^ Class _ Book_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT ■^ <>^ s<; o^"^ \A/ith Maps and llluBtratinns. . ti fo..: - ■ ■ - ■ t CJDDnPD nuDDnauiu ■ BROAi DDDCnCX] lol WWSN rcofife, D noDOian CESffSSS. . a I — I □ (33 czD [=1 cz: OvSS WH /T AMER •31 ^3 ms '11' ^^^^ D -3i^5eg-i. Di COPYRIGHTED 1890. BY G. A. GREGORY. D P ^ — r DioDSonDDin DfiDasnao 00 DO Doin DDOD qID Ddd li toDDngq a^OiC/vy st: SAVANNAH AND ITS SURRDUNniNGS BY G-, il, &RE&DRY. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. SAVANNAH, GA. : PRESS OF THE MORNING NEWS. 1S9O. COPYRIGHTED, 1S90. BY G. A. GREGORY -^CONTENTS.a^ Page. Savannah 9 Savannah As It Is 19 Greene iMonument i.. 24 Pulaski Monument 25 Jasper Monument 27 Confederate Soldi ei's' Monument 31 Gordon Monument 3R Georgia Historical Society 35 Academy of Arts and Sciences 39 The Theater 42 City Exchange 43 Public Buildings and Localities 45 Churches 51 Asylums and Homes 59 Hospitals 63 Cemeteries 64 The Military 67 The Old Fortifications 70 Resorts 77 Bonaventure 79 Thunderbolt 82 Green wicli Park 82 Tybea Beach 83 Isle of Hope 87 Montgomery 87 Beaulieu 88 White Bluff. 88 Commercial Savannah 90 Climate of Savannah 92 The IMorning News 94 Guide to Points of Interest 104 Historical Summary 109 .-^LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.^ Page. Map of Savannah Frontispiece. Bird's Eye View of Savannah, the Cotton Exchange, and Park 12 Jasper Monument 15 Oglethorpe 17 Forsyth Park 21 General Nathaniel Greene 23 Pulaski Monument 25 Jasper at Fort Moultrie 28 The Rescue at Jasper Spring 30 Confederate Soldiers' Monument 31 Gordon Monument 33 Tomo-Chi-Chi and His Nephew 34 Greene Residence 36 Historical Society Library 36 Bull Street 36 Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences 38 Telfair Academy, main corridor 40 The Old Theater 42 Chatham County Court House 44 (Xistoni House 46 A Hall Street Residence 48 First Baptist Church 50 A Bull Street Residence 50 Christ Church 52 Cathedral of St. John the Baptist 54 Mickva Israel Synagogue 56 Bethesda Orphanage 59 Telfair Hospital 62 Bonaventure 65 Washington Guns 68 De Soto Hotel 71 Scene on the Savannah 74 Map of Savannah and Vicinity 78 Scene on Green Island 81 Tybee Beach 84 Along the Tybce Railway 86 On Vernon River 89 Morning News Building 94 Wesley Monumental Church 103 SAVANNAH. S?CP^^^^ HISTORY of Savannah began with the settle- [p j^bo ment of Georgia in 1733. In that year Oglethorpe (^i^C^ landed on Yamacraw bluff and founded the youngest of the original thirteen colonies. There is scarcely a more romantic chapter in history than that which deals with the little colony planted upon the banks of the Savan- nah. Its early existence was one of privation and hardship. The difficulties and sufferings of the colonists were such that it seems marvelous that they did not abandon their new home, but they were a hardy people, and, struggling against the vicissitudes of a pioneer life, the erratic impulses of savage neighbors, and weighted with all the depressing influences of isolation, a permanent establishment was maintained. The philosophy of its foundation and fortunes belongs to the ex- amples and facts of history. The country South and Southwest, between the Savannah River and Florida, was, prior to 1733, a wilderness held by Indians, and claimed both by England and Spain. To secure it, Oglethorpe obtained from George II. "a grant for twenty-one years in trust for the poor," of the country between the Savannah and Mtamaha Rivers, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. Oglethorpe's plan was to occupy the disputed territory by providing in it an asylum for the poor of England, and the Protestants of all nations, 10 Savannah and Its Surroundings. where former poverty would be no reproach, and where all might worship God without fear of persecution. The grant from England was the great instrument which lay at the political foundation of Georgia. Its provisions were com- mensurate with its design ; and its privileges were as ample as the benevolence which suggested it. It gave to those over whom it stretched its fostering care the privileges of free-born Britons ; the privileges of English law, and, with one exception, the privileges of religious liberty. None but those who would take the oath of transubstantiation could become colonists. Roman Catholics, consequently, were ex- cluded, and were not admitted until Georgia became a Roj^al Province thirty years later. Oglethorpe's first visit was in 1732, when he selected the site for the town and concluded a treaty with Tomo-Chi-Chi, chief of the Indian nation occupying the country. Febru- ary 1, 1733, he landed with one hundred and fourteen colo- nists. Four tents were pitched on the bluff overlooking the river, one for each tithing, the municipal divisions into which the colonists had already been divided. This was the first occu- pation of Georgia and the birth of Savannah. The little set- tlement in time grew to the proportions of a town and was laid off with open squares and streets crossing each other at right angles. The land was divided, under a strict agrarian law, into two hundred and forty freeholds. The town land covered twenty-four square miles. Every forty houses (the houses being located on tracts of land exactly the same size) made a ward. Each ward had a constable, and under him were four tithing men. Every ten houses made a tithing ; and to each tithing was a square mile di- vided into twelve lots. Every freeholder of the tithing had a lot, or farm of forty-five acres. Not long after the colony was founded the religious perse- cutions in Germany began. The Salzburgers were driven out, and they sought new homes in Georgia. Ogle- thorpe and his people generously welcomed the little baud of Protestants who sought their protection and their freedom Sav.annah and Its Surroundings. 11 of conscience. A settlement twenty miles west of Savannah on the banks of the river was assigned to them, and they called it Ebenezer in commemoration of their final deliver- ance from their enemies. The exile of the Salzburgers is one of the most stirring incidents of the civil and religious his- tory of Germany, and the little settlement at Ebenezer is to-day one of the most revered places among the Luther- ans of this country. Two years later John and Charles Wesley arrived, and the founder of Methodism preached his first sermon in America in Savannah. The mission of the Wesleys proved, however, unfortunate and brief. Their religious zeal outran discretion and they were soon embroiled in conflicts with the authorities and the people, whom they did not under- stand. Both returned to England before they had been in America two years. The next year George Whitefield ar- rived, and having more tact than the Wesleys, and, from his parentage and early associations, being better fitted to cope with the rude minds of the colonists, he succeeded where they failed, and laid in Savannah the foundation of his subsequent reputation. His great work was the found- ing of the Bethesda Orphan House. Hardly had the town been laid out before a colony of Israelites arrived. True to their ancient faith, they no sooner landed than they founded a synagogue, to which they gave the name Mickva Israel. At the end of the first decade of its existence, when Ogle- thorpe left America finally for England, Savannah had grown to a village of three hundred and fifty houses. The government of Oglethorpe had been military, but after his departure it devolved upon the trustees in England. The colony, never very strong, languished under their chimerical views and injudicious management. Agriculture did not flourish, commerce was not thoiight of, silk culture, which Oglethorpe had tried to establish, failed, the colonists were deserting to Carolina and the other American possessions or were returning home, and at last in 1752, the trustees, in Savannah and Its Surroundings. 13 despair, resolved on account of their utter inability to sup- port the colony, to make an absolute surrender of the char- ter. The resolution was carried into effect, and Georgia be- came a Royal Province. Under the more liberal and the wiser protection and patronage of the crown, Savannah sur- vived and became in time the prospering foster-mother of Georgia. Among the early excitements of Savannah was the trouble with the Spaniards in Florida, which finally culminated in open war. Spain, with her wonted arrogance, had firmly bidden the Georgians quit their newly established homes ; but Spanish bravado did not frighten them. Anglo-Geor- gian and Hispano-Floridian fortified against each other ; the same Spanish intrigue, which was at work among the thou- sands of negroes in South Carolina, was active among the Indians of Georgia. When at last E.i^iand and Spain went to war, Oglethorpe and his colonists played an important part. They penetrated to the very walls of St. Augustine, but did not succeed in taking it. The colonists were naturally an independent people, and the '' Stamp Act " put the same fever into their blood that stirred the pulses of their cousins in Massachusetts. It is curious to note, in view of later events, that Savannah sent to the Old Bay State much of the powder used in the de- fense of Bunker Hill. Although the last settled of the original thirteen colonies, neither Georgia or her chief city were backward in ac- cepting the issues of the Revolution. A Georgia schooner was the first commissioned American vessel, and made the first capture of the war off Tybee — 16,000 pounds of powder. Savannah revolted against its royal Governor early in 1776, and imprisoned him ; the next j^ear the conven- tion which framed the State Constitution met here. Toward the close of 1778, the British, after a savagely disputed battle, captured the city ; a brutal soldiery shot and bayonetted many citizens in the streets and impinsoned others on board the English ships. British rule, with all the rigor of military H Savannah and Its Surroundings. law, was enforced until an evacuation was rendered expedi- ent by the success of American arms elsewhere. There is one picture which the memory of Savannah's trials during the Revolution brings to mind — a picture which has in it the sparkle of French color, and which is a noble memorial to French gallantry and generosity. In the dull and dreadful days of 1779, when English rule had become all but intolerable, a superb fleet, one day in September, an- chored off Tybee, and the amazed English saw the French colors displayed above twenty ships of the line and sixteen fi'igates, commanded by Count D'Estaing, sent by the King of France to aid the struggling Americans. Five thousand of the best soldiers of the French army, united with such as the American Government could muster, laid vigorous siege to the town ; troops were landed and the combined forces attacked the British positions ; a strong bombardment was kept up for some time, and an assault was made on the town on the 9th of October, but the besiegers were finally compelled to withdraw, leaving the city to the mercies of the enraged English. In this long and brave assault, which lasted nearly two months, the chivalrous Pulaski sealed his devotion to liberty with his life on the spot where the Cen- tral Railroad passenger depot now stands. Near by fell the gallant Jasper, who had repeatedly illustrated his valor in the cause of the colonies. The city was evacuated shortly before the close of hostilities. The exiled citizens returned, ousted the interlopers, who had acquired the traffic of the town by protection of the enemy, repaired the damages that war had wrought, to resume once more with ardor their pursuits, and to enjoy the relaxations of peace. Savannah was, in its early history, one of the most patri- otic of American towns. It not only produced men re- nowned for bravery and true chivalric qualities, but the peo- ple took every occasion to demonstrate their faith in the Union. The new President, Washington, was received with joyous enthusiasm. Lafayette was given an overwhelming welcome, and, during his visit, he laid the corner-stones THE JASPER MONUMENT. 16 Savannah and Its Surroundings. of two handsome monuments, which are to-day counted among the city's treasures — those to Pulaski and General Greene. In the war between the States Savannah was the key to the Georgia coast, and it was closely watched by the Federal forces. The ordinance of secession was framed in Savan- nah, and it was here that the flag of the Confederate States was first hoisted in Georgia. The port was closed to com- merce from 1861 to 1865. The most important events of the war occurring in the vicinity were the capture of Fort Pulaski, April 10, 1862, and the reduction of Fort McAllis- ter, December 12, 1864. Pulaski, situated so as to command both channels of the entrance-way from the sea, had been built with great care, and it was believed to be impregnable, but rifled cannon, then a novelty in warfare, and the superior resources of the Federal forces, accomplished its surrender in twenty-seven hours. After the fall of Pulaski there were numerous encounters on land and sea, but there was no general engagement of the hostile armies until Sherman in- vested the city, December 11, 1864, after his famous "march to the sea," with 60,000 infantry, 6.000 cavalry, and numer- ous batteries of siege guns. Along the coast was a fleet of ironclads, and other war vessels, awaiting the establishment of communication with Sherman's forces to co-operate with him in the siege. Opposed to these General Hardee had, within the city and its defenses, 10,000 men. Fort McAllis- ter had withstood three attempts to silence it and it had to be taken. Sherman cautiously enveloped the defenses of the city so as to completely isolate the fort, and then sent nine regiments to take it. The fort was held by a garrison of 150 men. It was captured after a desperate fight and through the superiority of overwhelming forces. The cap- ture of McAllister was the conquest of Savannah. The city was evacuated December 20, 1864, and was formally surren- dered the next day. Sherman's regime, although brief, was rigorous in the extreme. Shortly after the fall of the city Lee and Johnston surrendered, and the war ended. Savan- Savannah and Its Surroundings. 