..B4 STGHT READING IN LATIN BIG mv,i^uii\nm^im Class P / 1 - 1 09 r Book >B4 Copyright }J" . COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. SIGHT READING IN LATIN FOR THE SECOND YEAR BY HIRAM H. :^ICE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LATIN, DE WITT CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL NEW YORK CITY GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON COPYRIGHT, I913, BY HIRAM H. BICE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 513.7 Wife atbcnaeum jgregg GIXN AND COMPANY • PRO- PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. ©CM351256 {O PREFACE The material for sight reading offered in this book may be used in two ways. Teachers who believe that the passage for translation should be placed before the pupil without prepa- ration, will suggest for his use nothing more than the vocabulary of new words, the notes, and the rule of order accompanying each selection. Those who believe that some preparation should be made will find material suggested at the beginning of each exercise. The grammatical references are to the common constructions found in the reading prescribed for the second year, and are illus- trated in the selection which they introduce. The words which may be made the basis of a drill in inflections, as well as the words in the so-called "prescribed list," also occur in the passage. The latter are to be found in Professor Lodge's List. They include two classes : those which occur for the first time in Books III, IV, and V of the Gallic War, and those which have not occurred often or which may not have been met by the pupil in his reading of Books I and II up to the time when he sees the passage for sight work. The words of the first class are printed in heavy-faced type in the prescribed list, and in the text of the exercises when the lists are discontinued. The meanings should be given by the teacher. The rules relating to the arrangement of the words in the sentence are intended to guide the pupil in observing the grouping of words and their dependence. The meaning of every word in the passage is given if not found in Lodge's List. Each exercise is complete in itself. Words are therefore repeated whenever necessary, even though they have appeared in previous exercises. iv SIGHT READING IN LATIN The book contains rather more matter than is included in Books III and IV of the Gallic War. The first thirty exercises are taken from Eutropius, Aulus Gellius, Pliny, Cicero, and Livy. In some cases needed modifications have been made in the Latin, especially in the Livy. The other exercises are taken from Nepos's lives of Hannibal and Hamilcar, from Caesar's Civil War, and from Books III to VII, inclusive, of the Gallic War. In every case the attempt has been made to have the Latin tell a complete episode or story in a series of exercises. Where chapters have been omitted, a re'sume' of the contents is given in English. CONTENTS Page Suggestions for Reading at Sight vii Formation of Words ix New Words xi Eutropius I AuLus Gellius A Boy in the Senate 12 Advice about the Use of Words 14 The Gratitude of a Lion 15 A Famous Horse 19 Scipio and the Bribe 20 How to make Buildings Fireproof 21 Pliny the Younger Choosing a Boys' School 23 A Haunted House 24 Cicero Two Strange Dreams 28 LiVY Stories of the Life of Hannibal 29 Nepos Selections from the Lives r Hannibal 49 Hamilcar 62 C^SAR Selections from the Civil War: Book I 66 Book II 73 Selections from the Gallic War: Book III 82 Book IV 102 Book V 118 Book VI « 139 Book VII 143 V SUGGESTIONS FOR READING AT SIGHT To understand a Latin sentence three things must be known : the forms, the relations of the words to one another, and their meanings. Each one of these must be noted and remembered while the sentence is passing under the eye of the reader. First, then, read each sentence through slowly and thoughtfully, aloud if possible, trying to decide, when each word is reached, what its form is or may be. Do not, when reading the sentence for the first or even for the second time, let the eye jump from place to place, but take each word as it comes. Often the next word will make plain the form of the one before it. Sometimes the form will be perfectly plain when the end of the sentence is reached. Sometimes a word may be in any one of several forms, and the first reading may not show which one it is. After having read the sentence through in this way one or more times with the forms chiefly in mind, read it once more, trying to see rather how the words are related to one another. Of course it is not possible to avoid doing this to some extent when the sentence is read the first time, but put the attention strongly on this point now. The meanings of many of the words will naturally rise in the mind while this is being done, and will help to show the con- nection between the parts of the different phrases ; for the other readings will have made it clear that the sentence contains a number of groups of w^ords, perhaps prepositional phrases, perhaps nouns limited by an adjective or by a genitive or an ablative, or perhaps clauses of one kind or another. By omitting these mentally in the reading, when they are discovered, the simple, independent state- ment, which is the real backbone of the sentence, will be found. After this, another reading will usually show the relation which these groups have to one another and to the main statement. viii SIGHT READING IN LATIN If the structure is still not clear, the pupil should read the sen- tence again and again, following the same method, till the light comes. Sometimes the difficulty arises from an ignorance of some principle of syntax or an uncertainty about a form, which must be cleared up by reference to the grammar; or it may come from the hazy memory of the meaning of a word. After all this the meaning of the whole sentence should be fairly certain, and it should not be a difficult matter to put it into Eng- lish. If the meaning of a word has escaped the memory, leave a blank for this word in translating the sentence, and often the trans- lation will show what meaning the unknown word must have. It may seem that this requires much time and is a slow way of getting at the meaning. It is true that for a while this will be so. But the mind must be trained to grasp the meaning of the sen- tence in the order in which the Roman author developed it in his own mind, and in the order in which he put it in writing. The emphasis in a sentence is lost if the sentence is not read and inter- preted in the order in which it is written. This is the only method that leads to accuracy and rapidity in understanding the language ; for the Romans were particular about the placing of words, and the study of arrangement, therefore, is of the utmost importance. THE FORMATION OF WORDS Many Latin words are made from other Latin words by adding to the stem certain syllables called suffixes. Those which should be taught to the pupil are given below. tor. This suffix is added to verb stems or roots to show the doer or the agent of the action, as imperator = impera (stem of impero, command) + tor = one who com- mands, a commandfV-. victor = vie (root of vinco, conquer) + tor = one who conquers, a con- queror, a vict(?r. Observe the English equivalents of this suffix. Occasionally the suffix appears as sor, as in defensor, for defendtor. Explain the formation of the following : mercator, expl5rator, speculator, gubernator, adiutor. io, tio, tus. These suffixes are added to verb stems or roots to form nouns which show an act or its result, as legio = leg (root of lego, choose, levy) -f i5 = the act or result of levying, a leg/V;/. oratio = ora (stem of oro, plead) + tio = the act or result of pleading, a speech, ora//. servitiis = servi (weakened stem of servus, slave) + tus = slavery, servittide. Observe the English equivalents of these suffixes. Explain the formation of the following : victoria, auctoritas, tempestas, virtus, senectus. The meanings of words are often changed by prefixing syllables, usually prepositions, which have their original force as adverbs. The most common meanings of the following should be taught to the pupil : ab(a), ad, ante, circum, con, de, dis-(di-), ex(e), in, in-, inter, ob, per, prae, pro, re(d)-, sub, trans. Determine the meaning of the prefix in the following : absum, averts, adduco, adverto, antepon5, antecedo, circumvenio, circum- sisto, convenio, confero, deicio, decurro, dispono, dimitto, enuntio, expello, insto, insequor, incredibilis, inermis, intercede, interpono, oppugno, occurro, perduco, perspicio, praesto, praemitto, proicio, procedo, respicio, renov5, rede5, suscipio, transeo, traduco. NEW WORDS The following list includes such words of Caesar, in Professor Lodge's Vocabulary for High School Latin, as do not occur in Books I and II of the Gallic War. With each is given the page and line where it first appears in this book. The meaning should be fixed in mind at the time when the word is first met. Page Line Page Line Page Line adimo . 36 18 consector 95 9 mare 3 12 aedifico 4 2 consto . 46 16 materia . 69 5 aestus . 89 9 coorior . 33 5 moles . 90 4 alacer . 99 14 corona . 56 -7 mollis . 20 3 aliquot . 34 13 cunctor . 46 I motus . 113 14 ancora . 81 14 dedecus 116 --> nauta . 124 6 appello (3) 74 3 defigo . no 17 navigatio 122 6 aptus . 92 3 desilio . 103 navigo . 28 4 aqua 3T 7 disto 1 1 1 noceo . 62 5 aquila . 115 9 distribuo 146 nosco . 114 9 aridus . 114 8 evado . II obsidio . 33 I avis . 106 9 evenio . 38 10 occasio . 62 6 bini . 56 12 evoco . 67 octingentT 38 12 bis . . 81 2 ferreus . 70 13 onerarius 69 4 caedo . 69 12 fluctus . 91 paenitet 105 9 callidus 58 3 frustra . 86 parum . 69 5 caro 127 7 funis 91 pecus 44 9 cautes . 92 9 gubernator 72 perago 118 13 certamen 32 8 hiems . 102 pergo ■ 98 8 cibus 16 4 humilis . 77 planus 14 3 clam 57 3 immitt(j 19 portus 68 1 1 classis . 62 9 insula . 62 TO praeda 31 5 confestim 145 2 lac . . 102 14 pronuntio 77 28 conscendo 28 3 ITtus . . 113 8 pronus 1 10 20 Xll SIGHT READING IN LATIN Page Line Page Line Page Line puppis . 91 4 rostrum 92 4 ubique . 69 4 quamvTs 104 3 saevio . 92 7 undecim 144 7 quoad . 72 6 sagitta . 79 18 litilis 12 8 raru* . 90 10 saucius . 52 19 valles . 83 I reficio . 34 15 septem , . 66 5 velum . 57 14 rego 91 12 septingentT 126 14 ventus . 57 14 remus . 92 septuaginta 108 II vestigium 77 24 renovo . 43 14 tempestas 79 20 robur . 45 9 tu . . 14 5 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE I Grammar: A. 305; 419; 423; 530; 531, 2; 549. B. 250,1; 227; 230; 181 ; 282, 2; 286, 2. G. 614; 409; 393 ; 336; 630; 586. H.396; 489; 486; 417; 589; 598. Inflection .' ago ; mons ; iinus ; qui. Order of words: the normal order of the sentence is: (i) subject; (2) modifiers of subject ; (3) modifiers of verb ; (4) verb. Prescribed list : imperium fere tum vicit initium egit nationes regni filius recepit com m Otis per civitate consiUo iniuriam imperaverunt nomine propter HOW ROMULUS, THE FOUNDER OF ROME, HELPED THE CITY TO GROW Imperium Romanum^ a Romulo initium habet, qul^ Reae Sil- viae, Vestalis virginis,^ filius fuit. Is, octodecim annos^ natus, urbem parvam in Palatino^ monte constituit. Condita civitate, quam*' ex nomine suo Romam vocavit, haec fere egit J Multi- tudinem fmitimorum in civitatem® recepit, centum^ ex senioribus legit, quorum consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem.^° Tum, cum^^ uxores ipse et populus suus non haberent, invitavit^^ ad spectaculum ^^ ludorum viclnas urbis Romae nationes, atque earum^^ virgines rapuit. Commotis beliis propter raptarum^^ iniuriam, multas viclnas nationes vlcit. Anno^^ 2 SIGHT READING IN LATIN regni tricesimo septimo ad deos transisse^' creditus est. Deinde Romae^** per quinos dies senatores imperaverunt et his regnanti- bus^^ annus Onus completus est. — Eutropius, I VOCABULARY nascor, nasci, natus, be born vicinus, a, um, >'/£'/c^//<5'<:?;7V/^ (vicinity) urbs, urbis, f., city rapio, 3, ui, tus, cany off condo, 3, didi, ditus, found tricesimus, a, um, thirtieth voco, I, cat/ (vocal) deus, i, m.,j^od senex, senis, o/d credo, 3, didi, ditus, believe uxor, oris, f., wife deinde, t]ien ludus, i, m., gaine quini, five each NOTES 1 Romanum : adjective formed from the noun Roma by the suffix anus, belonging to. '^ qui : in what respect does this pronoun agree with its antecedent.'' What word, then, is its antecedent? ^ Vestalis virginis : a priestess who kept the fire of Vesta. "^ octodecim annos : what do these words tell about natus ? ^ Palatino : one of the seven hills of Rome. ^ quam : relative pronoun. '^ haec fere egit : he did abotit as follows. ^ civitatem : this word and civitate above refer to Rome. "^ centum : in- declinable. Senatores below shows that viros is understood with centum. 1^ senectutem : derive the meaning of this word by connecting it with the stem of senex. What does senatores really mean ? 11 cum : causal. 1'^ invitavit : infer the meaning from the English derivative. ^^ spectacu- lum : see note on invitavit. i"* earum : refers to nationes. ^^ raptarum : render by a demonstrative and a relative clause. ^^ anno : compare this use of the word with that in annos above. i'^ transisse : trans + eo. 18 Romae : locative. ^^ regnantibus : from regno. Think of regnum and rego. This passage contains three examples of the ablative absolute. By what kind of clause should each be translated .'' EXERCISE II Grammar: A. 282; 286; 343; 362; 370; 419. B. 169, 1 ; 233, 3; 234; 198; 195; 187,1,111; 227. G.320; 289; 362; 345; 347; 409. H. 393 ; 394 ; 44°, i ; 424 ; 429 ; 489- Inflection : augeo ; mos ; minus (compare) ; hic. EUTROPIUS, I 3 Order of words : the arrangement of the words in the sentence represents the order of the development of the thought in the mind of the writer. Prescribed list : creatus est aliqua filia apud quidem successit suscepit supra consuetiidine vicit contra mare putabantur superavit dlmicavit sexto mensTs post civitati decimo HOW NUMA POMPILIUS, TULLUS HOSTILIUS, AND ANGUS MARCIUS ENLARGED ROME Postea Numa Pompihus rex^ creatus est, qui bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati quam- Romulus profuit. Nam et leges Romanis moresque constituit, qui^ consuetudine proeliorum semibarbari^ putabantur, et annum descripsit, in decern mensis prius sine aliqua computatione confusum,^ et mfinita Romae sacra ac templa constituit. Huic successit^ Tullus Hostllius. Hie bella gessit, Albanos vicit, qui ab urbe Roma duodecimo miliario sunt, Veientis et Fidenates bello superavit, urbem auxit, adiecto Caelio"^ monte. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia nepos, suscepit imperium. Contra Latinos dimicavit, Aventinum^ montem civitati adiecit et laniculum, apud ostium Tiberis civitatem supra mare sexto decimo miliario ab urbe Roma condidit. — Eutropius, I VOCABULARY pr5sum, prodesse, profui, — , be helpful urbs, urbis, f., city lex, legis, f., latu (legal) describo, 3, scrips!, scriptus, mark out computatio, onis, f., reckoning confundo, 3, fudi, fiisus, confuse Infinltus, a, um, without end (infinite) sacra, orum, n., rites templum, i, n., temple miliarium, miliari, n., mile- stone (mile) adicio, 3, ieci, iectus, add to nepos, 5tis, m., grandsoti ostium, osti, n., mouth condo, 3, didi, ^\\.\xs^ found 4 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 rex : predicate nominative after creatus est. . ^ quam : take with minus. ^ qui : refers to Romanis. * semibarbari : the prefix semi means half, as in " semicircle." For the case, see note on rex. ^ confusum : with what does this participle agree .'' '^ huic successit, etc. : ////// succeeded Tttlliis Hos- tiliiis. Huic is emphatic. " Caelio, Aventinum: two of the seven hills of Rome. Think of English words from creatus, leges, constituit, contra, mare, and other words in the passage. EXERCISE III Grammar: A. 346; 370; 419; 420; 423. B. 201; 187, III; 227,2; 230. G. 367; 368; 347; 409; 410; 393. H.440, 5; 429; 489, l; 486. Inflection: fero ; pars; omnis ; Idem. Order of words: adjectives and genitives, if emphatic, stand before the nouns which they limit; if not emphatic, after their nouns. Prescribed list: deinde inlvit ipse fossas accepit mijros successerat imperavit aedificavit octavo post terrarum instituit imperi suscepit delatis memoriam occTsus est quoque filiae THE DEEDS OF TARQUINIUS PRISCUS AND SERVIUS TULLIUS, KINGS OF ROME Deinde regnum Tarquinius Priscus accepit. Hie numerum senatorum^ duplicavit, circum^ Romae aedificavit, ludos Romanos Instituit, qui ad nostram memoriam permanent.^ Vicit* idem etiam Sabinos et partem agrorum urbis Romae territorio adiunxit,^ pri- musque triumphans^ urbem inivit. Muros fecit et cloacas. Trl- cesimo octavo imperi anno occlsus est per And filios,' regis eius cui ipse successerat. