with the states of South America and the West India colonies, and the continent of Europe. With the British ports in Europe, the connection is very hmited. There are ten banks in Baltimore, with an aggregate capital of 57,101,051. The circulation in 1850 amounted to $2,073,578, discounts to $10,925,106, and deposits to §3,G48,819, and the amount of specie on hand to §2,113.758. There are also a num- ber of insurance companies and savings' institutions. The public press of the city consists of six daily, four tri-weekly and ten weekly newspapers ; and one semi-monthly and two monthly papers ; and of these six are devoted to religious topics, one to agricul- ture, one to music, and one to the coloniza- tion interest. The others, chiefly daily and tri-weekly papers, are devoted to politics and general news. The Baltimore Sun cir- culates 30,000 copies daily, and of the weekly issue 18,000 copies ; the circulation of none of the others exceeds 8,000. »The total value of real and personal es- tate in the city in 1850, was .$80,237,960, and the total taxation $617,994, viz. : — state tax, $168,000; county tax, $20,667 ; school tax, $83,618 ; poor tax, $13,597 ; road tax, $603; and taxes on account of city government, $381,509. There are four colleges, 67 academies, &c., and 71 primary and pubHc schools in the city. The primary and public schools had in 1850, 158 teachers and 8,892 scholars, and cost for support $64,061 ; the acade- mies had 215 teachers, and 4,507 pupils, at a cost amounting to $87,431 ; and the col- leges 33 professors and 537 students, cost- ing $56,875. The support of colleges and academies is derived solely from charges to individual pupils ; but the public schools are free to the poor, and are partially supported from the pubhc treasury. The University, founded in 1812 ; St. Mary's College, found- ed in 1799 ; and Washington Medical Col- lege, founded in 1827, are the principal col- legiate establishments. The Mercantile Li- brary Association and the Maryland His- torical Society are also valuable literary institutions. The number of white adults unable to read and write was, in 1850, 5,537, of which 3,844 were females. The free colored in the same category numbered 8,232. The city contains 6 Baptist churches, 10 Episcopal, 3 Friends, 3 German Reformed, 8 Lutheran, 42 Methodist, 11 Presbyterian, 8 Roman Catholic, and 8 other churches ; in all 99 churches, capable of accommoda- ting 81,455 persons. The value of property belonging to all the churches in 1850, was $2,420,200. The Roman Cathohc cathedral alone has property valued at $495,000. Baltimore is pleasantly situated, on a slightly undulating ground, and some of the elevations in the vicinity command fine prospects. As laid out, it includes four miles square, and is built around the bay. The streets are regular and spacious, and the houses are neat, most of them brick, and some exhibiting beautiful architectm-al com- binations. The harbor is capacious and safe, and consists of an inner basin, into which vessels of considerable burden can enter, and an outer harbor at Fell's Point accessible to the largest merchant ships. The entrance is commanded and defended by Fort M -Henry, the strength of which was proved when at- tacked by the British in the war of 1812. The entrance to the outer harbor is about 600 feet wide, and the depth in the channel 22 feet. Jones's Falls, a small stream from the N., divides the city into two parts, and over it are erected several handsome stone and wooden bridges. The harbor is seldom obstructed by ice. The principal public buildings are more distinguished for their solidity and capacious dimensions than for their architectural gran- deur. The City Hall, on Holiday-street, is a plain building, three stories high, having a portico of four massive pillars, and is occu- pied by the city council and several public offices. The Court House, corner of Monu- ment-square and Lexington-street, is a large and commanding building, and is appropri- ated to the city and county courts with their connected offices. It is 145 feet long and 65 feet wide, two stories high, and con- structed of marble and brick. In front are several Tuscan columns, and the whole is surmounted by a cupola of imposing appear- ance. There are eight market houses. The State Penitentiary consists of three large buildings, besides workshops and other structures and offices, and occupies four acres, surrounded by a stone wall 20 feet high, which incloses fine gardens. The prisoners work in company during the day, and at night are confined in separate cells. The County Prison, near the Penitentiary, is a neat building, with embattled towers at the end, and is surrounded by a cupola ; and there is also a House of Refuge. The Exchange is a large and handsome edifice, 366 feet long by 140 feet wide; and the Roman Catholic cathedral is perhaps, with- out exception, the finest church in the Union, and excepting the cathedral in the city of Mexico, the finest in North America. It contains some good paintings. Baltimore has been styled the "Monu- B AL [54] BAL mental City." Its monuments, indeed, are its greatest ornaments and the source of much patriotic pride to the citizens. Wash- ington monument is the most imposing of these ; its base is 50 feet square and 20 feet high, on which is a pedestal supporting a Doric column of white marble 160 feet high and surmounted by a colossal statue of the " Father of his Country." This column has a diameter of 20 feet at the bottom and 14 feet at the top, and is ascended by an inside circu- lar staircase. The Battle monument, erected in memory of the successful defence of the city when attacked by the British in Sep- tember, 1814, is an elegant marble obelisk 52 feet high, on which are inscribed the names of those who fell in that gallant af- fair, and surmounted by a fine statue emble- matical of the city of Baltimore. The buildings devoted to collegiate and academic purposes, to pubUc instruction and to science, are also worthy of attention. The city is bountifully supplied with pure and wholesome water from pubhc springs and fountains. These are inclosed by cir- cular railings, and covered by small open templets, consisting of columns supporting a dome, which are highly ornamental. The city, however, derives its great supply from an elevated part of Jones' Falls, from which the water is conducted through an aque- duct to a reservoir on Calvert-street, whence it is distributed in pipes. The lines of travel diverging from Balti- more are — the Bait, and Philadelphia R. R., 97 m. long ; the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., extending to Harrisburg, Pa. ; and the Bait, and Ohio R. R., with a Branch R. R. to Washington : and lines of steamships or sail vessels ply to Philadelphia, Norfolk and other Atlantic ports. These great routes of communication unite the city with every part of the Union, and insure a rapid and certain transit to its ever increasing trade. BALTIMORE COUNTY, the most important civil division of the state in reference to all material and social interests, is bounded on the s. by Chesapeake Bay and Patapsao r. ; on the w. by the n. branch of the latter river and Carroll co. ; on the N. by the state line, and on the e. by Hartford co. and Little Gunpowder Falb. Within these limits the area is 403,840 acres. With a surface generally varied and uneven, but with no portion incapable of agricultural improvement, this county is equal to the best portions of the state for all industrial employments. The rivers and falls which traverse its interior afford immense water power, and are the sites of milling operations more extensive than is found in any other portion of the Union. The banks of the Patapsco r., Gwinn's, Jones', and Great Gunpowder Falls and their tributaries, are literally alive with the din of in- dustry, and have long been the seats of a vast and flourishing trade. The soils are usually thin and rocky, yet fertile, and well adapted to the production of grain and grasses. An excellent wheat soil has been produced in some parts of the county by de- composition of hornblende rocks, forming what are called " red lands." The climate is mild and more constant than further south. Oak, hickory, chestnut, fir, maple, dogwood, cedar, ash, locust and pine are the chief varieties of timber. Fruit trees are also abun- dant, and in many parts their improvement has been cared for ; and in its variety and abundance of esculent vegetables the county is pre-eminently conspicuous. The mineral productions of Baltimore are also important : it has several varieties of building stone, and in the vicinity of Baltimore gneiss is most abundant, and is that generally used in that city. Granite, hornblende, quartz rock, limestone, serpentine and soapstone are the kinds of rock which most frequently occur. The latter is extensively used for furnace linings, &c., being the best non-conductor of heat known to the arts. Iron and copper ores and several species of chrome are abundant, and have been extensively manufactured. There are also found in the county large banks of red and yellow ochre and of magnesia ; and clay suitable for making bricks exists in abundance. Mineral springs are of frequent occurrence, chiefly chalybeate, but sometimes calcareous. This county was settled by English immigrants, and was named after the proprietary and founder of Maryland. It was organized in 1659. The first inhabitants were of the same class as the original colonists of St. Mary's ; but BaltimoFC and the neighborhood, on account of its fine commercial position and other advantages, attracted to itself at an early period a varied population — emigrants from almost every state of Europe, and with them was introduced the multiphcity of industrial employments which so distinguish it at the present day. In 1790, its population amounted to 38,937; in 1820, it had increased to 96,201 ; in 1830, to 120,876; in 1840, to 134,379, and in 1850.it was 210,646, of which 174,853 were Avhite persons, 29,075 free colored persons, and 6,718 slaves; and of the aggregate, exclusive of slaves, 142,841 were natives of Maryland, and 19,169 natives of other parts of the Union, and 41,718 were foreigners, viz: 22,224 of German origin, 14,558 from Ireland, and 3,378 from Great Britain ; but of this class it may here be stated BAL [55] BAL that 35,617 were domiciled ia the city of Baltimore, leaving only 6,301 foreigners in the rural districts. The population, as above accounted-for, was distributed in 34,925 families, and occupied 30,065 dwellings. Deaf and dumb, 71 ; blind, 89; insane, 297; and idiotic, 76. Marriages in 1849-50, 1,826; births, 6,365; and deaths, 4,247. Slaves — manumit- ted, 33, and fugitive, 54. The number of farms in 1850 is stated at 1,655, covering 173,106 acres improved land, and 119,551 acres unimproved land; and the cash value of these was $10,242,218. Va- lue of farming implements, and machinery, $310,013. The live stock within the county consisted of 5,962 horses, 418 asses and mules, 9,024 milch cows, 741 working oxen, 3,211 other cattle, 9,922 sheep, and 21,677 swine, valued at $055,743. The principal agri- cultural products of the year, ending 1st June, 1850, were — Article. Quantity. Wheat, bushels 234,187 Rye « 15,236 Indian com, " 755,224 OatB, " 280,288 Barley, " 205 Buckwheat,. " 12,299 Peas and beans, " 825 Irish potatoes, " 141,119 Article. Quaotity. Article. Tobacco, pounds . . 20 Hay, tons 21,810 Cloverseed, bushels.. 573 Other grass seed. " .- 200 Wine, gallons.. 56 Wool pounds.. 19,745 Butter, " ..355,700 Cheese, " .. 10 Value. $8,045 Products of orchards.. .. " market gar- dens 115,590 Home made goods 10 Value of animals slaugh- tered 108,808 The most valuable portion of the manufactures of the county belong to the city of Bal- timore, and are described under their appropriate head. The number of industrial estab- lishments, exclusive of those of the city, was, in 1850, 134, and the capital invested amounted to $3,387,410 ; value of raw material, fuel, &c., used in the previous year, $2,791,319; average number of hands employed — males, 1,926, and females, 1,451; aver- age amount of monthly wages — to males, $36,249, and to females, $14,764; value of pro- ducts for the year, $4,123,503. The most extensive establishments are those manufactur- ing cotton, flour, and iron ; but there are others of scarcely less importance. Manufac- No. of Estab- tures. lishments. Cotton goods 15 Woolen goods 4 , Paper 13 Leather-tanneries 7 Iron mines ......13..... " furnaces 2 " forges 1 Capital in- vested. nailmills 1 105,000. $1,713,000. 134,200. 69,400, 75,000 26,700 350,000 163,053 21,000 Value of raw ,— Hands employed > Value of material. Males. Females. products. $853,461 617 1,317 $1,258,512 105,000 76 73 159,900 80,501 69 43 152,740 Copper mines 1. " refining 1. Flour mills 20. Grist " 20. Distillers 3. 1,000. 45,000. 500,500. 56,500. 91,500. 52,445 35... 179... .165... 13,420 16... 56,700 140... 23... 105,400 15... 1,085,272 70... 77,800 25... 133,481 30... 77,700 133,000 145,000 20,700 140,000 5,375 115,500 1,340,426 95,150 157,700 And in addition to those enumerated, there are 2 agricultural implement factories, em- ploying 10 hands ; 7 blacksmitheries, with 21 hands ; 7 brickfields, with 307 hands ; 1 chandlery, with 50 hands; 1 machine shop, with 30 hands; 2 powder mills, with 9 hands ; 2 bark mills, with 7 hands ; 3 wheelwright shops, with 6 hands, &c. The prin- cipal moving power employed is water — steam is used in the cotton factories, iron fur- naces, and in some few other establishments. The average monthly wages of a farm hand with board, is $8, and the wages of a day laborer 50 cents with board and 75 cents without. Carpenters' wages average, without board, $1 12 a day ; and female domestics receive an average of $1 per week with board. The price of board to laboring men is about $2 a week. The value of real and personal estate in the county was, in 1850, $13,546,132; and the amoimt of all taxes $70,880, or about 5 mills on each $100 — state tax $32,605, county tax $32,605, and school tax $5,670. There were in the county in 1850, 62 primary and public schools, with 62 teachers, and 1,908 scholars : total cost of support Sl7,431, of which $5,670 was raised by tax, and $3,800 was received from public funds, the remainder from other sources. At the same time there were 9 academies and other schools, with 13 teachers and 205 pupils : cost of support $15,500, of which was from endowment funds $3,000, and from other sources $12,500. The aggregate number of children attending school in the year 1849-50 was BAR [56] BIG 3,476 — 2,014 males, and 1,465 females. "Adults, "who cannot read and Tjxite," numbered 2,035 — 1,996 natives and 39 foreigners. The number of churches was G3, with accommodation for 15,285 hearers, and the va- lue of all church property amounted to $121,340: 7 Baptist churches could accommodate 1,770; S Episcopal, 2,300; 2 Friends, 350; 2 Lutheran, 500; 34 Methodist, 7,725; 5 Presbyterian, 1,390; 4 Eoman Catholic, 900, and 1 Union or Free, 350. Baltimore City is the county seat of justice : and the following are the villages and post-offices — Black Rock, Brooklandville, Butler, Catonsville, Cockneysville, Cub HiU, Dover, Ellengowan, Fork Meeting House, Freeland, Gap MiUs, Govanstown, Harrison- ville, Hereford, Hookstown, Little Gunpowder, Long Green Academy, Maryland Line, Monkton Mills, North Branch, Owing's Mills, Philopohs, PikesvUle, Eeistertown, Eoss- ville, Ridge Hall, Sweet Air, Towsontown, Union Meeting House, Upperco, Warren, Washingtonville, Weisesburgh, Westerman's Mills, Wetheredville, Wliite Hall, &c. Barnesville, p. v., Montgomery co. Situate on the e. side of Little Monocacy r., 23 m. N. w. of RockviUe, and 79 n. w. of Annapolis. Barren Creek Springs, p. o., Somerset CO. Situate on the n. side of Barren cr., a tributary from the e. of Nanticoke r., 22 m. N. of Princess Anne, and 84 m. s. e. of Annapolis. Barren Island, Dorchester co. Situate in Chesapeake Bay, off Meekin's Neck, and separated from Hooper's Island by Tar Bay. Barry, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 16 m. K. of Frederick, and 91 n. w. of AnnapoUs. Battle Ground, Baltimore co. Situate a little to the e. of Baltimore city, on Pa- tapsco Neck. The site of a famous battle, fought in September, 1814. Bay Hundred, p. o., Talbot co. Situate on the E. shore of Eastern Bay of the Chesa- peake, 13 m. w. of Eastou, and 26 m. s. e. of Aunapohs. Beantown, p. v., Charles co. Situate on the post-road, 8 m. n. of Port Tobacco, and 62 s. E. of Annapolis. Bear Creek, Baltimore co. A large inlet of Patapsco r., situate between Seller's Point and Patapsco Neck, the head of which ap- proaches the e. confines of Baltimore city. Beartown, v., Caroline co. Situate in the N. part of the county, 21 m. n. of Denton. Beaver Creek, Washington co. A tri- butary of Antietam cr. from South Moun- tain. Beaver Creek, p. o., Washington co. Sit- uate at the turnpike crossing of the creek, 6 m. s. of Hagerstown, and 93 N. w. of Annapolis. Bel-air, co. seat and p. o., Harford co. Situate on a high ground between Winter's and Bynham's Runs, 8 m. n. of Bush Creek, 53 N. by E. of Annapolis, and 63 n. e. of Washington. It is a pleasant village, con- taining a court-house, jail, and two or three churches, and about 200 inhabitants. The country which surrounds it is a fine agricul- tural district. A weekly newspaper is pub- lished here. Bel- An?, v., Kent co. Situate on the post-road, 8 m. w. of Chestertown. Belinda Spring, v., Washington co. Si- tuate on the w. side of Antietam co., 15 m. s. of Hagerstown. Bell Mount, p. c. Somerset co. Beltsville, p. v.. Prince George co. Si- tuate on the Av. side of the eastern branch of Potomac River, and on the hne of the Bait, and Washington E. R , 27 m. s. w. of Baltimore city, 18 n. w. of Upper Marlboro', and 28 w. s. w. of Annapohs. Benedict, p. v., Charles co. Situate on the w. side of Patuxent r., between Swan- ton and Indian creeks, 22 m. e. of Port Tobacco, and 59 s. s. w. of Annapolis. Bennett's Creek, Frederick co. A con- siderable stream tributary to Monocacy r., which it joins 8 m. from its mouth. Benevola, p. v., Washington co. Situ- ate on the turnpike, 8 m. w. N. w. of Fred- erick city, and 51 n. w. of Annapolis. The vicinity is unusually fertile and flourishing. Berlin, v., Frederick co. Situate on the N. side of Potomac r., on the Hne of Chesa- peake and Ohio Canal, and the Bait, and Ohio R. R., distant 14 m. s. w. of Frederick city, and 76 w. from Baltimore. Berlin, p. v., Worcester co. Situate near the head of Trap cr., 23 m. n, n. e. of Snow Hill, and 123 s. e. of Annapolis. The vi- cinity affords one of the finest farming regions in the whole county. Bevansville, v., Alleghany co. Situate on the Cumberland and Hancock turnpike, where it crosses Fifteen Mile Creek, 19 m. e. of Cumberland, and 148 n. w. of Anna- polis. Big Elk River, Cecil co. A considerable stream rising in Chester co.. Pa., and flow- ing s. into Elk r., which it joins a httle n. e. of Elkton. Big Mills, p. c, Dorchester co. Situate on Chicamacomico cr., a branch of Trans- quaking cr., 14 m. E. of Cambridge, 75 m. N. E. of Annapohs.. Big Patuxent River. A large stream, the main branch of Patuxent river, or more BIG [ 57] BRO properly the Patuxent itself. It forms the w. boundary of Howard co. and Anne Arundel co. in its whole length. Big Pipe Crkek, Carroll co. A tributary of Sam's Creek of Monocacy r., from Parr's Kidge. Bird's River, Baltimore co. A large arm of Gunpowder r. Black Island, Harford co. A small isl- and of Chesapeake Bay, oi? the E. coast of Swan Heck. Black Rock, p. o., Baltimore co. Situate on the w. side of Black Rock r., 20 m. n. of Baltimoro city, and 49 m. n. of Annapohs. Black Rock River, Baltimore co. A branch of Great Gunpowder Falls, from the N. w. Blackwater Creek, Dorchester co. A stream emptying into Fishing Bay. Ex- tensive marshes he upon both sides. Bladensburg, p. v., Prince George co. Situate on the e. side of the Eastern Branch of Potomac r., 7 m. N. e. of Washington, D. C, 33 s. w, of Baltimore, 13 n. w. of Upper Marlboro', and 34 w. of Annapolis. It lies on both sides of the Washington Branch E. R. It contains three churches, an academy, several stores, between 70 and 80 dwelhngs, and about 400 inhabitants. There is a min- eral spring in the village. The American arms sustained a defeat by the British at this place, on the 24th August, 1814, in at- tempting to arrest the progress of the Brit- ish towards Washington. Bloodsworth Island, Dorchester co. A large island of Chesapeake Bay, separated from the main land by Hooper's Strait. Bloomington, v., Alleghany co. Situate near the junction of Savage r. with the Potomac, and on the hne of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 30 m. s. w. of Cumberland, and 196 w. N. w. of Annapohs. Blue Ball, p. v., Cecil co. Situate one mile w. of Little Elk r., 10 m. n. n. w. of Elkton, and 81 n. e. of Annapohs. Blue Ball, v., Frederick co. Situate on the s. side of Israel's Creek, 6 m. e. of Frederick city. Bohemia Manor, Cecil co. A large neck of land lying between Back cr. and Bohe- mia r., so named. Bohemia River, Cecil co. A consider- able stream, tributary to Elk r., into which it empties 11 m. s. of Elkton. Bolingbroke Creek, Talbot co. A tribu- tary to Chop tank r., from the N. BooNSBORo', v., Carohne co. Situate one mile w. of Choptank cr., and 7 m. n, of Denton. BooNSBOROuGH, p. V., Washington co. Situate at the w. base of South Mountain, and 4 m. e. of Antietam cr., on the Frede- rick turnpike, 10 m. s. e. of Hagerstown, and 91 m. n. w. of Annapohs. In 1850, it contained 944 inhabitants — white persons, 827 ; free colored, 27 ; and slaves, 90. The "Odd Fellow," a weekly newspaper, is published in Boonsborough. Braddock's Gap. A natural roadway in South Mountain, 10 m. s. E, of Hagers- town. Braddock's Run, Alleghany co. A tribu- tary stream to WOls Creek, into which it empties from the w., 3 m. n, of Cumber- land. Brandywine, p. v.. Prince George co. Distant 13 m. s. s. e. of Upper Marlborough, and 30 s. s. w. of Annapolis. Brereton, v., Somerset co. Brick Meeting-house, p, o., Cecil co. Situate on the e. side of the "West Branch of North-East River, 12 m. n. w. of Elkton, and 78 n. e. of Annapolis. Bridgetown, p. v., Caroline co. Situate on the e. side of Tuckahoe cr., 9 m. e. of Centreville, and 14 n. of Denton. Bridgetown, (or MUington,) v., Kent co. Situate on the n. side of Chester r., 18 m. e, of Chestertown. Bridgeville, p. v., Dorchester co. Briery Mountain, Alleghany co. One of the ridges of the Alleghanies, extending in a direction n. and s. from Youghiogeny r., in Pennsylvania, to Cheat r. in Vh'ginia, and forming part of the west boundary of the state of Maryland. Altitude, 2,600 feet above tide water of Potomac r. Bristol, p. v., Anne Arundel co. Situate a httle s. of West r., and distant 14 m. s. s. w. of Annapolis. Britton's Bay, St. Mary's co. An inlet of Potomac r. Broad Creek, Harford co. A tributary of Susquehanna r., draining the N. E. sec- tion of the county. Broad Creek, Prince George co. A tri- butary stream of Potomac r., into which it empties a few miles s. of Washington city. Broad Creek, p. c. Queen Anne co. Situate on a creek, so called, on the west- ern shore of Kent Island, almost directly opposite to the state capital, and on the main post-road thence to Centreville. Dis- tant 12 m. w. s. w. of Centreville, and 14 m. E. of Annapolis. Broad Creek, Talbot co. A large arm of Chaptank r, Brooklandville, p. 0., Baltimore co. Si- tuate two miles w. of Jones's FaUs, 10 m. N. of Baltimore city. It is one of the prin- cipal stations on the line of the Westminster Branch R. R. Brookville, p. v., Montgomery co. Situ- ate on Reedy Branch, a creek of Patuxent BRO [58 ] CAL r., 11 m. N. N. E. of Eockville, and 64 n. n. w. of Annapolis. Brotuerton, p. v., Anne Arundel co. Situate on s. side Severn r., near its head, 10 m. N. w. of Annapolis. Brownsville, p. o., Washington co., 7 m. S. of Hagerstown, and 95 K. w. of Annapolis. Bruceville, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on the w. side of Big Pipe Creek, 3 m. above its mouth in Sam's Creek, 16 m. "w. of Westminster, and 79 N. w. of Annapolis. Bryantown, p. v., Charles co. Situate on E. side of Allen's Fresh and Zackiah Swamp, 10 m. e. n. e. of Port Tobacco, and 69 s. w. of Annapolis. Bryantown, v., Talbot co. Situate a mile s. of Wye r., and 12 m. n. of Easton. Buckey's Town, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate on the w. side of Monocacy r., 8 m. above its mouth, 6 s. of Frederick city, and 81 N. w. of Annapohs. The Bait, and Olaio E. R. passes by the village, 63 m. w, cf Baltimore. BucKTowN, v., Dorchester co. Situate on the w. side of Transquaking cr., 12 m. s. s. E. of Cambridge. BuENA Vista, p. c. Prince George's co. Burrittsville, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate at the E. base of South Mountain, on Crampton's Gap road, 12 m. w. of Fred- erick city, and 92 m. n. w. of Annapolis. BuRRSViLLE, p. v., Caroline co. Situate near the state line, 6 m.'E. of Denton, and 71 E. of Annapolis. Bush Creek, Frederick co. A stream flowing from Parr's Ridge to Monocacy r. Bush Neck, Harford co. The large peninsula on the west side of Bush r. Bush River, Harford co. A large inlet of Chesapeake Bay, receiving several fine streams from the north. Butler, p. v., Baltimore co. CALVERT COUN'TY occupies a long narrow strip or peninsula, lying between Chesa- peake Bay and Patuxent river, being separated from Anne Arundel county on the north, by Lyon's cr. and Fishing Bay. Its superficies contains only 153,400 acres, it being the smallest county, except the new county of Howard, witlain the state. The surface is un- dulating, and declines from a central divide towards the waters forming its boundaries, into which numerous small creeks disembogue. In the N. e. Fishing Bay forms a deep indentation of the coast, and there are several inlets, more or less expansive, on the s. w. coast ; but in its longitudinal dimensions, it presents a smooth front to the waters. The soil is usually a soft fine mould, well adapted to the culture of tobacco, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c., and the drainage is excellent. Oak, chestnut, cedar, pine and locust are the natural timbers, and fruit trees of various kinds are abundant. Marl, which is found in almost all parts of the county, is used as the common fertilizer. No rocks or minerals, except perhaps bog iron and alumina, are found. The climate is warm and moist, but it is not accounted insalubrious. This county was settled by English Puritans in 1650, under Richard Brooke, who ob- tained from Lord Baltimore some special privileges for immigrants of this persuasion. It was at first called Charles county, in accordance wdth the terms of the grant ; but in 1654 the order for the erection of Charles county was revoked by Gov. Stone, and Calvert county established in its stead. It has been the least progressive of all the counties ; in 1790, jt contained 8,652 inhabitants ; in 1820, 8,073 ; in 1830, 8,889 ; in 1840, 9,229 ; and in 1850, 9,646 ; of which, 3,630 were white persons, 1,530 free colored persons, and 4,486 slaves ; and of this population, omitting slaves, 5,1*41 were American born, and 13 natives of foreign countries. Dwellings, 1,006 ; famiUes, 1,006. Births in the year ending June 1, 1850, 226 ; marriages, 17 ; deaths, 91. Deaf and dumb, 2 ; bhnd, 5 ; insane, 1 ; and idiotic, 2. In 1850, there were in the county 434 farms and plantations, covering 65,980 acres improved land and 45,611 unimproved land, together valued at $1,534,050. Value of farming implements and machinery, $34,938. The live stock owned was — horses, 1,773 ; asses and mules, 174; milch cows, 1,459; working oxen, 1,640; other cattle, 2,266; sheep, 5,297 ; and swine, 9,350, which was valued at $160,496. The products of a^^ricul- ture consisted of— wheat, 67,489 bushels ; rye, 2,492 ; Indian corn, 351,890 ; oats, 23,644; peas and beans, 130 ; Irish potatoes, 2,658 ; and sweet potatoes, 1,740 bushels ; tobacco, the staple of the county, 3,109,258 pounds; and hay, 112 tons; wool, 14,773 pounds ; butter, 26,787 pounds ; and animals slaughtered to the value of $46,864. Home manu- factured goods were produced to the value of $5,941. Not a single industrial establishment, producing to the value of $500 a year, is found within the county. The average monthly wages of a farm hand with board, is $4 50, and day laborers earn 62 cents without, and 44 cents with board. Carpenters average $1 12 per diem, and the weekly wages with board of female domestics is 44 cents. The price of board for laboring men averages $1 37 a week. CAM [59 ] CAR The assessed value of real and personal estate in the county on the 1st June, 1850, was $2,151,952, (true value, $2,474,096) ; and the taxation raised thereon amounted to $14,950, viz. : state tax, $5,379 ; county tax, $9,038 ; and school tax, $533. Paupers in the county, GO; annual cost, $1,000; convicts, 1. On 1st June, 1850, there were only 12 primary and public schools and two " academies" in the whole county. The primary schools were provided with one teacher each, and in the aggregate, had 320 scholars, but 580 had attended school within the year: cost, $3,866, of which $533 was produced from endowment funds ; $533 from taxation ; $1,500 from public funds ; and $1,300 from other sources. The academies had also only one teacher each, and together had 55 pupils : cost in 1849-50, $446, of which sum $266 was received from public funds, and $180 from other sources. There are no public or school libraries in Calvert, and only four private libraries containing 7,000 volumes. A newspaper is published weekly at the county seat. White " adults who cannot read and ■write," 358 — 357 natives and 1 foreigner. The county contained at the date assumed, 11 churches, capable of accommodating 7,400 persons, and the value of church property was, $27,400 : 7 Methodist churches could seat 4,600 persons, and 4 Episcopal churches, 2,800 persons. Prince Fredericktown is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices : Chestnut Hill, Dunkirk, Huntington, Lower Marlborough, Port Republic, St. Leonards, &c. Cambridge, go. seat and p. o., Dorchester CO. Situate on the s. side of Choptank r., ■which is here two miles wide, 12 m. from Chesapeake Bay ; lat. 38"* 40', n., and long. 1° 03' E. of Washington, D. C. It contains a court-house, county jail, an academy, three churches, and some fine houses. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Distant 61 m. s. of AnnapoUs, and 101 s. E. of Washington. Pop. 300. _ CAROLINE COUNTY is a small district of 198,400 acres, lying between Choptank river and the Delaware state Hne. The surface is level, and the soil somewhat varied in its nature, but mostly sandy. Its drainage is through several branches of the Choptank and Marshy Bope creek, a long branch of Nanticoke river rising iu the neighboring state, and crossing this county in its s. e. portion. No important rocks or minerals are found ; but marl, which the farmers use as a fertiUzer, is abundant. White and black oak, hickory and pine, are the prevailing natural timbers. This county was settled in the beginning of the 17th century, and was organized by an act of the colonial assembly in 1773, having previously been governed as a part of Frederick county, which originally covered the greater poition of the state. Deprived of all extraordinary advantages of position, and with a soil none of the best, the population has never been much increased by immigra- tion invited by an improveable country ; and hence a natural increase has been the only recuperation it has had to depend upon for inhabitants. In 1790, the population was 9,506; in 1820, it had increased to 10,108; in 1830, it was 9,070; in 1840, 7,806; and in 1850, 9,692 ; of which 6,096 were white persons, 2,788 free colored persons, and 808 slaves. Only 10 persons of foreign birth were found in the county by the takers of the 7th census. Deaf and dumb, 2 ; blind, 4 ; insane, 3 ; and idiotic, 9. Slaves — manumitted 1, and fugitive 3. The whole number of farms in 1850 was 730, which included 117,300 acres of improved land, and 54,801 of unimproved land, valued together at $1,105,295 ; and the value of farming implements and machinery was $32,932. The live-stock consisted of 1,881 horses, 180 asses and mules, 1,870 milch cows, 1,141 working oxen, 2,863 other cattle, 3,570 sheep, and 9,218 swine ; valued together at $167,365 ; and the products of animals were — wool, 9,297 pounds ; butter, 41,864 pounds ; and cheese, ; and the value of animals slaughtered, 1849-50, was $40,367. The products of the soil were— wheat, 42,879 bushels ; rye, 13,708; Indian corn, 355,520 ; oats, 17,422: Irish potatoes, 11,386; and sweet potatoes, 6,478 bushels; the value of orchard products, $580; hay, 50 tons; and flax, 45 pounds. The value of home-made manufactures was $593. No industrial establishments, producing annually to the value of $500, exist in the county. The average monthly wages of a farm hand with board, are $6 ; average wages of a day-laborer with board, 35 cents, and without board, 50 ; average day wages of a car- penter without board, $1 25 ; weekly wages of a female domestic with board, 75. Price of board to laboring men, $1 50 per week. The total value of all personal and real estate in the county in 1850, was $1,421,826, CAR [ 60 J CAR and the assessed taxation, $11,497, of which $3,615 was state tax, and $7,882 county tax- The number of paupers supported during the year, and on the hst on the 1st June, 1850, was 74, supported at an annual cost of $1,300. No convictions are recorded for the same year. There were in the county on 1st June, 1850, 25 primary and public schools, with 25 teachers and 518 scholars: cost, $6,064, of which $4,546 Avas provided from the county funds, and $1,518 from other sources. The wliole number of children that had attended school during the year, was 887. There is -neither college nor academy in the county. " Adults, who cannot read and write," (slaves excluded,) numbered 1,367 — namely, 403 white persons, and 964 free colored persons, equal to one-seventh of the adult whites, and all the adult free colored. The whole number of churches was 21, capable of accommodating 8,870 persons, and the value of church property was $7,650: 2 Friends' churches could seat 350 persons; 16 Methodist, 7,950 ; 2 Presbyterian, 370 ; and 1 Eoman Catholic, 200. It is worthy of re- mark in this connection, that this is, perhaps, the only county in the United States, and certainly in Maryland, in which the value of church property is less than one dollar per head of the population ; and that only one other county in Maryland is entirely destitute of an academy, or higher school than those denominated primary and pubhc. Truly, re- ligion and education require some stimulus in this region. Denton is the county seat of justice, and the following are villages and post-offices: — Bridgetown, Burrsville, Federalsburgh, Greensborough, Hillsborough, New Hope, Upper Hunting Creek. CARROLL COUNTY is situate in the north part of the state, between the counties of Baltimore and Frederick, and extends north and south from the state line to the west branch of Patapsco river. Its superficies contains 295,680 acres. Parr's Ridge, a moun- tain of some elevation, traverses the county in a direction n. e. and s. av., and forms the water-shed dividing the streams falling into Patapsco r. and Chesapeake Bay, from those flowing to the Monocacy and Potomac rivers. The surface is generally hilly and rocky, and the soils thin, but there is much good farming laud, with fine streams. Wheat and oats are the cereal staples ; grazing, however, the chief employment. The principal water- courses are the branches of Patapsco river and a number of fine streams tributaTy to Mono- cacy river, on most of which excellent mill sites are found. The water of this county is remarkably pure and good. Iron and copper ores are fouild in many parts, and some mining operations have been carried on. Chestnut, oak and hickory are the principal timber growth. The earliest settlement within Carroll was made about the year 1700, but it was not organized into a separate county until 1836, when by an act of the legislature it was taken from Baltimore and Frederick counties. In 1840 it contained 17,241 inhabitants, and in 1850, 20,616, namely: 18,667 white persons, 974 free colored persons, and 975 slaves; and of this population, the slaves excluded, 17,276 were born in Maryland, 1,611 in other parts of the Union, and 754 in foreign counties. Number of dwellings 3,476, and of famihes 3,593. Births during 1849-50, 484 ; marriages, 96 ; and deaths, 168. Deaf and dumb, 8; blind, 14; insane, 11; and idiotic, 22. The county in 1850 contained 1,387 farms, which covered 153,519 acres improved land, and 65,252 acres unimproved land, valued at .$5,337,282. The value of farming imple- ments and machinery was 8203,298. The amount of live stock is comparatively large, and consisted of — horses, 5,027 ; asses and mules, 34 ; milch cows, 6,483 ; working oxen, 58 ; other cattle, 3,044; sheep, 6,557;. and swine, 19.227 ; valued in the aggregate at $493,547. The crops of 1849-50 consisted of — wheat, 265,007 bushels; rye, 27,378; Indian corn, 343,008; oats, 223,179 ; and buckwheat, 5,765 ; Irish potatoes, 48,002 bushels; and sweet potatoe.s, 434 bushels; tobacco, 165,332 pounds; wine, 99 gallons; hay, 20,771 tons; clover seed, 2,271 bushels, and other grass seed, 450 bushels; dew-rotted hemp, 30 tons; flax, 3,696 pounds; and flax-seed, 394 bushels ; bees-wax and honey, 1,900 pounds, &LC. The value of the pro- ducts of orchards was $11,166. The principal products of animals consisted of — butter 444,759 pounds, or more than one-tenth the product of the state, and cheese 1,150 pounds; wool 14,711 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered was $186,246. The value of home-made manufactures was $3,303. The products of the manufactures consist principally of flour, leather, cotton, and woolen goods, paper, earthenware, &;c. In 1850 there were in the county 121 industrial establishments ; capital invested $246,800 ; hands employed — males 324, and females 33 ; average monthly wages paid, $6,047, and value of products, $352,309 ; 30 flour mills em- CAR [ 61] CEC ployed 50 hands and produced to the value of $96,350 a year; 20 tanneries employed 57 hands and produced $99,315; 1 cotton factory employed 40 hands and produced $24,000: 6 woolen factories employed 18 hands and manufactured to the value of $12,790 ; and besides these there were also 3 agricultural implement factories, 17black- smitli shops, 6 boot and shoe factories, 1 clothier's shop, 2 potteries, 1 hat and cap fac- tory, 1 lime kiln. 1 bark mill, 9 gristmills. 4 paper mills, 2 copper mines, 1 iron mine, 6 saddleries, 1 soapstone quarry, 1 stone-cutting shop and 3 tinneries. The average wages of farm hands with board are $10 per month : of day-laborers with board 50 cents, and without board 75 cents ; of a carpenter $1 per day, and of a female domestic with board 62 cents per week The average price o! board for laboring men is SI 50 per week. The Baltimore and Ohio R.R. passes through the southern part of this county, taking the course of the West Branch of Parapsco river; and good turnpikes diverge from West- minster — s. E. towards Baltimore, N. w. towards Taneytown, and n. towards Carlisle, Pa, The value of real and personal estate in 1850 was $6,629,812, and the amouiitof taxes assessed thereon was $30,834, of which $17,356 was state tax, and $13,478 county tax. The number of paupers supported during 1840-50 was 107, at an aggregate cost to the county of .