17 nah's progress since then has not been less remarkable than that of the whole State. JAMES EDWAED OGLETHORPE. James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of Savannah, was born in London, December 21, 1688. At the age of sixteen he was admitted a student of Corpus Christi College, but did not finish his studies, war having more charms for him than literary pursuits. His first commission was that of ensign. After the death of Queen Anne he entered the service of Prince Eugene. He was elected to Parliament at the age of twenty-four, and continued a member thirty-two years. He established the colony at Savannah in 1733. In 1743 he re- 18 Savannah and Its Surroundings. tui"ned to England. He was oifei'ed the command of the British forces in America operating against the Americans under Washington, but declined to accept it. He was soon afterward placed in command of an army operating against the forces of Charles the Pretender. His Christian forbear- ance toward the unfortunate followers of the Stuarts caused him to be charged with sympathy with their cause. A court-martial declared the charges groundless and malicious, and Oglethorpe's prosecutor was dismissed from the service. In 1744 Oglethorpe was appointed one of the field officers under Field Marshal, the Earl of Stair, to oppose the invas- ion of the French. He died in England, July 1, 1785. SAVANNAH AS IT IS. ^*« ? ^^HF^N 1890 Savannah has a population of 60,000. The "^^J^ city covers 4,000 acres, and has a valuation of i^f^ nearly $40,000,000 and a commerce of $110,000,- ^^ 000. It has 106 miles of streets, sixty-five acres of public parks, fifteen miles of street railway and five miles of wharves. Geographically, it is at the head of ship navigation on the Savannah River, eighteen miles from the ocean, on a plateau fifty feet above the level of the sea. It is in 32° and some minutes north latitude, with the gulf stream j ust issuing from the tropics at no great distance to the eastward. It is near the isothermal line of 70° temperature, which marks the northern limit of the tropics. The city is nearly square, and most of the streets are broad and run at right angles with each other. The plan of the city proper was designed by Oglethorpe, and once commenced it was adhered to for its regularity, beauty, and comfort. All of the streets in the city are named, and the lanes take the name of the street north of them. The plan of the outskirts differs materially from that of the city proper. Bay street is the great commercial thoroughfare, and is lined with mercantile houses, banks, and business offices. The Custom-House, the City Exchange, Post-Office, and the Cotton Exchange are on " The Bay." Congress and Broughton are the principal retail business streets. Bull street is the great promenade, and extends from the City Exchange, overlooking the river, to the park, and beyond to 20 Savannah and Its Surroundings. the southern limits and the White Bluff shell road. It re- ceived its name from Colonel William Bull, who assisted Oglethorpe in laying out the city. The street passes through five squares, in which are the Greene, Gordon, Jasper, and Pulaski Monuments, and leads to the main entrance of the park. It is the most picturesque street in the city. Upon it are some of Savannah's handsomest residences and gar- dens, and most imposing public buildings. Liberty and South Broad streets, the latter the original southern limit of the city, with their three and four rows of magnificent oaks interlacing their foliage and forming almost an arched ave- nue on either side of a broad grass plat, are two of the finest residence streets. Forsyth Park, almost in the heart of the city, was laid off" in 1853. Its plan is similar to that of the Grand Park in the City of Mexico. The park proper contains ten acres with an addition of twenty acres, used by the military as a parade ground. The main entrance is from Bull street by a broad avenue guarded by sphinxes. In the center of the park is a magnificent fountain designed from the model which was awarded the prize in the first International Exhi- bition in London in 1844, and similar to the grand fountain in the Place de la Concorde in Paris. Radiating from the fountain in all directions are broad, winding walks. The park is filled with trees, and their foliage is one of its chief charms. The walks are bordered with lawns, and clumps of roses, coleas, cacti and ivy and climbing plants grow luxuriantly among the native pines. In the center of the parade ground, or park extension, stands the Confederate monument. To the fortunate early arrangement of the town by Ogle- thorpe, Savannah owes much of its beauty to-day. IS'o other American city has such wealth of foliage, such charm- ing seclusion and such sylvan perfection, so united with all the convenience and compactness of a great commercial city. The squares which were originally intended as places of refuge for the colonists, in time of attack, are now the Savannah and Its Surroundings. lungs of the city — the breathing spots and play grounds for children. Many of the squares are adorned with statues, fountains and mounds, gigantic oaks and magnolias, with here and thera catalpas and banana trees. Among the (lowers the most beautiful are the rose and the camelia- japonica which bloom luxuriantly in mid-winter in the open air. But its natural beauty is not all that Savannah boasts. Its architecture is varied and striking ; much of it in the quaint fashion of by-gone days, but with those characteris- tics that the art of the present day is eager to counterfeit. It is rich in historic memories ; its schools are unsurpassed ; its society is cultured ; art is patronized, and all the influences exist which make the city attractive. (JENP^RAL NATHANIEL GREENE. 2Jf Savannah and Its Surroundings. THE GREENE MONUMENT. • — "^>-5— «§■ — o*'^— #-^-<- — • In 1825 the Marquis de Lafayette visited Savannah and laid the corner stone for two monuments — one in Chippewa square, to be erected in honor of Count Pulaski, and one in Johnson square to commemorate the eminent services to the South of General Greene. The Greene monument was fin- ished, except the inscription, in 1829. The fund was not then sufficient to erect the monument to Pulaski, and the shaft in Johnson square was known for many years as "the Greene and Pulaski monument," in commemoration of Lafayette's visit, as well as in memory of the heroic dead, whose military careers and reputations are intimately associated with the history of Savannah. In 188G a bronze inscriptional tablet was placed on the north face of the monument, and on the south face an alto relievo portrait of General Greene, in bronze. The unveiling of the tablets was a part of the centennial celebration of the Chatham Artillery, Hon. Jefferson Davis, who was a guest of the city at the time, was present and took part in the ceremonies. In the war of the Revolution General Greene won undying fame in the Southern campaigns, and as a mark of appre- ciation of his services the Georgia Legislature granted him a large tract of land near Savannah. He settled upon this tract, known as Mulberry Grove, in 1783. He died in 1786 from a sunstroke, and his remains were buried with military honors in the old burying ground on South Broad street. The vault in which the remains were placed was not desig- nated, and when, in 1820, a search was made for them they could not be found. Their resting place is to-day unknown. Tradition says that the remains were buried in the vault of the Graham family, which having been dispossessed of its lands and rights, owing to the disloyalty of Governor Gra- ham, secretly removed the body and buried it in an un- marked spot. Savannah and Its Surroundmgs. 25 THE PULASKI MONUMENT. The Pulaski monument ill Monterey square, in memory of Brigadier-Gen- eral Count Casimer Pulas- ki, is the last work of the famous German sculptor, Launitz. The corner stone of the monument was laid in Chippewa square in 1825, with the corner stone of the Greene monument, but was removed to Mon- terey square in 1853. The monument is of Italian marble and is about fifty feet high and surmounted by a statue of Liberty holding the banner of the "Stains and Stripes." It is seen at a glance that the monument is intended for a soldier who is losing his life while fighting; wounded, he falls from his horse still grasping his sword. The date, October 9, 1779, is recorded above the subject. The coats of arms of Poland and Geor- gia, surrounded by branch- ^es of laurel, ornament the cornice on two sides, while the eagle, emblem of liber- ty, courage and independ- ence, and the symbolic bird of Poland and America, rests THE PULASKI MONUaiENT. 26 Savannah and Its Surroundings. upon both. The reversed cannon on the corners of the die are emblematic of military loss and mourning, and give the monument a strong military character. Count Pulaski fell mortally wounded in the siege of Sa- vannah near the spot now occupied by the Central Railroad passenger depot. He was born in 1746, and was leader of a band of patriots confederated to relieve their native land from Russian oppression. In the struggle Austrian and Prussian troops were hurried to the assistance of the Rus- sian forces in Poland. Against these overwhelming odds, Pulaski and his little band bravely contended, but they were overpowered and the severest punishments were inflicted upon those who were captured. Pulaski fled to France. There he learned of the struggle of the Americans for inde- pendence and tendered his services, which were accepted by Congress, and the rank of Brigadier-General was conferred upon him. After having distinguished himself in several engagements he resigned his commission and organized the famous " Pulaski Legion." After he had fallen wounded by a caonon shot in the battle of Spring Hill he was placed on a ves- sel to be sent to Charleston. The vessel had hardly sailed out of the harbor before he died and his body was buried at sea. There is a tradition that he was buried at Greenwich, about three miles from Savannah ; but an account written by one of Pulaski's stalf. who was also wounded and was on board the vessel, says that he died at sea and his body was con- signed to the depths. The funei"al services were held in Charleston, where the death of the brave Pole caused, as it did throughout the American colonies, the most intense grief. Savannah and Its Surroundings. 27 THE JASPER MONUMENT. The Jasper Monumeut and statue, in Madison Square, is one of the finest monuments in Savannah. It was erected by the Jasper Monument Association. The corner-stone was laid October 9. 1879, the centennial anniversary of Sergeant Jasper's death, in the siege of Savannah. The monument was completed and unveiled February 22, 1888, President Cleveland taking part in the ceremonies. The base of the monument and the pedestal are of granite. The bronze statue of Jasper, which surmounts the pedestal, is fifteen feet high and represents a sturdy specimen of man- hood. The left hand clutches at arm's length a battle-worn banner. The right hand, holding an upturned sabre, is pressed tightly over a bullet wound in his side. The piece is strong in all its lines. On the face is an expression of in- tense suffering, held in subordination to a resolute purpose. The details of the work are clear. The fatal bullet-hole is plainly seen ; upon the ground is the soldier's bullet-rid- dled hat, and his hair is waving in the smoke of battle. The most artistic part of the statue is the ragged banner flutter- ing in the wind. The statue was designed by the celebrated Bculptor, Alexander Doyle, of New York. Upon the four faces of the pedestal are bas-relief panels of bronze ; that on the north side is the in'jcriptional tablet ; on the east side is a representation of Jasper standing upon the ramparts of Fort Moultrie with the rescued colors held aloft. The pict- ure on the south side is a representation of the scene at Jas- per Spring, where the prisoners were rescued, and the west side represents Jasper's death ; the surgeon is beside his prostrate form, sponging the wound in his breast, among a group of comrades with sorrowful faces. Sergeant Jasper, it is said, was of Irish descent, his family having emigrated from Ireland some years before the Revo- lution, and settled in South Carolina. At the beginning of the war for independence he enlisted and gave the first proof of his gallantry in the attack of the British fleet upon Fort Moultrie in 177G. The flag-staflf of the Americans had been JASPER AT FORT MOULTRIE. Savannah and Its Surroundings. 29 shot away. Jasper took up the flag, fastened it to a sponge- stafi', and planted it defiantly upon the ramparts, under a heavy fire fi:*om the enemy's vessels. For this he was pre- sented a sword and was offered a commission. He accepted the sword, but modestly declined the commission. His ex- ploit in rescuing a number of American prisoners from a British guard, at a spring two miles from Savannah, where the party had halted for refreshment, was a daring act of cool courage. The story, as told by White in his Historical Collections, is as follows : " Leai'ning that a number of American prisoners were to be brought from Ebenezer to Savannah — then occupied by the British — for trial, Jasper determined to release them at all hazards. With Newton as his companion, at a spring two miles from Savannah and about thirty yards from the main road, he awaited the arrival of the prisoners. When the escort, consisting of a sergeant, corporal and eight men, and the prisoners in irons — stopped to refresh themselves at this spring, two of the guard only remained with the cap- tives. The others leaned their guns against the trees, when Jasper and Newton sprang fi-om their hiding place, seized the guns and shot down the two sentinels. The remaining six soldiers were deterred from making any eflbrt to recover their guns by threats of immediate death, and were forced to surrender. The prisoners we e released, and Jasper and Newton, with their redeemed friends and captive foes, crossed the Savannah River and joined the American army at Fu- ry sburgh." The spring has been known ever since as '' Jasper Spring, '- and is a resort of interest. It is a short distance from the Augusta road, near the Ten-Broeck race course. In the dis- astrous siege of Savannah by the allied American and French forces under General Lincoln and Count D'Estaing, the gallant Jasper lost his life in an attempt to replace his regimental colors within the British lines, where they had been carried by an assault. In memory of this brave, non- Savannah and Its Surroundings. SI commissioned officer, thus identified with the city, the monu- ment was erected. THE CONFEDERATE MONUMENT. The Confederate Sol- diers' monument in the parade ground was erect- ed by the Ladies' Memo- rial Association to the memory of the Confeder- ate dead. The monument stands upon a raised ter- race, and is capped by a bronze statute of a Con- federate soldier at "pa- rade rest." On the die of the monument is the dedication : "Come from the four winds, O breath, And breath upon these slain That they may live." "To THE Confederate Dead, 1861-1865." The monument was built from a design by Robert Reid, of Montreal, Canada. In style it is modern Italian. It stands about fifty feet in hight from the base to the crown of the figure by which it is surmounted. On the base of the pilasters are appropriate mottoes. The north panel on the first stage shows a figure in alto relievo, a prostrate woman representing the South in mourning; from her left hand she lets fall a branch of laurel. In one corner of the panel is a group of weeping willows with their drooping branches. The reverse panel is left vacant, although the de- S2 Savannah and Jts Surroundings. sign provides for its occupany by a figure, also alto relievo, of a military character. Above the panels is a rich cornice. The next stage was originally an open canopy supported on pilasters, underneath which was a marble statue of Silence, but this was removed and the space filled with stone to strengthen the structure. Above this is another stage, deeply recessed and moulded, and ornamented with draped banners, guns and sabres. The topmost panel is exquisitely moulded and forms the base upon which rests the crowning figure. The corner stone of the monu- ment was laid June 16, 1875, and the monument was un- veiled in May, 1876. The bronze statue is a work of art. Ease, grace and manliness distinguish the figure, and the musket, worn hat, and tattered clothing are true to the life, reproducing with wonderful exactness the rents, patches, darns and rude sewing that betray the deprivations