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THE 
 LIFE OF ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 FOR BOYS AND GIRLS 
 
 vV ^ BY 
 
 j: G. DE ROULHAC HAMILTON 
 
 AND 
 
 MARY THOMPSON HAMILTON 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 BOSTON AND NEW YORK 
 HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY 
 
:ii M >« 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
 Published October iqij 
 
 A t S 
 
 OCT 20 1917 
 
 ©C!.A47«0?^6 
 
 In..^^ 
 
 '%^0 
 
 K 
 
TO 
 J. G. DE R. H., Jr. 
 
 AND 
 A. T. H. 
 
 CITIZENS 
 
 THANKS TO LEE, LINCOLN, AND GRANT 
 
 OF AN UNDIVIDED COUNTRY 
 
THE LIFE OF ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 For Boys and Girls 
 
GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE 
 
Recollect that we form one country now. 
 Abandon all these local animosities and 
 make your sons Americans. 
 
 Lee. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This book is written with the hope that through 
 it the life and character of Lee may become more 
 real to the generation of young Americans now 
 growing up. His was a life worthy of study by 
 all young people, particularly those who are 
 Americans. 
 
 In the happy day to which we are now come, 
 when the division between the sections, for years 
 past one of sentiment alone, is fast disappearing, 
 the Nation as a whole pays tribute to the lofty 
 character, the sturdy Americanism, and the es- 
 sential greatness of Robert Edward Lee no less 
 than to that of Abraham Lincoln. If this little 
 book, by making better known the character and 
 purity of motive of Lee and those he represented, 
 may in some degree hasten the time when the 
 last trace of bitterness between the North and 
 South shall have disappeared, the authors will 
 feel that it has well fulfilled its purpose. There is 
 a certain appropriateness in the year of its ap- 
 pearance. As these words are written descend- 
 ants of the followers of Lee, inspired by the same 
 loyalty to their country which animates the sons 
 of those who followed Grant, are testifying to 
 
X PREFACE 
 
 the fact that, in accordance with the precept and 
 example of the leader of the Confederate armies, 
 they have been trained to be Americans. The 
 survivors of the Confederate armies have just 
 borne witness in Washington to their devotion 
 to the flag of the united Nation. And we may- 
 dare hope that in the fires of the struggle in 
 which we now engage will be consumed the last 
 obstacle to a perfect union of hearts for all Amer- 
 icans. 
 
 The book makes no claim to any great addi- 
 tion to the sum of knowledge in relation to Lee. 
 It is in the main drawn from secondary sources, 
 but a good deal of material touching upon Lee's 
 life is included which appears in no other of his 
 biographies. The works which have been chiefly 
 relied upon are : Jones, Life and Letters of Gen- 
 eral Robert E. Lee ; R. E. Lee, Jr., Recollectio7is 
 and Letters of General Lee ; F. Lee, General 
 Lee ; Bradford, Lee^ the American; Adams, Lee 
 at Appomattox ; and Dodge, Bird^s-Eye View of 
 the Civil War, Other works which were also 
 of particular value are: Bruce, Robert E. Lee; 
 Vdige, Rooert E, Lee ; Taylor, General Lee ; Trent, 
 Robert E. Lee ; Pollard, Life and Times of Robert 
 E. Lee ; White, Robert E. Lee and the Southerji 
 Confederacy ; Fleming, fefferson Davis at West 
 Point ; Long, Memoir of Robert E. Lee ; and The 
 Centennial History of West Point, In addition 
 
PREFACE 
 
 XI 
 
 several hundred articles bearing on Lee s char- 
 acter and career have been studied carefully and 
 material has been drawn from many of them. 
 
 We are under obligations to the Reverend W. 
 McC. White, of Raleigh, North Carolina, for un- 
 published illustrative material, and we desire to 
 make particular and grateful acknowledgment 
 of the assistance of Mr. Edwin Greenlaw, of the 
 University of North Carolina, who read the manu- 
 script and made many helpful suggestions. 
 
 J. G. DE R. H. 
 
 M. T. H. 
 
 Chapel Hill, N.C. 
 June IS, 1917. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 I. Lee's Forbears i 
 
 II. Boyhood 9 
 
 III. Life at West Point i8 
 
 IV. The Young Engineer .... 36 
 V. In Mexico 48 
 
 VI. Years of Peace, 1848-1855 ... 66 
 VII. The Cavalry Officer .... 76 
 
 VIII. State or Nation? 89 
 
 IX. A Year of Trial 107 
 
 X. In Chief Command 119 
 
 XI. Life in the Army 137 
 
 XII. Against Heavy Odds 151 
 
 XIII. Appomattox 162 
 
 XIV. After the War 177 
 
 XV. Lee and the Nation 194 
 
 Index 201 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 General Robert E. Lee . . . Frontispiece 
 
 From a painting by Theodore Pine (1Q04), in the pos- 
 session of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, 
 Va. 
 
 Robert E. Lee 38 
 
 From a portrait painted about 1831 by West {son or 
 nephew of Benjamin West), in the possession of Wash- 
 ington and Lee University. The uniform is that of a 
 Second Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. 
 This, the first painting of Lee, is said to have been made 
 shortly after his marriage. 
 
 General Lee on Traveler . . . . . 148 
 
 From a photograph by Miley & Son, Lexington, Va. 
 
 Robert E. Lee 174 
 
 From the painting by Pioto, in the possession of 
 the Virginia Military Institute. 
 
THE LIFE OF ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 lee's forbears 
 
 Lee, in character and personality, was a logical 
 product of his lineage and training, and to be 
 really able to understand him, one must know 
 something of his race and his surroundings. 
 
 The Virginia Lees were descended from the 
 Lees of Shropshire, a family of high standing and 
 position and one that had given many men of in- 
 fluence to England before the time when Richard 
 Lee set out for the New World. There was Lance- 
 lot Lee, who took part in the battle of Hastings ; 
 and Lionel Lee, who went with Richard Cceur 
 de Lion on the Third Crusade to the Holy Land, 
 and who, for his gallantry at Acre, was made the 
 first Earl of Litchfield ; and Henry Lee, who won 
 from Queen Elizabeth the coveted insignia of the 
 Garter. 
 
 Richard Lee, that ancestor of Robert Lee who 
 first came from England to Virginia, was a tall, 
 handsome man, possessed of great ability and 
 strength of character. He settled in the Northern 
 Neck, which was that part of the province lying 
 
2 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 between the Rappahannock.and Potomac Rivers, 
 and soon became prominent there. He was ap- 
 pointed a member of the Council and also served 
 under Sir William Berkeley as Secretary of the 
 Colony. He was a devoted Royalist and brought 
 all his influence to bear to hold Virginia loyal to 
 the House of Stuart. It is said that, when Crom- 
 well died, it was Richard Lee who induced Berke- 
 ley to proclaim Charles II, ** King of England, 
 Scotland, France, Ireland, and Virginia." 
 
 Richard's son, also named Richard, succeeded 
 to the high position that his father had held. A 
 member of the Council, he was the intimate friend 
 of Governor Spotswood, who said of him, ** No 
 man in the country bore a fairer reputation for 
 exact justice, honesty, and unexceptional loyalty." 
 It is not improbable that he w^as one of that gal- 
 lant band of gentlemen who accompanied Spots- 
 wood to the crest of the Alleghanies and who 
 there, after laying claim to the great West, formed 
 the Order of Knights of the Golden Horseshoe. 
 
 Thomas Lee, the fourth son of Richard, fol- 
 lowed in his ancestors' footsteps and became a 
 member of the Council, and was also for a time 
 its president. In this capacity, he served a while 
 as acting governor of the Colony, in which he w^as 
 probably more distinguished than any other man. 
 He was later appointed governor, but died before 
 his commission reached him. He was the father 
 
LEE'S FORBEARS 3 
 
 of Richard Henry Lee, who proposed the Decla- 
 ration of Independence, of Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 who, along with his brother, signed that immortal 
 document, and of Arthur Lee, who was one of 
 the envoys who secured the aid of France in the 
 Revolution. Thomas Lee lived at ''Stratford" in 
 Westmoreland County, and, having lost his house 
 by fire, he built there the fine old mansion in 
 which the greatest of the Lees was presendy first 
 to see the light. Queen Caroline, from her private 
 purse, sent him a considerable sum for the re- 
 building of his home. This estate descended to 
 Thomas's eldest son, Philip Ludwell Lee. 
 
 A younger brother of Thomas Lee was Henry 
 Lee, who married a Miss Bland and whose third 
 son, also named Henry, was the famous '' Light 
 Horse Harry" Lee of the Revolution and the 
 father of Robert Edward Lee. It was through 
 his wife, a daughter of Philip Ludwell Lee, that 
 ''Stratford" passed into the hands of Robert 
 Lee's father and so became the birthplace of that 
 great man. 
 
 "Light Horse Harry" Lee was born in 1756 
 and was educated at Nassau Hall, Princeton, 
 from which institution he was graduated in 1774. 
 Two years later he was placed in command of a 
 cavalry company which was soon joined to the 
 Continental Army under Washington. Lee was 
 promoted to the rank of major and saw service 
 
4 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 at Germantown and at Brandywine and in many 
 lesser battles. His daring in capturing a British 
 fort at Paulus Hook (now Jersey City) won for 
 him a resolution of thanks from Congress and a 
 gold medal besides. In 1780 he was made lieu- 
 tenant-colonel, and the next year he joined Gen- 
 eral Greene in the Carolinas. It was here, in the 
 section already the scene of the exploits of Marion, 
 Sumter, and Davie, that he won his greatest fame. 
 After his brilliant feats in the Carolinas, his health 
 failing, he returned to Virginia and there married 
 his cousin Matilda Lee. Within a few years his 
 wife and three of their four children had died, and 
 later he married Anne Hill Carter, the daughter 
 of Charles Carter of " Shirley," on James River, 
 one of the most noted estates in Virginia. The 
 Carters had given few illustrious names to Vir- 
 ginia, but they possessed character, culture, and 
 refinement, besides great wealth, and they had 
 intermarried with most of the prominent families 
 of the State. Anne Carter was a great-grand- 
 daughter of Governor Spotswood, and was thus 
 descended from Robert Bruce. 
 
 " Light Horse Harry's " years of peace were not 
 less distinguished than those of war. He was a 
 member of the Congress of the Confederation in 
 its closing days ; he served in the Virginia Con- 
 vention which ratified the Constitution of the 
 United States, where he acted with Washington, 
 
LEE'S FORBEARS 5 
 
 Madison, Marshall, and Randolph in securing the 
 assent of the Old Dominion to the new form of 
 government ; and, later still, he was a member of 
 Congress. There, when Washington died, he pre- 
 pared the memorial address containing the famous 
 words *' first in war, first in peace, first in the 
 hearts of his fellow citizens." He was a firm ad- 
 vocate of the Union, but was nevertheless a de- 
 voted believer in the sovereignty of each indi- 
 vidual State, and, when he was defending the 
 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions on the floor 
 of Congress, he said, " Virginia is my country ; 
 her will I obey, however lamentable the fate to 
 which it may subject me " ; and he wrote to James 
 Madison, " No consideration on earth could in- 
 duce me to act a part however gratifying to me 
 which would be construed into disregard of or of 
 faithlessness to this commonwealth." This firm 
 faith his son inherited. 
 
 In 1794 he was appointed by President Wash- 
 ington to the command of the troops sent to Penn- 
 sylvania to suppress the so-called ''Whiskey Re- 
 bellion." In 1812 he was made a major-general 
 in the United States Army. Unfortunately, soon 
 afterwards he was seriously injured in Baltimore 
 while defending a friend from mob violence and 
 so could not serve in the second war with Eng- 
 land. Because of his broken health he went to 
 the West Indies and lived there five years, but 
 
6 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 his strength continued to fail, and he set out for 
 home. On the voyage he grew rapidly weaker 
 and begged to be landed at Dungeness on Cum- 
 berland Island, Georgia, the home of General 
 Nathanael Greene's widow. There he died and 
 was buried, and there his body still rests. He was 
 a man of fiery and impetuous spirit and made 
 warm friends and bitter enemies. He was brave, 
 generous, and the soul of honor, and was a fine 
 type of the active, warm-hearted, able men whom 
 the Old Dominion of that day produced in such 
 numbers. 
 
 From this lineage was born Robert Edward Lee, 
 and into what environment? 
 
 The Virginia of 1807 was little changed from 
 Colonial Virginia. The life of the community was 
 much the same. Means of transportation were not 
 many and few people went often far from home. 
 The great number of Virginians were farmers ; 
 the plantation was the unit of the community; 
 the negro slave the laborer who produced the 
 staple crop, tobacco, which was almost as impor- 
 tant at that time as in the days when it passed as 
 money. The typical life of Virginia was its coun- 
 try life ; a quiet life and an uneventful one, but 
 one full of charm. The members of the leading 
 class were closely bound together by association, 
 by common interest, by friendships of long stand- 
 ing, and by ties of blood. They intermarried until 
 
LEE'S FORBEARS 7 
 
 relationships were hard to trace clearly, and this 
 confusion was increased by a pleasing habit of 
 claiming as kindred those who were really only 
 close friends, a habit which gave rise to the term 
 "Virginia cousin," still known in the South as 
 one indicating no close tie of blood. Year in and 
 year out, the gentry of Virginia ruled over their 
 plantations with patriarchal dignity and kindness, 
 bred fine horses, raced and rode them, took part 
 in politics, attended court, hunted and fished, and, 
 not of least importance, danced and paid devoted 
 court to the ladies. Everybody kept open house, 
 paid visits which lasted for days, weeks, and even 
 months at a time, and, in a sense, lived as one 
 great family. It was a life of peace and happiness, 
 but those who lived it were neither careless nor 
 unworthy. America has had no finer type than 
 those men who set the standards of this community. 
 They exalted the State, womanhood, and religion, 
 and practiced in their daily lives truth, courage, 
 manliness, and kindness, and held firmly to the 
 finest traditions of English life. They were un- 
 touched by that progress which comes from con- 
 tact with new people and new ideas, and were 
 conservative from nature and habit, so that the 
 love which their ancestors had felt for the Old 
 Dominion in them became a passion for the State, 
 and service for the State became an honor which 
 no one was too lofty to accept. For the same rea- 
 
8 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 son the will of the State commanded instant and 
 absolute obedience. 
 
 From this air Robert Edward Lee drew his first 
 breath. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 BOYHOOD 
 
 Westmoreland County, Virginia, is a little 
 county lying" between the Rappahannock and 
 Potomac Rivers, which was originally cut ofE 
 from Northumberland County. It is not more 
 than thirty miles long and about half as broad, 
 but it has probably produced more great men 
 than any other spot of its size in the United 
 States. George Washington was born there, and 
 James Monroe, as were also the famous Lees — 
 Richard Henry, Francis Lightfoot, Arthur, and 
 " Light Horse Harry." James Madison was born 
 not far away in Prince George County, which 
 adjoins Westmoreland. 
 
 Stratford, the Lee home, was one of the most 
 beautiful and interesting of the Colonial mansions 
 of Virginia. Its timbers were of solid hewn oak 
 of great size, and the brick used in the building 
 were brought from England. The walls of the 
 first floor were two and a half feet thick and those 
 above were two feet. The house was meant to 
 be a permanent family home, after the fashion of 
 English houses, and was very stately. It contained 
 seventeen rooms besides the great hall, and on 
 
lo ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 the roof were two pavilions or summer houses 
 made with the chimneys for columns and con- 
 nected by a gallery. From them was visible the 
 broad expanse of the stately Potomac, and there 
 at night in the olden time promenaded the ladies 
 and gentlemen, while a band of negro servants 
 played for them. Around the house were great 
 oaks, cedars, and maples, and the drive through 
 the grounds skirted a magnificent grove of the 
 maples. There were, in addition to the house, four 
 large offices, the kitchen, and stables to accommo- 
 date perhaps a hundred horses. The buildings 
 cost about eighty thousand dollars at a time when 
 the purchasing power of money was much greater 
 than it is now. The house is still standing. 
 
 In this home, on January 19, 1807, was born 
 Robert Edward Lee. The room in which he was 
 born was the same one in which two signers of 
 the Declaration of Independence had first seen 
 the light. All the surroundings were full of tradi- 
 tion, and all suggested culture and refinement, 
 and stood for honor, sincerity, and patriotism. 
 Here was a fit nursery of greatness, and the 
 mind of the small boy, who was surrounded by 
 books, by portraits of soldiers and statesmen, by 
 beautiful silver and china and mahogany, must 
 have been impressed to his future advantage. 
 
 It has been seen that all of Lee's half-brothers 
 and sisters save one died early. The one excep- 
 
BOYHOOD II 
 
 tion, Henry Lee, was already a grown man when 
 Robert Lee was born. Of his own mother's chil- 
 dren, he was the fourth. The others were Alger- 
 non Sydney, who died in infancy, Charles Carter, 
 and Sydney Smith, and two girls, Anne and Mil- 
 dred, both younger than himself. 
 
 Charles Carter Lee, after graduation at Har- 
 vard, became a lawyer, and was one of the most 
 talented and popular men in Virginia. Sydney 
 entered the navy at fifteen years of age and 
 served with distinction for many years. He com- 
 manded Commodore Perry's flagship in the fa- 
 mous expedition to Japan ; was in command for 
 a time of the navy yard at Philadelphia ; and, at 
 the time that Virginia seceded, was commandant 
 of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. True to the 
 traditions of his race, he resigned and entered 
 the Confederate Navy. He was the father of Gen- 
 eral Fitzhugh Lee, of the Confederate Army, who 
 was later, during the war with Spain, a major- 
 general in the United States Army. Anne mar- 
 ried Judge William Marshall, of Baltimore, and 
 Mildred married Edward Vernon Childe, of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and spent most of her later life in 
 Paris. 
 
 When Robert was four years old, his father 
 moved with his family to Alexandria that his 
 children might have better opportunities for edu- 
 cation; but as the boy grew older he was often 
 
12 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 at Stratford and spent much time at Shirley on 
 the James River, which was the beautiful home 
 of his mother's father, Charles Carter, a man of 
 lofty character and princely generosity. At both 
 places the past was vividly presented to him, not 
 only by the things which surrounded him, but 
 also by the old family servants who talked to him 
 of its greatness. At both places he found com- 
 panions in the many visitors, to whom the doors 
 were always open wide, or, on the rare occasions 
 when there were no visitors, in the little darkies, 
 who loved to do ** young master's" bidding, and 
 act either as servants or as play-fellows to him. 
 At both places he took part in the sports and 
 games of rural Virginia : shot partridges, ducks, 
 and geese ; fished, rowed, and sailed ; swam in 
 the summer, and skated in the winter. He spent 
 much time on horseback and became an expert 
 horseman. He roamed freely through the woods 
 and fields and came to have a love for the open 
 which he never lost. In later years he often re- 
 called running the fox on foot all day. 
 
 It was not strange that he never lost his love 
 for these two old places. In 1861, after the seizure 
 of Arlington, he wrote his daughter : — 
 
 Stratford is endeared to me by many recollections 
 and it has always been the desire of my life to pur- 
 chase it. And now that we have no other home, and 
 the one we so loved has been so foully polluted, that 
 
BOYHOOD 13 
 
 desire is stronger in me than ever. The horse-chest- 
 nuts you mention in the garden were planted by my 
 mother. You do not mention the spring, one of the 
 objects of my eariiest recollections. How my heart 
 goes back to those early days. 
 
 In 1867, he wrote: — 
 
 I wanted, if possible, to pass one day at Shirley. I 
 have not been there for ten years. It was the loved 
 home of my mother and a spot where I have passed 
 many happy days in early life, and one that probably 
 I may never visit again. 
 
 It was two years after the Lees moved to Alex- 
 andria that General Henry Lee went to the West 
 Indies, that journey from which he never returned 
 to Virginia. When he died, five years later, Rob- 
 ert was only eleven and he never saw his father's 
 grave until 1861. He was at that time in charge 
 of the Confederate defenses of the Southern coast. 
 One who was with him says : '* He went alone 
 to the tomb and after a few moments of silence 
 plucked a flower, and slowly retraced his steps, 
 leaving the lonel}^ grave to the guardianship of 
 the crumbling stone and the spirit of the restless 
 waves that perpetually beat against the shore." 
 A few months before his death, he again visited 
 the grave, this time with his daughter, who cov- 
 ered the mound with flowers. 
 
 Although Robert's father went out of his life so 
 early, his mother was left to him. She was his in- 
 timate friend, for she was the sort of mother a boy 
 
14 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 could have for a friend. Her thought of her chil- 
 dren, left entirely to her care, was unceasing, and 
 her life was filled with good works. She was a 
 woman of unusual gifts, and, when her two older 
 sons left her, one for Harvard College, the other 
 for the navy, she gave all her attention to the 
 little fellow who was left at home and his two 
 little sisters. His father wrote of him from the 
 West Indies, *' Robert was always good " ; and, 
 striving to keep him so, Mrs. Lee impressed upon 
 him principles and habits of action and thought 
 destined to remain with him throughout his whole 
 life. He was taught industry, self-denial, self- 
 control, truth, religion. He was taught the les- 
 sons of honor and pride of race along with mod- 
 esty and self-efTacement. Patriotism he was born 
 to, and it was fostered in him through his school 
 days at Alexandria. The place was full of asso- 
 ciations of " the Father of his Country," and, as 
 Washington became there the hero and the ideal 
 of Lee's boyhood, so he was in many ways the 
 model of his manhood, and study of Washington 
 teaches patriotism. 
 
 Robert's first teacher in Alexandria was an 
 Irish gentleman named Leary, under whom the 
 boy made rapid progress. He did particularly 
 well in Latin and Greek, for which he always 
 kept his fondness. He and Leary were always 
 thereafter devoted friends. 
 
BOYHOOD 15 
 
 Later, after his appointment to West Point, 
 Lee went to a well-known school in Alexandria 
 conducted by Benjamin Hallowell. This gentle- 
 man was a Quaker and a very strict teacher and 
 the boys called his school ''Brimstone Castle.'^ 
 He wrote in later years of his pupil : — 
 
 He was a most exemplary student In every respect. 
 He was never behind-time in his studies ; never failed 
 in a single recitation; was perfectly observant of the 
 rules and regulations of the institution; was gentle, 
 manly, unobtrusive, and respectful In all his deport- 
 ment to teachers and his fellow students. His spe- 
 cialty was finishing up. He imparted a finish and a 
 neatness to everything he undertook. 
 
 His mother was an invalid and he spent most 
 of his time when out of school with her. As soon 
 as school was over he hurried home to take her 
 driving and often carried her to the carriage in 
 his arms, placing her comfortably and seeking all 
 the while to amuse her with cheerful conversa- 
 tion. The carriage was old and he would put 
 newspapers up to keep out the wind, and, though 
 the plan may have been, and probably was, a 
 failure in keeping out the air, it amused Mrs. 
 Lee greatly and that, after all, was what her son 
 sought to do. As her strength failed, the boy 
 took other cares upon himself. He went to mar- 
 ket, took charge of the keys, and saw to the 
 horses and to all the many details of the home. 
 
i6 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 It is not a matter for wonder that, when he left 
 for West Point, his mother said : ** How can I do 
 without Robert? He is both son and daughter to 
 me." In spite of his gentleness and tenderness 
 and his affectionate nature, there was in him no 
 lack of manliness. All sports appealed to him, 
 and he had a keen sense of humor accompanied 
 by a great fondness for jokes. These character- 
 istics remained with him always. Like his father, 
 he had a furious temper ; unlike his father, he had 
 almost always absolute control over it. It is told 
 of his father that, as he lay on his death-bed at 
 Dungeness, being waited upon by ** Mom Sarah," 
 an old family servant of the Greenes, he greeted 
 her entrance into the room one day by seizing a 
 boot which lay near the bed and throwing it at 
 her head. She picked the boot up and returned 
 the fire and thereby won such a place in his heart 
 that he would thereafter have no other attendant. 
 It would be hard to picture Robert Lee's throw- 
 ing a boot at any one's head or having it thrown 
 back. 
 
 As Lee grew towards manhood, he began to 
 plan for the future, for, as there was no fortune 
 at his command, he was anxious to be self-sup- 
 porting. So far as we know, he consulted no one 
 in his choice of a profession, but, guided largely 
 by the fact that his father had been a soldier, 
 chose that as his career. His brother was already 
 
BOYHOOD 17 
 
 in the navy, so Lee turned his eyes towards 
 West Point, and, in 1824, applied for an appoint- 
 ment, and received it for the term beginning- in 
 1825. There is a tradition that the appointment 
 came to him through General Andrew Jackson's 
 influence, but it is scarcely possible that this is 
 true. As has been seen, he at once began special 
 preparation for the new life, and, on July 2, 1825, 
 he entered the United States Military Academy 
 and became a part of that great institution. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 LIFE AT WEST POINT 
 
 The United States Military Academy at West 
 Point was established by act of Congress in 1802, 
 and was opened on July 4 of the same year. Its 
 first superintendent was Colonel Jonathan Wil- 
 liams. As first organized, it was the headquarters 
 of the Engineer Corps of the army, and all the 
 superintendents until 1866 were from that branch 
 of the service. The number of cadets was at first 
 very small, only fifty, increasing to two hundred 
 and six in 1808, and to two hundred and sixty in 
 18 1 2. The cadets were appointed by the Presi- 
 dent upon the recommendation of the Secretary 
 of War, and Lee was thus appointed by Presi- 
 dent Monroe, acting upon the advice of John C. 
 Calhoun. It soon came about that the Secretary 
 was much influenced in his choice by the sugges- 
 tions of members of Congress, and later the num- 
 ber of cadets was made to coincide with the 
 number of Representatives, who then began to 
 name the cadets. 
 
 The exact status of the cadets was in doubt 
 until 18 19 when it was decided that they formed 
 a part of the land forces of the United States. 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 19 
 
 The requirements for entrance at this time were 
 very low — simply that the candidate should be 
 " well versed in reading, writing, and arithmetic," 
 or, as they were commonly called, **the three 
 R's." The age of appointment was between four- 
 teen and twenty-one years, and the applicant 
 had to be at least four feet nine inches in height. 
 These requirements remained unchanged until 
 1866. 
 
 In spite of its establishment in 1802, and its re- 
 modeling in 181 2, the real West Point did not 
 begin to exist until fifteen years after the open- 
 ing. There was neither discipline nor system, 
 and the instruction was most uneven and incom- 
 plete. An ofBcer who was there during those first 
 years wrote of it : " The Military Academy was 
 then in its infancy. All order and regulation, 
 either moral or religious, gave way to idleness, 
 dissipation, and irreligion. No control over the 
 conduct of the officers and the cadets was exer- 
 cised." 
 
 In 181 7, with the appointment as superintend- 
 ent of Major Sylvanus Thayer, a graduate of the 
 class of 18 1 2 and a veteran of the War of 18 12, 
 who had studied abroad, the spirit of West Point 
 was born. He remained as superintendent until 
 1833 when he had a quarrel with President Jack- 
 son and resigned his position. In those sixteen 
 years, he made West Point and earned the just 
 
20 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 title of ** Father of the United States Military 
 Academy." Under him discipline became steadily 
 more efficient and severe, the teaching more and 
 more thorough, and the course of study longer 
 and better. Colonel Thayer was superintendent 
 during the whole period of Lee's cadetship. 
 
 West Point is beautifully situated. On the north 
 and east it is hemmed in by the majestic Hudson 
 River ; on the west and south by the Highlands. 
 The Point itself is a plateau, which since Lee's 
 time has been increased by filling, pardy enclosed 
 by redoubts that date back to the Revolution. The 
 natural scenery was beautiful then as it is to-day, 
 but, when Lee went there, man had done little to 
 help nature. The rough, rocky plateau was almost 
 without trees ; there were no made walks, but only 
 twisting footpaths. A public road of the State of 
 New York ran through the grounds — the State 
 still claiming jurisdiction over the place. On the 
 south there was a rough fence to keep out the cows 
 of a farmer who lived in that direction, and the 
 woods came almost to the Academy grounds. 
 None of the present buildings were then stand- 
 ing. Instead, there were cottages for instructors, 
 the Long Barracks, where lived the regular troops 
 stationed there, the North Barracks, the South 
 Barracks, the Mess Hall, the Academy, and the 
 Hospital. 
 
 Even at this time West Point had a fine repu- 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 21 
 
 tation and thousands applied for appointments 
 who never received them. Many failed on the 
 entrance examinations, simple as they were. Lee 
 had received special preparation from Mr. Hal- 
 lowell and so was able to pass them without diffi- 
 culty, and of course the physical examination 
 gave him no trouble at all. Having passed his 
 entrance examinations, which were oral ones, be- 
 fore a board, Lee was admitted on probation until 
 the following January, when the appointment be- 
 came permanent. Upon his admission, under the 
 law Lee entered the military service of the United 
 States and became entitled to the pay of twenty- 
 eight dollars a month. 
 
 As soon as he was admitted to the Academy, 
 he was measured for his uniform. It was not un- 
 like that worn by the cadets of to-day. The coat 
 was of gray cloth with black trimmings and with 
 three rows of gilt buttons in front, and with the 
 skirt, collar, and sleeves also trimmed with them. 
 The collar was so high that it touched the tips 
 of his ears. A gray or white vest with gilt but- 
 tons was worn with this. The trousers, of which 
 he was required to have two pairs, were of gray 
 kerseymere with black stripes down the sides. In 
 summer white linen trousers were worn, each 
 cadet having at least four pairs. The trousers 
 were all very baggy and so short that they came 
 well above the shoe-tops, in spite of having straps 
 
22 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 which went under the feet. The cap was seven 
 inches high. It was made of leather and was orna- 
 mented with a plume, a cord, and a gilt medallion 
 with '* U.S." on it. It was so uncomfortable that 
 few cadets wore it except on duty, but it had the 
 advantage of being an easy means of smuggling 
 food into barracks. 
 
 The luxury that the cadets of to-day have was 
 unknown to Lee and his fellow cadets. The build- 
 ings were badly constructed and were hot in 
 summer and cold in winter. The rooms in the 
 barracks were only about twelve feet square and 
 there were three, four, or even more cadets lodged 
 in each. The furniture was the same in all the 
 rooms and consisted of nothing more than a table, 
 a book-shelf, a rack over the mantel for muskets, 
 and a chair for each cadet. At night, narrow mat- 
 tresses were spread on the floor. The only heat 
 was supplied by fireplaces, and the wood for these 
 was kept in great boxes in the halls. The cadets 
 had to make their own fires, and, as in those days 
 there were no matches, the blaze had to be started 
 with flint, steel, and tinder. Each room was in 
 charge of the cadets, serving in turn as orderlies. 
 At the time Lee entered West Point, all the water 
 had to be brought by the cadets from a spring on 
 the grounds or from pumps, but in 1826, a water 
 system was installed. Until this change was made 
 there was not a bathtub at West Point. 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 23 
 
 The Mess Hall contained classrooms as well as 
 the dining-room. The latter was furnished with 
 long, bare tables and wooden benches. The table- 
 ware was all of tin or iron. Here a Mr. Cozzens 
 furnished board for the cadets at ten dollars a 
 month. The fare was usually plentiful, and, though 
 it was plain, it was very good. At times there 
 were exceptions in certain dishes, for one cadet 
 wrote home that the soup was bad and *' that a 
 most filthy kind of Orleans molasses was served 
 with some black-looking stufT contained in a tin 
 pan which was honored with the name of pud- 
 ding." Cozzens held the theory that ** if you give 
 young men plenty of first-rate bread and potatoes, 
 they will require little meat and never complain." 
 The cadets were very fond of his bread and often 
 carried quantities away in their pockets and caps 
 to eat later in their rooms. At each table one of 
 the cadets did the carving and was responsible 
 for the good order of his table. 
 
 The course of study which was followed for the 
 first year had only mathematics and French. Six 
 hours a day were given to the former and three 
 to the latter. During the second year the same 
 amount of time was given to mathematics, but 
 drawing alternated with French. In the third year 
 natural philosophy was studied five hours a day, 
 chemistry and drawing each two hours. In the 
 last year the time was divided in this way : engi- 
 
24 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 neering, five hours; chemistry, two hours; and 
 constitutional law, ethics, and rhetoric, two hours. 
 Every summer was spent in camp and the time 
 was largely taken up with drilling and other out- 
 of-door occupations. 
 
 Soon after Major Thayer became superintend- 
 ent, he planned a course based upon three funda- 
 mentals : (i) that every cadet should be trained 
 in every subject taught ; (2) that each should be 
 proficient in all the subjects ; and (3) that every 
 cadet should recite every day. That plan has 
 been followed ever since. Cadets at West Point 
 never bother their heads with wondering if they 
 are going to be called on the next day and if it 
 is worth while preparing. They know that they 
 will be called on to recite in everything and that 
 it is well to be prepared. In Lee's time, as now, 
 the classes were divided into small sections in 
 order that each cadet might recite every day and 
 also that each might receive individual instruc- 
 tion. The grading of the work was on a basis of 
 three as perfect down to zero indicating an entire 
 failure. 
 
 Like most men Lee must have been strongly 
 influenced by the men under whom he studied. 
 The professor of mathematics was Charles Davies, 
 who was a very distinguished writer in his field 
 and whose textbooks are still often used. The 
 cadets called him " Old Tush " because of his 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 25 
 
 projecting teeth, but they liked him personally 
 and as a teacher. Another teacher of mathe- 
 matics, Ross, was also excellent. He had long 
 whiskers which he pulled nervously as he talked 
 and he chewed tobacco all the time. The course 
 in mathematics for the first year included alge- 
 bra, geometry, and trigonometry ; for the second, 
 descriptive geometry, conic sections, and analyti- 
 cal geometry. 
 
 The professor of French was Claudius Berard, 
 and both the grammar and introductory book 
 he used were written by himself. A reading and 
 writing knowledge of the language were the chief 
 things sought after in the course, and in the 
 two years Lee read **Gil Bias" and Voltaire's 
 "Charles XII." 
 
 Drawing was under the direction of Thomas 
 Gimbrode, a Frenchman. For the first two years 
 there was little attempted in this line beyond 
 copying drawings of heads and figures, and map 
 drawing, which was of course important. In the 
 third year there was some work given in land- 
 scapes and topographical drawing. 
 
 Natural philosophy, which included mechanics, 
 physics, astronomy, electricity, and optics, was 
 taught by Jared Mansfield. He was really a fine 
 teacher, but was not very strict with the cadets. 
 He looked old and was near-sighted, a misfor- 
 tune of which the cadets took advantage. 
 
26 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Chemistry was under W. F. Hopkins. The 
 course was almost as full then as it is to-day. It 
 included in the fourth year geology and miner- 
 alogy, but there was no collection of minerals 
 and there were no chemical laboratories. The 
 most important study of the last year was en- 
 gineering, including civil and military engineer- 
 ing and architecture. David B. Douglas, an 
 experienced teacher, and later a distinguished 
 engineer, was professor. Only French textbooks 
 were used in this course. 
 
 The very last group of studies, taken up only 
 in the fourth year, was that including geography, 
 history, ethics, rhetoric, political economy, and 
 constitutional law. The instructor was Thomas 
 Warren. Of the course itself, as studied by Lee, 
 we know little. Perhaps the most interesting fact 
 that has come down to us about it is that one of 
 the textbooks used in the course was Rawle on 
 the Constitution, a book on Constitutional law, 
 written by a distinguished lawyer and judge in 
 Pennsylvania, which set forth in unmistakable 
 terms the doctrines of state sovereignty and of 
 secession. The following extracts show the nature 
 of this teaching : — 
 
 If a faction should attempt to subvert the govern- 
 ment of a State for the purpose of destroying its re- 
 publican form, the national power of the Union could 
 be called forth to subdue it. Yet it is not to be under- 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 27 
 
 stood that its interposition would be justifiable if a 
 State should determine to retire from the Union. 
 