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium. Hie quoque Sabinos vicit, montis^ tris, Quirinalem, Viminalem, EUTROPIUS, I 5 Esquillnum, urbl adiOnxit, fossas circa miirum duxit. Primus censum omnium imperavit, qui adhuc^ per orbem terrarum incog- nitus^*' erat. Sub eo Roma omnibus in censum delatis habuit octo- ginta tria milia cTvium Romanorum cum iis qui in agris erant. Occisus est quadragesimo quinto imperi anno scelere generi sul Tarquim, fill eius regis cui ipse successerat, et filiae, quam Tarquinius habebat uxorem. — Eutropius, I VOCABULARY circus, i, m., tJie chras Maxiinus ludus, i, m., game urbs, urbis, f., city territorium, territori, n., do in a in (territory) cloaca, ae, f., sewer tricesimus, a, um, thirtieth circa, prep., ai'ound^ round census, us, m., census orbis, is, m., circle, (with terrarum) world scelus, eris, n., crime quadragesimus, a, um, fortieth gener, eri, m., so/i-in-law uxor, oris, f., wife NOTES 1 senatorum, duplicavit : infer the meaning from the English derivatives. - circum: where the chariot races were held. ^ permanent: per + maneo. ^ vicit: emphatic. ^ adiunxit: ad + iungo. ^ triumphans: refers to the entry of a general into Rome after a successful campaign. " per filios: how does this differ from a filiis? ^ montis : hills. ^ adhuc : ad + hoc. It refers to time. ^*^ incognitas : in + cognosco. Determine the emphasis, or lack of it, in the case of each genitive in this passage. SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE IV Grammar: A. 413; 426, 2; 427, 3; 530; 531, i; 579; 580. B. 222; 182, 1,2; 232, i; 282, I -,313; 314, I. G. 392; 337, R.I ; 411; 545,1,3; 648; 650. H. 473, i; 418; 483; 568; 641; 642; 643. Inflection: volo ; exercitus; Septimus; ipse. Order of words: the demonstrative pronouns regularly precede the nouns which they modify. Prescribed list: ultimus quoque ducentis alter pacem vigintT quadraginta potestatem postea liberTs hinc redderentur octavo fugit coeperunt scirent decimo ita crearl THE LAST KING IS EXPELLED FROM ROME AND CONSULS ARE ELECTED Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, Septimus atque ultimus regum, Volscos, quae gens non longe ab urbe est, vicit, cum^ Tuscis pacem fecit, et templum lovi^ in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea Ardeam oppugnans, civitatem in octavo decimo miliario ab urbe positam, scelere fill sui imperium perdidit. Propter quod scelus Brutus, parens TarquinI, populum commovit. Exercitus quoque, qui civitatem Ardeam cum ipso rege oppugnabat, eum reliquit ; et rex ad urbem veniens exclusus est,^ cumque imperasset^ annos viginti quinque, cum uxore et liberis suis fugit. Ita Romae^ regnatum est® per septem reges annis ducentis quadraginta tribus. Hinc consules coeperunt pro uno rege duo^ hac causa crearl, ut, si Onus malus^ esse voluisset, alter habens potestatem similem eum coerce- ret. Et placuit^ ne imperium longius quam annum haberent, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolentiores^° redderentur, sed civiles semper essent, qui se^^ post annum scirent futuros esse privates. EUTROPIUS, I EUTROPIUS, I VOCABULARY gens, gentis, f., tribe urbs, urbis, f., city miliarium, miliari, n., )nilestone scelus, eris, n., crime perdo, 3, didi, ditus, lose parens, entis, m.,f., i-elative uxor, oris, f., tvife malus, a, um, bad similis, e, like (similar) coerceo, 2, ui, itus, checJc placeo, 2, ui, itum, please diuturnitas, atis, f., long duration civilis, e, civil, of the citizens semper, always NOTES icum: what part of speech? Consider the case of Tuscis. '^lovi: dative case of luppiter. ^ exclusus est: from excludo. Infer the meaning from the English derivative. * imperasset : for imperavisset ; the v is dropped and the two vowels are contracted. ^ Romae : what question about regnatum est does this word seem to answer } 6 regnatum est: the ending um shows that the subject is neuter, //. Such impersonal forms are often used, where the English idiom employs the personal construction ; the government was can-ted on. " duo: take with consules. ^ malus: predicate adjective. ^ placuit : impersonal. i*^ insolentiores : first deter- mine the positive ; then infer the meaning from the English derivative. 11 se : to what word does it refer } For the case, note the ending of futures. Think of English words from pacem, aedificavit, positam, unus. EXERCISE V Grammar: A. 419; 423, i; 530; 531. i; 549; 563. B. 227; 230; 282, I ; 286, 2; 295, 4. G. 409; 385; 545, I, 3; 586; 546. H.489; 483; 568; 598; 565. Inflection : possum ; auxilium ; multus (compare) ; suT. Order of words: an appositive usually follovifs the word to which it belongs. Prescribed list: maxime regnum quoque tunc autem restitui iterum suscipT quisquam dimicavit reciperetur se contulit maneret occTderunt paene longe tamen reverterunt verum 8 SIGHT READING IN LATIN THE FIRST CONSULS ARE ELECTED AND BEGIN WAR WITH TARQUINIUS Fuerunt^ anno primo expulsls" regibus consules Lucius lunius Brutus, qui maxima egerat ut Tarquinius pelleretur, et Tarquinius Collatmus. Placuit^ autem ne quisquam in urbe maneret qui Tarquinius "^ vocaretur. Ergo Collatinus ex urbe migravit et loco ipsius factus est Valerius Publicola consul.^ Commovit tamen bellum urbi Romae rex Tarquinius, qui erat expulsus, et collectis multis gentibus, ut in regnum posset restitui,^ dimicavit. In prima pugna Brutus consul et Aruns, Tarquini filius, in vicem'^ se occide- runt. Roman! tamen ex ea pugna victores reverterunt. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius, ut reciperetur in regnum, bellum Romanis^ intulit, auxilium^ ei ferente Porsena, Tusciae rege, et Romam paene cepit. Verum tunc quoque victus est. Tertio anno post reges expulsos Tarquinius, cum suscipi non posset in reg- num,^*' neque ei Porsena, qui pacem cum Romanis fecerat, auxilium ferret, Tusculum se contulit, quae civitas non longe ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuordecim annos privatus^^ cum uxore vixit. EUTROPIUS, I VOCABULARY placeo, 2, ui, itum, please coUigo, 3, legi, lectus, gather urbs, urbis, f., city togetJier voco, I, call gens, gentis, f., tril)e ergo, therefore uxor, oris, f., wife migro, I, depart iymgrdXQ) vivo, 3, vixi, victum, live NOTES 1 fuerunt: with intransitive verbs two nominatives may be expected, one subject, one predicate. ^ expulsis: in what ways may this construction be translated? Which is best here ? ^ placuit: impersonal. ^ Tarquinius: predicate nominative after vocaretur. ^ consul : see note on Tarquinius. 6 ut . . . restitui: this states the purpose of dimicavit. "^ in vicem: /// /;/;-;/. ^ Romanis : in what case ? Consider the verb. ^ auxilium : object of ferente. ^*^ cum . . . regnum: this answers the question "why" about se contulit. 11 privatus: from priv5; in retirement. EUTROPIUS, VI EXERCISE VI Grammar: A. 291, l?\, 305; 362; 370; 423, r. B. 240, 2; 250, i; 187, I, III; 230. Cx. 614; 345; 347; 393. H. 498; 396; 424; 429 ; 486. Inflection: eo ; nomen ; alter; is. Order of words: adverbs are regularly placed before the words which they modify. rescribed list: postea autem obsidibus poscere imperavit fere aggressus adversum deinde intulit rediens fQgit gravissima ne . . . quidem coepit vacuam processit cognitum erat C^SAR CONQUERS GAUL, VISITS BRITAIN, AND RETURNS TO ROME WITH HIS ARMY Anno urbis conditae^ sescentesimo nonagesimo tertio Gaius lulius Caesar, qui postea imperavit, cum Lucio Bibulo consul"^ f actus est. Decreta est^ ei Gallia et Illyricum cum legionibus decern. Is primo vicit Helvetios, qui nunc Sequani^ appellantur, deinde per bella gravissima risque ad Oceanum Britannicum processit. Domuit^ autem annis novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpis, flumen Rhodanum,*^ Rhenum,*^ et Oceanum est. Britannis mox bellum intulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cognitum erat, et eos'^ quoque victos^ obsidibus^ acceptis stipendiarios fecit. _Germanos trans Rhenum aggressus immanissimis proeliis vicit. Caesar rediens ex Gallia victor coepit poscere alterum consulatum, et adversum patriam cum exercitu venit. Consules cum Pompeio senatusque omnis atque universa^'^ nobilitas ex urbe fugit^^ et in Graeciam transiit. Ibi, Pompeio duce, senatus contra Caesarem bellum paravit. Caesar autem vacuam urbem ingressus dictatorem se fecit. — Eutropius, VI lO SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY urbs, urbis, f., city condo, 3, didi, ditus, found sescentesimus, a, um, six hiin- dredth nonagesimus, a, um, ninetieth decerno, 3, crevi, cretus, decj-ee usque, all the way, even domo, I, ui, itus, subdue mox, soon stipendiarius, a, um, tributary (stipend) immanis, e, huge, great consulatus, us, m., consulship patria, ae, f., native land or city ingredior, gredi, gressus, enter dictator, oris, m., dictator NOTES 1 conditae: translate as a noun with after. ^ consul: predicate noun used with factus est. ^ decreta est: agrees with the nearer subject. 4 Sequani: predicate noun. ^ domuit: note the emphatic position. See decreta est above. ^ Rhodanum, Rhenum: Rhone, Rhine. '^ e5s, sti- pendiarios : which of these is the direct object of fecit, and which the predicate accusative ? ^ victos : translate by a clause. ^ obsidibus : what construction does this illustrate, and what is the best way to translate it ? ^0 universa: infer the meaning from the synonym omnis, and think of an English derivative. ^^ fugit: see note on decreta est. EXERCISE VII Grammar: A. 412; 456; 530; 531, i; 579; 580. B. 220, i: 328, i ; 282, I ; 313; 314. G. 399; 423, 1,2; 545, 1,3; 648; 650. H.473, 3; 607 ; 568 ; 642 ; 643. Inflection: nolo; caput; maior ; ille. Order of words: words depending on a noun accompanied by a modifier are often put between the noun and the modifier. Prescribed list: fortissimos tamen deinde occTdit superavit nocte apud caput inde nee utrimque conspecto adversum scire contra lacrimas evasit tantum EUTROPIUS, VI 1 1 POMPEY'S LONG CONFLICT WITH C^SAR, FOLLOWED BY HIS DEFEAT AND. DEATH In Hispania^ Caesar exercitus Pompei validissimos et fortissimos cum tribus ducibus superavit. Inde in Graeciam transiit et adver- sum^ Pompeium dimicavit. Primo proelio victus est et fugatus, evasit tamen quia nocte^ Pompeius sequi noluit, dixitque Caesar nee Pompeium scire'* vincere et illo tantum^ die se^ potuisse superarl. Deinde in Thessalia^ apud Palaepharsalum productis utrimque ingentibus copiis dimicaverunt. Numquam adhuc copiae Romanae in unum^ neque maiores neque melioribus ducibus con- venerant, totum terrarurn orbem^ facile subacturae si contra barbaros ducerentur. Pugnatum est^^ ingenti contentione/^ vic- tusque est ad postremum Pompeius, qui Alexandriam petiit, ut a rege Aegypti acciperet auxilia.^^ Qui^^ fortunam magis quam amicitiam secutus occTdit Pompeium, caput eius ad Caesarem misit. Quo conspecto Caesar etiam lacrimas fudisse dicitur, tanti virl intuens caput et generi quondam suT. — Eutropius, VI VOCABULARY validus, a, urn, strong (valid) subigo, 3, egi, actus, subdue fugo, I, put to flight contentio, onis, f., conflict ingens, ingentis, huge fundo, 3, fudi, fusus, shed numquam, never intueor, 2, tuitus or tutus, look upon adhuc, thus far gener, eri, m., son-in-law orbis, is, m., circle (orb) quondam, once NOTES ^Hispania: Spain. ^adversum: synonym of contra. ^nocte: what question about sequi does this answer ? ^ scire : I;no7o ho7v. ^ tantum : adverb, o)ily. *^se: to whom does this refer ? " Thessalia: Thessaly, a district of northern Greece. ^ iinum : supply locum. ^ terrarurn orbem : the 7uorld. ^^ pugnatum est : impersonal. Translate by the personal con- struction. 11 ingenti contentione: answers the question "how" about pugnatum est. ^'-^ ut . . . auxilia: gives the purpose of petiit. i^ qui: what word is the antecedent ? Why is qui put first } Select from the passage examples of emphatic words or phrases. 12 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE VIII Grammar: A. I ()^, b\ 196; 427,3: 496; 563; 574. B. 115; 232,1; 337,2,^,6; 295,4; 300,1. G. 251,1; 129; 411; 282; 546,1,2; 467. H. 237; 483; 638, 1; 565; 649, II. Inflection: f 10 ; dies; posterus ; suus. Order of words: in all sentences the beginning is a place of emphasis, and there is usually put the emphatic word, phrase, or clause. Prescribed list: mos mulier utilius potius enuntiaret autem ubi Tnstitisset priusquam cupidior postrldie fidem egissent tandem orant praeter licere urgente HOW PAPIRIUS AVOIDED TELLING HIS MOTHER ^YIIAT WAS DONE IN THE SENATE Mos antea^ senatoribus Romae fuit in curiam cum praetextatis filiis inlre. Forte res maior quaepiam consultata" et in diem poste- rum prolata est, placuitque ne quis^ earn rem enuntiaret priusquam decreta esset. Sed mater Papiri"* puerl, qui cum patre suo in curia fuerat, percontata est fllium quid in senatu patres egissent. Puer respondit tacendum esse^ neque id dici licere. Mulier autem fit audiendi cupidior, ac tandem puer, matre urgente,^ actum "^ in senatu dixit utrum videretur utilius esse, unusne ut duas uxores haberet an ut una duobus nupta esset. Ubi ilia hoc audivit, domo trepidans egreditur, ad ceteras^ matronas se adfert. Pervenit ad senatum postridie matrum familias caterva. Lacrimantes^ orant ut una potius duobus nupta fieret quam ut duae uni. Senatores in curiam ingredientes mirabantur quae ilia mulierum insania-^° et quid sibi postulatio^^ ista vellet.^"' Puer Papirius in medium curiae progressus, quid mater audire institisset, quid ipse matri dixisset, demonstrat. Senatus fidem atque ingenium pueri laudat AULUS GELLIUS 3 et consultum facit ne posthac piieri cum patribus in curiam ineant, praeter ilium unum Papirium, cui postea cognomen ^^ honoris gratia datum est "Praetextatus." — Aulus Gellius VOCABULARY curia, ae, f., senate house praetextatus, a, um, wearing the toga of boyhood forte, by chance quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, some consulto, I, consider placeo, 2, ui, itum, please decerno, 3, crevi, cretus, decide percontor, i, inquire taceo, 2, ui, itus, be siient (tacit) uxor, oris, f., wife nUpta, married trepido, i, be in alarm caterva, ae, f., crowd ingenium, inge'ni, n., ability consultum, i, n., decree NOTES 1 antea: adverb from ante. " consultata: est is understood. ^ quis: pronouns are usually indefinite when they follow ne. * Papiri : genitive. ° tacendum esse: impersonal; the form shows necessity. ^ matre urgente : this states a reason for the boy's action. "' actum : what mood .^ Consider dixit. Translate, tlior had been a discjission. ^ ceteras: synonym of reliqui. ^ lacrimantes : for the meaning, compare the noun lacrima. I'insania: think of the English derivative. 11 postulatio: postulo ^- tio. 1- sibi vellet: ineant. ^-^ cognomen: name. One given because of some characteristic or act. Think of English words from enuntiaret, fllium, urgente, utilius, fidem, ingenium, facit. 14 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE IX Grammar: A. 405 ; 410; 412; 448; 540. B. 216; 218,1; 220,1; 281; 286,1. G. 401; 407; 399; 266; 540; 541. H. 468; 477; 473,3: 522; 588,1,11. Inflection: utor; vir ; multus (compare); tu. Order of words: in a clause or sentence words are usually arranged, from the beginning, in the order of their prominence in the thought. Prescribed list: verborum plane vis cupidissimo tu scire FAVORINUS GIVES GOOD ADVICE ABOUT THE USE OF WORDS Favorinus philosophus^ adulescenti, veterum verborum^ in cotl- dianis sermonibus ignotorum cupidissimo, "Curius," inquit, ''et Fabricius et Coruncanius, antiquissimi^ virT, plane cum suis locuti sunt, neque Auruncorum aut Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum, qui primi coluisse italiam dicuntur, sed aetatis suae verbis usi sunt ; tu autem sermone abhinc multis annis iam desito uteris, quod neminem vis scire atque intellegere quae dicas. Antiquitatem^ tibi placere ais, quod honesta et bona et modesta sit. Vive ergo moribus antiquls, loquere verbis praesentibus ; atque id, quod a Gaio Caesare scriptum est, habe semper in memoria atque in pectore, ut tamquam saxum sic fugias Insolens verbum." — Aulus Gellius VOCABULARY adulescens, entis, m.,f., youth ai5 (defective verb), say sermo, onis, m., talk vivo, 3, vixi, victum, live ignotus, a, um, iinknoivn ergo, therefore inquit (defective verb), says pectus, oris, n., breast, heart colo, 3. colui, cultus, dwell in tamquam, as if aetas, atis, f., age saxum, i, n., rock desino, 3, sivi, situs, leave off insolens, entis, umisual placeo, 2, ui, itum, please AULUS GELLIUS IS NOTES 1 philosophus : English derivative ? - verborum : take with cupidissimo. 3 antiquissimi : what is the positive ? Synonym of vetus. For the meaning, think of an Enghsh derivative. * antiquitatem : formed by attaching a suffix to the stem of the positive of antiquissimi. What is the suffix ? Determine whether the following words are emphatic : (1. i) verborum, cotidianis; (1. 