^^3,526. Convicts during the same year, 3 — 2 natives and 1 foreigner. Tlie county had 31 primary and public schools, with 31 teachers aird 708 scholars : cost $4,740 per annum; 12 academies and other schools with 16 teachers and 252 pupils : cost §5.565 per annum; and 1 college with 5 teachers and 30 students : cost $3,000 per annum. The whole number of children attending the schools during the year had been 2,706 — 1,528 males and 1,178 females. •' Adults who cannot read and write,'" 314 — 129 •white persons and 185 free colored persons. The libraries in the county numbered 70, and 7,740 volumes, 64 of which were private, 5 Sunday school l-ibraries and 1 college library, the latter containing 300 volumes. There are two newspapers published at VVestminstei. There were 40 churches in the county capable of containing 20,300 persons, and the value of church property was $56,800 ; the Baptists had 2 churches, the Epiccpalians 3, the Friends 1, the Geiman Reformed 1, the Lutherans 6, the Methodists 17. the Presby- terians 3, the Roman Catholics 2, the Union or Free church .3, the Tuiikers 1, and the Churcli of God 1. None ol these separately can accommodate more than 800 persons. Westminster is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices: Bach man's MiUs, Bruceville, Double Pipe Creek, Finksburgh, Frank- linville. Freedom, Hampstead, Hood's Mills, Houck's Store, McKinstry's Mills, Krolrs Mills, Manchester, Middleburgh, Mount Airy, New Windsor, Piney Creek, Porter's, Ridgeville, Sam's Creak, Sykesville, Taneytown, Union Bridge, Union Mills, Unioniown, Wakefield, Warfieldhurgh, Wintield, Woodbine, &c. Carroll's Island, Baltimore co. A pen- insula of Chesapeake Bay, between Salt- petre cr. and Gar Gut, 12 m. e. of Baltimore city. Carter's, v., Carroll co. Situate near the head of Piney Branch of Patapsco r., 10 m. s. w. of Westminster. Catonsville, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate two miles n. of Patapsco r., 8 m. w. of Bal- timore city, and .36 n. of Annapolis. Catocti.v Furnace, p. v., Frederick co. Sit- uate on the X. side of Little Hunting cr., about 12 ra. N. of Frederick city, and 87 n. w. of Annapolis. Catoctin Mountain, Frederick co. A high ridge of the Alleghanies, traversing this county in a direction n. and s. Nume- rous fine streams rising on its slopes are tributaries to Monoeacy r. and Catoctin cr. Catoctin River, Frederick co. Flows through the valley between South and Ca- toctin Mountains, from which it has nume- rous tributary streams which rise on their slo])es. It is a fine milling stream, and falls into Potomac r., a little w. of Point of lU)cks. Cavetown, p. v., Washington co. Situate on Cave Branch of Beaver Cieek, 8 in. e. of Hagerstown, and 103 n. w. of AnnapoHs. In 1S50 it contained 167 inhabitants. CECIL COUNTY occupies the n. e. corner of the state, e. of Susquehanna river, and N. of Sassafras river, and contains a superficies of 230,400 acres. It has gi-eat advantages of position, and is traversed by the great southern line of rail-road ; and its water-front and inland navigable rivers are extensive and available for commerce. North East r.. Elk r., Back cr., Bohemia r., and Sassafras r., arms of the Chesapeake, are the principal streams, and afford both mill power and navigation. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal has its w. terminus in Back cr. The surface of Cecil county is generally CEC [62] CEC undulating, but in some parts broken and hilly. The soil is light and loamy, with a red- dish clay subsoil. There are some few tracts of what is called " white-oak soil," and some barren hills of gravel. Granite, gneiss, mica and slate occur in the upper part of the county. At Port Deposit, there are immense and valuable granite quarries ; soap- stone is found in several parts along the line of the Susquehanna river ; iron ores, chromes, &e.. abound on the northern line ; and large deposits of mineral found here are washed and made into Epsom Salts and Magnesia; marl is abundant, especially on Bohemia r., and is used as a fertilizer. The natural growths of the county comprise white and black oak, chestnut, pine, and hickory. This county was organized in 1674. The first settlers were Swedes, from Delaware Bay, who arrived here in 1640. The population, in 1790, was 13,625 ; in 1820, it had increased to 16,048 ; in 1830, it was only 15,432 ; but in 1840, it had again increased to 17,230 ; and in 1850, it was 18,939 : namely, 15,472 white persons ; 2,623 free colored persons, and 844 slaves ; and of the population, slaves excluded, 14,358 were natives of Maryland, 2,949 of other parts of the Union, and 788 of foreign states. Dwellings, 3.056, and families, 3,114. Births in 1849-50, 493; marriages, 53; and deaths, 227. Deal and dumb, 8: blind, 8: insane, 10; and idiotic, 31. There were in the county on the 1st June, 1850, 1,208 farms, covering 1 15,866 acres im- proved lauds, and 63,821 acres unimproved lands, together valued at $5,224,556 The value offarming implements and machinery was $107,184. Of the live stock, the following num- bers were ascertained: 3,254 horses, 80 asses and mules, 4,184 milch cows, 1,522 work- ing oxen, 4,939 other cattle, 4.705 sheep, and 9,767 swine, valued in the aggregate at $377,135; and the products of animals were — wool, 17,373 pounds; butter, 279.078 pounds; cheese, 1,225 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered, was $77,868. The quantity of beeswax and honey returned, was 1,113 pounds. The products of the soil ■were— wheat, 168,112 bushels; rye, 232;' Indian corn, 410,060 ; oats, 208,380 ; barley, 6 ; buckwheat, 5,673 ; Irish potatoes, 45,812 ; and sweet potatoes, 427 bushels. The value of orchard products was $5,837, and of market-garden products, $125. Other products were— hay, 9,288 tons; clover-seed, 2,777 bushels, other grass-seed, 200 bushels; hops, 39 pounds; dew-rotted hemp, 3 tons; flax, 155 pounds; flax-seed, U bushels ; and silk cocoons, 2 pounds. The value of home-made manufactures was $634. At the above date there were in the county 170 industrial establishments; capital in- vested in manufactures, $527,990 ; value of raw material, &c., consumed, $418,062 ; hands employed — 774 males, and 119 females; average monthly wages paid — males, $15,522; and females, $1,134. Value of products in 1849-50, $776,857. The principal branches ■were as follows : Establishments. No. Capital. Hands. Products. Agricul. irapl 17.. $7,150.... 46 $25,210 Blacksmiths 31.. 7,500 76 31,900 Brick. 1.. 20,000 25 15,000 Cabinetware 5.. 6,600 12 5,200 Earthenware 2.. 1,200 8 2,800 Factories, cotton 2. .48,000 97 89,284 woolen.. .5. .31,500 45 45,754 Establishmenti. Foundries.... No. Capital. Hands. Products. . . 1 .. $1 ,800 2 «2,000 .204 81,000 ..35 121,000 ..15 57,548 ..16 42,000 ..70 86,000 Furnaces 2... 68,000.. Mills, flour 22. .104,600-. " grist 8. ..32,400.. " paper 3. ..42,500.. " rolling 3. ..111,000.. Tanneries 2. . ..10,000 7 8,850 And, besides the above, the census enumerates 3 bake-houses, 24 boot and shoe shops, 3 carpenters' shops, 8 clothiers, 3 carriage factories, 1 edge tool factory, 1 bark mill, 1 clover mill, 4 saw mills, 7 millineries, 1 mill-wright shop, 4 saddleries, 4 stone quarries, and 2 tin shops. Water is used as the moving power in all cases, except in the iron foundries, in which steam power is employed. The average Avages to a farm-hand, with board, is $10 a month; a day laborer 50 cents, with board, and 75 cents without; a carpenter, $1 a day ; and to a female domestic, with board, 75 cents a week. Average price of board to laboring men, $1 75 a week. The value of real and personal estate in 1850, was $5,191,099, (true valuation, $6,500,000;) and the amount of taxation assessed thereon, $38,386, of which $13,452 was state tax, and $25,334 county tax. The county, in 1849-50, supported, at an expense of $2,200, 48 paupers, of which 41 were receiving aid on the 1st of June of the latter year. Education is provided for in 51 primary and public schools, and in 4 academies and other schools. Dm-ing the year ending 1st June, 1850, 2,555 scholars had been attend- ing school ; and at the date above named, there were in the primary and public schools 1,331 scholars, and in the academies, &c., 182 pupils. The expenses of the first were, for the year, $12,760, and of the latter, $2,372. There were, at the same date, 29 CEC [63 ] CHA libraries, with 9,336 volumes, in the county ; viz : 3 private, with 4,100 volumes ; and 26 Sunday School libraries, with 5,236 volumes. Two newspapers were published weekly at Elkton. The number of "Adults that cannot read and write" was 157 whites and 696 free colored. There were 39 churches in the county, capable of accommodating 10,020 persons, and the value of church property was $92,900 ; the Episcopalians had 3 churches, with accommodation for 750; the Friends had 2 churches, for GOO; the Methodists 26 churches, for 7,370 ; the Presbyterians 5 churches, for 550 ; and the Roman Catholics 3 churches, for 750 persons. Elkton is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post- offices : Blue Ball, Brick Meeting-House, Cecilton, Charlestown, Cherry Hill, Chesapeake City, College Green, Fair Hill, Northeast, Perry ville. Port Deposit, Principio Furnace, Ris- ing Sun, Rock Springs, Rowlandsville, South Milford, Warwick, Wood Lawn and Zion. Cecilton, p. v., Cecil co. Situate 3 m. N. of Sassafras r., 14 m. s. of Elkton, and 78 m. N. E. of Annapolis. Cedar Point, St. Mary's co. A point of land at the mouth of Patuxent r., jutting towards Chesapeake Bay. Centreville, CO. seat and p. o., Queen Anne co. Situate at the h«ad of Corsica or., 9 m. from Chester r., 39 e. by n. of Annapolis, and 79 e. by n. of Washington. It is pleasantly situated, in a fertile tract of country, and contains a court-house, county prison, an academy, Methodist church, and several handsome buildings. Pop. 200. Chapman Town, v., Charles co. Situate one mile w. of Allen's Fresh and Zachiah Swamp, and 8 m. e. of Port Tobacco. Chaptico, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situate on the s. side of Chaptico cr., 3 m. from Wicomico r., 8 m. w. of Leouardtown, and 75 s. of Annapolis. Chaptico cr, is naviga- ble for sloops to the village. CHARLES COUNTY occupies a large tract of 294,400 acres between the Patuxent and Potomac rivers, with Prince Ceorge county on the north, and St. Mary's on the south-east. Its surface is similar in character to the whole shore region of Maryland, low and sandy, with scarcely a rock in its whole extent. The soil is naturally indifferent, and has been much exhausted by neglectful culture, but the farmers are at the present time using means to restore and improve it. It is well drained by a number of streams, flow- ing to the rivers, which inclose it on two sides, and large inlets indent its southern coast. This is entirely an agricultural county, and much of its industry is devoted to tobacco- growing, but, perhaps, even a surplus of grain is also produced. The lands are essentially proper for the lueed^ and its climate being warm and moist, is congenial. In respect of commercej it has many facilities in its navigable waters and good harbors. Port Tobacco, however, is its chief outlet, and here is a great tobacco market. The natural timbers of the county are — locust, oak, cedar, ash, and persimmon, and its fruit trees are various and abimdant. The first settlements were made within the limits of this county in 1640, by emigrants from St. Mary's, where the original pilgrims formed the nucleus of the colony. The county was organized in 1658. It has never had a large population. In 1790, it con- tained 20,613 inhabitants; in 1820, it was found to have decreased its numbers to 16,500; in 1830, its population amounted to 17,666 ; in 1840, to 16,023 ; and m 1850, to 16.162, of which 5,665 were white persons, 91.3 free colored persons, and 9,584 slaves; and of the population, exclusive of slaves, 6,463 were born in Maryland, 87 in other states of the Union, aid 28 io foreign countries — a most domestic commujut^, untilled by the guano of foreign exuvium. Dwellings, 1,335 ; and families, 1,33.'). Deaf and dumb, 3 ; blind, 5 ; insane, 6 ; and idiotic, 7. Slaves — manumitted durfn;; the year 2, and fugitive 6. There were in 1850, 709 farms in the county, covering 126,232 acres improved lands, and 115,120 acres unimproved lands, valued together at $2,472,279. Thf value of agri- cultural implements was $57,785. The amount of live stock owned was- -horses, 2,698, asses and mules, 744 : milch cows, 2,895 ; working oxen, 2,988 ; othf," cattle, 5,899 ; sheep, 10,116; and swine, 1,615; and the value of all, collectively, wa? $293,266. The products of the soil for the year ending 1st June. 1850, were — wheat, 149,533 bushels ; rye, 4.309 ; Indian corn, 458,348 ; oats, 25,684 : barley, 50, and buckwheat, 13 bushels • peas and beans, 868 bushels; Irish potatoes, 11,752, and sweet potatoes, 3,631 bushels; tobacco, 2,862,300 pounds ; hay, 235 tons ; clover-seed, 5 bushels, &c., &c. The value of orchard products was $591, and of market-garden products, $1,202. The products of animals were — wool, 20,928 pounds, and butter, 42,315 pounds; and the value of ani- CHA [ 64 ] CHE mals slaughtered was $71,481. The value of home-made manufactures was $13,408 ; a sum only equaled in two other counties, those of St. Mary and Worcester. No manufactures, the annual products of which amount in value to $500, are carried on in this county, and hence no industrial returns are given in the census. Wages are very low here ; a farm-hand averages only $5 a month and board ; a day laborer, with board, has only 50 cents, or without board, 75 cents ; carpenters average $1 25 a day ; and the weekly wages of a female domestic, with board, averages 75 cents. The price of board to laboring men is $2 a week. The value of real and personal estate in this county was assessed at $3,330,717, (true valuation $6,645,891;) and the taxes amounted to $20,859; viz: state tax, $8,280; county tax, $6,651 ; school tax, $3,000 ; poor tax, $2,000 ; and road tax, $928. The number of paupers supported in 1849-50 was 65, and the number on the lists on the 1st June, 1850, was 36. No convictions had been made during the year, and only two con- victs were in prison. The whole number of children that had attended school during the year was 830 ; 784 at 31 primary and public schools, and 50 at 4 academies and other schools. These were all white children. There were in the county 10 private libraries, containing 15,500 vol- umes ; 1 school library, with 200 volumes ; and 2 church libraries, with 550 volumes. The number of white "Adults who cannot read and write" was 399, and the number of free colored adults, 329. The " Port Tobacco Times" is the only newspaper published in the county. There were 23 churches in the county : 7 Episcopal, with accommodations for 1,900 hearers ; 7 Roman Catholic, for 1,900 ; 7 Methodist, for 1,650 ; and 2 Baptist, for 400. The total value of church property was $111,450. Port Tobacco is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices : Allen's Fresh, Beantown, Benedict, Bryantown, Duffield, Glymont, Harris' Lot, Nanjemoy, New Port, Partnership, Pomonkey, Tompkinsville, &c. Charlestown, p. v., Cecil co. Situate on the w. side of North East r., 5 m. from Chesapeake Bay, 11 ra. w. of Elkton, and 71 N. E. of Annapolis. It is a place of con- siderable trade, and has great advantages of transportation by the Bait, and Philadel- phia R. R., which passes close by it on the N. Pop. 160. Charlotte Hall, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situate at the head of Cool Springs cr., 8 m. w. of Patuxent r., 20 n. n. w. of Leon- ardtown, and 66 s. of Annapolis. "Char- lotte Hall," an academy, endowed and sup- ported by the state, is located here. It consists of three brick buildings, and is suf- ficiently capacious for lodging 100 students. The situation is elevated, pleasant and heal- thy. In 1850, it had 63 students, 43 of whom were boarders in the village, and the residue villagers. The farms in the neigh- borhood are improving. Tobacco is the staple product; but of late years, consider- able quantities of wheat have been grown. Benedict, on the Patuxent, is the outlet of this region. The village contains 15 dwell- mgs and 115 inhabitants. Cherry Hill, p. o., Cecil co. Situate 4 m. N. of Elkton, and contains a Methodist church, a school-house, several stores and work-shops, 22 dwelling-houses, princijjally frame, and about 100 inhabitants. Twenty years ago there were few settled in this neighborhood ; now, within the circuit of two miles round the village, there are 5 paper mills, 4 gi-ist mills, a rolling mill, and two cotton factories, one of which employs 100 hands ; and the farming population is comparatively dense. Chesapeake Bay, the upper and by far the greater portion of which lies within Maryland, is the largest in the United States, and one of the largest in the world. Its entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia, 12 miles apart ; and it extends inland 270 m. n., dividing Maryland into two unequal parts, called, locally, the Eastern and Western shores. It is from 7 to 20 miles broad, and generally as much as 9 fathoms deep. This great bay affords many commodious harbors, and a safe and easy navigation. Numerous fine rivers empty themselves into its basin ; the Sus- quehanna, at its northern terminus, the Potomac on the west side, and James, near its mouth, being the largest ; and, besides these, it receives the waters of the Rappa- hannock, tlie Patuxent, the Patapsco, the Chester, Elk, Choptank, Nanticoke, and numerous others. The area drained by these, its tributaries, has been estimated at 72,000 square miles. Baltimore, Havre de Grrace, Annapolis, &;c., are the principal commercial places within its circuit, in Maryland. Chesapeake City, p. v., Cecil co. Situ- ate at the confluence of Broad cr. and Back cr., of Elk r., and at the w. terminus of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. CHE [65] CLA Chesnut Hill, p. o., Calvert co. Situate 13 m. N. of Prince Frederick Town, and 34 s. of Annapolis. Chesteu River, a large stream of the Eastern Shore of this state, rising in Dela- ware, and flowing nearly s. w., dividing in its course the counties of Queen Anne and Kent^ and falling into a large estuary of Chesapeake Bay, between Swan Point and Love Point. It is navigable to Chester- town, the county-seat of Kent, 30 miles. Chestertown, seaport, co. seat and p. o., Kent CO. Situate on a fine and open plain, on the N. w. side of Chester r., 30 m. above its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 45 m. E. s. E. of Baltimore, 54 n. e. of Annapo- lis, and 89 n. e. of Washington. It con- tains a court-house ; the county-prison, a neat fire-proof building; 4 churches, 1 Episcopal and 3 Methodist; Washington College, a branch of the University of Maryland, and about 200 houses, of which 50 are brick buildings, and several are com- modious and elegant. There is also a bank- ing-house and a small market-house, in which markets are held twice a week. Washington College, which was incorpora- ted in 1782, is situate on a beautiful emi- nence, overlooking the town, and is a hand- some brick edifice, 180 feet long, and three stories high. In 1850, it had 5 professors, and about 70 students, with a library of 1,500 volumes, — commencement, 20th Au- gust, annually. For many years after its foundation the building was appropriated to the accommodation of a grammar school. There is also in the town an academy, a ladies' boarding-school, and two primary schools. The "Kent News," a weekly paper, is published here. The police of the town is under the direction of seven commission- ers, elected by the citizens yearly. The plat of the town, which was laid out in 1706, contains 100 acres. Population in 1850, 1,295 ; of which 795 were whites, 350 free colored persons, and 150 slaves. No town on the Eastern Shore possesses greater local advantages than Chestertown ; its navigation to the Chesapeake is uninter- rupted, and its climate delightful and healthy, while a fertile and well-cultivated country surrounds it, furnishing every kind of produce grown in the latitude, for market and domestic use. Formerly it was a port of entry, and had a large export trade, but from its proximity to Baltimore, its commerce has been attracted to that port. It has several steamboats and sailing vessels, making regular trips to and from Baltimore weekly ; and the Chesapeake fisheries employ many of the inhabitants. Chestertown is the birth-place of many of the " worthies" of Maryland, among whom are counted governors, senators, and con- gressmen ; and, at the present time, is the residence of Hon. James A. Pearce, U. S. Senator. Chesterville, p. v., Kent co. Situate in the upper part of the county, and distant 5 m. from Georgetown Cross Roads. The neighborhood is strictly agricultural, and is in a highly flourishing condition. Chew's Island, Queen Anne co. A long island in the estuary of Wye r., dividing it into two channels, in nearly its whole length. Chewsville, p. v., Washington co. Situ- ate 7 m. from Hagerstown, and 105 from Annapolis. CniNCOTEAGUE Bay, Worcester co. This bay lies between Sinepuxeut island or beach, and the mainland : it is also called Sinepuxent Bay, but the latter name ap- plies more to the northern part of the bay, and that of Chincoteague more to the southern part. Choptank River, a large stream of the Eastern Shore, which rising in two main branches, . one from Delaware, and flow- ing in a course generally s., empties through a large estuary into Chesapeake Bay, be- tween Tighlman's Island on the n., and Sharp's Island on the s. It is navigable for sloops for nearly 40 miles from its conflu- ence with the bay. Church Creek Town, p. v., Dorchester co. Situate at the head of Church cr., about 5 m-. from its confluence with Little Chop- tank r., 8 m. s. w. of Cambridge, and 69 s. e. of Annapolis. Church Hill, p. v.. Queen Anne co. Situ- ate at the head of South East cr., 8 m. from its confluence with Chester r., 10 m. n. n. w. of Centreville, and 48 m. e. of Annapolis. Contains 3 churches : one Episcopal, one Presbyterian, and one Methodist ; an aca- demy ; about 50 dwellings, and 250 inhab- itants. The Episcopal church is an old English structure of brick, large and mas- sive, and capable of accommodating 1,000 persons, and has a chancel and vestry-room adjoining. It was built in 1726. The aca- demy is the only public school in the vil- lage, but there are several others in the neighborhood. Most of the dwellings are frame built, but neat and comfortable. The farms of this vicinity have been much im- proved of late, by the use of shell-marl which abounds. Churchville, p. v., Harford co. Situate one mile e. of Bynham's River, 5 m. e. n. e. of Bel-Air, and 61 n. of Annapohs. Clarkesburg, p. v., Montgomery co. Sit- uate on the E. side of Little Seneca cr., 14 CLA [ 66 ] CUM m. N. w. of Rockville, and 68 w. n. w. of Annapolis. Clarksvillk, p. v., Howard co. Situate 10 m. from Ellicott's Mills, and 50 m. n. by w. of Annapolis. Clay Island, Dorchester co. An island in the middle of Fishing Bay, on which there is a light-house. Claysville, v., Montgomery co. Situate on the E. side of north-west fork of Eastern Branch of Potomac r., 12 m. n. of Wash- ington, D. C, 10 m. E. of Rockville. Clear Spring, p. o., Washington co. Situ- ate at the E. base of North Mountain, and on the turnpike 14 m. w. of Hagerstown, and 112 n. w. of Annapolis. The "Clear Spring Sentinel," a weekly whig newspa- per, is published at this place. Clermont Mills, p. o., Harford co, CocKNEYSviLLE, p. V., Baltimore co. Situ- ate 3 m. w. of Great G-unpowder Falls, and on the line of the Bait, and Susquehanna E. R., 14 m. N. of Baltimore city. The Bal- timore County Advocate, a weekly news- paper, is published here. CoLESviLLE, p. v., Montgomery co. Situ- ate on a creek of the Eastern Branch of Potomac r., 11 m. e. of Rockville, and 38 m. w. of Annapolis. Colgate's Creek, Baltimore co. A stream flowing to Patapsco r., and forming the E. boundary of Baltimore city. College Green, p. v., Cecil co. College of St. James, p. o., Washington co. Collier's Creek, Alleghany co. A small tributary of Potomac r. from the s. e. slope of Evitt's Mountain. Concord, v., Cecil co. Situate on the neck of land, known as Bohemia Manor, be- tween Rock cr. and Bohemia r., 12 miles s. of Elkton. Conecocheague, p. o., Washington co. Situate on the creek of same name, 9 m. w. of Hagerstown, and 110 N. w. of Anna- polis. Conecocheague Creek, Washington co. A large stream from Pennsylvania, in which state it drains the whole of Franklin co., extending its branches over a large surface. It enters Maryland in a single stream, and falls into Potomac r. at WiUiamsport. Conewago, v., Harford co. Situate on w. side of Susquehanna r., on the Tide Water Canal, 16 m. N. w. of Bel- Air. CoNEWiNGO, v., Cecil CO. Situate on the E. side of Susquehanna r., opposite the mouth of Broad cr., 26 m. w. n. w. of Elkton. CoNOLOWAY Creek, Washington co. A stream from Pennsylvania flowing to the Potomac r., 4 m. e. of Hancock. CooKSviLLE, p. v., Howard co. Situate on the head waters of Cat-tail Branch of Big Patuxent r., 14 m. w. n. w. of EUicott's Mills, and 53 m. n. w. of Annapolis. Cool Springs, St. Mary's co. A creek of Patuxent r. CoopsTowN, v., Harford co. 10 m. n. w. of Bel- Air. CoRNWALLis Neck, Charles co. A large peninsula of the Potomac formed by Matta- woman cr. Cove Point, Calvert co. The s. e. point of the county projecting into Chesapeake Bay, on which is located a light-house. Cottage, p. o., Montgomery co. The resi- dence of the postmaster of Liesborough, which see. CoxTOWN, v., Carroll co. Situate at the source of Aspin river, a tributary of Cran- berry cr., or the north branch of Patapsco r., and near the e. line of the county, 9 m. N. E. of Westminster. Crabtree Creek, Alleghany co. A tribu- tary of Savage r., rising on the w. slope of Great Back Bone Mountain, and joining Savage r., where that stream breaks through the gorge in its course to Potomac r. The Bait, and Ohio R. R. traverses the valley of this stream. Cracklintown, v., Montgomery county. Situate on the highland, the source of num- erous creeks of Hawling Branch of Patux- ent r. and Seneca cr. of Potomac r., 14 m. N. of Rockville. The neighborhood is one excellently suitable for grazing. Crampton's Gap, a Pass of South Moun- tain, through which the WiUiamsport and Leesburg road passes. Distant 21 m. s. s. e. of Hagerstown. Cranberry Creek, Carroll co. Rises from the e. slope of Parr's Mountain, and on reaching the e. county line takes the name of North Branch of Patapsco r. As- pin's Branch is its principal tributary. Creagerstown, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate on n. side of Hunting cr., near its junc- tion with Monocacy r., 12 m. n. of Fred- erick city, and 85 n. w. of Annapolis. Cresap Town, v., Alleghany co. Situate on the state road where it is crossed by the Manchester Turnpike and AVarrior's River, 6 m. s. w. of Cumberland, and 172 n. w. of Annapolis. Crownsville, p. v., Anne Arundel co. Cub Hill, p. o., Baltimore co. Distant 9 m. from Baltimore city. Cumberland, co. seat and p. o., Alleghany CO. Situate on the n . bank of Potomac r. at the mouth of Wells' creek, 179 m. by R. R. w. of Baltimore, 166 m. w. n. w. of Annapolis, and 134 w. N. w. of Washington. It is the general centre of the great mining regions in the vicinity, and a centre from which diverge all the great routes of travel CUM [ 67 ] DNE and transportation between the eastern and western states of the middle portion of the Union, The National Road leading to the Mississippi r. begins here, and the Chesa- peake and Ohio canal and the Bait, and Ohio R. R. pass through it. A large busi- ness is transacted at this point. It contains a court-house, the county prison, a market- house, two banks and other public build- ings, and has several handsome church edi- fices. The " Cumberland Civilian," whig^ the *' AUeghanian," democrcU, and the "Union- ist," neutral^ are issued weekly — circula- tion each from 400 to 500 copies. In 1850 the population was 6,067 — white persons 5,576, free colored persons 267, and slaves 224 ; and in this relation it is the second most populous town in Maryland. In 1840 the population was only 2,428, and hence the increase in 10 years amounted to 149.8 per centum. Besides the great works of internal improvement mentioned above, there is diverging from Cumberland a R. R. to the Mount Savage Iron Works and Erostburg mines, and with this connect lines to Lonaconing, Western Port^, &c. The coal of this region is semi-bituminous, of excellent quality, and suitable for ocean steamships; it is brought to ihe markets of the East on the rail-road and canal to Bal- timore, and thence is tugged through the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, and the Delaware and Raritan canal to the harbor of New- York. The quantity of this miner- al delivered at Baltimore in 1850 was 146,645 tons, and about 80,000 tons were deposited at Alexandria. The quantity de- livered in Baltimore in 1845 was only 16,000 tons; in 1846, 18,393 tons; in 1847, 50,259 tons; in 1848, 66,289 tons; in 1849, 71,699 tons; in 1850, 146,645 tons, and in 1851, 163,855 tons; and such has been the in- crease of facilities for mining and transport- ing, that a great acceleration of the ratio of production will naturally be reahzed to future years. Cumberland coal contains 77 parts of carbon, 16 of volatile matter, and 7 parts ashes. Cumberland Coal and Iron Company was organized by the legislature in 1852, and is an amalgamation of seven companies before existing in the vicinity of Frostburg under various names. It has about 12,000 acres of mineral lands and a capital of §5,000,000. The coal of this region is used for steamships and in many mechanical fac- tories, and is the best quality of semi-bi- tuminous coal. (See Cumberland.) CuRTiss' Crekk, Anne Arundel co. A large inlet of Patapsco r., emptying from the s. nearly opposite Baltimore. Cypress Swa.mp, Worcester co. Partly in Maryland and partly in Delaware ; this swamp or morass is 12 m. in length and 6 or 7 in breadth, including an area of nearly 50,000 acres of land. The whole is a high and level basin, very wet, though undoubt- edly the highest land between the sea and Chesapeake Bay. It contains a great va- riety of trees, plants, wild animals, birds and reptiles. It is unfit for cultivation and highly insalubrious : it might, however, be reclaimed by a proper system of drainage. Damascus, p. v., Montgomery co. Situ- ate at the head of Seneca cr., 24 m. n. of Rockville, and 70 n. w. of Annapolis. The location and neighborhood are hilly, and ex- cellent grazing lands. Dan's Mount.un, Alleghany co. A ridge of the Alleghanies skirting the w. branch of Potomac r., from the mouth of George's or. northward, and extending into Virginia. Darlington, p. v., Harford co. Situate equi-distant about 2^ m. from Susquehanna r. and Deer cr., 16 m. n. w. of Bel-Air and 71 N. N. E. of AnnapoUs. It contains an academy, a public Ubrary, 2 or 3 churches and a number of stores. The vicinity is a highly cultivated district. Darnestown, p. v., Montgomery co. Situ ate on the s. side of Seneca cr., 9 m. w. of Rockville, and 65 w. n. w. of Annapolis. Davidsonville, p. v., Anne Arundel co. Situate on the w. side of South r. at its head, 10 m. w. of Annapolis. Dawson's, p. o., Alleghany co. Situate on the n. w. side of Potomac r., 11 m. s. w. of Cumberland, and 183 m. w. n. w. of An- napolis. Dawsonville, p. v., Montgomery co. Situate on the w. side of Seneca cr., 12 m. w. of Rockville and 68 n. n. w. of Annapolis. Deep Creek, Anne Arundel co. A small cr. of Patapsco r. Deep Run, Anne Arundel co. A creek of Patapsco r., emptying itself immediately E. of Elk Ridge Landing. Deer Creek, Harford co. A large and fine stream traversing the northern part of the county from w. to e., and falhng into Susquehanna r. 8 m. above its confluence with Chesapeake Bay. Deil's Island, Somerset co. Lies in the estuary of Manokin r. Denbigh, v., Kent co. Situate on the E. side of Chesapeake Bay, about three miles N. of Swan Point and 14 w. of Chestertown. Denton, co. seat and p. o., Caroline co. Situate on the e. side of Choptank r., 54 m. from its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 65 m. E. of Annapolis, and 105 e. of Wash- ington, D. C. It contains a court-house, the county prison, 3 churches, a bank, sev- DER [ 68 ] DOR eral stores, &c., and is a very pleasant little town, laid out very regularly. Derickson's Cross Eoads, p. o., Worces- ter CO. Situate on the s. side of Aydelotte's Branch of Pocomoke r., 16 m. n. of Snow Hill, and 107 e. of Annapolis. Detmold's Rail-road, Alleghany co. Is a wooden track 3 feet wide, extending from Lonaconing 9 m. to a junction with Eckart R. R. near the Eckart mines. Dividing Creek. A tributary of Poco- moke r., forming the line of division be- tween Somerset and Worcester counties. Double Pipe Creek, p. o., Carroll co. Situate at the crossing 14 m. n. w. of West- minster, and 82 m. n. w. of Annapolis. DORCHESTER COUNTY occupies a peninsula lying between the rivers Choptank and Nanticoke, and extending from Chesapeake Bay to the Delaware state line. Its area is 386,560 acres. Drained by a number of fine streams and almost surrounded by navi- gable waters, this county possesses many commercial facilities, but its position in relation to the producing districts negatives their utility. A considerable trade, however, is carried on by small craft at Vienna and other points. The surface of the county partakes of the general character of the Eastern Shore, being level, and in some parts low and swampy. Some of the soil is of stiff clay, and a portion light and sandy, but the crops of wheat and corn are abundant and of good quality. Grazing is also excellent, and the farmers have a sufficient supply of hve stock. Abundance of shell-manure is obtained from the waters, and is very eifective in improving the poor lands. Oak, hickory, pine and walnut are the natural timbers, and fruit trees are plentiful in all parts. No valuable minerals are found here, and with the exception of some bog iron ore and earths useful in the arts, nothing of the kind has been discovered. This portion of Maryland was peopled by emigrants from England and settlers from the opposite shore of Maryland and Virginia. The county was organized by the colonial legislature in 1669. In 1790 it contained 15,895 inhabitants ; in 1820 it had 17,759 ; in 1830, 18,685; in 1840, 18,843, and in 1850, 18,877, of which 10,747 were white persons, 3,848 free colored persons, and 4,282 slaves; and of the population, exclusive of slaves,, 14,333 were natives of Maryland, 240 of other states of the Union, and 22 of foreign countries. DweUings 2,705, and famiUes 2,709. Births in 1849-50, 537 ; marriages, 47 ; and deaths, 187. Deaf and dumb, 7 ; bhnd, 18 ; insane, 5 ; and idiotic, 5. Slaves manu- mitted, 30. On the 1st June, 1850, the county contained 1,049 farms, covering 112,521 acres im- proved and 113,650 unimproved lands, valued together at $2,708,681 ; and the value of farm- ing implements and machinery was $58,758. The live stock consisted of 2,352 horses, 100 mules and asses, 2,758 milch cows, 3,015 working oxen, 7,173 other cattle, 7,498 sheep, and 16,442 swine, in all valued at $288,419 ; the products of animals were — wool 20,113 pounds, and butter 84,816 pounds, and the value of animals slaughtered was $84,878. The products of the soil included 137,470 bushels wheat, 2,300 rye, 597,252 Indian corn, 8,496 oats, 46 buckwheat, 766 peas and beans, 22,176 Irish potatoes, and 16,085 bushels sweet potatoes ; also hay 40 tons, clover-seed 1 bushel, and other grass- seed 37 bushels, hops 10 pounds, flax 2,110 pounds, flax-seed 88 bushels, tobacco 125 pounds, &c. The products of the orchard were valued at $6,341, and of market-gardens $513. The value of home-made manufactures was $3,287. The total number of industrial establishments in the county was 12, with a capital of $7,250; value of raw materials, &c. consumed, $10,600; hands employed 46, at average wages monthly $833, and value of products for the year $24,500. There were 2 smith- eries employing 3 hands, 7 boot and shoe factories with 29 hands, 2 carriage factories with 13 hands, and 1 cap and hat maker. The average wages paid in this county are — farm hands with board $8 a month ; day- laborers with board 50 cents, and without, 75 cents; carpenters $1 75 a day, and female domestics with board 75 cents a week. The price of board for laboring men is $1 50 a week. The total valuation of real and personal estate in 1850 amounted to $4,635,105, and the taxes thereon to $39,651 ; state tax, $11,587; county tax, $19,131 : school tax, $6,843; poor tax, $2,000. The number of paupers charged on the county in 1849-50, was 78, at an expense of $2,242, and the same numbers were on the books on the 1st June of the latter year. Three convictions for crime were had in the above year ; and on the 1st June, 1850, four convicts were undergoing sentence. On the 1st June, 1850, Dorchester had 35 primary and public schools, and 8 academies and other schools : the first had 35 teachers and 798 scholars, and the latter 9 teachers and 140 pupils. The whole number of children that attended the schools in 1849-50, DO V [ 69 ] ELK was 1,Q31, viz: males, 871; and females, 760. The public schools were conducted at an aggregate expense amounting to $10,5G6, of which $6,619 was raised by tax, $3,722 from public funds, and $225 from other sources; and the academies, etc. cost, in conducting them, $2,020, of which $770 was realized from endowment, and $1,250 from other sources. The census reports no statistics of the libraries owned in the county. "Adults who cannot read and write" number 2,991 : namely, 1,665 white persons, and 1,326 free colored persons. There are two newspapers pubhshed in the county. The county contains 26 churches, capable of accommodating 13,075 persons, and valued at $32,750. Of these, 1 Baptist church had accommodation for 800; 2 Episcopal for 1,300; 1 Friends for 60; 21 Methodist for 10,715, and 1 Roman Catholic for 200. Cambridge is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices :— Big Mills, Bridgeville, Church Creek, East New Market, Grolden Hill,°Hicks- burgh, Lakesville, Taylor's Island, Tobacco Stick, Vienna, &c. Dover, p. v., Baltimore co. Dover Bridge, Talbot co, A bridge crossing Choptank r., 8 m. e. of Easton. Drum Point, Calvert co. A prominent headland forming the N. side of the entrance to Patuxent r. Dublin, p. v., Harford co. Situate in the N. part of the co., about 5 m. back from Susquehanna r., and 2 s. of Broad cr. It contains a church and 25 or 30 buildings. Dublin, p. v., Washington co. Situate on the N. side of Potomac r., and on the turn- pike, 22 m. w. of Hagerstown. DuFFiELD, p. o., Charles co. Dunkirk, p. v., Calvert co. Situate in the N. part of the county, 24 ra. n. of Prince Frederick Town, and 26 s. of Annapolis. Eastern Bat. A large estuary of Chesa- peake Bay, between Kent Island and the coast of Talbot co. It receives the waters of St. Michael's river and of Wye river, and connects with the estuary of Chester river through a narrow strait formed by the approximation of the island and main- land. Eastern Neck Island, Kent co. A large island at the mouth of Chester r., which bears evidence of having formerly been a portion of the adjoining mainland, from which a narrow channel now divides it. East New Market, p. v., Dorchester co. Situate about 3 m. e. of Choptank r., 16 m. E. of Cambridge, and 73 s. e. of Annapolis. Easton, co. seat and p. o., Talbot co. Situate at the head of Treadhaven cr., 12 m. N. of its confluence with Choptank r., 42 m. E. s. E. of Annapolis, and 82 e. s. e. of Wash- ington. Lat. 380 46' 10" n., and long. 76° 08' w. of Greenwich, or O** 53' e. of Wash- ington. It is the largest and most populous town on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and a place of considerable trade. In 1850 its population was 1,413, of which 781 were white persons, 343 free colored persons, and 289 slaves. Its public buildings are a court-house, the county jail, a market-house, and 4 or 5 church edifices. It also contains an academy and several good schools ; and there are published here the " Gazette" and the " Star," weekly newspapers, the circula- tion of which is about 400 copies each. Ebenezer Meeting House, Cecil co. Situ- ate on the w. side of Western Branch of North East r., 16 m. w. N. w. of Elkton, and 2 m. s. of Farmington. Eckart's Mines, Alleghany co. Situate 3 m. s. E. of Frostburg and s. of the National Road, 8 m. w. of Cumberland. The Eck- art R. R. runs hence to Cumberland. Eckart Rail-road, Alleghany co. Ex- tends from Eckart mines to Mt. Savage R. R., near the mouth of Braddock's cr. It is 7 m. long, and has branches to the N. Y. Company mines and to Washington mines. Eldersburg, p. v., Howard co. Situate on w. side of Cat-tail Branch of Patuxent r., 3 m. s. w. of Cooksville, 17 m. w. of Elli- cott's Mills, and 68 n. w. of Annapolis. Eldersburg, v., Carroll co. Situate cen- trally on the high land w. of the North Branch of Patapsco r., and between Mor- gan and Piney Brooks. It is the centre of a fine farming region. Distant 10 m. s. from Westminster. Elk Mountain, Washington co. A ridge in the southern part of the county. Elk Ridge Landing, p. v., Howard co. Situate on the s. side of Patapsco r., 7 m. above Baltimore, and at the head of tide- water. The Washington Branch R. R. and the Bait, and Ohio R. R. intersect at the opposite side of the river, which is here crossed by a viaduct 704 feet long, and 58 above the