and hardships which the Confederate soldiery had to endure in their gallant, but painful, struggle of four years of unsuccess- ful warfare. Savannah and Its Surroundings. THE GORDON MONUMENT. THE GORDON MONUMENT tance, are the tall spars of shipping the inscription: The Gordon monu- ment, in Court House square, was erected in 1883 by the Central Rail- road and Banking Com- pany in memory of Will- iam W. Gordon, the first President of the road. The monument is not only a tribute to the memory of the man to whom it was erected, but it illus- trates the spirit of prog- ress and the advance of internal improvement in Georgia since the Central Railroad was inaugu- ated, in 1834. The design of the monument is beau- tiful and suggestive. The north face bears the name "Gordon." The eastern face is a bas-relief repre- senting a locomotive and train of cars emerging from a tunnel and ap- proaching a viaduct, be- yond which, in the dis- The south face bears In memory of William Washing-ton Gordon. Born June 17, 1796. Died March. SO, 1842. The pioneer in works of internal improvement iri his native State, and President of the Central Kail- road and Banking Company of Cleorgia, to which he gave his time, his talents and, finally, his life. Savannah and Its Surroundings. TOMO-CHI-CHI AND HIS NEPHEW. The remains of Tomo-Chi-Chi, the famous Indian chief- tain, are supposed to have been buried in Court House square, in the vicinity of the Gordon monument. Tomo- Chi-Chi died in 1738. At his own request lie was buried among his friends, the white men, with the pomp and cir- cumstance due to his liigh rank and staunch friendship, and within the compass of the colonists. Oglethorpe assisted as pall-bearer ; the burial v/as in v/hat was then Percival square. Minute guns were fired during the march of the procession, and as the body was lowered three volleys of musketry were fired over it. Savannah and Its Surroundings. THE GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Georgia Historical Society was organized in 1839. Its library, numbering 20,000 volumes, is one of the finest col- lections in the South. The Society was chartered " for the purpose of collecting, preserving, and diffusing in'orraa- tion relating to the State of Georgia in particular, and of American history generally." The Georgia Medical Society is a part of the Historical Society. Hodgson Hall, the library building, at Whitaker and Gaston streets, fronting the park, was erected by Mrs. Margaret T. Hodgson and Miss Mary Telfair, the widow and sister-in-law of William B. Hodgson, in his memory. These ladies bequeathed over one-half of their large estate to the fostering and sustenance of the cause of literature, science and art in Savannah. The His- torical Society, in which they felt a deep interest, has, through their liberality, been most munificently endowed. Miss Telfair, carrying out the wishes of her sister, which were in consonance with her own, bequeathed the Society the family mansion on Telfair place with all the furniture, pictures, works of art, etc., and $100,000 of railroad stock, to estab- lish and maintain an Academy of Arts and Sciences. It is therefore not to be wondered at that the names of these ladies are held in such high esteem and reverence by the Historical Society and by the people of Savannah. The buildingwas de- signed by Detlef Lienau, of New York, the architect who later designed the Telfair Academy annex. The exterior of the building is plain, its architecture being adapted to the con- venience and comfort of the library. The front, however, is ornamental, being chiefly of brown stone. The entrance is by massive stone steps and portico. The frieze of the portico bears, in relief, the inscription, "W. B. Hodgson Hall." Upon the building is similarly inscribed, " Georgia Historical Society." If the exterior is plain, the interior of the library hall is Strikingly attractive. The hall contains several fine portraits of members of the Society, and of men prominent in tlie Sarannah and Its Surroundings. 37 history of Georgia and the South, and an interesting collec- tion of historical relics. Fronting the entrance is a platform, or rostrum. Above this is an admirable portrait of Mr. Hodgson, one of the earliest members of the Society, and for over twenty-five years one of its curators. The picture was painted by Carl L. Brandt, the present Director of the Tel- fair Academy. It represents Mr. Hodgson in his library, standing by a table, in the act of turning the leaves of a book. On the table are books and papers and a scroll cov- ered with Arabic characters, symbolic of Mr. Hodgson's studies. The features, dress and attitude of the figure give a life-like appearance, and, with a brilliant light and the faithful reproduction of the appurtenances of a libi'ary, be- token the genius of the artist. Beneath the picture is a marble slab with this inscription : — In Memory of WILLIAM BROWN HODGSOIT, this building is erected by MARGARET TELFAIR HODGSON, Anno Domini 1873. The building was dedicated to the Historical Society in 1876. The library is open to members and visitors. The library hours are 10 a. m. to 9 p. m. Savannah and Its Surroundings. 39 THE TELFAIR ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. The Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, on Telfair Place, is the art galleiy of the South. It was founded through a bequest of Miss Mary Telfair, who, upon her death, bequeathed the Telfair family mansion and $100,000 for the purpose of founding an art museum and academy. The bequest was under the trusteeship of the Georgia His- torial Society, and the Academy was opened in 1885. A writer in the Magazine of Art says that the Academy is like nothing so much as a bit of Munich strayed from the banks of the Iser to the new woi-ld. It is the Glyptothek and Pinakothek in one. In front of the building are five heroic size statues of Rubens, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Phideas and Rembrandt, modeled for the Academy by Viennese sculptors and carved in white Marzina stone. The entrance hall of the Academy is lined with photographs, forming part of a series which is continued in the large picture gal- lery. It includes reproductions of the masterpieces of ancient and modern art, from the best European photograph publish- ers. Beyond the entrance hall is a collection of plaster re- lief heads. The Director of the Academy is Carl L. Brandt, N". A. He is director, teacher and curator. The Academy is the embodiment of his ideas, and his classic Munich tend- encies are revealed everywhere in the building, which is one of the finest bits of architecture in the country. At the left of the entrance corridor is an old room hung with old masters and copies. On the north side of the corridor is the Phideas room. Here are some of the finest of the Par- thenian marbles, forming part of one of the most satisfac- tory collections of antique casts in the United States. The east pediment of Parthenon is here complete. The large sculpture hall has in its center that group so seldom seen in its entirety — the "Tauro Farnese," of the Naples museum. It is the second cast ever obtained di- rectly from the original and was made expressly for the Tel- fair Academy. It was shipped to America in twenty-one Savannah and Its Surroundings. 41 cases, containing one hundred and twenty-six sections, and arrived broken into a thousand pieces. It required months of patient work by the director to put this monument of ancient art together, and as it stands to-day, it shows no trace of the experience through which it passed. The statuary hall also contains a fine copy of the famous Gaeta vase. The picture gallery is a beautiful example of classic deco- ration ; the pervading color is Pompeiian red, which is largely used throughout the building. At the top of the room, form- ing a wide frieze all around it, are superb mural paintings, simulating tapestries, by Director Schraudolph, of Stuttgart. They are forty-four feet in length and nine feet high, and present allegorical representations of the different arts. Among the chief pictures in the gallery are those of the Munich and Dusseldorf schools. The great picture of the gallery, both in size and masterful execution, is Kaulbach's "Peter Arbues of Epila." The picture was finished in 1870, and is the last work of the famous artist. It is sixteen feet long by thirteen feet high. "Ein Gefecht," by Josef von Brandt, a Polish artist of Munich, next to Kaulbach's, is the pride of the gallery. The picture is what its title im- plies — a calvary attack. It is a large canvas and occupies a place on the west wall of the gallery. The subject is a fight between the Poles and the allied Swedes and Brandenbur- gers in the days of the battles before Warsaw. A half destroyed village is occupied by a small detachment of the allied troops, which is attacked by a superior squadron of the "dreaded mailed Lancers," who, with furious force, fly to the combat of the ususpecting enemy. The attack of the rattling lines, the wild confusion of the hand to hand fight, is represented with most convincing truthfulness and won- derful pictorial power and art. The picture was se- cured from the Munich Exposition in 1888. Next to "Ein Gefecht" is Szymanowski's " Dispute of Russian Mount- aineers," which was secured from the Paris Exposi- tion in 1889. In character and literary interest "The 4 j;i Savannah and Its Surroundings. Relics of the Brave," by Arthur Hacker, is one of the masterpieces of the gallery. Julian Story's " The Black Prince," secured from the Paris Exposition, is one of the largest pictures, and one of the most striking. The upper rooms of the Academy are a series of galleries. The famous Parthenon frieze surrounds the entrance hall, and in the adjoining rooms are the archaeological and pre- historic art collections, arrow heads and flints, and photographs of ancient ruins and edifices. The gallery also contains an interesting collection of Japanese embroideries, bronzes and Italian wood engraving. The Academy is open to visitors daily, except Sundays, from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m. Sundays from 1 to 5 p. m. F'^~y- THE OLD THEATRE. The Savannah Theatre, on Bull stieet, fronting Chippewa Square, is the oldest theatre in the United States. It was built in 1818, and was opened December 4th of that year^ and Savannah and Its Surroundings. 43 for nearly three-quarters of a century has been the chief place of amusement in Savannah. Since it was built many changes have been made in its interior, but the exterior has undergone little change. It has witnessed the rise, progress and decadence of the drama in America. Its walls have resounded with the sonorous tones of the elder and the younger Booths, of McCready, Yandenhoff, the Kembles, father and daughter ; the Coopers, Forrest, and hosts of other tragedians and melo-dramatists, and have echoed the comicalities of Finn, Hilson, the two Placides, and Hackett, and absorbed the melting tones and artistic roulades and trills of Kelly, Hughes, Russell, and the stars of oper- atic music. The voices of past generations and of the pres- ent are blended in the silence of its venerable walls. The history of the Savannah Theatre is a record of the stage in the United States, and critical were the audiences, in the days of the legitimate drama, which criticised the perform- ances upon its boards. THE CITY EXCHANGE. The City Exchange — the city hall — at the foot of Bull street, was built in 1799, and is a type of the architecture of that time. It was built by a stock company and was intended for a Merchants' Exchange. The site was leased for ninety- nine years and the building cost $20,000. The city was a member of the company, and, by successive purchases of stock, it became, in 1812, the possessor of the property and converted it into a city hall, which it still is, though the original name, " Exchange," is retained. The lower part of the building is occupied by business offices. The second and third stories contain the Council Chamber and the vari- ous departments of the City Government. In the " Long Room " is a life-size painting of General Robert E Lee — pronounced the finest portrait of Lee extant. In the Ex- change steeple are the venerable city clock and fire bell, which have hung there for more than three-quarters of a century. The old clock bears the inscription, "Built by ./I \^ 7 f ^fj^^^ ( -m, ^^r^ ^1 i-= //y: Av ' •! ' ' Savannah and Its Surroundings. 40 John Thwaites, Clerkenwell, London, 1803." From the steeple a splendid view of the city is obtained. Bull street, with its squares and monuments, extends south to the park, and is lined with public buildiugs and residences. Piercing the foli- age is the tall spire of St. John's, and rising up in front,the Ionic proportions of Christ Church, and the lofty roof of the Ca- thedral of St. John the Baptist, are clearly seen. The visitor at once realizes the appropriateness of the title " Forest City," in its application to Savannah, as the city can scarcely be seen for the trees — only the spires, steeples, and the roofs of the houses rising above the foliage. From the balcony of the Exchange the military reviews take place, and from it Sherman reviewed the Federal army at the close of his fa- mous "march to the sea." The "Long Room" has been the scene of many historic events. It waj here, in 1886, that Jefferson Davis held his last public reception. ■*m(^ ►— •-^ ^>^- PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND LOCALITIES. The County Court House, on Court House square, is one of the finest public buildings in the State. It is built upon the site of the old court house, which was demolished in 1889, and cost $160,000. The corner stone was laid July 31, 1889. The first court house was at the northeast corner of Bull street and Bay lane. Just before the Revolution a brick court house was erected upon the site of the present building. During the siege of Savannah it was occupied by the British troops as a headquarters and was damaged by shells thrown from the American and French batteries. Upon the re-occupation of the city the building was restored and was used until 1831 when it was torn down to make room for the recent structure which was completed in 1833. JfQ Savannah and Its Surroundings. The United States Custom House, at Bay and Bull streets, con- tains the customs offices, Internal Revenue office, United States Marine Hospital Surgeon's of- fice, the Branch Hydro- fit graphic office, and the '^Ms^ United States Courts, District Attorneys and United States Marshal's and Commissioners' and Shipping Commissioners' offices and the offices of Inspectors of Steamboats. The building was erected in 1850. There is no record of the first custom house, although such a building existed as early as 1763. In 1789 the customs office was in Commerce Row west of the City Exchange. From there it was removed to a building which stood on the site of the old Georgia Historical So- ciety building on Bryan street, and afterwards to the City Exchange until the present Custom House was built. Tlie building is open to visitors. The Morning News Building, on Whitaker street, is one of the largest and finest buildings in Savannah. It was erected in 1876 and was enlarged in 1886. It is six stories high, and its tower, nearly one hundred feet above the street, commands a magnificent view of the city and the surround- ing country. The entire building is occupied by the Morning News Printing House. Masonic Temple, at Liberty and "Whitaker streets, was built by Solomon's LodgeNo. 