 It depends on a State itself whether it will continue 
 a member of the Union. To deny this right would be 
 inconsistent with the principle on which all our po- 
 litical systems are founded, which is that the people 
 have in all cases the right to determine how they shall 
 be governed. 
 
 The State may wholly withdraw from the Union. 
 
 If a majority of the people of a State deliberately 
 and peaceably resolve to relinquish the republican 
 form of government, they cease to be members of the 
 Union. 
 
 The secession of a State from the Union depends on 
 the will of the people of such a State. 
 
 It is likely that the influence of this book on 
 Southern men has been much exaggerated as 
 the doctrine of States' Rights had been learned 
 first at home by them all. The whole country 
 had believed in States' Rights at first and as yet 
 no question concerning the doctrine had arisen 
 to force a decision. 
 
 One other man whose influence must have 
 been felt by Lee was the chaplain, Charles P. 
 Mcllvaine, later Episcopal Bishop of Ohio. He 
 left the Academy in 1827, so that Lee never 
 studied under him, but the effect of his character 
 and preaching had been to change the attitude 
 of the whole Academy towards religion, which, 
 until Mr. Mcllvaine's time, had been often a sub- 
 ject for scoffing and ridicule. No cadet had 
 
28 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 ever knelt at prayers until, during Lee's first year, 
 Leonidas Polk, of North Carolina, later Bishop 
 of Louisiana and a Confederate major-general, 
 set the example, which others followed. 
 
 Scarcely less important than the classwork was 
 the military drill and instruction in military tac- 
 tics. The cadets were formed into a battalion of 
 four companies under the commandant. When 
 Lee entered West Point, Major William J. Worth 
 was commandant and remained so until some 
 time during his last year, when Captain Ethan 
 Allen Hitchcock succeeded him. Major Worth 
 was an able commandant and a true soldier. He 
 later served with distinction as a general in the 
 Mexican War. The cadets called him '' Haughty 
 Bill," but they were devoted to him, and the 
 value of his influence in setting the standard of 
 officers and gentlemen can hardly be estimated. 
 Captain Hitchcock, known among the cadets as 
 ** Old Hitch," was not nearly so popular. 
 
 Infantry drill took place every day; artillery 
 drill less often, and cavalry drill, at that time, not 
 at all. The superintendent constantly asked for 
 horses that the cadets might not forget how to 
 ride. Lee stood in no danger of forgetting, as 
 riding had long before become second nature to 
 him. 
 
 The infantry drill was modeled upon the tactics 
 of the United States Army, and was complete in 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 29 
 
 every way. Artillery drill was very severe, as, 
 lacking horses, the cadets themselves had to put 
 on the harness in turn and drag the heavy can- 
 non over the parade ground. Lieutenant Kinsley 
 was the instructor. In addition to drill regular 
 classes in military science were held for the first 
 class, that is, the highest class, in the Academy. 
 To Lee even as a cadet, all things military were 
 attractive. He was a born soldier, and he was 
 steadily promoted until in his last year he won 
 the coveted post of adjutant of the battalion. His 
 son, George Washington Custis Lee, gained the 
 same honor just twenty-five years later. The 
 Academy maintained the strictest discipline. 
 The breaking of regulations was promply pun- 
 ished by demerits affecting class standing, by 
 extra sentinel duty, by confinement to rooms or 
 guard-house, or, in the more serious cases, by 
 trial by court-martial and dismissal upon convic- 
 tion. Lee, during his entire four years, never re- 
 ceived a demerit or subjected himself to pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 The cadets^ day was filled with work. At 5.45 
 in the morning, reveille sounded. This was fol- 
 lowed immediately by roll call. The rooms in 
 barracks all had then to be put in order for a close 
 inspection before 7.45, when the squads of cadets 
 marched separately to breakfast. No talking was 
 allowed during this or any meal, and class-work 
 
30 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 began immediately afterwards and lasted un- 
 til 12.30. One o'clock was the dinner hour, and 
 classes were taken up again at two and lasted 
 until four, when drill began. At sunset, there was 
 parade, followed by prayers and supper. At eight 
 all cadets had to be in their rooms and at work. 
 At ten taps sounded the signal for the lights to 
 be put out. 
 
 In spite of the hard work and rigid discipline, 
 fun was not lacking at West Point. There was 
 not then the gay social life the place has to-day, 
 for it was out of touch with the outside world and 
 very hard to reach. There were no dances, though 
 dancing was taught for the purpose of keeping 
 the cadets from awkwardness. Nor was there the 
 flock of pretty girls making the cadets feel im- 
 portant and lessening the number of brass but- 
 tons on their coats. But every Saturday was a 
 half-holiday and the country surrounding West 
 Point gave opportunity for long, delightful walks 
 and for some good hunting. All winter the skat- 
 ing was good and almost every cadet learned to 
 skate, an art which Lee had already learned in 
 his boyhood in Virginia. Strong ties of friend- 
 ship were formed, many of them to last through 
 life. At West Point with Lee were Albert Sidney 
 Johnston, Joseph E. Johnston, Jefferson Davis, 
 Leonidas Polk, John B. Macgruder, William 
 N. Pendleton, T. H. Holmes, A. G. Blanchard, 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 31 
 
 L. B. Northrop, Philip St. George Cocke, G. B. 
 Crittenden, Hugh W. Mercer, Gabriel S. Rains, 
 Richard C. Gatlin, and Thomas F. Drayton, all 
 of whom later became distinguished Confederate 
 officers. Among those who became prominent as 
 Federal officers were A. B. Eaton, Silas Casey, 
 S. P. Heintzelman, Philip St. George Cooke, 
 O. A. Humphreys, W. H. C. Bartlett, Benjamin 
 Alvord, R. C. Buchanan, T. A. Davies, R. B. 
 Marcy, T. J. McKean, and William H. Emory. 
 A. E. Church was a noted professor at West 
 Point, and O. M. Mitchel won fame as an as- 
 tronomer. 
 
 Lee was not given to forming intimacies quickly, 
 although there was about him no trace of snob- 
 bishness or aloofness. One deep friendship was 
 formed which lasted all his life. This was with 
 Joseph E. Johnston. When they met in after 
 years, it was with all the demonstrativeness of 
 school-boys, and for years they wrote to each 
 other regularly. Johnston's tribute to Lee is sig- 
 nificant. He said : — 
 
 We had the same associates, who thought, as I did, 
 that no other youth or man so united the qualities 
 that win warm friendship and command respect. For 
 he was full of sympathy and kindness, genial and 
 fond of gay conversation and even of fun, that made 
 him the most agreeable of companions, while his cor- 
 rectness of demeanor and language and attention to 
 all duties, both personal and official, and a dignity as 
 
32 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 much a part of himself as the elegance of his person, 
 gave him a superiority that every one acknowledged 
 in his heart. 
 
 Speaking of him at another time, Johnston 
 said : — 
 
 He was the only one of all the men I have known 
 who could laugh at the faults and follies of his friends 
 in such a manner as to make them ashamed without 
 touching their affections. 
 
 Lee and Jefierson Davis were good friends 
 without being on terms of intimacy. They were 
 destined to be thrown closely together in the 
 future, and their friendship, steadily increasing all 
 the time, carried them through many rough places. 
 
 One of the favorite amusements of the cadets 
 was a trip to Buttermilk Falls, two miles away, 
 where one Benny Havens sold food and drink, 
 peculiarly adapted to the taste of a cadet. This 
 was a forbidden pleasure, and Lee's passion for 
 duty kept him away, but many adventurous 
 cadets, including some of the best and strongest 
 men at West Point, went often. The two John- 
 stons, like Lee, did not, but Jefferson Davis was 
 court-martialed for drinking there, and, on one 
 occasion, in escaping, he fell sixty feet over a cliff 
 and received injuries that came near being fatal. 
 Benny Havens lived until 1877, and West Point- 
 ers still sing a song of many verses called ** Benny 
 Havens, Oh." 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 33 
 
 At Christmas of Lee's second year occurred 
 the ** great riot." The cadets had planned an 
 egg-nog party, and invitations had been sent 
 around and accepted by many. Among those 
 who decUned were Lee and J. E. Johnston. News 
 of this plan leaked, and the authorities kept care- 
 ful watch, and, just as the aflair was beginning, 
 officers stepped in and broke it up. A serious 
 riot followed, and the cadets, hearing that the 
 regular troops stationed at West Point had been 
 called out, formed what they called 'Hhe Helve- 
 tian League " to protect themselves. Nine cadets 
 were later dismissed from the Academy for par- 
 ticipation in all this. This sort of thing had litde 
 attraction for Lee. Throughout his whole life he 
 was extremely abstemious, never using tobacco, 
 rarely touching wine, and never using whiskey 
 
 or brandy. 
 
 In 1828 Lee took the usual furlough and re- 
 turned home for a visit of some months. This 
 visit was marked by a great event in his life. He 
 met again Mary Randolph Custis with whom 
 he had played in childhood at Arlington. She 
 was the daughter of George Washington Parke 
 Custis, a grandson of Mrs. Washington and the 
 adopted son of Washington. Mary Custis had 
 grown into a charming young woman and Lee 
 into a handsome young soldier, and, as the re- 
 sult of this meeting, Lee returned to West Point 
 
34 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 engaged to be married. A cousin of Lee's wrote 
 of him at this time : — 
 
 The first time I remember being struck with his 
 manly beauty and attractiveness of manner was when 
 he returned home after his first two years [three was 
 correct] at West Point. He came with his mother and 
 family on a visit to my father's. He was dressed in 
 his cadet uniform of West Point gray with white 
 bullet buttons, and every one was filled with admira- 
 tion of his fine appearance and lovely manners. 
 
 Lee returned to West Point for his final year. 
 As adjutant of the battalion, he was the most 
 prominent and commanding figure among the 
 cadets. Up to this time, he had held the second 
 place in his class, the first being held by Charles 
 Mason, of New York, and he succeeded in keep- 
 ing it during the final year, graduating second 
 in a rather unusual class of forty-six members. 
 
 The ideal of West Point has been always that 
 each of its graduates should be an honorable, 
 courageous, clear-thinking man, well trained for 
 his profession, not only in technical military sci- 
 ence, but also in all that goes to make an able 
 officer. The Academy has been wonderfully suc- 
 cessful in achieving this. The scroll of the Acad- 
 emy shield bears the significant words, *' Duty, 
 Honor, Country," and devotion to these three 
 has been characteristic of the sons of West Point. 
 All three had been taught Lee in his childhood, 
 
LIFE AT WEST POINT 35 
 
 but his life at West Point emphasized them and 
 left its stamp upon him, as it has upon the vast 
 majority of those who have there been trained 
 to answer the call of country in peace as well as 
 in war. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE YOUNG ENGINEER 
 
 The Engineer Corps of the United States Army- 
 has been, ever since the establishment of the Mili- 
 tary Academy, a body of men of high distinction. 
 The West Point cadets who have achieved first 
 honors are those assigned to it upon their pro- 
 motion to the Army, and it is thus made up of 
 scholarly men who have shown themselves capa- 
 ble and obedient soldiers. Many distinguished 
 men and able soldiers have served in the corps. 
 These men have charge of coast defenses and 
 forts and other fortifications. They also plan and 
 direct the government work on rivers and har- 
 bors. In recent years they have done a wonderful 
 piece of work in the construction of the Panama 
 Canal. 
 
 To this body Lee was assigned upon his grad- 
 uation and was commissioned a second lieuten- 
 ant. At this time the life of the ofBcers in other 
 branches of the service was not, as a rule, attrac- 
 tive. The army posts were often remote and 
 sometimes practically cut ofE from the civilized 
 world. The life was narrowing, with little incen- 
 tive to study or hard work of any kind, and this 
 
THE YOUNG ENGINEER 37 
 
 fact, combined with the dullness of the life, formed 
 a strong temptation to dissipation. In the Corps 
 of Engineers, life was very different. Most of its 
 members were regularly assigned to work close 
 to some city and so were in close touch with the 
 world. They were apt to lead a somewhat gayer 
 life than other officers, but usually it was a fuller 
 life as well and one with greater opportunity for 
 self-development. 
 
 After the usual short leave of absence or fur- 
 lough, Lee was stationed at Fortress Monroe, in 
 Virginia, the oldest of the coast defenses of the 
 United States. He was delighted at being sent 
 back home, and he enjoyed the five years he 
 spent there as assistant to Captain Talcott, seek- 
 ing to strengthen the defenses of Hampton Roads 
 to a point where they could never be taken. It 
 was while Lee was there that the famous negro 
 uprising at Southampton took place, in which 
 more than sixty white persons, the majority of 
 them women and children, were murdered. Lee, 
 like every one else, felt the horror of the thing 
 deeply and it made a great impression upon him. 
 
 Soon after he went to Fortress Monroe, Lee 
 was summoned to his mother, who was dying at 
 ** Ravensworth," in Fairfax County. Her death 
 was a great sorrow to him, for he had with in- 
 creasing years come to understand her better and 
 to appreciate her worth even more than in his 
 
38 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 early years. In 1869, the year before his death, 
 he visited ''Ravensworth," and, as he passed the 
 door of the room in which she died, he said: 
 " Forty years ago, I stood in this room by my 
 mother's death-bed I It seems now but yesterday.'* 
 Lee was married on June 30, 1831, at Arling- 
 ton, to Miss Custis. The newspaper notice of the 
 wedding was simply : — - 
 
 Married June 30, 1831, at Arlington House, by the 
 Reverend Mr. Keith, Lieut. Robert E. Lee, of the 
 United States Corps of Engineers, to Miss Mary A. 
 R. Custis, only daughter of G. W. P. Custis, Esq. 
 
 f The party gathered at Arlington must have 
 been one of the gayest the house had ever known. 
 The place was filled with guests, including six 
 bridesmaids and six groomsmen, five of the lat- 
 ter being officers in the army or navy. As wed- 
 ding journeys were not the fashion in those days, 
 the young couple and their guests made merry 
 for a week and the house was full of life and gay- 
 ety. Then the Lees settled down to life together, 
 a life to be marked throughout by the deepest 
 devotion and most perfect understanding. Mary 
 Custis Lee was a woman of unusual strength of 
 mind and character and she had received a fine 
 education. She proved herself a fit mate for a 
 great man. 
 
 The demands of Lee's profession took him 
 often from home and this fact had been brought 
 
ROBERT E. LEE 
 
THE YOUNG ENGINEER 39 
 
 forward by Mr. Custis, who had at first opposed 
 the engagement, as one of the reasons against 
 the match. Lee's bride was the only child of a 
 very wealthy father, but she chose to fit her life 
 to her husband's very modest income and for 
 years they lived upon that alone. Later, she in- 
 herited two splendid Virginia estates, Arlington, 
 and the White House on the Pamunkey River, in 
 New Kent County. Arlington was one of Vir- 
 ginia's most beautiful homes. It was built by 
 George Washington Parke Custis. It occupied a 
 commanding site upon the top of an elevation 
 more than three hundred feet above tide-water 
 of the Potomac and half a mile from the river's 
 shore. The building was of brick and had a 
 frontage, including the main building and the 
 two large wings, of one hundred and forty feet. 
 In front was a grand portico with eight magnifi- 
 cent Doric columns. It was sixty feet across and 
 twenty-five feet in depth. It was modeled after 
 the Temple of Theseus at Athens. The house 
 held many relics of Washington and other con- 
 nections of the family and was filled with memo- 
 ries and traditions of the good and great. In 
 front of the house was a fine park of two hundred 
 acres, sloping to the Potomac, dotted with groves 
 of oak and chestnut trees and with clumps of 
 evergreens. Behind, was a dark old forest con- 
 taining many magnificent trees, most of them 
 
40 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 very old, and covering about six hundred acres 
 of hill and dale. Through a part of this forest, 
 wound the road to the house. The view from the 
 house was, and is still, superb. One looked out 
 upon the Potomac and across to Washington 
 and Georgetown with beautiful views of the Cap- 
 itol, the White House, the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion, and the Washington Monument. The view 
 of the river is particularly fine. On the grounds 
 at the edge of the river was a magnificent spring 
 set in a grove and coming out of the roots of a 
 splendid oak. Here Mr. Custis, who was the soul 
 of hospitality, had built a wharf, storeroom, 
 kitchen, dining-room, and dancing pavilion. This 
 place was very popular with picnic parties from 
 Washington who were welcome to come any day 
 except Sunday, provided no liquor was sold 
 there. In 1852, it was estimated, twenty thousand 
 people visited the place. On the grounds was a 
 willow tree, called " Pope's Willow." It had 
 grown from a slip planted there by a British offi- 
 cer in 1775. The slip was obtained from a weep- 
 ing willow which had grown from a slip brought 
 from the East and planted in Pope's villa at 
 Twickenham, in England, which became the par- 
 ent tree of all the weeping willows in England. 
 The one at Arlington is the parent tree of all the 
 weeping willows in the United States. Here at 
 Arlington, Lee and his wife lived with Mr. and 
 
THE YOUNG ENGINEER 41 
 
 Mrs. Custis ; here their children were born ; and, 
 to them all, this home was associated with the 
 greatest happiness of their lives. 
 
 The other estate, the White House, also had 
 its historic associations. It was there that Wash- 
 ington courted the widow Custis ; there they 
 were married and spent their honeymoon of 
 three months. The house was no such imposing 
 mansion as that at Arlington. It was a simple 
 country house, comfortable for its time. It was 
 built by William Claiborne, Secretary of the Col- 
 ony of Virginia, to whom the place had been 
 given for a victory over the Pamunkey Indians. 
 Claiborne, it will be remembered, was the man 
 who defied Lord Baltimore in regard to the own- 
 ership of Kent Island in the Chesapeake, and act- 
 ually began armed hostilities against the Mary- 
 land settlers who interfered with his rights. It was 
 for this estate that the President's Mansion at 
 Washington is named. 
 
 Lee, unlike many officers of his day, did not 
 stop his studies with his graduation from the 
 Academy. In his branch of the service, promo- 
 tion came in no other way than through work, 
 and Lee, with all his modesty, was properly am- 
 bitious. He studied his profession with the same 
 earnestness he had shown while learning his les- 
 sons at school, and he made rapid progress. In 
 1834, he was ordered to Washington as assistant 
 
42 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 to the chief engineer. This suited him well, as it 
 enabled him to live at Arlington and ride in to his 
 office every day. Many of his old friends were 
 already in Washington and he rapidly made new 
 ones. A group of his friends had a "mess" at 
 Mrs. Ulrich's, whose house was on the spot where 
 the Riggs House was later to stand. In this group 
 was Joseph E. Johnston, Lee's intimate friend, to- 
 gether with several others, including Mahlon 
 Dickerson, Secretary of the Navy ; William C. 
 Rives, former minister to France, then a Sena- 
 tor ; Hugh S. Legare, an eminent South Carolina 
 lawyer, then in Congress ; and Joel R. Poinsett, 
 Secretary of War. Lee was often cut off from 
 home by bad roads and at such times was one of 
 this gay and joyous group of congenial friends. 
 One of the number was John N. Macomb, who 
 had been at West Point with Lee, but in a lower 
 class. One day, as Lee was mounting his horse 
 to start for Arlington, he saw Macomb approach- 
 ing. He called, ''Come, get up with me." Ma- 
 comb leaped up behind him on the horse and the 
 two galloped off down Pennsylvania Avenue. As 
 they passed the White House they met Levi 
 Woodbury, the Secretary of the Treasury, w^hom 
 they greeted with a great assumption of dignity, 
 much to that gentleman's bewilderment. 
 
 In 1835 Lee was made assistant astronomer of 
 the commission to run a boundary line between 
 
THE YOUNG ENGINEER 43 
 
 Ohio and Michigan, and the next year he was 
 promoted to first lieutenant of engineers. A year 
 later a great task was intrusted to him. The city of 
 St. Louis was in great danger because of the de- 
 flection of the current of the Mississippi River to 
 the Illinois side, with the practical certainty that, 
 unless something was done to prevent it, it would 
 cut a new channel and thus leave St. Louis ''high 
 and dry," which would, of course, mean ruin to 
 the city. Whatever was to be done had to be 
 done quickly, and General Scott was asked for 
 aid. His reply was that he knew only one man 
 equal to the task and that was Lieutenant Lee. 
 *' He is young, but, if the work can be done, he 
 will do it." So Lee left Arlington and his work 
 in Washington with the large order to make the 
 Father of Waters behave. He was also directed 
 to make surveys and prepare plans for improv- 
 ing the navigation of the river in the neighbor- 
 hood of St. Louis and above. 
 
 Lee left Washington in June and went by canal 
 to Pittsburgh and from there traveled by steam- 
 boat to St. Louis. It was a most exciting trip, for 
 again and again they came near disaster, and 
 did assist in the rescue of some who had been 
 wrecked. 
 
 After careful inspection of the river, Lee recom- 
 mended the building of a system of piles and 
 dams. His report was accepted by the War De- 
 
44 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 partment, and Lee was given charge of the con- 
 struction work. The plan seemed absurd to the 
 people of St. Louis, who knew little or nothing 
 of engineering, and they became much excited. 
 The large appropriation which the city had made 
 for the work was withdrawn. Lee said quietly 
 when he was told of this, ** They can do what 
 they like with their own, but I was sent here to 
 do certain work, and I shall do it." He and his 
 men were threatened and abused, and cannon 
 even were brought to use against them. In spite 
 of it all, heedless of criticism, Lee carried his 
 task to a successful end. Not only was St. Louis 
 saved, but this was the beginning of the improve- 
 ment of the navigation on the Upper Mississippi. 
 In 1838 Lee was promoted to the rank of cap- 
 tain of engineers and was kept in the West for a 
 number of years. A part of the time his family 
 were with him, but, now that there were children, 
 they lived most of the time in Arlington. There 
 were seven children, three sons and four daugh- 
 ters. They were George Washington Custis, 
 William Henry Fitzhugh, Robert Edward, Mary, 
 Annie, Agnes, and Mildred. Lee called Custis, 
 "Boo," and William Henry Fitzhugh, *'Rooney," 
 and Mildred, his youngest daughter, *' Precious 
 Life." His devotion to them all was deep, and 
 his letters are full of allusions to them which 
 show his interest in what they were doing and 
 
THE YOUNG ENGINEER 45 
 
 also his strong desire to be with them. His love 
 for children went further than his own, and chil- 
 dren always knew that he loved them and so 
 were never afraid to approach him. The fol- 
 lowing letter to his wife shows his feeling for 
 them : — 
 
 St. Louis, September 4, 1840. 
 A few evenings since feeling lonesome, as the saying 
 is, and out of sorts, I got a horse and took a ride. On 
 returning through the lower part of the town, I saw a 
 number of little girls all dressed up in their white 
 frocks and pantalets, their hair plaited and tied up 
 with ribbons, running and chasing each other in all 
 directions. I counted twenty-three nearly the same 
 size. As I drew up my horse to admire the spectacle 
 a man appeared at the door with the twenty-fourth 
 in his arms. "My friend," said I, "are all these your 
 children?" "Yes," he said, "and there are nine more 
 in the house, and this Is the youngest." Upon further 
 inquiry, however, I found that they were only tem- 
 porarily his, and that they had been Invited to a 
 party at his house. He said, however, he had been 
 admiring them before I came up, and just wished 
 that he had a million of dollars and that they were 
 his in reality. I do not think the eldest exceeded 
 seven or eight years old. It was the prettiest sight I 
 have seen in the West, and perhaps in my life. 
 
 In 1840 Lee returned to Washington, and in 
 1842 he was sent to Fort Hamilton in New York 
 Harbor to take charge of the work of improving 
 the defenses of that city. Two years later, while 
 still engaged on this work, he served on the 
 
46 ROBERT E;. LEE 
 
 Board of Visitors of the Military Academy, an 
 assignment which was particularly pleasant to 
 him. He remained for several years at Fort 
 Hamilton, and very happy years they were, for 
 his family were all with him and his surroundings 
 were delightful. He gathered around himself 
 here, as he had everywhere done, pet animals to 
 which he was strongly attached. Chief among 
 these, was a black and tan terrier named ''Spec.'* 
 Spec's mother had been saved from drowning in 
 the *' Narrows" by Lee, as he was once crossing 
 to Staten Island, and carried home, where she 
 soon became a great favorite with the entire 
 family. Spec was born in the fort and was con- 
 sidered a member of the family. He soon devel- 
 oped a habit of going everywhere the other 
 members went. When he began to go to church 
 with them, Lee was much annoyed and tried in 
 every way to discourage the habit. He finally 
 shut the little fellow up on the second floor of his 
 quarters, only to have him jump bravely down 
 and join the family party. Lee's affection for him 
 is shown in a letter written from the fort while 
 his wife and children were at Arlington on a visit. 
 He says : — 
 
 I am very solitary and my only company is my 
 dog and cats. But "Spec" has become so jealous 
 now that he will hardly let me look at the cats. He 
 seems to be afraid that I am going off from him, and 
 
THE YOUNG ENGINEER 47 
 
 never lets me stir without him. Lies down in the 
 office from eight to four without moving, and turns 
 himself before the fire as the side from it becomes 
 cold. I catch him sometimes sitting up looking at me 
 so intently that I am for a moment startled. 
 
 Later, he wrote from Mexico : — 
 
 Can't you cure poor "Spec"? Cheer him up — 
 take him to walk with you and tell the children to 
 cheer him up. 
 
 Again he wrote : — 
 
 Tell him I wish he was here with me. He would 
 have been of great service in telling me when I was 
 coming upon the Mexicans. When I was reconnoiter- 
 ing around Vera Cruz, their dogs frequently told me 
 by barking when I was approaching them too nearly. 
 
 Upon Lee's return from the Mexican War, 
 "Spec's" delight was without bounds. 
 
 From the happy, peaceful life at Fort Hamil- 
 ton, Lee was called by the outbreak of the war 
 with Mexico. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 IN MEXICO 
 
 In 1846 there was an outbreak of war between 
 the United States and Mexico along the frontier. 
 In command of the United States troops in Texas 
 was General Zachary Taylor, a Virginian by birth, 
 who had gained some little reputation in the long- 
 drawn-out struggle with the Indians. The early 
 battles of the war were fought under his direction 
 and command. It was entirely due to the renown 
 he won in such battles as Palo Alto, Resaca de la 
 Palma, Matamoras, Monterey, and Buena Vista 
 that he was later elected President of the United 
 States. He possessed genuine military genius and 
 was a silent and a stern man. His lack of formality 
 and ceremony had already gained for him the 
 nickname, ** Old Rough and Ready," in contrast 
 to that given General Scott, *'01d Fuss and 
 Feathers." 
 
 When it became evident, after hostilities had 
 actually begun, that this war was really a serious 
 one, three lines of attack by the United States 
 were decided upon. One army, under Taylor, was 
 to go by way of Matamoras, on the Rio Grande, 
 into the interior; a second, under General Kearny, 
 
IN MEXICO 49 
 
 was to invade New Mexico and California ; and 
 a third, under General Wool, was to descend 
 upon the northern part of Mexico. With this last 
 army Lee went for the first time into the field. 
 In the war he served with such distinction that it 
 may be said that his whole later career was the 
 result of this brilliant beginning. The life he led 
 at this time was described in his letters home. In 
 one to his wife, written soon after he reached 
 Mexico, he says : — 
 
 We have met with no resistance yet. The Mexicans 
 who were guarding the passage retired on our ap- 
 proach. There has been a great whetting of knives, 
 grinding of swords, and sharpening of bayonets ever 
 since we reached the river. 
 
 Writing to his two oldest sons on Christmas 
 Eve of 1846, he says: — 
 
 I hope good Santa Claus will fill my Rob's stocking 
 to-night; that Mildred's, Agnes's, and Anna's may 
 break down with good things. I do not know what he 
 may have for you and Mary, but if he only leaves for 
 you one half of what I wish, you will want for nothing. 
 I have frequently thought if I had one of you on 
 each side of me riding on ponies, such as I could get 
 you, I would be comparatively happy. 
 
 They had been asking about the horses and 
 ponies in Mexico, and he continues in the same 
 letter : — 
 
 The Mexicans raise a large quantity of ponies, 
 donkeys, and mules, and most of their corn, etc., is 
 
50 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 carried on the backs of these animals. These little 
 donkeys will carry two hundred pounds on their 
 backs, and the mules will carry three hundred on long 
 journeys over the mountains. The ponies are used 
 for riding and cost from ten to fifty dollars, accord- 
 ing to their size and quality. I have three horses. 
 Creole is my pet; she is a golden dun, active as a deer, 
 and carries me over all the ditches and gullies that I 
 have met with ; nor has she ever yet hesitated at any- 
 thing I have put her at; she is full blooded and con- 
 sidered the prettiest thing in the army ; though young, 
 she has so far stood the campaign as well as any horses 
 of the division. 
 
 Lee's duty as an engineer was to learn the 
 country thoroughly so that the movements of the 
 army might be directed to the best advantage ; to 
 choose positions for troops and artillery ; to gain 
 accurate information ; and to draft maps, cut roads, 
 and build bridges. In all this he showed great 
 ability, but it was in searching out the land that 
 he won special notice. 
 
 General Wool was told at one time that Santa 
 Anna, with a much more powerful army than his, 
 had crossed the mountains and was only twenty 
 miles away. It was imperative that the truth be- 
 hind this rumor should be learned, and Lee vol- 
 unteered for the task. It was arranged that he 
 should have with him a troop of cavalry and a 
 guide, but in some way orders were confused, and 
 he missed them. Having no one with him except 
 a Mexican boy, who could be trusted only because 
 
IN MEXICO 51 
 
 Lee had told him that he would shoot him if he 
 played false, he set out. Employing a boy as a 
 guide Lee went on, not daring to lose any time. 
 After a ride of many miles he came upon a road 
 heavily worn with tracks of mules and wagons. 
 He believed that he had found the traces of a 
 detachment of troops, and he determined to go 
 on until he reached the outposts of the enemy. 
 Finally, he came within sight of camp-fires, and 
 his guide at once began to beg that they go back, 
 urging that this was Santa Anna's army and that 
 death for both was certain if they went on and 
 were captured. Lee then left his guide and rode 
 forward alone. He was challenged by no pick- 
 ets and came at last to where he could see what 
 seemed to be white tents, and could hear loud 
 talking. Hoping to learn the size of the force, he 
 rode forward still further and discovered that the 
 supposed white tents were sheep in tremendous 
 numbers, and the army nothing but drovers with 
 a large train of wagons going to market with 
 herds of sheep, cattle, and mules. From the dro- 
 vers he learned that Santa Anna had not crossed 
 the mountains, and he at once returned to camp 
 with the good news. Everybody rejoiced to see 
 him safe, *'but," said Lee, "the most delighted 
 man to see me was the old Mexican, the father of 
 my guide, with whom I had last been seen by any 
 of our people and whom General Wool had ar- 
 
52 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 rested and proposed to hang if I was not forth- 
 coming." Although Lee had already ridden forty- 
 miles that night, he rested only three hours before 
 he headed a troop of cavalry on a scouting expe- 
 dition far beyond the point where he had come 
 upon the sheep. On this search Lee learned the 
 exact position of the enemy. 
 
 About this time a change was made in the gen- 
 eral plan of campaign which vitally affected Lee. 
 It was decided that the quickest way to end the 
 war was to strike directly at the City of Mexico 
 — " to conquer a peace," as General Scott put it. 
 General Scott, at this time the commanding gen- 
 eral of the United States Army, had been impa- 
 tiently waiting in Washington for a chance for 
 active service, but had been kept out for political 
 reasons by the President. He was now placed in 
 command of a new force raised for the expedition. 
 Scott was a native of Virginia, and had been a 
 lawyer before he went into the army. He had won 
 high reputation as a soldier in the War of 1812, 
 and, at the time of the war with Mexico, had 
 reached the age of sixty years. He was rather 
 vain and self-important, but he was a fine soldier 
 and a great and good man. 
 
 Scott's high position enabled him to have his 
 wishes carried out and he determined to surround 
 himself with able officers, particularly from the 
 Corps of Engineers. He soon drew from that 
 
IN MEXICO 53 
 
 branch Colonel J. G. Totten, J. L. Smith, R. E. 
 Lee, P. G. T. Beauregard, G. B. McClellan, J. G. 
 Foster, Z. B. Tower, I. I. Stevens, and G. W. 
 Smith. Almost at once he placed Lee on his per- 
 sonal staff. In this way the two men grew to be 
 close friends and Scott came to have great confi- 
 dence in Lee and a great admiration for him both 
 as a man and as a soldier. 
 
 While on his way to Vera Cruz, from which 
 place the expedition was expected to start, Lee 
 wrote his sons the following letter : — 
 
 Ship Massachusetts, off Lobos, 
 February 27, 1847. 
 
 My dear Boys: — 
 
 I received your letters with the greatest pleasure, 
 and, as I always like to talk to you both together, I 
 will not separate you in my letters, but write one to 
 you both. I was much gratified to hear of your prog- 
 ress at school, and hope that you will continue to 
 advance and that I shall have the happiness of find- 
 ing you much improved in all your studies on my re- 
 turn. I shall not feel my long separation from you if 
 I find that my absence has been of no injury to you, 
 and that you have both grown in goodness and knowl- 
 edge, as well as stature. But oh, how much will I 
 suffer on my return if the reverse has occurred ! You 
 enter into all my thoughts, in all my prayers; and on 
 you, in part, will depend whether I shall be happy or 
 miserable, as you know how much I love you. You 
 must do all in your power to save me pain. 
 
 You will learn, by my letter to your grandmother, 
 that I have been to Tampico. I saw many things to 
 remind me of you, though that was not necessary to 
 
54 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 make me wish that you were with me. The river was 
 so calm and beautiful, and the boj^s were playing 
 about in boats, and swimming their ponies. Then 
 there were troops of donkeys carrying water through 
 the streets. They had a kind of saddle, something 
 like a cart saddle, though larger, that carried two ten- 
 gallon kegs on each side, which was a load for a don- 
 key. They had no bridles on, but would come along 
 in strings to the river, and as soon as their kegs were 
 filled, start off again. They were fatter and slicker 
 than any donkeys I had ever seen before, and seemed 
 to be better cared for. I saw a great many ponies too. 
 They were much larger than those in the upper 
 country, but did not seem so enduring. I got one to 
 ride around the fortifications. He had a Mexican 
 bit and saddle on, and paced delightfully, but every 
 time my sword struck him on the flanks, would 
 jump and try to run off. Several of them had been 
 broken to harness by the Americans and I saw some 
 teams in wagons, driven four in hand, well matched 
 and trotting well. We had a grand parade on General 
 Scott's arrival. The troops were all drawn up on the 
 bank of the river, and fired a salute as he passed 
 them. He landed at the market, where lines of senti- 
 nels were placed to keep off the crowd. In front of the 
 landing the artillery was drawn up, which received 
 him in the center of the column and escorted him 
 through the streets to his lodgings. They had pro- 
 vided a handsome gray horse, richly caparisoned, for 
 him to ride, but he preferred to walk with his staff 
 around him, and a dragoon led the horse behind us. 
 The windows along the streets we passed were crowded 
 with people, and the boys and girls were in great 
 glee — the Governor's Island band playing all the 
 time. 
 