river, on eight arches, constructed of granite from the neighborhood. Con- siderable manufactures are carried on in the neighborhood, and the population in 1850 was 1,128, of which 246 were free colored persons. Elk River, Cecil co. A large stream of Chesapeake Bay from the n. e. In con- nection with Back cr. it constitutes a link in the canal line to Delaware r. Elkton, co. seat and p. o., Cecil co. Situ- ate at the forks of Elk r., 13 m. above its ELL [70 ] FOR confluence with Chesapeake Bay at Turkey Point. The Philadelpliia, Wihnington and Baltimore R. R. passes the town a httle to the north. The place is well built, and the public buildings are a court-house and the county prison. Ellengowan, p. o., Baltimore co. Ellicott's Mills, p. v., Howard co. Situ- ate on Patapsco r., 12 m. w. of Baltimore, and 40 n. w. of Annapolis. The Baltimore and Ohio R. R. passes through the place. The whole vicinity is one scene of produc- tive industry, and here is the greatest centre of flouring mills in the Union. In 1850 the population amounted to 1,059, of which number 19G were free colored persons. The "Howard Gazette," a weekly news- paper, is published here. Much grand scenery is found within a circuit of 10 miles. Elysville, p. v., Howard co. Situate on Patapsco r. and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 20 m. w. of Baltimore city ; it contains 1 cotton factory, 1 oakum factory, 1 store, 1 church, 1 school, and 106 in- habitants. The houses are in general built of stone or brick. The vicinity is thickly settled, and in a highly flourishing condi- tion, both in respect of its industrial and agricultural interests. The lands are gen- erally fertile, and afford considerable quan- tities of produce for market. Emmettsburg, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate on the w. side of Flat Run, a tributary of Tom's cr., and extending back almost to that stream. Distant 22 m. n. of Frederick city, and 80 N. w. of Annapolis. A literary journal, the " Emmettsburg Star," is pub- lished here : and there are a number of re- ligious and hterary institutions belonging to the Roman Catholics in the vicinity. In 1850 the population of the town was 756 white persons and 56 free colored persons — total 812. Evitt's Creek, Alleghany co. Rises in Pennsylvania, and flows south between Wells' and Evitt's Mountains into the Po- tomac, which river it joins about 4 m. e. of Cumberland. Fair Haven, v., Calvert co. Situate on the s. w. side of Herring Bay, 20 m. N. of Prince Frederick Town. Fair Hill, p. v., Cecil co. Situate on w. side of Big Elk Run, 10 m. n. of Elkton, and 90 N. E. of Annapolis. Fair Play, v., Washington co. Situate on the w. side of Antietam cr., 10 m. s. of Hagerstown. Fair View, p. v., Washington co. Fallstox, p. v., Harford co. Distant 8 m. from Bel-Air, and 88 m. of Annapolis. Farmington, v., Cecil co. Situate 1 m. w. of the west branch of North-East, r., 14 m. w. N. w. of Elkton, and 82 n. e. of An- napolis. Federalsburg, p. v., Caroline co. Situ- ate on the E. side of Marshy Hope cr., near the county line, 24 m. N. e. of Cambridge, and 65 e. s. e, of Annapolis. Fenwick's Island, partly in Delaware and partly in Maryland, is a long narrow beach island lying between the Atlantic Ocean and Sinepuxent Bay. In its more southern portion it is called "Assateague Island." Fifteen Mile Creek, Alleghany co. Rises in Pennsylvania, and after breaking through the gorges of Town Hill, reaches the Potomac 4 m. w. of Washington co. Hne. Rock Lick, a stream draining the valley be- tween Green Mountain and Town Hill, is its principal affluent. FiNKSBURG, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on the w. side of Cranberry Run or North Branch of Patapsco River, 6 m. s. e. of Westminster, and 51 n. w. of Annapolis. Fishing Bay, Dorchester co. A large bay at the s. end of the county, into which Nanticoke r. and other streams empty themselves. It is entered between Bishop's Head and Nanticoke Point, and about its centre is Clay Island, on which is a light- house, about 5 m. long from. e. to w., and 4 m. deep from n. to s. It covers about 20 square miles. Fishing Creek, Frederick co. A tribu- tary of Monocacy r., from Catoctin Moun- tain. Several flourishing villages are loca- ted on its banks. Flintstone Creek, Alleghany co. A large stream, from Pennsylvania, flowing s. to Town cr. and Potomac r. Flintstone, v., Alleghany co. Situate on tJie Hancock turnpike, where it crosses Flintstone cr., 10 m. e. of Cumberland, and 156 N. w. of Annapolis. Fork Meeting-House, p. o., Baltimore co. Situate on the s. side of Great Falls of Gun- powder r., 18 m. n. e. of Baltimore, and 46 N. N. E. of Annapolis. Fork Town, p. v., Somerset co. Situate on the E. line of the county, 10 m. e. n. e. of Princess Anne, and 99 s. s. e. of An- napolis. Fort Frederick, Washington co. Situ- ate on the N. side of Potomac r., and on the lines of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal and the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 14 m. w. of Hagerstown. Fort Hill, Alleghany co. A high ridge on the N. w. bank of Potomac r., 15 m. s. w. of Cumberland. Fort Washington, p. o., Prince George CO. Situate on the extreme w. point of tha FOX [71 peninsula formed between Swan cr. and Piscataway r., of the Potomac r., 21 m. s. w. of Upi)er Marlboro', 40 s. w. of Annapo- lis, and 15 s. of Washington, D. C. Fox's Gap, Washington co. A pass of South Mountain, 14 m. s. e. of Hagers- town. Franklin, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on the N. side of Dead Run of Gwinn's Falls, and on the post-road 4 m. av. of Bal- timore city, 32 m. n. of Annapolis. Franklinville, v., Alleghany co. Situ- ate on the Bait. & Ohio R. R., 2,000 feet above tide-water of Potomac r., 36 m. s. w. of Cumberland, and 202 w. N, w, of Annapolis. Franklinville, p. v., Carroll co. Franklinville, v., Frederick co. Situ- ate at the w. base of Parr's Eidge, 16 m. e. of Frederick city. Frederick, v., Cecil co. Situate on the N. side of Sassafras r., 12 m. from its con- fluence with Chesapeake Bay, and 17 m. s. in a direct line from Elkton. Frederick, city, co. seat and p. o. Situ- ate on Carroll's cr., a branch of Monocacy r., 3 m. w. from the latter : 75 m. n. w. of Annapolis, and 43 n. n. w. of Washington. The valley of Monocacy r. is equally re- markable for its beauty of position, its rich agricultural resources, and its mineral FRE wealth. Frederick is the depot of this rich district, and is, in point of wealth and elegance, the second city of Maryland. It is regularly laid out, with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, and contains a court-house, wliich is a substan- tial and neat building ; the county-jail, and the other usual public offices; a number of church edifices, some of them spacious, and of fine architecture ; two banks ; several literary and scientific institutions, and about 1,000 dwellings, mostly of brick or stone. St. John's College, and several of the Cathohc institutions are located in Fred- erick. In 1850 the population amounted to 6,028 — white persons, 4,786 ; free colored persons, 822, and slaves, 420 ; and in this respect it is the third place of importance in the state. Baltimore and Cumberland only having larger numbers of inhabitants. Five newspapers — 3 whig, 1 democratic, and 1 literary, are published here every week, and have respectable circulations. Numerous manufactures are carried on, and a large wholesale and retail business. A branch from the Bait, and Ohio R. R., three miles in length, connects the city with that great route of travel and transportation. Lat. 39'' 24' n., and long. 77° 18' w. of Greenwich, or O'^ 16' 30" w. of Washing- ton. FREDERICK COUNTY, one of the most wealthy and populous in the state, lies be- tween Montgomery county and the north state line, and between Carroll county on the E., and Washington county on the w. It contains an area of 358,400 acres. Drained by the Monocacy river and Catoctin creek, affluents of Potomac river, and having a soil varied in quality, in some parts formed of decomposed slate, in others of red shales, and in others of limestone, its agricultural capacities are excellent, and as a grain or grazing region it has few superior or more practicable competitors. The soil, generally, is easily worked, and is very productive of wheat and corn. The surface in the main is only un- dulating, but in its western portion South Mountain and its offshoots render it some- what hilly and broken. The water is generally good, but in some parts impregnated with lime. A heavy growth of oak, hickory, walnut, chestnut, locust, ash and poplar, is found in the forests. The geology of the county belongs to the primary era. Lime- stone, sandstone, quartz rock, shales, blue slate and dolomite, constitute the prevailing rocks. The limestone is of a very superior character, and there is a good marble quarry in the county. The stone is of a snowy whiteness, of a fine texture, and suscep- tible of a polish nearly as beautiful as that of the best Italian marble. Copper, iron and manganese ores and barytes abound. The copper mines have been worked with great advantage, and from Liberty mines large quantities have been obtained. Many of the mines, however, have been abandoned, owing, it is said, to an insufficient encouragement. The county is free from miasms, and considered unusually healthy, Frederick county was originally settled by Germans and English, about 1720, and was organized in 1748. At first it comprised the larger portion of the state. It was named after Frederick, the son of Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore. In 1790 it contained 30,791 inhabitants; and in 1820 the population had increased to 40,459; in 1840 it was only 36,405, and in 1850 it had again increased to 40,987. The diminution observed in 1840 was caused by the separation from it of a part of Carroll county. Of the population in 1850, 33,314 were white persons, 3,760 free colored persons, and 3,913 slaves; and, exclusive of the latter, 33,575 were natives of Maryland, 2,142 of other states of the Union, 1,357 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 6,397 ; and families, 6,614. FRE [72] FRE Births in 1849-50, 1,150; marriages, 321; deaths, 576. Deaf and dumb, 25; blind, 19; insane, 70 ; and idiotic, 26. Slaves — manumitted in the year, 18, and fugitive, 35. There were in the county in 1850, 1,983 farms, covering 252,129 acres improved, and 94,379 acres unimproved lands, together valued at $10,605,814 ; and the value of farming utensils and machinery, $299,921. The hve stock consisted of 8,949 horses, 59 asses and mules, 9,519 milch com^s, 1,050 working oxen, 7,919 other cattle, 12,483 sheep, and 38,606 swine, valued in the aggregate at $813,885. The products of the soil consisted of — wheat, 731,684 bushels; rye, 49,878; Indian corn, 782,603; oats, 180,922; barley, 40; buckwheat, 1,169; peas and beans, 573; Irish potatoes, 53,004, and sweet potatoes, 929 bushels. The value of orchard products was $17,062, and of market-gardens, $4,202. Wine was made to the amount of 198 gallons. Among the miscellaneous products were — tobacco, 175,394 pounds ; hay, 23,838 tons ; clover-seed, 2,931 bushels, and other grass-seed, 545 bushels ; hops, 609 pounds ; flax, 2,673 pounds ; and flax-seed, 125 bushels ; silk cocoons, 2 pounds ; beeswax and honey, 4,315 pounds. The wool crop amounted to 32,232 pounds ; the dairy produced 723,064 pounds butter, and 500 pounds cheese ; and the value of animals slaughtered was $239,594. Home-made manufactures were produced to the value of $2,384. The whole number of industrial establishments in the county on the 1st June, 1850, was 253, with an aggregate capital amounting to $815,581, and using annually raw mate- rial, fuel, (fee, to the value of $1,136,533 ; number of hands employed 880, at an average monthly cost of $15,236 ; and value of annual products $1,600,967. The principal branches of industry were flouring, tanning, iron making, &c., as exhibited in the an- nexed : Factories. Flouring Mills.. Tanneries Iron furnace... .. " foundery.. No. .72. .43. . 1. Capital. Hands. Products. .$353,550. .135. .$798, 586 . 243,100. .179.. 429,508 . 80,000.. 90.. 100,000 1,800.. 4. 5,010 Factories. No. Capital. Hands. Products. Agricul. impl 2 $17,000... 24 $26,204 Blacksmitheries ..31 13,740. ..63 29,949 Boot and shoe fac. 16 7,285. ..63 30,171 Woolen mills 9 25,600... 45 26,950 Besides which, the census enumerates 4 bakeries, 5 brick fields, 1 broom shop, 6 cabinet factories, 2 carpenters' sliops, 1 chandlery, 3 cigar factories, 3 clothiers' shops, 2 carriage factories, 12 coopers' shops, 2 potteries, 1 distillery, 2 glove factories, 1 gun smithery, 1 hat and cap factory, 1 lime kiln, 1 paper mill, 13 saw mills, 8 saddleries, 4 tin shops, 1 weaver, and 4 wheelwright shops. A farm-hand with board averages $8 a month ; a day laborer averages 75 cents, or 50 if boarded ; a carpenter has $1 25 ; and the weekly wages to a female domestic with board is 75 cents. Price of board to a laboring man, $2 a week. The assessed value of real and personal estate Avas in 1850, June 1, $18,773,926, (true valuation $20,455,298;) and the amount of taxes thereon, $98,892; state tax, $45,192; tounty tax, $37,494 ; school tax, $8,000 ; road tax, $8,296. The county supported 238 paupers during the year, at an expense of $5,898, and at the above date 218 were on the Ust. Criminals convicted during the year, 8. The whole number of persons attending school in the year 1849-50, was 6,583 ; and on the 1st June, 1850, there were in 93 primary and public schools, 94 teachers and 5,182 children; in 17 academies and other schools, 68 teachers and 740 pupils; and in three colleges, 36 teachers and 340 students. Total cost, $106,801 ; of which $0,627 was from public funds, and $7,185 from special taxation; the balance from endowment funds and charges to scholars. The portion used by colleges was $34,100 ; by pubUc schools, $15,990; and by academies, $56,711. The county contained in 1850, 79 churches of all denominations, capable in the aggre- gate of accommodating 36,600 persons; and the value of property held by the churches amounted to $313,450. The Baptists had 3 churches, the Episcopalians 4, the Friends 1, the German Reformed 11, the Lutherans 7, the Methodists 33, the Presbyterians 3, the Roman Catholics 7, the Moravians 5, the Tunkers 2, the EvangeUcal Reformed 2, and the Winebrennarians 1. The principal thoroughfare of this county is the Bait, and Ohio R. R., which traverses it in a direction east and west, and passing three miles below Frederick city, sends off to that place a branch R. R. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal also passes on the southern hne, along the Potomac river. The turnpikes and county roads are numerous and well kept. Frederick City is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices : Adamstown, Barry, Buckey's Town, Burkettsville, Creagertown, Em- PRE [73 ] GRE mettsburgh, Graceham, Greenfield Mills, Ijamsville, JefiFerson, Johnsville, Ladiesburgh. Liberty Town, Mechanicstown, Middletown, Monrovia, Mount Pleasant, Llyersville, New London, New Market, Petersville, Point of Rocks, Sabillisville, Unionville, Urbana, Utica Mills, Walkersville, Weverton, Wolfsville, Woodsborough. Freedom, p. v., Carroll co. Situate about 5 m. w. of the north branch of Patapsco r., 10 m. s. of Westminster, and 50 n. w. of Annapolis. Its vicinity presents a fine farming region. Freeland, p. v., Baltimore co. Frenohtown, v., Cecil co. Situate on the E. side of Elk r., 14 m. above its con- fluence with Chesapeake Bay; 2 m. s. of Elkton, and about 80 m. n. w. of Anna- polis. The New-Castle and Frenchtown E. R. has its w. terminus here. Friendship, p. v., Calvert co. Situate about 3 m. w. of Herring Bay of the Chesapeake, 18 m. n. of Prince Frederick Town, and 21 m. s. s. w. of Annapolis. Friendsville, v., AUeghany co. Situate on the e. bank of Youghiogeny r., 7 m. s. of the Pennsylvania state line, and 38 w. of Cumberland. Frizzelsburg, v., Carroll co. Situate on the branches of Big Pipe cr., and on the Taney-Town turnpike, 7 m. N. w. of West- minster. Frostburg, p. v., AUeghany co. Situate on the National Road, where it is crossed by the Western Port turnpike, 10 m. w. of Cumberland, and 176 n. w. of Annapolis. This is one of the most elevated villages in the United States, being, according to Mr. Schriver, 1,792 feet above the tide water of Chesapeake Bay. It is the centre of a vast mining country. Frostburg Company's Mines, Alleghany CO. Situate about one mile n. of Frost- burg, and 10 w. of Cumberland. FuNKSTOwN, or Jerusalem, p. v., Wash- ington CO. Situate on the e. bank of An- tietam cr., 2 m. s. of Hagerstown, and 99 m. N. w. of Annapolis. The Frederick turnpike passes through the village. Popu- lation, 793 — white persons, 581 ; free color- ed persons, 32 ; and slaves, 179. Gap Mills, p. o., Baltimore co. George's Creek, Alleghany co. A large stream, flowing s. to Potomac r., which it joins at Western Port, and opposite Red- mont station of the Bait, and Ohio R. R. It drains the valley between Gt. Savage Mountain and Dan's Mountain, from both of which it receives numerous streamlets. Georgetown Cross Roads, p. v., Kent CO. Situate 2 m. s. of Georgetown, on Sassafras r., 16 in. N. e. of Chestertown, and 58 n. e. of Annapolis. It is a flourish- ing village, and has an excellent academy. Gltmont, p. v., Charles co. Golden, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on the Line of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 11 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 40 N. of Annapolis. Golden Hill, p. o., Dorchester co. GooDLUCK, p. 0., Prince George co. Situ- ate on e. side of Western Branch of Patux- ent r., 13 m. n. of Upper Marlboro', and 43 m. s. w. of Annapolis. Govanstown, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- ate on the turnpike 2 m. e. of Jones' Falls, 6. m. N. of Baltimore, and 34 N. of Anna- polis. Governor's Bridge, p. o., Anne Arundel CO. Graceham, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on the w. side of Monocacy r., 17 n. of Frederick city, and 92 n. n. w. of Annapolis. Grantsville, p. v., Alleghany co. Situ- ate at the E. base of Negro Mountain on the National Road, 27 m. w. of Cumber- land, and 193 n. w. of Annapolis. Great Back Bone, Alleghany co. One of the principal ridges of the Alleghany Mountains. The Potomac r. follows the course of its e. base, from Savage r. south- ward. Elevation above tide-water 2,981 ft. Great Gunpowder Falls, Baltimore co. A large stream that drains the north and middle sections of the county and falls into Gunpowder r. Its tributary streams are numerous and wide-spreading. Great Mills, p. o., St. Mary's co. Situ- ate on a creek of St. Mary's r., falling into its N. w. arm, 10 m. e. s. e. of Leonard- town, and 81 s. s. w. of Annapolis. Great Savage Mountain, Alleghany co. Extends n. e. from Savage r. far into Penn- sylvania, and may be considered as a pro- longation of the ridge known as Great Back- bone. Elevation, 3,483 feet above tide- water. Savage r. on the w., and George's cr. on the e., receive its streams. Green Ridge, Alleghany co. One of the small ridges of the Eastern Alleghanies. Green Springs, p. o., Baltimore co. Situ- ate on the Une of the Westminster Branch R. R., 14 m. N. of Baltimore, and 46 N. n. w. of Annapolis. Greenfield Mills, p. o., Frederick co. Situate on Monocacy r., 6 m. above its con- fluence with Potomac r., 11 m. s. of Fred- erick city. The inhabitants are chiefly farmers, but some mechanic businesses are here carried on. There are about 9 or 10 dwellings, and from 50 to 60 inhabitants in GRE [74 J HAR the village, and the surrounding country is all under cultivation. Within the distance of 2 miles there are 2 churches and 3 schools. Greensboro', p. v., Caroline co. Situate on the w. side of Choptank cr., 10 m. N. of Denton, and 65 e. of Annapolis. Grey Rock, p. o., Harford co. Gunpowder Neck, Harford co. A long peninsula lying between Bush r. and Gun- powder r., and extending far into Chesa- peake Bay, terminating at Rickett's Point. Gunpowder River, Harford co. A large estuary of Chesapeake Bay, running up be- tween Harford and Baltimore counties, and receiving from both several considerable streams, the largest of which is Great Gun- powder Falls from Baltimore co. This es- tuary covers an area of about 22 square miles. Gwinn's Falls, Baltimore co. A tribu- tary of Patapsco r. immediately w. of Bal- timore city. Hagerstown, CO. seat and p. o., "Wash- ington CO. Situate on the w. bank of An- tietam cr., 22 m. above its confluence with Potomac r., 101 N. w. of Annapolis, and 96 K n. w. of Washington, D. C. Lat. 39° 37' N., and long. 77* 35' w. of Greenwich, or 0° 33' 30" w. of Washington. The village is located in the midst of a fine and flourish- ing agricultural district, of which it is the commercial centre. It is a well-built town, with regular and wide streets, and contains a number of substantial public edifices ; a court-house, the county jail, a town-hall, &c. Seven newspapers are issued weekly, viz: the "Hagerstown News," the "Peo- ples' Own," and the " Casket," neutral and literary; the "Herald of Freedom" and HARFORD COUNTY fronts on Susquehanna river and Chesapeake Bay, and ex- tends back to Baltimore county and the north line of the state. Area, 282,880 acres. The southern portions of Harford are low and flat, and have extensive arms of the Chesapeake penetrating far inland. These receive the drainage of about one half the surface — that of the northern portions of the county being carried off by Deer Creek and other creeks to the Susquehanna river. In the latter upper region the surface is elevated, rocky, and in some parts even hilly ; and here all the varieties of the primary rocks, such as granite, gneiss, micaceous and talcose slates and Umestone occur, and iron ore of a rich quality is abundant. The quality of the soil depends on the character of the subjacent rocks, but are in all cases excellent grass lands. In the lower parts of the county the soils vary greatly in their composition : sand, gravelly loam and clay, the latter predominating, being their bases. Lime is the most commonly used fertilizer. The natural timbers are white and black oak, chestnut, hickory and poplar. Few parts of the state are more varied in their agricultural productions or in their capacities for grazing and feeding, and no district has greater commercial facilities either seaward or inland, while many of the streams afford fine sites for milling and manufactures. The roads are excellent, and penetrate to every portion of the county ; and hence in the development of its resources the progi-ess has been rapid and substantial. Several considerable islands of the Chesapeake, as Spesutie Island and Pool's Island, belong to Harford county. This county was organized in 1773, having previously constituted a portion of Baltimore and Frederick counties. It was named after Henry Harford, son of the last Lord Balti- more, and last proprietary of the colony. In 1790 it contained 14,976 inhabitants, and in the " Torch-Light," ly^z'gr ; and the "Hager- stown Mail" and the " Republican," demo- cratic. The circulation averages for each about 700 copies, but the Casket circulates 1,400. There are two banks in the village. In 1850 the population amounted to 3,884 — 3,206 white persons, 435 free colored persons, and 183 slaves. The Franklin R. R. connejcts the town with the rail-roada of Pennsylvania. Hall's Cross Roads, p. o., Harford co. Situate on the w. side of Swan cr., 12 m. e. of Bel- Air, and 59 n. of Annapolis. The line of the Phila., Wilmington and Bait. R. R. passes by this point. Hamburg, v., Frederick co. Situate on the s. side of Fishing cr., at the base of Catoctin Mountain, 10 m. n. of Frederick city, and 85 m. n. w. of Annapolis. Hampstead, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on the upper waters of the North Branch of Patapsco r., 6 m. N. e. of Westminster, and 56 m. N. N. w. of Annapolis. Haaipton, v., Baltimore co. Situate on a creek of Great Gunpowder Falls, 12 m. N. of Baltimore city. Hancock, p. v., Washington co. Situate on the N. bank of Potomac r., 28 m. w. of Hagerstown, and 125 N. w. of AnnapoUs. It is the centre of a considerable trade, and has excellent prospects from its facilities of transportation ; the Potomac r., the Chesa- peake and Ohio canal, and the Bait, and Ohio R. R. pass it closely, and an excellent turnpike passes through it — all in a direction E. and w. Harewood, v., Baltimore co. Situate on the s. side of Bird's r., near its confluence with Gunpowder r., 16 m, e. of Baltimore. HAR [75] HAR 1820 its population was 15,924; in 1840, 17,120; and in 1850, 19,35G, of which 14,413 were white persons, 2,777 free colored persons, and 2,166 slaves; and of the population, exclusive of slaves, 14,957 were natives of Maryland, 1,235 of other portions of the Union, and 998 of foreign states. Dwellings 2,977, and families 2,985. Births, 469; marriages, 77; and deaths, 246. Deaf and dumb, 11; blind, 4; insane, 14; and idiotic, 18. Slaves — manumitted, in 1849-50, 30 ; and fugitive, 37. The number of farms in the county on the 1st June, 1850, was 1,278, covering 123,094 acres improved, and 86,509 acres unimproved lands, valued at $4,177,047; and the value of farming implements and machinery wasSl56,114. The live stock consisted of — horses, 3,662; asses and mules, 224; milch cows, 5,003; working oxen, 1,515; other cattle, 4,113; sheep, 8,424; swine, 14,342, valued in the aggregate at $444,400; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year ending at the above date was $100,560. The va- lue of the dairy was $236,825, and the wool crop amounted to 21,072 pounds. The pro- ducts of the soil were — wheat, 186,421 bushels; rye, 2.010; Indian corn, 516,537; oats, 220,012; barley, 76; buckwheat, 34,180; beans and peas, 118; Irish potatoes, 56,470, and sweet potatoes, 45 bushels. The value of orchard products was $9,507, and of mar- ket-garden products, $336; and of wine 56 gallons was produced. There is also enumerated in the census a number of other products, as hay, 12,837 tons ; clover-seed, 2,547 bush- els ; other grass-seed, 170 bushels; hops, 20 pounds; flax, 262 pounds; flax-seed, 15 bushels ; and beeswax and honey, 4,286 pounds. The value of home-made manufactures was $5,051. The principal manufactures of Harford are iron, flour and leather. On the 1st of June, 1850, the county contained 70 industrial establishments, in which an aggregate capital of $428,655 was invested, and in which raw material, valued at $398,732, was consumed in 1849-50. The whole number of businesses represented Avas 20, and the whole number of hands employed was 320, at an average monthly cost of $6,456, producing in the year to the value of $545,676. The statistics of the principal businesses were as follow: Business or Value of Manufactures. No. Capital. Haads. prod'cts. Agric. implementg 9. ...$2,775 21. ..$7,390 Blacksmiths 11 2,875 -25 8.816 Woolen mills 3 7,600 20--. 13,100 Paper mill 1 6,000 5 8,000 Business or Value of Manufactures. No. Capital. Hands, prod'cts Forges, iron 2.. $38,500 27 . . . 29,300 Furnaces 4.. 280,000 144. .171,800 Flour mills 12.. . 6,5,,'500 21 ..262,010 Tanneries 6.. .11,000 17 9,700 Also boot and shoe shops 4, with six hands ; brick field 1, with 2 hands ; broom factory 1 ; cabinet factories 2, with 4 hands ; carriage factory 1, with 2 hands; cooper's shop 1, with 3 hands ; pottery 1, with 2 hands ; lime kilns 3, with 6 hands ; bark mill 1, with 3 hands ; saw mills 2 ; iron mine 1, with 5 hands ; and stone mason's shops 2, with 8 hands. The average wages to a farm-hand in this county is $10 a month with board ; of a day-laborer with board 50 cents, and without board 75 cents; of a carpenter, $1 25 a day, and of a female domestic with board $1 a week. The price of board for laboring men is $2 a week. Assessed for taxation, the value of all real and personal estate in the county in 1850 amounted to $5,087,990, and the amount of taxes laid thereon was $41,686, of which $12,556 was for state purposes, and $29,130 for county purposes. The number of paupers supported during the year was 28, of which 17 remained on the lists on the 1st June, 1850— annual cost, $2,800. The county is poorly supplied with means of education. Not a single public library ex- ists within its limits, and only 16 private ones with the small aggregate of 6,825 volumes • and three weekly papers circulating from 300 to 500 copies are the only local vehicles of news. The number of children tliat had attended school in 1849-50 was 2,213 ; and there was on the 1st June, 1850, within the county, 17 primary and common schools with 17 teachers and 390 scholars, and 2 academies and other schools with 2 teachers and 68 pupils. The expenses for the year, incident to the schools, amounted to $4,150, all de- rived from the public funds ; and the expenses of the academies was $650, of which amount $500 was realized from endowment, and $150 from the public funds. These statistics exhibit a state of things unworthy of so prosperous a county as that of Harford, and call loudly for some beneficent reform. The number of " adults who cannot read and write" was 866, viz : 207 white persons, and 659 free colored persons. At the period above named, there were in the county 38 churches, capable of accommo- dating 9,550 persons, and valued, as property, at $51,300. The Methodists are more numerous than all other denominations together, and had 21 churches, with accommoda- HAR [76] HOO tion for 4,950 persons; the Baptists had 3 churches, with accommodation for 900 persons; the Episcopalians 3 churches, and accommodation for 850 persons ; the Friends 5 churches, and accommodation for 1,000; the Presbyterians 3 clmrches, and accommodation for 850 persons ; the Roman Catholics 2 churches, and accommodation for 700 persons ; and the Union or Free Church, 1 church, and accommodation for 300. The great thoroughfare of this county is the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore R. R, which traverses in a direction s. w. and n. e. through its southern portion. Its E. terminus is at Havre de Grace, and its w. terminus on Gunpowder river. The Tide- water canal from Pennsylvania has also its terminus at Havre de Grace. Bel-Air is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices : — Abingdon, Churchville, Clermont Mills, Darlington, Dublin, Fallston, Grey Rock, Hall's Cross Roads, Havre de Grace, Hickory Tavern, Highland Grove, Hopewell Cross Roads, Jarrettsville, Jerusalem Mills, Magnolia, Michaelsville, Mill Green, Perry- mansville, Pleasantville, Rock Run, Sandy Hook, Shawsville, Taylor, Upper Cross Roads. Harford, v., Harford co. Situate at the junction of James' and Bynham's Runs at the head of Bush r., 8 m. s. of Bel- Air. It is known also as Bush. Harris' Lot, p. o., Charles co. Harrisonville, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- ate on the Union Town post-road, 7 m. w. of Baltimore city. Havre de Grace, seaport, p. t, Harford co. Situate on the w. side of Susquehanna r., at its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 16 m. E. of Bel- Air, and 64 n. e. of Annapolis. The Bait, and Philadelphia Rail-road passes through the place, and crosses Susquehanna r. by a steam ferry, and here is the s. ter- minus of the Tide-water or Susquehanna canal, which furnishes a navigable channel between the sea and the system of canals in Pennsylvania. The town itself is small, but well built, and contains several stores and warehouses ; and in 1850, it had a popula- tion of 1,336—1,049 white persons, 203 free colored persons, and 84 slaves. The various mechanic arts and commerce form the chief industrial pursuits ; and in the proper sea- son, the shad and herring fisheries of the river and bay give employment to many. The " Harford Madisonian" is published here, weekly circulation about 400 copies. The British, under Admiral Cockburn, sacked and burned the place in 1814. Head of Sassafras, p. o., Kent co. Situ- ate, as its name implies, at the head of Sas- safras r., 18 m. E. of its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 28 m. n. e. of Chester- town, and 70 m. n. e. of Annapolis. Hereford, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 3 m. w. of Gunpowder Falls, on the turn- pike, 28 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 52 n. of Annapolis. Herring Bay. An arm of Chesapeake Bay on its western side, indenting the shores of Anne Arundel and Calvert coun- ties. Holland's Point is its south headland. Herring Run, Baltimore co. A tributary of Back r., which it joins in its north-west- ern arm. Hickory, p. v., Harford co. Situate at the head streams of Bynham's Run, 5 m. N. of Bel- Air, and 58 n. of AnnapoUs. HiCKSBURG, p. v., Dorchester co. Highland Grove, p. o., Harford co. HiLLSBORo', p. v., Caroline co. Situate on the E. of Tuckahoe cr., 7 m. w. N. w. of Denton, and 59 e. of AnnapoUs. Hill Top, v., Charles co. Situate on a creek of Nanjemoy r., 8 m. w. of Port To- bacco. Hilton, v., Howard co. Situate near the Patapsco r., one mile s. w. of EUicott's Mills. Hole-in-the-Wall, v., Talbot co. Situ- ate at the Cross-Roads, 8 m. s. of Easton. Holland's Islands, Dorchester co. A cluster of islands ranging n. and s., and enclosing the large bay containing the estu- aries of the Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Manokin rivers. Holland's Point, Calvert co. The ex- treme e. point of the s. boundary of Her- ring Bay, so called. Holly Point, Baltimore co. The e. point of the s. shore of Middle r., so called. Honga River, or Sound, Dorchester co. A broad, navigable sound, intervening be- tween Hooper's island and the main. Hood's Mills, Carroll co. Situate on the N. side of the w. branch of the Patapsco r., and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 35 m. w. of Baltimore, 16 s. of Westminster, and 56 n. n. w. of Anna- polis. HooKTOWN, v., Talbot co. Situate 2 ra. E. of St. ^Michael's r., and 3 N. of Easton. HooKSTOWN, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 2 m. E. of Gwinn's Falls, 6 m. n. of Balti- more, on the Westminster turnpike, and 33 N. N. w. of Annapolis. Hooper's Island, Dorchester co. A large island of Chesapeake Bay, separated from the main land by Honga r. Hoop Pole Ridge, Alleghany co. A long ridge of the Alleghanies, traversing HOP [ 77 ] JEF the w. part of the county in a du-ection N. E. aud s. w. Hopewell Cross-Road?, p. o., Harford CO. Situate on the main road from Balti- more to Philadelphia, where it is crossed by the Havre de Grace road, about 4 m. w. of Susquehanna r., and 5 w. of Port Deposit, 6 m. X. w. of Havre de Grace, and 8 m. e. n. E. of Bel- Air. Largfe droves of cattle for the eastern markets pass this point. The country around is well settled, and great improvements have been made of late years in the routine of agricultural opera- tions. A Temperance Hall, for the con- venience of the neighborhood, has been lately erected. Horse Head, p. o.. Prince George co. Houck's Store, p. o., Carroll co. HOWARD COUNTY formed a portion of Anne Arundel previous to 1851, and in that connection was known as the Howard District. It occupies about 144,000 acres- situate between the Patapsco and Patuxent rivers, and lying north-west of Anne Arun- del county, as at present constituted. The surface is undulating, and the drainage excel- lent. Numerous creeks, rising from the interior of the county, fall into the streams which almost surround it, and in their course furnish considerable mill-power. The statistics of this county are not given separate from those of Anne Arundel in the census of 1850, as published by the State Department, and hence the interests of the two counties have been considered together. (See Anne Arundel County.) It is evident, however, on reference to the list of towns contained in Howard, that the great bulk of the manufactures attributed to Anne Arundel, belong, in reality, to this county. The Bait, and Ohio R. R. traverses the north boundary of the county, and the Bait, and Washington Branch R. R. the south- ern boundary. The following are the principal villages and post-offices: Cookesville, Elkridge Landing, EUicott's Mills, Elysville, Ilchester Mills, Lisbon, Marriottsville, Poplar Springs, Savage, &c. HoTSTOWN, v., Alleghany co. Hungary Neck, Somerset co. A long peninsula, lying between Wicomico r. and Monie cr. Hunting Creek, Dorchester co. A tribu- tary of Choptank r. Hunting Creek, Frederick co. A tribu- tary of Monocacy r., from the w. Hunting Creek Town, v., Dorchester co. Situate on the e. side of Hunting cr. of the Choptank r., 5 m. above its confluence w'th the latter. Huntingtown, p. v., Calvert co. Situate on the s. side of Huntingtown cr., 3 m. n N. w. of Prince Fredericktown, and 42 s. of Annapolis. Huntingtown Creek, Calvert co. A creek of Patuxent r. Hyattstown, p. v., Montgomery co. Situate near the n. w. county line, about 2(1 s. of Bennett's cr. of Monocacy r., 17 m. N. w. of Rockville, and 72 w. by N. of Annapolis. Ijamsville, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on the N. side of Bush cr., 6 m. from its confluence with Monocacy r., 10 m. s. e. of Frederick city, and 71 n. w. of Annapolis. The Bait, and Ohio R. R., passes through the village. Baltimore distant 54 m. e. iLcnESTER Mills, p. o., Howard co. Sit- uate on the s. side of Patapsco r., 13 m. w. of Baltimore, and 2 m. from ElUcott's Mills. The Bait, and Ohio R. R. passes by this place. Indiait Landing, v., Anne Arundel co. Situate at the head of Severn r., on its w. side, 9 m. n. of Annapolis. Indian Spring, Washington co. A no- ted watering-place on North Mountain, 15 m. w. of Hagerstown. Irish Creek, Talbot co. An inlet of the estuary of Choptank r., between Tread- haven cr. and Broad cr. Isle of Wight, Worcester co. A small island at the entrance of St. Martin's r. Israel Creek, Frederick co. A tributary of Monocacy r., from the e. Israel Creek, Washington co. A tribu- tary of Potomac r., flowing through Pleas- ant Valley, and having its sources in the slopes of South and Elk mountains. James' Island, Dorchester co. An island of the Chesapeake, a little s. of Choptank r. Jane's Island, Somerset co. More pro- perly a peninsula, this swampy neck of land projects into Chesapeake Bay, between Annemesix and Little Annemesix rivers, about 5 m. Jarrettsville, p. v., Harford co. Situ- ate s. of Deer Creek in the n. w. part of the county, 12 m. N. N. w. of Bel- Air, and 65 N, of Annapolis. Jefferson, p. v., Frederick co. Situate about a mile e. of Catoctin cr., and between that and Catoctin Mountain, 4 m. n. from Potomac r., 8 m. s. w. of Frederick city, and 86 n. w. of Annapolis. Population in 1850, 337 — 245 white persons, 8 free colored persons, 84 slaves. Jefferson's Corner, p. v., Somerset co. JEN [ TS J KEN Jennimg's Run, Alleghany co. Rises by two forks from e. slope of Great Savage Mountain, and after an e. course of 20 miles in its windings empties into Will's Creek 4 m. above Cumberland. Mt. Savage village is located on the s. fork, and Wel- lersburg on the n. fork. Jerusalem Mills, p. o., Harford co. Situ- ate on the E. side of Little Gunpowder Falls, 8 m. s. e. of Bel-Air, and 46 n. of Annapolis. JonNsviLLE, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on an elevated plat, from which streams flow- ing in every direction to Antietam cr., Sam's or., &c. have their rise, 13 m. n. e. in a di- rect line of Frederick city, and 74 m. n. w. of Annapolis. The vicinity is one of the finest agricultural districts in the county. Jones' Falls, Baltimore co. A stream from the n., passing through the city of Baltimore centrally, and falling into the Inner Harbor. It is a fine mill stream, and is the site of extensive manufactures. JoppA, v., Harford co. Situate on the N. E. side of Gunpowder r., and about a mile N. of the Bait, and Philadelphia R. E. track. Kedges, or Cagis Strait, Dorchester co. A narrow passage between Holland's Is- lands and Smith's Island, so called, by which a navigable communication is had between Tangier Sound and Chesapeake Bay. Keedtsville, p. v., Washington co. Situ- ate on L. Antietam cr., 13 m. s. of Hagers- town, and 88 n. w. of Annapolis. KENT COUNTY occupies the whole of the peninsula situate between Sassafras river and Chester river, affluents of Chesapeake Bay, and several islands in the wide estuary of the latter river. Its superficies contain only 174,080 acres, it being, with the exception of Calvert, the smallest county in the state. The surface is high and rolling, generally dry and well-drained by creeks flowing into its border streams, and its soil is of excellent quality, and fertile. The forest growths are several varieties of oak, hickory, chestnut, pine, locust, walnut, cedar, gum