1, the oldest lodge of Freemasons in this country. There is little but tradition concerning the early history of Freemasonry in Georgia. The records of Solomon's Lodge previous to the Revolution of 1776 were destroyed during the occupancy of the city by the British. The present records go back to 1784. According to the rec- ords of the Grand Lodge of England the lodge was organized Savannah and Its Surroundings. 47 in 1735 under a charter from that body. Solomon's Lodge is not only the mother lodge of Georgia, which gave the present Grand Lodge its existence, but it is the oldest work- ing body of Masons in America. Among its archives is a Bible presented by Oglethorpe. The Odd-Fellows' Building, at Barnard and State streets, is on the site of the building burned in 1889. When Washington visited Savannah in 1791 he was entertained in the house that formerly occupied this site. The new building is a handsome structure, and is the meet- ing place of five lodges, an encampment and a uniformed canton of the order. Oglethorpe Lodge, No. 1, is the mother lodge of Odd-Fellows in Georgia. It was organized in 1842. The Grand Lodge of Georgia was organized in Savannah in 1844. The Cotton Exchange was organized in 1872. Its build- ing, on Bay street, at the foot of Drayton, is one of the finest in the city. Visitors are admitted to the floor of the Ex- change through introduction by members. The Board of Trade, organized as the Savannah Naval Stores Exchange in 1882, was reorganized as the Board of Trade in 1883, its original purpose and scope having been enlarged to include other branches of trade than naval stores. It is supported by the naval stores, rice, grain, flour, and provisions, and fertilizer interests. The Chatham Academy, at Bull, South Broad and Dray- ton streets, was incorporated in 1788, and is the oldest educational institution in Georgia. The first free school in Savannah was established in 1816. The Chatham Academy building was erected by the Chatham Academy Trustees and the Union Society in 1818. In 1886 the interest of the lat- ter was purchased and the building was remodeled. It con- tains the High School, the Chatham Academy Grammar School, and offices of the Superintendent of Schools and the Board of Education. The Green Residence, on Bull street, fronting Madison Square, was General Sherman's headquarters during his JN — Savannah and Its Surroundings. ^9 occupancy of the city after the Confederate evacuation in 1864, and it has since been known as " Sherman's Headquarters." The residence is on the English style of architecture, and its occupancy by Shernaan has made it a point of historical interest. The Public Market, in Market Square, is to strangers a point of special interest. The market building covers an entire square. It was built in 1872. The roomy basement, half underground, and the market above it, are the great food supply center of the city. A Saturday night visit to the Market affords one of the most interesting sights in Savannah. The Police Barracks, at South Broad and Habersham streets, is the headquarters of the Police Department. The building contains the Police Court-room, officers' quarters and barracks-rooms, and City Jail. It was erected in 18G8. The County Jail, on Habersham street, south of the Police Barracks, was built in 1887 at a cost of $50,000. It is of brick and iron, with iron cells, and Sheriflfs residence. The Cotton Compresses are among the principal objects of interest to visitors. The Gordon presses are at the Ocean Steamship Company's wharves, and the Upper Hydrau- lic Presses are at the foot of Montgomery street. A bale of uncompressed cotton averages 381 cubic feet, with an average of 12f pounds per cubic foot. After the bale has been compressed it averages IS cubic feet, with an average of 28 pounds per cubic foot. The pressure in compressing a bale is from 1,500 to 2,000 tons. In no city in this country has the attention been paid to compressing cotton that there is in Savannah. The Rice Mills of Savannah are interesting, from the fact that, except those in South Carolina and Louisiana, they are the only mills in this country. There are three mills — the Upper Mills, on River street, near Farm ; the Planters' Mill, on River street, near Ann, and the Savannah Mill, on River street, at the foot of East Broad. Savannah and Its Surroundings. 51 SAVANNAH'S CHURCHES. m ll^lnii — ■ Christ Church, on Bull street, fronting Johnson Square, is the mother church of the Episcopal Communion in Geor- gia. Christ Church parish was founded soon after the set- tlement of Savannah. The first edifice was begun in 1743, but was not completed until 1750. In 1796 it was destroyed by fire and was rebuilt upon an enlarged plan in 1803. The next year it was partly demolished by a hurricane and was not rebuilt until 1810. In 1838 the corner-stone of the present edifice was laid, the old church having been torn down, and the building was completed in 1840. The founder of Christ Church was Eev. Henry Herbert, who came over from England with Oglethorpe. John Wesley was its third rector, and on the site of the present edifice stood the rude chapel, in which he ministered as Chaplain to the colonists. The late Bishop Stephen Elliott was rector of the church from 1861 until his death, in 1866, and in the chancel is a beautiful window to his memory. The interior of the church is interesting. The chancel railing, table and stalls are handsomely carved, and the memorial lectern and font are works of art. The exterior presents a singular architectural appearance. Its style, partly Ionic, is rather financial than ecclesiastic, and the church is a solid and, not altogether, unimposing structure. It was in Christ Church that the first Sunday-school was established by John Wesley, nearly fifty years before Eobert Baikes, who is honored as the founder of Sunday-schools, originated the scheme of Sunday instruction in Gloucester, England, and eighty years before the first Sunday-school in Amei-ica, on the Baikes plan, was established. St. John's Episcopal Church, on Bull street, fronting Madison Square, is, architecturally, one of the finest churches in the city. It is on the English style of Gothic, with rich , Savannah and Its Surroundings. 53 stained glass windows. The brass lectern, from which the design for the lectern in St. James Cathedral, Toronto, was taken, is an interesting work of art. The church was built in 1853. The parish was founded in 1841. Its first house of worship was on South Broad street, between Barnard and Jefferson. St. Matthews Episcopal Church, at Duffy and Barnard streets, is a mission of St. Johns. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Ascension, on Bull street, fronting Court-House Square, is the third edi- fice on the same site. The congregation was organized in 1750. The earlj- records of the society are lost, but it is sup- posed to have been founded by two German preachers — Ruben horst and Wottman. The present church was built in 1877. The Independent Presbyterian Church (rebuilding), at Bull and South Broad streets, will, when completed, be the finest church in the city, next to the Roman Catholic Cathe- dral. The first Presbyterian society in Savannah was or- ganized in 1755 l5y Rev. John Zubly, D. D. The first church was on Market Square. It was destroyed in the fire of 1796 and another building was erected on Whitaker street, between President and York, where the Hanley building now stands. The steeple of the church was blown down and the building was partly demolished in the gale of 1804. It was repaired and used until 1819, when it was torn down and the congregation removed to the church at Bull and South Broad streets, which, up to its destruction in the fire of April, 1889, was one of the finest churches in the South. It is now being rebuilt upon exactly the same plan as the original church, and, when completed, will have cost $115,- 000. The burned edifice was begun in 1817 and was dedi- cated May 9, 1819. President James Monroe, who was vis- iting Savannah at the time, assisted, with his suite, in the ceremonies. The corner-stone for the present edifice was laid January 13, 1890. The First Presbyterian Church, on Bull street, front- ing Monterey Square, is the .second Presbyterian Church in Savannah and Its Surroundings. 55 Savannah. The congregation was organized in 1827. The first church was on Broughton street, between Barnard and Jefferson. The present edifice was begun in 1856, but it was not completed until after the war. The first Methodist preacher sent to Savannah was Brierly Allen, who arrived in Georgia in 1785. The first Methodist society was organized in 1806, and services were held at the houses of the members. The first church was begun in 1813 at the corner of Lincoln and South Broad streets, and was completed in 1816. It was called Wesley Chapel and still remains, but is occupied as residences. Wesley Monumental Church, on Abercorn street, front- ing Calhoun square, was begun in 1875 and was com- pleted in 1889. The church, as its name indicates, is a monu- ment to the great founder of Methodism. Trinity Methodist Church, or "Old Trinity," as it is sometimes called, because of its associations with the early history of Methodism in Savannah, is on Barnard street fronting Telfair place, and is the leading Methodist church in Savannah. The edifice is comparatively modern, having been built in 1848. The First Baptist Church, on Chippewa square, is the leading Baptist church in Savannah. It was built in 1833. The first Baptist society in Savannah was organized in 1795. A church was built in Franklin square, on the site of the present First African Baptist church, and was dedicated in 1800. It was occupied until the present church on Chippewa square was built thirty-three years later. The Duffy Street Baptist church is a mission of the First Baptist church. The Roman Catholic religion was established in Savan- nah during the latter part of the last century, after Georgia became a Royal Province. The first church was built in Liberty square, but was torn down in 1838. The Cathedral of St. John the Baptint, the domxis of the Roman Catholic See of Savannah, on Abercorn street, fronting Lafayette square, is one of the finest ecclesiastical structures in the South. It originated with Bishop Ignatius Persico, now a MICKVA ISRAEL SYNAGOGUE. Savannah and Its Surroundings. 57 member of the papal liousehold, who took the initial measures for its erection. The corner stone was laid in 1874 and the Cathedral was dedicated under the episcopac}^ of Bishop Gross, the present Archbishop of Oregon, in 1876. The architecture is French gothic, in the style of the great Xotre Dame Cathedral of Paris, with nave and transepts. The interior is lofty and imposing ; the triple rows of groined arches meeting at their apices, sixty-five feet above the floor, supported by columns of bronze exquisitely capped with original compositions. The sanctuary is fifty feet deep and its rail is ninety-nine feet in length. The main altar is of white marble. The principal side altars are to the Sacred Heart and to the Virgin and to St. Joseph. Above the altar to the Virgin is a copy of Murillo's '' Immaculate Concep- tion." Adjoining the Cathedral and connected with it by cloisters is the episcopal residence. The Convent of St. Vincent de Paul is north of the Cathedral. The buildings consist of the convent cloisters and chapel and school rooms, covering the entire block fronting Libert}^ str3et between Abercorn and Lincoln streets. The convent was founded in 1842 by Rev. J. F O'Neill, the pioneer priest of Georgia. It is the mother house of the Sisterhood of Mercy in the diocese. The convent possesses a number of interesting works of art. In the chapel is a representation in wood carving of the " Dead Christ " supported by the Virgin Mary. The work is a copy of the famous group executed for the Bishop of Minster in Westphalia. In the convent garden is a terra Gotta statue of St. Benedict. St. Patrick's Parish was founded in 1865. Its church at West Broad and Liberty streets is a handsome structure. Adjoining it is the pastor's house. The first Hebrew congregation in Savannah was es- tablished by a colony of Israelites which came over shortly after Oglethorpe arrived. The congregation was called Mickva Israel. Its early history, however, is uncertain, as there are no records j^rior to its charter, which was granted 58 Savannah and Its Surroundings. in 1790. The corner stone of the present Mickva Israel Synagogue on Monterey square was laid in 1876, and the building was completed in 1878. The first synagogue was built in 1820 at the corner of Liberty and Whitaker streets. In 1829 it was destroyed by fire and a new edifice was built on the same site in 1841. The congregation B'jSTai Brith Jacob has a synagogue at the corner of State and ^lontgom- ery streets, and the Chebrah Talmud Torah congregation worships in a house on Broughton street. A SOCIETY OF SwEDENBOiiGiAxs has cxistcd in Savannah for many years, but until the Park New-Church, at Drayton and Huntingdon streets, fronting the park, was completed in 1889, the society was without a church edifice. The Young Men's Christian Association, at Bull and Jones streets, has a free reading room and amusement rooms, with evening classes and a gymnasium for the use of its members. The Association occupies its own building, which is open from 8 A. M. to 10 p. m. The colored churches of Savannah number about twenty. The Baptist and Methodist are the strongest denominations numerically. The colored Baptists have seven churches, one of which, the First African Baptist church in Franklin square, has over five thousand communicants. The Metho- dists have four churches, the Episcopalians two, Presbyterian and Congregational two, and Eoman Catholic one. Savannah and Its Surroundings. ASYLUMS AND HOMES. Savannah is rich in charitable and benevolent institutions. The oldest are the orphanage at Bethesda and the female Orphan Asylum at Bull and Charlton streets. Bethesda is ten miles from Savannah by the public roads and eight miles by rail. The City and Suburban Railwaj'^ runs regular trains to Bethesda station, and a walk of a thu-d of a mile brings one to the historic place where Eev. George AVhitcfield established his orphan house in 1740 The original buildings, towards the erection of which the people of two continents, aroused by the eloquent appeals of the great preacher for aid, gave with unbounded liberality, and the first bricks of which were laid by Whitefield's own hands, were struck by lightning and burned a short time after his death, which occurred in 1770. They were re- built, but were left in ruins when the British army evacuated the State. Lady Huntingdon, Whitefield's friend, labored with Christian zeal to forward the interests of Bethesda. At her death, which occurred in 1791, the school which she established was disf.'on tinned, and the State government, as successors to the trust, claimed the property. An unsuccess- ful attempt was made to establish Bethesda as a State insti- GO Savannah and Its Surroundings. tution, but in 1805 a fire damaged tlie Orphanage and a hur- ricane destroyed the outbuildings and the plantation. The Legislature ordered the property sold and the proceeds dis- tributed among several charitable institutions, one of which was the Union Society. This society was founded in 1750, and its good works included the care of orphans and desti- tute children. Forty-five years after the sale and division of the Bethesda estate, the Union Society purchased one hundred and twenty-five acres of the property, which in- cluded the original site of Whitefield's Orphan House. Suita- ble buildings were erected, and the boys under the charge of the society were removed from Savannah to this historic spot. Bethesda was thus restored. During the civil war, owing to the proximity of the orphanage to the coast, the boys were removed and Confederate soldiers occupied the buildings. Upon the occupation of the country by the Federal army a detachment of Federal soldiers was stationed at Bethesda, Shortly after the close of the war the orphan house was re-established. ' In 1870 the main building of the present orphanage was built, and ten years later the western wing was added. The eastern wing is still unbuilt. Through the liberality of one of its members the society was enabled to build and equip a technological department. There are one hundred boys now under the charge of the society. All have the benefits of the school, and the larger boys are instructed in the mechanical arts. In addition to these instructions they are required to assist in farm work. The discipline is positive but gentle, conforming more to that of a family than to that of a semi-public insti- tution. The boys, although bound to the society until they arrive at the age of eighteen, are allowed to leave at any time, provided there are satisfactory reasons for their doing so. The orphan house is supported by a small income ob- tained from rentals of city property and the yearly dues of the members of the society. Bethesda is open at all times to visitors. The President of the society is Colonel J. H. Estill,. who has had charge of the interests of the Bethesda Savannah and Its Surroundings. 