 There were six thousand soldiers in Tampico. Mr. 
 
IN MEXICO 55 
 
 Barry was the adjutant of the escort. I think you 
 would have enjoyed with me the oranges and sweet 
 potatoes. Major Smith became so fond of the choco- 
 late that I could hardly get him away from the house. 
 We remained there only one day. I have a nice state- 
 room on board this ship. Joe Johnston and myself 
 occupy it, but my poor Joe is so sick all the time, I 
 can do nothing with him. I left "Jem" to come on 
 with the horses, as I was afraid they would not be 
 properly cared for. Vessels were expressly fitted up 
 for the horses, and parties of dragoons detailed to 
 take care of them. I had hoped they would reach 
 here by this time, as I wanted to see how they were 
 fixed. I took every precaution for their comfort, 
 provided them with bran, oats, etc., and had slings 
 made to pass under them and be attached to the cov- 
 erings above, so that, if in a heavy sea, they should 
 slide or be thrown off their feet, they could not fall. I 
 had to sell my good old horse "Jim" as I could not 
 find room for him, or, rather, I did not want to crowd 
 the others. I know I shall want him when I land. 
 Creole was the admiration of every one at Brazos, 
 and they hardly believed she had carried me so far, 
 and looked so well. Jem says there is nothing like her 
 in all the country, and I believe he likes her better 
 than "Tom "or "Jerry." The sorrel mare did not ap- 
 pear to be so well after I got to the Brazos. I had to 
 put one of the men on her whose horse had given out, 
 and the saddle hurt her back. She had gotten well, 
 however, before I left, and I told Jem to ride her 
 every day. I hope they may both reach the shore 
 again in safety, but I fear they will have a hard time. 
 They will first have to be put aboard a steamboat 
 and carried to the ship that lies about two miles out 
 at sea, then hoisted in, and how we shall get them 
 ashore again I do not know. Probably throw them 
 
56 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 overboard and let them swim there. I do not think 
 we shall remain here more than one day longer. Gen- 
 eral Worth's and General Twiggs's divisions have 
 arrived, which include the regulars, and I suppose 
 the volunteers will be coming on every day. We shall 
 probably go on the first down the coast, select a place 
 for debarkation, and make all the arrangements 
 preparatory to the arrival of the troops. I shall have 
 plenty to do there, and am anxious for the time to 
 come, and hope all may be successful. Tell Rob he 
 must think of me very often, be a good boy, and al- 
 ways love papa. Take care of "Spec" and the colts. 
 Mr. Sedgwick and all the officers send their love to you. 
 The ship rolls so I can scarcely write. You must 
 write to me very often. I am always very glad to hear 
 from you. Be sure that I think of you, and that you 
 have the prayers of 
 
 Your affectionate father, 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 In the early winter of 1847 the Scott expedi- 
 tion laid siege to Vera Cruz, which had defenses 
 supposed to be almost impossible to take. Lee, 
 as an engineer, was kept very busy here. He had 
 the chief direction of the placing of batteries, and 
 for two weeks he worked both day and night. 
 His work was so well done that General Scott 
 said in his report that Lee had greatly distin- 
 guished himself. Here Lee came near to death 
 from one of his own men, a panic-stricken sentry 
 firing at him so close that his coat was burned, 
 while the ball passed between his arm and his 
 body. An amusing incident occurred in connec- 
 
IN MEXICO 57 
 
 tion with Lee's work. He received orders to throw 
 up earthworks to protect a battery to be manned 
 by the sailors from a man-of-war. The sailors did 
 not like the digging and the captain of the frigate 
 protested, saying that the only use his men would 
 have for earthworks would be to fight from the 
 top of them. Captain Lee was deaf to all such 
 protests and gave his attention to pushing the 
 work rapidly forward. It was barely finished when 
 the Mexicans opened fire and all the sailors gladly 
 took refuge behind the despised "bank of dirt." 
 Not long afterward the gallant sea captain apol- 
 ogized for his comments, and then said, "The 
 fact is. Captain, I don't like land fighting anyway. 
 It ain't clean." 
 
 At Vera Cruz Lee found his brother, Lieutenant 
 Sydney Smith Lee, of the Navy. In a letter from 
 there, Lee said, after describing a certain bat- 
 tery : — 
 
 The first day this battery opened, Smith served one 
 of the guns. I had constructed the battery, and was 
 there to direct its fire. No matter where I turned, my 
 eyes reverted to him, and I stood by his gun when- 
 ever I was not wanted elsewhere. Oh! I felt awfully, 
 and at a loss what I should have done had he been 
 cut down before me. I thank God that he was saved. 
 He preserved his usual cheerfulness and I could see 
 his white teeth through all the smoke and din of the 
 fire. I had placed three 32 and three 68 pound guns 
 in position. . . . Their fire was terrific, and the shells 
 thrown from our battery were constant and regular 
 
58 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 discharges, so beautiful in their flight and so de- 
 structive in their fall. It was awful! My heart bled 
 for the inhabitants. The soldiers I did not care so 
 much for, but it was terrible to think of the women 
 and children. 
 
 Vera Cruz was at last taken, and Scott moved 
 towards the interior, but at Cerro Gordo, Santa 
 Anna confronted him with a large army, holding 
 a position of great strength. General Scott's own 
 account tells best what followed. Said he : — 
 
 Reconnoissances were pushed in search of some 
 practicable route other than the winding zigzag road 
 among the spurs of the mountains, with heavy bat- 
 teries at every turn. The reconnoissances were con- 
 ducted with vigor under Captain Lee at the head of a 
 body of pioneers, and at the end of the third day a 
 passable way for light batteries was accomplished 
 without alarming the enemy, giving the possibility 
 of turning the extreme left of his line of defense and 
 capturing his whole army, except the reserve, that 
 lay a mile or two higher up the road. Santa Anna 
 said that he had not believed a goat could have ap- 
 proached him in that direction. Hence the surprise 
 and the results were the greater. 
 
 As a result the Mexican left was turned and the 
 Mexican army defeated. Again Scott reported : — 
 
 I am compelled to make special mention of Captain 
 R. E. Lee, Engineer. This ofiicer greatly distinguished 
 himself at the siege of Vera Cruz; was indefatigable 
 during these operations of reconnoissances, as daring 
 as laborious, and of the utmost value. Nor was he 
 
IN MEXICO 59 
 
 less conspicuous In planting batteries and conducting 
 columns from stations under the heavy fire of the 
 enemy. 
 
 These reconnoissances, or scouting expeditions, 
 were very dangerous. Once when Lee had gone 
 too far on one of them, he had to hide under a 
 fallen tree near a spring to which the Mexicans 
 came for water. He could hear the hostile soldiers 
 talking and got very anxious to escape, but he 
 was obliged to lie there until the coming of night 
 made his escape possible. Several times parties 
 crossed the very log under which he lay. Lee 
 wrote his son Custis about the battle of Cerro 
 Gordo and said : — 
 
 I thought of you, my dear Custis, on the i8th in 
 the battle, and wondered, when the musket balls and 
 grape were whistling over my head in a perfect shower, 
 where I could put you if with me to be safe. I was 
 truly thankful you were at school, I hope learning to 
 be good and wise. You have no idea what a horrible 
 sight a battlefield is. 
 
 The army, marching on, reached Contreras 
 only to find it so strongly defended that the reg- 
 ular road could not be passed over. It ran be- 
 tween a deep swamp and an apparently impas- 
 sable lava bed, but Lee found a mule trail over 
 the Pedregal, as the lava field was called, and 
 this he opened up. He then led over it the com- 
 mands of Generals Pillow and Worth, who cap- 
 
6o ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 tured the village of Contreras. It proved necessary 
 for them to push on at once and engage the en- 
 emy, and Lee volunteered to return and tell Scott 
 of the plan so that he could assist. Alone, in the 
 night, in the midst of a terrible tropical storm, 
 Lee made his way across the Pedregal, which was 
 infested with roving Mexican bands, back to Scott, 
 and then returned to take part in the morning's 
 assault. Scott, who had already sent seven officers 
 in turn to cross the Pedregal and had seen them 
 all return unsuccessful, declared Lee's trip ''the 
 greatest feat of physical and moral courage, per- 
 formed by any individual, to my knowledge, 
 pending the campaign." 
 
 In the battle of Contreras, Lee guided the left 
 wing of the army to the attack. In his report of 
 this battle Scott commended his staff, and after 
 Lee's name said, *'as distinguished for felicitous 
 execution as for science and daring." The army 
 was again victorious at Molino del Rey, and then 
 followed a series of brilliant and daring recon- 
 noissances by the engineers, chief of whom was 
 Lee with Beauregard assisting him. The army 
 then stormed the heights of Chapultepec and suc- 
 cessfully carried them, thus opening the way to 
 the City of Mexico. In this engagement Lee was 
 wounded. Scott's report again mentioned him, 
 saying, *' Captain Lee, Engineer, so constantly 
 distinguished, also bore important orders from 
 
IN MEXICO 6i 
 
 me until he fainted from a wound and the loss of 
 two nights' sleep at the batteries." 
 
 Scott's reports make very clear his opinion of 
 Lee, and later he said that his '* success in Mex- 
 ico was largely due to the skill, valor, and un- 
 daunted energy of Robert E. Lee." He also said 
 of him that he was the ** greatest military genius 
 in America, the best soldier that he ever saw in the 
 field, and that, if opportunity offered, he would 
 show himself the foremost captain of his time." 
 Scott's opinion was shared by otliers. Every com- 
 mander with whom Lee served in Mexico spoke 
 of him in the same strain. One of his biographers, 
 speaking of his work in Mexico, says : — 
 
 The high estimate of Lee's military abilities formed 
 by all who associated with him in the Mexican War 
 was not based upon mere partiality for the man be- 
 cause of his winning personal qualities. His services 
 at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and Contreras especially, 
 were marked by those striking qualities which won 
 him so much celebrity in the War of Secession; 
 namely, quick perception, fertility in expedients, 
 sound judgment, energy, audacity, and perfect in- 
 trepidity. 
 
 As a result of his brilliant work, promotion fol- 
 lowed. He was given the brevet rank of major 
 for his work at Cerro Gordo, brevet lieutenant- 
 colonel for that at Contreras, and brevet colonel 
 for that at Chapultepec. When Lee's father-in- 
 law wrote him of the anxiety of his friends that 
 
62 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 his bravery and his services should be suitably 
 rewarded, Lee characteristically replied : — 
 
 I hope my friends will give themselves no annoy- 
 ance on my account, or any concern about the dis- 
 tribution of favors. I know how those things are 
 awarded at Washington, and how the President will 
 be besieged by clamorous claimants. I do not wish 
 to be numbered among them. Such as he can con- 
 scientiously bestow, I shall gratefully receive, and 
 have no doubt that those will exceed my deserts. 
 
 He was sincerely modest about his part in the 
 war and wrote to his brother : — 
 
 As to myself, your brotherly feelings have made 
 you estimate too highly my small services, and though 
 praise from one I love so dearly is sweet, truth com- 
 pels me to disclaim it. I did nothing more than what 
 others in my place would have done much better. 
 The great cause of our success was our leader. 
 
 While the results of the war were being settled 
 by diplomacy, Lee remained in Mexico until June, 
 1848. He studied a great deal during this period, 
 but he also spent many hours on horseback en- 
 joying the beautiful scenery and the wonderful 
 plants and flowers. His letters home were long and 
 full of interesting details. When General Scott, 
 for political reasons, was ordered before a court of 
 inquiry, Lee was very indignant and wrote, '* Gen- 
 eral Scott, whose skill and service has crushed 
 the enemy and conquered a peace, can now be 
 dismissed and turned out as an old horse to die." 
 
IN MEXICO 63 
 
 His home-coming was full of joy for Lee. He 
 wrote his brother : — 
 
 Here I am once again, dear Smith, perfectly sur- 
 rounded by Mary and her precious children, who seem 
 to devote themselves to staring at the furrows in my 
 face and the white hairs in my head. It is not surpris- 
 ing that I am hardly recognizable to some of the 
 young ones around me and perfectly unknown to 
 the youngest. ... I find them, too, much grown and 
 all well, and I have much cause for thankfulness, and 
 gratitude to that good God who has once more 
 united us. 
 
 He brought home with him the horse he had 
 ridden in Mexico, Grace Darling, and for her sake 
 took the long trip up the Mississippi instead of 
 coming directly home. She had been shot seven 
 times, which showed in what sort of places her 
 master had been in the habit of going, and he, 
 naturally, was devoted to her. He also had a 
 small pony, named Santa Anna, sent home by 
 sea for his son Robert, which soon became a fam- 
 ily favorite. 
 
 The Mexican War was in many respects a small 
 affair, a struggle with only a narrow scope. Its 
 great importance in American history lies in the 
 fact that in it were developed many of the men who 
 were to be the leaders, on one side or the other, 
 in the great struggle for the Union then near at 
 hand. Of the subordinate officers in the Mexican 
 War, Lee gained the greatest distinction, but 
 
64 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 there were many others not far behind him. Of 
 these Scott ranked George B. McClellan next to 
 Lee. In Scott's army were Ulysses S. Grant, 
 twenty-five years old, a lieutenant of infantry, who 
 for gallantry, won by brevet the rank of captain ; 
 he had been with Taylor at Palo Alto, Resaca de 
 la Palma, and Monterey, and joined Scott at Vera 
 Cruz ; George B. McClellan, twenty-one years of 
 age, an engineer, for bravery was breveted first 
 lieutenant and later captain ; George H. Thomas, 
 a first lieutenant of artillery, was breveted three 
 times for gallantry; John Sedgwick and John 
 G. Foster were twice breveted, and Winfield Scott 
 Hancock, a second lieutenant of infantry, was also 
 breveted; Irvin McDowell, later to be the first 
 commander of the Army of the Potomac, was in 
 Mexico as an aide-de-camp ; Joseph Hooker was 
 also a staff officer and Ambrose E. Burnside 
 joined the army with a party of recruits while it 
 was on the march to the interior. These were the 
 most important of the number who later were 
 distinguished as Federal officers. 
 
 Many of the men who were to be Confederate 
 leaders also took part in the war. Albert Sidney 
 Johnston was there with a Texas regiment ; Joseph 
 E. Johnston, who was then a lieutenant-colonel, 
 was twice wounded and breveted three times ; 
 Braxton Bragg, a captain of artillery, was the first 
 to plant the colors on the ramparts of Chapul- 
 
IN MEXICO 65 
 
 tepee ; Thomas J. Jackson, a lieutenant of artillery, 
 won high praise from his superiors ; John B. Mac- 
 gruder was wounded once and breveted twice 
 while in Mexico ; Richard S. Ewell and P. G. T. 
 Beauregard were twice breveted, and Edward 
 Kirby Smith three times. Others there were A. P. 
 Hill, D. H. Hill, Jubal A. Early, Samuel Cooper, 
 Simon B. Buckner, and many more. With Taylor 
 were James Longstreet, W. J. Hardee, Richard 
 Taylor, and a host of others. Jefferson Davis, 
 who, as President of the Confederacy, was to be- 
 come commander-in-chief of all its armies, was 
 there in command of a Mississippi regiment. 
 
 All these young fellows together braved hard- 
 ship and toil and danger. They suffered and 
 fought side by side, under the same flag and for 
 one cause. Little did they dream that fifteen years 
 later they would be ranged, some on one side 
 and some on the other, in one of the greatest 
 wars of history, in which, be it said to their credit, 
 they never lost their respect nor, in many cases, 
 their affection, for each other. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 YEARS OF PEACE 
 I 848-1 855 
 
 After the hard service of the Mexican cam- 
 paign, Lee found the greatest enjoyment in the 
 peaceful years at home which followed it. He 
 was in the prime of life and still kept his youth- 
 ful activity and beauty. He was five feet, eleven 
 inches in height, although he always seemed 
 taller, and weighed one hundred and seventy- 
 five pounds. His hair, which curled slightly at 
 the ends, had always been jet black, but was now 
 very slightly touched with gray. His clear, direct 
 eyes were hazel ; his face was clean-shaven ex- 
 cept for a closely clipped mustache. He carried 
 himself superbly and well deserved the reputa- 
 tion of being the handsomest man in the army. 
 Fifteen years later, Stonewall Jackson said Lee's 
 was **the most perfect animal form" he had ever 
 seen. He was rarely, if ever, sick, and was full 
 of gayety and high spirits, especially when with 
 his children. He was never tired of romping and 
 joking with them, and, even in the early morn- 
 ing, he had the two younger children climb into 
 his bed for a story-telling hour. During these 
 
YEARS OF PEACE, 1848-1855 67 
 
 years he formed a close friendship with his chil- 
 dren which lasted through his life. He was vitally 
 interested in their education and insisted that he 
 would not be satisfied with anything less than 
 the highest standing. He was always ready to 
 help with a difficult lesson in mathematics or 
 Latin, not by finding the answer or reading the 
 lesson, but by guiding the children to win victory 
 for themselves. 
 
 He was no less interested in their physical edu- 
 cation. He made his sons stand erect and he saw 
 that they learned to ride, shoot, swim, coast, and 
 skate. His son Robert tells how he himself was 
 encouraged by his father to take care of his own 
 room, which was inspected just as the rooms of 
 the West Point cadets were. His father gave him 
 a gun and offered him a reward for every crow 
 scalp he would bring in, advancing to him enough 
 money to get powder and shot. The boy expected 
 to make a fortune, and this hope was increased 
 when he killed two crows very soon after he got 
 the gun. He showed them to his father with 
 much pride and told him that he would soon be 
 able to repay the loan. His father's eyes twinkled, 
 and he smiled, but he said nothing. The son tried, 
 as he says, "hard and long," but never killed an- 
 other crow. A letter from Lee to his son Custis, 
 or "Boo" as he called him, shows his feeling for 
 his children. 
 
68 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Baltimore, May 4, 1851. 
 
 My dearest Son: — 
 
 Your letter of the 27th ultimo, which I duly re- 
 ceived, has given me more pleasure than any that I 
 now recollect having ever received. It has assured me 
 of the confidence you feel in my love and affection, 
 and with what frankness and candor you open to me 
 all your thoughts. 
 
 So long as I meet with such return from my chil- 
 dren, and see them strive to respond to my wishes, 
 and exertions, for their good and happiness, I can 
 meet with calmness and unconcern all else the world 
 may have in store for me. I cannot express my pleas- 
 ure at hearing you declare your determination to 
 shake off the listless fit that has seized upon you, and 
 arouse all your faculties into activity and exertion. 
 The determination is alone wanting to accomplish the 
 wish. At times the temptation to relax will be hard 
 upon you, but will grow feebler and more feeble by 
 constant resistance. The full play of your young and 
 growing powers, the daily exercise of all your ener- 
 gies, the consciousness of acquiring knowledge, and 
 the pleasure of knowing your efforts to do your duty, 
 will bring you a delight and gratification far surpass- 
 ing all that idleness and selfishness can give. Try it 
 fairly and take your own experience. I know it will 
 confirm you in your present resolve to **try and do 
 your best," and if that does not recompense you for 
 your devotion and labor, you will find it in the happi- 
 ness which it brings to father and mother, brothers 
 and sisters, and all your friends. I do not think you 
 lack either energy or ambition. Hitherto you have 
 not felt the incentive to call them forth. "Content 
 to do well," you have not tried "to do better." The 
 latter will as assuredly follow the effort as the former. 
 
YEARS OF PEACE, 1848-1855 69 
 
 Every man has ambition. The young soldier espe- 
 cially feels it. Honor and fame are all that he aspires 
 to. But he cannot reach either by volition alone, and 
 he sometimes shrinks from the trials necessary to ac- 
 complish them. Let this never be your case. Keep 
 them constantly before you and firmly pursue them. 
 They will at last be won. I am very much pleased 
 at the interest taken by the cadets in your success. 
 Surely it requires on your part a corresponding re- 
 turn. They desire to see you strive, at least, to gratify 
 their wishes. Prove yourself worthy of their affection. 
 Hold yourself above every mean action. Be strictly 
 honorable in every act, and be not ashamed to do 
 right. Acknowledge right to be your aim and strive 
 to reach it. I feel, too, so much obliged to you for 
 the candid avowal of your feelings. Between us two 
 let there be no concealment. I may give you advice 
 and encouragement and you will give me pleasure. 
 
 His [Rooney's] anxiety is still to go to West Point, 
 and thinks there is no life like that of a dragoon. He 
 thinks he might get through the Academy, though he 
 would not stand as well as Boo. I tell him he would 
 get two hundred demerits the first year, and that 
 there would be an end of all his military aspirations. 
 
 Devotedly, your father, 
 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 Lee was fond of reading and was familiar with 
 
 Scott's poems and other works, but his life was 
 
 so filled with action and responsibility that he 
 
 had little time to read and so could hardly be 
 
 called a reading man. The family was much 
 
 at Arlington and found much brightness and 
 
70 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 happiness in the Hfe there. In the following let- 
 ter, Lee describes Christmas there, a typical 
 Christmas of the old South : — 
 
 Arlington, 2Sth December, 1851. 
 
 We came on last Wednesday morning. It was a 
 bitter cold day, and we were kept waiting an hour in 
 the depot at Baltimore for the cars, which were de- 
 tained by the snow and frost on the rails. We found 
 your grandfather at the Washington depot, Daniel 
 and the old carriage and horses, and young Daniel on 
 the colt Mildred. Your mother, grandfather, Mary 
 Eliza, the little people, and the baggage, I thought 
 load enough for the carriage, so Rooney and I took 
 our feet in our hands and walked over. We looked for 
 the Anne Case, in which to get a lift to Roop's Hill, 
 but congratulated ourselves afterwards that we 
 missed her, for she only overtook us after we had 
 passed Jackson City, and was scarcely out of sight 
 when we turned up the Washington turnpike. The 
 snow impeded the carriage as well as us, and we 
 reached here shortly after it. The children were de- 
 lighted at getting back, and passed the evening in de- 
 vising pleasure for the morrow. They were in upon 
 us before day on Christmas morning, to overhaul their 
 stockings. Mildred thinks she drew a prize in the 
 shape of a beautiful new doll; Angelina's infirmities 
 were so great that she was left in Baltimore and this 
 new treasure was entirely unexpected. The cakes, 
 candies, books, etc. were overlooked in the caresses 
 she bestowed upon her, and she was scarcely out of 
 her arms all day. Rooney got among his gifts a nice 
 pair of boots, which he particularly wanted, and the 
 girls, I hope, were equally well pleased with their 
 presents, books, and trinkets. 
 
YEARS OF PEACE, 1848-1855 71 
 
 Your mother, Mary, Rooney, and I went to church, 
 and Rooney and the twins skated back on the canal 
 (Rooney having taken his skates along for the pur- 
 pose), and we filled his place in the carriage with Miss 
 Sarah Stuart, one of M's comrades. Minny Lloyd 
 was detained to assist her mother at dinner, but 
 your Aunt Maria brought her and Miss Lucretia 
 Fitzhugh out the next day, and Wallace Stiles and 
 his brother arriving at the same time, we had quite a 
 tableful. 
 
 The young people have been quite assiduous in 
 their attentions to each other, as their amusements 
 have been necessarily indoors; but the beaux have 
 successfully maintained their reserve so far, notwith- 
 standing the captivating advances of the belles. The 
 first day they tried skating, but the ice was soft and 
 rough, and it was abandoned in despair. They have 
 not moved out of the house since. To-day the twins 
 were obliged to leave us, and when the carriage came 
 to the door, Minny Lloyd and Sarah Stuart reluctantly 
 confessed that their mamas ordered them to return 
 in the first carriage. We have only, therefore, Wal- 
 lace and Edward Stiles, and Miss Lucretia Fitzhugh 
 in addition to our family circle. 
 
 I need not describe to you our amusements, you 
 have witnessed them so often, nor the turkey, cold 
 ham, plum-puddings, mince-pies, etc., at dinner. I 
 hope you will enjoy them again, or some equally as 
 good. 
 
 The weather has been bitter cold. I do not recol- 
 lect such weather (I can only judge by my feelings) 
 since the winter of 1835. I have not been to Washing- 
 ton yet, but will endeavor to get over to-morrow. I 
 am writing this to mail then. The family have re- 
 tired, but I know I should be charged with much love 
 from every individual were they aware of my writing, 
 
72 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 so I will give it without 15idding. May you have 
 many happy years, all bringing you an increase of 
 virtue and wisdom, all witnessing your prosperity 
 in this life, all bringing you nearer everlasting happi- 
 ness hereafter. May God in His great mercy grant 
 me this my constant prayer. 
 
 I had received no letter from you when I left Balti- 
 more, nor shall I get any till I return, which will be, 
 if nothing happens, to-morrow a week, 5th January, 
 1852. You will then be in the midst of your examina- 
 tion. I shall be very anxious about you. Give me the 
 earliest intelligence of your standing, and stand up 
 before them boldly, manfully; do your best, and I 
 shall be satisfied. 
 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 In spite of the close intimacy between Lee and 
 his children, he maintained the strictest discipline. 
 He expected to be obeyed and he was obeyed. 
 His feelings and motives are well shown in the 
 following- letter to his wife : — 
 
 Our dear little boy seems to have among his friends 
 the reputation of being hard to manage — a distinc- 
 tion not at all desirable, as it indicates self-will and 
 obstinacy. Perhaps these are qualities which he 
 really possesses, and he may have a better right to 
 them than I am willing to acknowledge; but it is our 
 duty, if possible, to counteract them, and assist him 
 to bring them under his control. I have endeavored, 
 in my intercourse with him to require nothing but 
 what was, in my opinion, necessary or proper, and to 
 explain to him temperately its propriety, and at a 
 time when he could listen to my arguments and not 
 at the moment of his being vexed and his little facul- 
 
YEARS OF PEACE, 1848-1855 73 
 
 ties warped by passion. I have also tried to show him 
 that I was firm in my demands and constant in their 
 enforcement and that he must comply with them, and 
 I let him see that I look to their execution in order to 
 relieve him as much as possible from the temptation 
 to break them. 
 
 He also required from his children persistent 
 labor at their tasks, punctuality, and devotion to 
 duty. **Duty, then," he said, *'is the sublimest 
 word in our language," and no man ever lived 
 a life more in accord with a principle than Lee's 
 was with this. In every relation, in every problem 
 of life, the difficulty lay only in seeing where duty 
 lay ; its performance when once seen was certain. 
 This devotion to duty was the keynote of Lee's 
 whole life. 
 
 In 1849 Lee was sent with a number of other 
 engineers to Florida to examine the coast de- 
 fenses and to recommend locations for new ones. 
 His next work was the construction of Fort Car- 
 roll at Soller's Point, eight miles below Baltimore. 
 This constant choice of Lee for fortification work 
 was the highest possible praise of his ability in 
 his profession. Indeed, it was thought by those 
 in authority in the army " that no officer of the 
 Corps of Engineers had a quicker eye to grasp 
 the military requisites of a situation and make 
 the best possible provision for its defense." This 
 work kept him in Baltimore for three years. It 
 
74 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 was pleasant to be near his sister again, and he 
 and his wife soon gained great popularity there, 
 and both made many close friends. It was at this 
 time that Lee was selected by the Cuban Junta 
 of New York to take command of a revolutionary 
 military force in an effort to secure Cuban inde- 
 pendence from Spain. This offer carried with it 
 both a high salary and high rank, and Lee gave 
 it careful consideration. He discussed it with his 
 friend, Jeflerson Davis, then Senator from Missis- 
 sippi, but finally came to the conclusion that hav- 
 ing been educated for the service of the United 
 States, he had no right to decide to serve in the 
 army of another power while he still held his com- 
 mission. And, as always, having found the course 
 he believed to be right, he followed it, and de- 
 clined the ofTer. 
 
 In 1852 he was appointed superintendent of 
 the United States Military Academy. His admin- 
 istration lasted three years and was notably suc- 
 cessful. He had not desired the post and had 
 protested against his assignment to it, but after 
 he went there he devoted every ability and every 
 energy to his task. His aim was to be in personal 
 touch with all the cadets, and to this end each 
 Saturday night found a number with him for sup- 
 per. Their shyness, evident at first, soon wore off 
 under the influence of Lee's charm of manner 
 and his heartfelt cordiality. Among the cadets at 
 
YEARS OF PEACE, 1848-1855 75 
 
 this time were his son Custis, who led the class of 
 1854, and his nephew, Fitzhugh Lee. 
 
 General Oliver O. Howard tells of Lee's habit 
 at this time of spending as much time as he could 
 with the cadets who were on the sick-list, and 
 expresses the admiration he formed for Lee whom 
 he came to know while he was himself a cadet 
 and in the hospital. General John B. Schofield 
 says that Lee was the personification of dignity, 
 justice, and kindness, and was respected and ad- 
 mired as the ideal of a commanding officer. 
 
 In spite of the many pleasant things about his 
 service at West Point, the responsibilities weighed 
 heavily upon Lee, and he felt great relief as well 
 as some regret when he was transferred. 
 
 Some of the cadets at West Point under Lee 
 who later became prominent were D. M. Gregg, 
 Oliver O. Howard, J. B. McPherson, John M. 
 Schofield, Thomas H. Ruger, George D. Ruggles, 
 Philip H. Sheridan, J. W. Sill, T. L. Vinton, and 
 
 A. S. Webb, all generals in the Federal Army ; 
 and Robert H. Anderson, E. P. Alexander, John 
 
 B. Hood, Fitzhugh Lee, G. W. C. Lee, Stephen 
 D. Lee, Thomas M. Jones, John R. Chambliss, 
 L. L. Lomax, William D. Pender, and J. E. B. Stu- 
 art, generals in the Confederate Army. Among the 
 instructors at this time were Robert S. Garnett, 
 commandant of cadets, and Edward Kirby Smith, 
 both of whom became Confederate generals. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE CAVALRY OFFICER 
 
 In 1854, after a bitter fight against it in Con- 
 gress, the regular army was increased hy the 
 addition of two regiments of cavalry, the first in 
 the service, although there had already been 
 troops of dragoons. These regiments were organ- 
 ized by Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War 
 under President Pierce. Albert Sidney Johnston 
 was appointed colonel of the Second Cavalry and 
 Lee, lieutenant-colonel. It was with deep regret 
 that Lee left the Corps of Engineers. He had 
 been in that branch of the service for twenty-six 
 years and stood among the first in the profession. 
 The change meant not only giving up the work 
 he loved, but also going into work of a very dif- 
 ferent character. However, next to the engineers, 
 Lee liked the cavalry. He was devoted to horses, 
 and underneath his calm exterior lay a fiery na- 
 ture to which this branch of the service appealed 
 more than he himself knew. Of course he had 
 to learn much of cavalry tactics, to begin study 
 anew, as it were, but Lee believed in accepting 
 promotion w^hen it came, and, in view of the 
 usual slowness with which officers in the army 
 
THE CAVALRY OFFICER 77 
 
 rose in rank, the leap from captain to lieutenant- 
 colonel was very gratifying. 
 
 The officers of these two regiments formed a 
 remarkable body of men. Among those in the 
 Second Cavalry were Albert Sidney Johnston, 
 Lee, Thomas, Hardee, Van Dorn, Hood, Fitz- 
 hugh Lee, Palmer, Emory, Oakes, Stoneman, 
 Garrard, Cosby, Lomax, Major, Byres, Evans, 
 Kirby Smith, O'Hara, Bradfute, Travis, Brack- 
 ett, Whiting, and Johnson, all generals in the 
 Federal or Confederate armies. In the First Reg- 
 iment were Sumner, Sedgwick, Stanley, Carr, and 
 Joseph E. Johnston. 
 
 In the absence of Colonel Johnston, Lee took 
 command of the regiment at Louisville, Kentucky, 
 in April, 1855. A little later the regiment was re- 
 moved to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, for re- 
 cruiting and organization. In this work Lee was 
 very valuable on account of his wonderful power 
 of discipline and organization, and he rendered 
 great service. In the fall the regiment, numbering 
 about seven hundred and fifty men, with eight 
 hundred horses, started on its long march to 
 Texas. Lee did not go with it because at the time 
 he was serving as a member of a court martial, 
 or military court, but he joined it in Texas in 
 March, 1856. 
 
 The troops were sent to Texas to protect the 
 settlers there from the Indians. The State was 
 
78 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 so large and so sparsely settled that the regi- 
 ment had to be divided into small detachments 
 so that it might spread over a large territory. 
 Lee was stationed at Camp Cooper, on the Bra- 
 zos River, in command of two squadrons, charged 
 with the duty of watching the Comanche Indians, 
 who were very hostile and dangerous. In a let- 
 ter home Lee described his first interview with 
 the chief, and expressed the opinion that the 
 entire race was very uninteresting. In June Lee 
 was sent with several companies on an expedi- 
 tion against some scattered bands of Indians, but 
 failed to locate them. This small body of troops 
 was the largest Lee had ever had under him in 
 actual service, and he commanded no other as 
 large before the outbreak of the war between the 
 States. In a letter written to his wife while he, 
 was on this expedition, Lee said : — 
 
 I hope your father continued well and enjoyed his 
 usual celebration of the Fourth of July; mine was 
 spent, after a march of thirty miles on one of the 
 branches of the Brazos, under my blanket, elevated 
 on four sticks driven in the ground, as a sunshade. 
 The sun was fiery hot, the atmosphere like the heat 
 of a hot-air furnace, the water salt, still my feelings 
 for my country were as ardent, my faith in her future 
 as true, and my hopes for advancement as unabated 
 as they would have been under better circumstances. 
 
 Life on the frontier was not pleasant. Roving 
 bands of Indians constantly attacked the settlers 
 
THE CAVALRY OFFICER 79 
 
 and there was never any certainty of their safety. 
 The posts, or forts, were lonely spots in wide un- 
 peopled prairies, and there was little communica- 
 tion with the outside world, as there were no 
 railroads, no telegraph, and no telephone. The 
 army quarters were poor and utterly without 
 comfort. The weather was changeable, and, even 
 as late as April, freezing temperature was not 
 unusual. Bread and beef were the chief articles 
 of food, so there was usually little variety. There 
 was much sickness, and the death of little chil- 
 dren wrung Lee's heart. There were other dis- 
 comforts not easily endured. Lee wrote his wife : 
 ** Every branch and leaf in this country nearly is 
 armed with a point and some seem to poison the 
 flesh. What a blessed thing the children are not 
 here. They would be ruined." 
 
 The greater part of the military work here was 
 done by the lower officers, but those of higher 
 rank had the responsibility of deciding what was 
 to be done and of seeing that it was all properly 
 carried out. This was the part that fell to Lee, 
 and he studied with the greatest care each prob- 
 lem that arose. Stern as was his sense of duty, 
 it was no barrier between him and those with 
 whom he worked, and he always had their ad- 
 miration, confidence, and warm affection. His 
 letters home at this time still dwell upon his 
 affection for animals, especially for cats. This 
 
3o ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 last fondness he had come to have through his 
 association with his father-in-law, for Mr. Custis 
 was especially devoted to them. The following 
 are characteristic examples of such allusions : — 
 
 Tell your father Mrs. Colonel Waite has a fine large 
 cat which she takes with her everywhere. He is her 
 companion by day and sleeps on her bed at night. In 
 public conveyances she leads him in the leash, and 
 carries along a bottle of milk for his use. In her own 
 carriage he sits in her lap. I have been trying to per- 
 suade her to let me take him to Camp Cooper, but 
 she says she can't part with him. He must go to 
 Florida. I have seen some fine cats in Brownsville in 
 the stores kept by Frenchmen, but no yellow ones; the 
 dark brindle is the favorite color on the frontier. In 
 my walk the other evening I met a Mexican with a 
 wild kitten in his arms enveloped in his blanket; it 
 was a noble specimen of the Rio Grande wildcat, 
 spotted all over with large spots like the leopard. I 
 tried very hard to buy him, but he was already sold. 
 I should prefer one of those at Camp Cooper. I fear, 
 though, I should have to keep him chained, for they 
 are very wild and savage. 
 