and beech ; and its grasses are rich and nutritious. Marl and lime (from shell beds) are abundant, and are the most commonly used fertilizers of the soil. The finest crops of the county are wheat, Indian corn and oats, for which the climate is eminently suited; and in proportion to its extent the amount of live stock owned and fed on the pasture lands is above the average. The county was organized by the provincial legislature in 1650, and derived its name from the neighboring island, called Kent, the seat of the first settlements within the state. In 1790 it contained 12,836 inhabitants; in 1820 its population had decreased to 11,453, and in 1840 to 10,842, laut in 1850 it had somewhat regained its former numbers — the population having increased to 11,386, or in the ratio during the preceding decenniad of 5'02 per centum. The whole of this decrease has occurred in the free colored and slave population. Of the population in 1850, the number of white persons was 5,616; of free colored, 1,571 ; and of slaves, 2,627 ; and of the white and free colored persons 7,992 were natives of Maryland, 695 (of which 528 from Delaware) of other states of the Union, and 72 of foreign countries. Dwellings 1,584, and families 1,584. Deaf and dumb, 7; blind, 6 ; insane, 8 ; and idiotic, 8. Slaves — manumitted, in 1849-50, huo, and fugitive, ten. On the 1st June, 1850, there were in the county 667 farms, covering 125,310 acres im- proved and 41,103 acres unimproved lands, together valued at $3,047,309; and the value of farming implements and machinery was $92,702. The live stock consisted of 2,985 horses, 206 asses and mules, 3,083 milch cows, 899 working oxen, 3,373 other cattle, 6,826 sheep, and 11,756 swine, valued in the aggregate at $298,069. Wool was produced in 1849-50, to the amount of 21,312 pounds ; butter, of 46,122 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered was $60,118. j The soil crops consisted of wheat, 194,860 bushels ; rye, 200; Indian corn, 556,731; oats, 126,206; buckwheat, 695; peas and beans, 620; Irish potatoes, 44,653 ; and sweet potatoes, 1,820 bushels ; also hay, 856 tons ; clover- seed, 332 bushels ; hops, 25 pounds ; dew-rotted hemp, 5 tons, &c. The value of orchard products amounted to $20,715, and of market-garden products, $1,240 ; and the production of beeswax and honey amounted to 1,495 pounds. Home-made manufactures were va- lued at $400. The manufacturing industry of Kent is confined to the production of articles suitable to the local population. On the 1st June, 1850, the whole number of industrial establish- ments was only 34, in which the capital invested was $45,700, and the annual produc- tion, $111,750. Value of raw material consumed, $73,642; average number of hands employed, 82 ; average monthly wages paid, $1,540. Five flour, and six grist mills repre- sented more than half the above sums ; besides which, there were 9 boot and shoe fac- tories employing 34 hands ; 4 carriage factories, with 16 hands ; 5 blacksmith shops, with 8 hands ; and one establishment each for farming implements, cabinet ware, coopering, KEN [79] LAN woolen goods, and saddlery. No steam power is used in the county ; and water power in the woolen, flour and grist mills only. The average wages of a farm-hand with board was $8 a month. A day-laborer averaged 62 cents. Carpenters, $1 30 a day. Female domestics 75 cents a week with board. The price of board for laboring men averaged $1 50. The value of real and personal property in the county, 1st June, 1850, amounted to $4,574,821, and the taxes for the previous year assessed thereon, to $32,472 ; namely, state ta-K, SI 1,613; county tax, $10,171 ; school tax, $5,315 ; poor tax, $2,744 ; and road tax, $2,629. The number of paupers supported during 1849-50, was 55, and the expense $1,063 ; and the same number remained on the lists on the 1st June, 1850 ; and the num- ber of criminals convicted in 1849-50, was three^ and the same number were undergoing their sentence on the 1st June, 1850. There were, at the date above named, 1 college, 4 academies and other schools, and 29 primary and public schools in the county. The following statistics show their condition at that point of time : Class. Number. Teachers. Scholars. Total Income. College 1 3 40 $3,500 Academies, &c 4 6 160 1,800 Public schools 29 29 700 5,553 But during the year past, 1,042 individuals had attended school, of which 569 were males, and 473 females. The number of " Adults who cannot read and write" was 204 white persons, and 392 free colored. The " Kent News," issued at Chestertown weekly, and circulating 500 copies, was the only newspaper pubhshed. There were in the county 22 Ubraries containing an aggregate of 11,026 volumes : 15 containing 9,550 volumes were private libraries, and the residue belonged to colleges and schools. The county contained 37 churches which had accommodation for 9,300 persons, and which were valued as property at $40,950 ; of these, six belonged to the Episcopahans, with accommodation for 2,050 ; three to the Friends Society, for 400 ; 26 to the Methodists, for 6,550 ; and two to the Presbyterians, for 300. In the lower part of the county was fought, on the 14th day of August, 1814, the mem- orable battle of Caulk's Field, in which 127 Americans, under command of Col. Philip Reed, encountered nearly 300 British under Sir Peter Parker ; and after some very sharp fighting, the Americans drove their enemies from the field, leaving 14 of their men dead, and carrying off with them, in their retreat, their commander, who died of his wounds be- fore they got aboard their vessels riding in Chesapeake Bay. Chestertown is the county seat of justice ; and the following are the principal villages and post-offices : — Ciiesterville, Georgetown Cross Roads, Harmony, Head of Sassafras, Massey's Cross Roads, Millington, Rock Hall, UrieviUe. Kent Island, Queen Anne co. The largest and most important island of Chesa- peake Bay, containing about 42 square miles of surface. The first settlement with- in the present limits of Maryland were made on this island by Claiborne, and here is the scene of many interesting events in the early colonial history of the state. Keyser's Ridge, p. o., Alleghaay co. Keyser's Ridge, Alleghany co. A short ridge at the head of Bear cr., a tributary of Youghiogeny r. Kingstown, p. o., Somerset co. Situate at the head waters of Annemesix r., 11 m. s. of Princess Anne, and 118 m. s. e. by s. of Annapolis. Kingstown, or Kingston, v., Talbot co. Situate on w. side of Choptank r., 8 m. e. of Easton. KiNGSviLLE, v., Baltimore co. Situate 2 m. N. of Great Gunpowder Falls, 10 m. n. e. of Baltimore city. Knoxville, v., Frederick co. Situate on the N. bank of Potomac r., and on the lines of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 79 m. w. of Baltimore city, and 15 m. s. w. of Frederick city. Ladiesbtjrgh, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate on the s. side of Sam's cr., 16 m. n. n. e. of Frederick city, and 81 m. N. w. of Anna- polis. Lakesville, p. v., Dorchester co. Situ- ate s. of Little Choptank r., 6 m. s. e. of Cambridge, and 63 m. s. e. of Annapohs. Langford's Creek, Kent co. A large creek in the s. part of the county, between Quaker Neck and Piney Neck, emptying into Langford's Bay, an arm of Chester r., about 14 m. above its confluence with Chesapeake Bay at Love's Point. This creek is divided in its upper part into two branches by the intervention of Broad Neck. LAP [80] LIT Lappon's Cross Roads, p. o., Washington CO. Situate at the cross roads, G m. s. of Hagerstown, and 70 m. av. of AnnapoUs. Lauraville, p. o., Baltimore co. Laurel Factory, p. o., Prince George co. Situate on the w. side of Big Patuxent r., 26 m. N. of Upper Marlboro', and 24 m. w. N. "w. of Annapolis. Laytonsville, p. v., Montgomery co. Leeds, v., Cecil co. Situate on the divide between Big and Little Elk rivers, 8 m. n. of Elkton. Leesborough, p. v., Montgomery co. Situate on the Washington and Rockville turnpike, 6 m. e. s. e. of Rockville, and 9 N. of Washington city, D. C. The name of the post-office is " Cottage," (which see) The village and its suburbs have about 50 houses, 5 water mills, and one steam mill for grinding and sawing : also Catholic, Episco- pal, and Methodist churches and Sunday schools. The buildings are generally frame- work, but several are of stone and brick : one of the latter, the mansion of Francis P. Blair, Esq., on " Silver Spring farm." Great improvements have of late years been made in the agriculture of this neighborhood. The whole section is proverbially healthy, and is well watered by creeks flowing to Rock Creek and east branch of Potomac r. Leesborough is on a part of a 4,000 acre tract called " St. Joseph's Park," originally the estate of the Carroll family, some of whose descendants remain on it. Very large droves of cattle from Virginia travel through the village to the market of Baltimore. Population about 300. Leitersburg, p. v., Washington co. Situ- ate in the n. e. corner of the county, 2 m. e. of Antietam cr., 9 m. n. e. of Hagerstown, and 112 n. w. of Annapolis. Population in 1850, 298 — all white persons. The vicinity is a flourishing agricultural country, drained by several fine affluents of Antietam cr., and inhabited by a most industrious community. Leister's Lane, v., Carroll co. Situate on the high lands of Parr's Ridge, 8 m. n. of Westminster. Leonardtown, CO. seat and p. o., St. Mary's co. Situate on the e. side of Brit- ton's Bay, a small branch of Potomac r., 87 m. s. of Annapolis, and 64 m. s. s. e. of Washington, D. C. It contains the usual county buildings, and about GO houses, some of which are commodious and well built. Lewistown, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on Fishing cr., 10 m. n. of Frederick city, and 85 n. w. of Annapolis. Libertytown, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate 2 m. N. of Linganore cr., of Monocacy r., 15 m. E. N. E. of Frederick city, and 70 m. N. w. of Annapolis. Libertytown, v., Worcester co. Situate on the E. side of Pocomoke r., 16 m. n. n. e, of Snow Hill. Licking Creek, Washington co. A con- siderable stream from Pennsylvania, run- ning south through this county to a con- fluence with Potomac r., 12 m. e. of Han- cock. Linganore Creek, Frederick co. A tribu- tary to Monocacy, r., from Parr's Ridge. Lisbon, p. v., Howard co. Situate on the Baltimore and Frederick turnpike, 13 m. w. N. w. of EUicott's Mills, and 23 m. of Baltimore city. Little Back-bone, Alleghany co. One of the ridges of the Alleghany Mountains. Little Bohemia River, Cecil co. The south-east branch of Bohemia r., so called. Little Choptank River, Dorchester co. A large inlet of Chesapeake Bay, about 5 m. s. of Choptank r. ; a number of creeks empty into it on all sides. Little Conecocheague Creek, Washing- ton CO. Rises in several streams on the e. side of North Mountain, and flowing s. falls into Potomac r. Little Conoloway Creek, Washington CO. A small stream from the N., which falls into Potomac r., at Hancock. Little Crossings, v., Alleghany co. Situ- ate at the point where the National Road crosses Little Youghiogeny r., 25 m. w. of Cumberland. Little Deel's Island, Somerset co. An island lying outside the estuary of Mano- kin r. Little Elk River, Cecil co. The west- ern fork of Elk river, so called. Little Gunpowder Falls. A fine mill stream, separating Baltimore and Harford counties, and falling into the n. w. arm of Gunpowder r. Little Gunpowder, p. o., Baltimore co. Situate on the w. side of Little Gunpowder cr., two miles above its confluence with Gunpowder r., 14 m. e. n. e. of Baltimore city, and 46 n. by e. of Annapolis. Little Hong a River, Dorchester co. A branch of Honga r., lying between Meek- in Neck and the main land. Little Patuxent River, Howard and Anne Arundel cos. The eastern branch of Patuxent r., which, after watering the southern portion of Howard co., in which it has its rise, by several streams, passes into Anne Arundel co., through the w. sec- tion of which it runs to its confluence, 12 m. s. of the Howard co. line. Little Pipe Creek, Carroll co. A tribu- tary of Sam's cr. of Monocacy r., from the w. slope of Parr's Ridge, Little Toughic jeny River, Alleghany LLO [81 ] MIC CO. Drains the N. part of the valley be- tween Negro Mountain and IMeadows Mountain, from the slopes of which it has its sources; and passing n. into Pennsyl- vania, by its junction with Flaugherty's cr., forms Casselman's r., the largest tributary of Youghiogeny r. Llongollen Minks, Alleghany co. Situ- ate about 1 m. n. w. of the junction of George's cr. with the Potomac r. A branch of the Lonacouing E. E. is projected to these mines. LoNACONiNG, p. v., Alleghany co. Situate on the w. bank of George's cr., and on the Frostburg and Western post-road, 18 m. s. w. of Cumberland, and IS-i n. w. of An- napolis. A wooden track rail-road, 3 feet wide, leads hence to Eckart's E. E., about 8 m., and thence to Cumberland by the lat- ter and Mt. Savage E. E. A rail-road is also projected hence to Western Port. LoNAcoNiNG Eail-Eoad, Alleghany co. This rail-road, as projected, will extend from Lonaconing southward to the Poto- mac r., which it will reach immediately w. of the mouth of George's creek, and opposite Western Port. Length, 7 miles. London Town, v., Anne Arundel co. Situate on the w. side of South r., 5 m. S. w. of Annapolis. Long Green Academy, p. o., Baltimore co. Situate in Long Green Valley, north of Great Gunpowder Falls, 14 m. N. e. of Bal- timore city, and 52 m. n. of Annapolis. Long Marsh, p. o.. Queen Anne co. Sit- uate to the E. of Tuckahoe cr., 14 m. n. e. of Centre ville, and 51 e. n. e. of Annapo- lis. Long Old Fields, p. o., Prince George CO. Situate on the Washington post-road, 8 m. w. of Upper Marlboro', and 31 m. w. of AnnapoHs. LouisTowN, v., Talbot co. Situate on the w. side of Tuckahoe cr., 5 m. n. of its con- fluence with Choptank r. Love Point, Queen Anne co. The most northerly cape or headland of Kent island. Love's, Baltimore co. A station on the Bait, and Susquehanna E. E., 20 m. n, of Baltimore city. Lower Marlboro', p. v., Calvert co. Situate on the e. side of Patuxent r., 38 m. above its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 13 m. N. N. w. of Prince Frederick Town, and. 41 s. w. of Annapolis. McKinstry's Mills, p. o., Carroll co. Situate on Dickinson's cr., 7 m. s. w. of Westminster, and 68 n. w. of Annapolis. Magnolia, p. v., Harford co. Situate on the line of the Philadelpliia, Wilmington and Baltimore E. E., 18 m. e. of Baltimore, 12 s. of Bel-Air, and 46 n. n. e. of An- napolis. Magatht Eiver, Anne Arundel co. A considerable stream, confluent with Chesa- peake Bay, between Stony and Sandy points. Manchester, p. v., Carroll co. Situate at the head waters of Big Pipe cr., in the hilly region of Parr's Eidge, 10 m. n. n. e. of Westminster, and 60 n. w. of Annapohs. A fine wheat and grazing country sur- rounds the village. In 1850 it contained 507 inhabitants, only two of whom were colored persons. A good road leads direct to Baltimore. Distant s. s. e. 32 miles. Manokin Neck. A peninsula lying be- tween Manokin r. and Monie cr., termin- ating in Haines' Point. Manokin Eiver, Somerset co. A large creek or estuary of Chesapeake Bay, at the head of which is located Princess Ann, the county capital. Marriottsville, p. v., Howard co. Situ- ate on the s. side of Patapsco r., and on the hne of the Bait, and Ohio E. E., 29 m. w. of Baltimore city, and 47 n. w. of Anna- polis. Marshy Hope Creek, Dorchester co. A large cr. of Nanticoke r., from the N. It rises in Delaware. Maryland Line, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on the n. hne of the county and state, 32 m. n. of Baltimore city, and 62 N. of Annapolis. The Baltimore and Har- risburg, Pa., post-road passes through the village. Massey's Cross Eoads, p. o., Kent co. Situate equi-distant between Sassafras and Chester rivers, 3 m. w. of Delaware state hne, 21 m. e. n. e. of Chestertown, and 56 N. E. of Annapolis. Matthew's Store, p. o., Howard co. Situate on the post-road, 3 m. s. w. of Cooksville, and 16 w. of EUicott's Mills. Meadow Mountain, Alleghany co. A ridge of the Alleghanies. Mechanicstown, p v., Frederick co. Sit- uate on the w. side of Hunting cr., and at the foot of Catoctin Mountain, where the road passes through Harmon's Gap, 14 m. N. of Frederick city, and 89 n. w. of An- napolis. Mechanicsville, v., Montgomery co. Situate in a hilly region, at the head waters of Eock cr., 8 m. n. e. of Eockville, and 64 w. N. w. of Annapolis. Melvale, v., Baltimore co. Situate on the w. side of Jones' Falls, and on the line of the Bait, and Susquehanna E. E., 4 m. N. of Baltimore city. Michaelsville, p. v., Harford co. Situ- MID [ 82 ] MON ate tAvo miles e. of Bush r., 15 m. s. e. of Bel-Air, and GO n. by e. of Annapolis. MiDDLEBRooK MiLLS, p. V., Montgomery CO. Situate on Seneca or., 10 m. n. w. of Kockville, and 66 w. of Annapolis. MiDDLEBURGH, p. V., Carroll CO. Situate between Sam's cr. and Big Pipe cr., 2 m. from their junction, 13 m. w. of Westmin- ster, and 78 n. w. of Annapolis. Middle Point, Somerset co. A point midway between Cape Henlopen and Che- sapeake Bay, and the initial point of the tangent line of Mason and Dixon's Sur- vey. Middle River, Baltimore co. An inlet of Chesapeake Bay. Middle River Neck, Baltimore co. A large indented neck of land n. of Middle r., and bounded on the e. and n. by Gunpow- der r. and Bird's r. Middletown, v., Dorche3ter co. Situate E. of Transquaking cr., 12 m. e. s. e. of Cambridge. Middletown, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on the E. side of Catoctin cr., and on the Hagerstown turnpike, 9 m. w. of Frederick city, and S3 N. w, of Annapolis. Middle cr. joias Catoctin r. immediately N. of the village. Middletown, v., Baltimore co. Situate near the head of Gunpowder Falls, 2 m. s. of the Pennsylvania state line, 30 m. n. of Baltimore, and 60 n. of AunapoHs. The Bait, and Susquehanna R. R. passes about one mile eastward of the village. Milestown, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situate three or four miles e. of Wicomico r., and 19 m. N. w. of Leonardtown. Miller's Island, Baltimore co. A small island in Patapsco r., at the mouth of Back cr. MiLLERSviLLE, p. V., Anne Arundel co. Situate w. of Severn r., 10 m. n. w. of Annapolis, and on the line of the Annapo- lis and Elkridge R. R. Mill Green, p. o., Harford co. Millington, p. v., Kent co. Situate on the N. side of Chester r., 18 m. e. of Ches- tertown, and 53 n. e. of Annapolis. It is a flourishing village, and has an excellent aca • demy. Mill Mont, v., Calvert co. Distant 9 m. from St. Leonard's, and 16 from Prince Frederick Town. Milton Hill, p. o., Charles co. Situate 7 m. from Allen's Fresh, p. o., and IG from Port Tobacco. Monkton Mills, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- ate on Great Gunpowder Falls, and on the hne of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 22 m. N. of Bait., and 52 n. of Annapohs. Monie Creek, Somerset co. A large creek, emptying into the estuary of Wico- mico r. Monocacy River, Frederick co. This fine river, with its numerous branches, spreads over all the central and eastern portions of the county, into Carroll county, and north- ward into Pennsylvania, occupying the whole region between Catoctin Mountain and Parr's Ridge. Its main stream has a course almost directly s.. through the middle of Frederick county, and falls into Potomac r., about 3 m. s. w. of Sugar Loaf Moun- tain. Monrovia, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on the N. side of Bush cr., 8 m. from its confluence with Monocacy r., 12 m. s. e. of Frederick city, and 71 n. w. of Annapolis. The Bait, and Ohio R. R. passes through the village ; distant 50 m. w. of Baltimore city. Montell's, Baltimore co. A station on the Westminster Branch R. R., 11 m. n. of Baltimore city. MONTGOMERY COUNTY lies between the Patuxent and Potomac rivers, and is bounded north-west by Frederick, and south-east by Prince George and the District of Columbia. It contains an area of 281,600 acres. The surface in the northern part of the county is hilly, and numerous fine creeks flow from it in every direction. Seneca creek, Rock creek, and the tributaries of the Eastern Branch of Potomac river, which rise from this region, and flow southward, drain the greater portion of the county, and have excellent mill sites. The streams flowing to the Monocacy and Patuxent are short, and comparatively of httle volume. Pure and good water is everywhere abundant. The soil is various, some very thin and sterile, and some rich and fertile. It. has been greatly reduced by an exhausting system of cultivation, but of late years has been improved by careful tillage. The climate is temperate and genial to general agriculture, and the winters are seldom too cold for out-door cattle-feeding. Oak in all its varieties, hickory, poplar, chestnut, pine, walnut, birch, maple, sycamore and ash constitute the timber growths ; and wheat, Indian corn, oats and tobacco its chief products. Gneiss, serpentine, red sandstone intermixed with shale, Hmestone, trap and quartz, are the prevailing rock for- mations. " Entering Montgomery county from the north-west," says the census of 1850, " red sandstone makes its appearance, and is extensively quarried near the mouth of Seneca creek ; it is succeeded by argilites, and within a short distance of RockviUe by MON [ 83 ] MON the serpentine formation, containing beds of chromiferous iron. This is the centre of a group of primary rocks, which occupies nearly the Avhole of the county ; the rocks of this group are principally granitic. Gneiss, horn-blende rocks, micaceous and talcose slates of chromiferous iron, which are used for the production of pigments and dyes, and ores of manganese are found." " A gold mine was discovered in this county in 1848, and is now worked with some profit." This county was organized 6th Sept., 1776, by the convention that formed the first Constitution of the state. It was taken from Frederick, and named after the gallant soldier who, in the year previous, had fallen under the walls of Quebec. Previous to 1748, Montgomery had formed a part of Prince Greorge county, and was settled by the natural extension of population from St. Mary's of the Potomac. The earliest grants of land attested by legal records, are dated 1685, and, from the names of the grantees and other circumstances, it would appear that the first white inhabitants were natives of Eng- land. In 1790 the population of the county was 18,003. In 1820 it was found to have decreased to 16,400 ; and in 1830, to 14,669 ; but in 1840, it was 15,456 ; and in 1850, 15,860. Of the population at the latter period, 9,435 were white persons, 1,311 free colored persons, and 5,114 slaves ; and of these, excluding the slaves, 9,758 were born in Maryland, 13 in other states of the Union, and 274 in foreign countries. DwelUngs, 1,923 ; and families, 1,960 ; and in 1849-50, there were — births, 478 ; marriages, 64 ; and deaths, 287. Deaf and dumb, 7 ; blind, 16 ; insane, 13 ; and idiotic, 20. Slaves, fugitive, iu 1849-50, nine. On the 1st June, 1850, the county contained 1,051 farms, covering 162,815 acres im- proved, and 111,122 acres unimproved lands, valued together at $3,084,361 ; and the value of farming implements and machinery was $134,179. The live stock consisted of 4,118 horses, 93 asses and mules, 4,519 milch cows, 724 working oxen, 3,523 other cattle, 9,780 sheep, and 16,332 swine, valued in the aggregate at $394,678 ; and the amount of wool produced was $28,961, and of butter, 245,297 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in 1849-50 was $99,393. The crops of 1849-50 amounted to— wheat, 164,108 bushels; rye, 5,157; Indian corn, 396,947; oats, 168,240; barley, 56; buck- wheat, 6,083; peas and beans, 589; Irish potatoes, 49,399, and sweet potatoes, 121 bushels ; also hay, 8,588 tons ; clover-seed, 1,036 bushels, and other grass-seed, 49 bushels; hops, 170 pounds; flax, 5,510 pounds, and flax-seed, 701 bushels. The value of orchard products was $8,513, and of market garden products, $4,470. Wine, 75 gallons ; silk cocoons, 21 pounds, and beeswax and honey, 4,334 pounds, are also found among the productions of the county. The value of hone-made manufactures for the year was set down at $9,802. There were, at the date before named, 80 industrial estabhshments in the county, with an aggregate invested capital of $137,810; consuming in the year raw material to the value of $219,372 ; employing on the average of 179 males^nd 63 females, at an average monthly cost of $3,870; and producing goods to the value of $331,167 in the year. Two-fifths of the capital was invested in milling operations, and one-fourth in the manu- facture of cotton and wool The following are the details of the principal occupations : Bosiness. No. Capital. Hands. Value of Products. Agricul ..implements 5 $1,350 10 $3,860 Blacksmiths 8 3,000 25 9,605 Cotton Factory 1 20,000 70 39,200 Woolen Factories 4 15,200 30 24,500 Mills, flour 6 25,050 13 124,945 " grist 25 45,300 25 72,792 " saw 15 12,050 15 15,852 Tanneries 3 3.900 9 9,668 And besides these there were in operation 2 boot and shoe factories, 1 cooperage, 1 en- graving office, 1 bone mill, 2 clover mills, 1 paper mill, 1 sumac mill, 1 saddlery, 1 stone quarry, and 1 tin shop. The gold mine before alluded to employed 7 hands, and pro- duced in the year $1,596. The average wages to a farm-hand with board is $8 a month ; to a day-laborer 75 cents, or with board, 50 cents; to a carpenter, $1 25 a day; and to a female domestic with board $1 a week. The price of board for laboring men is $1 75 a week. The value of real and personal property in 1850 amounted to $4,523,800, and the taxes assessed thereon to $26,246; of which sum $13,128 was state tax, and $13,128 county tax. The number of paupers supported in the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 118; of MON [ 84 ] N AS •which 99 remained charged on the public at that date. Only one criminal was convicted during the year. From the educational statistics of this county we learn that the number of primary and public schools was, on the 1st June, 1850, thirty-four, with the same number of teachers, and 750 scholars; annual cost, $8,00G, of which $3,007 was received from public funds, and $4,999 from other sources ; and that the number of academies and other schools was 6, with 10 teachers and 160 pupils ; annual cost, $6,530, of which $1,060 was received from public funds, and $5,470 from other sources. The whole number of individuals that attended school in 1849-50 was 1,264. Only one newspaper is published in the county, and only 8 libraries, containing 1,657 vols., exist therein. Adults, who cannot read and write, numbered 1,638; namely, 1,152 white adults, and 486 free colored adults. These facts exhibit many cogent reasons for an immediate reformation in school matters. Of 4,714 adults, white persons, 1,152 can neither read nor write! and of 575 adult free colored persons, 486 labor under the same disability ! There were 37 churches in the county in 1850, with accommodations for 8,450 persons, and valued at $35,350 ; of these 4 belonged to the Baptists, 4 to the Episcopalians, 1 to the Friends, 18 to the Methodists, 4 to the Presbyterians, 4 to the Roman Catholics, and 2 to the Union or Free Church. RocKviLLE is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices — Barnesville, Brookville, Clarksburgh, Colesville, Cottage, Damascus, Daunes- town, Hyattstown, Laytonsville, iljddlebrook Mills, Poolsville, Sandy Spring, Seneca Mills, Tnadelphia, Unity. MoNTPELiER, v., "Washington co. Situate on the E. side of Little Conecocheague cr., 13 m. w. of Hagerstown. Morgan's Creek, CarroU co. Rises in two branches from the e. slope of Parr's Ridge, and joins the n. branch of Patapsco r., of which it is the principal tributary, 6 m. above the forks. Mount Airy, p. o., Carroll co. Situate on Parr's Ridge — a station on the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 44 m. w. of Baltimore city. Mount Olive, p. o., St. Mary's co. Mount Pleasant, v., Queen Anne co. Situate on the e. county line, and about 2 m. w. of the Delaware state line, 18 m. N. e. of Centreville. Mount Pleasant, p. o., Frederick co. Situate on the post-road, 6 m. n. e. of Fred- erick city, and 81 n. w. of Annapohs. Mount St. Mary's College, Frederick co. Situate about two miles s. w. of Emmetts- burg, and 20 n. of Frederick city. The college is under Catholic auspices. In 1850 it had 10 professors or teachers, and 130 students. The Theological Seminary had 24 students, of whom 15 were studying the- ology, and nine philosophy and humanities. Mount Savage, p. v., Alleghany co. Situ- ate at the forks of the s. branch of Jen- nings' Run, 9 m. w. of Cumberland, and 176 w. n. w. of Annapolis. ' A rail-road extends hence to Cumberland. The Mt. Savage Iron Works are located in this vici- nity. General surface of the county 2,100 feet above tide water. Mount Savage Iron Works, Alleghany CO. Situate on Jennings' Run, 10 m. w. of Cumberland, with which they communicate by the Mt. Savage R. R. Mount Savage Rail-road, AHeghany co- This road extends from the Iron Works at Mt. Savage, to Cumberland, 10 m. About 2 m. in length belongs to the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. Company, and forms part of their general track. Myersville, p. v. Frederick co. Nanjemoy, p. v., Charles co. Situate on the w. side of Nanjemoy Bay, 15 m. s. w. of Port Tobacco, and 88 s. of Annapolis. It is a port, and enjoys a considerable amount of trade. Nanjemot RrvER, Charles co. An es- tuary or bay of Potomac r., a few miles to the w. of Port Tobacco. Nanticoke River. A large stream, which, rising in Delaware, flows s. w., and enters Maryland at a point 7 m. n. of the s. w. corner of Delaware. It receives Marshy Hope cr., its principal tributary, 3 m. w. of the state line, whence the united stream flows into Fishing Bay, an arm of the Chesapeake, and in its course serves as the line of division between Dorchester and Somerset counties. It is navigable through its whole course in Maryland, and is a high- way of great use to the neighboring dis- tricts. Vienna, a port of entry, is the prin- cipal centre of its commerce and trade. Nanticoke Point. A head-land forming the E. side of the entrance to Fishing Bay, and opposite to Bishop's Head, which forms the w. side. Naseongo Creek, Worcester co. A branch of Pokomoke r., its confluence with which occurs at a point about 2 m. s. of Snow Hill. It drains a large surface in the bl section of the county. NEG [85 ] OXF Nkguo ^Iountain, AlleghfDON, p. v.. Frederick co. Situ- ate on the N. side of Ben's Branch of Lin- ganore cr., 8 m. e. of Frederick city, and 70 N. w. of Annapolis. It stands on elevated ground in the centre of a beautiful agricul- tural county. New-Market, v., Baltimore co. Situate near the n. state line on the turnpike, 31 m. N. of Baltimore. New-Market, v., Dorchester co. Situate on the E. side of Choptank r. ; distant 4 m., and from Cambridge 9 m. n. e. New-Market, p. v., Frederick eo. Situate on the N. bank of Bush cr., and on the turn- pike, 8 m. E. of Frederick city, and C8 n. w. of Annapolis. A fine agricultural country surrounds the village, which enjoys also some trade. At the distance of less than a mile s. is Monrovia, a station on the Bait, and Ohio R. E. New-Market, v., Kent co. Situate on the N. side of Chester r., and 11 m. e. by n. of Chesterto^vn. New-Port, p. v., Charles co. Situate on Pites Fresh, a stream of Allen's Fresh, or Wicomico r., 12 m. n. of the confluence of the latter with Potomac r., 11 m. s. e. of Port Tobacco, and S3 s. w. of Annapolis. Newtown, p. v., Worcester co. Situate on the e. side of Pocomoke r., 2 ra. below the confluence of Dividing cr., 15 m. s. w. of Snow Hill, and 126 s. e. of Annapolis. New- Windsor, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on the N, side of Dickenson's branch of Little Pipe cr., 6 m. s. w. of Westminster, and 05 n. av. of Annapolis. New- York Company's Mines, Alleghany CO. Situate 3 m. e. of Frostburg, and a short distance n. of National Road, and 8 m. w. of Cumberland, with which commu- nication is had by the Eckart R. R. North Branch, p. o., Baltimore co. Sit- uate on the north branch of Patapsco r., where that stream is crossed by the Bait, and Liberty road, IG ra, w. of Baltimore city, and 45 n. w. of Annapolis. The' country on the falls is hilly, but the soil is good and well cultivated. Within the de- livery of this office, there are some 50 or GO dwellings, some of stone, 5 churches, 3 schools, and about 300 inhabitants. Nortr-East, p. o., Cecil co. Situate on the E. side of North-East r., a stream con- fluent with Chesapeake Bay, G m. av. of Elkton, and 74 n. n. e. of Annapolis. The Bait, and Philadelphia R. R. passes through the village ; distant from Baltimore 4G m., and from Philadelphia 52 m. North-East River, Cecil co. An es- tuary of Chesapeake Bay in its extreme n. e. extension. North Mountain, Washington co. A ridge of the Alleghanies. In Maryland it traverses a course n. and s. between Little Conecocheague and Licking creeks, and is noted for its springs. North Point, Baltimore co. A cape on the N. side of the entrance of Patapsco r. into Chesapeake Bay. It is one of the most important light-house stations on the Atlantic sea-board, and is a place famous in history as the point of debarkation of the British in the war of 1812. Nottingham, v., Cecil co. Situate be- tween the branches of North-East r., 6 m. N. of their junction, and 10 m. N. w. of Elkton. Nottingham, p. v.. Prince George co. Situate on the w. side of Patuxent r., 10 m. s. s. E. of Upper Marlboro', and 32 s. w. of Annapolis. Oakville, p. v., St. Mary's co. Distant 10 m. from Leonardtown. Old-Town, p. v., Alleghany co. Situate on the N. bank of Potomac r., and on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 14 m. e. of Cumberland, and 152 w. n. w. of Annapolis. The Bait, and Ohio R. R. runs along the s. side of the Potomac in this neighborhood. This is the oldest village in the county, having been settled as early as 1741 by Col. Thomas Cresap, and several other families. Orleans, p. v., Alleghany co. Situate on Fifteen Mile cr., near its confluence with Potomac r., 22 m. e. of Cumberland, and 144 w. n. w. of Annapolis. Owing's Creek, Frederick co. A tribu- tary of Monocacy r. from Catoctin moun- tains. Owing's Mills, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- ate on Gwinn's Falls, 10 m. by turnpike, n. w. of Baltimore city, and by Avay of rail- road 17 m. Owing's Run, p. o., Carroll co. Situate on the Run so named, 12 m. s. of West- minster, and 50 N. w. of Annapolis. Owing sviLLE, p. v., Howard co. Distant 8 m. from Ellicott's Mills. O.XFORD, p. v., and sea port. Situcte on E. side of Treadhaven cr., 4 m. n. of its confluence with Choptank r., 13 m. s. s. w. of Easton, and 52 m. s. e. of Annapolis. It is a place of co;asiderable ti'ade. In 1849-50. PAL [ 86 ] PIN 3 schooners (1758 tons) were built here ; and the shipping belonging to the collection district amounted in 1850 to 12,343 tons. Palmeb^s Tavern, p. o., Prince George CO. Situate on w. side of Potomac r., 12 m. w. of Upper Marlboro', and 34 w. of Annapolis. Park Head, p. o., Washington co. Situ- ate on the turnpike, 21 m. w. of Hagers- town, and 122 n. w. of Annapolis. Parker's Island, Anne Arundel co. Sit- uate off the s. coast of the county, and forming the N. boundary of Fishing Bay. Lat. 38° 53 n., and long. 7G° 41 w. of Greenwich. Parkton, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on the N. side of Great Gunpowder Falls, where it is crossed by the Bait, and Susquehanna E. E., 28 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 58 n. of Annapolis. Parr's Eidge, Carroll co. A low ridge of the Alleghanies, traversing the county in a N. E. and s. w. direction, and in its south- ern portion forming the line of division be- tween Frederick and Carroll counties. Partnership, p. v., Charles co. 10 m. from Port Tobacco. Patapsco Neck, Baltimore co. A penin- sula stretching between Back r. and Bear cr., into Chesapeake Bay, and terminating in North Point. Patapsco Eiver. Eises in numerous branches from the e. slope of Parr's Eidge in Carroll county, which unite in the s. e. corner of said county, and thence continue in a direction s. e. and e. to a confluence with Chesapeake Bay, between North Point and Bodkin Point. It is navigable for the largest vessels to Baltimore city, which is situated on its n. bank, 14 m. from its mouth. In its upper course it affords ex- tensive mill power, which is chiefly appro- priated to flouring. The North Branch, Piney Branch, and West Branch, are its principal constituent rivers. Patuxent, p. v., Anne Arundel co. Situ- ate on the E. side of Patuxent r., 26 m. n. w. of Annapohs. Patuxent Eiver, the longest river within the bounds of the state, rises in the n. part of Montgomery and Howard counties, and flowing s. E. 40 m. it turns to the s., and flows 50 m. in that direction, nearly paral- lel with Chesapeake Bay, until it enters a large estuary which is confluent with that great body of water, 18 m. n. of the mouth of Potomac r. Vessels of 250 tons navi- gate it to Nottingham, 50 m. from the bay, and smaller vessels further up ; but its upper waters are more suitable for mechani- cal purposes than for inland navigation. Perrvmansville, p. v., Harford co. Situ- ate on the w. side of Bush r., and on the Bait, and Philadelphia E. E. 27 m. e. of Baltimore city, and 57 n. n. e. of Annapolis. Perrysvili.e, p. v., Cecil co. Situate on the w. side of Susquehanna r., and on the Bait, and Philadelphia E. E., 38 m. e. ot Baltimore, 14 m. w. of Elkton, and G7 n. e. of Annapolis. Petersville, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate about 1 m. w. of Catoctin cr., and 3 m. n. of Potomac r., 11 m. s. w. of Frederick city, and 89 n. w. of Annapolis. Petersville and its district contained, in 1850, 2,351 inhabi- tants — 1,G0G white persons, 136 free colored persons, and COO slaves. PniLOPOLis, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on the w. side of Great Gunpowder Falls, 17 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 46 m. n. of Annapolis. The York Turnpike runs di- rectly through the village, and the Bait, and Susquehanna E. E. within ^ mile of it. The surrounding country is high and healthy. Limestone is found in every hill. The in- habitants, who are mostly "Friends," are entirely occupied in agricultural pursuits, and their farms, though small, are highly improved, and cultivated with the greatest care. The village itself consists of about 20 dwellings, built altogether of stone. There are several schools and churches in the neighborhood ; and in the village is the " Milton Boarding School" for boys, a flourishing and efficient institution. Popu- lation 200. PncENix Mines are located near Western- port, on the Potomac, and cover an area of 22,000 acres. Capital of the company $2,000,000. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. runs immediately in front of the property, and will become the means of introducing the coal and iron of this region to the mar- kets. Pig Point, v., Anne Arundel co. Situ- ate on the E. side of Patuxent r., opposite the mouth of its western branch, 21 m. s. w. of Annapolis. PiKESviLLE, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 2 m. E. of Gwinn's Falls on the Westminster turnpike, 7 m. n. w. of Baltimore city, and 36 m. N. of Annapolis. A little s. of the village is a National Arsenal. Pop. 250. Piney Branch, Carroll co. A tributary or constituent of Patapsco r., which it joins in the s. e. corner of the county. It has its sources in the e. slope of Parr's Eidge. Piney Creek, Carroll co. A tributary of Monocacy r., which it unites with, 5 m. s. of the Pennsylvania state line. Piney Creek, p. o., Carroll co. Situate on the cr. of the same name 22 m. n. w. of Westminster. PIN L 87 ] POR PiNEY Point, St. Mary's co. A clear, open cape projecting into the Potomac r., which is here 8 m. wide, and much resorted to for bathing. PiscATAWAY, p. v., Princo George co. Situate on the s. side of the river of the same name, 7 m. above its confluence with IPotomac r., 16 m. s. w. of Upper Marlboro', and 39 s. w. of Annapolis. PiscATAWAY River, Prince George co. Eises a little westward of Upper Marl- boro', whence its course is s. w. to Pisca- taway village, and then w. to the Potomac, which it enters at Fort Washington Point. The upper course of the stream is a mere creek, but seven miles of its lower course is a fine open estuary nearly a mile wide in some places. The depth of the Potomac, where it is joined by Piscataway r., is 72 feet. Pleas.a.nt Grove, p. o., Alleghany co. Situate in a hilly region, 5 m. e. of Cumber- land, and containing a church, school-house, tavern, blacksmith shop, &c. ; also, a manu- factory of " Post-office stamps," wood types, proof presses, &:c. Population 80. Pleasantville, p. v., Harford co. Situ- ate on the E. side of Little Gunpowder Falls, about G m. w. of Bel- Air, and 20 m. n. of Baltimore. The location and climate have given origin to the name of the village — both are pleasant, and are said to communi- cate their charms to the inhabitants there- of. A pleasant correspondent from this pleasant spot, among other pleasant things, says: "the habitations (mostly frame ones) show the appearance of neatness and re- spectability. Saw and grist mills are doing profitable business, and churches and schools are well attended, but it would be difficult to give precise accounts of the population, as whatever course a stranger travels he will be impressed with the idea of a con- tinued village fostered by the smiles of intelligence and well rewarded industry." The letter containing the above is one of the very few the compiler has received from Maryland that does not complain of want of schools, bad farming, worn out soils, depressed manufactures and the like, one half of which, however, is nothing but the echo of the demagogism which Avould poison the mind against its own best inter- ests, and paralyze the hand intent on im- provements. Were a tithe of these com- plaints printed, the whole of Mary land would deny these statements in toto, and with in- dignation. Pleasant Hill, v., Charles co. Situate 6 m. N. of Port Tobacco. PoKOMOKE River and Bay. The principal branch of Pocomoke r. ri^es in the Cypress Swamp, on the Delaware state line, and proceeds in a s. w. direction about 70 m., being joined successively by Naseongo cr. below Snow Hill, and Dividing cr. on the Worcester and Somerset county line ; and falls into Pocomoke Bay, an arm of the Chesapeake, which it reaches on the south- ern line of the state. It is a fine stream, and navigable for small vessels to Snow Hill. Point Lookout, St. Mary's co. Is the southern extremity of the Western Shore, and northern headland of the mouth of Potomac r. It is the site of a hght-house. PoiNT-oF-RocKS, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate on the N. side of Potomac r., and on the line of Chesapeake and Ohio canal and the Bait, and Ohio R. R., distant 70 m. w. of Baltimore city, 13 s. w. of Frederick city, and 92 n. w. of Annapolis, PoiNT-NO-PoiNT, St. Mary's co. A bold foreland projecting into Chesapeake Bay, about 8 m. n. of Point Lookout. Pomonkey, p. v., Charles co. Situate on the s. side of Pomonco, a creek of Potomac r., 13 m. n. w. of Port Tobacco, and 67 s. w. of Annapolis. Poolesville, p. v., Montgomery co. Sit- uate in the w. part of the county, 4 m. N. and e. of Potomac r., 18 m. w. of Rock- ville, and 73 n. w. of Annapolis. Pool's Island, Harford co. An island of Chesapeake Bay, about 4 m. s. of Rickett's Point of Gunpowder Neck. Poplar Island, Talbot co. An island of Chesapeake Bay, and forming the s. w. head land of Eastern Bay. Poplar Springs, p. v., Howard co. Sit- uate on the s. side of the West Branch of Patapsco r., and on the turnpike, 18 m. N. w. of Ellicott's Mills, and 57 n. w. of Annapolis. Poplar Town, v., Worcester co. Situate at the head of Newport cr., 4 m. from Sinepuxent Bay, and 17 n. e. of Snow Hill. Port Deposit, p. v., Cecil co. Situate on the E. side of Susquehanna r., at the lower falls, 7 m. above its confluence with Chesa- peake Bay, 16 m. w. of Elkton, and 68 N. E. of Annapolis. It is a place of consider- able business, and has a population of" some 300 souls. Porter's, p. o., Carroll co. Situate on the post-road, 9 m. s. s. w. of Westminster, and 67 n. w. of Annapolis. Port Republic, p. v., Calvert co. Situate on the post-road, 6 m. s. s. e. of Leonard- town, and 49 s. of Annapolis. Port Tobacco, co. seat and p. o., Charles CO. Situate at the head of the estuary of Port Tobacco r,, 8 m. n. of the Potomac r., POT [ 88] PRI 72 m. s. s. w. of Annapolis, and 32 s. of "Washington, D. C. It is a depot for to- bacco, and hence its name. The village contains a court-house, the county jail, an Episcopal church, several stores, and about 60 or 70 dwellings. In its vicinity are the celebrated cold waters of Mount Misery. Potomac River, "common to both Mary- land and Virginia," rises by two main branches, the n. and s. branches, near the Alleghany Mountains, and forms, by the n. branch, and through the greater part of its whole course, the boundary between the states of Virginia and Maryland. It is 550 miles long, and at its mouth between 7 and 8 miles wide. At Alexandria it is a mile and a quarter wide, 290 miles from the ocean. It is navigable for ships of the line 300 miles to the navy yard at Washington. The greatest tributary is the Shenandoah, from Virginia, 200 miles long, that carries nearly as much water as the main stream which it enters. The confluence of these two rivers takes place shortly before the passage of the Potomac through the Blue Eidge. This passage forms a grand and pic- turesque scenery, to view which Mr. Jef* ferson pronounces worth a voyage acros the Atlantic. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal is constructed along the bank of this river as far as Cumberland. The Potomac is 42 feet deep at its mouth, 30 at St. George's Island, and at Alexandria 18 feet ; but at many places it is much deeper than at any of the points specified. Prattsville, v., Alleghany co. Situate on the Hancock turnpike, where it crosses Town cr., 14 m. e. of Cumberland. Prince Fredericktown, co. seat and p. c, Calvert co. Situate near the centre of the county, on the n. side of Parker's cr., 4 m. w. of Chesapeake Bay, 46 m. s. by w. of Annapolis, and 76 s. of Washington. It contains a court-house, the county prison, an Episcopal church, 2 hotels, 2 stores, 1 smith's shop, 8 dwellings, and about 100 inhabitants. The buildings are principally of wood. There is an academy within halt a mile of the village. The lands of the surrounding country have been much ex- hausted, but with a little industry might easily be redeemed. PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY is situate immediately north of Charles county, from which it is separated chiefly by Mattawoman creek of the Potomac and Swanson creek of the Patuxent. The Patuxent river forms its eastern and northern border in its whole length, separating it from Calvert, Anne Arundel and Howard counties, and the Poto- mac river and the District of Columbia its western border ; the former separating it from Virginia, while the line of Montgomery county constitutes its northwestern border. Within these limits the area is 314,880 acres. The surface is agreeably diversified, and the soil rich and exceedingly productive, being constituted of the best loam and sand, in- termixed with clay. The underlying strata are shell-marl, and cemented sand, resem- bling sandstone ; and iron ore is abundant in some sections. In the loamy districts clover and plaster are the most commonly used fertilizers ; in other sections guano, lime, ashes, bone-dust, &c., are used with success. The chief agricultural products are tobacco, wheat, Indian corn, and rye. White, red, black and water oak, white and yellow poplar, hickory, ash, pine, cedar, gum, walnut, locust and chestnut, are the timber growths most common to the forests. The surface of this county is amply drained by the tributaries of the eastern branch of the Potomac river, by the western branch of Patuxent river, and by Broad, Piscataway, and numerous other creeks. The county abounds with springs and brooks of pure water, and in many locaHties the waters are highly chalybe- ate. The climate is temperate, and the locality healthy, a large ratio of the population attaining to a good old age. That portion of the county bordering the Potomac was settled at an early period in the history of the state by emigrants under grants from its governors ; but it was not until the year 1695 that the county was organized. In 1790 it contained 21,344 inhabi- tants ; but on taking the census of 1820 its population was found to be decreased to 20,216, and in 1840 it had undergone a further decrease, having at that time only 19,539 inhabitants. In 1850 the population was 21,549, being a gain of only 205 in 00 years. Of this population, 8,901 were white persons, 1,138 free colored persons, and 11,510 slaves ; and of the population, slaves excluded, 9,354 were natives of Maryland, 417 of other states of the Union, and 268 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 1,875, and famihes, 1,875. Births, 575 ; marriages, 26 ; and deaths, 450. Deaf and dumb, 1 ; blind, 11 ; insane, 5 ; and idiotic, 20. Number of fugitive slaves in 1849-50, sixteen. The county contained in 1850, 885 farms, covering 191,553 acres improved, and 92,178 acres unimproved lands — together valued at $5,565,751 ; and the value of farming implements and machinery was $125,656. The Hve stock consisted of 4,245 horses, 567 asses and mules, 3,893 mUch cows, 3,072 working oxen, 4,136 other cattle, 11,650 sheep. PRI [ 89 ] PRI and 20,193 swine, valued in the aggregate at $492,650; and the products of animals were — 43,409 pounds of wool, 100,947 pounds of butter, 153 pounds of cheese, and ani- mals slaughtered, valued at $103,351. The products of the soil were — wheat, 231,687 bushels; rye, 18,401; Indian corn, 093,020 ; oats, 67,286; barley, 43; buckwheat, 1,646; peas and beans, 1,004; Irish potatoes, 47,458, and sweet potatoes, 4,045 bushels; also hay, 5,557 tons; clover-seed, 50 bushels, and other grass-seed, 20 bushels; and hops, 25 pounds. The products of the orchard were valued at $8,202, and of market-gardens at $13,281 ; and the production of beeswax and honey amounted to 250 pounds, and of wine to 10 gallons. Two-fifths of all the tobacco grown in the state is produced in this county ; the crop of 1849-50 amounted to 8,380,851 pounds. Home-made manufactures were valued at $1,820. The county has long been the seat of cotton manufactures, and has also several other branches of handicraft. In 1850 it contained 28 industrial establishments, in which a capital of $428,379 was invested; value of raw material, &c., consumed in 1849-50, $285,244 ; average number of hands employed, 360 males and 348 females ; average monthly cost of labor — male, $5,595, and female, $1,776; and value of products, 8414,859. Establishments. Number. Capital. Val. of Materials. Hands. Products Factories, cotton 2 $208,000 $213,1262 555* $275,000 " woolen 1 2,500 1,700 11 6,000 Furnaces, iron 1 15,000 14,412 25 27,000 Machine-sliops 1 65,000 5,300 45 26,000 Mills, flour 2 33,000 33,550 11 40,294 " grist 2 4,000 7,000 3 8,800 " saw 1 2,200 2,500 10 7,000 Also 2 agricultural implement factories, 1 bakery, 7 blacksmith shops, 2 boot and shoe factories, 3 carpenter shops, 2 clothier shops, 1 saddlery. The cotton and woolen facto- ries, and the flour and grist mills are driven by water-power ; the furnaces, machine shops and saw mills, use steam-power. Average wages — to a farm-hand, $9 a month with board ; to a laborer, 87 cents a day, or with board 62 cents ; to a carpenter, $1 25, and to a female domestic, $1 37 with board. Average price of board to laboring men $2 00 a week. The assessed value of real and personal estate in the county in 1850 was $11,711,254, (true valuation, $11,921,478;) and the taxes amounted to $18,283, of which $6,033 was state tax, $6,780 county tax, $2,800 school tax, $1,250 poor tax, and $1,400 road tax. The whole number of paupers supported during the year was 99 — of which 14 were receiv- ing relief oa the 1st June, 1850 : cost, $1,570 ; and one criminal was convicted during the year. With a scattered white population of little less than 9,000, there were in 1850 only 8 pri- mary and public schools in the county, with 8 teachers and 240 scholars ; and 3 academies and other schools, with 4 teachers and 80 pupils. The number of children that had at some time during the year attended school, however, was 1,343 — 706 male, and 637 female. The number of white " adults who canno.t read and write" wa-s 404, and of free colored adults, 74. But one newspaper, circulating about 500 copies weekly, is published. The number of hbraries owned in the county was 31, containing 13,605 volumes ; and of these, 28 libraries, with 13,390 volumes, were private property, the others remaining be- longing to 3 Sunday schools. Church accommodation was, in 1850, provided for 8,750 persons, in 31 church edifices, and the total value of church property was $37,450. The Episcopalians have 12 churches, with accommodations for 4,200 ; the Methodists 14 churches, with accommo- dations for 3,050 ; the Presbyterians 1 church, for 400 ; and the Roman Catholics 4 churches, for 1,100. The great thoroughfaro of Prince George county is the Washington Branch R. R., which traverses the northwestern part, and besides this there are several good post-roads. Its extensive river borders afford outlets for its products seaward. Upper Marlboro' is the county seat of justice, and the following are villages and post- offices — Aquasco, Beltsville, Bladensburgh, Brandywino, Buena Vista, Fort Washington, Good Luck, Horse Head, Laurel Factory, Long Oldfields, Nottingham, Piscataway, Queen Anne. • 340 females. PRI [ 90 1 QUE Princess Anxe, co. seat and p. o., Som- erset CO. Situate on the e. side of Mano- kin r., near its head, 16 m. e. of Chesa- peake Bay, 110 m. s. s. e. of Annapohs, and 150 s. e. of Washington, D. C. It contains the county court-house, county prison, Ihree churches, several stores, and 120 dwelHngs, and has a considerable trade. On the whole this village is one of the neatest and cleanest in the state. Principio Creek, Cecil co. A stream from the N. falling into the estuary of Susque- hanna r. Principio Furnace, p. v., Cecil co. Situ- ate on the E. side of Principio cr., 13 m. w. of Elkton, and 67 n. e. of Annapolis. Pylesville, p. v., Harford co. Situate at the head of Broad cr., 7 m. from Susque- hanna river, in the midst of a flourishing neighborhood, where, besides agricultural pursuits, many of the mechanic arts are successfully engaged in. The village is 2^ m. from the Pennsylvania State line, 16 n. of Bel- Air, .30 n. n. w. of Baltimore, and 58 N. of Annapolis. It is composed of one flouring mill, one saw-mill, two stores, three workshops, and six dwellings, chiefly of stone covered with slate. There are several churches and schools within a short dis- tance. The celebrated Asbestos quarries are about half a mile distant, and 4 miles from the village are the extensive slate quarries of Peach Bottom, QuANTico, p. v., Somerset co. Situate on the N. side of Quantico cr. of Nanticoke r., 15 m. N. of Princess Anne, and 93 s. e. of Annapohs. Quarter Run, Washington co. A tribu- tary of Antietam cr. from Pennsylvania. Queen Anne, p. v.. Prince George co. Situate on the w. side of Patuxent r., 10 m. n. e. of Upper Marlboro', and 14 m. s. w. of Annapohs. QUEEN ANNE COUNTY, situate on the Eastern Shore, is bounded N. w. and n. by Chester river, which separates it from Kent county ; e. and s. e. by Delaware State hne and Tuckahoe cr., which latter divides it from Caroline county ; s. by Wye river and Eastern Bay, forming also the n. boundary of Talbot county, and w. by Chesapeake Bay, Its superficies contains an area of 257,920 acres. Kent, a large island of the Chesapeake, constitutes a portion of this county, and is notable as having been the site of the first set- tlements within the state. The surface is low and level, but the middle portions of the county are more elevated, and from these the slope is gradual to the border rivers. Numerous creeks flow from this Water-shed, the largest of which is Corsica creek of Chester river. The water of the mainland is universally good, but on Kent Island brackish, from its proximity to the tide. The soil is somewhat varied, but mostly of the kind known as white-oak soil, with a red clay subsoil, and is well adapted to the cultivation of all grains and grasses. The lower portions of the county are peculiarly genial to the growth of wheat. Marl of a superior quahty is abundant, and extensively used as a manure. The principal forest growths are oaks and hickory. No rocks are found in this region ; and, with the exception of bog- iron ore, and some earthy pigments, none of the useful minerals exist. Queen Anne was erected into a county by legislative authority in 1706. Its first set- tlements were those made by Claiborne and his companions on Kent Island ; but it was not until sometime after the arrival of the " Pilgrims of St. Mary's," that the colonization of the mainland was commenced. In 1790, the county contained 15,463 inhabitants; but in 1820 it numbered only 14,952 ; and in 1840, only 12,633. In 1850, its population had again increased to 14,484, of which 6,936 were white persons, 3,278 free colored persons, and 4,270 slaves; and of the population, slaves excluded, 9,893 were natives of Maryland, 276 of other states of the Union, and 45 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 1,864 ; and families, 1,864. Births in 1849-50, 434; marriages, 67; and deaths, 324. Deaf and dumb, 12 ; blind, 4 ; insane, 15 ; and idiotic, 7. Fugitive slaves, 16. The number of farms in the county on the 1st June, 1850, was 936, covering 156,926 acres improved, and 48,603 acres unimproved lands, valued in all at $2,815,713; and the value of farming implements and machinery was $81,545. The live-stock consisted of 3,455 horses, 593 mules and asses, 3,333 milch cows, 1,478 working oxen, 4,376 other cattle, 8,168 sheep, and 11,619 swine, valued at $339,092 ; and animal products in 1849-50 •wei'5 — wool, 28,730 pounds; butter, 97,183 pounds; and the value of animals slaugh- tered was $75,909. The crops of the year had been — wheat, 173,003 bushels; rye, 9,614; Indian corn, 697,159; oats, 59,885; barley, 77; buckwheat, 646; peas and beans, 540; Irish potatoes, 20,959; and sweet potatoes, 3,782 bushels; also hay, 652 tons; clover-seed, 3 bushels, and other grass-seed, 18 bushels; hops, 134 pounds; flax, 610 pounds ; and flax-seed, 61 bushels ; the products of the orchard were valued at $3,428, auE [ 91 J RID silk cocoons, 11 pounds; and bees- The value of home-made manufac- and of market-gardens, at $197. Wine, 57 gallons; wax and honey, 4,705 pounds, were also produced, tures was $1,820. The industrial pursuits of the county are limited to the local necessities, and in 1850 were confined to 29 establishments, having only $42,060 invested capital. The value of raw material consumed was $G8,S70 ; average number of hands employed, 128 ; average monthly cost of labor, $2,167; value of annual products, $122,226. Nearly two-thhds of the capital invested belonged to bark, grist, and saw mills. Establishments. Number. Capital. Val. of material. Hands. Products. Blacksmiths 2 $ 250 $ 249 4 $ 1,400 Boot and slioemakers 4 3,200 5,691 26 14.210 Cabinet makers 1 400 830 3 2,000 Clothiers 2 110 10 1 jcoo Coach makers 2 5,000 1,900 15 11,050 Mills, bark 1 5,000 1 ,000 5 3,000 " grist 8 17,800 .54,000 13 64,992 " saw 3 5,500 2,700 30 1 5,200 Saddlers, &c 1 800 400 1 800 Wheelwrights 5 4,000 2,100 21 7,974 Average wages — a farm-hand, with board, $8 a month ; a laborer, 37 cents, or, with board, 25 cents a day ; a carpenter, $1 50 a day ; a female domestic with board, $2 a week. Price of board for laboring men, $1 50 a week. The total value of real and personal estate in 1850 was $3,967,277, and the taxes as- sessed thereon, $35,513 — namely., $9,953 state tax; $21,056 county tax; and .$4,504 school tax. The county supported, in 1849-50, 124 paupers, at a cost of $2,500; and the whole uumber of criminals convicted during the year was two. There were in the county on the 1st June, 1850, 30 primary and public schools, with 31 teachers and 729 scholars, and the cost of supporting these, in 1849-50, amounted to $8,423, of which sum $4,504 was derived from taxation, $3,669 from the public funds, and $250 from other sources. No college or academies are reported in the census. The whole number of children having attended school within the year, was 1,045, of which 689 were males, and 456 females. " Adults who cannot read and write," 731 white per- sons, and 1,541 free colored persons. Seven private libraries with 600 volumes, and one church library with 350 volumes, constitute the whole reserved learning of the county. Two newspapers are published at Centreville. The county had at the above date 23 churches, and church accommodation for 4,900 persons. Value of church property, $15,800. Of these, 5 Episcopal churches had accom- modation for 1,400 persons; 16 Methodist churches for 3,050 persons; 1 Presbyterian church for 200 persons; and 1 Roman Catholic church for 250 persons. Centrkville is the county seat of justice ; and the following are the principal villages and post-offices : — Broad Creek, Church Hill, Long Marsh, Queenstown, Suddlersville, and Templeville. Queenstown, p. v., Queen Afine co. Sit- uate on the s. e. side of Chester r., 12 m. from its confluence with Chesapeake Bay at Love's Point, 8 m. s. w. of Centreville, and 26 e. of Annapohs. It is a place of considerable trade. Randallstown, p. v., Baltimore co. Sit- uate 3 m. N. of Patapsco r., 10 m. w. N. w. of Baltimore, and 40 m. n. w. of Annapolis. Reiiouotu, v., Somerset co. Situate on the s. side of Pocomoke r., 4 m. from its mouth, and 12 m. s. of Princess Anne. Reisterstown, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- ate 2 m. E. of the n. branch of Patapsco r., on the Westminster turnpike, 16 m. n. w. of Baltimore city, and 46 N. w. of Anna- pohs. Relay House, Baltimore co. A station on Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., at a point where Westminster Branch R. R. diverges therefrom, 7 m. n. of Baltimore city. Relay House, Baltimore co. A station on Bait, and Ohio R. R., at a point where Washington Branch R. R. diverges there- from, 9 m. s. w. of Baltimore city. Ridge, p. o., St. Mary's co. Situate on the peninsula, terminating in Point Look- out, 23 m. E. s. E. of Leonardtown, and 98i s. of Annapolis. Ridge Hall, p. c, Baltimore co. RiDGEViLLE, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on Parr's Ridge, at the head-waters of w. branch of Patapsco r., flowing e., and of Bush cr. of Monocacy r., flowing w. The Bait, and Frederick turnpike passes through RID [ 92 J ST. M the village ; and the Bait, and Ohio R. R. a little N. of it ; distant 44 m. w. of Balti- more, 17 s. w. of Westminster, and 66 n. n. w. of Annapolis. RiDGEviLLE, v., Washington co. Situate at the \v. slope of South Mountain, 11 m. N. E. of Hagerstown, and 114 n. w. of Anna- polis. Ringgold, p. v., Washington co. Situate near the state line, about 3 m. distant from Leitersburgh. Rising-Sun, p. v., Cecil co. Situate 3 m. E. of Octarara cr., of the Susquehanna r., 17 m. N. w. of Elkton, and 82 n. e. of An- napolis. Rock Creek, Anne Arundel co. A small cr. falling into Patapsco r., at Rock Point. Rock Creek, p. o., Somerset co. Rock Hall, p. o., Kent co. Situate on the \v. side of Chesapeake Bay, a short dis- tance s. of Swan Point, 14 m. w. s. w. of Chestertown, and 68 n. e. of Annapolis. Rockland, p. v., Cecil co. Rock Run, Harford co. A creek of the Susquehanna. Rock Run, p. o., Harford co. Situate at the mouth of Rock Run, and opposite Port Deposit, 14 m. e. n. e. of Bel- Air, and 67 m. N. of Annapolis. Rock Springs, p. o., Cecil co. Situate on the n. w. corner of the county, 27 m. w. N. w. of Elkton, and 67 n. of Annapolis. Rockville, CO. seat and p. o., Mont- gomery CO.. Situate on the w. side of Rock cr., a stream of the Potomac r., falling there- into at Washington, D. C, 16 m. s. of Rock- ville. Distant from Annapolis 56 m. w. It contains the usual county buildings, and about 60 dwellings. Rohrersville, p. v., Washington co. Situate at the base of Elk Mountain, in Pleasant Valley, 16 m. s. of Hagerstown, and 86 n. w. of Annapolis. RoMAN-NosE Mountain, Alleghany co. A short ridge of the Alleghanies, skirting the valley of Youghiogeny r., in the s. w. part of the county. Elevation above tide- water 3,109 feet. RoMNEY Marsh, Anne Arundel co. A marshy puuiusula on the s. side of Patapsco r., opposite to Baltimore. RossBURG, v., Prince George co. Situate on a creek of n. e. branch of Potomac r., 18 m. N. w. of Upper Marlboro'. Rossville, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate about 8 m. e. of Baltimore, and 38 n. n. e. of Annapolis, and on the line of the Phila- delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore R. R. Rowlandsville, p. v., Cecil co. Situate on the w. side of Octarara cr., about 2 m. from its confluence with Susquehanna r., 21 m. N. w. of Elkton, and 73 n. e. of Annapohs. Royal Oak, p. v., Talbot co. Situate on the neck of the peninsula formed by St. Michael's r. and Tread-Haven cr., 7 m. w. of Easton, and 53 e. of Annapolis. RuxnsBORo', v., Queen Anne co. Situate on the w. side of Tuckahoe or., 8 m. s. e. of Centreville. Sabillisville, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- ate w. of Monocacy r., 24 m. n. of Frederick, and 95 n. w. of Annapolis. St. Augustine, v., Cecil co. Situate about the middle of the neck of land lying be- tween Bohemia r. and Back cr., 10 m. s. of Elkton. St. Clement's Bay, St. Mary's co. An inlet of Potomac r. . St. Clement's Island. Situate at the mouth of Wicomico r., and notal^le as the first place touched upon by the first emigra- tion in 1634. St. Cle.ments, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situ- ate at the head of St. Clement's Bay, 6 m. w. of Leonardtowu, and 81 s. of Annapolis. St. George's Island, St. Mary's co. An island of the Potomac r., oflf the coast of this county at Piney Point. St. George's River, St. Mary's co. A stream flowing s. to the Potomac, which it enters at St. George's Island. St. Inigoep, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situate off St. Inigoes' cr., an arm of St. Mary's r., which it enters about 4 m. above the con- fluence of the latter with Potomac r., 18 m. s. w. of Leonardtown, and 105 s. of Annapolis. St. Joseph's, v., Frederick co. Situate on the E. side of Tom's cr., near Emmettsburg, 21 m. N. of Frederick city. The mother- house of the "Sisters of St. Joseph" is lo- cated at this place. The community here numbered in 1850, 118 members — 68 sis- ters, 40 novices, and 10 postulants ; and the number of establishments in the United States undeV their charge was forty. In distant missions 237 of the sisters Avere em- ployed. St. Leonard's, p. v., Calvert co. Situate on the E. side of St. Leonard's cr. and be- tween that and Chesapeake Bay, 8 m. s. s. w. of Prince Frederick Town, and 56 m. s. of Annapolis. It contains about 30 dwell- ings. St. Martin's, p. v., Worcester co. Situ- ate at the tide-head of St. Martin's river, 8 m. w. of Sinepuxent Bay, 24 m. n. n. e. of Snow Hill, and 131 m. s. e. of Annapolis. St. Martin's River, Worcester co. A large inlet, with a number of small conflu- ents rising from the e. edges of Cypress Swamp. The Isle of Wight divides its en- trance into Sinepuxent Bay into two channels. ST. M [ 93 ] ST. M ST. MARY'S COUNTY occupies the south-eastern portion of the Western Shore, from "Wicomico river of the Potomac, and from Indian creek of the Patuxent, to Cape Look- out, being almost insulated by the finest waters of the state. Its southern coast has seve- ral deep indentations, or inlets, (rivers as they are locally called,) communicating with Potomac river ; and the coast facing on Chesapeake Bay and Patuxent river, though less broken, has materially the same characteristics. The interior is well drained by creeks flowing into these, some of which also furnish mill power. The whole area of the county is 201,600 acres. The surface is usually low and level, but in the north-west somewhat undulating. The soil is mostly a soft mould, composed of sand, loam, and vegetable de- cay, and is kind and productive, though it has been much exhausted. Marl is abundant, and furnishes an excellent renovator, of which the farmers are now making considerable use. No rocks or mines worthy of mention are found in the county. The " Pilgrims of St. Mary's," the original founders of the colony, landed at the site of the future city of St. Mary's on the 27th March, 1G34, and for many years that celebrated city was the colonial capital. In 1790, the county contained 15,544 inhabitants ; but in the interval to 1820, it had decreased to 12,974 ; in the year 1840, it was found to have 13,224 inhabitants; and in 1850, 13,G98, of which G,223 were white persons, 1,633 free colored persons, and 5,842 slaves ; and of the population, exclusive of slaves, 7,701 were natives of Maryland, 109 of other states of the Union, and 46 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 1,512 ; and families, 1,646. Births in 1849-50, 379 ; marriages, 54 ; and deaths, 275. Deaf and dumb, 13; blind, 11; insane, 17; and idiotic, 21. In 1850, the county contained 913 farms, covering 100,206 acres improved, and 107,652 acres unimproved lands, valued at $2,282,336; and the value of farming imple- ments and machinery was $70,125. The live stock consisted of 2,715 horses, 186 mules and asses, 2,657 milch cows, 2,652 working oxen, 4,664 other cattle, 7,399 sheep, and 14,690 swine, valued in the aggregate at $281,263. The products of animals in 1849-50 consisted of — wool, 19,774 pounds ; and butter, 71,950 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered was $86,107. The crops of 1849-50 consisted of— wheat, 156,369 bushels; rye, 486 ; Indian corn, 378,461 ; oats, 33,590 ; buckwheat, 79 ; peas and beans, 450 ; Irish potatoes, 9,447 ; and sweet potatoes, 7,390 bushels. Also, hay, 441 tons ; hops, 255 pounds; flax, 1,849 pounds; and flax-seed, 76 bushels; tobacco, 1,763,882 pounds; wine, 39 gallons; beeswax and honey, 3,994 pounds; products of the orchard valued at $6,262; and of the market-gardens at $50. The value of home-made goods, manufactured dur- ing the year, was $14,095. The manufactures of the county are confined to three branches, and are prosecuted in 11 establishments. Capital invested, $38,500; value of raw material, $56,000; average number of hands employed — males, 22, and females, 9 ; average monthly cost of labor, $259 ; value of annual products, $68,312. Establishments. Number. Capital. Val. of Material. Hands. Val. of Prod. Factories, cotton 1 $10,000 $4,000 1] $7,000 Mills, grist 9 23,000 42,000 9 49.312 " saw 1 5,500 10,000 11 12,000 Average wages — to a farm-hand, $5 a month with board ; to a day laborer, 37 cents, or 25 cents with board; to a carpenter, $1 25 a day; to a female domestic, 50 cents a week "with board. Price of board to laboring men, $1 25 a week. The value of real and personal estate in the county, in 1850, was $3,972,100, and the taxes thereon, $21,246 ; namely— $9,504 state tax, and $11,742 county tax. The number of paupers supported in 1849-50 was 90, at a cost amounting to $1,931 ; and during the same year there was one criminal convicted. The number of paupers receiving relief on the 1st June, 1850, was 13. There were only three libraries in the county, (so says the census,) one a private library with 500 volumes, and two school hbraries with 2,500 volumes ; and one newspaper, the " St. Mary's Beacon," published at Leonardtown. The college and school statistics, re- ferring to June, 1850, are as follows : Number. Teachers. Scholars. Annual Income College 1 3 55 $8,000 Academies, &c 7 11 115 2,200 Primary and public schools 24 24 494 2,372 The whole number that attended school during 1849-50, was 1,782, of which 921 were ST. M [94 ] SEN males and 861 females, all white persons. "Adults who cannot read and write," amounted to 1,855 white persons and 1,596 free colored persons. The county had in 1850, 21 churches, which together aiforded accommodation to 5,850 persons: 6 Episcopal churches accommodated 1,700; 7 Methodist churches, 2,100; and 8 Roman Catholic churches, 2,050 persons. Leonardtown is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices: — Cliaptico, Charlotte Hall, Great Mills, Milestown, Mount Olive, Oak- ville. Ridge, St. Clement's Bay, St. Inigoes. St. Mary's, v., St. Mary's co. Situate on the E. side of St. Mary's r., about 8 m. above its confluence with Potomac r., 18 m. s. E. of Leonardtown. The site of St. Mary's city, founded by the first emigrants, the " Pilgrims of St. Mary's," 27th March, 1674, is a little s. of this. St. Mary's River, St. Mary's co. A large inlet of Potomac r., with which it unites at Cherry Point and St. George's Island. St. Michael's, p. v., Talbot co. Situate on the w. side of St. Michael's r., 6 m. s. of Eastern Bay of the Chesapeake, 12 m. w. of Easton, and 57 e. of Annapolis. St. Michael's River, Talbot co. A con- siderable inlet of Eastern Bay of Chesapeake Bay. St. Paul's, v., Prince George co. Situate about 6 m. w. of Patuxent r., on the road from Piscataway to Lower Marlboro', and 16 m. s. of Upper Marlboro.' St. Stephen's, v., Cecil co. Situate on the peninsula between Sassafras r. and Bohemia r., 22 m. s. of Elkton. Salisbury, p. v., Somerset co. Situate on the E. side of Wicomico r., on the e. hne of the county, 14 m. N. n. e. of Princess Anne, and 95 s. e. of Annapolis. Saltpetre Creek, Baltimore co. A stream from the w. shore falling into Gunpow- der r. Sam's Creek, Frederick co. A large tributary of Monocacy r., forming in part the E. boundary of the county. Sam's Creek, p. o. Carroll co. Situate on the E. side of Sam's cr., at the crossing of the Frederick and Baltimore post-road, 9 m. w. of Westminster, and 62 n. w. of Anna- polis. Sandtown Creek, Kent Co. One of the head streams of Chester r. Sandy Hill, p. v., Worcester co. Situ- ate on a creek of Chincoteague Bay, in the s. e. part of the county, 10 m. s. of Snow Hill, and 124 s. e. of Annapolis. Sandy Hook, p. v., Harford co. Situate on Deer Creek, 9 m. from its confluence with Susquehanna r. ; 6 m. n. of Bel- Air, and 46 N. N. w. of Annapolis. The vicinity has excellent farm lands, and is being improved rapidly ; and on the creek there is abun- dance of fine stone, of which the houses are mostly built. The place contains two churches and one public school. Popula- tion, 160. Sandy Point, Anne Arundel co. A cape of Chesapeake Bay, opposite Kent Island. The bay is here at its narrowest dimension. Sandy Spring, p. v., Montgomery co. Situate in the hilly region, two or three miles w. of Big Patuxent r., 10 m. n. e. of Rockville, and 60 w. s. w. of Annapohs. Sangrun, p. v., Alleghany co. Sassafras, p. v., Kent co. See " Head of Sassafras." Sassafras River. A large stream rising in Delaware, and flowing w., between Cecil and Kent counties, into Chesapeake Bay. Savage, p. v., Howard co. Situate on Little Patuxent r., in the s. w. corner of the county, 20 m. n. w. of Annapolis. There are extensive iron works in the vicinity. Savage Mills, Alleghany co. Situate near the confluence of Savage r., with the N. branch of Potomac r., 22 m. s. w. of Cum- berland, and 188 N. w. of Annapolis. Savage River, Alleghany co. A large stream draining the valley between Hoop- Pole Mountain and Great Savage Mountain, from both of which it derives its waters, and falling into the n. branch of Potomac r., about 2 m. w. of Lonaconing cr. Munro Run, Middle Fork, and Crabtree cr., are ii3 principal affluents. The Bait, and Ohio R. R. takes the course of this stream to the junction of Crabtree cr. Saw Mill Run, Alleghany co. An afSu- ent of Potomac r., rising from the slopes of Evitt'sand Warrior Mountains. It joins the Potomac a little w. of Old Town. Selby's Port, p. v., Alleghany co. Situate on the w. side of Youghiogeny r., 3 m. be- low the Pennsylvania state line, 38 m. w. of Cumberland, and 214 w. N. w. of Annapolis. Seller's Point, Baltimore co. A narrow neck of land projecting into Baltimore har- bor on the E. side thereof Seneca Creek, Montgomery co. Rises in the northern highlands of this county in a thousand streamlets, which, uniting first into two and afterwards into one creek, flow into the Potomac r. All the western portion of the county is drained by this fine water-course. SEN [95] SOM Seneca Mills, p. o., Montgomery co. Situate on Seneca cr., 1 m. N. of Potomac r., 11 m. w. of Rockville, and 23 m. above Georgetown, D. C. A mill seat with 10 or 11 inhabitants. Severn River, Anne Arundel co. Rises in several creeks a little north of the centre of the county, and after the union of these, spreads into a long and wide inlet of Chesa- peake Bay, into which it falls between Greenbury and Tallys Points, opposite Kent Island. Annapolis, the state capital, is located in a projecting headland near its mouth. Shade Mill, p. o., Alleghany co. Situ- ate on a branch of Youghiogeny r., about 18 m. w. of Cumberland. SiiARKTowN, v., Queen Anne CO. A settle- ment on Kent Island. Sharpsburg, p. v., Washington co. Situ- ate not far distant from the w. bank of Antietam cr., 14 m. s. of Hagerstown, and 97 N. w. of Annapolis. Sharp's Island, Dorchester co. Situate in Chesapeake Bay, s. of the confluence of Choptank r. A light-house has been erect- ed on its northern point. Sharptown, p. v., Somerset co. Situate near the s. line of Delaware, IG m. n. of Princess Anne, and 98 m. s. e. of Annapolis. Shawan, v., Baltimore co. Situate s. w. of Black Rock Branch of Great GunpoAvder Falls. Shawsville, p. v., Harford co. Situate in the n. w. part of the county, 16 m. n. w. of Bel-Air, and GG m. n. of Annapolis. Shell Town, v., Somerset co. Situate on the N. side of Pocomoke r., near its mouth, 14 m. s. of Princess Anne. Shrewsbury, v., Kent co. Situate about 3 m. s. of Sassafras r., and 12 m. n. e. of Chestertown. Sideling Hill, Washington co. A ridge of the Alleghanies, near the w. border of the county. Sinepuxent Bay, Worcester co. A large sheet of water inclosed from the Atlantic by the sand beach called Assateague, or Fenwick's Island. It is navigable only for very small craft. Sinepuxent Neck, Worcester co. A long narrow neck of land projecting into the bay of the same name, almost separated from the main by Trap cr. and Herring cr., be- tween the waters of which the construction of a canal has been proposed. Slaughter Creek, Dorchester co. A sound separating James' and Taylor's isl- ands from the mainland. Simpson ville, p. v., Anne Arundel co., 4 m. w. of Ellicott's Mills. Smithsburg, p. v., Washington co. Situ- ate 5 m. E. of Antietam cr., in the midst of a fine agricultural district, 7 m. e. of Hagers- town, and 102 m. n. w. of Annapolis. In 1850 it contained 36G inhabitants — 348 white persons, and 18 free colored persons. Smith's Island, Dorchester co. A long narrow island extending from Fog's Point or Cagis Strait, nearly to Tangier Island. Less than one half of the island is within the limits of Maryland. Smoketown, v., Washington co. Situate on the w. side of Antietam cr., 10 m. s. of Hagerstown. Snow Hill, pt. of entry, co. seat and p. o., Worcester co. Situate on the e. bank of Pocomoke r., 25 m. above its confluence with the bay of the same name, 115 m. s. e. of Annapolis, and 155 m. s. e. of Wash- ington, D. C. It contains a court-house, the county prison, an academy, several churches, and about 700 inhabitants. Ton- nage of the district in 1850, 9,511 tons. SOMERSET COUNTY, situate on the Eastern Shore, lies between Nanticoke river Tvhicli separates it from Dorchester, and Pocomoke river which separates it in part from Worcester county, and otherwise between Chesapeake Bay and the state line of Dela- ware. Its coasts are deeply indented with large bays and estuaries, into which several con- siderable rivers empty themselves. The Nanticoke traverses its whole n. w. border, and falls into Fishing Bay ; the Wicomico river and Monie creek also enter the same bay, but through a common estuary ; Manokin, Annemesix and Little Annemesix rivers further south enter the Chesapeake directly, and Pocomoke river, which bounds the county on the east, empties into the bay of the same name. All these rivers are navigable, more or less, and afford commercial facilities to their localities. The area of the county is 310,400 acres. The surface is low and level, and the soils are swamp, sandy marsh and pipe-clay. The muck-swamp soil is remarkable for its black color, light porous texture, and the large quantity of vegetable matter it contains. The pipe-clay soil is almost useless for produc- tive purposes, in its natural state, but susceptible of improvement to a high degree. The light sandy soil has a coarse gritty texture. The swamp soil affords rich pasturage. In the low lauds the water is calcareous, and in the sandy or uplands it is pure like that of all silicious soils. In the latter region there are a few mineral springs. Barren Creek