61 Orphanage longer than any person except its founder, George Whitefield. The Female Orphan Asylum had a common origin with the Union Society in 1750, for the care and education of orphan and destitute children in general, who enjoyed its charities, without distinction of sex, until December 17, 1801, when the sexes were separated. The Female Orplian Asylum began then a distinct existence, the boj's remaining with the Union Society. It is one of the many venerable institutions of which the city boasts. The Abrams Widows' Home, at East Broad and Brough- ton streets, was founded through the generosity of a noble- hearted Christian woman of that name. As its name sug- gests, it is a home for indigent widows. Unsectarian in its character its benefits are enjoyed by all sects, and its kindly charities are poured out without reference to the distinctions of society. The Episcopal Orphans' Home, at Liberty and Jefferson streets, was founded in 1854. It is under the patronage of the Episcopal church. The present asylum building was erected in 1886. The Industrial Relief Society and the Home for the Friendless, at Drayton and Charlton streets, was incorporated in 1849, and was organized in 1875. It is a refuge for indi- gent women. St. Mary's Orphans' Home, at Habersham and St. Paul streets, is a Roman Catholic institution for the care of or- phan girls, and is under the patronage of the Female Or- phan Benevolent Society. The Little Minnie Mission, a home for waifs, at Jones and Lincoln streets, was established through the charity of Mrs. Charles M. Green. The Widow's Home, at West Broad and President streets, was founded by Miss Mary Telfair. The Asylum of the Little Sisters of the Poor, at Dray- ton and Perry streets, established in 1890, is the fii'st institu- Savannah and Its Surroundings. 63 tion of the Sisterhood in the South. It is under the patron- age of ti)e Roman Catholic church. The Sacred Heart Orphanage, for colored cliildrcn. on St. James street, is under the patronage of the llomau Catho- lic church. THE HOSPITALS. The Savannah HosriTAL, at Huntingdon and D aj^ton streets, was incorporated in 1835. It is not a municipal charity, but a private corporation. It receives from the city, however, an annual appropriation for the treatment of the poor. The hospital building and grounds are among the finest in the South. The visiting days are Wednesdays and Sundays from 2 to 6 o'clock p. m. St. Joseph's Infirmary, at the coi-nor of Taylor and Habersham streets, is the hospital of the Sisters of Mercy. It was organized in June, 1875, and is supported by volun- tary contributions and pay patients. Its charities are ex- tended without distinction of creed. Visitors are received at any time. The Telfair Hospital for Females, at ISTew Houston and Drayton streets, was founded in 1883 through a bequest by Miss Mary Telfair. It is one of the best arranged hospitals in the South. The visiting days are Tuesdays and Fridays from 3 to 6 o'clock p. m. The Georgia Infirmary for colored people on Sixth street, is supported by an appropriation by the city and by contributions. 64 Savannah and Its Surroundincjs. CEMETERIES. Laurel Ghove is the principal burial place of Savannah. It is nearest to the city of any of the suburban cemeteries, and although not as famous for its scenery as Bonaventure, it is one of the most interesting places around Savannah. It is within fifteen minutes ride by horse car of the hotels. The cemetery was established in 1852, and the first inter- ment was in October of that year. It is situated on high ground surrounded by native forests and is a picturesque and beautiful spot. Its establishment was rendered neces- sary by the crowded condition of the old cemetery on South Broad street, which has been a burial place for more than a century. The Confederate soldiers' lot in Laurel Grove is one of the most interesting spots in the ceme- tery. Here repose nearly fifteen hundred heroes of the civil war, whose remains were gathered from the distant battlefields on which they fell and were given a soldier's burial. The noble work was accomplished by the Ladies' Memorial Association of Savannah, which, with sacred care, has watched over their graves, and on Memorial Day decor- ates them with the bright flowers of spring. A marble statute of "Silence," which was originally one of the statues of the Confederate monument in the parade ground, keeps guard over this "bivouac of the heroic dead." Each grave is marked by a neat marble headstone. The Jewish cemetery is a part of Laurel Grove. The Jews' old burying grounds are on the western limits of the city, and are small enclosures shut in by high brick walls. One of them, the ruins of which only remain, was a burying ground before the Revolution, and within its walls was the rallying place of the American and French forces after their repulse at the battle of Spring Hill in 1779. The other 66 Savannah and Its Surroundings. burying ground is a few yards south, Neither has been used for many years. The c )LORed burying ground is a part of Laurel Grove, and is justbeyoud the main enclosure. To a stranger it is worth a visit. The Cathedral cemetery, the Roman Catholic burial place, is on the Thunderbolt shell road and the Coast Line rail- road, two miles from the city. The cemetery was founded in 1852, and contains forty-five acres. It is handsomely laid off and contains many fine mounds. It is the burial place of Bishops Barry, Baron and Gartland. Before the Cathe- dral cemetery was founded the Boman Catholic burial place was a part of the old cemetery on South Broad street. The old burying ground on South Broad street is one of the oldest cemeteries in America. It was closed in 1852. The ancient vaults and tombs still remain, although ihey are rapidly crumbling awaj\ The history of the cemetery is obscure. It was originally the burial place for Christ church parish. Up to 1763 it contained about half an acre of ground, but in that j^ear it was enlarged. Savannah had been settled thirty-one years before it required an acre of ground in which to bury its dead. In 1768 the cemetery was made a public burial place. It is surrounded by a high brick wall and the interior is grown up with weeds and briers. It con- tains the tombs of many of the early colonists of Georgia. The oldest graves, in what was the original burying ground, are midway between the South Broad street gate and the Abercorn street gate. The inscriptions on mau}^ of the old slabs are so worn away that they are scarcely legible. The graves of three of Christ church's early rectors — Bartholo- mew Zouberbuhler, died September 2, 1766, rector of the parish twenty-one years ; Samuel Frink, died October 4, 1771 ; Edward Ellington, died 1795 — are marked with broad stone slabs and are objects of interest. General Nathaniel Greene was buried here, and the cemetery contains the graves of many heroes of the Revolution whose names are familiar to history. Sir Patrick Houston, baronet, president of His Savannah and Its Surroundings. 67 Majesty's Council of Georgia, who died in 1762, and Lady Houston, v/ho died in 1775, are also buried here. Evergreen cemetery (Bonaventure) is four miles from the city on the Thunderbolt shell road and the Coast Line railroad, on the banks of the Thunderbolt River. Its natural beauty, with its historic associations, render it one of the most interesting places near Savannah. It contains one hundred and forty acres, seventy of which are enclosed. The cemetery was established in 1869. — ^<« ►—.^ Wfi>^ THE MILITARY. — • !Ol " Savannah is pre-eminently a military city. Nowhere in the South is the military esprit du corps maintained with such ardor and enthusiasm. The chivalric spirit has always been high. The earliest picture of Savannah represents a few scattered houses surrounded by a wall of forest with a battery of cannon commanding the river. The colony was planted upon ground claimed by the Spaniards, and within easy reach of the strong fortress of St. Augustine, from which the land and naval forces of Philip V were hurled against the little handful of Englishmen. A regiment was one of the first of Oglethorpe's necessities, and from the beginning the colonists felt that the safety of their altars and firesides depended upon stout arms and brave hearts. The spirit then born has never since died. The soldiery which Savannah sent to four wars has illustrated the prowess of Southern chivalry. During the civil war Savannah furnished over three thousand troops to the confederate service. Its leading military organizations — the First Volunteer Regi- ment of Georgia, the Chatham Artillery, Savannah Volun- teer Guards and the Georgia Hussars — antedate the civil wax by more than half a century. 68 Savannah and Its Surroundings. The Chatham Artillery, the oldest artillery company but one in the United States, was organized May 1, 17SG, its birth being coeval with the termination of the Revolution. The company bears to Savannah the same relation that the Ancient and Honorable Artillery of Massachusetts does to Boston. A month after its organization it discharged its first mournful duty at the funeral of General Nathaniel Greene, and it fired minute guns at Washington's funeral. During the war of 1812 it formed a part of the garrison of Fort Jackson. When the corner stones of the Pulaski and Greene monuments were laid in 1825 it participated in the ceremony and fired a salute in honor of Lafayette. During the civil war it served at Fort Pulaski and other points around Savannah, and took a conspicuous part in the bat- tles of Olustee and Battery Wagner, and served with the western army until its surrender. Its connection with the military service of the Confederacy began with the occupa- tion of Fort Pulaski in 1861 and continued until the last gun of the war had been fired. The company took part in the Yorktown centennial in 1876, and celebrated its own centennial in 1886. It is an interesting fact that during the civil war the Chatham Artillery furnished from its member- ship to the confederate and state service more than fifty commissioned officers. The Washington guns, so-called from their having been presented to the Chatham Artillery by General Washington, Savannah and Its Surroundings. 69 shortlj^ after his visit to Savannah in 1791, are relics around which cluster the memories of many historic events. They were used against the Continental army during the Revo- lution, and were surrendered by Lord Cornwallis at York- town. Their possession by the Chatham Artillery has always been guarded with jealous devotion. When the Confederate army evacuated Savannaii, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy they were buried under the armory. Many efforts were made by the Union soldiers to find them. The armory yard and beneath the basement were even probed with iron rods. So securely were the guns hidden that after the war they were with great difficulty re- covered. The Georgia Hussars, which were a part of the famous ''Jeff Davis Legion" during the civil war, were organized shortly after the war of 1812, by the consolidation of the Chatham Hussars and the Chatham Light Dragoons, the lat- ter of which was an organized command as early as 1781, and officiated with the Chatham Artillery at the funeral of General Greene in 1786. The troop was constantly on duty with the Chatham Artillery, the Savannaii Volunteer Guards, the Republican Blues and other companies of which no record is in existence, during the war of 1812. The Hussars are now a part of the First Georgia Regiment of Cavalry. The Savannah Volunteer Guards is the oldest infantry corps in Georgia. In consequence of the loss of its early records and the inaccessibility of other sources of accurate information, if such are still in existence, the history of the corps prior to 1818 is obscure. It was organized in 1802, and one of its first parades was during the visit of Vice- President Aaron Burr to Savannah. It was on duty during the war of 1812, and a part of the corps was sent to Florida on an expedition againt St. Augustine. Later on in 1819 it took part in the reception of President Monroe and in 1825 it paraded in honor of Lafayette. It took a conspicuous part in the civil war, and sun-endered with Lee at Appomat- 70 Savannah and Its Surroundings. tox. It is now composed of three companies. Its temporary iirmory is on Madison square. The First Volukteer Regiment of Georgia, whose his- tory as a part of the militia organization goes back to the Revolutionary war, is composed of five companies — the Republican Blues, organized in 1S08, the Irish Jasper Greens in 1843, the German Volunteers in 1846, the Ogle- thorpe Light Infantry in 1856 and the Savannah Cadets in 1861. The regimental armory is at Abercorn and Hunting- don streets. The colored military, also a part of the state forces, numbers about five hundred men, and is composed of the First Georgia Battalion of six companies, organized in 1878, tht; Georgia Artillery and the Savannah Hussars. THE OLD FORTIFICATIONS. ■ ■llOlln- The defenses of Savannah during the civil war still re- main, except where they have been leveled to make room for the city's growth. Four lines of defense were adopted, but only three were built. The first, or exterior line, was built early in the war to protect the coast from attacks by the Federal navy and to prevent the landing of troops. It extended from Causton's Bluff", four miles east of Savannah, to the Ogeechee River, and embraced Greenwich Park, Thunderbolt, Isle of Hope and Beaulieu. Detached works were built on Whitmarsli, Oatland, Skidaway and Green Islands, but these were only occupied a portion of the time, and towards the close of the war were abandoned. The general character of the works was water batteries, con- structed of earth, and reveted with sand bags, sods and fascines, and with traverses. 