 In a letter to his little girl, he said : — 
 
 You must be a great personage now — sixty 
 pounds ! I wish I had you here in all your ponderosity. 
 I want to see you so much. Can you not pack up and 
 come to the Comanche country? I would get you 
 such a fine cat you would never look at "Tom" 
 again. Did I tell you Jim Nooks, Mrs Waite's cat, 
 was dead? He died of apoplexy. I foretold his end. 
 Coffee and cream for breakfast, pound cake for lunch, 
 turtle and oysters for dinner, buttered toast for tea, 
 
THE CAVALRY OFFICER 8i 
 
 and Mexican rats, taken raw for supper. He grew 
 enormously and ended in a spasm. His beauty could 
 not save him. I saw in San Antonio a cat dressed up 
 for company. He had two holes bored in each ear, 
 and in each were two bows of pink and blue ribbon. 
 His round face, set in pink and blue, looked like a 
 big owl in a full blooming ivy bush. He was snow 
 white. . . . His tail and feet were tipped with black, 
 and his eyes of green were truly catlike. But I ''saw 
 cats as is cats" in Sarassa, while the stage was chang- 
 ing mules. ... I left the wildcat on the Rio Grande; 
 he was too savage; had grown as large as a small- 
 sized dog, had to be caged, and would strike at any- 
 thing that came within his reach. His cage had to be 
 strong, and consequently heavy, so I could not bring 
 it. He would pounce upon a kid as Tom would on 
 a mouse, and would whistle like a tiger when you 
 approached him. 
 
 In still another, he writes : — 
 
 Tell Mr. Custis I at last have a prospect of getting 
 a puss. I have heard of a batch of kittens at a settler's 
 town on the river, and have the promise of one. I 
 have stipulated if not entirely yellow, it must at least 
 have some yellow in the composition of the color of 
 its coat; but how I shall place it — when I get it — 
 and my mouse on amicable terms I do not know. 
 
 Lee's second son, William H. F. (''Rooney"), 
 was graduated from Harvard in 1857, ^^^ was at 
 once, through the influence of General Scott, ap- 
 pointed a second lieutenant in the army. When 
 he joined his command, his father wrote him : — 
 
 You are now in a position to acquire military credit, 
 
82 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 and to prepare the road for promotion and future ad- 
 vancement. Show your ablHty and worthiness of dis- 
 tinction, and if an opportunity offers for advance- 
 ment in the staff (I do not refer to the Quartermaster's 
 or Commissary Departments), unless that is not your 
 fancy, take it. It may lead to something favorable 
 and you can always relinquish it when you choose. 
 
 I hope you will be always distinguished for your 
 avoidance of the "uinversal balm," whiskey, and 
 every immorality. Nor need you fear to be ruled out 
 of the society that indulges in it, for you will rather 
 acquire their esteem and respect, as all venerate if 
 they do not practice virtue. I am sorry to say that 
 there is a great proclivity for spirit in the army in the 
 field. It seems to be considered a substitute for every 
 luxury. The great body may not carry it to extreme, 
 but many pursue It to their ruin. ... I think it better 
 to avoid it altogether, as you do, as its temperate use 
 is so difficult. I hope you will make many friends, 
 as you will be thrown with many who deserve this 
 feeling, but indiscriminate intimacies you will find 
 annoying and entangling, and they can be avoided by 
 politeness and civility. . . . When I think of your 
 youth, impulsiveness, and many temptations, your 
 distance from me, and the ease (and even innocence) 
 with which you might commence an erroneous course, 
 my heart quails within me, and my whole frame and 
 being trembles at the possible result. May Almighty 
 God have you In His holy keeping. To His Merciful 
 Providence I commit you, and will rely upon Him, 
 and Efficacy of the prayers that will be daily and 
 hourly offered up by those who love you. 
 
 Some months later, he wrote : — 
 
 I cannot express the gratification I felt in meeting 
 Colonel May in New York, at the encomiums he 
 
THE CAVALRY OFFICER 83 
 
 passed upon your scholarship, zeal, and devotion to 
 your duty. But I was more pleased at the report of 
 your conduct. That went nearer my heart, and was of 
 infinite comfort to me. Hold on to your purity and 
 virtue. They will proudly sustain you in all trials and 
 difficulties, and cheer you in every calamity. I was 
 sorry to see from your letter to your mother that you 
 smoke occasionally. It is dangerous to meddle with. 
 You have in store much better employment for your 
 mouth. Reserve it, Roon, for its legitimate pleasure. 
 Do not poison and corrupt it with stale vapors or 
 tarnish your beard with their stench. 
 
 In 1857 Colonel Johnston was ordered to Wash- 
 ington, and Lee took command of the regiment. 
 In the fall of that year Mr. Custis died, and Lee 
 returned to Arlington to act as executor and to 
 be with Mrs. Lee. Mr. Custis in his will had or- 
 dered that all his slaves be set free at the end of 
 five years, and in 1862 Lee carried out this pro- 
 vision in the midst of the tremendous military 
 campaign of that year. The few negroes he him- 
 self owned he had already freed at the beginning 
 of the war. 
 
 Arlington was left to Mrs. Lee during her life, 
 to go at her death to her son Custis. The latter 
 at once deeded it to his father who replied to the 
 graceful act in the following letter : — 
 
 Arlington, ijth March, 1858. 
 My dear Son: — 
 
 I received to-night your letter of the i8th February, 
 and also the deed relinquishing to me all your right 
 
84 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 and title to Arlington, the mill, adjacent lands, per- 
 sonal property, etc., bequeathed to you by your 
 grandfather. I am deeply impressed by your filial 
 feeling of love and consideration, as well as your tender 
 solicitude for me, of which, however, I required no 
 proof, and am equally touched by your generosity 
 and disinterestedness. But from what I said in a 
 previous letter, you will not be surprised at my re- 
 peating that I cannot accept your offer. It is not 
 from any unwillingness to accept from you a gift you 
 may think proper to bestow, or to be indebted to you 
 for any benefit, great or small. But simply because it 
 would not be right for me to do so. Your dear grand- 
 father distributed his property as he thought best, and 
 it is proper that it should remain as he bestowed it. 
 It will not prevent me from improving it to the best 
 of my ability, or of making it as comfortable a home 
 for your mother, sisters, and yourself as I can. I only 
 wish that I could do more than I have it in my power 
 to do. I wish you had received my previous letter on 
 this subject in time to have saved you the trouble of 
 executing the deed you transmitted me. And indeed 
 I also regret the expense you incurred, which I fear 
 in that country is considerable, as I wish you to save 
 all your money and invest it in some safe and lucra- 
 tive way, that you may have the means to build up 
 old Arlington, and make it all we would wish to see it. 
 The necessity I daily have for money has, I fear, 
 made me parsimonious. 
 
 Lee remained on leave until the summer of 
 1859 when he went again to Texas. He was 
 there only a short time, returning almost imme- 
 diately to Arlington, and was thus in easy reach 
 of Washington in October, when a sudden and 
 
THE CAVALRY OFFICER 85 
 
 dangerous crisis caused the Secretary of War to 
 call upon him for service. On October 16, 1859, 
 John Brown, an abolitionist fanatic, who was 
 then a fugitive from Kansas where he had par- 
 ticipated in the Pottawattomie Massacre, led a 
 small force of men into Harper's Ferry, Virginia. 
 He had organized and armed them for the pur- 
 pose of stirring up a slave uprising all over the 
 South. He planned, as the slaves joined him, to 
 arm them to fight for their freedom, and, in 
 order to get a supply of arms, he took possession 
 of the United States Arsenal in the town, which 
 was well supplied but poorly guarded. News of 
 this action reached Washington quickly, and 
 Secretary Floyd, who knew that Lee was at Ar- 
 lington, called on him to take command of a 
 detachment of marines and go to Harper's 
 Ferry. 
 
 On reaching there, Lee found that Brown's 
 plan to rouse the slaves had failed because of 
 their refusal to rebel against their masters, but 
 he had captured a number of the leading citizens 
 of the town and was holding them as hostages 
 while he was besieged in the engine-house of the 
 Arsenal by the militia companies, which had 
 arrived promptly. Lee at once surrounded the 
 place and then sent his volunteer aide. Lieuten- 
 ant J. E. B. Stuart, with a flag of truce, to de- 
 mand the surrender of those within. Brown 
 
86 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 declined and demanded that he be allowed to 
 march his men out under arms and to take his 
 prisoners with him. This demand was flatly- 
 refused, and Brown's reply to this was a threat 
 to kill all the prisoners. Among these was Colonel 
 Lewis Washington, who called out, *' Never mind 
 us, fire I " and at this Lee said, ** The old Revolu- 
 tionary blood does tell/' Acting on a plan of 
 Lee's, Stuart now raised his hand, and, at the 
 signal, the marines rushed in, forced the door, 
 and captured the building before the threat of 
 killing the prisoners could be carried out. The 
 entry in Lee's memorandum book is brief : — 
 
 October 17, 1859. Received orders from the Secre- 
 tary of War in person to repair to Harper's Ferry. 
 
 Reached Harper's Ferry at 11 p.m Posted 
 
 marines in the United States Armory. Waited until 
 daylight, as a number of citizens were held as hostages, 
 whose lives were threatened. Tuesday about sun- 
 rise, with twelve marines, under Lieutenant Green, 
 broke in the door of the engine-house, secured the in- 
 surgents, and relieved the prisoners unhurt. All the 
 insurgents killed or mortally wounded, but four, 
 John Brown, Stevens, Coppie, and Shields. 
 
 Lee then turned his prisoners over to the Vir- 
 ginia authorities and returned to Arlington. 
 Brown and his confederates, who had killed as 
 many as five people, were soon afterwards tried, 
 convicted, and executed. 
 
 In February, i860, Lee again returned to Texas 
 
THE CAVALRY OFFICER 87 
 
 as commander of that military department. Here 
 he spent many months trying to capture Cortinas, 
 a famous and very wily Mexican bandit, who had 
 crossed several times into the United States, burn- 
 ing houses and driving off cattle. The situation 
 is best described in this letter from Lee : — 
 
 I have but little Rio Grande news. I have de- 
 scended the left bank of the river from Eagle Pass, 
 and could find no armed parties on either side of the 
 river. Everything was quiet. Robberies will be com- 
 mitted by Indians, Mexicans, and border men when it 
 can be done with impunity and always has been done. 
 The last authentic accounts I could get of Cortinas 
 was that with his wife, children, and two men he was 
 making his way in Mexican ox-carts into the interior 
 and was 135 miles off. The Mexican authorities with 
 whom I am holding a sharp correspondence said they 
 had sent an express to the authorities to arrest him. 
 General Garcia, commanding in Matamoras opposite 
 to me, repeated the assurance. Still I do not expect it 
 to be done and do not like to enter into a blind pursuit 
 after a man so far into the interior, with broken- 
 down horses. It is the want of food for them that 
 stops me more than anything else. I cannot carry it 
 and do not know that I could find it. The delay in 
 finding it would defeat my object. If it was a prairie 
 or grass country in which the horses could live, I 
 would try him. 
 
 During all this period Lee's promotion was 
 much talked of. In a letter to his wife in 1856, he 
 said of the talk : — 
 
 Do not give yourself any anxiety about the appoint- 
 ment of the brigadier. If it is on my account that 
 
88 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 you feel any Interest In It, I beg you will discard It 
 from your thoughts. You will be sure to be disap- 
 pointed; nor is It right to indulge improper and useless 
 hopes. It besides looks like presumption to expect it. 
 
 In i860 John B. Floyd, the Secretary of War, 
 appointed his cousin, Joseph E.Johnston, Quarter- 
 master-General, with the rank of brigadier-gen- 
 eral, promoting him over Albert Sidney Johnston, 
 Lee, Sumner, and others who outranked him. 
 Lee's comment is characteristic : — 
 
 My friend Col. Joe Johnston Is a good soldier and a 
 worthy man and deserves all advancement, when it 
 can be done without Injustice to others. I think It 
 must be evident to him that it was never the inten- 
 tion of Congress to advance him to the position as- 
 signed him by the Secretary. It was not so recog- 
 nized before, and In proportion to his services he has 
 been advanced beyond any one In the Army, and has 
 thrown more discredit than ever on the system of 
 favoritism and making brevets. 
 
 A little later he wrote : — 
 
 I rejoice In the good fortune that has come to my 
 old friend Joe Johnston, for while I should not like, of 
 course, that this should be taken as a precedent in the 
 service, yet so far as he is concerned he Is In every 
 way worthy of the promotion, and I am glad that he 
 has received It. 
 
 In February, 1861, Lee received orders to "re- 
 port to the commander-in-chief at Washington," 
 and he reached there the first of March in time 
 to see Lincoln inaugurated. Now for the last time 
 he and his family were together at Arlington. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 STATE OR NATION? 
 
 In the years which followed the Mexican War 
 a violent dispute over slavery arose in the United 
 States. Lee took no part in it, of course, and, so 
 far as can be seen from his letterS)^ he seems at 
 first to have been entirely absorbed in his military 
 duties and in his family and to have paid no at- 
 tention to this discussion. So far as slavery was 
 concerned, Lee, like many Southerners in the 
 Border States, never doubted its evils. Opposi- 
 tion to slavery was particularly common in Vir- 
 ginia, and until the abolitionist crusade began, 
 there was every indication that slavery would be 
 abolished within a few years. As has been seen, 
 Lee freed all the slaves he owned before the war 
 began, and it is not unlikely that it was his influ- 
 ence that caused Mr. Custis to provide for the 
 freeing of his own. Lee's feeling toward slavery 
 is best shown in a letter written in 1856 in which 
 he said : " In this enlightened age there are few, I 
 believe, but will acknowledge that slavery as an 
 institution is a moral and political evil. It is idle 
 to expatiate on its disadvantages. I think it is a 
 greater evil to the white than to the colored race, 
 and while my feelings are strongly interested in 
 
90 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 behalf of the latter, my sympathies are stronger 
 for the former." 
 
 As time passed, the disagreement over slavery 
 involved the question of preserving the Union. 
 In the North the Republican Party, the first polit- 
 ical party in our history confined to one section, 
 was organized on the principle of opposition to 
 the spread of slavery in the Territories, and it 
 gained strength with great rapidity. Its pledge 
 to prevent the extension of slavery caused great 
 alarm in the South, where it was claimed that it 
 was the right of any citizen to carry his property 
 into the Territories which were the common prop- 
 erty of all the States. This view had been upheld 
 by the Supreme Court of the United States in the 
 celebrated Dred Scott decision which the anti- 
 slavery advocates denounced and declared not 
 binding. To the argument of the South that slav- 
 ery was protected by the Constitution, came the 
 reply that there was a law higher than the Consti- 
 tution, that is, the moral law. Because of the 
 avowed purpose of the Republican Party and the 
 opinions of its leaders, the South came to feel that 
 its success would mean grave danger to the peace 
 and safety of that section, since the Constitution 
 might not be regarded as binding. The North 
 was deeply opposed to slavery and determined 
 to check its growth. Therefore, when Abraham 
 Lincoln, the Republican candidate, was elected in 
 
STATE OR NATION? 91 
 
 i860, South Carolina, the most extreme of the 
 Southern States, followed in turn by Mississippi, 
 Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, 
 the so-called "Cotton States,'' called conventions, 
 which were supposed to exercise the sovereign 
 power of the States, and through them withdrew 
 from the Union. In February delegates from these 
 States met in Montgomery, Alabama, and organ- 
 ized the Confederate States of America. An effort 
 was made to induce the Border States, Maryland, 
 Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Arkansas, 
 Missouri, and Tennessee, to follow, but in those 
 States the majority of the people felt that Lin- 
 coln's election alone was not sufficient cause for 
 so grave a step as withdrawal from the Union. 
 
 Lee, from Texas, watched these movements 
 with sorrowful forebodings. By this time he was 
 alive to the gravity of the situation. He wrote 
 his son : — 
 
 My little personal troubles sink into insignificance 
 when I contemplate the condition of the country, and 
 I feel as If I could easily lay down my life for Its safety. 
 But I also feel that It would bring but little good. 
 
 A little later he wrote : — 
 
 If the Union Is dissolved, which God In His mercy 
 forbid, I shall return to you. 
 
 Still a little later, writing of this same possibil- 
 ity, he said : — 
 
 Major Nichols thinks the Union will be dissolved 
 
92 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 in six weeks. ... If I thought so, . . . I would return 
 to you now. I hope, however, the wisdom and patriot- 
 ism of the country will devise some way of saying it, 
 and that a kind Providence has not yet turned the 
 current of His blessings from us. The three proposi- 
 tions of the President ^ in his message are eminently 
 just, are in accordance with the Constitution, and 
 ought to be cheerfully assented to by all the States. 
 But I do not think the Northern and Western States 
 will agree to them. 
 
 It is, however, my only hope for the preservation 
 of the Union, and I will cling to it to the last. Feeling 
 the aggressions of the North, resenting their denial of 
 equal rights to our citizens to the common territory 
 of the commonwealths, etc., I am not pleased with 
 the course of the "Cotton States," as they term them- 
 selves. In addition to their selfish, dictatorial bear- 
 ing the threats they throw out against the ''Border 
 States," as they call them, if they will not join them, 
 argues little for the benefit or peace of Virginia should 
 she determine to coalesce with them. While I wish to 
 do what is right, I am unwilling to do what is wrong, 
 either at the bidding of the South or the North. 
 
 Lee, as has been seen, was ordered to Washing- 
 ton and reached there in March. He remained 
 there for six weeks, during which time he was 
 
 1 President Buchanan in his annual message to Congress had 
 recommended the passage of an explanatory amendment to the 
 Constitution of the United States which would expressly rec- 
 ognize the right of property in slaves where slavery already 
 existed or might afterwards exist; which would declare it the 
 duty of the United States to protect this right in the common 
 Territories of the United States while they remained Terri- 
 tories; and which, declaring the right of a master to the return 
 of a fugitive slave, would make unconstitutional the so-called 
 "Liberty Laws" passed by the Northern States to prevent the 
 recovery of slaves who had made their escape. 
 
STATE ON NATION? 93 
 
 promoted to colonel of the First Cavalry. From 
 Arlington he watched the progress of events with 
 the deepest interest and anxiety. Virginia had 
 called a convention, but it refused to secede, and 
 waited for developments ; a great peace confer- 
 ence, composed of delegates from the States, 
 summoned by Virginia, met in Washington and 
 attempted fruidessly to settle the questions at 
 issue ; Congress was entirely given over to efforts 
 to bring about some compromise which would 
 effect a peaceful settlement. In the North many 
 were inclined to take no steps to prevent the 
 secession of the Southern States. General Scott 
 suggested to President Lincoln that he should 
 say, *' Wayward sisters, depart in peace," a view 
 also held by Horace Greeley, the great editor of 
 the ** Tribune." But others opposed such a course, 
 demanding the preservation of the Union, and 
 Lincoln himself had no idea of admitting the 
 right of a State to withdraw from the Union. He 
 waited a month before taking any steps against 
 the seceded States. Then he decided that Fort 
 Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, which was still in 
 the possession of Federal troops under the com- 
 mand of Major Robert Anderson, should be re- 
 inforced. It was recognized that the Confederacy 
 would regard this as an act of war, and when the 
 attempt was made the fort was at once bombarded 
 and the garrison forced to surrender. 
 
94 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 On April 15 President Lincoln issued a procla- 
 mation, calling for seventy-five thousand volun- 
 teers to force the seceded States to return to the 
 Union. He demanded that the Border States fur- 
 nish their part of this number, but the governors 
 of all of them flatly refused. Governor Letcher, 
 of Virginia, replied, " You have chosen to inau- 
 gurate civil war, and you can get no troops from 
 Virginia for any such evil purpose." On April 17 
 the Virginia Convention, which was still in ses- 
 sion, passed an ordinance of secession. The same 
 action was taken during the next five weeks by 
 Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The 
 other slave States — Delaware, Maryland, Ken- 
 tucky, and Missouri — did not secede. Delaware 
 had no leaning towards secession and Kentucky 
 chose to attempt to remain neutral, but Missouri 
 and Maryland were only prevented from seced- 
 ing by force. 
 
 Lee now faced an enormous and terrible prob- 
 lem. His devotion to the Union amounted to a 
 passion, and his resignation from the army would 
 mean a wrench of his whole being. His own per- 
 sonal interests could be served only by remain- 
 ing in the service of the United States. Over 
 against this was Virginia's call to him — one not 
 lightly to be disregarded by a Lee. While he 
 weighed the question, trying to see his duty 
 clearly. General Scott was imploring him to re- 
 
STATE OR NATION? 95 
 
 main in the army. Scott had recommended him 
 to President Lincoln, and the latter, on April 18, 
 through Francis P. Blair, offered him the chief 
 command of the United States Army. Lee's re- 
 ply was what might have been expected, ** If I 
 owned four millions of slaves, I would cheerfully 
 sacrifice them to the preservation of the Union, 
 but to lift my hand against my own State and 
 people is impossible." 
 
 Just after receiving the offer, Lee had an inter- 
 view with Scott who still sought to change him 
 from his purpose of resigning. Lee's reply was 
 simple, ''I am compelled to ; I cannot consult my 
 own feelings in the matter." All that day and the 
 next, Lee pondered the question. The night of 
 April 19 he spent walking the floor or kneeling" 
 to pray for God's guidance in making his final 
 decision. At last he saw where his duty lay. He 
 came down stairs and said to his wife, ''Well, 
 Mary, the question is settled. Here is my letter 
 of resignation and a letter I have written General 
 Scott." These were the letters : — 
 
 Arlington, Va., April 20, 1861. 
 General : — ■ 
 
 Since my interview with you on the i8th inst., I 
 have felt that I ought no longer to retain my com- 
 mission In the Army. I therefore tender my resigna- 
 tion, which I request you will recommend for accept- 
 ance. It would have been presented at once but for 
 the struggle it has cost me to separate myself from a 
 
96 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 service to which I have devoted all the best years of 
 my life and all the ability I possessed. 
 
 During the whole of that time — more than a 
 quarter of a century, — I have experienced nothing 
 but kindness from my superiors, and the most cordial 
 friendship from my comrades. To no one. General, 
 have I been as much indebted as to yourself for uni- 
 form kindness and consideration, and it has always 
 been my ardent desire to meet your approbation. I 
 shall carry to the grave the most grateful recollec- 
 tions of your kind consideration, and your name and 
 fame will always be dear to me. 
 
 Save in defense of my native State, I never desire 
 again to draw my sword. Be pleased to accept my 
 most earnest wishes for the continuance of your hap- 
 piness and prosperity, and believe me, 
 
 Most truly yours, 
 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 Arlington, Washington City P. O., April 20, 1861. 
 
 Hon. Simon Cameron, 
 Secretary of War. 
 Sir: — I have the honor to tender the resignation 
 of my commissson as colonel of the First Regiment of 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 V R. E. Lee. 
 
 He also wrote a letter to his brother Smith, 
 and one to his sister Mrs. Marshall, who had 
 followed her husband in support of the Union. 
 They follow : — 
 
STATE OR NATION? 97 
 
 Arlington, Va., April 20, 1861. 
 My dear Brother Smith: — 
 
 The question which was the subject of my earnest 
 consultation with you on the 1 8th inst., has in my 
 mind been decided. After the most anxious inquiry as 
 to the correct course for me to pursue, I concluded to 
 resign, and sent in my resignation this morning. I 
 wished to wait until the ordinance of secession should 
 be acted up^n by the people of Virginia; but war 
 seems to have commenced, and I am liable at any 
 time to be ordered on duty which I could not conscien- 
 tiously perform. To save me from such a position, 
 and to prevent the necessity of resigning under orders, 
 I had to act at once, and before I could see you again 
 on the subject, as I had wished. I am now a private 
 citizen, and have no other ambition than to remain at 
 home. Save in defense of my native State, I have no 
 desire ever again to draw my sword. I send my warm- 
 est love. 
 
 Your affectionate brother, 
 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 My dear Sister: — 
 
 I am grieved at my inability to see you. I have 
 been waiting for a more '* convenient season," which 
 has brought to many before me deep and lasting re- 
 gret. We are now in a state of war which will yield to 
 nothing. The whole South is in a state of revolution, 
 into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been 
 drawn ; and though I recognize no necessity for this 
 state of things, and would have forborne and pleaded 
 to the end for redress of grievances, real or supposed, 
 yet in my own person I had to meet the question 
 whether I should take part against my native State. 
 With all my devotion to the Union, and the feeling of 
 
98 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not 
 been able to make up my mind to raise my hand 
 against my relatives, my children, my home. I have, 
 therefore, resigned my commission in the Army, and 
 save in defense of my native State — with the sin- 
 cere hope that my poor services may never be needed 
 — I hope I may never be called upon to draw my 
 sword. 
 
 I know that you will blame me; but you must 
 think as kindly of me as you can, and believe that I 
 have endeavored to do what I thought right. To 
 show you the feeling and the struggle it has cost me, I 
 send you a copy of my letter of resignation. I have 
 no time for more. 
 
 May God guard and protect you and yours, and 
 shower upon you everlasting blessings, is the prayer of 
 Your devoted brother, 
 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 Two days later Lee bade Arlington a long and 
 sorrowful farewell. He was destined never to see 
 it again. He went immediately to Richmond in 
 obedience to a summons from the governor, who 
 at once nominated him major-general and com- 
 mander-in-chief of the forces of Virginia. 
 
 He was at once unanimously elected to the 
 position by the convention, and invited to ap- 
 pear before it. In spite of Lee's strong dislike of 
 publicity, he felt that he could not refuse, and, 
 in the presence of a great audience, he was pre- 
 sented to the convention and welcomed by its 
 president, who, after an eloquent address of wel- 
 come, said : — 
 
STATE OR NATION? 99 
 
 Sir, we have by this unanimous vote expressed our 
 convictions that you are at this day among the living 
 citizens of Virginia, ''first in war." We pray to God 
 fervently that you may so conduct the operations 
 committed to your charge that it will soon be said of 
 you that you are "first in peace"; and when that 
 time comes you will have earned the still prouder 
 distinction of being "first in the hearts of your coun- 
 trymen." I will close with one more remark. 
 
 When the Father of his Country made his last 
 will and testament, he gave swords to his favorite 
 nephews, with an injunction that they should never 
 be drawn from their scabbards except in self-defense, 
 or in defense of the rights and liberties of their coun- 
 try; and that, if drawn for the latter purpose, they 
 should fall with them in their hands rather than re- 
 linquish them. 
 
 Yesterday your mother, Virginia, placed her sword 
 in your hand, upon the implied condition, that we 
 know you will keep to the letter and in spirit, that 
 you will draw it only in defense, and that you will 
 fall with it in your hand, rather than that the object 
 for which it was placed there shall fail. 
 
 Lee, in dear tones, replied briefly : — 
 
 Mr. President, and gentlemen of the convention: 
 Profoundly impressed with the solemnity of the oc- 
 casion, for which I must say I was not prepared, I 
 accept the position assigned me by your partiality. 
 I would have much preferred that your choice had 
 fallen upon an abler man. Trusting in Almighty God, 
 an approving conscience, and the aid of my fellow- 
 citizens, I devote myself to the services of my native 
 State, in whose behalf alone will I ever again draw 
 my sword. 
 
 [f 
 
loo ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Alexander H. Stephens,* the Vice-President of 
 the Confederacy, was present and said of the 
 scene : — 
 
 As he stood there, fresh and ruddy as a David from 
 the sheepfold, in the prime of his manly beauty, and 
 the embodiment of a line of heroic and patriotic 
 fathers and worthy mothers, it was thus I first saw 
 Robert E. Lee. I had preconceived ideas of the rough 
 soldier with no time for the graces of life and by 
 companionship almost compelled to the vices of his 
 profession. I did not know then that he used no 
 stimulants, was free even from the use of tobacco, 
 and that he was absolutely stainless in his private 
 life. I did not know then, as I do now, that he had 
 been a model youth and young man ; but I had before 
 me the most manly and entire gentleman I ever saw. 
 
 Behind Lee's decision to obey the call of his 
 State lay the whole history of the Union. When 
 the Constitution of the United States was adopted, 
 nearly every State which ratified it had already a 
 separate history of its own which had then lasted 
 more years than have passed since. Each had its 
 own laws, customs, and traditions ; each, largely 
 because of the long struggle with England for 
 the right of self-government, was intolerant of 
 outside power or influence. During the Revolu- 
 tion they had needed each other and had acted 
 together, but even then they would consent to no 
 stronger form of government than that provided 
 by the Articles of Confederation, which gave the 
 Central Government so little power that it was 
 
STATE OR NATION? loi 
 
 dangerously weak. At the close of the Revolu- 
 tion England had declared each one a "free, 
 sovereign, and independent State." Once again 
 the needs of all led them to act together, and the 
 Constitution was adopted in convention and rati- 
 fied by the States. North Carolina and Rhode 
 Island refused to ratify at first, but finally joined 
 the new Union. If the Constitution had forbidden 
 any State's withdrawal at will from the Union, 
 not a single State would have ratified it. As 
 it was. New York, Rhode Island, and Virginia, 
 at the time of ratifying, all stated their right 
 to withdraw, Virginia declaring, " that the pow- 
 ers granted under the Constitution, being truly 
 derived from the people of the United States, 
 may be resumed by them whenever the same 
 shall be perverted to their injury or oppression." 
 No one questioned this right openly, if indeed 
 any one thought the opposite. As Mr. Henry 
 Cabot Lodge says, ''When the Constitution was 
 adopted by the votes of the States in convention 
 at Philadelphia, and accepted by the votes of the 
 States in popular conventions, it is safe to say 
 there was not a man in the country, from Wash- 
 ington and Hamilton on the one side, to George 
 Clinton and George Mason on the other, who 
 regarded the new system as anything but an ex- 
 periment entered upon by the States and from 
 which each and every State had the right peace- 
 
I02 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 ably to withdraw, a right which was very likely 
 to be exercised." 
 
 From the beginning of the new government, 
 secession was accepted as a possibility. New 
 England, with Massachusetts in the lead, often 
 threatened it. Webster, the eloquent prophet of 
 our later national unity, began his public life as 
 a secessionist. In the early years under the Con- 
 stitution, individual States, and both North and 
 South collectively, had at times looked toward 
 secession. But as time passed, the political theory 
 of the North began to change, and many people 
 in that section denied the existence of the right. 
 The rise of manufacturing, the flood of immigra- 
 tion, the progressive tendencies which come from 
 the growth of cities and the spread of public edu- 
 cation, all contributed to this. But the most pow- 
 erful cause of the change was the rise to power and 
 influence of the great West. With no traditions of 
 existence apart from the Union, States' Rights 
 theories had not found there a fertile soil. The 
 North and the South talked of secession, and 
 such States as Virginia and Massachusetts were 
 proudly conscious of their noble history as indi- 
 viduals, but the West, with its face to the future, 
 thought only in terms of the Union, and claimed 
 the glories of all the original States as the com- 
 mon heritage of all Americans. To-day, in the 
 cool light of history, there can be found no room 
 
STATE OR NATION? 103 
 
 for doubt of the historical and constitutional right 
 of secession, but the occasion for putting that 
 right into practice did not occur until both the 
 North and the West had developed a point of 
 view in which secession seemed simply rebellion 
 and the sovereignty of the State a delusion. To the 
 South, putting the theory to the test, it was still 
 the corner-stone of government. The State was 
 sovereign, secession was merely the exercise of 
 an undoubted right, and the first duty of every 
 citizen — his paramount allegiance — was owed 
 to his State. 
 
 In no State was state pride and feeling stronger 
 than in Virginia. The making of the Union was 
 largely due to her, and she loved it, was proud of 
 it, and even felt a sort of maternal tenderness for 
 it ; but in all things, according to Virginia theory, 
 Virginia came first. She did not want to leave 
 the Union, and her safety as well as her interest 
 and sentiment urged that she should not ; but the 
 choice of remaining carried with it the necessity 
 of fighting those States most closely allied to her 
 by ties of blood, friendship, and common interest, 
 all of whom were acting, if unwisely, still in the 
 exercise of what she considered their undoubted 
 right. There could be for her no thought of such 
 a choice, and Virginia cast her lot with the South. 
 
 In the atmosphere of States' Rights Lee had 
 been born and reared. His education, even at 
 
104 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 West Point, had carried him on to mature belief 
 in state sovereignty. In this crisis it seemed to 
 him that a struggle must be made to preserve 
 the government of a federal union, as established 
 by his fathers, from the threatened change into a 
 national government. Of this he said later, " I 
 had no other guide, nor had I any other object 
 than the defense of those principles of American 
 liberty upon which the constitutions of the several 
 States were originally founded, and unless they 
 are strictly observed, I fear there will be an end 
 to republican government in this country." At 
 the close of the war, he said, "We had, I was 
 satisfied, sacred principles and rights to defend 
 for which we were in duty bound to do our best, 
 even if we perished in the endeavor." 
 
 In making his decision Lee was without thought 
 of personal advantage or reputation. His choice, 
 too, was for himself alone; he had no criticism 
 for those who chose the opposite course. Even 
 to his own son he sent this message : *' Tell Custis 
 he must consult his own judgment, reason, and 
 conscience as to the course he may take. I do not 
 wish him to be guided by my wishes or example. 
 If I have done wrong, let him do better. The 
 present is a momentous question which every 
 man must settle for himself and upon principle." 
 
 In these words Lee stated the case. There was 
 a divided allegiance, and every man had to de- 
 
STATE OR NATION? 105 
 
 cide which was paramount. As Charles Francis 
 Adams, the distinguished historian, himself a 
 soldier of the Union who fought against Lee and 
 the South, says, ** Every man in the eleven States 
 seceding from the Union had in 1861, whether 
 he would or no, to decide for himself whether to 
 adhere to his State or to the Nation ; and I finally 
 assert that, whichever way he decided, if he only 
 decided honestly, putting self-interest behind him, 
 he decided right." 
 
 Lee knew far better than most men in the South 
 the strength and resources of the North, and he 
 had no illusions as to any easy victory. He knew 
 that the chance of victory was a doubtful one. 
 And yet he declined the highest rank in his pro- 
 fession that he might serve his own State. And 
 he did this simply because he sought always to 
 do the right as God gave it to him to see the 
 right, and for him, a Lee of Virginia, there was 
 no other choice. " Duty," he said, " is the sub- 
 limest word in our language." "There is a true 
 glory and a true honor, the glory of duty done, 
 the honor of the integrity of principle " ; and 
 finally, these words to his son Custis : *' I know 
 that wherever you may be placed you will do 
 your duty. That is all the pleasure, all the com- 
 fort, all the glory we can enjoy in this world." In 
 these words, the keynote of his whole life, lie the 
 explanation and defense — if there still be any 
 
io6 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 need of defense in this day- of a united and un- 
 derstanding country — of Lee's decision. 
 