3) plane; (I.4) primi; (1.6) uteris; (1. 11) insolens. EXERCISE X Grammar: A. 415; 546; 573; 574. B. 224; 288, i, B; 300, i. G. 400; 585; 452, 2; 467. H. 473, 2; 600, II, l; 649, 11. Inflection: do; manus ; consularis ; ego. Order of words: a dependent genitive, unless emphatic, usually follows the word which it limits. Prescribed list: ferae familiaris lingua cotidianis praeter tum mira concessT corpore more quaerit defuisset fremitii prope obtineret cibus converterat A LION LET LOOSE IN THE AMPHITHEATER REFUSES TO ATTACK ANDROCLUS, BUT FAWNS ON HIM In circo^ maximo venationis pugna populo dabatur. Multae ibi ferae, sed praeter alia omnia leo corpore vasto et fremitii terrifico^ animos oculosque^ omnium in sese converterat. Introductus* erat inter compluris ceteros'' ad pugnam ferarum datos servus viri con- sularis^; ei servo '^ Androclus nomen fuit. Hunc ille leo ubi vidit procul, repente quasi admirans stetit ac deinde placide, tamquam familiaris,^ ad hominem accedit. Tum caudam more adulantium canum blande movet et manus hominis, prope iam exanimati metu,® lingua leniter demulcet. Haec tam mira res maximos populi cla- mores excitat et Caesar Androclum vocat quaeritque causam, cur illi uni atrocissimus leo pepercisset. Ibi Androclus rem admirandam i6 SIGHT READING IN LATIN narrat. ''Cum provinciam," inquit, "Africam proconsular! imperio meus dominus obtineret, ego ibi iniquis^*' eius et cotldianls verbe- ribus ad fugam sum coactus, et in locos desertos et remotos concessi ac, si defuisset cibus, consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere." AuLUS Gellius VOCABULARY venatio, onis, f., }nuiii)tg adulor, i, fawn leo, onis, m., lion canis, is, m., f., dog (canine) servus, i, m., slave (servile) blande, gently procul, at a distance leniter, lightly repente, suddenly demulceo, 2, mulsl, mtlctus, stroke quasi, just as if atr5x, ocis, fierce sto, I, steti, statum, stand parc5, 3, peperci, parsum, spare placide, cabnly dominus, i, m., master tamquam, as if verber, eris, n., lash Cauda, ae, f., tail pactum, i, n., way NOTES 1 circo: think of the English derivative; a place of entertainment. " terrifico: there is a common English derivative. ^ oculos: from this is derived the word "ocuhst." ^ introductus : from Intro, tcvV/^/w, + duco. ^ ceteros: synonym of reliqui. *^ c5nsularis: from c5nsul + aris — peTtain- ii!g to, of ike rank of. "' servo: a dative, showing the possessor. Trans- late it as if it were a nominative, and fuit by the appropriate tense of the verb have. ^ familiaris: compare the derivation of this word with that of consularis. ^ metu: synonym of timor. i'^ iniquis: formed from the adjective aequus by prefixing in. Compare the words "convenient" and "inconvenient," "equity" and "iniquity." Consider the genitives in the passage and decide whether the position of each is emphatic or not. I AULUS GELLIUS 17 EXERCISE XI Grammar: A. 400 ; 401 ; 423. 2 ; 500, 4 ; 504, /?. B. 214, i, 2 ; 181, i ; 337, 8, /;, 2; 338, i,r. G. 390, 1 : 405; 336; 430; 428, R. 2. H.462; 417 ; 622 ; 626, 3. Inflection: ostendo ; ignis ; totus ; qui. Order of words: the following arrangement of the parts of a predicate is common : ablative, indirect object, direct object, adverb, verb. Prescribed list: quendam conspectii VlCtll statim nanctus postquam postremo curavit vulnerato sublatum viam quoque illTc tunc tridui benefici quidem opera deductus ANDROCLUS RELATES HOW HE MET THE WOUNDED LION AND GAINED ITS AFFECTION Turn specum quendam nanctus remotum,^ in eum me recondo. Neque multo^ post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, uno pede vulnerato. Atque illic primo quidem conspectii^ advenientis^ leonis territus sum ; sed postquam introgressus^ leo me procul videt, mitis accessit et sublatum pedem ostendere mihi quasi opis petendae causa visus est. Ibi stirpem ingentem, pedi eius haerentem, revelli et sine magno iam metu cruorem siccavi. Ilia tunc mea opera levatus, pede in manibus meis posito, quievit. Ex eo die trien- nium^ totum ego et leo in eodem specu eodemque victu viximus. Postremo autem reliqui specum et viam fere tridul permensus a militibus visus apprehensusque sum^ et ad dominum ex Africa Romam^ deductus. Is me statim damnandum dandumque ad feras cilravit. Intellego autem hunc quoque leonem captum gratiam mihi nunc benefici et mediclnae referre. Haec dixit Androclus ; quae cum scripta essent circumlataque populo, omnibus petentibus dimissus Androclus et poena solutus est et leone donatus.^ AuLUS Gellius 1 8 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY specus, us, m., cave levo, i, i-elieve recondo, 3, didi, ditus, Jiide aivay quiesco, 3, evi, etus, rest (quiet) terreo, 2, ui, itus, frigJiteii vivo, 3, vixi, victum, live mitis, e, mild permetior, 4. mensus, traverse (ops), opis, f., aid damno, i, condemn stirps, pis, f., root medicina, ae, f., relief ingens, ingentis, huge scribo, 3, scripsi, scriptus, 7vrite haereo, 2, haesi, haesus, stick (script) revello, 3, velli, vulsus, tear away poena, ae, f., punishment cruor, oris, m., blood solvo, 3, solvi, solutus, release sicco, I, dry (solve) NOTES 1 remotum: notice that this word is made emphatic by separating it from the word which it modifies. '^ multo : take with post, an adverb. 3 conspectu : from con + spec + tus. Give the force of each one of these. ^ advenientis : note the force of the prefix, to7vards. ^ introgressus : think of progressus. The prefix Intro means within. ^ triennium: from the stems of tres and annus. " apprehensus sum: from ad + prehendo. What common EngHsh word from this? What meaning has it? ^ Romam: not the object of deductus. ^ donatus: think of a common Enghsh word from this, and its meaning. Observe the force of the prefixes in this passage : rgmotum, accessit, /»ermensus, cfeductus, referre, circumXaXa., and others. EXERCISE XII Grammar: A. 343; 405; 418; 419; 546. B. 195; 198; 216; 226; 227; 288,1, B. G. 362; 401; 397; 409; 585. H. 440, I ; 468; 480; 489 ; 600, II, I. Inflection: patior ; latus (noun); celeriter (compare); Idem. Order of words: limiting words, when emphatic, usually stand between a preposition and the word which the preposition governs. Prescribed list: nomine immisit vulneribus rettulit manum undique mediis statim AULUS GELLIUS 19 THE AFFECTION AND LOYALTY OF A FAMOUS HORSE Equus Alexandri regis nomine Bucephalus fuit De hoc equo haec memoria digna^ accepimus. Ubi ornatus erat armatusque ad proelium, haud umquam inscendl sese^ ab alio nisi ab rege passus est. Bello^ Indico cum insidens in eo Alexander facinora faceret fortia, in hostium manum, non satis sibi providens, immisit. Con- iectis undique in Alexandrum tells, vulneribus altis in cervice atque in latere equus perfossus est. Moribundus tamen ac prope iam exsanguis e mediis hostibus regem celeriter rettulit atque, ubi eum extra* tela extulerat,^ statim concidit et animam^ exspiravit. Tum rex Alexander, parta eius belli victoria, oppidum in ilsdem locis condidit idque ob equi honores Bucephalon^ appellavit. AuLus Gellius VOCABULARY Alexander, dri, m., Alexander the cervix, Icis, f., 7ieck Great, king of Macedonia perfodio, 3, fodi, fossus, pierce dignus, a, um, worthy throiii^Ji orno, I, equip (ornament) moribundus, a, um, dying haud, not at all exsanguis, e, lifeless umquam, ever concido, 3, cidi, , collapse inscendo, 3, scendi, scensus, moiDit exspiro, i, breathe out insideo, 2, sedi, sessus, sit (on) pario, 3, peperi, partus, achieve facinus, oris, n., deed condo, 3, didi, ditus, found NOTES 1 digna: followed by the ablative. 2 ggse: for the case, consider the voice of inscendl. ^bello: answers the question "when" about faceret. * extra: what does the word "extraordinary" mean ? What is the force of the prefix ? ^ extulerat : get the meaning from the two parts of the word. 6 animam: synonym of vita, found in the EngHsh words "vital," "vitality." ■^ Bucephalon: accusative singular. Observe the many words with prefixes in this passage and try to decide what each prefix means. 20 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XIII Grammar: A. 384; 412; 426, 2, 3; 580. B. 192, i: 220, i; 182, 2; 228; 314. I. G. 359: 399: 416,1: 418,1,^?,^; 650. H. 434, 2; 473, 3; 418; 483: 642; 643. Inflection: f 15 ; terra; bonus (compare); quTdam. Order of words: an appositive usually follows the word to which it belongs. Prescribed list: accusavit nomine adversum sententiam mollibus quaedam hinc inde pax tum avertit prosecuta est HOW SCIPIO REPELLED THE CHARGE OF HAVING TAKEN A BRIBE Marcus Naevius, tribunus plebis, accusavit Scipionem^ ad popu- lum, dixitque eum accepisse a rege Antiocho pecuniam, ut con- dicionibus mollibus pax cum eo popuh Roman! nomine fieret, et quaedam item alia indigna" tah viro addidit.^ Tum Scipio pauca praefatus, quae dignitas^ vitae suae atque gloria^ postulabat, ''Memoria," inquit, " Quirites,^ repeto,' diem esse hodiernum, quo Hannibalem Poenum, imperio vestro inimlcissimum,^ magno proelio in terra Africa vici, pacemque et victoriam vobis peperi praeclaram. Non igitur simus^ adversum deos ingrati et, censeo, relinquamus nebulonem hunc, eamus hinc protinus^° lovl optimo maximo gratulatum."^^ Id cum dixisset, avertit et Ire ad Capitolium coepit. Tum contio universa, quae ad sententiam de Scipione ferendam convenerat, relicto tribuno Scipionem in Capitohum comitata, atque inde ad aedes^^ eius cum laetitia prosecuta est. — Aulus Gellius VOCABULARY plebs, plebis, f., conniwn people (praefor), fari, fatus, say beforehand pecunia, ae, f., money (pecuniary) vita, ae, f., life (vital) talis, e, such inquam (defective verb), say AULUS GELLIUS 21 hodiernus, a, um, to-day's nebulo, onis, m., paltry fellow pario, 3, peperi, partus, achieve gratulor, i, give thanks praeclarus, a, um, famous contio, onis, m., assembly igitur, therefore comitor, i, acco)iipany deus, i, m., god laetitia, ae, f., joy censeo, 2, ui, us, propose^ jnove NOTES 1 Scipionem: Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, who defeated Hannibal at Zama. '^ indigna: from in + dignus, 7oorthy. What is the force of the prefix? Think of "convenient" and "inconvenient." ^ addidit: get the meaning from the English derivative. * dignitas : from dignus and what suffix.^ What is the real meaning of the word? ^ gloria: think of the English word. "^ Quirltes: Roman citizens. ~ repeto: derive the mean- ing from the prefix and the verb. ^ inimlcissimum: from in + amicus. Compare indignus above. ^ simus: introduce the translation of this and the following subjunctives by let. ^^ protinus: synonym of statim. 11 gratulatum: notice that this looks like a participle, but does not agree with any other word. It shows purpose. ^- aedes: synonym of domus. Note the position of the appositives in the passage. EXERCISE XIV Grammar: A. 346, a, 3; 405; 409; 531, i; 5S0. B. 201, 2; 216; 218; 282,1; 314,1. G. 369; 401; 545,1,3; 650. H. 441; 468; 476; 568; 642; 643. Inflection: doceo ; domus; omnis ; is. Order of words: indefinite pronouns are usually unemphatic and follow their nouns. rescribed list: locutus erat conspicimus propinqua praefectus familiares quandam vendidissem turrim prosequebamur editam emissem latere subeuntes Tgni docuisset IIOW^ TO MAKE BUILDINGS FIREPROOF Locutus erat Antonius lulianus rhetor felicissime eumque nos, familiares^ eius, prosequebamur domum, cum subeuntes montem Cispium^ conspicimus insulam^ quandam, multis altisque tabulatis 22 SIGHT READING IN LATIN editam, igni occupatam^ et propinqua iam omnia flagrare vasto incendio.^ Turn quispiam^ ibi ex comitibus luliani, ''Magni/' in- quit, "reditus" urbanorum praediorum, sed pericula sunt longe maxima. Si quid autem posset remedl^ esse, ne domus Romae arderent, vendidissem^ res rusticas et urbicas^*^ emissem." Atque illi lulianus, "Si annalem," inquit, "undevlcesimum Qumti Claud! legisses, docuisset te profecto Archelaus, regis Mithridati^^ prae- fectus, quo^- remedio Ignem defenderes. In eo enim libro scriptum inveni,^^ cum oppugnaret Lucius Sulla in terra Attica Piraeum et contra Archelaus, regis Mithridati praefectus, ex eo oppido propug- naret,^'* turrim ligneam defendendi causa structam, ex omni latere circumplexam igni, ardere non potuisse, quod alumine ab Archelao oblita fuisset."^^ — Aulus Gellius VOCABULARY rhetor, oris, m., teacher of oratory lego, 3, legi, lectus, read feliciter, Jiappily profecto, assuredly tabulatum, i, n., floor, story liber, libri, m., book i\.3igxo, I, be on fl?'e scribo, 3, scripsi, scriptus, 7vn'te vastus, a, um, enor)iious (scribe) comes, itis, m., f., compatiion ligneus, a, um, wooden inquam (defective verb), say struo, 3, struxl, structus, erect urbanus, a, um, of the city (urbane) (structure) praedium, praedi, n., estate circumplecto, 3, , plexus, en- ardeo, 2. arsi, arsurus, biwn (ardent) circle rusticus, a, um, of the countjy alumen, inis, n., ahon annalis, is, m., chronicle oblino, 3, levi, litus, smear undevicesimus, a, um, ni/ieteenth NOTES 1 familiares : used as a noun. - Cispium : a part of the Esquiline hill, ^insulam: tenement building. ^Qccupatam: supply esse. ^incendio: from the verb incendo and the suffix ium, showing action. *' quispiam: synonym of aliquis. ''' reditus: noun from the verb redeo. ^ reme'di: genitive. Get the meaning from the Enghsh derivative. '•* vendidissem : this is in the conclusion of an unreal condition. ^'^ urbicas : synonym of PLINY THE YOUNGER 23 urbanus. ^^ Mithridati : genitive. Mithridates, king of Pontus, in Asia Minor. ^"-^ quo; interrogative ; this clause is the second object of docuis- set. 1'^ inveni: in + venio, come upon. 1^ propugnaret: note the prefix and its force. ^^ fuisset: used instead of esset. Think of EngHsh words from locutus erat, rhetor, conspicimus, insulam, regis, ignem. EXERCISE XV Grammar: A. 346, a, 3; 384; 456; 530; 531, i; 568. B. 201, i ; 192,1; 328,1; 282,1; 297,1. G. 369; 359; 423,1,2; 545,1,3; 553, I. H. 442; 434, 2; 607, i; 568; 566. Inflection: possum; filius ; dulcis ; hic. Order of words: possessive adjectives, unless emphatic, stand after their nouns. Prescribed list: fratris redeo efRciam oportet liberis experior debeo aequo quaererem studiis enim subire beneficio sentiam suscipiendas PLINY WRITES TO A FRIEND ON THE CHOICE OF A BOYS' SCHOOL Quid iucundius mihi esse potuit quam ut praeceptorem fratris tui liberis quaererem? Nam beneficio^ tuo in scholam redeo et illam dulcissimam aetatem quasi ^ resumo.^ Sedeo inter iuvenes, ut solebam, atque etiam experior quantum apud illos auctoritatis ex studiis habeam. Cum omnis qui profitentur audiero, quid de quoque sentiam scribam,^ efBciamque, quantum tamen epistula consequi potero, ut ipse omnis audisse videaris. Debeo enim tibi, debeo memoriae fratris tui banc fidem, hoc studium, praesertim super tanta re. Nam quid magis interest vestra^ quam ut liberi digni illo^ patre, te patruo reperiantur .? Nee ignore suscipiendas offensas in eligendo praeceptore, sed oportet me non modo offensas verum etiam simultates pro fratris tui filiis tam aequo animo subire quam parentes pro suis.'^ Vale. — Pliny the Younger 24 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY scribo, 3, scripsi,scriptus, Tt/r/Zt- (scripture) epistula, ae, f., letter dignus, a, um, worthy patruus, i, m., tincle ignoro, i , be unaware (ignorant) iuoundus, a, um, pleasant praeceptor, oris, m., teacher schola, ae, f., school aetas, atis, f., age sedeo, 2, sedi, sessum, sit iuvenis, is, m.,f.,j'^ /////(juvenile) offensa, ae, f., inconvenience soleo, 2, solitus, be accustomed eligo, 3, legi, lectus, select profiteer, 2, fessus, be a teacher simultas, atis, f., Jealousy NOTES 1 beneficio: shows cause, thanks to. quasi: as it from re + sumo. Give an English verb from this word. ^ scribam : the preceding clause is its object. ^interest vestra: coiceiiis you. Vestra is the ablative singular feminine of the possessive pronoun, governed by interest. ^ illo: the ablative follows dignus. Patre is an appositive of illo. '^ suis: understand flliis. EXERCISE XVI Grammar: A. 419: 420, i; 423, 2; 427, 2, 3. B. 227, 2, (^/; i8r, i; 182, I, rt ; 228, I, a. G. 409 ; 410 ; 336 ; 337 ; 386. H. 489, I ; 417; Inflection: sequor ; mors; totus ; ille. Order of words: the place of emphasis in the clause or sentence is usually the beginning. Prescribed list: acrius manibus vigiliam mane bat strepitus catenas quoque pretio deinde inde discesserat condiicit confectus ATHENODORUS HIRES A HAUNTED HOUSE Erat Athenis spatiosa^ et capax^ domus, sed infamis et pestilens. Per silentium^ noctis sonus ferri et, si attenderes^ acrius, strepitus vinculorum, longius primo, deinde e proximo, audiebatur ; mox apparebat idolon, senex macie et squalore confectus, promissa PLINY THE YOUNGER 25 barba, manibus catenas gerebat quatiebatque.