72 Savannah and Its Surroundings. The river batteries at and around Fort Jackson were in- tended for the protection of the main water approach. Fort Bartow, through which the Tybee railroad now runs, was the most important of these works and was the largest and most complete fortification on the coast. It was a bas- tioned work enclosing an area of seventeen acres, with glacis, moat, curtains, bomb proofs and surgeons' rooms under ground, and with advanced batteries and rifle pits in front, near the water. The ruins of the fortification, although overgrown with trees and bushes, are worth visiting. Fort McAllister, on the south bank of the Ogeechee River at Genesis Point, was an enclosed work of about an acre, detached and isolated, irregular in form, but compactly built, and adapted to its condition and surroundings. The armament was heavy, and the gallant and successful de- fenses it repeatedly made against the Federal iron clads, and Sherman's corps from the land side, have given it a name and place in the history of Savannah's defenses. Though an insignificant earth work, it was, by location and circum- stances, called upon to act a giant's part. The second line was what was known as the interior line of defense. This was almost semi-circular in contour, and distant from the city an average of three- fourths of a mile ; its left resting at Fort Boggs ; its right resting at a point a little south of Laurel Grove cemetery, and on the low lands of the Springfield plantation. The line was to resist any direct assault upon the city, should a force succeed in pass- ing the exterior line. It consisted of detached lunettes at regular intervals, constructed with mutual flank defense, and having sectors of fire, covering the entire space in front of the line, all growth having been cut for half a mile in ad- vance. The curtains were not of the same heavy character as the lunettes, but consisted of rifle pits and covered ways for direct communication. Abattis were constructed in front of the many lunettes. No portion of this line was ever subjected to attack. Savannah and Its Surroundings. 73 Fort Boj?gs, ou the left of the line, was a bastioned work about an acre and a half in area. Fort Brown, near the Catholic cemetery, was a point of some importance, more, however, from its early location and construction than anj^ special merit. The earthwork crosses the Thunderbolt shell road just beyond the cemetery and the fort is near by. It was not until the early part of 1864, when Sherman's army was gradually approaching the coast, that it was thought necessary to fortify Savannah inland. At this juncture a line of defense was adopted and constructed on the west of Savannah. The right of the line rested on the Savannah River, four miles from the city; the left rested on Salt Creek, about seven miles from the city. The defense consisted of detached works, continuously connected with rifle pits. The natural defense was very great; the swamps and low lands on the front of the line in many places being impenetrable and making it difficult of ap- proach. This was the line upon which the defense of Sa- vannah was made for eight days and maintained successfully against Sherman's forces, and which a picket's guard held while the city was evacuated. In the war of 1812 the city's line of defense extended from the foot of Broughton street to the west side of Lafay- ette square, and crossed the site of the present Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. It then diverged and followed the present line of Liberty street lane across Bull street, where the De Soto now stands, to Spring Hill, occupied by the Cen- tral railroad passenger depot, and thence to the foot of Farm street. The ruins of these defenses have long since disappeared. FORT PFLASKI. Fort Pulaski is the principal object of interest at the en- trance to the harbor. It is on Cockspur Island, fourteen miles from the city, and commands both entrances to the river. It was named after Count Pulaski. Its siege and capture are a memorable event in the history of tlie civil Savannah and Its Surroundings. 75 war. The fort was begun in 1831, and was sixteen years in building and cost over a million of dollars. Its walls contain over thirteen millions of brick. It has five faces and is casemated on all sides. The walls are seven and a half feet thick and rise twenty-five feet above the water. The fort was built for an armament of one hundred and forty guns. The gorge is covered with an eai'thwork of bold relief The main work and the demilune are both surrounded and di- vided by a wide ditch. The fort was taken possession of by Georgia troops early in 1861, and was occupied until after the capture of Tybee Island and the advance of the Federal batteries. Its bombardment April 10, 1862, was from King's Landing on Tybee Island, three-quarters of a mile distant. Early on the morning of the bombardment Major General Hun- ter, of the Federal army, dispatched an officer in an open boat, bearing a flag of truce, with a summons to the commanding officer in the fort to surrender. To this Colonel Charles H. Olmstead, the commandant, la- conically and heroically replied: "I am here to defend the fort, not to surrender it." Upon the receipt of this reply by the Federal commander, orders were issued for the com- mencement of the bombardment, which lasted for twenty- seven hours. The second day at noon all but two of the casemate guns bearing on Tybee were dismounted, and but two of the barbette guns were left; the outer walls of two of the casemates had been shot away, and others were in a crumbling condition ; the moat was bridged over by the ruins of the walls ; most of the traverses were riddled ; the officers' quarters were damaged; the magazine was in momentary danger of being exploded, and all avenues of escape for the garrison being cut off, a surrender was de- termined upon and the fort capitulated. After the Federal forces took possession, the damages to the casemates were repaired. The garrison was withdrawn shortly after the close of hostilities and only a sergeant was left in charge. The fort is in full view of steamers entering the harbor and is an 76 Savannah and Its Surroundings. object of interest to strangers. It is readied only by special boats, which land through permission from the United States army engineers' office in Savannah. Three miles below the city on the south bank of the river is Fort Oglethorpe, formerly known as Fort Jackson, after Governor James Jackson. It was originally a small brick work projected in 1808, and occupied during the war of 1812-15, since which time it has been rebuilt, and is now an important element in the river defense of Savannah. ^i ^ - ' '?%~ " Wwm^^ SAVANNAH'S RESORTS. ^fe '^^pAVANNAH abounds in beautifnl resorts, famous "f "^^^ for their situation, scenery and historic interest. ^|3t^ Thunderbolt, Warsaw beach, Greenwich Park, Bonaventure, Isle of Hope, Montgomery, Beaulieu, White Bluff and Tybee beach are the principal resorts, each with its own attraction. The country around Savannah is attrac- tive for its peculiarities of landscape. The scenery is char- acteristic in its beauty. The principal drives are over the Thunderbolt and White Bluff shell roads, magnificent roadways, lined with majestic oaks and towering pines and rich farms of unlimited fertility. A visit to Savannah without a drive over its shell roads is incomplete. In mid- winter wild roses and jasmine bloom among the hedges, mingled with the hanging moss, and magnolias and the tall sycamore form avenues of beauty, nowhere else to be found. An afternoon drive under the stately oaks of Bonaven- ture, with a view of the great salt marshes, and along the river bluff to Greenwich Park, and back to the city in twi- light, is one of the most charming features of a day's sight- seeing. At sunset Bonaventure presents a scene unequaled in picturesqueness. The wide solemn avenues, with here and there a marble shaft penetrating the shadows, the phan- tom-like arms of the dark broad-spreading oaks with their motionless pendants of pale gray moss, form a picture of weird and wonderful beauty. The country east of Savannah to the Thunderbolt river is Savannah and Its S^irroundings. 79 occupied by farms; beyond is a great expanse of salt marshes between the main hind and the sea islands. To the north is Hutchinson's Island, between the Savannah River and Back River. The island formerly belonged to South Carolina, but was purchased by the city several years ago, and a part of it is occupied by rice plantations. West of the city are rich farms and to the south are thousands of acres of fertile land. The principal rice plantations are along the Savannah and Back Rivers, above and below the city, and on the Ogeechee River some some distance south of Savannah. Savannah's resorts on the salts are beyond the immediate suburbs with farms intervening. The seaside resorts are within easy reach by rail or boat. BONA VENTURE. Bonaventure has long been famous among the places of interest around Savannah, for its natural beauty and its historic and romantic associations. There are many fine monuments in the cemetery, but no marble can vie in beauty and grandeur with the mighty yet graceful oaks which spread their arched boughs and superb foliage over the wide avenues. The cemetery is reached by a drive of four miles over the Thunderbolt shell road, or by the Coast Line railroad. It derives its name from the original tract of land of which it formed a part. The corporate name of the cemetery is Evergreen. The place was first settled about 1760 by Colonel John Mulryne, who came to this country from England and re- moved from South Carolina to Georg-a. By marriage the property passed into the possession of the Tattnall family, and it was here that Governor Tattnall was born in 1765. The first house built by Colonel Mulryne was upon the high ground overlooking Thunderbolt River and facing the center walk of the old garden which extended in terraces from the plateau to the river. This house was destroyed by fire in the latter part of the last century, during a dinner entertainment. The roof taking fire first, all hope of saving the building wa.*^ so Savannah and Its Surroundings. abandoned and the dinner was removed to tlie trees and there finished. The marriage of Colonel Mulryne's daughter, Mary, and Josiah Tattnall is of peculiar interest in the his- tory of Bonaventure, since from it date the avenues of mag- nificent trees which form the pride and chief feature of in- terest of the place. The trees were planted about that time, and tradition has it, in the forms of the letters M and T, the initials of the Mulryne and Tattnall families. A second house, built by Governor Tattnall, was also destroyed by fire. This house stood in the open space in the rear of the site occupied by the first, and its location is marked by a large cedar tree, nourished by the ashes of the burnt hearth. In 1847 the property passed into the hands of Captain P. Wiltberger. who had long associated the quiet and peace of the place, its patriarch trees, and their deep, solemn shade, its calm and seclusion, with a cemetery. With him origi- nated the idea of devoting Bonaventure to its present and final use, and his remains sleep under the foliage of its trees. ( ircums<:ances prevented for a time the execution of Capt. Wiltberger's plans, but they were taken up by his son, Major W. H. AViltberger, and the formation of the Evergreen Ceme- tery Company, in 1SG9, was the result of his efforts The first person buried at Bonaventure was the wife of Governor Tatt- nall, who died there in 1803, and who was shortly afterward followed to the grave by her honored husband. Amongst the historical incidents of the place is the rescue of Governor Wright, by Colonel Mulryne, during the revolutionary war. Colonel Mulryne, a staunch tory, disapproved of the Declara- tion of Independence, and when the patriots confined Gov- ernor Wright in Savannah, Mulryne hastened to his res- cue, and conveyed him to Bonaventure until he could be placed on board an English man-of-war lying in the river. Colonel Mulryne left the country with the Governor, and died at Nassau, New Providence. It is also historic that the French, after their unsuccessful attack on Savannah, fell back to Bonaventure and thence re-embarked many of their wounded, burying a number of their dead on the place. S2 Savannah and Its Surroundings. THUNDERBOLT. Thunderbolt, on Thunderbolt River, four miles from Sa- vannah, is one of its most popular resorts. It is the termi- nus of the Coast Line railroad and of the Thunderbolt shell road. There is nothing peculiarly striking about the place, other than its invigorating sea breezes, fine oaks, delightful shade, good salt bathing and excellent fish and oysters. It is the main source of the fish and oyster supply for the Sa- vannah market. It is the headquarters of the Savannah Yacht Club, whose handsome club house and grounds occupy a charming site on the bluff just north of the village, in full view of Greenwich Park and Bonaventure and commanding a magnificent view of the river and the marshes, and of the sea islands. All of the regattas under the auspices of the Savannah Yacht Club are sailed over the Thunderbolt course. The Thunderbolt race track is just west of the village. According to local tradition, the place received its name from the fall of a thunderbolt and the gushing forth of a spring from the spot where the bolt struck. Whether the tradi- tion be founded on fact or not, it is nevertheless believed to be true, and the spring is pointed out with faith and pride by old inhabitants as the Thunderbolt spring. Warsaw beach is reached in the summer by steamers from Thunderbolt. It is a magnificent bathing ground and is a popular resort. GREENWICH PARK. Greenwich Park is a private pleasure ground occupying a bluff on the Thunderbolt river, a short distance east of Bonaventure, and commanding a magnificent view of the surrounding country. It is reached by a shell road branch- ing from the Thunderbolt road at Bonaventure. A branch of the Coast Line railroad runs to the park entrance. The grounds are handsomely laid out. On the bank of the river is the dancing pavillion and back of it are the bowling alleys. The military rifle range is a short distance beyond. The park is the headquarters of the Savannah Eifle Associa- /Savannah and Its Surroundings. 