 At the time of the centenary celebration of 
 Lee's birth, the ** Outlook," in an editorial, ex- 
 pressed the best thought of the Nation to-day as 
 to the choice of Lee and his comrades : ** If will- 
 ingness to sacrifice what is passionately prized 
 next to honor itself is any criterion as to the de- 
 gree of patriotism that begets such sacrifice, then 
 the Southerners of whom Robert E. Lee is the type 
 are to be counted among the patriots whose lives 
 constitute the real riches of the nation." 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 A YEAR OF TRIAL 
 
 No one can appreciate Lee's great military 
 achievements who is not fully aware of the ob- 
 stacles that beset the path of the Confederacy 
 from the moment of its birth. These were all se- 
 rious, and all the great advantages were with the 
 North. The first of these advantages was having 
 an organized Government with the departments 
 in good working order. Of course the most im- 
 portant of these were the War, Treasury, and 
 Navy Departments. The army was small, but it 
 was well officered and trained. The navy, also 
 small, was fair. The financial system of the Gov- 
 ernment was well established. The Government 
 of the United States also had old and friendly 
 relations with the various foreign powers, a thing 
 which proved a great difficulty to the Confeder- 
 acy when it sought recognition abroad as an in- 
 dependent power. In the second place, the South 
 was far outnumbered. The eleven States which 
 seceded had a little more than nine millons of 
 people, of whom about three and a half millions 
 were negroes, most of them slaves. In addition, 
 there was strong Union sentiment in the western 
 
io8 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 parts of Virginia and North jCarolina and in east- 
 ern Tennessee, and these sections furnished many 
 troops to the Union. The twenty-two States 
 which remained in the Union had more than 
 twenty-two millions of people. In the third place, 
 the immense area of the South was difficult to 
 defend and easy to attack. All the Southern 
 States touched the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of 
 Mexico, except Arkansas and Tennessee, and all 
 of them had inland waterways formed by sounds 
 and rivers, the latter extending- far into their bor- 
 ders. And between the North and the South 
 there was no natural boundary. In the fourth 
 place, the Confederacy was made up entirely of 
 agricultural States and was entirely dependent 
 upon the outside world for most of its manufac- 
 tured goods. The South could not supply its ar- 
 mies with shoes, clothes, medicines, arms, and 
 ammunition. It has been well said that the South 
 ** could scarcely manufacture a tin cup, a frying- 
 pan, a wool-card, or a carpenter's tool." It had 
 difficulty in supplying itself with so universally 
 necessary a thing as salt. All the bells in the South, 
 practically, were melted down to make cannon. 
 Old flintlock muskets, rifles, and pistols were 
 brought out, and a number of Southern regi- 
 ments went into the war armed with home-made 
 pikes which they used until they were supplied 
 with arms by the Government or were able to 
 
A YEAR OF TRIAL 109 
 
 pick up muskets on the battle-field. The South 
 also lacked sufficient railroads to transport sup- 
 plies and troops rapidly from point to point, and 
 so it was impossible, in spite of the vast supplies 
 of food, to feed the armies properly. As the 
 blockade of the coast tightened, all these diffi- 
 culties were increased. Finally, the South suf- 
 fered from the lack of a trained business class — 
 manufacturers, financiers, engineers, and admin- 
 istrators — to help the Government carry on the 
 war. As the war progressed, these conditions 
 grew worse, and through them the Confederacy 
 at last met defeat. 
 
 On the other hand, the South had at the be- 
 ginning of the war certain advantages over the 
 North. Her men were out-of-door men, most of 
 them trained horsemen and almost all good 
 marksmen. The ranks of the army were made up 
 of men from all classes fighting with the common 
 purpose of resisting what they counted invasion 
 and oppression and of saving their homes and 
 hearthstones from the enemy. It seemed to them 
 that this was a repetition of the Revolution, 
 which to the unchanged South was still a living 
 memory. Thus there was created a unity of spirit, 
 an enthusiasm hard to defeat. There were but 
 few military schools in the South, but from these 
 few, such as the Citadel, or South Carolina Mili- 
 tary Academy, in Charleston, and the Virginia 
 
no ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Military Institute, at Lexington, came a trained 
 group of men who were now called upon to serve 
 as officers. There were also a large number of 
 Southern officers in the United States Army, 
 West Point graduates, who, like Lee, followed 
 their States and became the leaders of the armies 
 of the Confederacy. Colonel Henderson, a noted 
 English student of the war, said, *' Lee and Jack- 
 son were worth two hundred thousand men to 
 any army they commanded." Yet Lee spoke 
 truly when he said, " It will be difficult to get the 
 world to understand the odds against which we 
 fought." 
 
 Lee had been appointed a major-general in the 
 Army of Virginia, but when that State joined the 
 Confederacy, he at once lost his rank. He could, 
 with a word, have kept Virginia from joining the 
 Confederacy until his future high rank was secure, 
 but he said no word. He did not know what his 
 rank would be and was preparing to enlist as a 
 private in his son's cavalry company. Vice-Pres- 
 ident Stephens, on the day of Lee's acceptance 
 of the Virginia command, had a long interview 
 with him and discussed this aspect of the situa- 
 tion. Lee did not hesitate a moment in urging 
 that his own personal interests should not stand 
 in the way of union with the Confederacy. Ste- 
 phens said later: "I had admired him in the 
 morning, but I took his hand that night at part- 
 
A YEAR OF TRIAL in 
 
 ing with feelings of respect and reverence never 
 yet effaced. I met him at times later, and he was 
 always the same Christian gentleman. I regard 
 Lee as one of the first men I ever met. I was 
 wonderfully taken with him in our first interview. 
 I saw him put to the test that tries true charac- 
 ter. He came out of the crucible pure and refined 
 gold." 
 
 By this time, Arlington, Lee's loved home, was 
 in the hands of Federal forces. At first every care 
 was taken to protect the entire property, but later 
 the trees were cut down and the many relics of 
 the Washington, Parke, Custis, and Lee families 
 were seized. Some of these were taken to Wash- 
 ington and were finally placed in the National 
 Museum ; but the greater part of them were stolen 
 by individuals and became scattered. After the 
 war, in speaking of this, Lee said : ''I hope the 
 possessors appreciate them and may imitate the 
 example of their original owners whose conduct 
 must at times be brought to their recollection by 
 these silent monitors. In this way they will ac- 
 complish good to the country." 
 
 Mrs. Lee, after the war, sought to secure the 
 return of the relics stored at Washington, but 
 Congress forbade their restoration, the committee 
 in charge of the matter declaring her request 
 "an insult to the loyal people of the United 
 States." But shortly before his death, President 
 
112 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 McKinley ordered them returned to the Lee 
 family. ArHngton itself was sold for taxes, though 
 payment was offered by friends of the Lees. The 
 Government bought the place and at once con- 
 verted it into a military cemetery. Years after- 
 wards the Supreme Court of the United States 
 decided that it had been illegally taken and or- 
 dered it restored to General Custis Lee. But 
 with sixteen thousand Union soldiers buried 
 there it was impossible to give it up into private 
 hands, and so it was purchased by the Govern- 
 ment. It is so definitely associated with Lee, as 
 well as with those who died to save the Union, 
 that one likes to think, to-day, that the time is 
 not far distant when to patriotic Americans it 
 will seem also a cherished memorial of an undi- 
 vided country. 
 
 As soon as the war began, Lee was made a 
 brigadier-general in the Confederate Army. He 
 was at this time busily engaged in organizing 
 the raw volunteer troops who poured into Rich- 
 mond, and, before two months had passed, he 
 had sent to the front sixty regiments of infantry 
 and cavalry and many batteries of artillery. 
 When Virginia seceded, Richmond became the 
 capital of the Confederacy. Its capture now be- 
 came the chief end and aim of the Washington 
 Administration. The South, on the other hand, 
 bent every energy toward preventing its fall. In 
 
A YEAR OF TRIAL 115 
 
 June Lee was made military adviser to President 
 Davis, and in this capacity directed the move- 
 ments of troops and chose the points in Virginia 
 which should form the line of defense. It was his 
 plan of defense which resulted in the battle of 
 Manassas, or Bull Run. At this time the Confed- 
 erate plan of campaign was to stand entirely on 
 the defensive. The Confederate Government 
 had no wish to attack the United States, but was 
 most anxious to remain unmolested. This was 
 the chief reason why, immediately after the battle 
 of Manassas, when the road to Washington lay 
 open to the Confederates, there was no attempt 
 made to capture the city. 
 
 Soon after the battle Lee was sent to north- 
 west Virginia to take command there. It was a 
 section where there much opposition to the Con- 
 federacy ; and General George B. McClellan had 
 been sent into it from the West to gain the en- 
 tire region for the Union, and, in particular, to 
 hold the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road. The Confederate forces there were then 
 under the command of General Garnett. The 
 Confederates at first held Harper's Ferry, but 
 later abandoned it. McClellan at once seized the 
 mountain passes and fortified them. Garnett's 
 force, divided into two parts, was then defeated, 
 and McClellan reported that he had "annihilated 
 two armies." This report was believed in Wash- 
 
114 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 ington, and, after the defeat at Manassas, he was 
 called to take command of the Federal army be- 
 tween Washington and Richmond. He was re- 
 placed in the West by Generals Reynolds and 
 Rosecrans. Garnett in the meantime was killed, 
 and the Confederate forces, under two rival briga- 
 dier-generals who had been chosen for political 
 reasons, were steadily losing ground. This was 
 the difficult situation which Lee had to meet 
 when he took command. Just at this time he 
 was given the rank of general, that grade having 
 been established by the Confederate Congress. 
 He was outranked only by General Samuel 
 Cooper, the adjutant-general, who had been ad- 
 jutant-general of the United States Army, and 
 Albert Sidney Johnston, who had outranked him 
 also. 
 
 When he reached the mountains, a long rainy 
 season had set in and the roads were almost im- 
 passable. The Confederate forces were also in 
 the grip of epidemics of measles and typhoid 
 fever. General Reynolds had taken up a position 
 on Cheat Mountain and Valley River. This was 
 too strong to be attacked on the front alone, but 
 a way was found to flank it and attack it from all 
 sides at once. The plan failed. The signal for the 
 attack was to have been given by a colonel in com- 
 mand of one of the attacking parties. False re- 
 ports heard from prisoners caused him to believe 
 
A YEAR OF TRIAL 115 
 
 the Federal force much larger than it really was, 
 and he did not give the signal. The other attack- 
 ing parties waited until there was no chance of a 
 surprise attack, and Lee then had to give the 
 signal to retire, and fell back to Valley Moun- 
 tain. 
 
 In the middle of September Lee went to the 
 Kanawha region. Here the rival generals, Wise 
 and Floyd, were in intense and bitter disagree- 
 ment, and Lee found it difficult to reconcile 
 them. General Rosecrans was in command of 
 the Federal forces and occupied an unusually 
 strong position on Big Sewall Mountain. Lee 
 took one equally strong on a parallel plateau and 
 here waited for an attack to be made upon him. 
 Time passed and none was made, so Lee planned 
 a flank movement. He was prevented from car- 
 rying this out by Rosecrans's retreat, and, as 
 his own force was in such poor condition, and 
 as supplies could only be procured day by day, 
 Lee thought a long pursuit over the terrible 
 roads would be poor policy and kept it up only 
 for one day. Winter came on and put an end to 
 the campaign, and the Confederacy abandoned 
 its efforts to hold the region. Its people leaned 
 strongly to the North, and, during the following 
 year, split off from Virginia, and set up the new 
 State of West Virginia, which was soon admitted 
 to the Union. 
 
ii6 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Lee came out of this campaign with a dimin- 
 ished reputation. Few people outside the army 
 understood how difficult his task had been, and 
 the newspapers criticized him bitterly. They said 
 that he had been overrated, that all he had was 
 a *' showy presence " and an *' historical name," 
 and that he could " dig entrenchments " better 
 than he could fight. They sneered, too, at his 
 **West Point tactics," and called him ''Evacuat- 
 ing Lee." But President Davis's faith in him held 
 fast and he looked forward to a time when he 
 could place Lee in a post of greater importance 
 as well as of greater opportunity. 
 
 Lee returned to Richmond, and was soon or- 
 dered to take charge of the coast defenses in 
 South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. In the 
 summer of 1861 a Federal fleet under Admiral 
 Goldsborough and a military expedition under 
 General Burnside had captured several important 
 points on the North Carolina coast. A little later 
 Port Royal, in South Carolina, was taken, leav- 
 ing Savannah exposed. Charleston was also in 
 danger, and it was clear that some decided action 
 must be taken to strengthen the Southern coast 
 defenses. Lee was by far the best person to plan 
 and direct this work. He was already familiar 
 with the coast and at once chose the points most 
 needing fortification and placed there a few fine 
 cannon brought through the blockade. After a 
 
A YEAR OF TRIAL 117 
 
 close examination he decided to abandon all the 
 islands and other exposed points and make a 
 strong interior line of defenses against which ves- 
 sels of war would be useless. Strong fortifications 
 were made, and it was not long before the Fed- 
 eral attacking forces found themselves attacked. 
 By this time the Confederacy was making its own 
 heavy guns instead of depending on those brought 
 through the blockade, and there was no longer 
 any lack of cannon. Lee's plan and the defenses 
 erected were so effective that the coast was en- 
 tirely protected until an inland attack was made 
 upon it just before the close of the war. 
 
 By the time Lee's work in the South was fin- 
 ished, spring was at hand. The outlook for the 
 Confederacy was bad. Forts Henry and Donel- 
 son, two important posts in Tennessee, control- 
 ling the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, had 
 been captured by a comparatively unknown Fed- 
 eral brigadier-general whom Lee had once met 
 in Mexico, and whom he was destined to know 
 better. His name was Ulysses S. Grant. This 
 capture not only opened the rivers to the Federal 
 forces, but exposed a large part of the interior of 
 several States. Nashville, the capital of Tennes- 
 see, at once fell, and for the rest of the war was 
 in the hands of the Federal forces. 
 
 Even worse for the South than all this, Rich- 
 mond was threatened by a large Federal army, 
 
ii8 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 superbly equipped, and nowj thanks to the won- 
 derful work of General McClellan, splendidly 
 organized, disciplined, and trained. On account 
 of this situation Lee was summoned back to Rich- 
 mond, and, on March 13, 1862, again became 
 military adviser to the President and was charged 
 with the duty of oversight of all military opera- 
 tions under the direction of the President. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 IN CHIEF COMMAND 
 
 When Lee returned to Virginia from the South, 
 he saw his devoted wife for the first time since 
 they had parted at Arlington. There was little 
 time even now for him to be with his family, for 
 the call for him to go to Richmond as President 
 Davis's chief military adviser came almost at 
 once. Mrs. Lee and her daughters were then at 
 the White House, but, as McClellan advanced 
 in that direction, they also went to Richmond. 
 On the door of her house Mrs. Lee left this 
 card : — 
 
 Northern soldiers, who profess to reverence Wash- 
 ington, forbear to desecrate the home of his first 
 married life, the property of his wife, now owned by 
 her descendants. 
 
 A grand-daughter of Mrs. Washington. 
 I 
 McClellan chose the place as his headquarters, 
 
 and one of his officers wrote beneath Mrs. Lee's 
 card : ** A Northern officer has protected your 
 property in sight of the enemy." But when the 
 change of base was made by McClellan, the house 
 was burned. 
 
 No military operations of importance had taken 
 
I20 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 place in Virginia since the battle of Manassas. 
 General McClellan was busy organizing and train- 
 ing what was to become that superb fighting ma- 
 chine, the " Army of the Potomac." The North 
 clamored for the capture of Richmond, so the 
 Washington Administration centered its atten- 
 tion upon this. There were four possible ways 
 of reaching the city. An army might go by the 
 Chesapeake and from there up the Peninsula be- 
 tween the Potomac and York Rivers. A second 
 way was by the Chesapeake and the Rappahan- 
 nock River. Another was by Manassas, which 
 was still the most important point in central Vir- 
 ginia because of the junction of important rail- 
 roads there. The fourth was by the Shenandoah 
 Valley and Charlottesville. The Administration 
 favored another attempt at Manassas, where Gen- 
 eral Joseph E. Johnston commanded the Confed- 
 erate forces, because that method would keep 
 the Federal army between the Confederates and 
 Washington. McClellan preferred the route by 
 the Rappahannock, but he was forbidden to try 
 it. He then selected that by the Chesapeake and 
 up the Peninsula, and in March, with an army of 
 over one hundred thousand men, he sailed for 
 Fortress Monroe. From there the army advanced 
 slowly up the Peninsula. The small Confederate 
 force at Yorktown, under General Magruder, re- 
 sisted his advance vigorously and succeeded in 
 
IN CHIEF COMMAND 121 
 
 delaying him a month. In the meantime General 
 Johnston assumed command and evacuated York- 
 town before it could be bombarded. At Williams- 
 burg, the colonial capital of Virginia, McClellan 
 attacked the Confederates, now between thirty 
 and forty thousand strong. He was repulsed, and 
 so failed to prevent the successful retreat of the 
 Confederates across the Chickahominy River in 
 the direction of Richmond. 
 
 McClellan followed slowly, making only fifty 
 miles in two weeks. He thought Johnston's 
 strength much greater than it really was and con- 
 tinually asked for strong reinforcements. These 
 were not sent because the President feared that 
 Washington would be captured by Jackson. Gen- 
 eral Thomas J. Jackson, who had won at Manas- 
 sas the name of "Stonewall," was in command 
 in the Shenandoah Valley against the forces 
 under Generals McDowell, Banks, and Fremont. 
 Acting upon Lee's suggestion he now began his 
 famous Valley Campaign. With a force of fifteen 
 thousand men, in a space of forty days, he 
 marched four hundred miles, thereby winning 
 for his men the name of "Jackson's Foot Cav- 
 alry," fought three important battles and two 
 minor ones, winning them all and almost de- 
 stroying three Federal armies whose combined 
 force was more than forty thousand men. He 
 took thirty-five hundred prisoners and also cap- 
 
122 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 tured valuable supplies. He also prevented the 
 sending of reinforcements to McClellan. 
 
 In the meantime Norfolk had been evacuated 
 by the Confederate forces, the Merrimac, unde- 
 feated, had been destroyed, and Federal gun- 
 boats had taken possession of the James River 
 up to Drewry's Bluff, just outside of Richmond. 
 But in spite of this assistance, McClellan had still 
 delayed. He finally divided his force, and John- 
 ston, taking advantage of this, attacked one wing 
 of his army at Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines, and 
 fought an inconclusive battle, in which Johnston 
 was severely wounded. Apparently the Confed- 
 erates lost this battle only because of General 
 Longstreet's delay in coming up, which turned 
 it into a Union victory. Richmond came near to 
 being taken, McClellan's army coming in sight 
 of its church steeples, and one corps reaching a 
 point only four miles from the city. At this crisis 
 Lee was directed by the President to take per- 
 sonal command, and, on the ist of June, he joined 
 the army. 
 
 The force at Lee's command was only eighty 
 thousand men to oppose the one hundred and 
 fifteen thousand commanded by McClellan, but 
 McClellan, as always, firmly believed that he was 
 outnumbered. Many people still thought that 
 Lee was fitted only for defensive work. He now 
 began to prove his ability along other lines of 
 
IN CHIEF COMMAND 123 
 
 warfare and showed himself possessed of a dash 
 and daring far beyond that of most commanders. 
 Withdrawing his army nearer Richmond, he im- 
 mediately threw up strong earthworks, thereby 
 protecting his whole line of defense, and called 
 in all the troops he could get. McClellan was in- 
 active, but Lee had no notion of remaining long 
 within the entrenchments. He prepared for an 
 aggressive campaign to drive the enemy away 
 from Richmond. His first move was to send Gen- 
 eral J. E. B. Stuart with a small force of cavalry 
 to locate McClellan's right flank. Stuart, who 
 was one of the world's great cavalry leaders, took 
 his force completely around the entire Federal 
 army. Those forces which opposed him were 
 driven back and a great quantity of stores was 
 captured. One corps of the Federal army was on 
 the north bank of the Chickahominy, protecting 
 the line of communication with the base on York 
 River. The breaking of this line would cause a 
 dangerous retreat. 
 
 Jackson was now secretly summoned from the 
 Valley to fall on McClellan's right flank and rear, 
 and, in order to deceive McClellan, at the same 
 time troops were detached from the main army 
 in front of Richmond and apparently started for 
 the Valley. The plan was a bold one, for, if Mc- 
 Clellan should move forward, he would be much 
 nearer Richmond and in a much stronger posi- 
 
124 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 tion and with only twenty-five thousand troops 
 before him. Lee, however, possessed the gift, 
 which means so much to an army commander, 
 of foreseeing what the enemy would do, and he 
 felt sure that McClellan would once more over- 
 estimate the Confederate force. With character- 
 istic boldness he divided his force, and, for a time, 
 the main body of his army was farther from Rich- 
 mond than the Federal army. 
 
 On June 26 there began what are known as 
 the Seven Days' Battles. Jackson had counted 
 on greater speed from his men than was possible 
 for them and was a day late, so that the Confed- 
 erate attack was repulsed before he arrived. But 
 on the next day, at Gaines's Mills, Jackson and 
 his men having reached the battle-field, the Fed- 
 eral right wing was shattered and the army 
 forced to retreat. McClellan now determined to 
 change his base to the James River and, thus 
 completely deceiving Lee, was able to bring his 
 army together, burn his stores, and retreat in 
 good order. Late the next night the Confederates 
 finally discovered the plan and followed McClel- 
 lan. Hotly contested battles took place, one at 
 Savage's Station without decisive result, and one 
 at Frazier's Farm, which was a victory for the 
 Confederates. Finally, the Federal forces in re- 
 treat took a strong position at Malvern Hill. 
 Here, after a furious battle, the Confederate at- 
 
IN CHIEF COMMAND 125 
 
 tack was repulsed. McClellan, still retreating, 
 however, sought the protection of the Federal 
 gunboats at Harrison's Landing on the James. 
 Lee, with an exhausted but exultant army, re- 
 turned toward Richmond, having succeeded in 
 his purpose of raising the siege. He had- cap- 
 tured many prisoners as well as a large amount 
 of artillery and small arms and other supplies of 
 great value to his army. It was the failure of 
 those under Lee to obey his orders during these 
 operations which prevented his dealing a crush- 
 ing blow to McClellan's forces, but the Federal 
 army had fought with superb bravery and splen- 
 did dash and daring. It was plain that it was 
 not likely to suffer again such a rout as that at 
 Manassas. Lee on this occasion displayed the 
 weakness — which was his greatest one as a com- 
 mander — of being inclined, through tenderness 
 of heart, to overlook such failures in obedience 
 from his subordinate commanders and to let 
 them go unpunished. In spite of this repulse of 
 the Federals, Richmond was in grave danger. 
 McClellan was only a few miles away and it was 
 possible for him to cross the river and attack 
 Richmond on the south and also cut the Rich- 
 mond and Danville Railroad by which Richmond 
 was connected with a valuable source of supplies. 
 President Lincoln now called for five hundred 
 thousand volunteers and appointed General H. 
 
126 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 W. Halleck commander of the Federal forces. 
 He placed at the head of the army in front of 
 Washington General John Pope, who had gained 
 some small success in the West. Pope, who was 
 boastful, had made much of this and hoped to 
 replace McClellan. Lee now detached Jackson's 
 command from the army and sent him to meet 
 Pope. McClellan, on the other side, was ordered 
 to leave Fredericksburg and join Pope, whereupon 
 Lee sent Longstreet to aid Jackson and he him- 
 self followed almost immediately. Before McClel- 
 lan's army could reach Pope, Lee succeeded in 
 sending Longstreet and Jackson around Pope's 
 right flank to a position between the Federal 
 army and Washington. The second battle of 
 Manassas, or Bull Run, was then fought, in which 
 Lee's army of fifty thousand men overwhelm- 
 ingly defeated Pope's army of seventy-five thou- 
 sand and pushed it back to Washington. Pope 
 was at once removed from command. 
 
 Lee, after much consideration of the matter, 
 now decided to invade the North. He hoped to 
 draw Maryland to the support of the Confeder- 
 acy, and he felt, too, that such a move would so 
 alarm the North that the Federal troops would 
 be withdrawn from Virginia in order to defend 
 Washington. The Confederate Army, singing 
 *' Dixie" and ** Maryland, my Maryland," crossed 
 the Potomac near Harper's Ferry. They expected 
 
IN CHIEF COMMAND 127 
 
 the people of Maryland to rally at once to the 
 Stars and Bars, and Lee issued a proclamation 
 urging them to rise against the North. He gained 
 little response, for there was a good deal of 
 Union sentiment in that part of Maryland, and 
 an even stronger desire to keep the war out of the 
 State as far as possible. Lee's army was ragged, 
 barefoot, and hungry. The inhabitants would not 
 sell supplies, and Lee had forbidden foraging, so 
 the half-starved soldiers were tantalized by the 
 sight of orchards hanging with autumn fruit and 
 by food supplies of all sorts. The order against 
 foraging was strictly enforced and Lee went so 
 far as to order the execution of a soldier who had 
 stolen a pig. The urgent need of supplies would 
 be met by the capture of Harper's Ferry and that 
 would also open up communication with the Val- 
 ley, so Lee sent Jackson to take it, and, on Sep- 
 tember 15, it fell, and its vast supplies of arms, 
 clothing, and food thus came into the possession 
 of the Confederates. 
 
 McClellan was now again placed in command 
 of the Federal forces. At first he acted with great 
 promptness. Then there fell into his hands a copy 
 of Lee's order outlining his plan of campaign. 
 This was found where General D. H. Hill's tent 
 had stood, and it is supposed that it was left 
 there by one of his staff. With this to guide him, 
 McClellan became too confident and acted so 
 
128 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 slowly that Jackson had captured Harper's Ferry 
 and had turned back to rejoin Lee before Mc- 
 Clellan made an attack. The preliminary battle 
 was fought at South Mountain in which the Fed- 
 eral army gained the advantage. This was fol- 
 lowed by the battle of Sharpsburg, or Antietam. 
 For its length this was the bloodiest battle of the 
 entire war, the Federal losses being more than 
 thirteen thousand, and Lee's more than eleven 
 thousand. McClellan's military tactics were not 
 of the best, while Lee's were very skillful ; but 
 the Federal army was more than twice the size 
 of Lee's and this was a Federal victory, though 
 not at all a decisive one. Lee's advance was 
 checked, how^ever. He would not cross the Poto- 
 mac, but waited eagerly for the attack which he 
 believed McClellan would make. He considered 
 renewing the battle himself, but, as McClellan 
 was receiving reinforcements, it seemed at last 
 a wiser policy to retire into Virginia, a movement 
 executed without interference from McClellan. 
 The truth was that McClellan did not dare make 
 the attack, and, during the five weeks that he 
 waited to do so, Stuart again rode around the 
 entire Federal army and captured a thousand 
 horses. 
 
 In the North there was strong feeling against 
 McClellan, and he was soon removed. He was 
 succeeded by General Ambrose E. Burnside, who 
 
IN CHIEF COMMAND 129 
 
 at once recommended a rapid advance toward 
 Richmond by way of Fredericksburg. Lee, who 
 had again divided his army by sending Jackson 
 to the Valley, now reunited his forces at Freder- 
 icksburg. Here he mustered about seventy-eight 
 thousand men and took a position of great 
 strength. On December 13 Burnside sent his 
 army of one hundred and sixteen thousand men 
 across the river in three divisions against the 
 Confederates, who inflicted a terrific defeat upon 
 them. The Federal troops fought with the great- 
 est bravery and dash, but they faced an impossi- 
 ble task here and their losses were very great. 
 After the battle both armies went into winter 
 quarters just where they were. Burnside was re- 
 moved from command and his place filled by 
 General Joseph E. Hooker, known, on account of 
 his readiness to fight, as ''Fighting Joe." He 
 soon had a splendid army of one hundred and 
 thirty thousand men under him, with four hun- 
 dred and twenty-eight guns, while Lee had only 
 fifty-seven thousand men and one hundred and 
 seventy guns. 
 
 In April, 1863, Hooker crossed the Rappahan- 
 nock to move on Richmond. At Chancellorsville 
 he was confronted by Lee and Jackson, and a 
 furious batde took place. Lee had foreseen 
 Hooker's strategy and was thus able to block it, 
 and the Federal army was driven back across the 
 
I30 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Rappahannock in confusion and with heavy 
 losses. But Lee and the Confederacy had lost 
 Jackson. He and his stafif were returning from a 
 scouting expedition when, through a mistake, his 
 own men fired upon them, wounding Jackson se- 
 verely. He died a few days later, saying, '' Let us 
 cross over the river and rest under the shade of 
 the trees." When Lee heard of his wound, he 
 wrote Jackson, " Had I my choice I would for the 
 good of the country have fallen in your place" ; 
 later he sent this message to him, ''You have 
 lost your left arm, but I have lost my right " ; and 
 he sent word to him also that the credit for the 
 victory at Chancellorsville belonged to him. This 
 was a generous message, but the victory was 
 really Lee's, and perhaps it was his greatest 
 one. 
 
 Lee now decided to force the fighting and draw 
 the Federal army away from Richmond by again 
 invading the North. He asked that Beauregard 
 be sent to threaten Washington in order to keep 
 the Federal army well divided, but the Confeder- 
 ate Government did not heed this request. Lee 
 first crossed the Blue Ridge and marched down 
 the Valley, then crossed the Potomac at Harper's 
 Ferry and moved across Maryland into Pennsyl- 
 vania. Again, he forbade foraging and issued the 
 following general order: — 
 
IN CHIEF COMMAND 131 
 
 General Orders No. 73. 
 Headquarters Army Northern Virginia, 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa., June 27, 1863. 
 
 The commanding general has observed with 
 marked satisfaction the conduct of the troops on the 
 march, and confidently anticipates results commen- 
 surate with the high spirit they have manifested. No 
 troops could have displayed greater fortitude or 
 better have performed the arduous marches of the 
 past ten days. Their conduct in other respects has, 
 with few exceptions, been in keeping with their 
 character as soldiers, and entitles them to approba- 
 tion and praise. 
 
 There have been, however, instances of forgetful- 
 ness on the part of some that they have in keeping 
 the yet unsullied reputation of the army, and that 
 the duties exacted of us by civilization and Christian- 
 ity are not less obligatory in the country of the enemy 
 than in our own. The commanding general considers 
 that no greater disgrace could befall the army, and 
 through it our whole people, than the perpetration 
 of the barbarous outrages upon the innocent and 
 defenseless, and the wanton destruction of private 
 property, that have marked the course of the enemy 
 in our own country. Such proceedings not only dis- 
 grace the perpetrators and all connected with them, 
 but are subversive of the discipline and efficiency of 
 the army, and destructive of the ends of our present 
 movements. It must be remembered that we make 
 war only upon armed men, and that we cannot take 
 vengeance for the wrongs our people have suffered 
 without lowering ourselves in the eyes of all whose ab- 
 horrence has been excited by the atrocities of our 
 enemy and offending against Him to whom vengeance 
 belongeth, and without whose favor and support our 
 efforts must all prove in vain. 
 
132 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 The commanding general, therefore, earnestly ex- 
 horts the troops to abstain, with most scrupulous 
 care, from unnecessary or wanton injury to private 
 property; and he enjoins upon all officers to arrest and 
 bring to summary punishment all who shall in any 
 way offend against the orders on this subject. 
 
 R. E. Lee, General. 
 
 Lee was urged to allow reprisals for what the 
 South had suffered, but replied that, if he did such 
 a thing, he could not ask the blessing of God 
 upon his arms. It was the influence of Lee and 
 this order which enables Charles Francis Adams 
 to say, " I doubt if a hostile force of an equal size 
 ever advanced into an enemy's country, or fell 
 back from it in retreat, leaving behind less cause 
 of hate and bitterness than did the Army of 
 Northern Virginia in that memorable campaign 
 which culminated at Gettysburg." The same 
 writer says that possibly Lee's greatest title to 
 fame was ** his humanity in war." 
 
 Lee's advance threatened the rear of Washing- 
 ton, and also Baltimore and Philadelphia. New 
 York, even, was greatly alarmed. This city was 
 now in the midst of the draft riots and thought- 
 ful people all over the country saw in an invasion 
 of the Confederates great danger to the Union 
 cause. Hooker followed on Lee's right, his army 
 rapidly increasing in numbers as he went. On 
 June 28 he was displaced by General George G. 
 Meade, an energetic and soldierly officer, who had. 
 
IN CHIEF COMMAND 133 
 
 however, never before held an independent com- 
 mand. 
 
 On July I the two armies came together at 
 Gettysburg, a little town in Pennsylvania. Lee 
 counted on Stuart for information as to the where- 
 abouts of the Federal army, but Stuart had been 
 drawn too far away for a report and the meeting 
 came somewhat as a surprise to Lee. Meade had 
 taken a position on the crest of a range of hills 
 to the south and east of Gettysburg, known as 
 Cemetery Ridge. The Confederate army at once 
 occupied the hills opposite, called Seminary 
 Ridge. 
 
 The battle lasted three days. On the first the 
 Confederates swept back a large Federal force 
 through the town and to the hills. On the sec- 
 ond day the Confederates again attacked, but 
 Longstreet, who was bitterly opposed to Lee's 
 plans, failed to obey orders, and the attack was 
 made much later in the day than Lee had di- 
 rected, a delay the Federals did not fail to take 
 advantage of to strengthen their position. There 
 was no decided victory, but Lee was encouraged 
 to hope for success on the following day. On the 
 third day Longstreet again failed to obey orders, 
 still protesting against the battle. But Lee said : 
 *' The enemy is here ; if we don't whip him, he 
 will whip us." On that day, after a furious bom- 
 bardment of some hours, Lee ordered an assault 
 
134 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 by Longstreet's corps on -the center of Meade's 
 line. Three divisions under Pickett, Pettigrew, 
 and Trimble were to cross the open valley, three 
 quarters of a mile wide, and, after attacking the 
 Federal lines, receive the support of Longstreet's 
 entire force. As they started there was a lull in 
 the artillery firing for a little while, but, as the 
 gray line swept on toward the Federal position, 
 the cannon poured a deadly hail into the advanc- 
 ing line. On they rushed in spite of it. Many 
 of them reached the stone wall behind which the 
 Federals lay pouring a destructive fire upon 
 them ; some even crossed the wall and engaged 
 in a hand-to-hand conflict. Longstreet should 
 have come at once to their support, but he failed 
 to advance. The high tide of the charge rolled 
 back and the battle was lost. With the turning 
 of the tide of battle came the turning-point in the 
 fortunes of the Confederacy. From this time on, 
 in spite of some brilliant successes, the Confeder- 
 ates fought a defensive fight and a losing one. 
 By this defeat hope of foreign recognition was 
 lost and the Confederacy was doomed. The next 
 day the capture of Vicksburg was added to the 
 Federal victories. 
 
 Lee, always generous, took the blame of the 
 failure upon himself. A little later he even offered 
 to resign in favor of some younger and abler 
 man. There were many younger men, but where 
 
IN CHIEF COMMAND 135, 
 
 was an abler one than Lee to be found ? Pres- 
 ident Davis, of course, refused this, saying-, *'To 
 ask me to substitute you by some one in my 
 judgment more fit to command, or who would 
 possess more of the confidence of the army, or of 
 the reflecting men of the country, is to demand 
 an impossibility." 
 