^ Inde inhabitantes tristis noctis per metum*^ vigilabant. Vigiliam morbus et, crescente'^ metu, mors sequebatur. Nam interdiu quoque, quamquam disces- serat imago, memoria imaginis manebat. Deserta inde erat domus et tota illi monstro relicta. Venit Athenas philosophus Athenodorus, vidit titulum, auditoque pretio omnia cognovit ac nihilominus^ eam conducit.^ — Pliny the Younger VOCABULARY infamis, e, of ill repute pestilens, entis, jinhealthy sonus, i, m., sound ferrum, i, n., iron vinculum, i, n., fetter mox, sooji appareo, 2, ul, , appear idolon, i, n., ghost senex, senis, m., old man macies, el, f., leanness squalor, oris, m., filth promitto, 3, misi, missus, let grow barba, ae, f., beard quatio, 3, , quassus, shake tristis, e, sad vigilo, I , keep awake (vigil) morbus, i, m., sickness (morbid) interdiii, by day quamquam, although titulus, i, m., placard ^for t^enf'' NOTES 1 spatiosa: spatium + osus, /;/// of. 2 c^pax: synonym of magnus. English derivative? ^ silentium: think of the English derivative. ■^ attenderes: see note on silentium. ^ quatiebat: all the verbs thus far are in this tense. Why ? ^ metum : synonym of timor. '^ crescente : synonym of augeor. ^ nihilominus: nihil + minus. ^ conducit: rents. From many of the words in the passage are derived common English words. Make a Hst. WRITING MATERIALS 26 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XVII Grammar: A. 384; 401; 409; 412; 506; 563. B. 192, i: 214, i, ^; 218; 220, i; 338,3; 295, I. G. 359; 405; 401; 399; 432, R.; 546, i. H. 434, 2: 462; 476; 473, 3; 62S; 565. Inflection: eo ; locus; posterus (compare); ipse. Order of words: a word, phrase, or clause is more likely to limit a word which follows it than one which precedes it. Prescribed list poscit initio intra adiit vacua tollere respicit postea fingeret appropinquare moratus ATHENODORUS CAUSES THE GHOST TO DEPART FROM THE HAUNTED HOUSE Ubi coepit advesperascere,^ Athenodorus poscit pugillares, stilum, lOmen^; suos omnis in interiora dimittit ; ipse ad scri- bendum animum, oculos, manum intendit, ne vacua mens^ sibi metOs fingeret. Initio silentium* noctis ; deinde concuti ferrum, vincula mover!. Ille non tollere oculos, non remittere stilum. Tum crescere strepitus, appropinquare et iam ut in hmine, iam ut intra limen audirl. Respicit, videt narratam sibi imaginem. Stabat innuebatque digito similis vocanti.^ Athenodorus non moratus tollit lumen et sequitur. Ibat illa^ lento gradu " quasi gravis vin- culis in aream domus, repente dilapsa deserit comitem. Desertus herbas ^ et folia coacta signum loco ponit. Postero die adiit magis- tratus, monet ut ilium locum effod! iubeant. Inveniuntur® ossa inserta catenis ; collecta publice sepeliuntur. Domus postea monstro caruit. — Pliny the Younger VOCABULARY pugillares, ium, m., luiiting tableis intendo, 3, tendi, tentus, direct stilus, i, m., sty /us, used for writing (intention) scribo, 3, scrips!, scriptus, w^ite concutio, 3, cussi, cussus, shake oculus, i, m., eye (oculist) (concussion) CICERO 27 vinculum, i, n., fetter limen, inis, n., threshold sto, I , stetl, statum, stand innuo, 3, nui, nutum, beckon digitus, i, m., Jinger voco, I , call (vocation) lentus, a, um, slow gradus, us, m., step (grade) quasi, ^7^- if area, ae, f., court repente, suddenly dilabor, 3, lapsus, glide away comes, itis, m., f., companion folium, foil, n., leaf effodio, 3, f5di, fossus, dig up OS, ossis, n., bone (ossify) sepelid, 4, ivi, sepultus, bury careo, 2, ui, iturus, be free fro jn NOTES 1 advesperascere : from ad + the stem found in vesper + sco, which de- notes that the action is beginning. ^ lumen : synonym of lux. ^ mens : synonym of animus. ■* silentium : English derivative ? ^ vocanti : take with similis and think of it as having the force of a noun. ^ ilia : refers to imaginem. "^ gradu : answers the question " how " about ibat. ^ herbas : tu7f. 9 inveniuntur: in + venio, come upon. Observe that several of the principal verbs in the passage, such as concuti, are in the infinitive mood. This adds vividness and an air of animation to the narrative. They should be translated by the indicative mood. The infinitive thus used is called the historical infinitive. Observe also the omission of conjunctions. EXERCISE XVIII Grammar: A. 496 ; 540; 546; 580; 585. B. 337, 2, ./, /; 286, i; 288, I, B; 314, I ; 318. G. 665; 666; 541; 585; 650; 654. H. 638, I ; 588, I, II ; 600, II, I ; 642 ; 643 ; 644. Inflection : reperio ; iter ; alter ; idem. Order of words: temporal clauses usually precede, and purpose clauses usually follow, the verb on which they depend. Prescribed list: creberrime redisse hospitium portam ignotum traditum orare priusquam quendam iina quoniam quaesisse conscendere hospitem pateretur fugisse navigasset 28 SIGHT READING IN LATIN TWO STRANGE DREAMS, THROUGH ONE OF WHICH A CRIME WAS DETECTED AND PUNISHED Duo somnia creberrime commemorantur : unum de Simonide, qui/ cum ignotum quendam proiectum mortuum vidisset eumque humavisset haberetque in animo navem conscendere, moneri visus est ne id faceret ab eo quern sepultura affecerat ; si navigasset,^ eum naufragio esse periturum. Itaque Simonidem redisse ^ ; perisse ceteros,^ qui turn navigassent. Alterum ita traditum est.^ Cum duo quidam Arcades'' familiares iter una facerent et Megaram'^ venissent, alterum ad cauponem devertisse,^ ad hospitem alterum. Visum esse^ in somnis^*^ ei qui erat in hospitio^^ ilium alterum orare ut subveniret, quod^^ sibi a caupone interitus^^ pararetur ; eum primo perterritum somnio sur- rexisse ; dein^^ cum se collegisset idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse duxisset/^ recubuisse. Tum ei dormienti eundem ilium visum esse rogare ut, quoniam sibi^^ vivo non subvenisset, mortem suam ne inultam^" esse pateretur ; se interfectum in plaustrum a caupone esse coniectum ; petere ut mane ad portam adesset, priusquam plaustrum ex oppido exiret. Hoc somnio eum commotum, mane ad portam fuisse, quaesisse ex bubulco quid esset in plaustro ; ilium perterritum fOgisse, mortuum repertum esse ; cauponem, re patefacta,^^ poenas dedisse. — Cicero VOCABULARY somnium, somni, n., dream surgo, 3, surrexi, surrectus, rise commemoro, i, relate (surge) morior, 3, mortuus, die (mortal) coUigo, 3, legl, lectus, collect humo, I, bury recumbo, 3. cubul, , lie doiun sepultura, ae, f., burial again naufragium, naufra'gi, n., wreck dormio, 4, ivi, itum, sleep (dormant) pereo, 4, ii, iturus, perish plaustrum, i, n., cart caupo, onis, m., innkeeper mane, early subvenio, 4, veni, ventum, come to adsum, esse, fui, , be at hand the aid of bubulcus, 1, m., ploughman LIVY 29 NOTES ^ qui: take with visus est. ^ navigasset: indirect discourse dependent on moneri. ^ redisse : indirect discourse dependent on commemorantur. * ceteros : synonym of reliqui. ^ traditum est: the story is told in indirect discourse dependent on this verb. ^Arcades: Greeks. "Megaram: a town in Greece. ^ devertisse : de + verto. ^ visum esse : the principal verb in the sentence. 1° somnis : synonym of somniis. ^^ hospitio: i.e. in his friend's house. ^- quod: because. 1^ interitus: synonym of mors. ^^ dein: = deinde. ^^duxisset: had considered. 1^ sibi: for the case, consider subvenisset. i" inultam : compare ulciscor and in, as in "inconvenient." ^^ patefacta: pateo + faci5. Study the use of the pronouns in the passage, and observe to which one of the three characters in the story each refers. EXERCISE XLX Grammar: A. 346; 367; 384; 580. B. 187, l\,a\ 192, i; 314, i. G. 346; 359; 650. H. 426, i; 434, 2; 642; 643. Inflection: possum; gens; niillus ; qui. Order of words: the normal order of the sentence is: (i) subject; (2) modifiers of subject ; (3) modifiers of verb ; (4) verb. Changes in this order are due to emphasis. Prescribed list: paucos veteres ultimus caput statim corpus excedebat stlpendio convertit stationes meruit imposito redditum esse peditum statuit THE CHARACTER OF HANNIBAL AND HIS ACTIVITY IN SPAIN HannibaP post primum Punicum" belkim blandiebat patri Hamilcarl ut in Hispaniam duceretur. Dixit se hostem futurum esse populo Romano. Post paucos annos missus est Hannibal in Hispaniam. Statim omnem exercitum in se convertit. Hamilcarem iuvenem redditum esse sibi^ veteres milites crediderunt. Et im- peratori"^ et exercitui carus erat. Nullo labore aut corpus fatigari^ 30 SIGHT READING IN LATIN aut animus vinci poterat. Multi saepe humi*' eum iacentem inter stationes militum viderunt. Equitum peditumque longe primus erat. Princeps in proelium ibat/ ultimus e proelio excedebat. Trls annos sub Hasdrubale^ imperatore meruit. Ex quo die Hannibal dux declaratus est, Saguntinis^ bellum inferre statuit. In Olcadum prius finis exercitum dOxit. Cartalam, caput gentis eius, expugnavit. Minores civitates, stipendio imposito, imperium acceperunt. Victor exercitus Carthaginem Novam in hiberna deductus est. — Livy VOCABULARY blandio, 4, ivi, itus, coax carus, a, um, dear iuvenis, is, m., i.^ youth (juvenile) humus, i, m., ground credo, 3, didi, ditus, believe iaceo, 2, ui, , lie NOTES 1 Hannibal : famous leader of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war. ^Punicum: Punic. ^ ^"Hai: refers to the subject of the principal verb. ■^ imperator! : impero + tor. ^ fatigarl : English derivative ? ^ humi : locative. " Ibat : this tense expresses a customary action. ^ Hasdrubale : Hannibal's brother-in-law. ^ Saguntinis : people of Saguntum, a large city of Spain. For the case, consider inferre. The passage contains variations from the normal order of the sentence. Account for them. EXERCISE XX Grammar : A. 402 ; 506; 540; 546; 563. 13.214,2: 338,3; 286,1; 288, I, B; 295,1. G. 390, 2; 432, R.; 540; 5^5; 546,1. H. 464; 628; 588, I; 600, II, i; 565. Inflection : f ero ;_ agmen ; gravis ; hic. Order of words: the following arrangement of the parts of a predicate is common : ablative, indirect object, direct object, adverb, verb. Prescribed list: VI aquam cessisse nondum adortl quadraginta sublato orarent praeda autem priusquam tunc ripam disponit praeter sententia LIVY 31 HANNIBAL SUBDUES MANY MORE OF THE TRIBES OF SPAIN Primo vere in Vaccaeos promotum est^ bellum. Hermandica et Arbocala, eorum urbes, vi captae sunt. Arbocala et virtute et multitudine oppidanorum^ diu defensa est. Ab Hermandica profugi concitant Carpetanos et Hannibalem adorti baud procul Tago flu- mine agmen grave praeda^ turbaverunt. Hannibal proelio abstinuit, castrlsque super ripam positis, flumen vado traiecit."* Equitibus monuit ut, cum hostis ingressos'^ aquam viderent, adorirentur im- peditum agmen. In ripa elephantos, quadraginta autem erant, disponit. Hostes, quod metu^ cessisse credebant Romanos, clamore sublato, sine ullius imperio in flumen ruunt. Pars magna flumine absumpta est. Priusquam postremi a tanto timore reciperent animos, Hannibal fugam ex ripa fecit vastatisque agris intra paucos dies banc gentem quoque in deditionem accepit. Et iam omnia trans Hiberum'^ praeter Saguntinos Carthaginiensium^ erant. Cum Saguntinis bellum nondum erat. Legati a Saguntinis Romam miss! sunt. Consules tunc Romae erant Publius Cornelius Sclpio et Tiberius Sempronius Longus. Cum legati auxilium ad bellum iam imminens orarent, Saguntum oppugnari nuntiatum est. Tunc relata est de integro^ res ad senatum. Haec sententia, quae optima videbatur, vicit, legatique Saguntum ad Hannibalem miss! sunt atque inde Carthaginem, si non absisteretur^'^ bello, ad ducem ipsum deposcendum." — Livy VOCABULARY ver, veris, n., spring (vernal) ingredior, 3, gressus, enter profugus, i, m., exile credo, 3, didi, ditus, believe (credit) concito, I, a?viise ruo, 3, mi, rutus, j'ksIi baud, 710 f, not at all absumo, 3, siimpsi, sumptus, desti'oy procul, far immineo, 2, ui, , threaten (immi- turbo, I , throw into confusion nent) abstineo, 2, ui, tentus, refrain integer, gra, grviva., fresh, whole (integer) super, upoji absisto, 3, stiti, , cease 32 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 promotum est: pro + moveo. ^ oppidanorum : from oppidum and the suffix knus, de/ou^//i£- /o. ^ praeda: take with grave. ^ traiecit: deriva- tion ? A synonym of transeo. ^ ingressos : understand esse. "^ metu : syn- onym of timor. It answers the question " why " about cessisse. " Hiberum : the largest river of northeastern Spain. ^ Carthaginiensium: the suffix is ensis, belonging to. A predicate genitive showing possession. ^ de inte- gro: used adverbially. Compare de improviso. lo absisteretur: used impersonally. ^^ deposcendum : = poscendum. This was to be done in order that he might be punished for breaking the treaty. EXERCISE XXI Gm/wmar; A. 346, ^, 2 ; 370; 412; 546. B. 201,1; 187,3; 220,1; 288, I, B. G. 369; 347; 399; 585. H. 442:429; 473, 3; 600, II, I. Inflection: ag5 ; turris ; graviter (compare); is. Order of words: a genitive, unless emphatic, follows the noun which it limits. Prescribed list: dum ultra aggreditur adversus vineas succedebat delecta certamine cadebant vulneratus obsidio curaretur operum coortum est anceps expellunt redigunt THE FIERCE ATTACK ON SAGUNTUM, IN WHICH HANNIBAL IS WOUNDED Dum ea Roman! parant consultantque, iam Saguntum summa vl oppugnabatur. Civitas ea longe opulentissima ultra Hiberum fuit. Hannibal, agris vastatis, urbem aggreditur. Adversus angu- lum muri vineas agere instituit, per quas aries moenibus^ admoverl^ posset.^ Non prospered autem coeptls^ succedebant. Et turris ingens imminebat, et murus supra ceterae^ modum'^ altitudinis munitus erat, et inventus delecta, ubi plurimum perlculi ac timoris ostendebatur, ibi vi maiore obsistebat. In hoc certamine baud fere^ plures Saguntini cadebant quam Poem. Hannibal ipse adversum LIVY 33 femur tragula graviter vulneratus cecidit. Obsidio per paucos dies magis quam oppugnatio fuit,^ dum^'^ vulnus ducis curaretur. Per quod tempus ut^^ quies certaminum erat, ita" ab apparatu operum ac munitionum nihil ^ cessatum est. Itaque acrius de integro^^ coortum est bellum. Multae partes muri quassatae erant. Tres turres quantumque inter eas muri erat cum fragore ingenti prociderunt.^^ Cum diu anceps fuisset certamen, clamorem repente oppidani^'" tollunt hostemque in ruinas muri expellunt et postremo in castra redigunt. — Livy VOCABULARY opulentus, a, um, ivealihy femur, feminis, n., fJiigh urbs, urbis, f., city tragula, ae, f., dart angulus, i, m., comer apparatus, us, m., preparatio7i aries, etis, m., batteri/ig-ram cesso, i, cease ingens, ingentis, /tiige integer, gra, grum, fresh immineo, 2, ui, , overhang quasso, i , shake supra, beyond fragor, oris, m., crash iuventus, utis, f., youth repente, suddenly obsisto, 3, stiti, stitus, stand in the way NOTES 1 moenibus: synonym of murus. For the case consider admoveri. 2 admoveri : ad + moveo. ^ posset : shows the purpose of instituit. ^ prospere: English derivative? ^ coeptis : participle of coepi used as a noun. 6 ceterae: synonym of reliquus. "^ modum: //;;///. ^ haud fere: hardly. ^ fuit : it was. 1° dum : with the subjunctive, until. ^^ ut, ita : cor- relatives. 1- nihil : adverbial accusative of degree. ^-^ de integro : used adverbially. Compare deimproviso. 1* prociderunt : pro + cado. ^^ oppi- danl: from oppidum and the suffix anus, belonging to. Make a list of the phrases consisting of a noun and limiting genitive, and determine the emphatic word in each phrase. 34 SIGHT READING IN LATIN 540; 549- B. 219; 220, i; 282, l; 540; 586. H. 475: 473, 3; 568; EXERCISE XXII Grammar: A. 404 : 412; 531, i; 286, I, 2. G. 408; 399; 545, l; 588, I ; 598. Inflection : respondeo : opus ; minor : suus. Order of words: the limiting word usually precedes the word which it limits, unless the latter is emphatic. Prescribed list: nuntius vetus adorta est minuitur legatio aliquot simul paulisper inde reficerent inopia profectio ortum oppugnatio obsidio oppress! HANNIBAL FORESTALLS THE ROMAN EMBASSY AND THEN ATTACKS SAGUNTUM Interim Roma legates venisse nuntiatum est. Apparebat^ eos ab Hannibale non admissos^ protinus^ Carthaginem itijros esse. Litteras igitur"* nuntiosque ad principes factionis^ Barcinae® prae- mittit Hannibal ut praeparent suorum animos. Itaque, praeter- quam quod' admissi auditlque sunt, ea quoque vana^ legatio fuit. Hanno Onus adversus senatum causam foederis magno silentio propter auctoritatem suam non cum adsensu^ audientium egit. Responsum inde legatis Romanis est, bellum ortum ab Saguntinis, non ab Hannibale esse ; populum Romanum iniuste^*^ facere, si Saguntinos vetustissimae Carthaginiensium societati praeponat." Hannibal, quia fessos^"^ milites proelils operibusque habebat, pauco- rum iis dierum quietem dedit. Saguntini ut a proelils quietem habue- rant per aliquot dies, ita non nocte, non die umquam cessaverant ab opere, ut novum murum ab ea parte qua patef actum ^^ oppidum erat reficerent. Inde oppugnatio acrior quam ante eos adorta est. Utrimque summa vi et muniunt et pugnant ; sed interiora^"* tuendo minorem in dies^'' urbem Saguntini faciunt. Simul crescit^*^ inopia omnium longa obsidione et minuitur exspectatio externae opis, cum \ LIVY 35 tarn procul Roman!, Onica^" spes, essent. Paulisper tamen animos recreavit^'^ repentina profectio Hannibalis in Oretanos Carpetanosque, qui duo populi oppress! eius celeritate om!serunt mota anna. Pos- tremo ad ipsam arcem ductus est exercitus, atroxque proelium cum multorum utrimque caede^^ initum^'^ et pars arcis capta est. — Livy VOCABULARY , nppear (ap- appareo, 2, ui, parent) praeterquam, except foedus, eris, n.. treaty silentiutn, silenti, n., silence umquam, eve?' cesso, I, cease tueor, 2, tuitus or tutus, protect urbs, urbis, f.. city (suburban) (ops), opis, f., aid procul, far away repentinus, a, um, sudden omitto, 3, misi, missus, give up arx, arcis, f., citadel atrox, atrocis, dreadful (atrocious) NOTES lapparebat: impersonal. '-^ admissos : English derivative? ^ pro- tinus : synonym of statim. ^ igitur : synonym of itaque. ^ factionis : English derivative? ^ Barcinae: adjective. The Barca family, to which Hannibal belonged, was the most powerful in Carthage. ^ quod : the fact that. *^ vana : synonym of vacuus. ^ adsensu : ad + sentio + tus. English derivative? 