Springs, in the north corner of the county, have chalybeate, sulphur and magnesia water. The timber growths common to the county are white, Spanish, and post oak, swamp oak. SOM [96] SOU maple, pine, hickory, chestnut, dogwood, walnut, cedar, ash, cypress, magnolia, persim- mon, sassafras, beech and holly. The only useful mineral found is bog iron ore. The In- dian shell-banks afford large quantities of Hme for fertilizing. Sea-weed, marsh-mud, and tnrf, are also used for that purpose. The first settlers in this county were from England, and the county was erected by order of the governor in 16G6. In 1790 it contained 15,610 inhabitants ; in 1820, 19,579 ; in 1840, 19,508, and in 1850, 22,456, of which 13,385 were white persons, 3,483 free colored persons, and 5,588 slaves; and of the population, exclusive of slaves, 16,445 were natives of Jklaryland, 404 of other states of the Union, and 19 foreigners. Dwellings, 3,158, and families, 3,158. Deaf and dumb, 34; blind, 16; insane, 19; and idiotic, 10. On the IstXune, 1850, there were in the county 1,318 farms, covering 127,626 acres improved and 146,454 acres unimproved lands, vajued at $3,140,3257 and the value of farming implements and machinery was $65,368. The live stock consisted of 2,367 horses, 338 asses and mules, 3,995 milch cows, 4,074 working oxen, 6,646 other cattle, 10,477 sheep, and 25,204 swine, together valued at $381,127; and the products of animals were — wool, 28,928 pounds; butter, 99,473 pounds; and animals slaughtered, $112,490 in value. The products of the soil consisted of — wheat, 58,248 bushels ; rye, 340 ; Indian corn, 718,073; oats, 71,776; peas and beans, 2,380 ; Irish potatoes, 2.5,439, and sweet potatoes, 119,994 bushels ; also hay, 7,082 tons ; hops, 25 pounds ; flax, 790 pounds, and flax-seed, 38 bushels. The value of orchard products was $1,713, and of market-garden products, $634. Beeswax and honey were produced to the amount of 16,533 pounds; and home- made goods were manufactured to the value of $11,115. The whole number of industrial establishments in the county in 1850 was 90 ; the capi- tal invested therein,$109,600; the value of raw material, &c., $96,775; average number of hands employed, 194 males and 6 females ; average cost of labor, $3,276 a month ; value of animal products, $175,350. The nuiaber of establishments engaged in the sever- al manufactures were — 1 bakery, 6 blacksmith shops, 5 boat-builders' shops, 6 boot and shoe factories, 4 carriage factories, 2 woolen feotories, 1 hat and cap factory, 3 flouring mills, 28 grist mills, 31 saw mills, 2 tanneries, and 1 tin shop. The following are the de- lails of the principal branches : Brandies. Number. Capital. Val. «f material Haudt. Val. of Prod. Carriage factories 4 $11,500 $5,360 25 $15,420 Woolen factories 2 2,000 ,^,300 2 3,975 ; Flour mills 3 6,000 4,400 3 5,860 ' Gristmills 28 35,000 33,057 40 41,560 Saw mills 31 39,250 33,028 54 51,535 Tanneries 2 2,500 1,600 .4 3,400 Average wages — farm-hands with board, $6 a month ; day-laborers, 50 cents, or with b'Vird, 37 cents; carpenters, $1 a day; female domestics with board, 50 cents a week, Irrice of board to laboring men, $1 37 a week. The total value of real and personal estate in 1850, amounted to $3,303,935, (true valu- ation $4,1tJ29,9l9) and taxes assessed thereon $23,383, of which $8,516 was state tax, and $14,867 county tax. During the year 1849-50, 207 paupers were relieved at a cost of $3,500, ond on the 1st June of the latter year 190 remained a burden to the county. There is only one newspaper published in the county, and the census gives returns of not a single librany of any description, either private, church or school library. The num- ber of primary and public schools on 1st June, 1850, was 45, each with one teacher, and attended in the aggregate by 821 scholars ; and of academies and other schools 12, with 13 teachers and 273 pupils. The numbers classed " Adults who cannot read and write," amounted to 673 white persons and 645 free colored persons. The number of churches, in 1850, was 57, with accommodations for 24,015 persons, and the value of church property was $59,400. The Baptists had 6 churches, the Episcopa- lians 12, the Methodists 35, and the Presbyterians 4:; the average accommodations in each being for 300 to 500 persons. Princess Anne is the county seat of justice ; and the following are the principal vil- lages and post-offices: — Barren Creek Springs, Bell Mount, Fork Town, Kingston, Quan- tico, Rock Creek, Salisbury, Sharp Town, Upper Trappe, Whitehaven. South Millford, p. v., Cecil co., 16 m. from Elkton. South Mountain, Washington and Fred- erick COS. A well-defined ridge of the Alleghanies, forming the boundary between the two counties. South River, Anne Arundel co. A large estuary or inlet of Chesapeake Bay, which sou [ 9^ ] TAL it enters at Thomas' Point, on which there is a light-house. South River, p. o., Anne Arundel co. Situate on the river of same name, 8 m. s. of Annapolis. Spesutie Island, Harford co. An island of considerable extent in Chesapeake Bay, about 6 m. s. of the confluence of Susque- hanna r., and about a mile distant from the E. coast of the county. Spry's Island, Baltimore co. A small island at the mouth of Gunpowder r. SuDLERSviLLE, p. V., Qucen Anne co. Sit- uate on the w. side of the upper course of Tuckahoe cr., 16 m. n. e. of Centreville, and 58 e. by N. of Annapolis. SuGARLOAF MOUNTAIN, Frederick co. A conspicuous elevation near Monocacy r., in the s. part of the county. It is the south- ern termination of the ridge called Catoctin Mountain, traversing in a n. and s. direc- tion. Sugar Run, Alleghany co. A tributary of Town cr. Swallow Falls, Alleghany co. These falls of the Youghiogeny n occur near the mouth of Herndorn cr., in the s. w. part of the county. The general elevation of the country in the vicinity is 2,390 feet above tide- water. Swan Creek, Harford co. A large inlet, with several affluent streams, situate on the s. E. coast of the county. Swan Neck, Harford co. A large pen- insular tract between Bush r. and Swan cr. Swan Point, Kent co. A head land of Chesapeake Bay, being the most westerly projection of the county. SwANTON, v., Alleghany co. Situate on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 41 m-. s. w. of Cumberland. Elevation 2,272 feet above tide-water. SwANTowN, v., Kent co. Situate be- tween Swan and Saw Mill creeks of Sassa- fras r., 21 m. N. E. of Chester town. Sweet Air, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate in the midst of a fine country, 16 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 45 n. of Annapolis. Sykesville, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on the N. side of the West Branch of Patapsco r., and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 32 m. w. of Baltimore, and distant 15 m. s. of Westminster, and 61 N. n. w. of Annapolis. TALBOT COUNTY, situate on the Eastern Shore, and containing 215,040 acres, lies between Chesapeake Bay and Choptank river. Its coast towards the Chesapeake is very irregular, and deeply indented with inlets and estuaries, forming the land into peninsulas and islands. The Wye river separates it from Queen Anne county. The principal streams within the county are St. Michael's river, Treadhaven creek and Broad creek. The surface is generally low and level, and the preponderating soils are red clay and that called white oak, both of which are very fertile. Few rocks exist in any part, but marl- shell lime, swamp-muck, &c., useful as manures, are abundant. The climate is moist and warm, and the county is remarkable for the health and longevity of its inhat)itants. The natural growths are oak and yellow pine, of the best quality for ship-building ; also hick- ory, chestnut, locust, cedar, red and white oak, ash and poplar. The county was formed on the regular progression of the settlement of the state in 16G0. In 1790 it contained 13,084 inhabitants; in 1820, 14,389; in 1840, only 12,090, and in 1850, 13,811. The de- crease between 1820 and 1840 occurred among the whites (1,324,) and the free colored (1,081,) the slaves increasing (106.) Of the population in 1850 the whites numbered 7,084; the free colored, 2,593, and the slaves, 4,134; and, excluding slaves, 9,342 were natives of Maryland, 236 of other states of the Union, and 99 of foreign countries. Dwel- lings, 1,751, and families, 1,776. Births, 445 ; marriages, 115, and deaths, 240. Deaf and dumb, 10; blind, 16; insane, 9; idiotic, 11. The number of slaves manumitted during 1849-50 was 7, and the number of fugitives from service, 22. The number of farms in the county, in 1850, was 793, covering 114^109 acres improved, and 55,312 acres unimproved lands, valued at $3,750,845 ; and the value of farming imple- ments and machinery was 107,101. The live stock consisted of — 2,931 horses, 586 asses and mules, 3,202 milch cows, 1,567 working oxen, 4,794 other cattle, 7,869 sheep, and 15,531 swine, valued in the aggregate at $393,855 ; and the products of animals were — wool, 27,416 pounds, and butter, 97,585 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered was $97,956. The crops of 1849-50 amounted— wheat, to 272,963 bushels ; rye, to 561 ; Indian corn, to 621,980; oats, to 15,268; barley, to 10; buckwheat, to 717; beans and peas, to 835; Irish potatoes, to 33,551, and sweet potatoes, to 15,366 bushels; also hay, 663 tons ; clover-seed, 28 bushels, and other grass-seed, 35 bushels ; flax, 140 pounds, and flax-seed, one bushel ; the value of orchard products was $4,922, and of market-gar- den products, $555 ; and the product of wine was 343 gallons, and of beeswax and honey, 6,448 pounds. The value of homemade manufactures amounted to $2,154, TAN [ 98 ] TOW The county contained in 1850, 36 industrial establishments, and the capital invested in manufactures amounted to .?54,600 ; value of raw materials consumed, $63,460 ; average number of hands employed — 149 males and 31 females; average monthly cost of male labor, $2,819, and of female labor, $119; value of annual products, $119,050. Milling is the most prominent branch, and in eleven mills — 6 flour and 5 grist — one-half the manu- facturing capital of the county is invested. Ship-building employed 34 hands ; carriage- making, 19 ; agricultural implement making, 14, &c. Average vvages — a farm-hand with board, $7 00 a month ; a day-laborer, 37 cents, or with board, 25 cents; a carpenter, $1 25; a female domestic, $1 00 a week with board. The price of board for a laboring man, ^2 a week. The total value of real and personal estate in the county was, in 1850, $4,541,295, and the taxes thereon, $50,226, of which $11,033 was state tax, $27,844 county tax, and $11,349 school tax. The number of paupers relieved during the year past was 41, at a cost of $1,000, and of these 39 remained on the lists on 1st June, 1850; and the number of criminals convicted was 3, and the same were undergoing sentence at the latter period. There were in 1850 eight libraries in the county, containing 13.400 volumes, all of which were owned as private property ; and two newspapers were issued weekly at Easton. The number of j^rimary and public schools at the above date was 30, with 32 teachers and 985 scholars, the yearly income of which was in the aggregate $11,419 ; and 2 academies, with 5 teachers and 78 pupils — yearly income, $7,200. The whole number of persons attending schools in the year past was 1,114 — 602 males and 512 females. Of persons classed as "Adults who cannot read and write," there were 309 — 146 males and 163 females, all white persons, the statistics of the free colored not being stated in the census returns, as for most other counties. The statistics of churches return 28 church buildings for the county. These were capable of accommodating 11,720 persons, and were valued at $59,277 : one was Baptist, with accommodations for SO persons ; 5 Episcopal, for 1,840 ; 2 Fi'iends, for 1,050 ; 19 Methodist, for 8,800 ; 1 Roman Catholic, for 250. Easton is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-ofBces — Bay Hundred, Oxford, Royal Oak, St. Michaels, Trappe, Wye Mills. Taneytown, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on the s. side of Piney cr., about 5 m. above its confluence with Monocacy r., and on the turnpike, 14 m. n. w. of Westminster, and 71 N. w. of Annapolis. It contains several mills and iron works, and in 1850 its popu- lation was 279 — 263 white persons, and 16 free colored persons. Taylor, p. v., Harford co. Taylor's Island, p. o., Dorchester co. An island of sand, near 16 m. s. w. of Cambridge. Taylor's Island, Dorchester co. An island of considerable size, separated from the main land by Slaughter's cr. Taylorsville, p. v., Anne Arundel co. Situate on the w. side of West Branch of Patuxent r., 4 m. n. w. of Upper Marlboro', and 126 s. w. of Annapolis. Templeville, p. v.. Queen Anne co. Situate near Delaware state line, 18 m. N. E. of Centreville, and 57 e. by n. of Annapolis. Texas, v., Baltimore co. Situate on the line of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 13 m. N. of Baltimore city. Thomas Point, Anne Arundel co. A cape or headland at the north of the entrance of South r. into Chesapeake Bay. A light- house is erected at this point. Three Sisters, Anne Arundel co. A cluster of islands in Chesapeake Bay, so called. TicKTON Creek, Washington co. A branch of Antietam cr., flowing w. from the slope of South Mountain. Tilghman's Island, Talbot co. An island of about 800 acres at the confluence of Chop tank r. Avith Chesapeake Bay. TiMONiuM, v., Baltimore co. Situate at the head of Jones' Falls, and on the line of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 11 m. N. of Baltimore city. Tobacco Stick, p. v., Dorchester co. Situate on the s. side of Little Choptank r., 10 m. s. w. of Cambridge, and 38 m. s. s. e. of Annapolis. Tom's Creek, Frederick co. One of the principal branches of Monocacy r. Tom's Run, Washington co. Rises among the springs of North Mountain, and flows into Little Conecocheague cr. Town Creek, Alleghany co. A long stream from Pennsylvania, which flows into the N. Branch of Potomac r., a few m. e. of Oldtown. Town Hill, Alleghany co. A ridge of the Alleghanies in the e. part of the county. Towsontown, p. V.J Baltimore co. Situ- TRA [99] WAR ate on the turnpike, 8 m. n. of Baltimore city, and 37 m. n. of Annapolis. Tracey's Lakding, p. o., Anne Arundel CO. Situate on a cr. of Fishing Bay, 19 m. s. of Annapolis. Tramel's Town, v., Frederick co. Situ- ate at the base of Catoctin Mountain, 10 m. s. w. of Frederick city, and about a mile back from Pok^raac r. Transquaking Creek, Dorchester co. A stream flowing s. into Fishing Bay. Trappe, v., Charles co. Situate 12 m. s. w. of Port Tobacco. Trappe, v., Kent co. Situate about 6 m. 8. w, of Chestertown. Trappe, v., Somerset co. Situate on Wicomico cr., 6 m. n. of Princess Anne. Trappe, p. v., Talbot co. Situate n. of Choptank r., about 10 m. s. of Easton, and 64 E. s. E. of Annapolis. Trappe, v., Worcester co. Situate on Trappe cr., a tributary of Sinepuxent Bay, 19 m. N. N. E. of Snow Hill. Trappe, v. Worcester co. Situate on the E. side of Pocomoke r., 12 m. above its mouth on Pocomoke Bay. Treadhaven Creek, Talbot co. A large inlet emptying into Choptank r., from the N. N. E. Easton, the capital of the county, is located at its northern extremity. TRiADELPniA, p. v., Montgomery co. Situate on Big Patuxent r., 16 m. n. e. of Rockville, and 50 ra. w. n. w. of Annapolis. TucKAHOE Creek, Talbot co. A principal branch of Choptank r. Turtter's Gap, Washington co. A pass of South Mountain, 12 m. s. e. of Hagers- town. Tuscarora River, (Big and Little,) Fred- erick CO. A tributary of Monocacy r., from Catoctin Mountain. Union Bridge, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on Little Pipe cr., 11 m. w. of Westminster, and 67 m. n. w. of Annapolis. Union Meeting House, p. o., Baltimore CO. Situate on Great Gunpowder Falls, 31 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 61 m. n. n. w. of Annapolis. Union Mills, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on Big Pipe cr., 10 m. n. of Westminster, and 65 n. n. w. of Annapolis. Uniontown, p. 0., Carroll co. Situate near Pipe cr., 8 m. \v. of Westminster, and 65 m. N. N. w. of Annapolis. Population 339, of which 17 were free colored per- sons. Unionville, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on a tributary of Linganore cr., 15 m. e. n. e. of Frederick city, and 67 n. w. of Anna- polis. Unity, p. v., Montgomery co. Situate to the w. of Patuxent r., 14 m. n. n. e. of Rockville, and 58 w. n. w. of Annapohs. Upperco, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate E. of the n. branch of Patapsco r., 21 m. n. n. w. of Baltimore city, and 51 n. n. w. of An- napolis. Upper Cross Roads, p. o., Harford co. Upper Hunting Creek, p. o., Caroline CO. Situate on the creek of the same name, 3 m. above its confluence with Choptank r. ; and distant 13 m. s. s. w. of Denton, and 58 e. of Annapolis. Upper Marlboro', co. seat and p. o., Prince George co. Situate on the s. side of the w. branch of Patapsco r., 4 m. above its mouth, 23 m. s. w. of Annapolis, and 17 s. E. of Washington, D. C. It contains the usual county offices, and is a well-built vil- lage. The Marlboro' Gazette is published weekly, and circulates 500 copies. Upper Trappe, p. v., Somerset co. Si- tuate in the n. side of Wicomico cr., 6 m. n. of Princess Anne. Urbana, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on the E. side of Monocacy r., on the high ground between Bush and Bennett's creeks, 7 m. s. s. E. of Frederick city, and 68 n. w. of Annapolis. Urieville, p. v., Kent co. Situate on the E. side of Morgan's cr. of Chester r., 6 m. N. N. w. of Chestertown, and 60 n. e. of Annapolis. Utica Mills, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on Fishing cr., 10 m. n. of Frederick city, and 85 n. w. of Annapolis. Vansville, v.. Prince George co. Situate on the head waters of eastern branch of Potomac r., 22 m. n. w. of Upper Marl- boro'. Vienna, p. v., and pt. of entry, Dorchester CO. Situate on the w. side of Nanticoke r., 24 m. above its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 16 m. e. of Cambridge, and 79 s. e. of Annapolis. It enjoys considerable trade, the river being navigable for sea-going ves- sels. Tonnage of the district in 1850, 15,478; in 1849-50, there was built 27 schooners, of 1,533 tons aggregate bur- den. Wakefield, p. v., Carroll co. Situate 6 m. s. w. of Westminster, and 68 N. N. vr. of Annapohs. Walkersville, p. v., Frederick co. Si- tuate on the E. side of Monocacy r., 6 m. N. N. E. of Frederick city, and 81 n. w. of Annapolis. Warfieldsburg, p. v., Carroll co. Situate 3 m. s. of Westminster, and 56 n. n. w. of Annapolis. Warri^?, p, v., Baltimore co. Situate on WAR [100] WAS Warwick, p. v., Cecil co. Situate at the head of Little Bohemia r., 15 m. s. of Elkton, and 73 n. n. e. of Anna- poHs. Great Gunpowder Falls, 15 m. n. of Balti- more city, and 45 N. of AnnapoUs. Warrior Mountain, Alleghany co. A ridge of the AUeghanies passing through the eastern part of the county. . WASHINGTON COUNTY occupies a large and valuable tract in the western portion of the state, and is bounded n. by Pennsylvania state line, e. by South Mountain, s. by Potomac r., and w. by Sideling Hill Creek. Demarked by the vyindings of the Potomac, the southern boundary is exceedingly irregular, and the width of the county n. and s. varies in consequence from 3 to 30 miles. Within these hmits the area is 331,520 acres. The surface is partly mountainous and broken, but the intervals are wide and finely un- dulating. The principal valleys are those through which Antietam, Conecocheagne, and other creeks flow to Potomac river. Lime and slate are tlie chief rocks of the county. The most fertile lands are based on limestone, the soils formed on the slate rock being usually thin. These, as well as the light soils at the foot of the ridges, to which the sand- stone has contributed silicious particles, are susceptible of high improvement by lime, which has been extensively used. Iron ore is deposited in some parts. The springs in this county are of calcareous, sulphureous, chalybeate, and soft mountain water. The natural timbers consist of oaks of various species, hickory, walnut, locust, elm, cherry, chestnut, sycamore, maple, and some pine, of which large tracts still exist. As an agricul- tural county no portion of the state is its superior, and it has many advantages for manu- factures and internal commerce. For grazing it is pre-eminently well adapted, its rich grasses affording nutritious food for large herds of cattle and horses. Washington county was organized by the Convention of 1776, and was named after the great leader of the American armies, whose fame was then in the dawn of its bril- liancy. Its territory was taken from Frederick county. The first grant of land in this county is dated 1732, and the original settlers were Germans from Pennsylvania, and emigrants from the eastern counties of Maryland. In 1790 it contained 15,822 inhabi- tants; in 1820, 23,075; in 1840, 28,850; and in 1850, 30,848, of which 26,930 were white persons, 1,828 free colored persons, and 2,090 slaves ; and of the population, exclu- sive of slaves, 24,516 were natives of Maryland, 3,188 of other parts of the Union, and 1,054 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 5,052; and families, 5,182. Births in 1849-50, 943; marriages, 201 ; and deaths, 362. Deaf and dumb, 4; blind, 17; insane, 34; and idiotic, 26. Slaves, fugitive, 15. The county contained in 1850, 1,292 farms, covering 159,851 acres improved and 60,878 acres unimproved lands, valued at $8,419,596 ; and the value of farming imple- ments and machinery was $182,346. The amount of live stock on the 1st June, 1850, was — horses, 6,166; asses and mules, 4; milch cows, 5,8.35 ; working oxen, 12; other cattle, 7,224 ; sheep, 9,736 ; and swine, 24,345, valued at $568,680 ; and the products of animals in 1849-50 were — wool, 35,601 pounds ; butter, 341,798 pounds ; and the value oi animals slaughtered, $141,736. The products of the soil for the same year consisted of— wheat, 809,093 bushels ; rye, 32,940 ; Indian corn, 368,056 ; oats, 102,869 ; barley, 82 ; buckwheat, 239 ; peas and beans, ; Irish potatoes, 22,460, and sweet potatoes, 48 bushels; also hay, 14,860 tons; clover-seed, 1,988 bushels; and other grass-seed, 679 bushels ; hops, 29 pounds ; flax-seed, 3 bushels ; orchard products in value, $8,217 ; wine, 5 gallons ; market-garden products in value, $100 ; and the amount of beeswax ancs honey collected was 244 pounds. The number of industrial establishments in the county was, in 1850, 169 ; and the amount of capital invested therein, $726,378 ; value of raw material consumed in 1849-50, $1,283,675; average number of hands employed — males, 642, and females, 88; average monthly cost of male labor, $12,441, and of female labor, $558 ; value of annual products, $1,859,993. The principal branches and the statistics of each, as furnished in the census of 1850, are as follows : Branches. Number. Capital. Val. of Material. Hands. Va]. of Products. Distilleries 6 $15.000 S2.'),649 9 $32,520 Factories— file 1 25.000 17,000 20 30,000 " nail 1 15,000 24,000 24 47,000 " woolen 3 12,500 4,755 25 14,675 Forges 1 5,000 19,000 19 26,000 Furnaces 2 58,000 40,000 85 80,.500 Foundries 2 31,000 12,610 33 30,000 Mills— flour 59 405,600 1,002,888 108 1,309,415 " rolling 1 25,000 21,600 9 25,000 Tanneries 18 58,800 59,658 49 96,985 WAS [101 ] WES also 4 agricultural implement factories, 2 bakeries, 1 blacksmithery, 1 boat-building shop, 11 boot and shoe shops, 2 breweries, 1 brick kiln, 5 cabinet-shops, 1 chandlery, 2 clothier shops, 2 carriage factories, 9 coopers, 1 iron mine, 1 pottery, 2 glove factories, 3 hat and cap factories, 2 hme kilns, 9 printing offices, 3 saw mills, 3 stone-cutting shops, and 4 tin shops. Steam power is used only in the foundries and distilleries : in all others, except handicrafts, water is the moving power. Average wages — a farm-hand, with board, $11 a month ; a day-laborer, 75 cents, or with board, 56 cents; a carpenter, $1 a day; a female domestic with board, 75 cents a vv^eek. Price of board to laboring men, $2 a week. The value of real and personal estate, in 1850, was $11,499,231 : and the taxes thereon, $57,758, of which amount $29,051 was state tax, $27,507 county tax, and $1,200 school tax. The number of paupers receiving relief from the public funds on the 1st June, 1850, was 242 ; and the number relieved during the year past was 268, at a cost amounting to $6,436 ; and the number of criminals convicted was 29 : and of these jive were still in prison on the 1st of June, 1850. The whole number of libraries owned in this county, in 1850, was 30, containing in the aggregate 16,779 volumes: of which 2 public libraries contained 600 volumes; 15 private libraries, 7,800 ; 12 Sunday-school libraries, 3,379 ; 1 college library, 5,000. Nine news- papers were issued weekly at the same period, 7 of which were published at Hagerstown, one at Boonsboro', and one at Clear Spring. At the same time there were 83 primary and public schools, with 83 teachers and 3,435 scholars, with a total annual income of $16,790 ; 5 academies and other schools, with 5 teachers and 122 pupils, with an income of $425; and 1 college, with 12 teachers and 85 students, with an income of $19,239 a year. The whole number attending schools during the year past had been 4,258, of which 2,371 were males and 1,887 females; and the number classed as "Adults who cannot read and write," was 1,317 — namely, 892 white persons — 307 males and 585 females, and 425 free colored persons — 183 males and 242 females : of the total of this class 44 were foreigners. There were at the period above named 63 churches in the county with accommo- dations for 28,200 persons; and the value of church property was $116,550 ; of these two were Baptist, with accommodation for 800 ; 7 Episcopal, for 2,575 ; 6 German Reformed, for 3,100; 13 Lutheran, for 7,000 ; 16 Methodist, for 6,325; 2 Presbyterian, for 1,300 2 Roman Catholic, for 1,150; 2 Union or Free Church, for 500; 6 Moravian, for 2,500 4 Mennonite, for 850; and 3 Tunker, for 2,100 persons. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through the county in a line nearly with the course of the Potomac river, and there are several thoroughfares by state and county turnpikes. The Franklin R. R. extends from Hagerstown into Pennsylvania, and connects with the great lines of that state. Stage roads are numerous, and travel easy and cheap to all the principal villages. Hagerstown is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post-offices : — Bakersville, Beaver Creek, Benevola, Boonsboro,' Brownsville, Cave- towu, Chewsville, Clear Spring, Conecocheague, College of St. James, Fairview, Funks- town, Hancock, Keedysville, Lappon's Cross Roads, Leitersburg, Park Head, Ringgold, Eohrersville, Sharpsburgh, Smithsburg, Williamsport. Washington Mines, Alleghany co. Si- tuate 3 m. s. E. of Frostburg and 8 m. w. of Cumberland, with which they communicate by the Eckart R. R. Washingtonville, {formerly Washington Factory,) p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on the w. side of Jones' Falls, and on the line of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 6 m. N. of Balti- more city, and 36 n. of Annapolis. Waterloo, v., Howard co. Situate e. of Little Patuxent r., and 10 m. s. w. of EUi- cott's Mills. Watkin's Point, Somerset co. The ex- treme s. w, cape of the mainland of the Eastern Shore in Maryland. Wefsesbcrgh, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- ate on Great Gunpowder Falls, 26 m. n. of Baltimore city, and 55 m. N. of Annapolis. The Bait, and Susquehanna R. R. passes it on the E. Wellersburg, p. v., Alleghany co. Situ- ate on the N. fork of Jennings' Run, and on the line of the Somerset plank turnpike, 10 m. N. w. of Cumberland, and 176 m. w. n. w. of Annapolis. Westerman's Mills, p. o., Baltimore co. Situate on Black Rock cr., 18 m. n. of Bal- timore cit}'^, by the Bait, and Susquehanna Rail-road, and 48 m. N. of Annapolis. A\''estern Port, p. v., Alleghany co. Situ- ate on George's cr., near its junction with the N. Branch of Potomac r. The state road from Cumberland passes through it, and on the opposite bank of the Potomac is Pied- WES [102] WOO mont, a station on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R. Distant 26 m. s. w. of Cumber- land, and 192 m. w. n. w. of Annapolis. Westminster, go. seat and p. o., Carroll CO. Situate on a plateau of Parr's Ridge, about the centre of the county, and near the head Avaters of Monocacy cr. and the north branch of Patapsco r., 58 m. n. w. of Annapolis, and G8 m. n. n. e. of Washing- ton, D. C. It contains the court-house, the county prison, and other public offices ; also several churches ; and, in 1850 had 835 inhabitants — 784 white persons, and 51 free colored persons. Two weekly papers, one whig and one democratic in politics, are published here. Turnpikes and other roads lead hence to all parts ; and the Westminster Branch of the Bait, and Sus- quehanna R. R. diverging from that road at the Relay House, 7 m. n. of Baltimore, is complete to Owing's Mills, a distance of 17 m. West River, Anne Arundel co. A large estuary of Chesapeake Bay, situate immedi- ately south and west of South river. Wetheredville. p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- ate on Gwinn's Falls, 4.i m. w. N. w. of Baltimore. It contains 1 church, 1 school, several stores, and about 100 dwellings, chiefly of stone. The village is 300 feet above tide, with a fall within its limits of 90 feet, which affords immense water power. The mills of Wethered Brothers, celebrated for their fine cassimeres, are located here, and there are also several mills producing coarse cotton cloth. Both up and down the stream there are large numbers of flour- ing and other mills. The surrounding country is undulating, and the soil of good quality. Population of the neighborhood, about 700. Weverton, p. v., Frederick co. Situate at the foot of South Mountain, in the ex- treme s. w. corner of the county, and on the E. side of Israel cr., where that stream joins the Potomac. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Bait, and Ohio R. R. pass through the village, 80 m. w. of Baltimore. Weverton is distant 20 m. s. w. of Frederick city, and 73 m. n. w. of Annapolis. Whaleysville, p. v., Worcester co. Situ- ate on Pocomoke r., 11m. further up than Snow Hill, and distant from Annapolis 115 m. s. E. Whitehall, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate about 3 m. n. of Baltimore city, and 31 m. N. of Annapolis. White Haven, p. v., Somerset co. Situ- ate on the w. bank of Wicomico r., 13 m. above its confluence with Fishing Bay, 8 m. N. w. of Princess Anne, and 103 s. e. of An- napolis. It has some trade. Wicomico River, Somerset co. A navi- gable stream from the Eastern Shore, con^ fluent with Chesapeake Bay through Fish- ing Bay. Vessels of considerable burden pass up to White Haven. Wicomico River, Charles co. A fine stream, an affluent of Potomac r., from the N. In its upper end it receives several large creeks, and forms the line of division be- tween Charles and St. Mary's counties. Williams', Baltimore co. A station on the Westminster Branch R. R , 12 m. n. of Baltimore city. Williamsburg, v., Talbot co. Situate 6 m. N. E. of Easton. Williamsport, p. v., Washington co. Situate on the e. side of Potomac r., and at the mouth of Conecocheague cr., 6 m. s. w. of Hagerstown, and 107 w. N. w. of An- napolis. It is the depot of an extensive fertile region, and has excellent shipping facilities. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal passes through the town. Population about 450. Wills' Creek, Alleghany co. A fine stream, rising on the e. slope of Great Sav- age Mountain in Pennsylvania, whence its course is first K, then e., then n- e., then again e., to the junction of Little Wills' cr., whence it has a somewhat winding course southward to Potomac r., which it reaches at Cumberland. Numerous large runs contribute to its volume of water, and ren- der it a most efficient mill stream. Wills' Mountain, Alleghany co. A ridge of the AHeghanies, immediately w. of Cumberland. WiNFiELD, p. v., Carroll co. Situate at the head of Sam's creek, 10 m. s. w. of Westminster, and 59 n. n. w. of Annapolis. Winston, p. v., Alleghany co. Winter's Run, Harford co. An affluent of Bush r. from the N. W^olfsville, p. v., Frederick co., 10 m. from Middletown. Woodbine, v., Carroll co. Situate on the N. side of the West Branch of Patapsco r., and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 38 m. w. of Baltimore, 18 m. s. of West- minster, and 60 n. n. w. of Annapolis. Woodbury, v.. Baltimore co. Situate on the w. side of Jones' Falls, and on the line of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 3 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 33 n. of Annapo- lis. Wood Lawn, p. o., Cecil co. Situate on the old Baltimore and Philadelphia stage road, 3 m. e. of Port Deposit, 14 m. w. of Elkton, and 67 N. e. of^ Annapolis. The vicinity is highly cultivated, and furnishes cattle and wheat for market. Granite of the finest texture is extensively quarried, and is used for ordinary building purposes. woo [ 103 ] W O R The Chesapeake fisheries also engage the 1 Frederick city, and 87 n. w. of Annapolis* attention of the inhabitants. Population, Woodstock, p. v., Howard co. Situate 130. I on the s. side of Patapsco r., and on the WooDSBORo', p. v., Frederick co. Situate line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 25 m. w. about a mile e. of Monocacy r., 12 m. N. of I of Baltimore city, and 43 N. w. of AnnapoUs. "WORCESTER COUNTY occupies a tract of 394,240 acres, situate on the Eastern Shore, extending along the Atlantic from Delaware to Virginia, the state lines of which form respectively its northern and southern boundaries, and on the west its boundary is Dividing creek of Pocomoke river and Somerset county. This is one of the largest coun- ties of the state, but it contains much waste land unfit for agricultural purposes. The Cypress Swamp in the north occupies a large area, and is the source of many streams. Pocomoke river, the largest stream in the county, has its head waters in this region, whence it flows southward to the Chesapeake through Pocomoke Bay, receiving in its course the whole drainage of the middle portions of the county. The Atlantic coast is a long narrow sand beach, inclosing an extensive shallow bay which separates it from the main land, and is accessible only to small craft. The surface is everywhere low and level, and the soils various. Black gum swamps frequently occur. The prevailing soils, however, are constituted of white and red clay and Ught sand. No rocks worthy of mention are found, and the only available mineral is iron ore, which exists, however, in no great quan- tity. The waters are generally good, though sometimes impregnated with lime, and some- times they are chalybeate. White, black, and red oak, beech, maple, gum, pine, poplar and cypress are the prevailing timber growths. Worcester county was settled in the course of the 17th century chiefly by immigrants of England and Scotland, and was organized in 1672, On the adjustment of the boundary controversy with Pennsylvania, a large portion of the original county was found to be within the jurisdiction of that proprietary, and now hes within Delaware. The organiza- tion of the county with its present limits took place in 1742. In 1790, it contained 11,G40 inhabitants; in 1820, 17,421; in 1840, 18,377, and in 1850, 18,859, of which 12,401 were white persons, 3,014 free colored persons, and 3,444 slaves ; and of the population exclusive of slaves, 14,604 were natives of Maryland, 703 of other portions of the Union, and 108 of foreign countries. Dwellings 2,884, and famiUes, 2,885. Deaf and dumb, 8; blind, 12 ; insane, — ; and idiotic, 28. There were in the county in 1850, 1,318 farms, covering 124,947 acres improved and 142,819 unimproved lands, valued at $2,421,855; and the value of farming implements and machinery was $64,126. The live stock consisted of 2,449 horses, 363 asses and mules, 336 milch cows, 2,827 working oxen, 6,786 other cattle, 10,911 sheep, and 19,911 swine, valued in the aggregate at $294,379 ; and the amount of animal products for 1849-50, was — wool, 25,134 pounds ; and Isutter, 68,039 pounds ; and the value of animals slaugh- tered was $101,221. The products of the soil embraced — wheat, 17,119 bushels; rye, o8 ; Indian corn, 721,768; oats, 87,798; buckwheat, 36; peas and beans, 1,590; Irish po- tatoes, 35,403; and sweet potatoes, 26,401; also hay, 13,800 tons; flax, 15,688 pounds; and flax-seed 896 bushels. The value of orchard products was $2,877, and of market- garden products, $25. Two pounds weight of silk cocoons, and 9,416 pounds beeswax and honey were also produced. The value of homemade goods manufactured in the year amounted to $22,218. Milling and iron making arc the prominent industrial pursuits, and in 1850, employed six-sevenths of the capital invested in manufactures. The whole number of establishments was 45, and the total capital invested, $69,850 ; value of raw materials consumed $33,176; average number of hands employed, 89 ; average monthly cost of labor, $1,110; value of annual products, $65,961. The establishments consisted of 2 blacksmiths' shops, 3 boot and shoe shops, 3 carriage factories, 1 furnace, (capital $20,000,) 17 grist mills, (capital $4,000,) 17 saw mills, (capital $34,850,) and 2 tanneries. Water is the only power used in the county. Average wages — a farm-hand with board $6 a month ; a day-laborer 55 cents, or with board 45 cents ; a carpenter ^1 25 a day ; a female domestic with board 50 cents a week. Price of board to laboring men $1 50 a week. The value of all real and personal estate in the county in 1850 was $3,523,009, and the amount of taxation thereon, $14,393, of which $8,810 was state tax, $3,718 county tax, and $1,865 school tax. The number of paupers receiving public relief on the 1st June, 1850, was 23; and the whole number relieved during the past year had been 39, at a cost of $1,955. • WYE [104] ZIO The county in 1850, had 54 primary and public schools, with 54 teachers and 1,719 scholars, which cost for the year past S5,303; and 5 academies and other schools, with 7 teachers and 200 pupils, costing S2,880. The whole number of scholars attending schools in the year had been 2,075. Only one newspaper is published in the county. "Adults who cannot read and write" numbered 2,704, of which 1,678 were white per- sons— 725 males and 953 females, and 1,026 were free colored persons— 523 males and 603 females. There were 60 church buildings in the county capable of accommodating 14,000 per- sons, and valued at $26,385 : 5 Baptist churches had accommodations for 1,250; 8 Epis- copal for 1,900; 47 Methodist for 9,350; 6 Presbyterian for 1,600 persons. Snow Hill is the county seat of justice ; and the following are villages and post-offices : —Berlin, Derrickson's Cross Roads, Newark, Newtown, Saint Martin's, Sandy Hill, Whaleysville. Wye Mills, p. v., Talbot co. Situate on the Wye r., 10 m. n. of Easton, and 31 e. by s. of Annapolis. Wye River. A stream from the Eastern Shore, falling into Eastern Bay of the Chesapeake. YouGH Glades, p. v.. Alleghany co., 53 m. s. w. of Cumberland, and 219 w. N. w. of Annapolis. YouGHiOGENY RivEE, Alleghany co. A large and fine stream from Virginia, traver- sing this county from s. to n. It falls into Monongahela r., 18 m. s. e. of Pittsburg, Pa. Young's Mines, Alleghany co. Situate near Frostburg, 10 m. w. of Cumberland. ZioN, p. v., Cecil CO. 1 GENERAL ACCOUNT OP THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The District of Columbia, the seat of the G-overnment of the United States, originally occupied a square of ten miles, on both sides of Potomac Eiver, and comprised portions of Virginia and Maryland, ceded to the United States for the use of the same Govern- ment. In 1846, however, that portion of the territory south of the river was retroceded to Virginia, and hence the present territory hes altogether on its north bank. The Maryland act of cession was passed on the 23d December, 1788, and that of Virginia on the 3d December, 1789. Subsequent acts were passed by these states, con- firming the location. This District was estabhshed in pursuance of a clause of the Constitution of 1789, (Sect. VIII. — 17,) which declares that Congress shall have power " to exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district, (not exceeding ten miles square,) as may by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States;" and further, in pursuance of an Act of Con- gress, approved 16th July, 1790, which declared "that a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed, on the River Potomac, at some space between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conecocheague, be, and the same is hereby accepted, for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States ; and that the President be authorized to appoint three Commissioners to survey, and by proper metes and bounds define and limit, a district of territory under the hmitations above mentioned." By a proclamation of the President, dated 30th March, 1791, the following were de- fined as the boundaries of the territory: "Beginning at Jones' Point, being the upper cape of Hunting Creek, in Virginia, and at an angle of 45 degrees west of the north, and running in a direct line ten miles for the first hne ; then beginning again at the same Jones' Point, and running another direct line, at a right angle with the first, across the Potomac, ten miles, for the second line ; then from the terminations of the said first and second Unes, running two other direct Unes of ten miles each, the one crossing the Eastern Branch and the other the Potomac, and meeting each other in a point." The diagonal lines of this square run north and south, east and west, and, consequently, its angles are formed at the cardinal points. Situated in the neighborhood of the primitive ledge, which divides the alluvial region from the hilly country westward, the District partakes of the geological characteristics of the two regions. Rock Creek, and its immediate vicinity, is the line between the two ; from Rock Creek, up the Potomac, the borders of the stream are formed of rock, with the exception of a few small pieces of alluvial here and there in the valley of the river. For twenty or more miles the same formation prevails, when the country changes to old red sandstone, which continues twenty or twenty-five miles further up the river, with occasional ridges of brescia or pudding-stone ; and marble shows itself in various places along the valley, above and below the Monocacy. About a mile, however, east of the en- trance of Rock Creek into the Potomac, on the southern point of the city of "Washington, the final termination of the primitive rocks that hne the bed and banks of the Potomac above, is evidenced. In digging wells beyond this point, rock or stones seldom obtrude, and alluvial everywhere prevails. In the primitive formation gneiss abounds, and is suc- ceeded by the amphibolic rock, or grunstein. The gneiss contains small crystallized tubes of magnetic iron, veins of felspar and quartz, of an opake white color. The rock of the Great Falls of the Potomac consists chiefly of micaceous schist, and contains grains of iron, which attract the needle. 