 Lee said later, *' If I had had Stonewall Jack- 
 son at Gettysburg, I would have won that battle, 
 and a victory there would have given us Wash- 
 ington and Baltimore, if not Philadelphia, and 
 would have established the independence of the 
 country." It is to-day, in the light of later knowl- 
 edge, not at all certain that all that Lee believed 
 would have come to pass, but there is little doubt 
 that, if Jackson had been at Gettysburg, the bat- 
 tle would have been won by the Confederates, 
 and probably decisively won on the second day. 
 
 All the day after the battle Lee waited for a 
 Federal attack. None was made, and, as his am- 
 munition was almost gone, he retreated slowly 
 and with great skill across Maryland into Vir- 
 ginia, followed by Meade, who, however, ven- 
 tured no attack. During the rest of 1863 there 
 were no real battles fought in Virginia. There 
 was much manoeuvering in which Meade showed 
 great skill and Lee even more, but the two 
 armies never tried conclusions. Lee would again 
 have crossed the Potomac but for the fact that 
 
136 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 his men were without shoes and almost without 
 rations. 
 
 In November Lee overcame a plan of Meade's 
 to surprise him, and immediately afterwards went 
 into winter quarters. This was a terrible winter 
 for the Army of Northern Virginia. A large part 
 of the army lacked shoes, blankets, and over- 
 coats ; most of them were clothed in rags ; and 
 they even lacked sufficient food both for them- 
 selves and for their horses. But, having always 
 before them the example of their great com- 
 mander, they withstood hardship and privation 
 with the fortitude that their ancestors had dis- 
 played at Valley Forge ; and even with a gayety 
 of spirit, they waited for the renewal of fighting 
 which would come with the spring. 
 
 When the Spring came Lee found a new op- 
 ponent before him. General Ulysses S. Grant, 
 after brilliant successes in the West, had been 
 promoted in March, 1864, to the chief command 
 of the Federal armies, and had at once assumed 
 personal direction of the Army of the Potomac. 
 From this time his was the most dominant 
 figure on the Northern side in the history of the 
 war. 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 
 LIFE IN THE ARMY 
 
 At the time when Lee resigned from the United 
 States Army and entered the service of Virginia, 
 he was just fifty-four years old. He was still in 
 his prime, still strong and active, and looked 
 younger than his years. His face was ruddy 
 from his life in the open and, except for a small 
 mustache, was clean-shaven. When he entered 
 upon active service, he let his beard grow, and 
 his face is best known to the world as full-bearded. 
 He aged rapidly during the war, and in 1862 
 thus described himself to his daughter-in-law : — 
 
 My coat is of gray, of the regulation style and 
 pattern, and my pants of dark blue, as is also pre- 
 scribed, partly hid by my long boots. I have the 
 same handsome hat which surmounts my gray head 
 (the latter is not prescribed in the regulations) and 
 shields my ugly face, which is masked by a white 
 beard as stiff and wiry as the teeth of a card. In fact 
 an uglier person you have never seen, and so un- 
 attractive is it to our enemies that they shoot at it 
 whenever visible to them. 
 
 When Lee first entered the service of the Con- 
 federacy, his duties kept him at headquarters in 
 Richmond and he was thus spared any severe 
 
138 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 hardships. But with his service in western Vir- 
 ginia he began to share to the full the life led by 
 his men. After he took the chief, command his 
 headquarters tent was always the scene of much 
 work on the part of Lee and of his staff, and lit- 
 tle form or ceremony was observed there. His 
 own living arrangements were simple. He car- 
 ried little baggage and used the same small tent 
 through the greater part of the war. Almost 
 always he slept in his tent rather than make his 
 headquarters in a private house, as he was con- 
 stantly urged to do. Even on his way back to 
 Richmond after the surrender, he spent the night 
 in his tent rather than in his brother's home. 
 When defending Petersburg, however, his head- 
 quarters were necessarily, and for the first time 
 since 1862, in a house. 
 
 His camp headquarters, as described by a vis- 
 itor after the battle of Fredericksburg, consisted 
 of four or five wall tents and three or four com- 
 mon tents, set up on the edge of an old pine field, 
 which cut off the wind, and near a forest, which 
 furnished firewood. It was dismal enough look- 
 ing from without, but within it was usually made 
 bright and lively by Lee's geniality and quiet 
 humor. He was attended by a devoted Irish- 
 man named Bryan who was his mess steward. 
 Throughout the war Lee used a camp set of tin 
 dishes, plates, and cups, which he had owned 
 
LIFE IN THE ARMY 139 
 
 before the war began, and always his fare was of 
 the simplest. It was at first bountiful, but as times 
 became hard, it decreased in quantity and qual- 
 ity. Many gifts of food and clothes of every kind 
 were sent to him, but they generally found their 
 way promptly to the hospitals. Lee's letters con- 
 tain constant references such as the following : — 
 
 Camp, Petersburg, July 5, 1864. 
 
 My Precious Life: — 
 
 I received this morning, by your brother, your 
 note, and am very glad to hear your mother is better. 
 I sent out immediately to try and find some lemons, 
 but could only procure two — sent to me by a kind 
 lady, Mrs. Kirkland, in Petersburg. These were 
 gathered from her own trees; there are none to be 
 purchased. I found one in my valise, dried up, which 
 I also send, as it may be of some value. I also put 
 up some early apples, which you can roast for your 
 mother, and one pear. This is all the fruit I can get. 
 
 Camp, Petersburg, July 24, 1864. 
 
 The ladles of Petersburg have sent me a nice set of 
 shirts. They were given to me by Mrs. James R. 
 Branch and her mother, Mrs. Thomas Branch. In 
 fact they have given me everything — which I fear 
 they cannot spare — vegetables, bread, milk, ice- 
 cream. To-day one of them sent me a nice peach — 
 the first I think I have seen for two years. I sent it to 
 Mrs. Shippen. 
 
 December 30, 1864. 
 
 Yesterday afternoon three little girls walked into 
 my room, each with a small basket. The eldest 
 
I40 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 carried some fresh eggs laid by her own hens; the 
 second, some pickles made by her mother; the third, 
 some pop corn which had grown in her garden. They 
 were accompanied by a young maid with a block of 
 soap made by her mother. . . . The eldest of the 
 girls, whose age did not exceed eight years, had a 
 small wheel on which she spun for her mother, who 
 wove all the clothes for her two brothers — boys of 
 twelve and fourteen years. I have not had so pleas- 
 ant a visit for a long time. I fortunately was able to 
 fill their baskets with apples, which distressed poor 
 Bryan, and begged them to bring me nothing but 
 kisses and keep the eggs, corn, etc., for themselves. 
 
 It was while in camp after the battle of Freder- 
 icksburg that Bryan, discovering that a hen he 
 had procured was laying, spared her life. She 
 soon made herself so much at home in Lee's tent 
 that each day she laid an egg under his bed. This 
 was kept up for weeks at a time. Her roosting- 
 place was a baggage wagon and she was present 
 with the wagon both at Chancellorsville and at 
 Gettysburg. She finally grew too fat to lay, and 
 one day, when an unexpected visitor of some im- 
 portance dined with Lee, Bryan killed the hen 
 for dinner. At another dinner when Lee had 
 guests, a plate of cabbage was served in which 
 there was a very small piece of bacon. Every one 
 out of politeness declined the meat, and that night 
 Lee asked for a piece of it. The reply was that it 
 had only been borrowed for the occasion and had 
 already been returned to the owner ! 
 
LIFE IN THE ARMY 141 
 
 Some of Lee's younger officers were very fond 
 of a drink, and on one occasion, soon after he had 
 seen a jug brought to their tents, a demijohn was 
 brought into his tent. A Httle later he invited the 
 younger men to come and share with him a demi- 
 john of *' the best." Surprised, yet delighted, they 
 accepted ; the demijohn was brought out, and 
 from it Lee filled the glasses with buttermilk! 
 His quiet enjoyment of the trick was great enough 
 to be contagious, and everybody laughed heart- 
 ily. This sense of humor, like Lincoln's, must 
 have been a great safety-valve when care became 
 almost too heavy for human endurance. Once, 
 when irritated as he was at times by the news- 
 papers, he said to Benjamin H. Hill : *' Why, sir, 
 in the beginning we made a great mistake. We 
 appointed all our worst generals to command the 
 armies and all our best generals to edit the news- 
 papers." Even on the morning before the surren- 
 der, when General Wise, after washing his face 
 in a mudhole, wrapped himself in a blanket and 
 walked up to Lee, Lee was able to smile and say : 
 ** Good-morning, General Wise. I perceive that 
 you, at any rate, have not given up the contest, 
 as you are in your war paint this morning." Lee 
 kept up the most friendly relations with his offi- 
 cers, but on the rather rare occasions when his 
 temper got the best of him, his staf? suffered. At 
 one of these times he noticed that one of them 
 
142 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 had grown somewhat restive under his outburst, 
 and he exclaimed, "Colonel Taylor, when I lose 
 my temper, don't let it make you angry." 
 
 In spite of his high temper, Lee never spoke in 
 harsh terms of his opponents. Perhaps his near- 
 est approach to bitter words was contained in 
 his letter home when he heard that his beloved 
 Arlington had been converted into a cemetery for 
 his enemies. Most of the soldiers of the North 
 and South could not find enough harsh things to 
 say of the enemy, but Lee called them nothing 
 worse than ** these people," ** our friends across 
 the river," "General McClellan's people," "Gen- 
 eral Grant's people," or " our friends, the enemy." 
 One day one of his officers, as he looked at the 
 Federal army, said bitterly, " I wish all those 
 people were dead." Lee's reply was, " How can 
 you say so. General ? Now I wish they were all at 
 home attending to their own business." At Gettys- 
 burg a wounded Federal soldier shouted, just as 
 Lee passed him, " Hurrah for the Union." Lee 
 bent toward him, and in a voice full of sympathy 
 said, " My son, I hope you will soon be well." 
 The soldier said afterwards: " If I live to a thou- 
 sand years I shall never forget the expression on 
 General Lee's face. There he was defeated, retir- 
 ing from a field that had cost him and his cause 
 almost their last hope, and yet he stopped to say 
 words like those to a wounded soldier of the op- 
 
LIFE IN THE ARMY 143 
 
 position who had taunted him as he passed by I 
 As soon as the General had left me, I cried my- 
 self to sleep there upon the bloody ground." 
 
 Lee with his whole heart longed for peace. He 
 had no thirst for glory and no love of battle to 
 deceive him as to the real nature of war. He 
 wrote his son in 1864, ** I have only one mighty 
 want, that God in His infinite mercy will send 
 our enemies back home." And as the war stretched 
 out its dreary length, and hope of success grew 
 less and less, he desired the more that victory 
 and peace might come quickly. He was sur- 
 rounded by want and misery, but he felt that he 
 must keep up his spirit and that of those about 
 him. Sorrow also touched him heavily. In 1862 
 word came to him of the desperate illness of his 
 most loved daughter, but he could not go to 
 her, and, a little later, the news of her death came. 
 This found him attending to important business 
 which he could not leave, and he was obliged to 
 control his grief until the work was finished. In 
 the year following this, his son. General W. H. 
 F. Lee, ** Rooney," was seriously wounded, then 
 captured, and, while in prison, his wife was taken 
 seriously ill. Her only hope of recovery lay in the 
 release of her husband, and General Custis Lee 
 offered to take his brother's place in prison that 
 he might be released, but the request was not 
 granted by the Federal authorities. Soon after- 
 
144 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 wards Mrs. Lee and both of her children died. 
 This loss was to Lee as if he had lost another 
 daughter, for he had deeply loved his son's wife 
 and children, and the thought of the grief his son 
 would have to bear distressed him greatly. 
 
 As food and clothes for the army grew scarce, 
 Lee became deeply concerned at the sufferings 
 of the men, and tried in every way to get supplies. 
 It was a trying duty to endeavor to persuade the 
 inefBcient commissary department of the Con- 
 federacy to furnish the army with the necessaries 
 of life. He even had to beg for soap. In addition 
 to inefBciency, it must be added that the natural 
 difficulty of securing supplies was very great on 
 account of poor and broken-down railroads and 
 the destitution in the South. His men knew of 
 his efTorts, for Lee was always kind and sympa- 
 thetic and the soldiers found it easy to approach 
 him. They idolized " Uncle Robert," or " Marse 
 Robert," as they called him, and, ragged and 
 barefoot as they were, they never lost hope and 
 were willing to go anywhere or do anything at 
 Lee's command. Lee, knowing this, said : " There 
 never were such men in an army before. They 
 will go anywhere and do anything, if properly 
 led." 
 
 Some military critics have said that Lee's 
 greatest fault as a commander was his eagerness 
 and audacity in battle. He had absolutely no 
 
LIFE IN THE ARMY 145 
 
 sense of fear. At the Wilderness and again at 
 Gettysburg, he tried to lead a charge in person, 
 but his men cried, *' Lee to the rear ! " ^'General 
 Lee, go back!" and he was forced to give way. 
 But in almost every battle he was under fire with 
 his men. Once, while reconnoitering in an ex- 
 posed position, he ordered his staff back and 
 started with them. He suddenly turned back a 
 few steps and, stooping, picked up a sparrow 
 which had fallen out of its nest and replaced it. 
 Only once was he near capture. That was in 1862, 
 when with his staff he rode suddenly upon a 
 squadron of Federal cavalry. Before Lee had been 
 seen by them, his staff begged him to retire rap- 
 idly while they drew in line across the road. This 
 fortunately led the Federal soldiers to suppose it 
 the head of a column and they retreated. Lee 
 was thus saved from what had seemed almost 
 certain capture. 
 
 He was often visited in camp by foreigners who 
 were all anxious to see him. Among those who 
 came was Colonel Garnet Wolseley of the British 
 army, who later became Field Marshal Viscount 
 Wolseley. He says of his visit to Lee : — 
 
 He was the ablest general, and to me, seemed the 
 greatest man I ever conversed with; and yet I have 
 had the privilege of meeting Von Moltke and Prince 
 Bismarck, and at least upon one occasion had a very 
 long and intensely interesting conversation with the 
 
146 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 latter. General Lee was one of the few men who ever 
 seriously impressed and awed me with their natural 
 inherent greatness. Forty years have come and gone 
 since our meeting, yet the majesty of his manly bear- 
 ing, the genial winning grace, the sweetness of his 
 smile and the impressive dignity of his old-fashioned 
 style of address, come back to me amongst the most 
 cherished of my recollections. . . . His was indeed a 
 beautiful character, and of him it might be written: 
 "In righteousness he did judge and make war." 
 
 A very real part of Lee's life in the army had 
 to do with his horses. He had a number during 
 the course of the war and loved them all. His mare, 
 Grace Darling, that he had ridden in the Mexican 
 War, was too old for service and was sent to the 
 White House when Lee left Arlington, and was 
 later captured by a Federal soldier. One of his 
 horses was Richmond, a big bay given him by 
 the citizens of Richmond. He broke down under 
 the hard service of the campaign against Pope 
 and died, Lee thought him the most beautiful of 
 his horses. Brown Roan also died. Ajax, a large 
 sorrel, was too tall, and Lee rode him very sel- 
 dom. In 1862 General Stuart gave Lee a quiet 
 little sorrel mare named Lucy Long. She was 
 stolen, but was later recovered. She survived the 
 war and was living as late as 1891. 
 
 The best known of Lee's chargers was Traveler, 
 and one writer has said that he was almost as well 
 known as his master. Sheridan called Traveler a 
 
LIFE IN THE ARMY 147 
 
 " chunky gray horse." Lee himself described him 
 in the following interesting letter : — 
 
 If I was an artist like you, I would draw a true pic- 
 ture of Traveler, representing his fine proportions, 
 muscular figure, deep chest and short back, strong 
 haunches, flat legs, small head, broad forehead, deli- 
 cate ears, quick eye, small feet, and black mane and 
 tail. Such a picture would inspire a poet, whose 
 genius could then depict his worth and describe his 
 endurance of toil, hunger, thirst, heat, cold, and the 
 dangers and suffering through which he has passed. 
 He could dilate upon his sagacity, affection, and his 
 invariable response to every wish of his rider. He 
 might even imagine his thoughts through the long 
 night marches and days of battle through which he 
 has passed. But I am no artist, and could only say 
 that he is a Confederate gray. I purchased him in the 
 mountains of Virginia in the autumn of 1 861, and he 
 has been my patient follower ever since, to Georgia, 
 the Carolinas, and back to Virginia. He carried me 
 through the seven days' battles around Richmond, 
 the second Manassas, at Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, 
 the last day at Chancellorsville, to Pennsylvania, at 
 Gettysburg, and back to the Rappahannock. From 
 the commencement of the campaign in 1864 at Orange 
 till its close around Petersburg the saddle was scarcely 
 off his back, as he passed through the fire of the 
 Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, and across 
 the James River. He was in almost daily requisition 
 in the winter of 1864-65 on the long line of defenses 
 from the Chickahominy, north of Richmond and 
 Hatcher's Run south of the Appomattox. In the 
 campaign of 1865 he bore me from Petersburg to the 
 final days at Appomattox Court House. 
 
148 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 You must know what a cbmfort he is to me in my 
 present retirement. He is well supplied with equip- 
 ments. Two sets have been sent to him from Eng- 
 land, one from the ladies of Baltimore, and one was 
 made for him in Richmond ; but I think his favorite is 
 the American saddle from St. Louis. 
 
 Traveler was of Gray Eagle stock and was born 
 near the Blue Sulphur Springs, now in West 
 Virginia, in April, 1857. As a colt he won, in 1859 
 and i860, under the name Jefi Davis, the first 
 prize at the Greenbrier Fair, a high honor in that 
 land of good horses. He was sixteen hands high, 
 weighed eleven hundred and fifty pounds, and 
 was unusually strong. His walk was springy and 
 he had a bold carriage, holding his head well up. 
 He was very gentle, but was also very brave and 
 spirited. He loved a battle, and at the Second 
 Manassas he grew so spirited that, jumping sud- 
 denly, he hurt both of Lee's hands, breaking a 
 bone in one. Lee was in an ambulance for a time 
 and never again held the reins in the usual way. 
 Traveler and Lee were devoted to each other and 
 were separated only by death. Lee, mounted on 
 him, was a familiar figure in Virginia from 1862 
 to 1870, and the picture of them is familiar to the 
 w^orld to-day. Lee sat erect in his saddle with his 
 weight on the stirrups, and the movements of his 
 body were in perfect unison with those of the 
 horse under him. Captain Gordon McCabe, the 
 
^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 hHK "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H 
 
 m 
 
 ■■■■kf^ -<^v-isi^^'i^^^^^^HHHH^H^H 
 
LIFE IN THE ARMY 149 
 
 famous Virginia teacher, said that Traveler, when 
 Lee was riding him, "always stepped as if con- 
 scious that he bore a king upon his back." 
 
 During these years Lee's letters and reports 
 show how hard was his task of taking care of the 
 army and how little time was left for him to rest. 
 For three years the whole burden of the army 
 rested upon him. To the army he became in a 
 sense the cause for which they fought. With him 
 they dared anything ; without him they were lost. 
 With the years Lee aged rapidly ; illness came to 
 him and a loss of strength of which he was fully 
 conscious. The war was an experience to test the 
 soul and the heart of a man, and a fine light is 
 thrown upon Lee's character by the fact that he 
 came out of it all with the essential sweetness of 
 his spirit untouched. Of him in the struggle, Presi- 
 dent Wilson says : — 
 
 It is a notable thing that we see when we look back 
 to men of this sort. The Civil War is something which 
 we cannot even yet uncover in memory without stir- 
 ring embers which may spring into a blaze. There 
 was deep color and the ardor of blood in the contest. 
 The field is lurid with the light of passion, and yet in 
 the midst of that crimson field stands this gentle 
 figure, — a man whom you remember, not as a man 
 who loved war, but as a man moved by all the high 
 impulses of gentle kindness, a man whom men did not 
 fear, but loved ; a man in whom everybody who ap- 
 proached him marked singular gentleness, singular 
 sweetness, singular modesty, — none of the pomp of 
 
I50 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 the soldier, but all the simplicity of the gentleman. 
 This man is in the center of that field, is the central 
 figure of a great tragedy. A singular tragedy it seems 
 which centers in a gentleman who loved his fellow 
 men and sought to serve them by the power of love, 
 and who yet, in serving them with the power of love, 
 won the imperishable fame of a great soldier. 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 AGAINST HEAVY ODDS 
 
 The beginning of the campaign of 1864 found 
 the Confederacy in sore straits. Almost all its 
 able-bodied men were in the army, and the boys 
 were now enlisting, and, as Grant said, "the seed 
 corn" was thus taken from the South. In the 
 West the Confederate cause had met disaster as 
 early as 1862 with the capture of Forts Donelson 
 and Henry by Grant, the battle of Shiloh with the 
 death of the gallant Albert Sidney Johnston, and 
 the fall of Nashville and New Orleans. The loss 
 of Vicksburg in 1863 had given the last strong- 
 hold on the Mississippi River to the Federal 
 forces. The blockade had become so effective 
 that only Wilmington, North Carolina, remained 
 open, and the blockade-running there steadily 
 became more and more difficult. The South was 
 like some animal confined in a glass bell from 
 which the air is slowly being drawn out. 
 
 In the South the railroads, which had been 
 poor enough at the beginning of the war, were 
 growing hopelessly inefficient. Rails, cars, and 
 engines, as they wore out, could not be replaced. 
 Want and distress were widespread, and, in many 
 
152 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 places, supplies of food, even of the simplest sort, 
 were scarce. Prices, because of this and because 
 of the great quantity of paper money in circula- 
 tion, were very high. Country jeans sold for 
 twenty-five dollars a yard, calico for thirty dol- 
 lars, a pair of cotton socks for ten dollars, a 
 wheat-straw hat for twenty dollars, and a bushel 
 of meal for twenty-five dollars. There was no tea, 
 no coffee, and little sugar. Salt and soda were 
 both very scarce. The following accounts, written 
 just at the close of the war, give a good picture 
 of conditions in parts of the South to which the 
 Federal armies had not penetrated : — 
 
 Many families of the highest respectability and re- 
 finement lived for months on corn-bread, sorghum, 
 and peas; meat was seldom on the table, tea and 
 coffee never ; dried apples and peaches were a luxury ; 
 children went barefoot through the winter, and ladies 
 made their own shoes, and wove their own home- 
 spuns; carpets were cut up into blankets, and window 
 curtains and sheets were torn up for hospital uses; 
 soldiers' socks were knit day and night, while for 
 home service clothes were twice turned, and patches 
 were patched again ; and all this continually, and with 
 an energy and cheerfulness that may well be called 
 heroic. 
 
 Every available bit of paper, every page of old 
 account books, whether already written on one side 
 or not, and even the fly leaves of printed volumes . . . 
 were ferreted out and exhausted. Envelopes were 
 made of scraps of wall-paper and from the pictorial 
 pages of old books, the white side out, stuck together In 
 some cases with the gum that exudes from peach trees. 
 
AGAINST HEAVY ODDS 153 
 
 Between the South and the final defeat lay now 
 Joseph E. Johnston's army in Georgia, a small 
 force in the West, and Lee's army of Northern 
 Virginia. There was no new supply of men for 
 them to draw from, and every man lost meant a 
 permanently decreased force. Opposing these ar- 
 mies were strong, well-equipped Federal forces, 
 backed by unlimited money and fresh men, as 
 well as supplies of every sort in limitless quanti- 
 ties. No army in the history of the world to that 
 time had ever been so splendidly supplied and 
 equipped as the Federal army. In spite of its ter- 
 rific losses the North grew steadily in wealth 
 and prosperity during the war. Also it suffered 
 scarcely at all from the presence of armies, since 
 the South was the battle-ground of the war. 
 
 Grant's plan of campaign provided that each 
 of the Federal armies should try to hold the 
 attention of the entire Confederacy and thus 
 prevent any attempt of one Confederate army to 
 reinforce another. He planned that the Army 
 of the Potomac should move toward Richmond 
 from the north, and said that he proposed **to 
 fight it out along that line if it takes all summer." 
 General Butler was to come up the James from 
 Fortress Monroe, and it was believed that by 
 these methods the summer would see the close of 
 the war. 
 
 Early in May Grant, with an army of one hun- 
 
154 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 dred and twenty thousand .men, crossed the Rap- 
 idan and entered the Wilderness, a region so 
 named because of its tangled thickets of pine, 
 scrub-oak, hazel, and chinquapin. Here there 
 were hardly any inhabitants and only two public 
 roads. As soon as the Federal army had got well 
 into the Wilderness, Lee attacked it, and there 
 followed a terrible battle which lasted two days. 
 Longstreet was once more late, and it is possible 
 that he thus prevented a complete victory for 
 Lee. The horror of the battle was many times 
 increased by the furious burning of the woods, 
 together with the dead and wounded, the under- 
 growth having caught from the firing of the 
 guns. For many days a heavy pall of smoke 
 hung over all the country. 
 
 In spite of his great losses and defeat. Grant 
 did not retreat. He had all the tenacity of a bull- 
 dog and did not consider such a thing. Instead, 
 by a flank movement, he pressed on toward 
 Richmond. Lee then fell back and met him at 
 Spottsylvania Court House, where, between May 
 8 and May 13, a series of furiously contested bat- 
 tles occured in which Grant failed to break the 
 Confederate lines. Here was the famous " Bloody 
 Angle," first in the possession of one and then 
 of the other side during the whole conflict, and 
 noted for the frenzied fighting which took place 
 there. Grant, upon receiving reinforcements, 
 
AGAINST HEAVY ODDS i55 
 
 again attacked, but without success. He then 
 again moved by the left flank, but at Cold Har- 
 bor Lee succeeded in establishing himself in such 
 a position that another flank movement by Grant 
 would carry the Federal army beyond Richmond. 
 Just at this time Stuart was killed, and his death 
 meant a heavy loss to Lee and to the Confeder- 
 ate cause. On June 3 Grant tried to break the 
 Confederate lines by direct assault and lost twelve 
 thousand men in twenty minutes. This crushing 
 disaster ended the campaign, one remarkable 
 both for the brilliance of Lee's defense and for 
 the splendid energy of Grant's attacks, which 
 last would have been impossible in the face of 
 such losses but for the superb bravery of the Fed- 
 eral troops. Since crossing the Rapidan Grant 
 had lost more than sixty thousand men, or al- 
 most as many as Lee's whole army. Lee had lost 
 twenty thousand, and he could ill afford the loss, 
 since there were none to take the places of those 
 who had been killed. The men in the Confeder- 
 ate army had fought a large part of the time on 
 a daily ration of three crackers and a small piece 
 of salt pork, and they were now almost exhausted. 
 Grant now abandoned his plan of campaign 
 and, skillfully swinging his army across the 
 James, moved on Richmond from the south. At 
 Petersburg, twenty miles from Richmond, there 
 were strong fortifications which had been erected 
 
156 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 under Lee^s orders in 1862,. and into them Lee at 
 once moved his army. Attempts of the Federals 
 to carry them by storm failed, and a plan to 
 mine them resulted in an engagement known as 
 the ** Battle of the Crater" in which the Federal 
 losses were greater than those of the Confeder- 
 ates. Grant then settled down for a siege. He 
 threw up the most powerful fortifications used 
 during the war, and then succeeded in cutting 
 the railroad running from Petersburg south, by 
 which the Confederates received most of their 
 supplies. 
 
 The further defense of Richmond, from a mili- 
 tary standpoint, was a mistake, and Lee advised 
 giving it up. But President Davis regarded the 
 continued possession of the capital as of first im- 
 portance to the Confederate cause and would not 
 consent to its abandonment. Lee, like the good 
 soldier he was, sought to make the best defense 
 possible. He knew, of course, that the strength 
 of his army would be lessened after standing a 
 siege at Petersburg. He saw, too, the difficulty 
 of combining with the other Confederate armies 
 when such a combination should become neces- 
 sary, that being, as he said, '* a mere question of 
 time." 
 
 In the meantime General Butler had been, as 
 Grant said, ** bottled up" at Bermuda Hundred 
 by General Magruder. The Federal forces in the 
 
AGAINST HEAVY ODDS 157 
 
 Valley, sent there to cut off supplies from Rich- 
 mond, had met with spirited resistance. In the 
 battle of New Market even the little boys from 
 the Virginia Military Institute took part in the 
 fighting and gained a victory. The Federals were 
 finally driven out of the Valley by General Early, 
 who then invaded Maryland and finally took up 
 a position in front of Washington and in sight 
 of the dome of the Capitol. Hearing that fresh 
 troops had come against him in large numbers, 
 he succeeded in retreating in good order. Later 
 in July one of his subordinates burned the town 
 of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The operations 
 of the Confederates had become so vigorous that 
 Grant sent Sheridan into the Valley, ordering 
 him to destroy everything that could support an 
 army, thus preventing Early's staying there, and 
 also any future Confederate menace to Washing- 
 ton. Several batdes were fought and Early was 
 at last driven from the Valley. Sheridan, in car- 
 rying out Grant's orders, burned two thousand 
 barns filled with grain and seventy mills filled 
 with flour and wheat, and drove off most of the 
 catde and other stock. He then reported that " a 
 crow flying across the Valley will have to carry 
 its own rations." 
 
 The siege of Petersburg, which lasted the rest 
 of the summer of 1864 and all of the following 
 winter, brought intense suffering to the army. 
 
158 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Food was scarcer than ever, and all the soldiers 
 were in rags and most of them without shoes 
 through the bitter cold weather. The daily ration 
 at best was one pound of flour and one half a 
 pound of beef, but there were sometimes days 
 and days together when the beef was lacking. 
 Lee had only thirty-five thousand men to defend 
 a line thirty-five miles long, and there was no 
 hope of any important reinforcements. 
 
 In the West the Federals under Thomas had 
 decisively defeated Hood, who had replaced John- 
 ston in command. Sherman, after his march to 
 the sea, captured Savannah, and later, as spring 
 opened, moved north, capturing Charleston and 
 Columbia, and invading North Carolina. As his 
 army moved it stripped the whole country bare 
 of food and all valuable movable property. Con- 
 fronting him was Johnston, who was again in 
 command, with a fairly large army. On January 
 15, 1865, Fort Fisher, at the mouth of the Cape 
 Fear below Wilmington, fell, and the last gate- 
 way between the South and the world outside 
 was closed. 
 
 Grant began the campaign of 1865 at the end 
 of January and spread his force out south of 
 Petersburg to cut off Lee's retreat and also his 
 sources of supplies. Lee now wished to abandon 
 immediately both Richmond and Petersburg and 
 join Johnston, but he was forced to give up the 
 
AGAINST HEAVY ODDS 159 
 
 plan because his half-starved horses could not 
 pull the cannon and wagons over the soft roads. 
 On January 31 Lee was made general-in-chief of 
 all the armies of the Confederacy. He accepted 
 and took charge at once. Had this been done 
 two years before, great results might have fol- 
 lowed, but matters had gone too far for him to 
 be able to accomplish anything through his new 
 power. Shortly afterwards he recommended the 
 enlistment of negroes in the army, and Congress 
 consented to this, but there was only time to en- 
 roll a very few, far too few to help the cause. 
 
 Late in March an effort on Lee's part to break 
 Grant's line was partially successful, but men 
 were lacking to follow up the advantage. Lee 
 had already seen that Richmond must soon be 
 abandoned and had notified President Davis of 
 the fact. Supplies had been sent to Danville, a 
 little town on the southern border of Virginia, so 
 that Lee could leave his lines rapidly and, join- 
 ing Johnston, with their combined forces attack 
 Sherman before Grant could bring help. Grant 
 foresaw this plan, and on April i attacked Lee at 
 Five Forks, where the Confederate line was so 
 weak that the men were seven yards apart. Lee 
 at once notified Davis that he would move south 
 toward Amelia Court House, where he had di- 
 rected the WsiT Department to have an abun- 
 dance of supplies for his men. Richmond was at 
 
i6o ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 once evacuated and the Federal forces entered it 
 just at the time that Grant was entering Peters- 
 burg. Here Grant was joined by Lincoln who 
 later went to Richmond. The Confederates had 
 in the meantime gone to Danville, which Davis 
 reached on April 5. 
 
 Lee moved his troops as rapidly as possible to 
 Amelia Court House, and was followed closely 
 by Grant's columns. The Confederates, number- 
 ing less than thirty thousand men, were flushed 
 with the joy of getting out of the trenches into the 
 open fields, and they eagerly hoped that victory 
 might yet be theirs. But when they reached Ame- 
 lia Court House, there were no supplies there. 
 Nearly twenty-four hours of precious time were 
 lost in attempting to gather food and forage 
 enough to enable the army to push on. There 
 was an abundance of both at Danville, but here 
 there was practically nothing. The hungry army 
 could be furnished with nothing better than raw 
 corn, and of that only one handful to each man, 
 but not a man complained. 
 
 In the meantime, thanks to this delay, Sheridan 
 had been able to place a force of cavalry across 
 the proposed line of retreat to Danville. This 
 forced Lee to turn westward toward Farmville, in 
 the hope of being able to effect a junction with 
 Johnston on the North Carolina line. At Sailor's 
 Creek part of the army was cut off, but the main 
 
AGAINST HEAVY ODDS i6i 
 
 body pushed on to Farmville, where on April 7 
 a small supply of food was secured after a Fed- 
 eral force in the path had been repulsed. All this 
 took time, and Sheridan reached and captured 
 Appomattox Court House, the place at which 
 Lee had counted on getting more supplies. Lee 
 did not learn of this until April 9. 
 
CHAPTER XIII 
 
 APPOMATTOX 
 
 Lee had now a choice between two courses 
 only. Either he must disperse his men and send 
 them south to continue resistance at a later time 
 and so keep up hostilities indefinitely ; or he must 
 surrender his beloved army, which would mean 
 that the cause of the Confederacy would be hope- 
 lessly and finally lost. The first plan was generally 
 expected. All of Europe looked to see the war 
 drag on and on through fighting by scattered par- 
 ties, such as had taken place during the Revolu- 
 tion throughout Georgia and the Carolinas. In the 
 South most of the people refused to believe in 
 the possibility of final defeat and desired that the 
 struggle should go on, no matter how long it 
 took to reach a victorious end and independence. 
 President Davis, by proclamation on April 4, an- 
 nounced this as the policy of the Government, 
 and the Federal leaders greatly feared that it 
 might be carried out. There is no doubt that in 
 this way the contest could have been indefinitely 
 prolonged, as in the case of the Boer War, but at 
 the cost of frightful loss of life and at the greater 
 cost of all humanity on both sides. 
 
APPOMATTOX 163 
 
 The very thought of surrender broke Lee's 
 heart. On April 7 he was approached by several 
 of his corps commanders who told him that the 
 army could not hold out any longer. Surrender 
 was suggested. Lee's eyes flashed and he said, 
 " Surrender 1 I have too many good fighting men 
 for that!" 
 