10 iniuste : adverb. ^^ praeponat: prae, before. 12 fessos : = defessos. ^^' patefactum : pateo + facio. ^"^ interiora : ob- ject of tuendo. ^^ in dies : day by day. ^*' crescit : think of the meaning of augeo. Cresco is intransitive. 1^ unica : synonym of solus. i^ recre- avit : re + creo, here restore. ^^ caede : from the stem of caedo, kill. '^^ initum: understand est. Find examples in the passage for the rules on the order of words. EXERCISE XXIII Grammar: A. 483; 484, 1,2; 546; 584; 585. B. 267, 1,2; 288, i, B; 317; 270, I, ^,/^,^; 318. G. 509, I ; 510; 585; 530; 531; 654- H. 543; 544; 545, I, II ; 600, II, I ; 644. Inflection: tempto ; res; adfirmans ; suT. hospitio adimit adferd inermes aliquis binis 36 SIGHT READING IN LATIN Order of words: when a noun is modified by both an adjective and a genitive, the order often is adjective, genitive, noun, the precise arrange- ment being determined by emphasis. Prescribed list: postquam redderent lacrimae concursus mansit generis ALCO AND ALORCUS TRY TO BRING \bOUT PEACE THE SPEECH OF ALORCUS Temptata deinde per duos est exigua^ pacis spes, Alconem SaguntTnum et Alorcum Hispanum. Alco, cum ad Hannibalem noctu translsset, postquam nihil lacrimae movebant, transfuga ex oratore^ factus, apud hostem mansit, eum^ moriturum esse adfir- mans qui sub condicionibus iis de pace ageret. Postulabatur autem redderent ■* res Turdetanis,'' traditoque omni auro atque argento, egressi urbe ibi habitarent*^ ubi Poenus iussisset. Alorcus se pacis eius interpretem fore pollicetur. Erat autem tum miles Hannibalis, sed publice Saguntinis amicus. Cum concursus omnis generis" hominum esset factus, senatus Alorco datus est, cuius talis oratio fuit : "Ego pro vetusto^ hospitio, quod mihi^ vobiscum est, ad vos veni. Neque dum vestris viribus restitistis neque dum auxilia ab Romanis sperastis, pacis apud vos mentionem feci. Postquam nee ab Romanis vobis ulla est spes nee vestra vos iam aut arma aut moenia^*^ satis defendunt, pacem adfero ad vos magis necessariam quam aequam. Cuius" ita aliqua spes est, si eam, quem ad modum ut victor fert^'^ Hannibal, sic vos ut victi audietis. Urbem, quam captam fere totam habet, adimit, agros relinquit. Aurum et argentum omne publicum privatumque ad se iubet deferri. Corpora vestra, coniugum, ac liberorum vestrorum servat inviolata, si inermes cum binis vestlmentis vehtis ab Sagunto exire. Haec victor hostis imperat ; haec, quamquam sunt gravia, fortuna vestra vobis suadet. Equidem haud despero,^^ cum omnium potestas ei facta sit, aliquid ex his rebus remissurum." — Livy LIVY 37 VOCABULARY transfuga, ae, m., f., desei'ter morior, mori, mortuus, die aurum, i, n., gold argentum, i, n., silver urbs, urbis, f., city interpres, etis, m., f., messenger coniunx, ugis, m., f., husband^ wife servo, I, p7-ese7-ve vestimentum, i, n., garment suadeo, 2, suasi, suasum, advise quamquam, although equidem, indeed haud, not NOTES 1 exigua : synonym of parvus. ^ oratore : oro + tor. English derivative ? 3 eum: that i?ian. '^ redderent: understand ut. ^ Turdetanis: a tribe in southwestern Spain. '^ habitarent : think of an Enghsh derivative with a prefix. "' generis: genitive of quality. ^ vetusto : synonym of vetus. 9 mihi: dative of the possessor. Translate into English by the nominative case, and render est by the appropriate form of kave. ^*^ moenia: syno- nym of murus. ^^ cuius: its antecedent is pacem. ^-fert: offe?-s. 13 despero : de + spero. In the following phrases determine the reason for the position of each word : exigua pacis spes ; tradito omni auro ; pacis eius interpretem : con- cursus omnis generis hominum; vobis ulla est spes. EXERCISE XXIV Grammar; A. 413; 531; 537,1; 573; 574. B. 222; 282,1; 284,1; 300, I. G. 392; 543, i; 545, i; 452, 2; 467. H. 473, i; 568; 570; 649, II. Inflection: defendo ; vTs ; magis (compare); ipse. Order of words: a relative clause usually follows the clause which contains the antecedent of the relative. Prescribed list: priusquam rettulerunt peditum mari respondeo summa octingenti sescentTs aggressus consulerent centum comparatTs praeda evenit sexaginta dimicatijrum redierant sedecim maritimus 38 SIGHT READING IN LATIN THE FALL OF SAGUNTUM ALARMS THE ROMANS AND AROUSES THEM TO GREATER ACTIVITY Priusquam respdnsum^ daretur, tumultus ex arce auditur. Turris diu quassata prociderat,'^ perque ruinam eius Hannibal totis viribus aggressiis urbem momento^ capit/ signo dato ut omnes puberes interficerentur. Captum oppidum est cum ingenti praeda. Sub idem fere tempus et legati, qui redierant ab Carthagine, Romam rettulerunt omnia hostilia^ esse, et SaguntT excidium nuntiatum est ; tantaque ira in Carthaginiensis metusque*^ de summa rerum cepit, ut animi turbati timerent magis quam consulerent. Nomi- natae iam antea consulibus provinciae erant.' Cornelio^ Hispania, Sempronio Africa cum Sicilia evenit. Inter consules ita copiae divisae : Sempronio datae legiones duae et sociorum sedecim milia peditum, equites mllle octingenti, naves longae centum sexaginta. Cum his terrestribus maritimisque copiis Tiberius Sempronius in Siciliam missus est. Cornelio minus copiarum datum est, quia Lucius Manlius praetor® et ipse cum baud invalido^^ praesidio in Galliam mittebatur. Navium maxime Cornelio numerus deminutus est. Neque enim mari venturum aut ea parte belli dimicaturum hostem credebant. Datae sunt duae legiones Romanae cum suo iusto equitatu et quattuordecim milibus sociorum peditum, equitibus mille sescentis. His ita comparatis, ut omnia iusta ante bellum fierent, legates in Africam miserunt ut cognoscerent publicone^ consilio Hannibal Saguntum oppugnavisset, et, si id faterentur ac defenderent, ut indicerent populo Carthaginiensi bellum. — Livy VOCABULARY arx, arcis, f., citadel terrestris, e, of the land quasso, i, shake baud, not, by no means piiberes, urn, m., adults deminuo, 3, ui, utus, diminish ingens, ingentis, enormous credo, 3, didi, ditus, believe excidium, exci'di, n., downfall iustus, a, um, appropriate Ira, ae, f., wrath (ire) fateor, 2, fassus, acknowledge turbo, I, disturb (turbulent) indico, 3, dixi, dictus, declare LIVY 39 NOTES 1 responsum : a noun. 2 prociderat : pro + cado. '^ momento : English derivative ? * capit : historical present. ^ hostilia : hostis + ills, Z^^-- lo7igi)ig to. '^metus: synonym of timor. " erant: with nominatae. ^Cornelio: Scipio. ^ praetor: one of the chief magistrates of Rome. 10 invalids : in + validus from valeo. ^^ publicone : note the particle. This passage contains clauses of purpose and of result. Do they follow or precede the verbs on which they depend ? Which is an exception } Account for its position. EXERCISE XXV Grammar; A. 346, «:•; 419,^/; 546; 573; 574- B. 201,1, ^z; 227,1; 288, I, B; 300,1. G. 372, R. 2; 409; 585; 452,2; 467. H. 444; 489; 600, II, I ; 649, II. Inflection: volo ; pater; piiblicus ; tu. Order of words: indirect questions commonly follow^ the clause on which they depend. Prescribed list: postquam utrum auctoritate sumite mandatum erat ill re portamus iterum quaeslvisset licuerit THE EMBASSY TO CARTHAGE DOES NOT AVERT THE WAR Romanl postquam Carthaginem venerunt, cum senatus datus esset et Quintus Fabius legatus nihil quam unum quod mandatum erat quaeslvisset, tum ex Carthaginiensibus Onus: "Ego non pri- vato publicone consilio Saguntum oppugnatum sit quaerendum^ censeo, sed utrum iure an iniuria. Nostra enim haec quaestio est, quid imperator nostro aut suo fecerit arbitrio. Vobiscum una disceptatio est, licueritne per foedus fieri. Vos quod Gaius Lutatius consul- primo nobiscum foedus"^ icit, quia neque ex auctoritate patrum nee populi iussu ictum erat, negavistis vos eo teneri ; itaque aliud de integro^ foedus publico consilio ictum est. Si vos non 40 SIGHT READING IN LATIN tenent foedera vestra nisi ex auctoritate aut iussu vestro icta, ne nos quidem^ Hasdrubalis foedus, quod nobis Tnsciis^ icit,® obligare' potuit. Omittite^ SaguntI atque Hiberi mentionem facere, et quod diu parturit animus vester aliquando pariat."® Turn Romanus, sinu ex toga facto, "Hie," inquit, "vobis bellum et pacem por- tamus; utrum placet, sumite." Turn succlamatum ^^^ est, daret" utrum vellet. Et cum is, iterum sinu effuso, bellum dare dixisset, accipere se omnes responderunt. — Livy VOCABULARY censeo, 2, ui, us, be of opinion quaestio, onis, f., ijiguiry (question) arbitrium, arbi'trl, n., decisiott disceptatio, onis, f., discussion foedus, eris, n., treaty ico, 3, ici, ictus, strike^ (with foedus) make quia, because nego, I, say "-^ no^'' deny (negative) integer, gra, grum, Jres/i parturio, 4, ivi, , desire to bring forth^ meditate aliquando, at length sinus, us, m., fold (sinuous) inquam (defective verb), say placeo, 2, ui, itum, please effundo, 3, fiidi, fusus, empty NOTES 1 quaerendum : indirect discourse after censeo ; the subject is the preceding clause. "^ foedus : placed in the relative clause for emphasis. Translate with eo. ^ de integro : afresh. Compare de iniproviso. * ne . . . quidem: the emphatic word stands between. ^ insciis: in + scio. ^ icit: sub- ject refers to Hasdrubalis. "obligare: bind. 8 omittite : English deriva- tive ^ pariat: let it bring fofili, a subjunctive of exhortation. 10 11 daret : this was an imperative in the clamatum : synonym of exclamo. words of the Carthaginians. Explain the derivation of quaestio, imperator, auctoritate. A ROMAN COIN LIVY 41 EXERCISE XXVI Grammar: A. 370; 413; 580; 5S4. B. 187, III; 222; 314,1; 270, 1,^7, ^.-; 317. G. 347; 392; 650; 653; 531. H. 429; 473,1; 642; 643; 617. Inflection : proficlscor ; gladius ; omnis ; qui. Order of words: a relative pronoun often stands first in a sentence because its antecedent is in the preceding sentence. Prescribed list: servitutis praeter vigilia rlpa moram vixdum tergo dextris loqui occurreret adoriatur anceps hospitem averteret edito vicos enim HANNIBAL ON HIS MARCH TRIES TO CONCILIATE THE GAULS, BUT IS OPPOSED BY A POWERFUL TRIBE Hannibal cum magnis copiis Pyrenaeum^ transgreditur et castra ponit. Galll, quamquam Italiae^ bellum inferri audiebant, tamen quia fama^ erat Hispanos trans Pyrenaeum vi subactos esse, metu^ servitutis ad arma consternati^ conveniunt. Quod ubi Hannibal! nuntiatum est, moram magis quam bellum metuens*' oratores'^ ad eos misit, loqui se cum iis velle, et accepturum eos in castra sua ; hospitem^ enim se Galliae, non hostem venisse, nee stricturum esse gladium, si per Gallos liceret, antequam^ in Italiam venisset. Interim Publius Cornelius, dux Romanus, profectus ab urbe sexaginta longis navibus praeter oram Etruriae^° pervenit Massiliam" et castra ponit, vixdum satis credens Hannibalem superavisse Pyre- naeos montis. Quem ut de Rhodani quoque transitu^ agitare cognovit, incertus in quo loco el occurreret, trecentos equites ad exploranda omnia praemittit. Hannibal iam in Volcarum pervenerat agrum, gentis validae.^^ Ingens vis navium coacta est. Omnibus rebus satis comparatis ad traiciendum^** terrebant ex adverso hostes. Quos ut averteret Hannibal Hannonem vigilia prima noctis cum 42 SIGHT READING IN LATIN parte copiarum adverse flumine Ire iter iinlus diel iubet et tra- iecto flumine circumducere agmen ut hostis a tergo adoriatur. Poster© die profecti ex loco edito fumo significant transisse et hand procuP'' abesse. Quod ubi accepit, Hannibal navibus lintri- busque copias flumen traducit. Galli occursant in ripa, quatientes scuta super capita, vibrantes dextrls tela. Mox et^*^ ipse Hanno aderat, anceps terror circumstabat. Galli perrumpunt et in vicos suos diffugiunt.^" — Livy VOCABULARY transgredior, 3, gressus, cross linter, tris, f., s^(^ quamquam, although occurs5, i, oppose quia, because quatio, 3, , quassus, shake subigo, 3, egi, actus, coinpel super, above stringo, 3, strinxi, strictus, dt'aiu vibro, i, bra)idish (vibrate) ora, ae, f., coast mox, presently credo, 3. didi, ditus, ^^-i?//^?/^ (credible) circumsto, i, steti, — , stand gens, gentis, f., ti'ibe around ingens, ingentis, huge perrumpo, 3, rupi, ruptus, break terreo, 2, ui, itus, alarm througJi fumus, i, m., snwke (fume) NOTES 1 Pyrenaeum : the Pyrenees mountains. '^ Italiae: for the case, consider inferri, ^ fama: synonym of rumor. English derivative? ^metu: synonym of timor. ^ consternati : synonym of commoveo. ^ metuens : compare metu above. " oratores : 5r6 + tor, intercessors. The following indirect discourse depends upon the idea of saying implied in this word. 8 hospitem : contrasted with hostem. Notice the emphasis. ^ antequam : synonym of priusquam. ^^ Etruriae : northwest of Rome. ^i Massiliam : Marseilles. ^^ transitu: trans + eo + tus, <7t/ ty^. ^^ validae: derived from the verb valeo. ^^ traiciendum : trans + iacio. ^^ haud procul : by no mea7is far, i*^ et : also. ^"^ diffugiunt : dis + fugio. LIVY 43 EXERCISE XXVII Grammar: A. 208, d ; 418; 452, i; 531, 2. B. 256, 3; 226; 329; 330; 282,2. G. 208, 2; 397; 422; 630. H. 302, 6; 480; 615, I ; 590. Inflection: pono ; animal; Inferior; quis. Order of words: clauses of purpose and result commonly follow the clause on which they depend. Prescribed list: qumgentos via prope regidne trecenti quartls inde propinquo occurrunt incolunt inferior renovaverunt HANNIBAL ADVANCES TOWARD THE PASSAGE OF THE ALPS Hannibal Numidas equites quingentos ad castra Romana mlse- rat, qui cognoscerent ubi et quantae copiae essent et quid pararent. Huic alae equitum trecenti Romanorum equites occurrunt. Acriter pugnatum est. Fuga Numidarum Romanis victoriam dedit. Re ita gesta, Hannibal Italiam petere constituit. Profectus adversa rlpa Rhodani mediterranea Galliae petit, non quia rectior ad Alpis via esset, sed quia cum Romanis, priusquam in Italiam venisset, non erat in animo proelium committere. Quartis castris ad insulam pervenit. Incolunt prope Allobroges, gens iam inde nulla Gallica gente^ opibus aut fama"^ inferior. Cum iam Alpis Hannibal peteret, non recta regione^ iter instituit, sed ad laevam^ in Tricastlnos flexit. Inde Alpis pervenit. Tum ex propinquo visa montium alti- tudo nivesque caelo prope immixtae, homines intonsi et incultl, animalia inanimaque omnia rigentia gelu, terrorem renovaverunt. Hannibal consistere signa iussit. GaHis ad visenda loca praemissis, castra ponit. — Livy VOCABULARY ala, ae, f., squadron rectus, a, um, straight (rectify) mediterranea, orum, n., interior gens, gentis, f., tribe quia, because (ops)» opis, f., resources 44 SIGHT READING IN LATIN flecto, 3, flexi, flexus, turn nix, nivis, f., s?iow caelum, i, n., sky intonsus, a, um, nide incultus, a, um, wild inanimus, a, um, lifeless (inanimate) rigeo, 2, ui, , be si iff (rigid) gelu, us, n., cold (congeal) viso, 3, visi, visus, look at NOTES igente: for the case, consider inferior. ^f^nia: English derivative? regione: direction. '^ laevam: synonym of sinister. Explain the derivation of pervenit, altitQdo, inanima, praemissis. EXERCISE XXVIII Grammar: A. 346, a, 3 ; 405, N. 3 ; 424, a ; 537, N. 2. B. 201, 2 ; 216, I ; 181, 2; 284, I. G. 372; 401, R. 2; 336; 552, end. H. 442; 468, i; 417, I ; 570- Inflection: malo ; saxum ; alius; ipse. Order of words: in a phrase the emphatic word usually stands first. Prescribed list: luce inde Tnsidils undique castellls cibo experiri fronte simul pecoribus temere tergo vulneratl - aperto robore coorti HANNIBAL ATTEMPTS THE CROSSING OF THE ALPS, BUT IS ATTACKED BY THE MOUNTAINEERS Prima deinde luce castra movit. MontanI signo dato ex castelhs conveniebant. Turn vero simul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate^ locorum Poeni oppugnabantur. Equi maxime infestum agmen faciebant, qui territi trepidabant et icti forte aut vulneratl adeo consternabantur ut stragem ingentem simul hominum ac sarci- narum omnis generis''^ facerent. Stetit parumper Hannibal ac suos continuit, ne tumultum ac trepidationem^ augeret. Castellum inde, quod caput eius regionis erat, viculosque circumiectos cepit, et captivo* cibo ac pecoribus per triduum exercitum aluit. Perventum 1 LIVY 45 inde est ad alium populum. Ibi non bello aperto, sed fraude^ et Insidiis est prope circumventus. Principes castellorum oratores^ ad Poenum veniunt memorantes' amicitiam malle quam vim expe- riri Poenorum ; itaque imperata facturos esse. Hannibal nee temere credendum^ ratus,^ benigne cum respondisset, obsidibus quos dabant acceptis et commeatO quem in viam ipsi detulerant usus, nequaquam ut inter pacatos, composite ^*^ agmine, duces eorum sequitur. Primum agmen elephant! et equites erant ; ipse post cum robore peditum incedebat.