83 tion, and most of the military contests take place there. The place possesses some historic interest, from the fact that it was in the line of the city's defenses during the civil war, and in the attack of the French forces upon Savannah in 1779 Count Pulaski and a part of the French army encamped there on the march against the city. TYBEE. Tybee Island, the great seaside resort of the South, is at the mouth of the Savannah River. The greater part of the island is owned by the Tybee Beach Company. It is reached by a fifty minutes' ride over the Savannah and A.t]antic rail- way. The route is for the greater distance in full view of the harbor and open to the free sweep of the ocean breezes. Twickenham, Bruton Hill, Deptford, Causton's Bluff and Mackey Point plantations present conspicuous attractions to the tourist. The magnificent stalwart oaks of Deptford, with their mammoth limbs, beautifully and gracefully draped with soft moss, constitute a grove equaling, in grandeur the avenues of Bonaventure. Tybee beach, which has been pronounced superior to that of Cape May, extends a distance of five miles, and is a magnificent and solid roadway commanding a complete view of Tybee roads and the ocean. The surf bath- ing is unsurpassed. During the bathing season the beach presents a scene rivaling in a measure the panoramas of life and beauty which render Long Branch, Newport, Cape May and Nantucket renowned. It is lined with hotels, cottages and club houses from North End to the new Hotel Tybee at South End. The railroad runs within full view of the beach. The island is also accessible by steamers which land at North End. Tybee is the most important link in the chain of islands which fringe the South Atlantic coast from Charleston to Fernandina. The most careful research has failed to fix definitely the exact time of its settlement, but from the best information it was occupied a short time previous to the set- tlement of Savannah by people from the neighboring South -*lbcrty Street line. City and Suburban Railway- (Isle of lloiic and Montgomery lines), Whita- ker and Second. Take any red car and transfer to Abercorn andWhitaker Belt line. Savannah and Atlantic Railway, President and Randolph. Belt Line yellow cars pass within a blot-k, or take any red car and transfer to Liberty Street line. The <'it.\- and Sulnirban Railway and the Belt Line have branch lines to the depot which are operalcd during the suuuner. ( 'oast Line Railroad (P>onaventure and Thunderbolt Dummy line), Bolton and East P.ioad. Belt Line yellow cars pass within a block, or take any i-ed car and transfer to Haliersbam Street line. WHARVES. Ocean Steamship Company, Boston, Kew York and Philadelphia lines, foot of Ri\ i-r strei't. Take Belt Line yellow cars to loot of Indian Street, or omnibus from hotels. Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, Baltimore line, foot of Bay Street. Take Belt Line yellow cars to Bay and East Broad. Georgia and Florida Inland Steamboat Company, Florida line, toot of Lincoln. Augusta Steamboat line foot of Drayton. Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, naval stores and lumber wharves, foot oi Bay. Take Belt Line yellow cars to Bay and East Broad. STREET CAR LINES. Abercorn and Whitaker street Pelt line, red cars, every ten minutes, round trip thirty minutes, passing City Exchange, Custom House, Postoffice, Cotton Exchange, Firemen's head:. until 10 i*. m. Savannah Port Society free reading rooms for sailors, Bay and Abercora Street. Open daily 8 a. m. until 10 p. m. POINTS OF VIEW. City Exchange tower. Bay footof Bull. Morning New building. Bay and Whi taker. Court House tower. Solarium of De Soto Hotel. Electric light towers. Permission from Superintendent <»f Brush Electric Light Works. HALLS. Masonic Hall, Liberty and Whitaker. Catholic Library Hall, Drayton, be- tween Perrv and McDonough. Odd Fellows' Hall, Telfair Place, Bar- nard and State. Mozart Hall, St. Julian & Whitaker. Armory Hall, Court House Square, Bull between State and President. Metropoliian Hall, Whitaker and Pr. sident. Turner Hall, Broughton and JelTerson. Yonge's Hall, Whitaker and DutJy. MONUMENTS. Confederate Soldiers, Parade Ground. I Gordon, Court House Square. Pulaski, Monterey Square. Greene, Johnson Square. Jasper, Madison Square. 1 Gettysbuig, Laurel Grove Cemetery. BANKS. Merchants' National, St. Julian and Drayton. Southern Bank of the State of Georgia, Drayton between Bryan and St. Julian. Savannah Bank and Trust < 'omimny. Hay and Drayton. Central Railroad Bank, Bay betwicn Bull and Drayton. National Bank of Savannah ano < iglethorpe Savings and Loan Company, Bryan Street, beiween Bull and Drayton. Citizens' Bank, Draytiai and Bryan. C. H. Olmstead & Cu's Banking House, Johnson Square between Bryan and St. Julian. Title Guarantee and Loan Company,' savings department, Congress be- tween Bull and Whitaker. Germania Bank, Bryan and Abercorn. Chatham Dime Savings Bank, Bull between Congress and Broughton. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. City Exchange, Bay foot of Bull. Custom House, Bay and Bull. Postotlicr, Bay anil Drayton. Court House, ("ourt House Sijuare. Cotton Exchange, Bay loot of Drayton. Georgia Historical Society Library, Gaston and Whitaker. Telfair Acadcmj' of Arts and Sciences, Telfair Place. County Jail, Habersham, between South Broad and Liberty. Police Barracks, South Broad and Habersham. City Market, Market Square. ARMORIES. First Volunteer Regiment of Georgia, Abercorn and Huntingdon. Chatham Artillery, Court House Square, Bull between State and President. Savannah Volunteer Ouards Battalion, Madison Square, Bull between Harris ana Macon. Georgia Hussars, Masonic Temple, Liberty and Whitaker. NEWSPAPERS, The Morning News, daily, No. 'S Whitaker Street. The Evening Times, daily. No. 98 Bryan Street. Georgia F'amilien Journal, weekly. No. 89 Bay street. Savannah Independent, weekly, No. 5 Drayton Street. Savannah Local, weekly. No. 1% Bull Street. Old Homestead, monthly, No. 42 and 41 Bull Street. Savannah Tribune, (colored), weekly. No. 156 St. Julian Street. CLUBS. Oglethorpe VAnh, Bull and Broughton. Catholic Library Association, Dray- ton between McDonough and Perry. Young Men's Hebrew Association, Liberty and Whitaker. Harmonic Club, Jones and Bull. Savannah N'olunteer Guards Battal- ion, Madison Sijuare. Travelers' Exchange, Bull and Con- gress. Savannah and Its Surroundings. 107 SCHOOLS. ("hatlinm Academy, Bull and Sontb Broad. Barnard Street Sehool, Chatham Square, Barnard and Taylor. Massic School, Calhoun Square, Abercorn and Gordon. Cathedral School, Perry and Abercorn, SI. Patrick's School, Liberty Square, Montgomery between President and York. West Broad School, for coloi-ed children. West Broad foot of Congress. East Broad Str et Sch'ol, for colored children. East Broad and Gaston. St. Vincent de Paul Academy, Llhertv between Abercorn and Lincoln. Oglethorpe Seminary, Jones and Whitaker. Richmond's Commercial Institute, Perry between Bull and Whitaker. School fi r Boys, Macon between Bull and Drayton. Savannah Academy, Madison Square, Bull between Macon and Charlton. Haven's Industrial School, for colored girl <, Anderson between Burrougiis and Cemetery. CONSULATES, Argentine Republic— Rafael S. Salas, Vice Consul, 80 Bay. Austria-Hungary — Edward Karow, Vice Consul, 10^ Bay. Nicaragita -Rafael S. Salas, FO Bay. Peru- Rafael S. Salas, Consul, 80 Bay. Portugal— A. V. Ivancicb, Vice Con- sul, b4 Bay. Russia— .loseph J. Wilder, Vice Con- sul, 112 Bay. Spain— Narcisco Perez-Petinto, Con- sul, 120 Bay. Sweden and Norway— C. M. Hoist, Vice Consul, 120 Bay. Uruguay— Rafael S. Salas, Consul, 80 Bay. Venezuela — N. Frierson, Consul, 70 Bay. HOSPITALS. Savannah Hospital, Huntingdon between Drayton and Abercorn. St. Joseph's Infirmary, Taylor and Habersham. Telfair Hospital for Females, New Houston and Draytf n. Georgia Intimary for colored people, Sixth between Abercorn and Lincoln. ASYLUMS. Female Orphan A.sylnm, Madison Square, Bull and Charlton. Episcopal Orphan's Home, Liberiy and Jett'erson. Home of the Friendless, Charlton and Drayton. Abram's Home, Broughton and East Broad. Bethesda Orphanage, Bethesda, eight and one-half milfs from city. Widow's Home, President and West Broad. Little Minnie Mission, Jones and Lincoln. St. Mary's Orphan Home, Habersham and St. Paul. Little Sisters of the Poor, Drayton and Perry. Sacred Heart Orphanage, for colored children, Habersham and St. James. CEMETERIES. Bonaventure, Thunderbolt shell road. Take Coast Line cars and Dummy line, or drive over Thunderbolt shell road. Laurel Grove, Anderson Street. Take Barnard and West Broad Street red cars. Cathedral Cemetery, Thunderbolt shell road. Take Coast Line cars and Dummy line. Old Cemetery, South Broad and Abercorn. Permission to visit from police headquarters. 108 Savannah and Its Surroundings. DISTANCES FROM SAVANNAH. XOKTH AND WEST. Miles. Boston 1146 New York 917 Philadelphia S26 Baltimore 730 Washington (WS Pittsburg Uouis 904 Kansn.s City 1232 Denver 1871 Miles. Memphis 745 Nashville 586 Chattanooga 434 Knoxville 558 Richmond 572 Wilmington 327 Charleston 115 Asheville 360 Aiken 140 Augusta 132 Miles. Atlanta 294 Macon 191 Columbus 291 Montgomery 385 Birmingham 448 Mobile 464 New Orleans 606 Thomnsville 200 Brunswick 100 Waycross 96 FLORIDA. Miles. Jacksonville 172 St. Augustine 20S Tallahassee 301 Pensacola 420 Monticello 224 Fernandina 205 Magnolia 200 Green Cove .Springs 201 Palatka 22.S De Land 2.S2 Enterprise 294 Rock Ledge 344 Titusville 331 Miles. Sanford 296 Altamonte 309 Winter Park 314 Orlando 318 Suwanee Springs 172 Kissinimee 336 Bartow S81 Silver Springs 276 O.-ala 278 Huinasassa 335 (Tuinesville 249 Tampa 411 Punta Gorda 457 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 109 HISTORICAL. SUMMARY OF SAVANNAH. l733_0^1ethorpe landed with the colo- nists February 1. The town laid off and the first house begun October 9. 1734— Arrival of the Salzburgers March 12. 1736— John and Charles Wesley arrived February. 1737— George Whitefield arrived May. 1738— Tomo-Chi-Chi died. 1740- The flrst Christ church begun. Bethesda Orphan House foundei March 25. 1743— Oglethorpe left the colony finally July 11. 1744— The first commercial house es- tablished by James Habersham and Charles Harris. 17M— The first colonial assembly met January 15. 1752— Georgia became a royal province. 1754— Governor Reynolds, the first gov- ernor, arrived October 29. 1758 -The Church of England estab- lished by law. 1759— The first wharf built. 1763— The first printing press estab- lished and the " Georgia Gazette," the first newspaper, published April 7. 1764— Robert Bolton, the flrst post- master appointed. 1775— First meeting of Provincial Con- gress January 18. 1776— First attack by the British on Savannah March 3. Capture of the first British vessel in the Revolutionary war by an American schooner, off Tybee, July 10. 1777— The State Constitution formed and Christ Church Parish named Chatham County after the Earl of Chatham. 1778— The city captured by the British December 29. 1779— Battle of Spring Hill and death of Count Pulaski and Sergeant Jasper October 9. 1783- The city evacuated by the British forces July 11. 1784— The first legislature assembled January. 1786— The Chatham Artillery organ- ized May 1. General Nathaniel Greene died June 19. 1788— The fii'st cotton" exported from Savannah. The Chatham Academy incor- porated. 1789— The city incorporated. 1790— John Houston elected the first Mayor. 1791 — Washington visited Savannah, May 12. 1796 -'J he first destructive fire occurred November. Two hundred and twenty-nine houses burned. 1799— The Citv Kxcliaiige built. 1802— Vice-President Aaron Burr vis- ited Savannah May 20. 1804— Great storm ; over 100 negroes drowned on Hutchinson's Island, September 8. 1810— First census taken. Savannah's population 5,195. 1814 — Capture of British brig-of-war "Epervier" by American sloop-of- war "Peacock" May. 1819 — President James Monroe visited Savannah and participated in the dedication of the Independent Presbyterian church May. The first steannhip to cross the Atlantic sailed from Savannah May 20. 1820— The second great fire, destroying 460 houses, January 11. 1825— Lata vet te visited Savannah March 18. 1854— President Fillmore visited Sa- vannah April 22. 1861— Occupation of Fort Pulaski by Confederate forces January 3. Confederate State convention met in Savannah and ordinance of secession framed March 7. 1862— Bombardment and captui'e of Eort Pulaski, bv l^ederal forces, April 10. 1864— The city invested by Sherman's army, after the march to the sea, December 13. Fort McAllister captured Decem- ber 11. Evacuation of Savannah by the Confederate army December 20. The city formally surrendered December 21. 1879- Corner stone of Jasper inonu- ment laid October 9. 1881— Gi'eat storm and tidal wave August 28. 1883— The Sesqui Centennial of theclty celebrated February 14. Third great fire occurred October 31, 365 houses in Yamacraw burned. 1886— The Chatham Artillery's centen- nial celebrated May 1. Savannah shaken by earthquake August 31. 1888-President Cleveland visited Sa- vannah and the Jasper monument unveiled February 22. 1889— Fourth great fire April 6. 1890— Corner stone of Independent Presbyterian church relaid Jan. 13. JOHN FLANNEBY, Presid^al. JAMES SULI/tVAN, Cashier HORACE A. CRANE, Vice- Presi lent. SOUTHERN BANK OK THE STATE OK GEORGIA. Dr'apoi] ^tr^eet, between Br^ilaii % ft, Julian ^tu'eetsg, SAVANNAH, OA. e^pifcrl, |i@©,6@6. % Surplus, cf §06,©©@. DEPOSITORY OF THE STATE OF GrEORGIA. SK]VlI=ANNUAIv STATEMENT At Close of Business December 3ist» 1889. Loans and Discounts S2,22n,410 63 Bonds and Stocks 692,065 00 Banking House and otliei- Ke;il Estate 72,603 26 Furniture and Safes 2,000 00 Due by Banks and Bankers 68,378 29 Protest Account 4 75 Cash 348,675 10 Capital Stock $500,000 00 Surplus Fund 500,000 00 Undivided Profits 127,930 9S-$1. 127,930 98 Dividend No. 37 un- paid 90 00 Dividend No. 38, pay- able Jan. Ist, 1890.... .30,000 00- .30,090 00 Due Depositors 1,953,633 5S Certified Checks 13.292 48 Due Banks and Bankers 222.792 29 Due Treasurer State ot Georgia... .56,397 70 $3,404,137 03 EUGENE KEtLY, of Eugane Kelly & Co., New York. JOHN FLANNERY, of John Flannery & Co., Savannah, Ga. S. B. PAL,MEK, of Palmer Brothers, Savannah, Ga. E. A. WEIL, of Meinhard Bros. & Co., Savannah, Ga. HORACE A. CRANE, Savannah Ga. J. B. DUCKWORTH, of Duckworth, Turner & Co., Savannah, Ga. LEE ROY MYERS, of Lee Roy Myers & Co., Savannah, Ga. HORACE P. SMART, Pres. Araoskeag Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga. PURCHASERS OF REAL ESTATE INSURE YOUR TITLES! OoOOOono O OOo o <> o o o ^i^Tlis Lis Weusd Loan Copy of hmiii^ O <) <) O o o o o (> O o o «> o o o o Will Insure Titles to Real Estate, for the benefit of Purchasers or Mortgagees, and protect all parties interested against loss by reason of Defects in Titles. The Company assumes the defense of all suits involving property insured by it, without cost to the insured, and will pay any losses that may be sustained. -J^INSURANCE PERPETUAL{^ And Only a Single Premium Required to be Paid. GEORGE H. STONE, President. E. L,. HACKETT, Treasurer. ISAAC BECKETT, Secretary. R. R. RICHARDS, Advisory Counsel. O^ce : 135 Congj^ess Street. Abstracts of Titles. Having with great care pre/pa''ed from the records a correct ABSTRACT of the TITLES to all lands ivithin the CUy of Savannah and County of Chatham from THE SETTLEMENT OF OEORGIA to date, I am prepared to furnish memoranda of th", same tvith FULL INFORMATION AS TO THE IN- TEGRITY AND SUFFICIENCY OF TITLES. My Abstracts are exclusively used by the Title Guarantee and Loan Company of Savannah. Office :—135 Congress Street. ISAAC BECKETT. 1 M n. ^KAL pijSTATK ^OKNXS, 94 BAY STREET. SAVANNAH, GEOROIA. — iiOi«" Property Bought and Sold Strictly on Commission. CAH, AND SEE ITS BEFORE I Ji«VESTIIN;G. DEALER IN j^/o€m ^.