 On April 7 also Grant wrote Lee and pointed 
 out the hopelessness of further resistance, and, 
 for the sake of putting an end to bloodshed, sug- 
 gested that he surrender. Lee, in reply, declined 
 to admit that his cause was hopeless, but asked 
 Grant what terms would be offered. The next 
 day Grant wrote that, since peace was his great 
 desire, the only condition he would insist upon 
 was that the officers and men surrendered should 
 be disqualified from taking up arms against the 
 United States until exchanged. He also sug- 
 gested meeting Lee to arrange the terms of sur- 
 render, but Lee replied that he had not proposed 
 surrender, but, desiring peace, he wished to learn 
 how General Grant proposed to effect it, and 
 suggested a meeting at ten o'clock the next 
 day. Grant replied that, as he had no power to 
 treat for peace, a meeting could do no good, and 
 continued : — 
 
 I will state however that I am equally desirous of 
 peace with yourself, and the whole North entertains 
 the same feeling. The terms upon which peace can 
 
i64 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 be had are well understood; By the South laying 
 down their arms, they would hasten that most de- 
 sirable event, save thousands of humanjves, and 
 hundreds of millions of property not yeffll^stroyed. 
 Seriously hoping that all of our difficulties may be 
 settled without the loss of another life, I subscribe 
 myself, etc., 
 
 U. S. Grant, Lieutenant General. 
 General R. E. Lee. 
 
 Lee had hoped that a general peace might be 
 arranged, but he now saw that Grant would not 
 discuss this. On the evening of the 8th, Lee di- 
 rected a last attack, and early the next morning 
 his troops with dash attacked Sheridan and drove 
 his cavalry back in confusion. But timely Federal 
 reinforcements came to Sheridan's aid and the 
 way of the Confederates as an army was finally 
 barred. When Lee saw the situation, he said, 
 ** There is nothing left but to go to General Grant, 
 and I would rather die a thousand deaths." At 
 this one of his staff exclaimed, '* Oh, General, 
 what will history say of the surrender of the army 
 in the field?" Lee replied: **Yes, I know they 
 will say hard things of us ; they will not under- 
 stand how we were overwhelmed by numbers ; 
 but that is not the question, Colonel; the ques- 
 tion is, is it right to surrender this army ? If it is 
 right, then I will take all the responsibility." He 
 had already talked it over with several of his 
 ofBcers. General Alexander had urged him to dis- 
 
APPOMATTOX 165 
 
 perse his army for the purpose of further resist- 
 ance, and had received this notable reply : — 
 
 No! C^peral Alexander, that will not do. You 
 must remember we are a Christian people. We have 
 fought this fight as long as, and as well as, we knew 
 how. We have been defeated. For us as a Christian 
 people, there is now but one course to pursue. We 
 must accept the situation; these men must go home 
 and plant a crop, and we must proceed to build up 
 our country on a new basis. We cannot have recourse 
 to the methods you suggest. 
 
 But surrender was, even if right, a bitter task 
 for Lee. ''How easily," he said, *' I could get rid 
 of this and be at rest. I have only to ride along 
 the line and all will be over. But it is our duty 
 to live. What will become of the women and 
 children of the South if we are not here to pro- 
 tect them ? " So Lee now wrote Grant, asking 
 for a meeting to arrange terms for the surrender 
 of the Army of Northern Virginia. Grant agreed, 
 and the two met at the McLean house, which was 
 of brick, set back in the trees, with rosebushes 
 dotting the lawn. Lee and Colonel Marshall, one 
 of his staff, were first to arrive. Traveler was 
 freed of his bridle and turned loose to graze, a 
 great treat after what had gone before. Shortly 
 afterwards Grant with his staff came up, and 
 Grant joined Lee. The appearance of the two 
 men was in striking contrast. General Horace 
 Porter, an eye-witness of the scene, thus described 
 
I66 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Lee, who, in honor of his last appearance as 
 commander of the Army of Northern Vijginia, had 
 put on the very best clothes he posse|^l : — 
 
 He wore a new uniform of Confederate gray, 
 buttoned up to the throat, and a handsome sword 
 and sash. The sword was of exceedingly fine work- 
 manship. It had been presented to him by some ladies 
 in England who sympathized with his cause. He had 
 a thick head of hair, except in front, where it had be- 
 come a little thin. His spurs were handsome and had 
 very large rowels. He wore a pair of top boots which 
 seemed to be perfectly new and which were stitched 
 with red silk. His gray hat, matching in color his uni- 
 form, and a pair of gray gauntlets, apparently new, 
 had been thrown on the table by his side. 
 
 Of Grant, General Porter wrote : — 
 
 General Grant was forty-three years of age, quite 
 slim, and weighed only one hundred and thirty 
 pounds. He was five feet, eight inches in height, with 
 shoulders slightly stooped. He wore a soldier's blouse 
 and soldier's trousers, with nothing to indicate his 
 rank but the shoulder straps of a lieutenant-general. 
 His slouch hat was lying on the table. He had on a 
 pair of partly worn brown-colored thread gloves, 
 which he took off soon after he went into the room. 
 He was without sword, sash, or spurs. He wore a 
 pair of ordinary top boots with his trousers inside. 
 These as well as his clothes were spattered with mud. 
 His hair was a dark brown with no trace of gray. 
 
 At meeting, the two generals shook hands cor- 
 dially, and at once began to speak of their previ- 
 ous meeting in Mexico. Some time was passed 
 
APPOMATTOX 167 
 
 in this way until at last Lee recalled the real ob- 
 ject of their meeting to Grant, who had delicately 
 refrain^^Bfom alluding to it. Lee said : '* General, 
 I am here to ascertain the terms upon which you 
 will accept the surrender of the Army of Northern 
 Virginia ; but it is due to proper candor and 
 frankness that I should say at once that I am not 
 willing to discuss, even, any terms incompatible 
 with preserving the honor of my army, which I 
 am determined to maintain at all hazards and to 
 the last extremity." Grant replied : " I have no 
 idea of proposing dishonorable terms, General, 
 but I should like to know what terms you would 
 consider satisfactory." Lee answered that he felt 
 that the terms offered by Grant in his letter were 
 fair enough and asked that they be put in writ- 
 ing. Grant immediately asked for his order book 
 and rapidly wrote the following letter : — 
 
 Gen. R. E. Lee, 
 
 Commanding C. S. A. 
 
 Appomattox C. H. April 9, 1865. 
 
 In accordance with the substance of my letter to 
 you of the 8th inst., I propose to receive the surrender 
 of the Army of Northern Virginia on the following 
 terms, to wit: 
 
 Rolls of all the officers and men to be made In du- 
 plicate, one copy to be given to an officer designated 
 by me, the other to be retained by such officers as you 
 may designate. 
 
 The officers to give their individual parole not to 
 
i68 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 take arms against the Government of the United 
 States until properly exchanged; and each company 
 or regimental commander to sign parole ffl^he men 
 of their commands. The arms, artillery ,^pi public 
 property to be packed and stacked and turned over 
 to the officers appointed by me to receive them. 
 
 This will not embrace the side arms of the officers, 
 nor their private horses, nor their baggage. 
 
 This done each officer and man will be allowed to 
 return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United 
 States authorities so long as they observe their parole, 
 and the laws in force where they may reside. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General, 
 
 Lee put on his glasses and read it slowly, and 
 as he finished, said, "This will have a very 
 happy effect upon my army." Grant asked for 
 suggestions, and Lee called his attention to the 
 fact that the Confederate cavalrymen owned their 
 own horses, and asked if they would be allowed 
 to keep them. Grant at first said that only offi- 
 cers might do so, but, noting Lee's keen disap- 
 pointment, he added that he knew crops could 
 not be raised without horses, and so, without 
 changing the written order, he would give in- 
 structions to his officers to let the Confederate 
 soldiers keep their horses. Lee immediately 
 showed his relief and said : ** This will have the 
 best possible effect upon the men. It will be very 
 gratifying, and will do much toward conciliat- 
 ing our people.*' While the letter was being 
 
APPOMATTOX 169 
 
 copied in ink, Lee had this letter prepared and 
 signed i^ 
 
 # 
 
 [eadquarters Army of Northern Virginia, 
 April 9, 1865. 
 
 General: — I have received your letter of this date 
 containing the terms of surrender of the Army of 
 Northern Virginia, as proposed by you. As they are 
 substantially the same as those expressed in your 
 letter of the 8th inst., they are accepted. I will pro- 
 ceed to designate the proper officers to carry the 
 stipulations into effect. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 Grant now offered to send twenty-five thou- 
 sand rations to Lee's men who had been living 
 only on parched corn. When he noticed that 
 Lee wore his sword, he apologized for the ab- 
 sence of his, saying, " I started out from camp 
 several days ago without my sword, and as I 
 have not seen my headquarters baggage since, 
 I have been riding about without my side- 
 arms." 
 
 At nearly four o'clock in the afternoon the 
 interview closed. Lee shook hands with Grant, 
 bowed to the other Federal officers in the room, 
 and went out on the porch. As he stood waiting 
 and looking over toward the gallant army he 
 had just surrendered, he struck his hands to- 
 gether three times and then mounted his horse 
 
I70 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 and rode away to his men. At his appearance 
 the ** rebel yell," as given by the Arm^^f North- 
 ern Virginia, sounded for the last tim^^he men 
 crowded around him to touch his han^^ind hear 
 his voice once more. His words to them were 
 brief. '* Men," he said, "we have fought through 
 the war together. I have done my best for you. 
 My heart is too full to say more." 
 
 The behavior of both Grant and Lee during 
 that momentous meeting was fine in every way. 
 Both hated anything theatrical and their inter- 
 view was marked throughout by its utter simplic- 
 ity. Grant showed no elation and said himself 
 of the surrender : ** My own feelings, which had 
 been quite jubilant on receipt of Lee's letter, 
 were sad and depressed. I felt like anything 
 rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who 
 had fought so long and so valiantly and had suf- 
 fered so much for a cause." He sought in every 
 way to save Lee and his army from humiliation 
 and, by his generosity, he won the gratitude 
 and affection of the whole South. Lee, though 
 in deep dejection, was calm, dignified, and, as 
 usual, impressive. He proved here and in his 
 later life the truth of his own saying, " Human 
 virtue ought to be equal to human calamity." 
 General Morris Schaff, a Federal officer, referring 
 to the surrender, at which he was present, said of 
 Lee : — 
 
APPOMATTOX 171 
 
 He was one who, though famous, was not honey- 
 combed wth ambition or tainted with cunning or 
 cant, ar^Bhough a soldier and wearing soldier's 
 laurels, ^^^ever craved or sought honors except as 
 they bloomed on deeds done for the glory of his law- 
 fully constituted authority; in short a soldier to 
 whom the sense of duty was a gospel and a man of the 
 world whose only rule of life was that life should be 
 upright and stainless. I cannot but think that Provi- 
 dence meant, through him, to prolong the ideal of the 
 gentleman in the world. ... It is easy to see why 
 Lee has become the embodiment of one of the world's 
 ideals, that of the soldier, the Christian, and the 
 gentleman. And from the bottom of my heart I 
 thank Heaven ... for the comfort of having a char- 
 acter like Lee's to look at. 
 
 As soon as the news of the surrender reached 
 the Federal army, the firing of salutes began. 
 Grant, full of that noble generosity which distin- 
 guished his conduct throughout the whole period 
 of the surrender, ordered the firing stopped with 
 this message, *'The war is over, the rebels are 
 again our countrymen, and the best way of show- 
 ing our rejoicing will be to abstain from all such 
 demonstration." On this principle he refrained 
 from going to Richmond and from entering the 
 Confederate lines. The lofty standard of consider- 
 ation and courtesy thus set by Grant was lived up 
 to later by his officers. On April 12, when Gen- 
 eral Chamberlain, of Maine, received the sur- 
 render of the Confederate arms and colors, the 
 
172 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 remnant of the Confederate army struck their 
 tents, seized their muskets, unfurled an^elevated 
 their flags, and, for the last time, f(^Aed that 
 "thin gray line" which they had rnsrae world 
 renowned. As the column came up a bugle 
 sounded and the whole Federal line came to 
 " carry arms," the marching salute. It was a fine 
 tribute of brave men to brave men and was part 
 of the cementing of the Union which w^as to fol- 
 low war. General Chamberlain, in describing its 
 reception by the Confederates, who were headed 
 by General John B. Gordon, says : — 
 
 Gordon catches the sound of shifting arms, and, 
 catching the meaning, wheels superbly, making with 
 himself and his horse one uplifted figure, with pro- 
 found salutation as he drops the point of his sword to 
 his boot, then facing to his own command gives word 
 for his successive brigades to pass us with the same 
 position of the manual — honor answering honor. 
 On our part, not a sound of trumpet more, nor roll of 
 drum; not a cheer, not a word nor whisper of vain- 
 glorying, nor motion of men, standing again at the 
 order ; but an awed stillness rather and breath holding 
 as if at the passing of the dead. 
 
 There thus passed away one of the most won- 
 derful armies in the world, an army to whose 
 valor its opponents have consistently borne wit- 
 ness. Hooker said, "That army has by discipline 
 alone acquired a character for steadiness and effi- 
 ciency unsurpassed, in my judgment, in ancient 
 
APPOMATTOX 173 
 
 or modern times." Swinton, the historian of the 
 Army of the Potomac, says : — 
 
 Nor CM there fail to arise the image of that other 
 army that-was the adversary of the Army of the Po- 
 tomac, and who that once looked upon it can ever 
 forget it? — that army of tattered uniforms and 
 bright muskets — that body of incomparable in- 
 fantry, the Army of Northern Virginia, which for 
 four years carried the revolt on its bayonets, oppos- 
 ing a constant front to the mighty concentration of 
 power brought against it, which, receiving terrible 
 blows, did not fail to give the like, and which, vital 
 in all its parts, died only with its annihilation. 
 
 And Charles Francis Adams, the son of that 
 Charles Francis Adams who, while Minister to 
 England, proudly answered Englishmen who 
 sought to twit him with the victories of the Con- 
 federates, *' They, also, are my countrymen," says : 
 *' My next contention is that Lee and the Army 
 of Northern Virginia never sustained defeat. 
 Finally, it is true, succumbing to exhaustion, to 
 the end they were not overthrown in fight." As 
 commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, 
 Lee's place in military history is secure. Colonel 
 Henderson, the English military critic, says, " Lee 
 stands out as one of the greatest soldiers of all 
 times." Again, he spoke of Lee as *' undoubtedly 
 one of the greatest if not the greatest soldier who 
 ever spoke the English tongue." Colonel Liver- 
 more calls him *' the greatest general of the day." 
 
174 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Captain Battine, in closing an estimate of him, 
 says, **Such as he was, brave, chivalrous, and 
 conscientious to a fault, he will remain the most 
 attractive personality among American heroes 
 and one of the most famous of the world's great 
 generals." Theodore Roosevelt says, *' Lee will 
 undoubtedly rank as without any exception the 
 greatest of all the great captains that the Eng- 
 lish-speaking people have brought forth — and 
 this although the last and chief of his antagonists 
 may claim to stand as the full equal of Marlbor- 
 ough and Wellington." And Colonel Dodge says, 
 " A dispassionate judgment places Robert E. Lee 
 on the level of such captains asTurenne, Eugene, 
 Marlborough, Wellington, and Von Moltke." 
 
 There is no need to add to the already lengthy 
 discussion as to whether Lee or Grant was the 
 greater general. Both were superbly great, and 
 no finer memory has been left to Americans than 
 the meeting of the two at Appomattox as the 
 leaders of two noble American armies struggling 
 for conflicting theories of government. 
 
 On the day following the surrender Lee and 
 Grant had a short interview. A number of Fed- 
 eral officers who had known Lee called also. 
 General Meade, who had known him well in the 
 Corps of Engineers, was among them, and Lee 
 said to him, "Meade, years are telling on you, 
 your hair is getting quite gray." "Ah, General 
 
ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 (From the painting by Pioto) 
 
APPOMATTOX 175 
 
 Lee," was Meade's reply, "it is not the work of 
 years ; you are responsible for my gray hairs." 
 
 On that last morning, Lee published to his 
 troops this farewell address : — 
 
 Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia, 
 April 10, 1865. 
 
 After four years of arduous service, marked by un- 
 surpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of North- 
 ern Virginia has been compelled to yield to over- 
 whelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the 
 survivors of so many hard fought battles, who have 
 remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented 
 to this result from no distrust of them; but feeling 
 that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing 
 that could compensate for the loss that would have 
 attended the continuation of the contest, I have de- 
 termined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose 
 past services have endeared them to their country- 
 men. By the terms of the agreement, officers and 
 men can return to their homes, and remain there 
 until exchanged. 
 
 You will take with you the satisfaction that pro- 
 ceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully per- 
 formed; and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will 
 extend to you His blessing and protection. With an 
 unceasing admiration for your constancy and devo- 
 tion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of 
 your kind and generous consideration of myself, I 
 bid you an affectionate farewell. 
 
 R. E. Lee, General. 
 
 On the same day he rode away from his 
 army, setting his face toward Richmond and his 
 
176 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 loved ones there. An eye-witness of his arrival 
 in the city gives the following account of his 
 return : — 
 
 Next morning a small group of horsemen appeared 
 on the further side of the pontoons. By some strange 
 intuition it was known that General Lee was among 
 them, and a crowd collected all along the route he 
 would take, silent and bare-headed. There was no 
 excitement, no hurrahing; but as the great chief 
 passed, a deep, loving murmur, greater than these, 
 rose from the very hearts of the crowd. Taking off 
 his hat and simply bowing his head, the man great in 
 adversity passed silently to his own door; it closed 
 upon him, and his people had seen him for the last 
 time in his battle harness. 
 
CHAPTER XIV 
 
 AFTER THE WAR 
 
 After a short stay in Richmond with his fam- 
 ily, Lee began to think of the future. His chief 
 desire was to go from the noisy city to the peace 
 and quiet of the country. He loved the country 
 and was never really content away from it. He 
 said, " I am looking for some little quiet home 
 in the woods, where I can procure shelter and my 
 daily bread, if permitted by the victor." Crowds 
 of people flocked to see him, and the burden be- 
 came too great for his good. Accordingly, some 
 time after the surrender he moved into a rented 
 house in Powhatan County and there stayed for 
 the rest of the spring and summer. 
 
 In the meantime, of course, the Confederacy 
 had collapsed. Johnston had surrendered to Sher- 
 man in North Carolina the week after Appomat- 
 tox, and Kirby Smith had soon after surrendered 
 the Confederate forces in the West. President 
 Davis had been captured and was confined at 
 Fortress Monroe. Lincoln had been assassinated, 
 and the country was thus deprived of the soften- 
 ing influence of his great soul and tender heart. 
 He, like Lee, had no hatred or bitterness in his 
 
178 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 make-up, and above all things he wished for a 
 genuine reconciliation of the two sections. For 
 ithis reason he had determined that there should 
 'be no punishment of Confederates if he could 
 prevent it. The South lost the one friend that 
 could help it in its distress, and the Nation lost a 
 guiding hand that would have prevented many 
 disastrous mistakes during the next few years. 
 
 He was succeeded as President by Andrew 
 Johnson of Tennessee. On May 29, 1865, Presi- 
 dent Johnson issued a proclamation offering par- 
 don to the late Confederates if they would take 
 the oath of allegiance to the United States ; but 
 he provided that those who held high rank or who 
 had left the service of the United States to join 
 the Confederacy could receive pardon only after 
 a special application for it. 
 
 In June a grand jury at Norfolk, composed of 
 both jafegroes and white people, indicted Lee for 
 treason along with Jefferson Davis. Of this Lee 
 said : ** I have heard of the indictment by the 
 grand jury at Norfolk, and have made up my 
 mind to let the authorities take their course. I 
 have no wish to avoid any trial the Government 
 may order, and I cannot flee." But fearless as 
 he was as to the result of any trial, there was an- 
 other thing to be considered. By the terms of 
 the surrender Lee and his army were not liable 
 to trial, but if Lee consented to standing trial, it 
 
AFTER THE WAR 179 
 
 would mean much trouble, expense, and possibly 
 danger to his men. So he at once wrote Grant 
 the following letter : — 
 
 Richmond, Virginia, June 13, 1865. 
 Lieut.-Gen. U. S. Grant, 
 
 Commanding the Armies of the United States. 
 
 General: — Upon reading the President's proclama- 
 tion of the 29th ult., I came to Richmond to ascer- 
 tain what was proper or required of me to do, when I 
 learned that, with others, I was to be indicted for 
 treason by the grand jury at Norfolk. I had supposed 
 that the officers and men of the Army of Northern 
 Virginia were, by the terms of their surrender, pro- 
 tected by the United States Government from 
 molestation so long as they conformed to its condi- 
 tions. I am ready to meet any charges that may be 
 preferred against me, and do not wish to avoid trial; 
 but, if I am correct as to the protection granted by 
 my parole, and am not to be prosecuted, I desire to 
 comply with the President's proclamation, and there- 
 fore enclose the required application, which I request, 
 in that event, may be acted on. 
 
 I am, with great respect. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 [Enclosure] 
 
 Richmond, Virginia, June 13, 1865. 
 His Excellency Andrew Johnson, 
 President of the United States. 
 Sir: — Being excluded from the provisions of 
 amnesty and pardon contained in the proclamation 
 of the 29th ult., I hereby apply for the benefits and 
 full restoration of all rights and privileges extended 
 
i8o ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 to those included in its terms. I graduated at the 
 Military Academy at West Point in June, 1829; re- 
 signed from the United States Army, April, 1861; 
 was a general in the Confederate Army, and included 
 in the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, 
 April 9, 1865. 
 
 I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 Grant replied at once that Lee's opinion of the 
 case was correct and told him that he had for- 
 warded the letter to the Secretary of War with 
 the following communication: — 
 
 In my opinion the officers and men paroled at Ap- 
 pomattox Court House, and since, upon the same 
 terms given to Lee, cannot be tried for treason so 
 long as they observe their parole. This is my under- 
 standing. Good faith, as well as true policy, dictates 
 that we should observe the conditions of the conven- 
 tion. Bad faith on the part of the government, or 
 a construction of that convention subjecting the 
 officers to trial for treason, would produce a feeling 
 of insecurity in the minds of all paroled officers and 
 men. If so disposed they might even regard such an 
 infraction of terms by the Government as an entire 
 release from all obligations on their part. I will state 
 further that the terms granted by me met with the 
 hearty approval of the President at the time, and of 
 the country generally. The action of Judge Under- 
 wood, in Norfolk, has already had an injurious effect, 
 and I would ask that he be ordered to quash all in- 
 dictments found against paroled prisoners of war, and 
 to desist from the further prosecution of them. 
 
AFTER THE WAR i8i 
 
 Grant did not stop with this. He recommended 
 Lee's pardon to the President and went to see 
 him about the indictment. He threatened to re- 
 sign his command of the army unless the pro- 
 ceedings were stopped. He said : — 
 
 I have made certain terms with Lee — the best and 
 only terms. If I had told him and his army that their 
 liberty would be invaded, that they would be open to 
 arrest, trial, and execution for treason, Lee would 
 never have surrendered and we should have lost 
 many lives in destroying him. Now, my terms of sur- 
 render were according to military law, and so long as 
 General Lee observes his parole I will never consent 
 to his arrest. I will resign the command of the army 
 rather than execute any order directing me to arrest 
 Lee or any of his commanders, so long as they obey 
 the laws. 
 
 Senator Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, one of 
 the most eminent lawyers in the United States, 
 when he heard of Lee's indictment, wrote at once 
 ofTering to defend him. But the indictment was 
 dropped, though President Johnson paid no atten- 
 tion to Lee's application for pardon. However, on 
 Christmas Day, 1868, just before the close of his 
 term of ofhce, he issued a proclamation, pardoning 
 all the Confederates who were still unpardoned, 
 including not only Lee, but Jefferson Davis. 
 
 To Lee the question of the way he should sup- 
 port his family was, of course, of the greatest im- 
 portance. Most of his personal property, never 
 
1 82 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 large, had been swept away, and there remained 
 to him and his wife only their plantations, not of 
 great value in the confused years following the 
 war. Lee was too old, also, to undertake the hard 
 work required to make them profitable. There 
 were many offers made him, during the next few 
 years, of houses, estates, money, and positions. 
 One English admirer offered him a valuable es- 
 tate in England and an annuity of three thousand 
 pounds, but he replied, *' I must abide the fortunes 
 and share the fate of my people." He was urged 
 to become the president of a New York company 
 for Southern trade, with a salary of fifty thousand 
 dollars, but he again replied : *' I cannot leave my 
 present position. I have a self-imposed task. I 
 have led the young men of the South in battle. I 
 must. teach their sons to discharge their duties in 
 life." An insurance company offered him a salary 
 of ten thousand dollars. He declined on the ground 
 that his knowledge of the business was not suffi- 
 cient to enable him to discharge the duties of 
 the position. The answer was that there were no 
 duties; his name alone was worth that salary. 
 Lee's eyes flashed, and he replied that his name 
 was not for sale. One of his daughters said, 
 " They are offering my father everything except 
 the only thing he will accept — a place to earn 
 honest bread while engaged in some useful 
 work." 
 
AFTER THE WAR 183. 
 
 Finally, in August, 1865, Lee was offered the 
 presidency of Washington College, in Lexington, 
 Virginia, with a salary of fifteen hundred dollars. 
 This college had been started as *' Liberty Hall 
 Academy" in 1749, and was the first classical 
 school in the Valley of Virginia. Washington en- 
 dowed it, and its name was changed in his honor 
 to Washington College. In 1870, after Lee's death 
 and in his memory, its name was again changed, 
 this time to Washington and Lee University. 
 When Lee was offered the presidency the college 
 had been almost ruined by the war. Its buildings, 
 books, and apparatus had all suffered at the hands 
 of the invading armies, and its endowment was, 
 for the time being at least, practically worthless. 
 There were but four professors left, and only forty 
 students were present. The trustees felt much 
 hesitation over Lee's election, feeling that he 
 might think the position too unimportant and the 
 salary too small for him to accept. But the mem- 
 ber of the board of trustees appointed to see Lee 
 on the subject, having, in honor of his distin- 
 guished mission, borrowed a suit of clothes that 
 was not ragged, set out boldly and laid the case 
 before Lee. Lee, on his part, hesitated for other 
 reasons than those which the trustees had feared. 
 He did not feel strong enough to teach and he 
 did not know whether the college could afford to 
 employ a president simply for the duties of that 
 
i84 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 office. Since he was unpardoned, he thought his 
 connection with the college might injure it. On 
 the other hand, he longed to help in the cause of 
 education in the South, a cause which he felt was 
 of vital importance to the people of the section. 
 He set these facts before the trustees, and, when 
 they still urged him to accept, he did so. 
 
 Lee's four years at West Point as superintend- 
 ent had given him some preparation for work of 
 the kind that now lay before him. In the latter 
 part of September he mounted Traveler and rode 
 to Lexington to make preparations for moving 
 his family there. On October 2 he was inaugur- 
 ated as president with the utmost simplicity and 
 at once took up his duties. As he saw it, his po- 
 sition must be something more than a name, and 
 for the rest of his life he gave the best of himself 
 to the upbuilding of Washington College. He 
 was at his office regularly, carefully examined all 
 the many letters, answered most of them person- 
 ally, and constantly visited the classrooms both 
 for recitations and examinations. He planned a 
 great educational extension within the college to 
 be brought about by the development of the sci- 
 entific courses. Under him the institution grew 
 until the number of students was greater than in 
 any other Southern college, and the number of 
 professors was steadily increased. Large gifts 
 of money came to it because of Lee's connection 
 
AFTER THE WAR 185 
 
 with it, and there is no doubt that its later pros- 
 perity began in this way. Lee did not confine 
 himself to office work. He personally supervised 
 the repairing of the buildings and the beautifying 
 of the grounds. As this example was quickly fol- 
 lowed by the Virginia Military Institute and by 
 the residents of the town, the results of Lee's 
 activities along this line were soon apparent. 
 
 Lee's relations to the students were especially 
 fine. He had no wish to introduce military train- 
 ing, but rather inclined against that discipline. 
 He urged the professors to make few rules and only 
 those they were able to enforce. To the boys, many 
 of whom were no longer young in experience, since 
 many of them had fought through the war and 
 were seasoned veterans, he said, *' We have but one 
 rule here, that every student be a gentleman.'* 
 When a member of the faculty pointed to a prec- 
 edent and urged that persons must not be re- 
 spected, Lee answered, " I always respect persons 
 and care little for precedent." He knew the record 
 of every student and worked always toward per- 
 sonal relations with each one, and for the encour- 
 agement of the greatest effort from them. Lee's 
 character and personality, together with the power 
 of his name, made him a great leader of students 
 just as he had been a great leader of soldiers. 
 
 During the years at Lexington Lee rode a great 
 deal. Mounted on Traveler, and usually with one 
 
i86 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 of his daughters beside him riding on gende litde 
 ** Lucy Long," he explored all that beautiful coun- 
 try which surrounds Lexington. A letter written 
 one summer, while he was away from home, shows 
 his affection for the horse he had ridden both in 
 war and in peace. He says : ** How is Traveler? 
 Tell him I miss him dreadfully, and have repented 
 of our separation but once — and that is the whole 
 time since we parted." A story which gives a 
 glimpse of Lee's love for his faithful companion 
 has been told by an eye-witness of the incident. 
 Lee was about to mount his horse when one of the 
 ladies of whom he was taking leave put out her 
 hand to pull a hair from Traveler's mane. Many 
 people had taken souvenirs of the kind and his 
 master could not bear to see him even so slightly 
 hurt. So, holding his hat in his hand, he bowed 
 low before the lady and said, " Please, madam, 
 take one of mine instead." 
 
 Everywhere Lee went there were public mani- 
 festations of the deep affection in which he was 
 held. Even in the heart of the Virginia mountains 
 the people recognized him and greeted him with 
 joy. One day, while riding alone along a lonely 
 forest road, he met an old soldier who stopped 
 him and said, " General Lee, I am powerful glad 
 to see you and I feel like cheering you." Lee told 
 him that as they were just two and alone, there 
 was no need of cheering. But the old soldier be- 
 
AFTER THE WAR 187 
 
 gan to wave his hat about his head, and rode 
 off shouting, ** Hurrah for General Lee ! " and the 
 cheers kept up as long as the general was within 
 hearing. 
 
 Early in 1866 Lee was called to Washington 
 to appear before the Reconstruction Committee 
 of Congress. He testified with perfect frankness 
 and with a manifestation of the finest feeling. In 
 1869, being again in Washington, he called upon 
 General Grant who had just become President. 
 During all this period he was firm in his deter- 
 mination to take no part in politics or in any po- 
 litical controversy. He was urged to become a 
 candidate for Governor of Virginia, the only civil 
 office he had ever had any desire to hold, but he 
 refused to consider it. While he believed with 
 truth that Reconstruction was a grievous wrong, 
 he did not feel that he could right it by anything 
 he might do or say, and he never discussed it 
 except with his closest friends. 
 
 In 1869, while at White Sulphur Springs, West 
 Virginia, in answer to an inquiry of General 
 Rosecrans as to the feeling in the South at the 
 time as to secession and as to the negroes, Lee 
 wrote a simple, candid statement to the effect 
 that the South had for all time abandoned any 
 thought of secession, but had, on the contrary, 
 accepted the result of the war in perfect good 
 faith ; that there was every disposition to treat 
 
1 88 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 the negroes justly in every respect, although 
 there was a firm belief in the South that the 
 granting of suffrage to them had been a terrible 
 mistake. This statement was signed by himself 
 and thirty-one other prominent Southern men 
 who were present at the time. This was his near- 
 est approach to political discussion. 
 
 The years through which Lee was now passing 
 were years of service and peace. They well de- 
 serve the comment of Charles Francis Adams : — 
 
 From the beginning to the end these parting years 
 of his will bear the closest scrutiny. There was about 
 them nothing venial, nothing querulous, nothing in 
 any way sordid or disappointing. In his case there 
 was no anti-climax, for those closing years were dig- 
 nified, patient, useful, sweet in domesticity, they in 
 all things commanded respect. 
 
 As the years passed, Lee's strength visibly 
 failed. A sore throat, contracted during the war, 
 had led to frequent colds and rheumatism which 
 finally weakened his heart. He failed rapidly, and 
 his physicians finally ordered him to the South. 
 He spent the spring of 1870 in Florida and 
 Georgia. Passing through North Carolina, he 
 stopped at Warrenton to visit for the first time 
 the grave of his daughter Annie who had died 
 while at school there during the war. He wrote 
 before going : — 
 
 I wish also to visit my dear Annie's grave before I 
 
AFTER THE WAR 189 
 
 die. I have always desired to do so since the cessation 
 of active hostilities, but have never been able. I 
 wish to see how calmly she sleeps away from us all, 
 with her dear hands folded over her breast as if in 
 mute prayer, while her pure spirit is traversing the 
 land of the blessed. 
 
 Everywhere he went on this Southern trip 
 crowds poured out to greet him and pay their 
 tribute of affection and respect. Always modest, 
 and now in feeble health, he tried to avoid the 
 crowds, saying : ** Why should they care to see 
 me ? I am only a poor old Confederate ! " He 
 improved slowly throughout the trip and enjoyed 
 meeting many old friends, though he knew well 
 that it was for the last time. On the way back 
 home he made several visits in Virginia and went 
 both to Shirley and to the White House. 
 
 During his absence from Lexington an appro- 
 priation was made by the college for a home for 
 Lee and for an annuity of three thousand dollars, 
 to pass at his death to his family. But Lee re- 
 fused both. 
 
 Upon his return he again took up his duties, 
 but when the summer vacation came, he went 
 once more to the Hot Springs with the hope of 
 gaining strength. He returned home in Septem- 
 ber and gave himself to the work of the opening 
 of the session. One wet afternoon he was kept 
 for three hours at a meeting of the vestry of the 
 
I90 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 Episcopal Church of which he was a devoted 
 member. At the close he was very tired. He 
 went home and found that the family were wait- 
 ing supper for him. 
 
 Mrs. Lee described the scene : ** My husband 
 came in, and I asked where he had been, re- 
 marking that he had kept us waiting a long 
 time. He did not reply, but stood up as if to 
 say grace. No word proceeded from his lips, 
 but with a sublime look of resignation he sat 
 down in his chair." Physicians were called in at 
 once and the patient rallied slightly. For two 
 weeks it was hoped that he might recover, but 
 at the end of that time he began to sink and 
 grow rapidly worse. In these last hours his mind 
 wandered to the past, and once more he led " the 
 thin gray line " to victory. His last words were, 
 "Tell A. P. Hill he must come up." Jackson in 
 his dying moments had said, " Tell A. P. Hill to 
 prepare for action." Lee died early on the morn- 
 ing of October 12. He was buried beneath the 
 college chapel, not far from where Stonewall 
 Jackson, his " strong right arm," sleeps. To- 
 gether, having crossed over the river, they rest 
 under the shade of the trees. 
 
 The South mourned the death of its great 
 leader, one whom it, with Benjamin H. Hill, 
 held to be '* a foe without hate, a friend without 
 treachery, a soldier without cruelty, and a victim 
 
AFTER THE WAR 191 
 
 without murmuring. He was a public officer 
 without vices, a private citizen without wrong, a 
 neighbor without reproach, a Christian without 
 hypocrisy, and a man without guile. He was 
 Caesar without his ambition, Frederick without 
 his tyranny, Napoleon without his selfishness, 
 and Washington without his reward. He was 
 as obedient to authority as a servant and royal 
 in authority as a king. He was as gentle as a 
 woman in life, pure and modest as a virgin in 
 thought, watchful as a Roman vestal, submis- 
 sive to law as Socrates, and grand in battle as 
 Achilles." Nor was mourning confined to the 
 South. The North joined in paying tribute, not 
 only to a great soldier, but to a great character. 
 There can be found no better expression of what 
 the North had come to see in Lee than the words 
 of the ** New York Herald " at the time of his 
 death : — 
 
 On a quiet autumn morning, in the land he loved 
 so well, and, as he held, served so faithfully, the 
 spirit of Robert Edward Lee left the clay which it 
 had so much ennobled, and traveled out of this 
 world into the great and mysterious land. The ex- 
 pressions of regret which sprang from the few who 
 surrounded the bedside of the dying soldier, on yes- 
 terday, will be swelled to-day into one mighty voice 
 of sorrow, resounding throughout our country, and 
 extending over all parts of the world where his great 
 genius and his many virtues are known. For not to 
 the Southern people alone shall be limited the tribute 
 
192 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 of a tear over the dead Virginian. Here in the North, 
 forgetting that the time was when the sword of 
 Robert Edward Lee was drawn against us — forget- 
 ting and forgiving all the years of bloodshed and 
 agony — we have claimed him as one of ourselves ; 
 have cherished and felt proud of his military genius 
 as belonging to us; have recounted and recorded his 
 triumphs as our own; have extolled his virtue as re- 
 flecting upon us — for Robert Edward Lee was an 
 American, and the great nation which gave him birth 
 would be to-day unworthy of such a son if she re- 
 garded him lightly. 
 