^^ Ubi in angustiorem viam vene- runt, undique ex insidiis barbari a fronte, ab tergo coorti comminus eminus petunt,^ saxa ingentia in agmen devolvunt. Tunc quoque ad extremum pericull ac prope perniciem venerunt. — Livy VOCABULARY montanus, i, m., inountaineer infestus, a, um, unsafe terreo, 2, ui, itus, frighten trepido, i, be in alarm ico, 3, ici, ictus, strike forte, by chance adeo, to such a degree consterno, i, teriify strages, is, f., destruction ingens, ingentis, huge sarcinae, arum, f., packs sto, I, steti, statum, stand parumper, for a little while tumultus, us, m., uprising viculus, i, m., hamlet alo, 3, ui, tus or itus, feed malo, malle, malui, , pi'efer credo, 3, didi, ditus, believe (creed) benigne, in a kindly way nequaquam, by no means comminus, hajid to hand eminus, from a distance devolvo, 3, volvi, volutus, roll down pernicies, ei, f., ruin (pernicious) NOTES 1 iniquitate: in + aequus + tas. - generis dationem: trepido + tio. "^ captivo : captured. shows quality. ^ trepi- ^ fraude : English deriva- tive ? *^ oratores : oro + tor. " memorantes : = dicentes. ^ credendum : understand esse. The subject refers to the preceding statement. ^ ratus : participle of reor, a synonym of puto. ^'- composite : con -f pono. ^^ ince- debat : = procedebat. ^"^ petunt : attack. Select phrases from the passage and note the emphasis expressed by the arrangement of the words in each phrase. 46 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XXIX Grammar; A. 293 : 423, 2; 579; 580; 584. B. 241.1; 181. i; 313; 314, I ; 317. G. 291, R. 2; 336; 648; 650; 653. II. 497, 4; 417; 641; 642; 643; 644. Inflection: iubeo ; pedes; late (compare); quisquam. Order of words: words are arranged in clauses or sentences in the order of their importance in the mind of the writer. Prescribed list: cunctatur nono unde praeceps angustias iugum consistere mense praesidio biduum mod© constat peditibus quodam procedere HANNIBAL REACHES THE SUMMIT OF THE ALPS AND DESCENDS INTO ITALY Dum cunctatur^ Hannibal demittere^ agmen in angustias, quia^ non, ut ipse equitibus praesidio erat, ita peditibus quicquam ab tergo auxill reliqui erat, montan!^ per obliqua" occursantes, inter- ruptd medio agmine, viam insedere, noxque una Hannibal! sine equitibus atque impedimentis acta est. Nono die in iugum Alpium pervenerunt. Biduum in iugo stativa habita,^ fessisque"^ labore ac pugnando quies data est militibus. Hannibal praegressus signa in promunturio quodam, unde longe ac late prospectus erat, consistere iussis militibus Italiam ostentat et dicit eos moenia^ tum tran- scendere non Italiae modo sed etiam urbis Romanae ; Ono proelio arcem et caput Italiae in mania ac potestate ecjs habituros esse. Procedere inde agmen coepit. Omnis fere via praeceps, angusta erat, ut sustinere se a lapsu non possent. Hoc modo in Italiam perventum est, quinto mense a Carthagine Nova,^ ut quidam auc- tores sunt, quinto decimo die Alpibus superatis. Quantae copiae Hannibali^'^ fuerint, nequaquam inter auctores constat. Qui pluri- mum, centum milia peditum, viginti equitum fuisse scribunt ; qui-^-^ minimum, viginti milia peditum, sex equitum. — Livy LIVY 47 VOCABULARY occurso, I, rush against arx, arcis, f., citadel insideo, 2, sedi, sessus, occupy lapsus, us, m., slipping {xQ^^y^^o) stativa, orum, n., stationary camp auctor, oris, m., author, writer praegredior, 3, gressus, advance nequaquam, by no means . transcendo, 3, scendi, scensus, climb scribo, 3, scripsi, scriptus, write over NOTES 1 cunctatur: dum, 7ohile, is regularly followed by the present indicative. What tense is required in the translation ? ^ demittere : for the mean- ing, observe the composition. ^ quia: = quod. ^montani: m6ns + anus, pertaining to. ^" per obliqua: used adverbially. Compare de improviso. habita: supply sunt. f essis ; defessis. referring to the Alps. ^ Carthagine Nova: a city in Spain. ^^ Hanni- bal!: dative of the possessor. Translate it as the subject of the appro- priate form of the verb have. ^^ qui: understand scribunt. Explain the derivation of potestate, sustinere, auctores. EXERCISE XXX Grammar : K. '})'] \, a \ 375: 406; 412; 504. B. 189, 1,2; 217,1; 220,1; 338,1,.?. G. 354; 355; 398; 399; 428. H. 431,2; 471; 473, 3 ; 626. Inflection : f er5 ; navis ; habens ; ego. Order of words: the beginning of. the sentence is usually the place of emphasis. Prescribed list: locLitus esse occurristis quocumque statuit dextra • imposuit roboris potius maria praemia praeterea iterum urgent aestate superbissima AFTER DESCENDING THE ALPS INTO ITALY HANNIBAL ADDRESSES HIS SOLDIERS Contione inde advocata^ ita apud milites Hannibal locutus esse fertur^: "Dextra laevaque^ duo maria claudunt nullam ne ad effugium'* quidem navem nos habentis ; circa ^ Padus flumen, Padus 48 SIGHT READING IN LATIN maior ac violentior'^ Rhodaho, ab tergo Alpes urgent, vix integrls vobis transitae. Hie' vineendum^ aut moriendum, milites, est, ubi primum host! occurristis. Et eadem fortuna quae necessitatem pugnandi imposuit, ea® praemia vobis victoribus proponit quibus^° amplrora homines ne ab dels quidem immortalibus optare" solent. Hie vobis terminum laborum fortuna dedit. Pugnabitis cum exer- citu tirone, hac ipsa aestate victo a Gallls. Quocumque circumtuli oculos,^ plena omnia video animorum ac roboris, veteranum peditem, generosissimarum gentium equites, vos socios fidelissimos^^ fortis- simosque, vos, Carthaginienses, cum pro patria tum ob iram iustissimam pugnaturos. Inferimus bellum infestisque signis de- scendimus in Italiam. Accendit" praeterea et stimulat animos dolor,^^ iniuria, indignitas. Crudelissima ac superbissima gens sua^^ omnia facit. Circumscribit includitque^" nos terminis montium fluminumque quos non excedamus, neque eos quos statuit terminos observat. Duos consules huius anni, unum in Africam, alterum in Hispaniam miserunt. Nihil usquam nobis relictum est nisi quod armis vindicaverimus. Vobis necesse est fortibus viris esse et aut vincere, aut, si fortOna dubitabit, in proelio potius quam in fuga mortem oppetere.^^ Si hoc bene fixum omnibus est, iterum dicam, vicistis. Nullum acrius contemptu^^ mortis telum ad vincendum homini ab deis immortalibus datum est." — Livy VOCABULARY contio, onis, m., assembly ira, ae, f., wrath (irate) claudo, 3, clausi, clausus, shut in infestus, a, urn, hostile integer, gra, grum, fresh accendo, 3, di, accensus, kindle morior, mori, mortuus, die crudelis, e, cruel deus, i, m., god circumscribo, 3, scrips!, scriptus, soleo, 2, solitus, be accustomed confine tiro, onis, m., ixcruit-^ as adj., usquam, anywhere newly levied vindico, i, defend plenus, a, um, full (plenty) necesse (indeclinable), necessary generosus, a, um, excellent figo, 3, fixi, fixus, establish gens, gentis, f., tribe 1 NEPOS 49 NOTES 1 advocata: notice the composition. ^ fertur: is said. ^ laeva: syno- nym of sinister. ^ effugium : ex -f fugio + ium, act of. ^ circa : adverb, synonymous with circum. ^ violentior : vis + lentus, ficll of. ^ hie : adverb. *^ vincendum: understand vobis. ^ ea: subject of proponit. 1^ quibus : depends on ampliora. ^^ optare : synonym of volo. ^- oculos : Enghsh derivative '' ocuhst." ^^ fidelissimos : fides + hs, /tv:^^?//////^'- to. Compare "fidehty." i"*accendit: notice the order of the words in the sentence. i-^ dolor: doleo + or, act of . i^ gya; predicate adjective, its ozuu. 1'^ includit : in + claudo. ^^ oppetere : w^v/. i^contemptu: depends on acrius. Think of Enghsh words from maria, navem, urgent, occurristis, patria, circumscribit, vincere. EXERCISE XXXI Grammar: A. 414; 418; 504; 537, N. 2. B. 223; 226; 338, i, ^; 284, I. G. 403; 397; 428; 552, end. H. 479, i ; 480; 626; 570. Inflection: pello ; virtus; superus (compare); qui. Order of words: demonstrative pronouns and adjectives of quantity tend to precede the nouns which they modify. Prescribed list: nemo nisi pnus reddidit praestitisse velut ahenarum potentissimus congressus est sic destiterit incendit THE CHARACTER OF HANNIBAL AND HIS HATRED OF ROME Hannibal,^ Hamilcaris fiUus, Carthaginiensis. Si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, iit populus Romanus omnis gentis virtute superarit, non est infitiandum Hannibalem tanto'^ praestitisse ceteros^ impera- tores prudentia, quanto populus Romanus antecedaf* fortitudine^ cunctas^ nationes. Nam quotienscumque cum eo^ congressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod^ nisi domi civium® suo- rum invidia debilitatus esset, Romanes videtur superare potuisse. Hie autem velut hereditate relictum odium paternum erga Romanos sic conservavit ut prius^*^ animam quam id deposuerit, qui quidem, 50 SIGHT READING IN LATIN cum patria pulsus esset et alienarum opum" indigeret, numquam destiterit animo bellare cum Romanis. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quem absens^ hostem reddidit Romanis, omnium iis temporibus potentissimus rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate^^ incendit bellandi ut usque a rubro mari arma conatus sit inferre Italiae. Nepos VOCABULARY gens, gentis, f., tiibe erga, towards infitior, i, deny conserve, i, keep (conservation) quotienscumque, as often as anima, ae, f., life semper, ahvays (ops), opis, f., aid inyidia, ae, f., jealousy indigeo, 2, ui, , need (indigent) debilito, i, weaken (debility) numquam, never hereditas, atis, f., inheritance usque, all the way odium, odi, n., //<:7/;'^c/ (odious) ruber, bra, brum, red NOTES 1 Hannibal: the verb is understood. -tanto: degree of difference. ^ ceteros : synonym of reliqui. * antecedat : ante + cedo. ^ fortitudine : fortis + tudo. ^ cunctas: synonym of omnis. "^ eo: i.e. populo Romano. ^ quod: therefore. ^ clvium: civitas is formed from the stem. '^^ prius: sooner. 11 opum: depends on indigeret. i- absens: he was in Italy at the time. ^^ cupiditate : cupidus + tas. Observe the words in this passage nearly identical with English words : prudentia, fortitudine, nationes, superior, odium, paternum, omittam, absens, and others. EXERCISE XXXII Grammar: A. 415; 419, a; 573; 580, e. B. 224; 227, i; 300, i. G. 400; 409; 452, 2; 423, N. 5. H. 473, 2; 489; 649, II. Inflection: quaero ; annus; tenens ; hie. Order of words: in a phrase the emphatic word usually stands first. Prescribed list: nato fidem Instituerat debeat quaesTvit postulo iurare quin libenter simul iiisiiirandum celaris NEPOS 51 HANNIBAL'S SPEECH TO ANTIOCHUS ABOUT HIS OATH OF HATRED TO THE ROMANS Pater meus Hamilcar, puerulo^ me, utpote non amplius novem annos^ nato, in Hispaniam^ imperator proficiscens Carthagine, lovi Optimo maximo hostias immolavit. Quae divina res^ dum conficiebatur, quaesivit a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci. Id cum libenter accepissem atque ab eo petere coepissem ne dubi- taret ducere, tum ille, "Faciam," inquit,^ ''si mihi fidem quam postulo dederis." Simul me ad aram adduxit apud quam sacrificare instituerat, eamque ceteris^ remotis tenentem'^ iurare iussit num- quam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego iusiurandum patrl datum usque ad banc aetatem ita conservavi ut nemini dubium esse debeat quin reliqu5 tempore eadem mente sim futurus.^ Quare si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis, non imprudenter feceris si me celaris^; cum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum frustraberis si non me in eo principem posueris. — Nepos VOCABULARY utpote, as, inasjnuch as aetas, atis, f., ti}?ie of life hostia, ae, f., victim conserve, i, keep immolo, i, sacrifice dubius, a, um, daub f id inquam (defective verb), say mens, mentis, f., mind (mental) ara, ae, f., altar cogito, i, plan numquam, never frustror, i, disappoint usque, all the time NOTES 1 puerulo : puer + ulus, little. - annos : regularly after amplius, though the ablative is the rule after a comparative. ^ Hispaniam : Spain, where the Second Punic War started. ^ res : refers to hostias immolavit. ^ inquit : regularly inserted after one or more words of a direct quotation. ® ceteris : synonym of reliqui. '^ tenentem : understand me. ^ sim futurus : this form expresses future time in the subjunctive mood. The subjunctive is used after quin. ^ celaris : what letters are omitted ? Explain the derivation of imperator, amicitia. 52 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XXXIII Grammar: A. 370; 400; 423,1; 568. B. 187, III; 214, 2; 231; 297, I. G. 347; 390, 2; 393; 553, I. H. 429; 464; 486; 566. Inflection : eo ; equitatus ; factus ; is. Order of words: prepositional phrases usually precede the word which they limit, and are arranged according to the emphasis put on them. Prescribed list: praefuit sic nemo effecit summam comparavit nisi inermis detulit fratre praeter vix publice quacumque concidit saucium HANNIBAL'S SUCCESS WITH HOSTILE TRIBES BEFORE HE REACHES ITALY Hac igitiir^ aetate^ cum patre in Hispaniam profectus est^; cuius post obitum,^ Hasdrubale imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni prae- fuit. Hoc quoque interfecto, exercitus summam imperi ad eum detulit. Id Carthaginem delatum publice^ comprobatum est.^ Sic Hannibal minor quinque et vigintl annis' natus imperator*^ factus, proximo triennio^ omnis gentis Hispaniae bello subegit, Saguntum, foederatam^° civitatem, vi expugnavit, tris exercitus maximos com- paravit. Ex his unum in Africam misit, alterum cum Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania reliquit, tertium in Italiam secum duxit. Saltum Pyrenaeum transiit. Quacumque iter fecit, cum omnibus incohs^^ conflixit^'^; neminem nisi victum dimlsit. Ad Alpis postquam venit, quae Italiam ab Gallia seiungunt,^^ quas nemo umquam cum exercitu ante eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat, Alpicos^'* conantis prohibere transitu ^'^ concidit, loca patefecit,^*^ itinera muniit, effecit ut ea^" elephantus ornatus^^ ire posset qua antea^^ unus homo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac copias traduxit in Italiamque per- venit. Pugnaverat apud Rhodanum cum Publio Cornelio Scipione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem apud Padum"° dimicat sauciumque inde ac fugatum^^ dimittit. — Nepos NEPOS 53 VOCABULARY aetas, atis, f., time of life saltus, us, m., inonntain pass suffi-cio, 3, feci, fectus, //// /// place of umquam, e^'cr gens, gentis, f., tribe (gentile) orno, i, equip subigo, 3, egl, actus, subdue repo, 3, repsi, , creep NOTES 1 igitur: = itaque. - aetate: i. e. novemannos natus. ^ profectus est: subject refers to Hannibal. '^ obitum: synonym of mors. ^publice: i.e. by the government, in spite of his youth. ^ comprobatum est: con + probo. '' annis: for the case, consider minor. ^ imperator: in the predicate with factus. '-^ triennio: tres + annus. ^'^ foederatam: allied. 11 incolis : noun from the verb incolo. ^'- conflixit : synonym of pugn5. 