106 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The stone with which the basins of the Potomac Canal are hned, is a species of sand- stone similar to the sandstone of coal-beds. The rock employed to form the foundation or base of the houses of the District is a species of gneiss, composed of felspar, quartz and mica, of a leafy texture, owing to the abundance and disposition of the mica. It con- tains primitive sulphurous iron, and also particles of the same metal. At Fort Washing- ton there is a ferruginous clay, known by the name of bol, which is employed to dye cloth and thread of a red color. This substance, when heated, attracts the magnet. The moulds of petrified shells, of the genus area, weighing several pounds, have been dug up at this place. The material of the soil in the District is clay, discolored by the oxide of iron, which becomes fixed by fire ; and, on the whole, no other locaUty can boast of greater facilities for brick-making. The botany of the District is rich in many of the most beautiful and useful of vege- table productions. It embraces all the most valuable timbers for cabinet and building purposes due to the latitude : the plantain, buttonwood, dogwood, alder, sumac, oaks of several species, pines, black-haw, sassafras, laurel, mountain ash, cinquefoil, linden, locust, chesnut, and numerous others, which flourish on the hills or vales of this delight- ful region; and among its shrubs and flowering plants are found many valued for their medicinal properties : as the snake-root, lobeha, strammonium, hellebore, sassafras, senna, (cassia marUandka,) horehound, fox-glove, &c. ; and manj'^ prized for the beauty of their flowers or magnificent growths. Fruit-trees and vines abound ; and all the esculent vegetables known to the household are grown in profusion. No markets are better sup- plied with vegetables than those of the cities of the District. The animals of the District are, of course, the same as those inhabiting the neighboring portions of Maryland and Virginia ; and, for the most part, have disappeared from their former haunts. The bear, wolf, raccoon, and some others, are still occasionally seen in the less frequented sections.! The fisheries of the Potomac, embrace a great variety of the finny tribes, which the splash of the steamer has_ not yet driven to other regions. There is no place in the United States where shad is more plentiful, or of better quahty, than that caught in the Potomac. From 300 to 400 fish are usually taken at one draught, and a large quantity of herrings. In the distance of about a hundred miles above and below Washington four hundred thousand barrels of herrings are annually taken, of which a considerable quantity are cured and exported, chiefly from Baltimore. The law protects these fisheries, and under no circumstances is it allowed to destroy the young fish. The District of Columbia, as now demarked, contains only one county, that of Wash- ington ; and in this are comprised the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and what are denominated the country parts. The statistical condition of this county, &c., in 1850, as exhibited in the census of that year, is as follows: Divisions. Dwellings. Families. Population. Farms. Manufactories. Washingtaa City, Ist Ward 940 991 5,543 — 10 " 2d " 1.057 1,168 6,934 — 73 " 3d *' 982 982 5,908 5 116 " 4th " 1,216 1,216 8,780 — 101 " 5th " 716 769 4,137 4 21 " 6th " 645 661 3,714 20 17 " 7th " 789 892 4,985 — 18 Total 6,345 6,679 40,001 29 356 Georgetown, N. W. part 461 482 3,343 6 9 Otherparts 713 733 5,017 3 50 Total 1,174 1,215 8,366 9 59 Country— E. of Turnpike 222 222 1,956 130 — " W. " 176 176 1,364 96 12 Total 398 398 3,320 226 12 Grand Total 7,917 8,292 51,687 264 427 _ The following exhibits the caste and sexes of the population in the several civil divisions : GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 107 Cnrii. Divisions White Persons. COLOBED PeMONS. Free. Washington Male. Feinale. Total 1st Ward.. 1,609... 1,893... 3, 502 2d ..3d ..4th ..5th .-6th ..7th Male. 746.. 603.. Female. -1,044. .1,790... 90. ..2,432. ..2,599. ..5,031... 603..- '938. . .1,541 .. .107.. ..2,345. ..2,401. -.4,746... 353... 528... 881... 83., ..3,491. ..3,409. ..6,900... 547... 78S.. .1,335.. .201.. ..1.262. ..1,458. ..2,720... 491... 668.. .1,159.. . 90.. .1,664. ..1,746. ..3,410... 73... 69... 142... 62. .. 1,775. .-l,731---3,506... 549--. 676. .-1,225. .-100. Slave. Total. Male. Female. 161. 255. 198. 344. 168- 100. 154- Total. -.251. ..362. ..281. ..545. -.258. ..162. .-254. Aff'te. POPUL. .-5,.543 --6,934 ..5,908 ..8,780 ..4,137 ..3,174 .-4,985 Total 14,578. .15,237. ..29,815. .3,362. ..4,711. ..8,073... 733.. .1,380.. 2,113.. 40,001 Georgetown, N.W. pan.. 1,225... 1,364 2,589... 180--. " other pans. ..1,679. ..1,813 3,492... 487... 252... 432. ..119... 641. ..1,128. ..123... 209. ..328.. 274. -.397.. .3,349 .5,017 Total. .2,904--. 3,177 6,081--- 667... 893. ..1,560. ..242... 483. ..725. ..8,366 Country, east of Turnpike. 582... 596 1,178... 121... 111... 232. ..294... 252. ..546. ..1,956 « west " 484... 469 953... 60... 48... 108.. -1.53.. . 150.. .303.. .1,364 Total 1,066. ..1,065 2,131... 181... 159... 340. ..447... 402. ..849. ..3,320 Grand total 18,548.-19,479.. .38,027... 4,210- -.5,763... 9,973.. 1,422.. 2,265.. 3,687.. 51,687 DECENNIAL MOTEMENT OF POPULATION. Date of Census, Whitb Persons. Colored Pebsons. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. Total Population. ...14,093 Free. Slave. 10,066 783 3,244 16,079 2,849 5,395 24,023 22,614 4,048 6,077 33,039 27,563 6,152 6,119 39,834 30,657 8,361 4,694 43,712 38,027 9,973... 3,687 51,687 or if the County of Alexandria be included in the returns for 1850 — and such, for compari- son with former returns, will be necessary — the figures are as follows : 45,240 11 ,386 5,069 61,695 The number of persons in the district suffering from physical infirmities was, in 1850, as follows : Colored Persons. White " — > Persons. Free. Slaves. Total , ' > , V , , of all Infirmities. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Classes. .21 23 22 11 77 The employments of the District embrace almost every branch of national industry. Agriculture is in a flourishing condition, and although chiefly devoted to the production oi city market staples, yet furnishes also large supplies of wheat and other grains, with cattle, sheep, &c. The quantity of improved laud is 17,083 acres, and the total value of fiirniing implements and machinery, in 1850, was $40,220. The value of live stock at the same date was $71,573 ; and the principal products for 1849-50 were as follows : Blind" . ... 7 7 5 ..3 ... ....1 10 3 . 4 4 1 3 4 3 1 0.... Total 27... ...23.-., ....14.... ...10 2.... ...1 Wheat bushels - .17,370 Indian corn " ..65,280 Tobacco pounds . - 15,000 Wine gallons . . 863 Hay - tons.. 1,974 Butter pounds . .14,869 And the value of homemade manufactures was $75. Of the 427 manufacturing establishments, one was engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods; owe in those of wool ; and two in making castings: the remainder being distributed to a variety of handicrafts. The statistics of the specified manufactures were as follows : 108 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRICT QF COLUMBIA. Cotton. Woolen. C'ist-Iron. Capital invested dollars ... .8^000 700 14,000 Value of raw materials " ....67,000 1,630 18,100 Hand-s employed, males number.... 41 2 27 " ' females " 103 — Average monthly wages dollars 1,400 60... 529 Value of products " ...100,000 2,400 41,696 Cotton consumed bales 960 — — Sheeting, &c., produced yarrfi.. 1,400,000 — — Wool " pounds — 5.000 — Cloth, manafactured yards — 10,000 — Pigiron, " — — 545 Mineral coal, " — — 80 Castings made toTis — — 513 The foreign commerce of the District is limited. In the year ending 30th June, 1850, the exports and imports were as follows : Exports — domestic produce — in American vessels S72,175 « « in foreign " 8,213 Total domestic produce $80,388 " foreign produce — in American vessels - 200 Imports — in American vessels - $59,219 " in foreign " ..- 600 $80,588 59,819 Balance in favor of exports — $20,769 The number of vessels entered during the year was nine, of an aggregate burden of 1,414 tons; and the number cleared, 10 vessels of 1,720 tons. Of the vessels entered two and 154 tons were foreign, and of those cleared two and 200 tons — the remainder being American. G-eorgetown is the only port. Alexandria, formerly a District city, has eight times the amount of foreign commerce, owing probably to its being the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The tonnage owned within the District is 17,010 tons, of which 2,796 is registered, and the remainder enrolled and licensed, and employed in tlie coasting trade and on the canal. The steam marine measures 1,949 tons. During the year 1849-50, there were built 8 sloops and canal boats of 288 tons burden. The newspaper press of Washington and Georgetown is conducted by the ablest heads in the country, and has for its contributors many of the most energetic and powerful par- tisans both in and out of Congress. The character and tone of the articles published will compare well with those of any other capital of the world. The following list is returned from the census office, showing the names, character, circulation, &c. of each : Names. Where Published. Issued. Character. Circulation. National Intelligencer Washington d aily Whig ) " triweekly " > 15,000 •' " weekly " ) The Union " daily Democratic 1,800 " '' tri-weekly " | ^ q^q » " weekly '• J TheRepublic " daily Whig 2,500 " " tri-weekly " 2,500 « " weekly " 22,000 Southern Press " daily State Rights 346 " " triweekly " 2,377 « " weekly " 5,914 The Globe " daily* Democratic 12,000 " weekly " 12,000 National Era " weekly Anti-Slavery 15,000 Washington News " weekly Neutral 1,075 The Huntress " weekly " 500 African Repository '< monthly Colonization 2,000 Georgetown Advocate Gteorgetown triweekly Neutral 350 Potomac Advocate " weekly " — Published daily during the session of Congress. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 109 Itecapitulation. Daily nnmber S circulation 19,640 Triweekly " 5 " 10,227 Weekly " 9 " 72,489 Monthly <• 1 " 2,000 Washington and Georgetown are the only cities within the District: their description is briefly as follows : THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Washington, the national metropolis of the United States, is beautifully and con- veniently situated on a gently undulating surface on the north bank of the Potomac, between Rock Creek and the Anacostia or Eastern Branch. The city extends northwest and southeast about four and a half miles, and from the east to south about two and a half miles. The public buildings occupy the most elevated and convenient situations. The streets run north and south, east and west, crossing each other at right angles, with the exception of fifteen that point to the states, of which they severally bear the names. The capitol commands the streets called Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania avenues ; the President's house those of Pennsylvania, Vermont, New- York and Connecticut, and all these different intersections form eleven hundred and seventy squares. Pennsylvania avenue, which stretches in a direct line from Georgetown to the Eastern Branch, passing the President's house to the Capitol, is four miles in length and 160 feet in width between these edifices, and 130 feet east of the capitol and west of the President's house. The streets, which are from 70 to 100 feet wide, will give a fine ap- pearance to the city ; but as yet, few are built upon. The whole area of the city is about 3,016 acres, and its circumference about 14 miles. The longitude of the capitol was determined in 1821 by calculations made by Wm. Lambert, from observations conducted by Wm. Elliot, under the authority of Congress, to be seventy-seven degrees, one minute and forty-eight seconds (77° 01' 48'') west from the observatory of Greenwich, and the latitude thirty-eight degrees, fifty-five minutes and forty-eight seconds (38° 55' 48") north. Washington is nearly surrounded by a fine amphitheatre of hills of moderate elevation, covered with trees and shrubbery, and commanding from many points picturesque scenery and extensive views. of the Potomac, or "River of Swans," which, descending from the Alleghany Mountains and winding its way for nearly four hundred miles through a fer- tile and most attractive country, expands into the Chesapeake Bay, and finally through its ample waters mingles itself with the ocean. The environs of the city abound in the most eligible sites for villas and country seats for the wealthy and retired, and such will doubt- lessly be multiplied as the great advantages of the metropolis become more extensively known. The first recorded communication in regard to the laying out of the city is from the pen of General Washington, dated March 11, 1791; and in a letter dated April 30, 1791, he (■alls it the Federal City. About four months later the name which it now bears, City of Washington, was adopted by the commissioners appointed to lay it out. The original pro- prietors of the land, Daniel Carroll, Notley Young, David Burns, and Samuel Davidson, in consideration of the great benefits which they expected to derive from the location of the seat of government, conveyed in trust to the commissioners for the use of the public, and for the purpose of establishing the city, the whole of their respective lands which were included within the lines of the city, upon condition that after retaining for the pub- lic the ground of the streets, and any number of squares that the President might think proper for public improvements or other public uses, the lots should be equally divided between the public and the respective proprietors. By this means the public obtained possession of more than 10,000 lots; from which, in addition to a donation of $192,000 / from Virginia and Maryland, funds were to be raised to defray the expenses of the public buildings and other necessary objects. A French engineer. Major L'Enfant, was employed in 1791 to furnish a plan, and lay out the city ; but owing to some difference betAveen him and the commissioners he was soon dismissed, and Mr. Ellicott, in 1792, was appoint- ed. The corner stone of the capitol was laid with masonic honors on the 18th September, 1793, and the city was first occupied as the seat of the general government in 1800. no THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. The public buildinga of Washington are the Capitol, the Executive Mansion, the State Offices, Treasury Buildings, "War Offices, Navy Offices, Offices of the Secretary of the In- terior, Post-Office, Office of the Attorney-General, National Observatory, the Arsenal, Navy Yard, Smithsonian Institute, National Medical College, Columbian College, Coast Survey Office, City Hall, National Institute, numerous churches, the hotels, and many others devoted to a variety of useful, literary, and benevolent purposes. The Capitol is situate on an area of 30 acres, inclosed by an iron railing. The build- ing stands on the western portion of this plat, and is so elevated as to command a view of the entire city, including Georgetown Heights, the windings of the Potomac, and the city of Alexandria. It was commenced in 1793, with Mr. Hallet as architect, who was succeeded in that capacity by Mr. Hadfield, Mr. Hoban, and Mr. Latrobe. During the embargo the works were suspended, and as the British subsequently demolished much of what had been accomplished by the above gentlemen, the government in 1S15 found it necessary to reconstruct the whole edifice. It was finished, as it now stands, under the superintendence of Mr. C. Bulfinch. The exterior exhibits a rusticated basement of the height of the first story, the two other stories are comprised in a Corinthian elevation of pilasters and columns; these columns, which are thirty feet in height, form an advancing portico, on the east, one hundred and sixty feet in extent, the centre of which is crowned with a pediment of eighty feet span ; while a receding loggia one hundred feet in extent distinguishes the centre of the west front. The building is surrounded by a balustrade of stone, and covered with a lofty dome in the centre, and a flat dome on each wing. The dimensions of the building are, length of front 352 feet 4 inches, depth of wings 121 feet 6 inches, and the height to the top of centre dome 145 feet. The cost up to 1828, when it may be said to have been completed, was nearly $1,800,000. During the session of Con- gress, 1850-51, appropriations were made for the further enlargement of the Capitol by the addition of two new wings of 238 by 140 feet each wing; and when these are completed, the whole Capitol, including the space between the wings and the main building, will cover an area of four and one-third acres. The corner-stone of the extension was laid by President Fillmore on the 4th of July, 1851, with Masonic ceremonies, on which occasion the Hon. Daniel Webster delivered a brilliant oration. The Senate Chamber is in the second story of the north wing, of a semi-circular form, seventy-five feet long, and forty-five high; a screen of Ionic columns, with capitals, sup- port a gallery to the east, forming a loggia below ; and a gallery of iron pillars and railings of a light structure, projects from the circular walls, and the dome ceilings are enriched with square caissons of stucco. The walls are partially covered with drapery, and columns of breccia, or Potomac marble, support the eastern gallery. The chamber, upon the whole, is a handsome affiiir ; but it is now felt to be too small for the comfort of so large a body as that which annually convenes there, and the access to it is notoriously inconvenient. The only painting which adorns the Senate Chamber is a portrait of Washington. The Hall of PLcpresentatives is also of a semi-circular form, and of course much larger than the Senate Chamber. It is in the second story of the south wing, ninety-six feet long and sixty feet high. It is surrounded with twenty-four columns of the variegated Potomac marble, with capitals of white Italian marble of the Corinthian order, and sur- mounting a base of freestone, and the dome of the hall is painted in imitation of that of the Pantheon of Rome. From the centre of the dome hangs a massive gilt chandelier, and high over the Speaker's chair, which is elevated and canopied, is placed the model of a colossal figure of Liberty supported by an eagle just ready to fly, the work of Italian artists named Causici and Valaperti, the last of whom is thought to have committed sui- cide soon after accomplishing this work. In front of the chair, and immediately over the main entrance, stands a statue in marble representing History recording the events of the nation. She is placed on a winged car, rolling around a globe, on which are delineated the signs of the Zodiac, and the wheel of the car is the face of the clock of the hall ; and this is also the work of a foreign artist named Pranzoni. Two full-length portraits, one of Washington and one of Lafayette, adorn the walls on either side of the chair, and in every direction are displayed ample folds of crimson drapery. The galleries of this hall are so extensive as nearly to encircle it, and the general arrangement of the room is such as to render the members and the audience as comfortable as possible. A few of the regulations which appertain to the Senate Chamber and the Hall of Representatives during the sessions of Congress may hero be mentioned. The gentleman whose duty it is to preside in the former is the Vice-President of the United States; but the Speaker of the House is elected to that position from its own body, and serves during all the sessions of one Congres.s. The only persons, besides the members, admitted to THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Hi the floors of the two chambers, are the President and his Secretary, the Heads of the Departments and Bureaus, the Diplomatic Corps, all Governors of States, and all the ex- members of Congress, ex-Presidents, and ex-Governors, (fee, &c. ; as a privilege, how- ever, the members can in person convey any friend to a seat in the lobby of the Senate or House. The regular business hours in the legislative halls, during the sittings of Con- gress, are from 12 to 3 o'clock ; but Avhen there is a pressure of business, towards the close of a session, it is customary to sit day and night, for many hours continuously. The next interesting feature of the Capitol to be described is the Rotundo. It occu- pies the centre, and is ninety-six feet in diameter, and the same number of feet high. The dome is hemispherical and filled with large plain caissons ; the room in its circuit is divided into eight panels, intended for paintings, seven of which are already filled ; and stationed between these panels are four bas-relievos of historical subjects, one representing the Preservation of Capt. Smith by Pocahontas^ one the Landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Pockj one the Conflict between Daniel Boone and the Indians, and the other Penn's IVeaty with the Indians. In addition to these specimens of sculpture are also displayed, encircled with floral wreaths, the heads of Columbus, Raleigh, La Salle, and Cabot ; — all these pro- duction? of the chisel being from the hands of Causici and Capellano. In niches on the out- side of the east door are also two statues of colossal size representing Peace and War, from the chisel of Persico. Of the paintings four are by Col. John Trumbull, one by Weir, one by Vanderlyn, and one by Chapman ; — the order for the remaining vacancy not having yet been filled. The subjects of Trumbull's pictures are first, the ^^Declaration of Inde- pendence," the essential object of which was, to preserve the portraits of the men who were the authors of that Declaration. As Col. Trumbull was one of the aids of General Washington in the Revolutionary War, he had the best of opportunities for obtaining the portraits from the living men, and the consequense is that we have authentic likenesses in this picture of the worthies personated. The second of Trumbull's pictures represents the " Surrender of General Burgoyne." To the intelligent spectator it will tell its own story. The third of the Revolutionary paintings represents the " Surrender of the British Army, commanded by Lord CornwaUis, at Yorhtoiun, in Virginia." This picture contains the portraits of the principal officers of America, France and England. The fourth and last of Trumbull's paintings represents the ^'■Resignation of General Washing- ton at Annapolis. The subjects of the remaining pictures are the ^^Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Leyden," by Weir; the '■^ Landing of Columbus," hj YunAevXyn; and the ^■Baptism of Pocahontas," by Chapman. As these illustrate scenes connected with the very earliest history of our country, none but the leading figures are to be considered in the aspect of authentic portraits. The Congressional Library is unquestionably one of the chief attractions of the Capitol. The principal room, of which there are three, faces the west, and is a large and handsome affair, ninety-two feet long, thirty-four wide, and thirty-six high ; divided into twelve alcoves, ornamented with fluted pilasters, and in every direction are displayed portraits and busts, cases of medals and other works of art^ The number of volumes which it contains is about 50,000, and the catalogue, which is arranged on the system of Lard Bacon, comprises the following table of chapters : Ancient History, Modern History, of all the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, American Newspapers, Ecclesiastical History, Natural Philosophy, Agriculture, Chemistry, Surgery, Medicine, Anatomy, Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy and Conchology, Occupations of Man, Technical Arts, Ethics, Religion, Common Law, Reports in every department of Learning and Legislation, Politics, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography, Fine Arts, and all the Standards in Polite Literature, with many valuable Original Manuscripts. The original library, which was collected under the direction of Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Mitchell, in 1800, was destroyed by fire during the last war, and that which now enriches the Capitol, was founded upon one which was purchased by Congress, in 1814, of Thomas Jefferson, for $23,000. The yearly average increase is about 1,800 volumes. The sum of $5,000 is annually appropriated by Congress for miscellaneous books, and $1,000 for law books. In 1851 the library lost many valuable works from an accidental fire. The affairs of the library are indirectly in charge of a Library Committee, consisting of mem- bers from the two houses of Congress, but the immediate superintendents are a librarian and two assistants. The public in general are privileged to visit the library and examine books on the spot, but members of Congress and the officers of the Executive De- partments are all who enjoy the privilege of taking away any books that they may desire. The apartment for the accommodation of the Supreme Court is an ill-arranged, incon- 112 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. venient and badly lighted room, in the basement under the Senate Chamber. It is semi- circular in shape, with manifold arches; and on the wall is an emblem of Justice, holding her scales, in bold relief, and also a figure of Fame crowned with the rising sun, and point- ing to the Constitution of the United States. The members of the bar are accommodated with seats and desks in the body of the room ; and the justices occupy a row of elevated seats, and appear in their official capacity clothed in black silk gowns or robes. In addition to the apartments of the Capitol already specified, it should be mentioned that there is also a large number of oi'dinary, but well furnished rooms, which are occu- pied by the Vice-President, the Speaker of the House, and other officers, by the Post- masters of Congress, the Public Documents, and the Committees of the two houses. In regard to the Capitol grounds we have only to say, that they are not only exten- sive, but are kept in the very neatest order, constituting one of the very pleasantest and most popular resorts for promenading to be found in the metropolis. They command most charming prospects of the surrounding country, are adorned with a great variety of American trees, fountains and basins of pure water enliven them in various parts, and an air of superior refinement is given to them, by a number of pieces of statuary, the most attractive specimens being a statue of Washington, by Greenough, and a pair of Colum- bus and an Indian Woman, by Persico, the former occupying the centre of a square east of the Capitol, and the two others appropriate places on the eastern portico. Near the western entrance of the Capitol stands a monument erected by the officers of the navy to the memory of their brother officers who fell in the war with Tripoli. It is of marble, rises out of a pool or basin of water, and is forty feet high. On one side of the base is a view of Tripoli and the American fleet ; on another the words, " To the Memory of Sommers, Caldwell, Decatur, Wordsworth, Dorsey, Israel ;" and on another side, a brief but comprehensive history. At the base of the column are four marble emblematic figures. Mercury, Fame, History, and America: the column has also appropriate embel- lishments, and is surmounted by an eagle. The Executive Mansion is situated at the west end of the city, at the intersection of Pennsylvania, New- York, Connecticut and Vermont avenues. It occupies the centre of a plot of 20 acres, and has an elevation of 44 feet above the waters of the Potomac. The grounds are partially laid out in gardens, &c., but are still in an unfinished state. The mansion is 170 feet front, and 86 feet deep, built of white freestone, with Ionic pilasters comprehending two lofty stories of rooms crowned with a stone balustrade. The north front is ornamented with a lofty portico of four Ionic columns in front, and pro- jecting with three columns. The outer inter-columniation is for carriages to drive under, and place company under shelter : the middle space is for those visitors who come on foot; the steps from both leading to a broad platform in front of the door of entrance. The garden front is varied by having a rusticated basement story under the Ionic ordon- nance, and by a semi-circular projecting colonnade of six columns, with two flights of steps leading from the ground to the level of the principal story. The interior arrangements of the Executive Mansion are, of course, elegant and con- venient, well adapted to the various purposes to which the building was designed ; and as the rooms, both public and private, are newly furnished with the coming in of every new administration, we deem it unnecessary to trouble the reader with elaborate descriptions. All the public rooms may be examined by strangers at any time, but his Excellency, the President, can only be seen during those hours which he is pleased to designate. During the sessions of Congress the President usually has two reception evenings, on Avhich oc- casions the public at large are privileged to pay him their respects and promenade the famous East Room. In addition to this, it is generally expected of him that during each winter he will entertain at dinner all the members of both houses of Congress and the Diplomatic Corps, so that the official dinners have to be given by him as often as twice a week. The grounds immediately around the mansion are quite beautiful in themselves, but they present a particularly fine appearance duri ng those summer afternoons when the citizens of Washington assemble there by hundreds and thousands for the purpose of enjoj'ing the music of the Marine Band and the pleasure of a fashionable promenade. In the centre of the small square immediately in front of the President's house, stands a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson, executed by whom we know not, but presented to the government by Capt. Levy of the United States Navy, the present proprietor of Monti- cello, the former abode of Mr. Jefferson. It is a handsome piece of statuary, and in its present position has quite a commanding appearance. Directly across Pennsylvania avenue from the above-mentioned square, is Lafayette square, which, as before intimated, has recently been laid out in fashionable style, and planted with new shrubbery. Mills' THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 113 equestrian statue of General Jackson, which is to occupy its centre, is a work of superior merit. It is in bronze, and cast from certain cannon captured by General Jackson ia gome of his military engagements. The State Department, which stands north-east of the President's house and within the same inclosure, is a plain brick building, two stories high, 160 feet long and 55 wide, with a broad passage on both floors, and containing in all 32 rooms. It contains a hand- some library of books, maps and charts, numbering perhaps some 15,000 distinct works, which are indispensable in the performance of the extensive and varied duties of the de- partment. In addition to this collection, the Copyright Bureau contains some 10 or 12,000 volumes published in this country, which are kept with care as part and parcel of the archives of the government. It is the department through which alone the diplo- matic corps and all foreigners can hold any intercourse with the government of the United States, and is of course the head-quarters of all the American Ministers and Consuls. The Treasury Department stands at the eastern extremity of the President's square, (so called,) and is a stone edifice, painted white, 340 feet long, and 170 wide, but when the northern and southern wings are added, it will be 457 feet in length. In front is an imposing colonnade, stretching the entire length of the building, and the architect of the whole was Robert Mills. It has three floors upon which business is transacted, on each end of which are nearly fifty apartments. This is the department where all the financial and commercial affairs of the country are attended to, and the amount of labor performed here at times is immense. A good legal library is attached to this department. Tlie War Department building occupies the northwest corner of the President's square, and is precisely similar in design to the State Department. It is the head-quarters of all the officers of the army, and the mainspring of all the military movements. This depart- ment comprises the War Office proper, the Quartermaster's Department, the Engineer's Department, Bureau of Topographical Engineers, Ordnance Office, Subsistence Depart- ment, Pay Department, Medical Department, Office of Adjutant-G-eneral, and the head- quarters of the Major-Greneral or military Commander-in-chief of the Army. The War Department is furnished with a valuable library of some 10,000 volumes. The Navy Department building lies directly west of the President's house, and in the rear of the War Department. It has five bureaus, exclusive of the Secretary's office, viz : — Bureau of the Navy Yards and Docks, Bureau of Construction, Equipment and Repair ; Bnreau of Provisions and Clothing, Bureau of Ordnance and Ilydrography, and Bureau cf Medicine and Surgery. The Department of the Interior, or Home Department, is the most extensive con- nected with the government. The building which it is destined to occupy, is yet un- finished ; but when completed it will be the most extensive and most interesting in the metropolis. A portion of it is already occupied by one of the bureaus of the department, (the Patent Office,) and also by the museum of the National Institute. The titles of the bureaus connected with the Interior Department are as follows : — Land Office, Patent Offii-e, Indian Office, and Pension Office. As its name indicates, this department has to do exclusively with all those matters bearing upon the internal economy of the United States, au'i is, of course, increasing in importance with every successive year. A library of some five thousand volumes is attached to this department. In the second story of the building now occupied by the Patent Office are the invaluable relics of Washington, incluling his camp chest, the original Declaration of Independence, the gifts presented from time to time to the government by foreign powers, Franklin's printing press, a col- lection of Indian portraits by King, the treasures of the National Institute, interesting me- morials of the late James Smithson, and the extensive and rare treasures secured by the U. S. Exploring Expedition, under Capt. Wilkes, in almost every department of national history and human ingenuity. Everything here is open to the inspection of the public, and the hall is one of the most interesting for the stranger to visit to be found in the metropolis. In the first story of the same building are collected all the models of the ma';hinc3 which have been patented since the foundation of the government. The Post-Offioe Department was designed and built by Mr. Mills, of white marble and after the Corinthian order. It is three stories high, and two hundred and four feet long, and one hundred and two deep : it contains twenty-seven rooms on each floor, making eighty-one in all. It occupies a central position in the city, near the Department of the Interior, both of which are about half a miic from the President's square and the other departments. With regard to the Office of the Attorney-Greneral, which we have classed with the 114 THE CITY OP WASHINGTON. Executive branches of the government, we have only to say that it derives its chief at- traction from the person who may occupy it, who must be, of necessity, a man of dis- tinguished ability. Rooms are assigned to him in the Treasury building, and it is to him that all knotty questions, in all the departments, are submitted for final settlement. The Natiomal Observatory is situated on the banks of the Potomac, in an oblique direction from the President's house, towards G-eorgetown. The site is a beautiftU one, having a commanding view of Washington and Georgetown, of ihe Potomac Eiver, and surrounding country, as far down as Fort Washington, opposite to Mount Vernon. It is a naval institution, under the control and management of Lieutenant M. P. Maury, U. S. N. The force employed at it consists principally of naval officers. Besides the astronomical duties of the establishment, here are kept all the nautical books, charts and instruments belonging to the navy. The apartment in which the chronometers are kept is a very interesting one. Before one of these instruments is purchased by government, it is required to be put on trial by the Superintendent of the Observatory for one year ; during which period it is compared daily with the great astronomical clock of the Observatory, which regulates the time for the whole city. The temperature of the room in which it is kept is also carefully ob- served, and recorded every day. The test is a severe one, and in case the instrument fails to come up to it, it is returned to the maker at the end of the year. The observations on the temperature in connection with the performance of the chro- nometer, enable the maker to imjjrove the instrument, and on a second trial of another year it rarely fails to pass. There are from 60 to 100 chronometers always in this room, all of which are daily wound, and compared and treated in the manner described. Thus a complete and minute history is kept of each one. Here also are conducted the celebrated researches connected with the " Wind and Current Charts ;" the habits of the Whale, and a variety of phenomena connected with the great deep. The National Observatory of Washington occupies a high rank among the observatories of the world, there being but two — those of Russia and Greenwich — superior to it. The largest telescope, called the Equatorial, is a 14 feet refractor, with an object-glass of 9 inches. It is mounted in the revolving dome on the top of the main building; and is so arranged with clock-work and machinery, that being directed to a star in the morn- ing, it may be left alone, when on returning to it in the evening, it will have followed the path of the star so exactly, that it will be found still pointing to the star, and the star will be visible through it. With its powers the stars are visible at mid-day. In one room below are the Meridian and Mural Circles. In another the Transit instru- ment; in another, the Prime Vertical instrument; and in another yet, the Great Refrac- tion Circle, invented by the superintendent: it is made by Ertel & Son, Munich, and taken altogether is, perhaps, one of the finest instruments anywhere to be found. But perhaps the most wonderful object at this interesting establishment is the Electro- Chronograph, invented by Dr. Locke, of Cincinnati. It is in the room with the Transit instrument, and is so arranged, by its connection with an electrical batteiy in the building, that its ticks may be heard in any part of the country to which the magnetic wires lead, provided they be put in connection with it Thus it may be made of itself to record the time, and in such a manner, that the astrono- mer in Boston, New-Orleans, or elsewhere, will know it, and tell the time of day by this clock, as well as one who stands before it and reads the hands on its face. The Observatory regulates the time for Washington and Georgetown by the falling of a ball. At ten minutes before mean noon every day, a large black ball is hoisted to a flag staff, standing on the top of the dome. This is to give warning for those who wish to get the exact time of the day to look out. Precisely at twelve the ball drops. The whole city is informed of the exact time. The Arsenal occupies a fine position on the extreme southern point of the city, (called Greenleafs Point,) at the junction of the Eastern Branch with the Potomac, command- ing a beautiful and extensive view, over a broad expanse of water, towards the cities of Washington and Georgetown on the north, and Alexandria on the south. The channels of both rivers running near the Arsenal shore, afford all requisite facihties for receiving and shipping ordnance and other military stores. Although this site was originally reserved for the purpose of an arsenal, it was not oc- cupied by any building of importance until after the peace of 1814, when the building of the present establishment was commenced under the direction of the late Col. George THE CITY OF WASHINOTON. 