^ CyO^-m^d lANDlk^- * * * ^^- •» ^ * / (^^^^. ry©. ^ Je/petyfor) C)Ifcc1. Savannah, Georgia. THE CITIZENS' BANK OK SAVANNAH, GHORQIA. Corner Drayton and Bryan Streets. Paid ITp Capital, : ::::::: : $200,000.00 /itifliorized Capital, ::::::: : 500,000.00 WILLIAM ROGERS. CHARLES H. DORSETT, GEORGE C. FREEMAN, Prenident. Vice-President. Cashier. __^DIRECTORS:D<^ WiLLAM Rogers, Charles H. Dorsett, Georre N. Nichols, D. R. Thomas, J. H. Estill, John R. Young. W. G. Cooper, Henry C. Cunningham, David Wells. NEW YORK correspondent: IMPORTERS' AND TRADERS' NATIONAL BANK. ■ — sOp®i^®d Januaiy 3, I8SS.5 — ■ ftwlpil UMlpnii llail -OK THE- fentral Railroad & Banking Company of (Georgia. SAVANNAH, GA. E. P. ALEXANDEK, President. T. M. CUNNINGHAM, Cashier. A. C. UL,MER, Assistant Cashier. Capital, $7,500,000. Bank Capital, $500,000. — A General Banking Business Transacted. — NEW YORK correspondents: Hanover National Bank. Mercantile National Bank. I3IE=LE1 OTO E=LS : E. P. Alexander, Abraham Vetsburg, John C. Calhoun, W. S. Chisholm, Joseph Hull, S. M. Inman, J. K. Garnett, C. H. Phinizy, H. T. Inman, E. M. Green, Pat. Calhoun, E. P. Howell, James Swann. ■ ^-1^ «« ^^* jH^ it -5^^^ THOSE WHO HAVE OPERAIED IN -)?(-REAL ESTATE-t- • e- IN SAVANNAH AND CHATHAM COUNTY THROUGH Ileal @0tate dealer, 142:<- ->:Coogressi- ->:Street HAVE REALIZED THE TRUTH OF THE ABOVE AXIOM. ALWAYS TO r.E HAD THKOUGII IIIM: ^^ Residence and Business Property, ^ c^l^ Farms, Suburban Lands for Sub-Division, c^^ Manufacturing Sites, Etc. b' Correspondence is solicited ivith Home or Foreijn syndicates desiring to purchase local industries. 0000000 ^ 0000000 ^:J t?^- C. JP. M^LLJER, 131 Congress Street, ^ Savannah, Georgia. ? DEALER IN ? Real Estate Buys and 8elh on Commission All Classes of Real Estate. A Large List of Choice Residences, Building Lots, Factory Sites, Truck Farms and Acres suitable for lotting. ESTATES MANAGED. '^- vXi ^B^TAXES PAID.^S*' 7 and 8 per cent, net on First Mortgages Guaranteed Investors. Interest payalile in New York Exchange. Refers to Mereliants' IVatioiial Bank by peiiiiissioii. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. SA.M. ir. FLA^TSHJU^K, rj9^ »» STOCK EXCHANGE ecuirity ^voXs^&v^ -^^ BATTERSBY BUILDING, ^ May • ar)(a. • Jcsjpaylor) • C)lpcels, • C)(2i:v0:r)r)eir)5 • (sfa:. ^>^§^* i?»?/s a?if? se?^s on co^nmission all classes of stocks and bonds. Negotiates Loans on marketable securities. -Neiv York quotations furnished by private ticker- every fifteen minutes. lis jSpyar) Sf., \^' Scav'arjria^, Ss. n siaie Ac^ b VJi Ui SECRETARY AND TREASURER Chatham Real Estate and Impiovement Com-pany. r-. c:j_ ■yjsT'^^iLJLrs'^ /. ^IHtl3 ti'^^* -J?- 120 Bryan Street -s^- Buys and sells on commission all classes of securities. Special attention g-iven to purchase and sale of Real £state. IIEXRY Bl,rX, PiTsidciit. JOUX M. II4IUAN, Cashier. n^ THE UiHIii m% EiliE N, W. Kor, Bryai^ and AbercoiQ Sts., SAVANNAH, GA. TEANSAOTS A GENEEAL BANKING BUSINESS. INTEEEST AT 4 PEE CENT., COMPOUNDED aUAHTEELY, ON DEPORTS IN ITS SAVIN2S DEPARTMENT. + + I BUYS AXU .SELLS 1 I t \ I Sovereigns, 20 Marks, 20 Francs, ' <: Spanish Reals and Pesetas, ] Mexican 20 Pesos, 10 Guilders Holland. SILVER— Uncurrent, Domestic and Foreign. -ii BANK t NOTES— H- ISaiik of Eni^laiid, Reicli!^ Marks, French Bank ]Vote!ii, Hollanil Guilders, Etc., Etc. Checks on all cities in Germany, France England, Italy, Austria and other countries of Europe, also on cities in Asia, Africa and Australia. MerohMts' Ndiond Bmk. (DESIGNATED U. S. DEPOSITORY.) Savannah, = = = = Gkorgia. CAPITAL, $500,000. ^^ SURPLUS, $250,000. Ne-vv Yorl-c Correspondent: NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC. John L. Hammond, S. P. Hamilton, Thomas Gadsen, President. Vice-President. Cashier. DIRECTORS :5 John L. Hammond. S. Guckknheimek, S. P. Hamilton, L. T. TuRNEK, F. D. Bloodworth, M. Maclean, S. Herman. THE SAVANNAH LINE. -A.ND- m — ■•ii^ii — For NEW YORK, BOSTON, PHILADELPHIA, AND ALL -^BASTERN POINTS.^- THE FLEET. Kansas City 4,000 tons City of Augusta 3,000 tons Tallahassee 3,000 tons Chattahoochee 3,000 tons Nacoochee 3,000 tons City of Birming-ham.... 3,000 tons City of Savannah 2,100 tons City of Macon 2,100 tons Gate City 2,100 tons Dessoug 1,500 tons -^ LEA 'VE SA VjlJVJVjSH p- FOR NEW YORK Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Passengers for Pliiladclphia connect with Bound Brook lloute. For BOvSTON,. Every Four Days. For PHILADELPHIA, (^%f,5|!^") EvERy Ten Day?. — •••■■1^1 ■ — C;. M. SORREL., General Manager. C. G. ARIDERSOIV, Agent. SAVANNAH, GA. SAVANNAH, GA. ll' ^ttTRHNSPORTATION CO.** ^1^ t The Steamships of this Company Ply Regularly ISetvveen Savannah and Baltimore, _.^%.. Baltimore and Boston @ Baltimore and Providence. Close connections at Savannah with the CENTRAL RAILROAD, the S., K. & W. R'y, and the different Steamboat Lines. Leaving: Savannali for Baltimore every Five Days, and from Baltimore for Savaunali on Same Days* The Baltimore Route is tlie most direet between the Soutli and West. It is also the most economical and quickest. The Steamers are first-class in every respect, with excellent accommoda- tions for passengers. Reduced rates of passage to emigrants from Baltimore and all points West and Southwest. This Company's Steamers are especially arranged for the transportation of fruit and vegetables, the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway tracks running on Steamer's wharves, and Through Bills of Lading at low rates will be issued. A. L. HUGGINS, Agent, Baltimore, Md. W. E. GUERARD, Agent, 56 Bay Street, Savannah. "ii-^Sottfl^&dia^S^l «««,. ^'"GATE CITY" ROUTE.*- ACROSS THE STATE FROM St. John's River to the Gulf of Mexico. Through Line, carrying U. S. Mall between New York and West Indies. — ■ no» — PULLMAN PARLOR CARS, PULLMAN BUFFET CARS, '/5^ c^^ NEW YORK TO PORT TAMPA, '•^^ ^^cr. PASSING THROUGH THE Richest Orange Belt of Florida. SCENERY UNSURPASSEE, At PORT TAMPA, the deep water terminus of this line, connection is made with the elegant steamers ot the FOR -^KEY WEST AND HAVANA.3^ The trains run direct (o the ship's side at Port Tampa. For full information, time cards, etc., address WILBUR MoCOY, G. T. A., Smtord, Fla. COAST LINE RAILROAD. THE ONLY RAIL LINE TO BONAVEN TURE, THUNDERBOLT -"^) # GREENWICH PARK AN D FOR WARSAW BEACH, TWENTY t MINUTES t RIDE ^ FROM t THE t CITY. A delightful trip tlirougli cliarming scenery, passing the Ca'ihedkal Cemeteky and tlie Old Fortieications. I^OTJI^ TH-A-IKTS ID.A.IXji'S'. COMFORTABLE CABS. -:- /ST£i:i> i?^7i. TBACK. -8®=-Take Habersliani Street cars to Coast Line Depot twenty minutes before departure of suburl:)an trains, or talie Liberty Street cars in front of the Lie Soto and transfer at Haljcrsham Street. Special Cars for Charter for Excursions. City and Subuhban Railway. -THREE TRAINS DAILY TO- Isle of Hope, ^- Nlontgomery Beat^ilieu, Betliesda. THIRTY MINUTES RIDE Over smooth track along a charming route to Savannah's Famous 1 \esopfs OF) l;^e C)(alls '^^'» rlisfopic jOGlrjcsGla. Abercorn and Whitakev Sfreet Cars direct to Depot on Second Street. TH iPULASKI * :!; * * * s!^ ;!; * ijs THE FAVORITE STOPPING PLACE FOR TOURISTS. Accommodations for 250 Guests. The PULA8KI is in the center of th. business por Lion of the cily, fronting Bull SU-eet, the favorite promenad'u and Johnson Square. An entire South- ern Erponire. The most deaghtful loca- tion in the city. -0) Mc (* The hotel has been remodeled and enlarged; another story has been built ; fify roomt have been added; the dining room doubled in size, and reception and reading rooms added with new and elegant furnishin ,s. Electric L.i^lits, Otis Hydraulic Elevator, and Artesian l¥ater, Hot and €old Baths. The Cuisine and Sercice Unsurpassed in the South. — : — Every Convenience and Luxury for ^ ;!;:!;;!; :sj * ^H * ♦ * the Comfort and Enjoyment of Guests. All lines of horse cars within one minute's walk of the Hotel. Omnilius at all Trains and Steamers. Rooms secured by telegraph. Address SAVANNAH, GA. WMM ©©'BAW SOW^ SMMna^h & AtlmtiG Ry. ^cTYBEE ISLANDS WITH ITS Ora.iif1 Beacli, .® *-4^» Mag^niGcent Surf Batliiiig^, " y ^ f^" ®^ and Pure Air. The Great Summer and Winter Seaside Resort of the sodth atlantic. FIFTY MINUTES' RIDE FRDIVI SAVANNAH Over a Smootli Road 1'"ree from Dust and Cinders, Swept by Ocean Dreezes Neaily its luitire Length. COMFORTAKLE COACHES, Mc- Mr COURTEOUS CONDUCTORS, ^^ "^ v^ Alfc ANO PERFECT OT?DER ^ ^ MAINTAINED ON AL,L, TRAINS. An Excursion Route at all times safe for Unattended Ladies and Children. ES3COi;LrssiOia., (Round Trip,) SO OeirxtiS. FAMILY EXCURSiONS-Tuesdays and Fridays. Family Exeursion Days, fare, round trip, Adults 35 Cents Childken, 5 to 12 years 30 Cents The only thiourfh line running to the Ocean ivilhoiit connecting o _ steamboats, terminating at the Finest Beach on the Atlantic Coast ^^vT'- for .mrf baihin;;, unci for seven miles affording am^jgniflcent drive. FINE HOTELS. SPACIOUS PAVILIONS. ARTESIAN WELLS. The road newly equipped with fast trains. All street car lines lead to the depot in the city. '>>XS^^>'<'> H. H. WOODRUFF, D. G. PURSE, Uciieral Agent. President anrt Manager. t- SAVANNAH, &a -t- Ox^ezi.ec3. iTa/XxiJia-r-y Ist, lOOO. JOHN + ll. + BHKER+&+CO., + Proprietor8. > 'J^HE DK SOTO was built in 1S89, and is the most luxuriously appointed Hotel in the South. It is in the center of the city, occupying an entire square, front ing the principal promenades and drives, and is near all public buildings and libraries and points of interest. It is richly furnished, lighted with electricity, heated throughout with steam and open fire places ; is provided with hydraulic elevators, artesian water iiaths, and every appointment which tends to the perfect enjoyment of its guests. 4®=^ITS CUISINE AND SERVICE UNSURPASSED.-^* A ■■•■ MAGNIFICENT •:■ TOURISTS' ■■• HOTEL Witli Every I^uxury Obtainable. Address Sar&tnga -t- Springs I THE OLDEST SUMMER RESORT IN AMERICA. rTHE AMERICAN.* Teutli Season. ^^^^^ Opens June 1st. = ACCOMMODATIONS FOR 300 GUESTS.^ VI/IIE AMKRK'AX is the best located Hotel at Saratoga Springs ; on Broadway, I between the United States and (.Jruiiil Union, it presents views and attracti:ins unsur- J. passed by any. Its fine commaniuni; i'iazzas offer splendid opportunities for sight- seeing. The P,attcrs(in. ll!atliorn. Hamilti>n, Congress and otlicr famous Springs are near and eonvcnient to tlie lldtel. and ('on^rt-ss SiirinLC Park is wilhiii twii iiiinuti's' whIIv. Tliornu.-ljl\ renovated, and willi many ini|.r.iveini-iits. TilK A.'M l':i! ICAN nflVrs to visitors everv atlrartii.n anil cDinfcrt tn l>e lonml in a well and .oniidetrl^ appnint.-d hoti-l. Steam lieat |Hr\ciit- tlii' disccpmloiis cit rhilly mornings or evenings, wliile an Otis Bros.' Impuo\ ei> r issi.N'.i i: Ij r,\A Kii; renders eaih floor ot easy and ahiiost equal access. As in till' |i,i-i. ilii |iio|irieliir will maintain a table fully equal to any in Saratoga. Special rales viven lor .lime and Seiitember. For terms and rooms, address GEORGE A. FARIMHAM, Free coaches at this hotel to and from all depots. i iwner and Proprietor. Savannah, Floiiida and WE^tefn R'lj. (WAYCROSS SHORT LINE.) *- . Tlic Diivct :iii(l Ali.sl Ui.pula!- Roulc (<> .All Uoiiits ttS!©RTLH, SOUTH, -!- EAST | VyZ^ST,. -i='TTT- .T .TK/r A TVT SIjI3:E3I>I3XrCS- O.A-H.S. ^^JACKSONVILLE: ^_. f»llon|-c|oittcttj., t?»llcicou, 'fl^^iritiif.Cjl-oii, o'i'itDihicifici lit, ^rtciwi'ci, I^S-^clbon, ^J a .^ \\v i f I'c , Sj'i a tt'atvooqa, o>l i c fm t o » vb, Svcnu>oiri'c, ^otMotnllc, ^'^'^\n.^^l i nc|loii, '^aijcnmcifi, fiirtci imciti, ^Sa tli mote, St. ^Otli^, AND 'Jfl i IciL'C tpfl ici, — nxr:H3"w "S'oitis.- — DOUBLE DAILY TRAINS BETWEEN JACKSONVILLE AND NEW ORLEANS. Rciiitc of the Famous New York and Florida Pullman Vestiljuled Train iLimitedj. II. s. iiai:kek, c i>. owebts, -w. m. i>.\vio«osi. ». Kavaiiiiali. Oa. .Ia<-ks>oiivillo. Fla. -^•iTDiiii imiLimm n@mwE-^ II' IJDV rr IfT Li .yjj .^^ Si. ■ A' •«>- ^- I3i tM 110 il s% ^ -®. ■ & ■> BATES ■> mm ■> AN ENVIABLE RECORD BASED ON True -h Merit, t^ THE UNri^ECEDENTED SUCCESS * OF- NTIMIGRAIEI As a Cure for every virletij of that most com- mon of all physical ailments, -^ HEADACHE.-^ and the immense favor which ha-i greeted it from all quarters proves its acceptability to the public, and at once establishes it as one of the few HONEST AND RELIABLE REMEDIES. /\niimigl ailie p,^i„e^ cmoral, Cocaii Mor- iiie, or other poisonous drugs or chemicals, and can be taken freely with- out fear of serious or unpleasant after effects. It is not a Cathartic, does not disarrange the stomach. It is Perfectly Safe and in action it is always Sure and Speedy. Macon, Ga., August 12, 1889. The A^Uniif/viine Cohip'i.nii. Genti^kmen: — I have been using "Antimigraine" for nervous si'ik headache, and have given it to several of my friends who join me in stating that "Antimigraine is the best medi- cine for lieaflaclicsi wo have mer tal?en and tlio only one wliich givfs iis(|iiick and permanent relief without leaving unpleasant after effects. Yours very truly, Mrs. W. F. Adams. Savannah, Ga., June 3, 18S9. The An/hnif/raine Commiiiiy. Gen rr.EMEN :— It aflbrds me no lit- tle pleasure to add my testimonial to the indorsement of your Headache cure "Antimigraine," for it has never failed to give nie instant relief, with no unpleasant after ell'ects that are generally brought about by so-called headache remedies. Very truly yours. Rev. James h. Gilmore, Chaplain to Seamen. ,»>Mp ANTIMIf^RAINIT Is a beautiful wine colored liquid, pleasant ^^1^"'' I imiunMIIlt to the taste, put up in bottles containing- Twelve Full Doses. Sells for 50 Cents by all Druggists, and is Guaranteed to Cure all Headaches. ^GARDNER'S 3Di Bull StrEEt. JN- «^5«;?-'- »-^:!>t^*^5^--- ^i:^ FLORISTS' AGE>rT>^^ AND HEADQVARTERS FOR CURinSITIIi.S, Orange Walking Canes, ^ ^ Live and Stuffed Alligators, Alligator and Boars' Teeth Jewelry, %^ ^ Shells, Ornamental Grasses. ^FLOWER -J- and * SRMS * SEEDS,* BULBg,-^ PLANTS,a^._ FLOWER POTS AND PLANT FOOD. AGEN FOR ^ Oik§QHiQ='§ NySffM tilt Flowers, Floral Designs ami BasKeti? of All Deseripfions Beaiifiriilly Made Fp. Camelia Floiveis Packed and Shipped in Season a Specialtij. BIRDS, CAGES, MOCKING BIRD FOOD, BIRD SEEDS, MEDICINES AND TONIC. J. Gardner, Agent. ^ Kon^me rcial l iist Me,-!^-- ^ ^- ^- if^™" Principal. 137 PERRy STIiEEI, i.....V ETWEEN D WKITAKER Meiir Thciiter. SAVANIIIill. GEORGIi ^JlCeHtoricii^ atib 3ac^oCul"iovv;5 tlrtt^iticarCu §)iQto3:>cb. BOOKKEEPING, SHORTHAND, TYPEWRITING, PENMANSHIP. PAINTING AND DRAWING, ^ ^ -t- -% -tr TELEGRAPHING. -t- ,iH,*LE¥Yt&^ 159 Congress Street. ^^]r)£, ■ L^Gtrqesl • v!4lol:^ir)q • rlousc • ir) • l^e • C)©u}^ Gentlemen'' s Furnishing Goods a Specialty. Business Suits aud Youth's and Boys' Clothing in the Latest Styles. -^AG-ENTS +FDR:^FINE + HaTS,;;^ The Leading Clothiers in Savannali. THE NEW YORK i SOUTH. ^-%4^AVANNAIi the largest and most pros- b-t^s parous city on the South Atlantic Coast; has more raih-oads than anj' other Coast city, and in two years will double its present number. It has the best deep water facilities of any Southern city, and is the largest naval stores depot in the world. SAVAIVX All's POPIILATIOIV 60,000.- THE CITY'S PRESENT GROWTH AND PROGRESS POINT 200,000 POPULATION IN 1900. Property that sold two years ago for |50 an acre is now selling for $500 per acre and in two years will sell for $5,000 per acre more. I^mm, miimmm SATTANNAH'S LEADING REAL ESTATE FIRM No. 156 Broughton Street, Buys, sells and handles Real Estate strictly on commission. As we are not specidating tve are in a position to advise our customers on this subject. We will not sell or handle property held at an unreasonable price. If you wish a home, a Jarm, business prop- erty, mineral or timber lands we cm supply you. None can yet say they made a mistake by purchasing through us. BUSINESS TRANSACTED FOR NON-RESIDENTS. ''Pfl 3i,,o