1^ seiungunt: se, dis-, + iungo. ^^ Alpicos: d^oellers in the Alpx. ^'^ trans- itu : trans + eo + tus. ^*' patefecit: pateo + facio. i'' ea: understand 1^ ornatus : contrasted with inermis beh antea: opposite of postea. -^ Padum: the Po river. ^^ fugatum: routed. EXERCISE XXXIV Gram/Tjar; A. 452, I ; 509; 510; 531,^?. B. 329; 330; 340,1,2; 282, I, a. G. 422; 435; 436; 545, 2. H. 609, i; 633; 635; 568, 7. Inflection: possum; acies ; uterque ; qui. Order of words: an appositive regularly follows the noun which it limits. Prescribed list: dextro aliquot cupivit simul aeque praeterea valentior excesserant premeretur restitit congrederetur contraxit hinc iterum biduo HANNIBAL DEFEATS THE ROMANS BOTH IN ITALY AND IN AFRICA Per Ligures^ Appennmiim transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc in itinera adeo gravi morbo afficitur^ oculorum ut postea numquam dextro aeque bene iTisus sit. Qua valetudinc^ cum etiamtum 54 SIGHT READING IN LATIN premeretur lecticaque ferretur, Gaium Flaminium consulem apud Trasumenum"* cum exercitu insidiis circumventum occidit,'' neque multo post*^ Gaium Centenium praetorem cum delecta manu saltus occupantem. Hinc in Apuliam'^ pervenit. Ibi obviam ei venerunt^ duo consules, Gaius Terentius et Lucius Aemilius. Utriusque exercitus uno proelio fugavit, Paulum consulem occidit et aliquot praeterea consularis, in iis Gnaeum Servilium Geminum, qui superiore anno fuerat consul. Longum est omnia enumerare® proelia. Quamditi in Italia fuit, nemo ei in acie restitit, nemo adversus eum post Cannensem^° pugnam in campo castra posuit. Hinc invictus^^ patriam defensum^ revocatus bellum gessit adversus Publium Scipionem, filium eius Scipionis quem ipse primo apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Padum/^ tertio apud Trebiam^^ fugarat. Cum hoc, exhaustis iam patriae facultatibus, cupivit impraesentiarum bellum componere, quo valentior postea congrederetur. In collo- quium convenit^''; condiciones non convenerunt. Post id factum paucis diebus apud Zamam^*^ cum eodem conflixit^^; pulsus (incredi- bile dictu) biduo et duabus noctibus Hadrumetum pervenit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia passuum trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt^^ ei ; quos non solum effugit^^ sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Hadrumeti reliquos e fuga collegit ; novis dilectibus paucis diebus multos contraxit. — Nepos VOCABULARY adeo, so campus, i, m., Jield morbus, i, m., disease (morbid) revoco, i, I'ecall oculus, i, m., eye (ocular) exhaurio, 4, hausi, haustus, use itp numquam, never patria, ae, f., native land lectica, ae, f., litter impraesentiarum, for the present saltus, lis, m., ?nountain pass compono, 3, posui, positus, settle fugo, I, put to flight (compose) consularis, is, m., ex-constil coUigo, 3, legi, lectus, collect enumero, i, relate dilectus, iis, m., levy quamdiu, as long as NEPOS 55 NOTES 1 Ligures : a tribe in the northwestern part of Italy. - afficitur : EngHsh derivative ? ^ valetudine: valeo + tudo. It means a state of health, either good or bad, according to the context. ^ Trasumenum : a lake in Etruria. ^ occidit : did he do this in spite of premeretur and ferretur, or because of those acts ? ^ post: adverb. "^ Apuliam : in southern Italy. ^ obviam venerunt : met. '^ enumerare : English derivative .'' ^*^ Cannensem : of Cannes. Here the Romans met their v^orst defeat at the hands of Hannibal, in 216 B.C. ^^invictus: compare English "inconvenient." ^- defensum : supine with revocatus. ^"^ Padum: the Po. ^* Trebiam: a river of northern Italy. Here Hannibal defeated the Romans in 218 B.C. i^ con- venit : an agreement %vas made. ^^ Zamam : a town in northern Africa, near which Scipio finally defeated Hannibal in 202 B.C. i" conflixit: synonym of pugno. i'* insidiati sunt: deponent formed from the stem of insidiae. ^'-^ effugit : ex + fugio. EXERCISE XXXV Grammar; A. 427, I, 2, 3; 540,2; 563. B. 229, i ; 182,1; 228,1,^; 232, I ; 286, I ; 295, I. G. 391; 337; 411; 386; 541; 546. H. 491, II, 1,2,3; 588,11; 565. Inflection : flo ; miinus ; acriter ; ille. Order of words : the dependent clauses are arranged in the sentence in the order of their importance in the mind of the writer. Prescribed list : item simul susceptum creabantur frater consulto hue pari gratias rogarent rediit praebuit pacem opera bini penderetur corona THE CARTHAGINIANS MAKE PEACE WITH THE ROMANS, BUT HANNIBAL FIGHTS ON UNTIL RECALLED Cum in apparando^ acerrime esset occupatus, Carthaginienses bellum cum Romanis composuerunt. Ille nihilo'^ setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in Africa gessit itemque Mago frater eius usque ad Publium Sulpicium Gaium Aurelium^ consules. His enim magistratibus legati Carthaginienses Romam venerunt, qui senatui 56 SIGHT READING IN LATIN populoque Romano gratias agerent"^ quod cum iis pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos donarent, simulque peterent ut obsides eorum Fregellis^ essent captivique redderentur. His ex senatus consulto responsum est : munus eorum gratum accep- tumque esse ; obsides, quo loco rogarent, futuros ; captivos non remissuros, quod Hannibalem, cuius opera susceptum bellum foret, inimicissimum^ nomini Romano, etiam nunc cum imperio apud exercitum haberent'^ itemque fratrem eius Magonem. Hoc response cognito Carthaginienses Hannibalem domum et Magonem revoca- runt. Hue ut rediit, rex factus est, postquam imperator fuerat anno secundo et vicesimo ; ut^ enim Romae consules, sic^ Carthagine quotannis annul ^ bini reges creabantur. In eo magistratu pari diligentia se Hannibal praebuit ac^° fuerat in bello. Namque effecit ex novis vectigalibus non solum ut esset pecunia quae Romanis ex foedere penderetur, sed etiam superesset quae in aerario repo- VOCABULARY compono, 3, posuT, positus, settle revoco, i, recall setius, tJie less vicesimus, a, um, t^ventieth usque, all the time quotannis, yearly aureus, a, um, golden vectigal, is, n., revenue dono, I, present (donor) pecunia, ae, f., money (pecuniary) gratus, a, um, pleasing foedus, eris, n., treaty nunc, now aerarium, aerari, n., treasury NOTES 1 apparando : ad + paro. - nihilo : = nihil. For the case, consider setius. ^ Sulpicium, Aurelium: the Romans designated a year by the names of the consuls. ■^agerent: states the purpose of venerunt. ^Fregellis: Fregelhv, a city not far from Rome. ^ inimicissimum: in + amicus. '' haberent : the subject refers to the Carthaginians. ^ ut, sic : introducing ideas which are compared. ^ annul: adjective from annus. Compare the English "annual." ^^ ac: as. ^^ reponeretur: re + pon5. What is the force of the prefix in fl/>parando, praeinW, redderentur, remissiiros, susceptum, revocarunt? NEPOS 57 EXERCISE XXXVI Grammar: A. 426, i, 2, 3; 427, i, 2, 3; 530; 531, 2. B. 229, i; 182, I, 2; 228, I, a; 232, i; 282, u a. G. 390, i; 337, i; 385; 386; 411 ; 545, 2. H. 491, I, I, 2, 3, II, I, 2, 3; 568, I. Inflection: persuadeo ; navis ; bonus (compare) ; Idem. Order of words : prepositions regularly precede the words which they govern. Prescribed list: deinde prof ii git inducerentur ventis priusquam at hiic duplex ascendit postquam vela namque clam HANNIBAL FLEES FROM CARTHAGE AND TRIES TO BRING ON ANOTHER WAR Deinde Marco Claudio Liicio Furio consulibus,^ Roma legati Carthaginem veneriint. Hos Hannibal ratus sui exposcendi^ gratia missos,^ priusquam iis senatus daretur, navem ascendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum profugit. Hac re palam^ facta, Poeni navis duas, quae eum comprehenderent, si possent consequi, mlse- runt ; bona^ eius publicarunt, domum a fundamentis disiecerunt,^ ipsum exsulem iudicarunt. At Hannibal anno tertio postquam domo profugerat, Lucio Cornelio Quinto Minucio consulibus, cum quinque navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenaeorum, si forte Carthaginienses ad bellum AntiochI spe flduciaque'^ induce- rentur, cui iam persuaserat ut cum exercitibus in Italiam proficls- ceretur. Hue Magonem fratrem exclvit. Id ubi Poem resclverunt,^ Magonem eadem qua fratrem absentem affecerunt poena. IllI desperatis^ rebus cum solvissent naves ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad Antiochum pervenit. De Magonis interitu^° duplex memoria^^ prodita est; namque alii naufragio, alii a servulls ipslus interf ectum ^'-^ eum scrlptum rellquerunt. Antiochus autem panels navibus adversus Rhodiorum^'^ classem pugnavit. — Nepos 58 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY reor, 2, ratus, think excio, 4, ivi, itus, call fo?ih comprehendo, 3, hendi, hensus, poena, ae, f., punishment seize solvo, 3, solvi, solutus, loose publico, I, confiscate prodo, 3, didi, ditus, hand do%v7i fundamentum, i, n., foundation naufragium, naufra'gi, n., shipwreck exsul, ulis, m., f., exile servulus, i, m., slave forte, by chance scribo, 3, scrips!, scriptus, %urite NOTES 1 consulibus : ablative absolute. ^ exposcendi : ex + posco ; synonym of peto. ^ missos: understand esse. ^ palam: the opposite of clam, ^ bona: used as a noun. ^ disiecerunt: observe the composition. ■^ fiducia: synonym of fides. ^resclverunt: synonym of cognosco. 9 desperatis : de + spero. English derivative } ^'^ interitu : synonym of mors. 11 memoria : account. ^'^ interfectum : understand esse, and make eum the subject. ^'^ Rhodiorum: the people of Rhodes. Determine from their position whether these words are emphatic : hos, clam, Carthaginienses, poena, pervenit. EXERCISE XXXVII Grammar: A. 409, a; 549; 564; 574. B. 218, 8; 286, 2; 296, 2; 300,1. G. 405; 586; 550,2; 467. H. 477, II; 598; 567,1; 649,11. Inflection : capio ; consilium ; simulans ; quisquam. Order of words: adjectives of quantity normally precede their nouns. Prescribed list : dederetur nisi sciebat tolleret potestatem providisset exTsse quisquam conferret enim complet conciliabat callidissimus portabat deponit HANNIBAL CONCEALS HIS TREASURE Antiocho fugato, verens ne dederetur, quod^ sine dubio accidisset, SI sui fecisset potestatem,^ Cretam ad Gortynios^ venit, ut ibi, quo se conferret, consideraret. Vidit autem vir^ omnium callidissimus in magno se fore periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam NEPOS 59 Cretensium'^: magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, de qua sciebat exisse famam, Itaque capit'^ tale consilium.^ Amphoras compluris complet plumbo, summas operit auro et argento. Has praesentibus prlncipibus deponit in templo Dianae, simulans se suas fortunas illorum'^ fidel credere. His in errorem inductis,^ statuas aeneas, qiias secum portabat, omni sua pecunia complet easque in propatulo domi abicit.^*^ Gortynil templum magna cura^^ custodiunt, non tam a ceteris^ quam ab Hannibale, ne ille inscien- tibus^^ ils tolleret sua secumque duceret. Sic conservatis suis rebus Poenus, illusis Cretensibus omnibus, ad Prusiam" in Pontum per- venit. Apud quern eodem animo fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud quicquam egit quam regem armavit et exercuit adversus Romanos. Quem^^ cum videret domesticis opibus minus esse robustum, con- ciliabat ceteros reges, adiungebat bellicosas nationes. — Nepos VOCABULARY fugo, I, //// to flight simulo, i, pretend dubius, a, um, doubtful credo, 3, didi, ditus, trust (credence) avaritia, ae, f., greed (avaricious) aeneus, a, um, bronze pecunia, ae, f., money pr5patulum, i, n., open court fama, ae, f., report (famous) cust5dio, 4, ivi, itus, guard {pi'sXo^y) talis, e, such conserve, i , save amphora, ae, f., jar illudo, 3, lusi, lusus, make sport of plumbum, i, n., lead erga, towards operio, 4, ui, tus, cover exerceo, 2, ui, itus, arouse aurum, i, n., gold (ops), opis, f., means argentum, i, n., silver bellicosus, a, um, ivarlike NOTES 1 quod: refers to ne dederetur. ^ sui potestatem: a chance at him. ^ Gortynios: people of the city of Gortyna in Crete. * vir: not the sub- ject of vidit. What then is its syntax ? ^ Cretensium : compare Cartha- giniensium. ^ capit : adopts. " consilium : what follows explains this, ^illorum: refers to principibus. ^inductis: observe the composition. 10 abicit: observe the composition ; ab = de, ^^ cura: related to the verb 6o SIGHT READING IN LATIN euro. ^2 ceteris: synonym of reliqui. inscientibus : observe the com- position. Compare the English "secure" and "insecure." ^'^ Prusiam: Prusias, the king. ^^ quem: not the object of videret. Determine the force of the prefix in />rovidisset, deponit, mductis, a&icit, fldiungebat. EXERCISE XXXVIII Grammar: A. 349; 563; 564; 569, 2. B. 204, i ; 29^ 296, 2 ; ; 565; 297,2. G. 374: 546,2; 550,1,2; 553,3. H. 450; 451. 567, I ; 571, I- Inflection : fio ; domus ; facile (compare) ; suT. Order of words: the modifying phrase usually precedes the word which it modifies. Prescribed list : dum ausus est castello sensit casu recti savit muneri alieno regno iijs aedificarat prisdnus detulit hospiti circumdedissent siimpsit Tnsidils HOW THE ROMANS BROUGHT ABOUT HANNIBAL'S DEATH Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casiTi ut legati Prusiae^ Romae apud"^ Titum Quinctium Flamininum consularem cenarent, atque, ibi de Hannibale mentione facta, ex iis unus diceret eum in Prusiae regno esse. Id postero die Flamininus senatui detulit. Patres conscript!,^ qui Hannibale vivo numquam se sine insidiis futuros existimarent,^ legatos in Bithyniam miserunt, in ils Fla- mininum, qui ab rege peterent ne inimicissimum^ suum secum haberet sibique dederet. His Prusias negare ausus non est ; illud recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent quod adversus ius hospiti esset ; ipsi, si possent, comprehenderent^ ; locum ubi esset facile inventuros.'^ Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, quod ei a rege datum erat muneri,^ idque sic aedificarat ut in omnibus partibus aedifici exitus haberet, scilicet verens ne usu veniret^ quod accidit. Hue cum legati Romanorum venissent ac multitudine NEPOS 6i domum eius circumdedissent, puer ab ianua prospiciens Hannibal! dixit pluris praeter consuetudinem armatos apparere. Qui imperavit ei ut omnis foris^° aedifici circumiret ac propere^^ sibi nuntiaret num eodem modo undique obsideretur. Puer cum celeriter quid esset renuntiasset omnisque exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortulto^"^ factum,^^ sed se peti neque sibi diutius vltam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio dimitteret, memor pristi- narum virtutum, venenum, quod semper secum habere consuerat, sumpsit. — Nepos VOCABULARY consularis, is, m., ex-consul appareo, 2, ui, , appear ceno, I, di/ie num, ivhether vivus, a, urn, a/n'e obsideo, 2, sedi, sessus, beset numquam, ne7'er vita, ae, f., life nego, I, say ''no'' (negative) arbitrium, arbi'tri, n., will comprehendo, 3. hendi, hensus, i^^/^-^ memor, memoris, 7iiindful scilicet, evidently venenum, i, n., poison ianua, ae, f., door semper, always prospicio, 3, spexT, spectus, ivatch NOTES 1 Prusiae : genitive ; Prusias, king of the state in which Hannibal was then living. ^ apud : at the house of. ^ patres conscripti : a term ap- plied to the senators; conscripti, oirollcd. ^ qui . . . existimarent : gives a reason for miserunt. ^ inimicissimum : in -f amicus, greatest enemy. 6 ipsi . . . comprehenderent : indirect discourse, depending on recusavit; comprehenderent represents an imperative in the words of Prusias. "inventuros: in + venio; in, upon. "^ vavea^xl: dative showing purpose. ^ usu veniret : = accideret. ^^ foris : synonym of ianua. ^^ prepare : synonym of celeriter. ^-fortuito: synonym of casu. ^^ factum: understand esse. Think of English words from accidit, miserunt, peterent, negare, inven- tnros, prospiciens. 62 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XXXIX Grammar: A. 367; 372; 415; 546. B. 187, 11,^, (^; 224; 288, i,B. G. 346, R. I ; 400; 585. H. 426, I, 3; 473, 2; 600, II, I. Inflection : gero ; adventus ; superior ; ipse. Order of words : in the ablative absolute the emphatic word, usually the noun, stands first. ascribed list: mari occasione insulas refectae terra lacessTvit statuerunt renovare cessit paene etsi nisi nocendi amisissent statim tradere saepe classe HAMILCAR, THE CARTHAGINIAN, AGREES TO PEACE WITH THE ROMANS, BUT HOPES FOR A CHANCE TO FIGHT AGAIN Hamilcar, Hannibalis^ filius, cognomine Barca, Carthaginiensis, primo Punico bello, sed temporibus'^ extremis, admodum adules- centulus in Sicilia praeesse coepit exercitul. Cum^ ante eius adventum et mari et terra male res gererentur Carthaginiensium, ipse ubi adfuit numquam hosti cessit neque locum ^ nocendi dedit, saepeque e contrario occasione data lacessivit° semperque superior discessit. Quo facto, cum paene omnia in Sicilia Poem amisissent, ille Erycem^ sic defendit ut bellum eo loco gestum non videretur. Interim Carthaginienses classe'^ apud insulas Aegates a Gaio Lutatio, consule Romanorum, superati statuerunt beUi facere flnem, eamque rem arbitrio permiserunt Hamilcaris. Ille etsi fiagrabat bellandi cupiditate,^ tamen pad serviendum® putavit, quod patriam exhaustam sumptibus^*^ diutius calamitates beUi ferre non posse intellegebat ; sed ita ut statim mente agitaret,-^^ si paulum modo res essent refectae, bellum renovare Romanesque armis persequi ^'^ donicum aut virtute vicissent aut vict! manus dedissent. Hoc con- silio pacem conciliavit. In quo^^ tanta fuit ferocia,-''' cum Catulus NEPOS 63 negaret bellum compositurum ^'^ nisi ille^° cum suis, qui Erycem tenerent, armis relictis Sicilia decederent, ut succumbente patria ipse periturum se potius dixerit" quam cum tanto flagitio domum rediret ; non enim suae esse virtutis^*^ arma a patria accepta adversus hostis adversarils tradere. Huius^^ pertinaciae cessit Catulus. — Nepos VOCABULARY cognomen, inis, n., siwname donicum, ?