115 Bomford. From the small square embraced in the first plan, the buildings have been gradually extended until they occupy nearly the whole reservation, and form one of tho principal arsenals of construction in the United States. The work-shops contain much useful and ingenious machinery, propelled by steam, for manufacturing gun-carriages and equipments for artillery, and for preparing ammunition of all kinds. Among these may be noticed particularly the machines for planing and boring iron and wood, those for tenoning and morticing the spokes and hubs of wheels. Blanchard's ingenious lathe for turning irregular forms in wood, such as spokes, axe- handles, &c. ; the machinery for making leaden bullets by pressing them out of the bar- lead instead of casting them ; and, above all, the beautiful machine for making and charg- ing percussion caps for small arms, invented by Mr. George Wright, a workman at the Arsenal. By this last mentioned machine, a sheet of copper being inserted on one side, and some percussion powder put in a hopper on the other, the finished caps are produced without any further agency of the workman. In the spacious storehouses of the Arsenal are to be seen arms and equipments for the troops ; also a large number of gun-carriages and other apparatus for the service of the artillery in the forts and in the field, from the ponderous Columbiad for the defence of the coast, to the little mountain howitzer, which may be transported, with its miniature smith's forge, on the back of a mule. The Model Office contains a collection of models or patterns of the various arms and military equipments used in our service, and also of such of those used in the armies of other nations as have been obtained by the ordnance department. Here may also be seen some specimens of old and new inventions, repeating arms, revolvers, &c., which have been suggested, at home or abroad, by the organ of destructiveness. In the gun lot are arranged many pieces of ordnance and piles of balls, mostly of heavy calibre for tiie armament of the forts. In front of the old Arsenal square a small collection of foreign brass cannon will attract the notice of the visitor, who will perceive by the inscriptions that some of them are trophies of the success of our arms at Saratoga, Yorktown, Niagara, and Vera Cruz. The guns and carriages of Duncan's field battery, which performed distinguished services on nearly ■every field of battle in the Mexican War, are Ukewise preserved at the Arsenal as a saluting battery. On the west side of the Arsenal grounds, near the river, are two pyramidal structures which often attract the curiosity of visitors, and of persons passing by the Arsenal. These buildings contain an apparatus called a BaUistic Pendulum, which is used for testing the force of gunpowder •«-hen fired in heavy ordnance, and also for trying many other interest- ing experiments in gunnery. The Navy Yard is situated on the " Anacostia," a branch of. the Potomac River, at the southern termination of Eighth street, east It was established in the year 1800. The area covers about twenty acres, and is inclosed by a substantial brick wall, having a principal entrance at the foot of Eighth street, through a handsome arched gateway, de- signed by the celebrated architect, Benjamin H. Latrobe, Esq. Several comfortable residences have been erected for the accommodation of the commo- dore, the executive officers, the first lieutenant, surgeon, sailing-master, boatswain and ■gnnner, whose official duties require their constant attendance in the Yard. The meehanioal operations of this estabhshment are various and extensive, and the skill of the workmen and the excellence of the materials employed have been satisfactorily tested in every sea. Anchors of all sizes, for the naval service, are manufactured by the use of two heavy steam-hammers, (termed the " Nasmyth Hammer,") one of which weighs 3,600 pounds, the other 2,240 pounds. The forges for this work are kept in blast by a fan-blower attached to the steam engine in the machinist's department. There is also in operation, in the anchor department, a direct action steam-hammer, fcalled the " Kirk Hammer,") in connection with a blast furnace for working up into looms and bars all the scrap iron of the navy. The massive chain-cables are made in another shop, which is provided with a powerful hydrostatic press for testing their strength. These cables are highly esteemed for their superior finish, great strength and durability. Another department is engaged in the manufacture of galleys, cabooses, and copper powder-tanks, and of the various kinds of brass work appertaining to ships of war. The difterent machines employed in making tlicse articles are driven by a steam-engine of about fifteen horse-power. A brass foundry is connected with this range of buildings on the eastern side of the Yard. A large and extensive iron foundry has recently been erected, of sufficient capacity and 116 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. with the necessary facihtics for moulding and casting the heaviest work; connected with this foundry are the machines for boring, turning and planing the steam cylinders and other massive machinery required for the naval service. Adjoining the iron foundry are the ordnance and boiler-making departments, which are provided with a steam-engine of about twelve horse-power. The ordnance department is engaged in the fabrication of light brass ordnance, howitzers for boat and land service, of shot and shells, percussion caps, nmsket and pistol balls, &c. Some of this machinery is very ingenious and highly interesting. The boiler shop contains all the machinery necessary for the construction of boilers. Close by this range of buildings is a very extensive machine shop, in which are placed all the tools required in the manufacture of steam engines and machinery of every de- scription. When completed it will afford room for the employment of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred workmen. Attached to this shop is an engine of sixty horse- power, which also gives motion to the block-making machinery, and to the fan-blowers of the anchor-making department. On the western side of the Yard is the pyrotechnical laboratory, in which are prepared all the articles for the navy appropriate to this department. There are two large ship-houses for building ships, under one of which is about to bo constructed a Marine Railway for hauling up steamers for repair. The grounds are beautifully laid out ; the avenues shaded with fine trees ; the plats neatly inclosed, and the whole preserved in handsome order. The Smithsonian Institution was founded upon a bequest of more than half a million of dollars made to the United States by an Enghshman named James Smithson. The object of the bequest, according to his will, was "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an estabhshment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." On the Ist of July, 1836, Congress solemnly accepted this im- portant trust, and the money was paid into the Treasury of the United States in 1838. The Act of Congress establishing the Institution as it now exists, was passed in 1846. The Institution is situated on the Mall, below the Capitol, and though the edifice is yet in an unfinished state, it presents a noble appearance, and is unquestionably one of the great attractions of the metropolis. The style of the architecture is the Romanesque, the material a reddish freestone of fine grain, its extreme length is four hundred and fifty feet, its widtli one hundred and forty feet, and it has nine towers, varying in height from seventy-five to one hundred and fifty feet. The grounds which surround it arc very ex- tensive, and are now in progress of being beautified. To describe minutely the interior economy of this important establishment is not our intention in this place. We can only say that its beneficial influence upon the world at large has already been felt ; rt has already printed and circulated a number of valuable volumes, acquired collections in the way of natural history, and scientific as well as gen- eral literature, which are very valuable and very interesting, and engaged distinguished men to deliver lectures. The great Ubrary room when completed will be capable of hold- ing one hundred thousand volumes. The building is supphed with a leetm'e room, which will seat twelve hundred persons; and its museum, when completed, will be two hundred feet long, and filled with the wonders of nature and art from all parts of the world ; its rooms for chemical experiments Avill be more spacious and convenient than any to be found in the country ; and in the western wing, which is one hundred and twenty feet long, will hereafter be located a gallery of art. The Washington Monument is not yet finished : we wiU not describe it as it is, but as it AviU be when completed, according to the design adopted by the Board of Managers. It litands on the Mall, between the President's house and the Potomac, and embraces the idea of a grand circular colonnaded building two hundred and fifty feet in diameter, one hundred feet high, from which springs an obelisk shaft seventy feet in diameter at the base, and five hundred feet high, making a total elevation of six hundred feet. The vast rotundo, forming the grand base of the Monument, wiU be surrounded by thirty columns of massive proportions, twelve feet in diameter, and forty-five feet high, elevated upon a base of twenty feet in height, and three hundred feet square, surmounted by an entablature twenty feet high, and ci-owned by a massive balustrade fifteen feet in height. The terrace outside the colonnade will be twenty-five feet wide, and the walk within the colonnade twenty-five feet. The front portico will be adorned with a triumphal car and statue of the Illustrious Chief; and over each column around the entire building will be sculptured escutcheons, coats of arms of each state of the Union, surrounded by bronze civic wreaths, banded together by festoons of oak-leaves, while the centre of the TKK CITY OF WASHINGTON. 117 portico will be emblazoned with the coat of arms of the United States. Around the ro- tundo will be stationed statues of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence : in niches prepared for the purpose, statues of the Fathers of the Revolution, contemporary with Washington ; and directly opposite to the entrance will be placed a statue of Waf^hington himself. The interior of the shaft will be embellished with a great variety of inscriptions ; at one point it will be ornamented with four of the leading events of Washington's career, sculptured in basso relievo, above which will be placed a single star, emblematic of the glory which the name of Washington has attained ; and in the centre of the Monument will be placed the tomb of the Father of his Country. The National Medical Collegk, instituted in 1823, is now in successful operation. It was, until a few years past, known as the Medical Department of the Columbian College, from which institution it derives its authority to confer degrees, under an act of incorpora- tion from the Congress of the United States. The edifice is conveniently situated in a central part of the city — equidistant from the Capitol and President's house — near the principal hotels and boarding-houses — and at the same time secluded from the noise and bustle of business. The requisites for graduating are, that the candidate shall have attended the lectures of each Professor two full courses, or one full course in this school, and one full course in some other respectable institution. He must have a fair moral character, and he shall have dissected during at least one session. He shall have entered his name with the Dean of the Faculty as a candidate for graduation, and delivered to him an Inaugural Dissertation upon some medical subject, thirty days before the close of the session, and pass a satisfac- tory examination. The Columbian College, which was incorporated in 1821, is beautifully situated on an eminence, adjoining the City Corporation, on the north, and on Fourteenth-street west. It is a fine brick edifice, four stories high, and overlooks the city, the capitol, and other public buildings ; and commands a fine view of the Potomac, with the surrounding coun- try, for many miles in extent. In beauty and healthfulness of position, it is unsurpassed; and its local advantages are such as no other situation in the country can afford. The College has a good hbrary, a valuable philosophical apparatus, and other means and faciUties for pursuing a thorough and liberal course of studies. The last Catalogue, (1850,) embraces a President, and twelve Professors and Teachers — including those of the Na- tional Medical College, which is under the same corporation— one hundred students, and between two and three hundred alumni. The Coast Survey Office Buildings, occupied for the use of the United States Coast Survey, are situated on the west side of New-Jersey avenue, about a sixth of a mile from the Capitol. They consist of four old houses, in a block, presenting a decidedly rusty ex- terior, and in no way looking like public buildings. The National or Congressional Burial Ground, situated about one mile east of tlie Capitol, embraces about ten acres, commands an extensive view of the country, and is well inclosed with a brick wall, laid out with taste, and beautified with trees and shrubbery. It was located in 1807, and has since been in the keeping of an incorporated company. The monuments are manifold, and many of them beautiful ; and in addition to several private vaults is one spacious and well constructed, inclosed by a neat railing, built by the order and the expense of Congress, as a place of deposit for the dead whose remains it may be the purpose of friends subsequently to remove. The City Hall, the official home of the City Fathers, was commenced in 1820, and finished in 1850, it having remained a kind of ruin during most of the intervening time. It is a large and handsome edifice, and occupies a commanding position on Judiciary square, is 200 feet in length, and after the stucco style of architecture. The Circuit and Criminal Courts hold their sessions in this hall; also the members of the City Councils. The Mayor has his office here, and so also have a large number of the city attorneys. The Public Schools of Washington are quite numerous: of free public schools there are four, with quite a large retinue of primary schools, which are carried on at an annual expense of about $12,000. Select schools and seminaries for the echication of both sexes, also exist in different parts of the city, several of them of a high and established character. Public attention has been strongly directed to these institutions, and perhaps in no other city are there to be found superior advantages of education, which are annually on the increase. There are also several excellent boarding-schools in Washington, and two or three in Georgetown. The National Institute was founded in 1840, and has for its object the promotion of science in all departments. It holds its meetings and has its head-quarters at the 118 THE CrtY OF GEORGETOWN. Patent Office, and the President is Peter Force, Esq. It has a miscellaneous library of nearly 4,000 vols., pamphlets, maps and charts, with a few interesting manuscripts and in the cabinet are many medals and coins. The library is always open to the in spection of the public. The Metropolis is well supplied with. Churches, and considering its extent is quite as well supplied with eloquent preachers as any city in the Union. Of Baptist churches there are four — one on Tenth street, one on E., and two on Virginia avenue ; their con- gregations are all large, and their pastors popular. Of Catholic churches there are four, . — St. Matthew's, on H. street; St. Peter's, on Second; St. Patrick's, on F; and St. Mary's, on Fifth. Of Episcopal churches there are five, viz: Christ Church, on G street; St. John's, on H ; Trinity, on Third; Epiphany, on G; and Ascension, on H. The Trinity Church edifice is the handsomest, devoted to religion, in the city. In this church, as indeed in all the other churches of the city, a certain number of pews are assigned to strangers. St. John's church stands directly in front of the President's house. There is also one Quaker meeting held in the city, on I street; and two Lutheran churches, the English on H street, and the German on G street Of Methodist churches there are seven in the city — one on 4th, one on 14th, one on 5th, one on Massa- chusetts avenue, one on Maryland avenue, one on 9th street, and one on Virginia avenue. Of Presbyterian churches there are six — one on F street, one on 8th street, one on 4^ street, one on H, and two on 9th street. There is also one Unitarian church in the city, on D street; and of colored churches there are some half dozen scattered about the city. Hotels are quite numerous, out not sufficiently so, even now, to accommodate the public. With one or two unimportant exceptions, they are all situated on Pennsylvania avenue. The names of the principal ones are the National Hotel, Brown's Hotel, VVil- lard's Hotel, Gadsby's Hotel, the Irving Hotel, the United States Hotel, the Potomac Hotel, and Tyler's Hotel. The finest hotel edifice in Washington is that recently erect- ed by Mr. Brown, which is very large, and has a beautiful marble front. All these hotels are supplied with the best of a first-rate market, and with numerous and generally accommodating servants. From the doors of each, the stranger may at almost any moment step into a convenient and elegant omnibus, and go to almost any part of the city he may desire. THE CITY OF GEOEGETOWN. This city, a suburb of Wasliington, is situate on the Potomac, being divided from the capital by Rock Creek. It is beautifully located on a range of hills, rising above the former river, and stretches in undulating beauty along its borders. The Heights of Georgetown are lofty eminences, overlooking the city from the north and Avcst. Along these are many splendid villas, the residences of gentlemen of wealth and distinction, and extensive gardens in the highest state of cultivation. Notliing can surpass the splendor of the panorama here presented. Below reposes the city, to the north the metropolis, and, as far as the eye can reach, the silvery Potomac courses through the most beautiful scenery. The city presents many objects of attraction. Its ancient college, a Catholic institu- tion ; its nunnery ; its various literary institutions ; its splendid aqueduct, and oiher noted edifices, are worthy of attention. Georgetown College is situated on the north bank of the Potomac, at the west end of the city, and commands a full view of the surrounding country. In the year 1785 five gentlemen, among whom was the Right Rev. John CarroU, first Catholic Bishop of the United States, and subsequently Archbi.shop of Baltimore, formed a design of building "An Academy at Georgetown, Potowmack River, Maryland." In 1789 the first edifice was built ; in 1792 the schools were opened, and in 1799 it became " The College of George- town, Potomac River, State of Maryland." In May, 1815, Congress raised it to the dignity of an University ; and in May, 1851, a Medical Department was opened at Washington. The college buildings are spacious, and contain a fine library of 25,000 volumes, an exten- sive Philosophical Apparatus, and a Museum of Natural History. An Astronomical Ob- servatory, 60 feet long and 30 feet wide, and fm-nished with first-class instruments, stands 300 yards west of the college. The academic year begins on the 15th September, and ends with July, The curriculum of studies occupies Beveu years, and embraces all the VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. 119 sciences, literatures, &c., known to humanity. The college staff consists of a President, and Professors in each department. The establishment is under the direction of members of the Society of Jesus. The Nunnery or Convent of the Visitation is situate on the heights contiguous to the eastern margin of the Potomac, and commands a view of that magnificent river, and, at a distance, of the city of Washington. The building appropriated for the Ladies' Academy is of brick, between 200 and 300 feet in length by 40 feet in breadth. It is a handsome structure, and in the interior a combination of neatness and elegance. These buildings, occupying part of the side of an oblong square, which contains an area of four or five acres, a portion of which is laid out as a Botanic Garden. There are other edifices of great extent on the same square, comprising the Archbishop's residence, an elegant church, the convent, and charity schools. The whole is under the direction of the Sisters of the Visitation ; and the course of instruction is one embracing all the accomphshments of the age. Among other institutions of learning, the most distinguished are — Mr. Abbot's English and Classical Academy and Miss English's Female Seminary; both, in their several spheres, schools of the highest order. The Aqueduct, which conveys the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal over the Potomac, is a stupendous work, and an attraction to all men of science. It was constructed under the superintendence of Major Turnbull, of the United States Topographical Engineers, and cost nearly $2,000,000. The piers, nine in number, and 36 feet above high water-mark, are built of granite, and embedded seventeen feet in the bottom of the river, with a foundation upon solid rock, so as to withstand the shock of the spring ice, which rushes furiously from the falls and narrows above, crushing with tremendous force against the bridge, and sweeping every movable before it. These piers, built iu the most masterly manner, will bear up against any force that may be propelled against them. This aque- duct, connects the great canal with the city of Alexandria, Va. Its length is 1,446 feet. The new Cemetery on the heights, when completed as designed, will also be a great ornament to the city. It was laid out in 1849, at the expense and under the direction of W. W. Corcoran, Esq., the eminent banker, and a native of the District. It is known as " Oak Hill Cemetery." A capacious mausoleum, or public vault, has been constructed in a central portion, the front of which is of dressed granite, in the Henry VIII. style of Gothic. This receptacle is designed to hold 40 or 50 coffins, lying entirely clear of each other, and is, by well-contrived ventilation, purified of noxious exhalations of every kind. The donor of the land has also added to the cemetery a massive front iron railing a gate- keeper's lodge, in the Norman style, and an elegant Gothic chapel, adorned with beautiful stained-glass windows — the two latter buildings having been planned by Renwick. Georgetown was formerly a port of some note, and had considerable trade, and is even now a thriving and busy place. It is connected by canal or railroad with all parts of the Union. Of late years many improvements have been made in its streets, and many new buildings have been erected. The city is also engaged in manufactures ; it has a rolling mill and cotton factory in successful operation ; and numerous flouring mills. The general statistics of the city are exhibited on a former page. VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. Within a few miles of the national metropolis, there are several places noted for mci- dents connected with our national history, or as the residences of men who have gained the esteem of the people. Without some notice of these no description of the district would be complete ; the most conspicuous are the city of Alexandria, the Village of Bladensburg, Mount Vernon — the homestead of Washington, Arlington House, Little Falls, &c., &c. Alexandria. — This city, though no longer within the District of Columbia, is well de- serving notice, enjoying a very high character for the manners and virtues of its inhabitants, and also for many commercial advantages. It carries on considerable trade with the West Indies, and also with Europe, and with the eastern and southern states. The town is laid off at right angles, and is the residence of a number of old and wealthy families, who still exhibit the manners of Virginians of the time of " Fitzhugh, of Chatham, and of Washington." The spectator who, from the western front of the Capitol, overlooks the beautiful and diversified plain which stretches beneath and around it, will discern, at the distance of about six miles to the south, this busy port. Facilities for reaching it are afforded by the 120 VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. steamboats, which ply at almost every hour of the day, and also by a bridge across the Potomac, and an excellent turnpike. The strikingly beautiful features of the intervening country — the graceful outline of the Virginia hills, confronted by those of Maryland — the broad and majestic expanse of the Potomac — all conspire to render an excursion to Alexandria one of the most agreeable incidents which can await the tourist. Few, comparatively, of the interior towns of the United States can look back, like Alex- andria, on the vicissitudes of more than a century. Its foundation dates from 1748 ; and that it was early a place of some note, is shown by the fact, that five colonial governors met here by appointment, in 1755, to take measures with General Braddock respecting his expedition to the West. That expedition proceeded from Alexandria ; and tradition still points to the site on which now stands the older Episcopal Church, (but then " in the woods,") as the spot where he pitched his tents, while the road over the western hills, by which his army withdrew, long bore the name of this unfortunate commander. But the reminiscences which the Alexandrians most cherish are those which associate their town with the domestic attachments and habits of Washington. The reader of his letters and addresses will remember that he constantly speaks of them as his old and valued fellow-citizens, his kind and cherished neighbors and associates. Writing from Yorktown, he assures them that " amidst all the vicissitudes of time and fortune, he should ever regard with particular affection the citizens and inhabitants of Alexandria." On an- other occasion he mentions, with seeming exultation, that the people cf Alexandria, who, on hearing of the ratification of the Constitution by the requisite number of the States, had determined to vote a day of festivity, " constituted the first public assembly which had the pleasure of pouring out a libation to the ten States that had actually adopted the General Government." This friendly interest was manifested on every occasion, and a legacy of £1,000 to a free school in the town testifies that it ceased only with his Ufe. Nor were the Alexandrians backward in acknowledging, nor have they since been un- mindful of the honor which so intimate and cordial an intercourse conferred upon their city. Of the sympathies which reassured him in the hour of difficulty, of the acclamations which greeted him in that of his success, theirs were not the least fervent, or the least welcome. It was this " voice from home" which, amid the applauses of the world, seemed ever to come with most acceptance to the heart of Washington. The stranger in Alexan- dria is still pointed to the church of which he was a vestryman, to the pew in which he customarily sat; and many striking memorials of his varied life are carefully preserved. Among the public works which attest the spirit or animate the hopes of the Alexan- drians, the first place is undoubtedly due to the canal, recently completed. The intelligent observer who views the aqueduct at Georgetown, which forms a part of it, will be as- tonished that so stupendous an undertaking should have entered into the contemplation of a community like that of Alexandria. Nor is it possible that it could have been eff'ected until after long years of embarrassment and distress, had not the timely aid of the federal government been extended to the work. This canal will open to Alexandria the resources of the Upper Potomac, and confer on the town unsurpassed facilities for manufacturing. The abundance and cheapness of provisions, and the salubrity of the air, are favorable to this object ; and many flourishing manufactories of iron, leather, peltries , &c., already exist. In the neighborhood of this city is the Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church of Virginia, with several able and learned professors. A new court-house, of large dimensions and handsome design, has recently been added to the conveniences of the town. The museum, kept in rooms over the market-house, is well worth attention, comprising, as it does, more personal relics of General Washington than can be found elsewhere, and also a large and curious collection of specimens in natural history. The churches and houses of worship belonging to the town are numerous, commo- dious, and well attended. Public schools are many, and their exemplary character ha3 acquired for Alexandria wide repute as a theatre of education. Within a few years past, an association, styled the Lyceum, and accommodated in a new and tasteful edifice, built of freestone, after the Doric order, has served to evince that the citizens of Alexandria are not behind the most enlightened communities of the age in a love of letters, or a zeal for improvement. The course of lectures delivered during the "winter, brings together, with great regularity, a crowded audience ; and to the ordinary attractions of the institution have occasionally been added the names of such lecturers as Adams, Barnard, Gushing, Goodrich, Gurley, &c. A large cotton factory has lately been erected, also a handsome edifice called Odd Pel- VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. 121 lows' Hall ; and other improvenieuts have been made, creditable to the enterprise of Alexandria. Large quantities of flour are shipped from Alexandria, and recently the coal trade is becoming of some importance, while increased attention is given to manufactures. Rising by a gentle accUvity from the water's edge, the country subsides into a wide and level plain, until it reaches the base of a range of hills, whose summits, at diflerent points, (such as Shuter's Hill, Mount Ida, Arlington, &c.,) present a succession of views, which for extent, variety, and beauty, it might be difficult to rival. The population of Alexandria, by the census of 1850, was : whites, G,390 ; free colored, 1,301 ; slaves, 1,061 , total, 8,752. Mount Vernon. — Tlxis seat of the illustrious man, who will ever be first in the hearts of his countrymen, is distant from Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac, fifteen miles. The most usual mode of visiting it, is by taking a steamboat to Alexandria, and a passage thence (eight miles) in a coach or omnibus. The central part of the Mount Vernon house was built by Lawrence "Washington, brother to the General ; the wings were added by the General, and the whole named after Admiral Vernon, under whom Lawrence Washington had served. The house is of wood, two stories high, ninety-six feet in length, and with a portico extending the whole distance. It contains on the ground-floor six rooms : one of them at the northeast, large and lofty, with a fine marble mantel-piece, sent to General Washington from Italy. In front of the house, and gradually sloping down to the river, is a handsome lawn, embracing five or six acres, planted with poplars and shrubbery. This place, on the death of the late Judge Washington, passed into the possession of his nephew, John Augustine Washington. The gardens and green-house, planted and preserved by General Washing- ton, have been carefully guarded, and are objects of great interest to visitors. The library-room remains as when occupied by General Washington. A summer-house stands about two hundred yards from the house, and very near the river, and commands a goodly prospect of the Potomac and opposite Maryland shore. On the hill side, towards the river, at about one hundred and fifty yards west from the summer-house, and perhaps thirty rods from the house, is the vault where repose the remains of Washington. Everything about Mount Vernon is in keeping with the great man whose home it was. The trees are large and shady. The vistas through the woods, commanding glimpses of the gUttering river and the passing sails, the green slopes basking in tlie sun, and gradu- ally losing themselves beneath the shadowy underbrush, present a beautiful and pictur- esque scene. The house itself is two stories high, and surmounted by a small cupola, with a weathercock, the gilding of which, though ancient and storm-beaten, is as briUiant as if it had been done but yesterday. The piazza reaches from the ground to the eaves of the roof, and is guarded on the top by a hght and tasteful balustrade. The pillars are large and graceful, and present a simple and grand idea to the mind. Beneath this porch the Father of his country was accustomed to walk, and the ancient stones, to hearts of enthusiastic patriotism, are full of deep and meditative interest. The interior is wainscot- ed, after the fashion of those days, with highly-wrought cornices and shafts. The rooms are generally small, except the dining-room, which is a spacious and hospitable haU. The whole house presents a curious spectacle. Everything reminds one of former days ; and in treading the halls of Mount Vernon, the mind reverts incessantly to that majestic form, whose shadow, cast upon those very walls, seems to the mind's eye ready to start before us into life. The cedars on the sodded vault are withered. Here slept, from the day of his burial until within a few years back, the body of the illustrious chief. A new vault was built a short distance ofi", and thither he was removed. In a sarcophagus now sleep the remains of Washington. The hd is wrought with the arms of his country, and the simple but elegant epitaph is his name. By his side, in a corresponding tomb, are the ashes of " Martha, consort of Washington." This tomb is surrounded by venerable old oaks, and thick shrubbery spreads its foliage down the hill to the water's edge. The evergreen boughs of the cedar are interspersed among the oaks, and the position of the sepulchre is very picturesque and appropriate. When Lafayette visited the tomb, he descended alone intD the vault, and after a few minutes appeared bathed in tears. When leaving the vault, Mr. Custis presented General Lafayette with a gold ring containing some of the hair of Washington. George W. Lafayette stated to Mr. Levasseur that everything in the house was as when he saw it twenty-eight years before. He found in the place where Washington himself had left it, the principal key of the Bastile, which had been sent him by Lafayette. Bladensburg. — History has the name of Bladensburg recorded in her annals. It is 122 VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. ^ 4/ Bituated on the turnpike road leading from Washington to Baltimore, and before the Kevolutiou was a town of some commercial importance, transacting considerable business in tobacco, flour, and other agricultural produce ; but it is now only a small village. The view presents the heights around the village, and the bridge over the Eastern Brancli, which, though it flows here a shallow stream, afterwards assumes the bold features of a rivor. The road in the foreground is that along wliich the British army marched to the battle, and afterwards to Washington. On this bridge the English fell in columns, swept off by the repeated discharges of the American artillery. In vain, for some mo- ments, were the commands of officers — in vain, the force of thorough discipline and ap- proved courage. The forces could not advance ; they wavered under the terrible dis- charge ; and had the scenes of that unfortunate day been equalled by the check given the enemy on the bridge of Bladensburg, the metropolis of the nation would not have fallen under the fires of an invading army. Arlingtox House. — By this name is the mansion of George Washington Park Custis designated. It occupies a commanding position on the Virginia side of the Potomac, nearly opposite Georgetown. The edifice is extensive, elegant and imposing — two hundred feet above the water — and commands a very fine view of the Capitol. At this place are pre- served many rare and valuable pictures, and other relics, descended from the ancestors of Mr. Custis, and some of them once in the possession of Gen. Washington : for example, the Mount Vernon Plate, and the Bed and Bedstead of Washington on which he expired. Among the pictures are portraits by Vandyke, Kneller, Stuart, and Trumbull, which are alone worth a pilgrimage to the place, where the accomphshed proprietor is always happy to see his friends, who annually pay him their respects by thousands. The Little Palls. — These are about tlu-ee miles above GeorgetoAvn, and at the head of tide-water. The great Potomac is here so greatly contracted that a stone can be tossed from one shore to the other ; the fall of water is about fifteen feet ; the surrounding scenery is wUd and exceedingly picturesque ; and the spot is particularly famous as a re- sort for the followers of the gentle art. The principal game fish caught here are the rock fish or striped bass : and the spot is sometimes visited by the anglers of places as remote as Baltimore and Charleston. The fame of The Little Palls has been somewhat increased of late years, by the fact that it has become a favorite angling haunt of the Hon. Daniel Webster. The Great Falls of the Potomac, which are well worth visiting, are about ten miles further up the river, and may be reached by carriage or canal boat.