 Never had mother nobler son. In him the military 
 genius of America developed to a greater extent than 
 ever before. In him all that was pure and lofty in 
 mind and purpose found lodgment. Dignified without 
 presumption, affable without familiarity, he united 
 all those charms of manner which made him the idol 
 of his friends and of his soldiers, and won for him the 
 respect and admiration of the world. Even as, in the 
 days of his triumph, glory did not intoxicate, so, 
 when the dark clouds swept over him, adversity did 
 not depress. From the hour that he surrendered his 
 sword at Appomattox to the fatal autumn morning, 
 he passed among men, noble in his quiet, simple 
 dignity, displaying neither bitterness nor regret 
 over the irrevocable past. He conquered us in mis- 
 fortune by the grand manner In which he sustained 
 himself, even as he dazzled us by his genius when the 
 tramp of his soldiers resounded through the valleys of 
 Virginia. 
 
 And for such a man we are all tears and sorrow 
 to-day. Standing beside his grave, all men of the 
 South and men of the North can mourn with all the 
 bitterness of four years of warfare erased by this 
 common bereavement. May this unity of grief — 
 
AFTER THE WAR 193 
 
 this unselfish manifestation over the loss of the Bay- 
 ard of America — in the season of dead leaves and 
 withered branches which this death ushers in, bloom 
 and blossom like the distant coming spring into the 
 flowers of a heartier accord. 
 
CHAPTER XV 
 
 LEE AND THE NATION 
 
 When he had surrendered at Appomattox, 
 Lee gave himself to the South and, in no lesser 
 sense, to the Nation. His very surrender, made 
 against the will and desire of those who believed 
 in retiring to the mountains and drawing out the 
 struggle indefinitely, proved Lee's belief that, the 
 cause being lost, it was for the good of all that it 
 should be abandoned. No man can ever know 
 how great was the temptation to prolong the 
 struggle to the death. The responsibility of the 
 decision rested upon him alone, and it was fortu- 
 nate for the South and the whole country that he 
 was a man able to face great responsibility. 
 
 From out the wreck he now looked across the 
 time when passion, hatred, prejudice, and con- 
 tention would prevail, to a day of peace, of broth- 
 erhood, of real union, of nationality. Though 
 Lee had fought for four years with all his great 
 powers to dissolve the old Union, he became, at 
 the end of the war, together with Lincoln and 
 Grant, one of its preservers. These three great 
 men, combined, gave to us the priceless heritage 
 of a united country, united, not by law and force 
 
LEE AND THE NATION 195 
 
 alone, but by the stronger bonds of devotion and 
 a common patriotism. Each one of the three 
 played his part. Lincoln died too soon to carry 
 out his heartfelt longing " to bind up the Nation's 
 wounds," but his fine spirit remained to brood 
 over the people of the whole Nation for whom, 
 regardless of their section, he had such a great 
 and abiding love. 
 
 Grant's great, generous soul, through his deal- 
 ings with the South at Appomattox, gave the 
 first impulse toward union, reconciliation, and 
 affection between the North and the South. Had 
 he been less big-hearted, had he been bitter or 
 revengeful, had he demanded such harsh terms 
 as to force the continuation of the war, he would 
 have left a lasting bitterness in the heart of every 
 Confederate soldier. As it was, he did much at 
 Appomattox to replace bitterness and hatred with 
 admiration, respect, and liking. 
 
 Lee did his part equally well. It was not only 
 his to bring the war to an end as soon as he 
 knew his cause to be hopeless, but also to recon- 
 cile the South to what it had lost, to give it cour- 
 age for the future, and to encourage a determi- 
 nation in its people henceforth to bear their part 
 in the common fortunes of the United States with 
 courage and with credit. Through his example 
 he became the greatest force in the country 
 toward the creation of a real national spirit. He 
 
196 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 sought no prominence for himself and longed 
 only for peace and quiet. The truth is that the 
 failure of the Confederate cause had broken his 
 heart. He was never again the same, but in spite 
 of the greatness of his grief, he never gave way 
 to it, nor is there any record of a single word 
 from him of complaint or bitterness. 
 
 The life he led in the five years following the 
 war is a priceless heritage to the South and even 
 more to the Nation as a whole. From the first 
 he set the example of loyalty and submission. 
 Nor was that all. Without making himself con- 
 spicuous, he threw his entire weight on the side 
 of conciliation and of restoration. He renewed, 
 whole-heartedly, his allegiance to the United 
 States, and he encouraged the whole South to 
 do so, not as a mere act of necessity, but as a 
 guiding principle for the future. He did this pur- 
 posely, for, in spite of a very real modesty, he 
 could not help knowing the power of his name 
 and the force of his example. As Gamaliel Brad- 
 ford says : — 
 
 When he said that the career of the Confederacy 
 was ended; that the hope of an independent govern- 
 ment must be abandoned; and that the duty of the 
 future was to abandon the dream of a Confederacy 
 and to render a new and cheerful allegiance to a re- 
 united government — his utterances were accepted 
 as holy writ. No other human being upon earth, 
 no other earthly power could have produced such 
 
LEE AND THE NATION 197 
 
 prompt acceptance of the final and irreversible 
 judgment. 
 
 Grant said of Lee in the same strain, " All the 
 people except a few political leaders in the South 
 will accept whatever he does as right and will be 
 guided to a great extent by his example." It was 
 partly for this reason that he declined to leave 
 Virginia or to accept any one of the offers of 
 positions which gave no opportunity for the serv- 
 ice of his people. In the same spirit he made his 
 application to the President for pardon, saying 
 to his son that it was right for him to set an ex- 
 ample of making a formal submission to the civil 
 authorities and that he thought by so doing he 
 might possibly be in a better position to be of 
 use to Confederates who were not protected by 
 military paroles, especially Jefferson Davis. Of 
 course it was true that the outcome of the war 
 had in no wise changed Lee's belief that the 
 course he took was right. His application for 
 pardon was in no sense an admission of guilt, 
 for he felt none ; but simply the acknowledg- 
 ment of authority and therefore the act of a good 
 citizen. In 1869, in speaking of this to General 
 Wade Hampton, he said, " I could have taken 
 no other course save with dishonor, and if it were 
 all to be gone over again, I should act in pre- 
 cisely the same way." 
 
 While Lee's pardon was not granted until 
 
198 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 1868, he had no feeling of being an alien or an 
 outcast. ** I believe it to be," he said, " the duty 
 of every one to unite in the restoration of the 
 country, and the reestablishment of peace." Again 
 he said : '* The interests of the State are therefore 
 the same as those of the United States. Its pros- 
 perity will rise or fall with the welfare of the 
 country. The duty of its citizens, then, appears 
 too plain to me to admit of doubt. All should 
 unite in honest efforts to obliterate the effects of 
 war, and restore the blessings of peace. They 
 should remain if possible in the country ; pro- 
 mote harmony and good feeling ; qualify them- 
 selves to vote, and elect to the State and general 
 legislatures wise and patriotic men, who will de- 
 vote their abilities to the interests of the country 
 and the healing of all dissensions." Still again, 
 he said, "It is the duty of every citizen in the 
 present condition of the country to do all in his 
 power to aid in the restoration of peace and har- 
 mony, and in no way to oppose the policy of the 
 State or General Government directed to that 
 object." For these reasons Lee also set his face 
 firmly against a proposed wholesale emigration 
 from the Southern States to Mexico or South 
 America. 
 
 In the same spirit Lee discouraged all personal 
 bitterness. He said: "All controversy will only 
 serve to prolong angry and bitter feeling and 
 
LEE AND THE NATION 199 
 
 postpone the period when reason and charity 
 may resume their sway. I know of no surer way 
 to exact the truth than by burying contention 
 with the war." On one occasion, when a minister 
 was expressing in very bitter terms his indigna- 
 tion at Lee's indictment, Lee quickly changed the 
 subject and later said privately to the minister ; 
 " Doctor, there is a good old book which I read, 
 and you preach from, which says, * Love your 
 enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to 
 them that hate you, and pray for them which 
 despitefully use you.* Do you think your re- 
 marks this evening were quite in the spirit of 
 that teaching?" The minister apologized for his 
 bitterness, and Lee added : *' I have fought against 
 the people of the North because I believed they 
 were seeking to wrest from the South dearest 
 rights. But I have never cherished toward them 
 bitter or vindictive feelings, and have never seen 
 the day when I did not pray for them." When 
 one of the professors at Washington College, in 
 Lee's presence, criticized Grant rather harshly, 
 Lee said, ** Sir, if you ever presume to speak dis- 
 respectfully of General Grant in my presence, 
 either you or I will sever his connection with this 
 college." To another bitter Southerner he said : 
 *' Madam, don't bring up your sons to detest the 
 United States Government. Recollect that we 
 form one country now. Abandon all these local 
 
200 ROBERT E. LEE 
 
 animosities and make your sons Americans." 
 These words have since that time been to thou- 
 sands of Southerners a trumpet call to patriotism. 
 By his Hfe of work, of service, of submission, 
 of loyalty, of patriotic Americanism, during the 
 years after the war, Lee set a standard for South- 
 ern men. As one writer has phrased it, ** Robert 
 E. Lee was not only the consummate flower of 
 the old South ; he is also the beacon and prophet 
 of the new." His place in national history has 
 probably been best stated by Charles Francis 
 Adams, who closes his essay with these words : — 
 
 The bronze efifigy of Robert E. Lee, mounted on 
 his charger and with the insignia of his Confederate 
 rank, will from its pedestal in the nation's capital, 
 gaze across the Potomac at his old home at Arlington, 
 even as that of Cromwell dominates the yard at 
 Westminster upon which his skull once looked down. 
 When that time comes, Lee's monument will be edu- 
 cational, — it will typify the historical appreciation 
 of all that goes to make up the loftiest type of char- 
 acter, military and civic, exemplified in an opponent, 
 once dreaded but ever respected; and, above all, it 
 will symbolize and commemorate that loyal accept- 
 ance of the consequences of defeat, and the patient 
 upbuilding of a people under new conditions by con- 
 stitutional means, which I hold to be the greatest ed- 
 ucational lesson America has yet taught a once skep- 
 tical but now silenced world. 
 
 THE END 
 
INDEX 
 
INDEX 
 
 Adams, C. F., Sr., quoted, 173. 
 
 Adams, C. F., Jr., on right of 
 secession, 105; on Lee's "hu- 
 manity in war," 132; on 
 Army of Northern Virginia, 
 173; on Lee after the war, 
 188; on a statue to Lee, 200. 
 
 Alabama, 91. 
 
 Alexander, General E. P., 75, 
 164-65. 
 
 Alvord, Benjamin, 31. 
 
 Amelia Court-House, 159-60. 
 
 Anderson, Major Robert, 93. 
 
 Anderson, Robert H., 75. 
 
 Antietam, Battle of, 128, 147. 
 
 Appomattox Court-House, 147, 
 161, 164-69. 
 
 Arkansas, 91, 94, 108. 
 
 Arlington, 12, 38-41, 69-71, 
 83, 88, 93, 111-12. 
 
 Banks, General N. P., 121. 
 Bartlett, W. H. C, 31. 
 Battine, Captain, estimate of 
 
 Lee, 174. 
 Beauregard, P. G.T., 53, 65-66, 
 Berard, Claudius, 25. 
 Blair, Francis P., 95. 
 Blanchard, A. G., 30. 
 Brackett, A. G., 77. 
 Bradford, Gamaliel, Jr., on 
 
 Lee's influence in the South, 
 
 196-97. 
 Bradfute, W. R., 77. 
 Bragg, Braxton, 64. 
 Branch, Mrs. James R., 139. 
 Branch, Mrs. Thomas, 139. 
 Brown, John, Harper's Ferry 
 
 raid, 85-86. 
 Buchanan, James, 92 n. 
 Buchanan, R. C, 31. 
 
 Buckner, S. B., 65. 
 
 Buena Vista, Battle ofT^S. 
 
 Bull Run. See Manassas. 
 
 Burnside, Ambrose E., in 
 Mexican War, 64; captures 
 Southern coast positions, 116; 
 commands Army of the Poto- 
 mac, 128; at Fredericksburg, 
 129; replaced by Hooker, 
 129. 
 
 Butler, B. F., 153, 156. 
 
 Calhoun, John C, 18. 
 
 Caroline, Queen, 3. 
 
 Carr, E. A., 77. 
 
 Carter, Ann Hill. See Mrs. 
 
 Henry Lee. 
 Carter, Charles, 11. 
 Casey, Silas, 31. 
 Cerro Gordo, Battle of, 58. 
 Chamberlain, General J. L., 
 
 171-72; on surrender, 172. 
 Chambersburg, Pa., burning of, 
 
 157. 
 Chambliss, John R., 75. ^1 
 
 Chancellorsville, Battle of, 
 
 129-30, 147. 
 Church, A. E., 31. 
 Claiborne, William, 41. 
 Clinton, George, loi. 
 Cocke, Philip St. George, 31. 
 Cold Harbor, Battle of, 147, 
 
 Confederate Army, Adams on, 
 173; Hooker on, 172-73; 
 Swinton on, 173; sufferings 
 of, 135-36, 144, 155, 157-58; 
 surrender of, 162-72. 
 
 Confederate States of America, 
 foundation of, 91 ; advan- 
 tages in the war, 109-10; dis- 
 
204 
 
 INDEX 
 
 advantages, 107-09; condi- 
 tions in, 151-53. 
 
 Contreras, Battle of, 59-60. 
 
 Cooke, Philip St. George, 31. 
 
 Cooper, Samuel, 65, 114. 
 
 C^, G. B., 77. 
 
 Cozzens, Mr., 23. 
 
 Crittenden, G. B., 31. 
 
 Custis, George W. P., 33, 39, 
 70, 80, 83, 89. 
 
 Custis, Mary R. See Mrs. R. 
 E. Lee. 
 
 Danville, 159-60. 
 
 Davie, William R., 4, 
 
 Davies, Charles, 24-25. 
 
 Davies, T. A., 31. 
 
 Davis, Jefferson, 30, 65, 74, 76, 
 
 116, 135, 156, 159, 162, 177, 
 
 181, 197. 
 Delaware, 94. 
 
 DeLeon, T. C., quoted, 176. 
 Dickerson, Mahlon, 42. 
 Dodge, T. A., on Lee, 174. 
 Donelson, Fort, 117, 151. 
 Douglas, David B., 26. 
 Drayton, Thomas F., 31. 
 
 Early, Jubal A., 65, 157. 
 Eaton, A. B., 31. 
 Emory, William H., 31, 77. 
 Engineer Corps, 36. 
 Evans, N. G., 77. 
 Ewell, Richard S., 65. 
 
 Fair Oaks, Battle of, 122. 
 Farmville, 161. 
 Fisher, Fort, Fall of, 158. 
 Five Forks, Battle of, 159. 
 Florida, 91, 116. 
 Floyd, John B., 88, 115. 
 Foster, J. G., 53, 64. 
 Frazier's Farm, Battle of, 124. 
 Fredericksburg, Battle of, 129, 
 
 147. 
 Fremont, John C, 121. 
 
 Gaines Mills, Battle of, 124. 
 Garnett, Robert S., 75, 113-14- 
 
 Garrard, Kenner, 77. 
 
 Gatlin, R. C, 31. 
 
 Georgia, 91, 116. 
 
 Gettysburg, Battle of, 132-35, 
 147. 
 
 Gimbrode, Thomas, 25. 
 
 Goldsborough, L. M., 116. 
 
 Gordon, John B., 172. 
 
 Grant, Ulysses S., in Mexican 
 War, 64; captures Forts 
 Donelson and Henry, 117; 
 assumes chief command of 
 Federal armies, 136; plan of 
 campaign of 1864, 153; at 
 Spottsylvania Court House, 
 154; at the Wilderness, 154; 
 at Cold Harbor, 155; at 
 Petersburg, 155-59; cam- 
 paign of 1865, 158-59; enters 
 Petersburg, 160; at Appo- 
 mattox, 165-69; correspond 
 ence with Lee, 163-64 
 terms of surrender, 167-68 
 described by Porter, 166 
 generosity, 169-71, 194-95 
 visits Lee, 174; prevents 
 prosecution of Lee and his 
 men, 180-81; criticism of 
 resented by Lee, 199; letters 
 of, 167-68, 180; quoted, 167, 
 169, 181, 197. 
 
 Greeley, Horace, 93. 
 
 Greene, Nathanael, 4. 
 
 Gregg, D. M., 75- 
 
 Halleck, W. H., 126. 
 
 Hallowell, Benjamin, 15, 21. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, loi. 
 
 Hampton, Wade, 197. 
 
 Hancock, Winfield S., 64. 
 
 Hardee, W. J., 65, 77. 
 
 Harper's Ferry, John Brown 
 at, 85-86; captured by Jack- 
 son, 127; Lee at, 85-86, 130. 
 
 Heintzelman, S. P., 31. 
 
 Henderson, Colonel, G. F. R., 
 on Lee, no, 173. 
 
 Henry, Fort, 117, 151. 
 
 Hill, A. P., 65, 190. 
 
INDEX 
 
 205 
 
 Hill, B. H., 141; on Lee, 190- 
 91. 
 
 Hill, D. H., 65, 127. 
 
 Hitchcock, E. A., 28. 
 
 Holmes, T. H., 30. 
 
 Hood, John B., 75, 77, 158. 
 
 Hooker, Joseph E., in Mexican 
 War, 64; assumes command 
 of Federal army, 129; at 
 Chancellorsville, 129-30; re- 
 placed by Meade, 132; on 
 Confederate army, 172. 
 
 Hopkins, W. P., 26. 
 
 Howard, Oliver O., 75. 
 
 Humphreys, O. A., 31. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 17. 
 Jackson, T. J., Stonewall, 65- 
 
 66, 75, no, 121, 123-24, 126- 
 
 27, 129-30, 135, 190. 
 Johnson, President Andrew, 
 
 178, 181. 
 Johnson, Reverdy, l8l. 
 Johnson, R. W., 77. 
 Johnston, Albert S., 30, 32, 64, 
 
 76-77, 83, 114, 151. 
 Johnston, Joseph E., 30, 32-33, 
 
 42, 55, 64, 77, 88, 120-22, 
 
 153, 158, 177; on Lee, 31-32. 
 
 Kentucky, 91, 94. 
 Kinsley, Z. J. D., 29. 
 Kirby Smith, Edward, 65, 75, 
 77, 177- 
 
 Lee, Agnes, 44. 
 
 Lee, Algernon S., 11. 
 
 Lee, Anne, Mrs. William Mar- 
 shall, II, 96-97. 
 
 Lee, Ann Hill Carter, Mrs. 
 Henry, 4, 14, 15-16, 37-38. 
 
 Lee, Annie, 44, 143, 188-89. 
 
 Lee, Arthur, 3, 9. 
 
 Lee, Charles C., 11. 
 
 Lee, Fitzhugh, 11, 75, 77. 
 
 Lee, Francis L., 3, 9. 
 
 Lee, G. W. C, 29, 44, 67, 75, 
 
 83, 143. 
 Lee, Henry (i), i. 
 
 Lee, Henry (2), 3. 
 
 Lee, Henry (3), "Light-Horse 
 Harry," 3-6, 9, I3, 16. 
 
 Lee, Henry (4), 11. 
 
 Lee, Lancelot, i. 
 
 Lee, Lionel, i. 
 
 Lee, Mary, 44, 71. * 
 
 Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 
 Mrs. Robert E., 33, 38-39* 
 70-71, III, 119; quoted, 190. 
 
 Lee, Matilda, Mrs. Henry Lee, 
 
 3-4- 
 
 Lee, Mildred, Mrs. E. V. 
 Childe, II. 
 
 Lee, Mildred, 44, 70. 
 
 Lee, Philip Ludwell, 3. 
 
 Lee, Richard (i), 1-2. 
 
 Lee, Richard (2), 2. 
 
 Lee, Richard H., 3, 9. 
 
 Lee, Robert Edward, birth, 10; 
 environment of his boyhood, 
 6-8, 10; his boyish pastimes, 
 12; visits his father's grave, 
 13; influence of Washington 
 upon, 14; relations with his 
 mother, 14-16; his choice of 
 a career, 16-17; enters West 
 Point, 18-21; life at West 
 Point, 21-34; friendship with 
 J. E. Johnston, 31-32; with 
 Davis, 32 ; abstemiousness, 
 33; his engagement to Miss 
 Custis, 33; appearance in 
 1828, 34; graduates from 
 West Point, 34; enters engi- 
 neer corps, 36; at Fortress 
 Monroe, 37; his marriage, 
 38; his studies, 41; stationed 
 in Washington, 41-42; on 
 boundary commission, 42- 
 43; promoted to first lieuten- 
 ant, 43 ; stationed in St. Louis, 
 43-44; promoted to captain, 
 44; his children, 44; sta- 
 tioned at Fort Hamilton, 45- 
 47; fondness for children, 45, 
 66-69, 79~8o; fondness for 
 pets, 46-47, 50, 63, 79-81 ; on 
 West Point board of visit- 
 
206 
 
 INDEX 
 
 ors, 46; in Mexican War, 49- 
 61; at Vera Cruz, 56-58; at 
 Cerro Gordo, 58-59 ; at Con- 
 treras, 59-60; at Molino del 
 Rey, 60; at Chapultepec, 60- 
 61; wounded, 61; brevetted 
 for gallantry, 61; on General 
 Scott, 62; returns home, 63; 
 companions in Mexico, 63- 
 65; description of in 1848, 
 66; advice to his son, 68-69; 
 81-82; Christmas at Arling- 
 ton, 70-72; his strictness 
 with his children, 72-73; sta- 
 tioned in Florida, 73; sta- 
 tioned in Baltimore, 73; re- 
 fuses offer of Cuban Junta, 
 74; superintendent of West 
 Point, 74-75; lieutenant-col- 
 onel of Second Cavalry, 76; 
 joins regiment and organizes 
 it, 77; stationed in Texas, 
 77-88; life on the frontier, 
 78-80; declines gift of Arling- 
 ton, 83-84; suppresses John 
 Brown's raid, 85-86; on pro- 
 motion in the army, 82, 87- 
 88; present at Lincoln's in- 
 auguration, 88; views on se- 
 cession, 91-92, 103-05; pro- 
 moted to colonel, 93; his de- 
 cision in 1861, 94-98, 100- 
 06; offered command of the 
 Federal army, 95; resigns, 
 96; leaves Arlington, 98; 
 elected to command Virginia 
 troops, 98; appears before 
 Virginia Convention, 98-100; 
 brigadier-general in Confed- 
 erate army, 112; military ad- 
 viser to President, 113, 118- 
 19; in command in western 
 Virginia, 1 13-16; promoted 
 to general, 114; criticism of 
 his failure, 116; stationed in 
 South Carolina, 1 16-17; as- 
 sumes command of Army of 
 Northern Virginia, 122; in 
 Peninsular campaign, 123- 
 
 25; ability to read opponents, 
 124; in Seven Days' Battles, 
 124-25; at Second Manassas, 
 126; invades Maryland, 126- 
 28; forbids foraging, 127, 
 130-32; at Fredericksburg, 
 129; at Chancellorsville, 129- 
 30; on Jackson's wound and 
 death, 130; invades North, 
 130-35; on reprisals, 132; at 
 Gettysburg, 133-35; offers to 
 resign, 135; in winter quar- 
 ters, 1863, 136; describes his 
 appearance, 137; simplicity 
 of life, 138-39; fondness for 
 fun, 141; lack of bitterness, 
 142, 194-200; burdens of his 
 position, 143-44, 149; his 
 influence on his men, 144, 
 196-97; his audacity in bat- 
 tle, 144-45; his horses, 146- 
 49; his description of Trav- 
 eler, 147-48; at the Wilder- 
 ness, 154; at Spottsylvania 
 Court-House, 154; at Cold 
 Harbor, 155; at Petersburg, 
 155-59; advises evacuation 
 of Richmond, 156; prepara- 
 tions to retreat, 158; general- 
 in-chief, 159; abandons Pe- 
 tersburg and Richmond, 159- 
 60; ordersnot carried out, 160; 
 responsibility for surrender, 
 162; correspondence with 
 Grant, 163-64; at Appomat- 
 tox, 164-70; described by 
 General Porter, 166; estimate 
 of by Schaff, 171; by Hen- 
 derson, 173; by Livermore, 
 173; by Battine, 174; by 
 Roosevelt, 174; by Dodge, 
 1 74 ; his farewell address, 175; 
 leaves army for home, 175; 
 returns to Richmond, 176; 
 retires to country, 177; in- 
 dicted by grand jury, 178; 
 appeals to Grant, against in- 
 dictment, 179; applies to 
 President for pardon, 179-80; 
 
INDEX 
 
 207 
 
 Grant stops indictment, 180- 
 81; pardoned by President, 
 181; problem of support, 
 181-83; refuses business of- 
 fers, 182; refuses annuity, 
 182, 189; becomes president 
 of Washington College, 183- 
 84; his work as president, 
 184-85; his hold on the af- 
 fections of the Southern 
 people, 186-87; appears be- 
 fore Reconstruction Com- 
 mittee, 187; refuses political 
 office, 187; on results of the 
 war, 187-88; his health fails, 
 188; his death, 190; feeling in 
 North towards, 191-93; his 
 nationalism, 194-96; his na- 
 tional influence, 194-200; C. 
 F. Adams on, 200; letters 
 from, 45 53, 56, 68-69, 70- 
 73, 78, 80-84, 86-88, 91-92, 
 95-98, 139-40, 179; quoted, 
 12-13, 45-47, 49-50, 53-59, 
 62-63, 79, 99, 104, 133, 135, 
 137, 141-42, 163-65, 167-68, 
 170, 174, 177-78, 182, 186, 
 188-89, 197-200. 
 
 Lee, Robert E., Jr., 44, 67. 
 
 Lee, Stephen D., 75. 
 
 Lee, Sydney S., 11, 57, 96-97- 
 
 Lee, Thomas, 2-3. 
 
 Lee, W. H. F., 44, 69-71, 81, 
 
 143-44- , ^ 
 
 Legare, Hugh S., 42. 
 
 Letcher, Governor John, 94. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, elected 
 President, 90-91; views on 
 secession, 93 ; calls for troops, 
 94; disagrees with McClel- 
 lan, 125; visits Petersburg 
 and Richmond, 160; assassi- 
 nated, 177; lack of bitterness, 
 177-78; part in preservation 
 of the Union, 194-95- 
 
 Livermore, W. R., quoted on 
 Lee, 173. _ 
 
 Lodge, Henry C, quoted, lOi. 
 
 Lomax, L. L., 75, 77« 
 
 Longstreet, James, in Mexican 
 War, 65; at Seven Pines, 
 122; at Second Manassas, 
 126; at Gettysburg, 133-34- 
 
 Louisiana, 91. 
 
 Lucy Long, 146, 186. 
 
 McCabe, Gordon, on Traveler, 
 148-49. 
 
 McClellan, George B., in Mexi- 
 can War, 53, 64; in West Vir- 
 ginia, 1 13-14; organizes 
 Federal army, 118, 120; in 
 Peninsular campaign, 1 19-25; 
 replaced by Pope, 126; re- 
 sumes command, 127; at An- 
 tietam, 128; replaced by 
 Burnside, 128. 
 
 McDowell, Irvin, 64, 121. 
 
 MacGruder, John B., 30, 65, 
 120, 156. 
 
 Mcllvaine, Bishop Charles P., 
 27. 
 
 McKean, T. J., 31- 
 
 Macomb, John N., 42. 
 
 McPherson, J. B., 75- 
 
 Madison, James, 5, 9- 
 
 Major, J. P., 77- , ^ 
 
 Malvern Hill, Battle of, 124- 
 
 25. 
 Manassas, Battle of, 113, 142. 
 Manassas, Second Battle of, 
 
 126. 
 Mansfield, Jared, 25. 
 Marcy, R. B., 31- 
 Marion, Francis, 4. 
 Marshall, Colonel Charles, 165. 
 Marshall, John, 5. 
 Maryland, fails to secede, 91, 
 
 94; invasion of, 126-28. 
 Mason, Charles, 34. 
 Mason, George, loi. 
 Massachusetts, 102. 
 Matamoras, Battle of, 48. 
 Meade, George G., commands 
 
 Federal army, 132-33; 
 
 quoted, 174-75- 
 Mercer, Hugh W., 31- . 
 Merrimac, destruction of, 122. 
 
208 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Mexican War, 48-65. 
 Mississippi, 91. 
 Missouri, 91, 94. 
 Mitchel, O. M., 31. 
 Moiino del Rey, Battle of, 60. 
 Monroe, Fortress, 37. 
 Monroe, James, 9, 18. 
 Monterey, Battle of, 48, 64. 
 
 Nashville, 117, 151. 
 
 Newmarket, Battle of, 157. 
 
 New Orleans, 151. 
 
 New York, loi. 
 
 New York City, 132. 
 
 New York Herald, on Lee's 
 
 death, 191-93. 
 Norfolk, 122. 
 
 North Carolina, 91, 94, loi. 
 Northrop, L. B., 31. 
 
 Oakes, James, 77. 
 O'Hara, Theodore, 77. 
 Outlook y on Lee, 106. 
 
 Palmer, L N., 77. 
 Palo Alto, Battle of, 48, 64. 
 Peace Conference, 93. 
 Pender, W. D., 75. 
 Pendleton, W. N., 30. 
 Petersburg, siege of, 147, 155- 
 
 59. 
 Pickett, George E., 134. 
 Pierce, Franklin, 76. 
 Pillow, G. J., 59. 
 Poinsett, J. R., 42. 
 Polk, Leonidas, 20, 30. 
 Pope, John, 126. 
 Porter, General Horace, on Lee 
 
 and Grant, 166. 
 
 Rains, Gabriel S., 31. 
 Randolph, Edmund, 5. 
 Ravensworth, 37-38. 
 Rawle, William, book quoted, 
 
 26-27. 
 Republican party, foundation 
 
 and principles of, 90. 
 Resaca de la Palma, Battle of, 
 
 48, 64. 
 
 Reynolds, J. J., 114. 
 Rhode Island, loi. 
 Richmond, 120, 121, 160. 
 Rives, W. C, 42. 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, on Lee, 
 
 174. 
 Rosecrans, W. S., 1 14-15, 187. 
 Ross, R. H., 25. 
 Ruger, Thomas H., 75. 
 Ruggles, George D., 75. 
 
 Sailor's Creek, 160. 
 
 Savage's Station, Battle of, 
 124. 
 
 Schaff, Morris, on Lee, 171. 
 
 Schofield, John B., on Lee, 75. 
 
 Scott, General Winfield, 48; 
 sends Lee to St. Louis, 43; 
 places Lee on his staff, 52-53 ; 
 arrives in Mexico, 54; on Lee, 
 56, 58-61; Lee on, 62; se- 
 cures appointment to army 
 of W. H. F. Lee, 81; on se- 
 cession, 93 ; seeks to persuade 
 Lee not to resign, 95. 
 
 Secession, of the Southern 
 States, 91; theory taught at 
 West Point, 26-27; origin of 
 theory, 100-03. 
 
 Sedgwick, John, 64, 77. 
 
 Seven Days' Battles, 124-25, 
 147. 
 
 Seven Pines, Battle of, 122. 
 
 Sharpsburg, Battle of, 128, 147. 
 
 Sheridan, P. H., 75, 157, 160- 
 61, 164. 
 
 Sherman, W. T., 177. 
 
 Shiloh, Battle of, 151. 
 
 Shirley, 12-13, 189. 
 
 Sill, J. w., 75. 
 
 Slavery, Lee's feeling toward, 
 89; a subject of party dis- 
 cussion, 89-92. 
 
 Slaves, Mr. Custis emancipates, 
 83; Lee emancipates, 89. 
 
 Smith, G. W., 53, 55. 
 
 Smith, J. L., 53. 
 
 South Carolina, 91, 116. 
 
 South Mountain, Battle of, 128. 
 
INDEX 
 
 209 
 
 Spotswood, Governor Alexan- 
 der, 2, 4. 
 
 Spottsylvania Court-House, 
 Battle of, 147, 154- 
 
 Stanley, D. S., 77. 
 
 Stephens, Alexander H., on 
 Lee, 100, iio-ii. 
 
 Stevens, I. I., 53- 
 
 Stoneman, George, 77. 
 
 Stratford, 3, 9-10. 
 
 Stuart,J.E.B., 75, 85-86, 123, 
 128, 133, 155- 
 
 Sumner, Edwin V., 77, 88. 
 
 Sumter, Fort, 93. 
 
 Sumter, Thomas, 4. 
 
 Swinton, William, on Confed- 
 erate army, 173- 
 
 Taylor, Richard, 65. 
 
 Taylor, Zachary, 48, 65. 
 
 Tennessee, 91, 94, 108. 
 
 Texas, 91. 
 
 Thayer, Sylvanus, 19-20, 24. 
 
 Thomas, George H., 64,77, 158. 
 
 Totten, J. G., 53- 
 
 Tower, Z. B., 53- 
 
 Traveler, 146-49. 165, 185-86. 
 
 Travis, Charles E., 77. 
 
 Union, argument for its suprern- 
 acy, 102-03; advantage of in 
 the war, 107-09. 
 
 Van Dorn, Earl, 77. 
 
 Vera Cruz, Siege of, 56-58, 64. 
 
 Vicksburg, 134, 151- 
 
 Vinton, T. L., 75. 
 Virginia, 6-8, 91-92, 94, 10 1- 
 03. 
 
 Warren, Thomas, 26. 
 Washington College, 183-85, 
 
 189. 
 Washington, George, 5, 9, 14, 
 
 lOI. 
 
 Washington, Lewis, 86. 
 
 Webb, A. S., 75- 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 102. 
 
 Westmoreland County, Va., 9. 
 
 West Point, history, 18-20; re- 
 quirements for admission, 19; 
 described, 20; uniform, 21- 
 22; life at, 22-23, 30, 32-33; 
 curriculum, 23-30; ideal of, 
 
 34- 
 White House, 39-41 » 119, 189. 
 Whiting, W. H. C, 77- 
 Wilderness, Battle of, 145, 147, 
 
 154- 
 Williamsburg, Battle of, 121. 
 Wilmington, N. C, importance 
 
 of, 151; fall of, 158. 
 Wilson, Woodrow, on Lee, 149- 
 
 Wise, Henry A., 115. 
 Wise, JohnS., 141. 
 Wolseley, Lord, 145-46. 
 Woodbury, Levi, 42. 
 Wool, John, 49-51- 
 Worth, William J., 28, 56, 59. 
 
 Yorktown, Siege of, 120-21. 
 
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