/;//// admodum, mere concilio, i , bring about male, badly ferocia, ae, f., fierceness adsum, esse, fui, ^, be present nego, i , say not numquam, never compono, 3, posui, positus, b?'ing semper, always to an end arbitrium, arbi'tri, n., management succumbo, 3, cubui, , fall flagro, I, be on fire patria, ae, f., country servio, 4, ivi, itum, serve, aim at pereo, 4, ii, iturus, peiish exhaurio, 4, hausi, haustus, wearotit potius, rather sumptus, lis, m., expense flagitium, flagi'ti, n., w7'07igdoing mens, mentis, f., mind pertinacia, ae, f., obstinacy NOTES 1 Hannibalis : not the Hannibal mentioned elsewhere, who was Hamilcar's son. - temporibus : i.e. huius belli. =^ cum: concessive. ^iocum: = occasi6. ^ lacessivit: understand hostis. '^ Erycem: Eryx, a town in Sicily. " classe: states the means of superati. ^ cupiditate: cupidus + tas. serviendum: understand sibi. 1° sumptibus: states the cause of exhaustam. ^^ mente agitaret: neady equal to putaret, but has also the idea of intend. ^- persequi: composition } ^^ quo: refers to pacem con- ciliavit. ^^ ferocia: describes the subject of fuit. ^^ compositurum : understand se. ^*^ ille: i.e. Hamilcar. i''^ ut . . . dixerit: keep in mind tanta above. ^'^ virtiitis: shows possession, the thing possessed being arma . . . tradere. i-* huius : i. e. Hamilcar. 64 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XL Grammar: A. 305; 404; 540, i: 549. B. 250: 219; 286, i, 2. G. 614; 408; 540; 586. H, 396; 475; 588, I; 598. Inflection : oppugno ; imperator ; plus ; hic. Order of words: a noun depending on another noun usually stands next to it, either before or after it, according to the emphasis. escribed list: aliter perterritl amplius reddidit namque impetrarunt compulit reperiret pari prope valentissima praeterea nisi miiris restituit mores vigmti HAMILCAR FINDS CARTHAGE BESET BY ENEMIES, BUT DEFEATS THEM AND THEN SETS OUT FOR SPAIN At ille lit Carthaginem venit, multo aliter ac^ sperarat^ rem publicam se habentem^ cognovit. Namque diuturnitate^ extern! mali tantum exarsit intestinum bellum ut numquam in pari peri- culo fuerit Carthago, nisi cum deleta est. Prlmo mercennarii milites quibus adversus Romanos usi erant desciverunt, quorum numerus erat viginti milium. li totam abahenarunt Africam, ipsam Carthaginem oppugnarunt. Quibus malis adeo^ sunt Poeni per- territl ut etiam auxilia ab Romanis petierint ; eaque^ impetrarunt. Sed extreme, cum prope iam ad desperationem"^ pervenissent, Hamilcarem imperatorem fecerunt. Is non solum hostis a muris Carthaginis removit, cum amplius centum milia facta essent arma- torum, sed etiam eo^ compulit ut locorum angustiis clausi plures fame quam ferro^ interirent.^'^ Omnia oppida abalienata, in iis Uticam atque Hipponem, valentissima totius Africae, restituit patriae. Neque eo fuit contentus, sed etiam finis imperi propa- gavit,^^ tota Africa ^^ tantum otium^^ reddidit ut nullum in ea bellum vidcretur multis annis fuisse. Rebus his ex scntentia peractis fidenti animo atque Infesto Romanis, quo^'* facilius causam bellandi NEPOS 65 reperlret, effecit ut imperator cum exercitu in Hispaniam mitteretur, eoque secum duxit filium Hannibalem annorum novem. Erat praeterea cum eo adulescens illustris, formosus, Hasdrubal. Huic ille filiam suam in matrimonium dedit. De hoc ideo mentionem fecimus, quod Hamilcare occiso ille exercitui praefuit resque magnas gessit, et princeps largitione vetustos^'^ pervertit mores Carthaginiensium, eiusdemque post mortem Hannibal ab exercitu accepit imperium. — Nepos VOCABULARY diuturnitas, atis, f., length fames, is, f., hunger malum, i, n., ntisforluiie patria, ae, f., country exardesco, 3, arsi, , blase fidens, fidentis, confident forth infestus, a, um, hostile intestinus, a, um, cii'il adulescens, centis, m., youth numquam, never illustris, e, disti/iguished deleo, 2, evi, etus, destroy formosus, a, um, handsoine mercennarius, a, um, hired matrimonium, matrimonl, n., ;/m;77V?^^ desclsco, 3, scivi, , desert ideo, for this reason abalieno, i, make hostile largitio, onis, f,, lavish giving claudo, 3, clausi, clausus, Jion in perverto, 3, verti, versus, corrupt NOTES ^ac: than. ^gpgj-arat: note the shortened form. There are others in the passage. ^ se habentem: in a condition. ^ diuturnitate : states the cause of exarsit. ^ adeo: synonym of ita. ^ ea: refers to auxilia. " desperationem : de + spero + tio. ^ e5 : to such a point. ^ ferro : used for gladius. ^^ interirent: nearly equivalent here to interficerentur. 11 propagavit: synonym of augeo. ^- Africa: in is omitted with tota. ^^ otium: nearly equivalent to pax, 1^ quo: introduces a purpose clause when the clause contains a comparative. ^^ vetustos: synonym of vetus. GALLIC SWORD-LLADE 66 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XLI Grammar: A. 376; 578; 579; 580. B. 188, i; 313; 314, i; 331, I. G. 350, 2; 648; 650. H. 425, 4; 641 : 642; 643. Inflection : cogo ; classis ; vetus ; suus. Order of words : the normal order of the sentence is (i) subject, (2) modifiers of subject, (3) modifiers of verb, (4) verb. Prescribed list: ulteriorem compleverat mandatis castellTs quo adulescentis portas instituerant septem officia fide reficiebant C^SAR FINDS THAT THE CITY OF MASSILIA IS MAKING READY TO OPPOSE HIM Caesar and Pompey once had been friends. Indeed, Pompey had mar- ried Caesar's daughter Juha, and had been closely associated with him in some of his greatest undertakings. But the changing circumstances of the times and Julia's death had weakened the ties that once bound them, and they were now enemies. Caesar has just been in Rome, and through the senate has tried to bring about a reconciliation with Pompey, but in vain. Caesar ab urbe proficiscitur atque in ulteriorem Galliam pervenit. Quo cum venisset, cognoscit missum^ in Hispaniam^ a Pompeio A'^ibullium Riifum, quem paucis ante diebus Corfinio^ captum^ ipse dimiserat; profectum item Domitium^ ad occupandam Massiliam^ navibus actuariis septem, quas Igili" et in Cosano^ a privatis coactas servis, libertis, colonis suis compleverat ; praemissos etiam legates Massihensis^ domum, nobilis adulescentis, quos ab urbe discedens Pompeius erat adhortatus^*^ ne nova Caesaris oflficia veterum suo- rum^^ beneficiorum in eos memoriam expellerent. Quibus mandatis acceptis Massilienses portas Caesari^ clauserant ; Albicos, bar- baros homines, qui in eorum fide antiquitus erant montisque supra Massiliam incolebant, ad se vocaverant ; frumentum ex finitimis regionibus atque ex omnibus castellis in urbem convexerant ; armorum officlnas in urbe instituerant ; muros, portas, classem reficiebant. — De Bello Civili, I, ;^;^, 34 DE BELLO CIVILI, I 6/ VOCABULARY actuarius, a, um, sivift antiquitus, in olden times servus, i, m., sia7'e voco, i, suninion libertus, i, m., freedman conveho, 3, vexi, vectus, collect colonus, i, m., colonist officina, ae, f., nianufactoiy claudo, 3, clausi, clausus, sJiut NOTES 1 missum: understand esse. Why? - Hispaniam: Spain. ^ Corfinio: a town in central Italy. ** captum : translate by a temporal clause. 5 Domitium: an adherent of Pompey, afterwards in command of the de- fense of Massilia. ^ Massiliam : Marseilles. '^ Igili : a small island off the coast of Italy, not far from Rome. ^ Cosano: the territory belong- ing to Cosa, a town near the coast, northwest of Rome. ^ Massiliensis : Massilia + ensis, -ian. 10 adhortatus : =hortatus. ^^ suorum: refers to Pompey. ^- Caesari : dative of reference. Observe the force of the prefix in dZmiserat, /)raemissos, ejrpellerent, reficiebant. EXERCISE XLII Grammar: A. 343, c\ 452, i ; 484, o, b. B. 198, 3 ; 330; 267, 2, 3. G. 366, 2; 422; 509; 510. H. 439, 5; 615; 543; 544; 545. Inflection : augeo ; vis ; par ; is. Order of words: in a phrase the emphatic word usually stands first. Prescribed list: agit debere par iuvare initium voluntati quoque portibus oriatur utra neutrum C/ESAR TRIES TO GAIN THE SUPPORT OF THE MASSILIANS, BUT THEY DECIDE TO REMAIN NEUTRAL Evocat ad se Caesar Massilia quindecim primos.-'^ Cum his agit ne initium mferendi belli ab Massiliensibus oriatur^: debere eos Italiae totius auctoritatem sequi potius quam unlus hominis voluntati ob- temperare. Reliqua quae ad eorum sanandas mentis^ pertinere 68 SIGHT READING IN LATIN arbitrabatur^ commemorat. Cuius orationem legati domum rcfe- runt atque ex auctoritate haec Caesari renuntiant : intellegere se divisum esse^ populum Romanum in duas partis. Neque sui iudici^ neque suarum esse virium discernere utra pars iustiorem habeat causam. Principes vero esse earum partium Gnaeum Pompeium et Gaium Caesarem, patronos civitatis; quorum alter '^ agros Volcarum^ Arecomicorum et Helviorum publice iis conces- serit, alter bello victos Sallyas^ attribuerit vectigaliaque auxerit. Quare paribus eorum beneficiis^° parem se quoque voluntatem tribuere debere et neutrum eorum contra alterum iuvare aut urbe aut portibus recipere. — De Bello Civili, I, 35 VOCABULARY evoco, I, siunjnoii iudicium, iudi'ci, n., judgment potius, rather discerno, 3, crevi, cretus, decide obtempero, i, heed attribu5, 3, ui, utus, assign sano, I, heal vectigal, alls, n., revenue commemoro, i, mention NOTES iprimos: understand civis. - oriatur: states the purpose of agit. ^ eorum sanandas mentis : bringing them to their senses ; mentis is a synonym of animus. ^ arbitrabatur: synonym of puto. ^ divisum esse: depends on intellegere. ^ iudici : shows possession. " alter : Pompey. ^ Volca- rum, etc. : tribes of Gaul. '' Sallyas : a tribe dwelling not far from Massilia. Accusative plural. 10 paribus eorum beneficiis: gives a reason for parem se voluntatem tribuere debere. Observe the emphasis in the following phrases : inferendi belli, Italiae totius, iinius hominis, iustiorem causam. EXERCISE XLIII Grammar: A. 346, a, 3; 420, i ; 423, i; 503. B, 201, 2; 227, 2, <2 ; 231; 339, 1,2. G. 369; 410; 393; 427. H. 441; 489, I ; 487; 623; 626; 628. Inflection: utor ; portus ; reliquus ; qui. DE BELLO CIVILI, I 69 Order of words: a prepositional phrase usually limits a word following it. Prescribed list: summa ubique materia obsidionem administrandl portum armandas turris permittitur deducunt reficiendas vineas onerarias parum commeatus caesa est DOMITIUS REACHES MASSILIA AND MAKES PREPA- RATIONS FOR ITS DEFENSE Haec dum inter eos aguntur, Domitius^ navibus Massiliam pervenit atque ab iis"-^ receptus urbl praeficitur; summa ei bell! administrandl permittitur. Eius imperio classem quoqueversus dimittunt; onerarias navis, quas ubique possunt,^ deprehendunt atque in portum deducunt, parum clavis^ aut materia atque arma- mentls instructis ad reliquas armandas^ reficiendasque utuntur ; fru- ment! quod^ inventum est, in publicum conferunt; reliquas merces commeatusque ad obsidionem urbis, si accidat, reservant. Quibus iniuriis" permotus Caesar legiones tris Massiliam adducit ; turris vineasque ad oppugnationem urbis agere, navis longas Arelate^ numero duodecim facere instituit. Quibus effectis armatisque diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est, adductisque Massiliam, his Decimum Brutum praeficit, Gaium Trebonium legatum ad oppugnationem Massiliae relinquit. — De Bello Civili, I, 36 VOCABULARY qu5queversus, /// rT'^vj direction armamentum, i, n., equipment deprehendo, 3, hendi, hensus, catch invenio, 4, veni, ventus, come upon, suddenly find clavus, i, m., nail merx, mercis, f., ifierchandise NOTES 1 Domitius : an adherent of Pompey. - iis : refers to the Massilians. ^ possunt : understand an infinitive from deprehendunt. * clavis : answers the question "with what" about instructis, which depends on iituntur. 70 SIGHT READING IN LATIN 5 armandas, etc. : states the purpose of utuntur. *» quod: a relative limited by frumenti. " iniuriis : refers to what precedes. ^ Arelate : Arelas, a town not far from Massilia. What fact does it state about facere ? Complete from the above passage the expressions of which each of the following phrases forms a part : ab iis, in portum, in piiblicum, ad obsidionem, a qua die, ad oppugnationem. EXERCISE XLIV Grammar: A. 346, a, 3; 406; 409; 418. B. 201, 2; 217, i ; 218; 226. G. 369; 398; 401; 397. H. 441; 471; 476; 480. Inflection : terreo ; mianus ; minor ; ipse. Order of words : the antecedent of a relative is usually in the preced- ing clause, and is often the word immediately before the relative. Prescribed list : hue imponunt insulam centuriones classis praemiTs stationes miineris supra procedunt inferior ferreas DOMITIUS AND BRUTUS, CESAR'S LIEUTENANT, PREPARE FOR A NAVAL BATTLE Massilienses usi^ Luci Domiti consilio navis longas expediunt numero septendecim, quarum erant undecim tectae."^ Multa hue minora navigia addunt, ut ipsa multitOdine nostra classis terreatur. Magnum numerum sagittariorum, magnum Albicorum,^ de quibus supra demonstratum est, imponunt atque hos praemiis poliicita- tionibusque incitant. Certas sibi deposcit^ navis Domitius atque has colonis^ pastoribusque, quos secum adduxerat, complet. Sic omnibus rebus*' instructa classe, magna fiducia"^ ad nostras navis procedunt, quibus praeerat Decimus Brutus. Hae ad insulam, quae est contra Massiliam, stationes obtinebant. Erat multo Inferior numero navium Brutus ; sed electos ex omnibus legionibus fortissimos viros, antesig- nanos, centuriones, Caesar el class! attribuerat,^ qui sibi id muneris^ depoposcerant. Hi mantis ferreas atque harpagones paraverant. De Bello Civili, I, 56, 57 DE BELLO CIVILI, I 71 VOCABULARY tego, 3, texi, tectus, cover navigium, navi'gi, n., boat terreo, 2, ui, itus, frighten pollicitatio, onis, f., promise colonus, i, m., colonist pastor, oris, m., shephei'd eligo, 3, legi, lectus, select antesignanus, i, m., veteran harpago, onis, m., grappling hook NOTES 1 usi : what case depends on this word ? - tectae : decided. "^ Albi- corum : a tribe dwelling not far from Massilia. ^ deposcit : synonym of poscit. ^ colonis : answers the question " with what " about complet. 6 rebus: limits instructa. ''fiducia: synonym of fides. It answers the question "how" about procedunt. ^ attribuerat: nearly synonymous with praeficio. ^ muneris : limits id. Think of English words from numer5, minora, pastoribus, complet, electos, and observe how the English word retains the meaning of the Latin. EXERCISE XLV Grammar: A. 208, d\ 418; 504. B. 256, 3; 226; 338, i, a. G. 208, 2; 397; 428. H. 302, 6; 480; 626. Inflection : impedio ; dies ; uterque ; noster. Order of words : a dependent genitive, unless emphatic, usually follows the word which it limits. Prescribed list : portu celeritate producta aequo utrimque gubernatorum propius binis cedebant excipiebant perltis obiciebant mode quoad onerariis compellunt operam Hcebat THE NAVAL BATTLE BETWEEN THE MASSILIANS AND THE ROMANS Ita cognito hostium adventu suas navis ex portu Romanl edu- cunt, cum Massihensibus confligunt.^ Pugnatum est utrimque fortissime atque acerrime ; neque multum Albici^ nostris virtu te^ 72 SIGHT READING IN LATIN cedebant, homines asperi et montani^ et exercitati in armis^; atque hi modo digress! a Massiliensibus recentem eorum pollicitationem animis continebant,*^ pastoresque Domiti spe libertatis excitati sub oculls dominl suam probare operam studebant. Ipsi Massilienses et celeritate navium et scientia'^ gubernatorum confisi nostros eludebant impetiisque eorum non excipiebant et, quoad licebat latiore uti spatio, producta longius acie circumvenire nostros aut pluribus navibus adoriri singulas,^ si possent, contendebant ; cum propius^ erat necessario ventum, ab scientia gubernatorum atque artificiis ad virtu tem montanorum confugiebant. Nostri cum^^ minus exercitatis remigibus minusque peritis gubernatoribus utebantur, qui repente ex onerariis navibus erant producti, turn etiam tardi- tate^^ et gravitate ^-^ navium impediebantur. Itaque, dum locus comminus pugnandl daretur, aequo animo singulas binis navibus obiciebant, atque in hostium navis transcendebant/^ et, magno numero Albicorum et pastorum interfecto, partem navium depri- munt, nonnullas cum hominibus capiunt, reliquas in portum com- pellunt. Eo die naves Massiliensium, cum iis quae sunt captae, intereunt novem." — De Bello Civili, I, 57, 58 VOCABULARY asper, era, erum, 7vugh artificium, artifi'ci, n., device, trick exercito, i, train confugio, 3, fugi, ^ flee for refuge digredior, 3, gressus, depa7-t remex, igis, m., rower pollicitatio, onis, f., promise repente, suddenly pastor, oris, m., shepherd comminus, at close quarters oculus, i, m., eye deprimo, 3, pressi, pressus, sink dominus, i, m,, master intereo, 4, ii, itum, perish eludo, 3, lusi, lusus, escape NOTES 1 c5nfligunt : synonym of pugno. - AlbicI : a tribe dwelling near Mas- silia. ^ virtute: answers the question "in what respect" about cedebant. ^ montani : mons + anus, belonging to. ^ homines . . . armis: this tells why the statement neque . . . cedebant is so. ^ continebant : kept. DE BELLO CIVILI, II 73 "^ scientia : sciens (scio) + ia. ^ singulas : what word is understood ? 3 propius: it was better for the Massihans to fight without the risk of being boarded. cum : 7io/ only. 11 tarditate : tardus + tas. gravitate ; 1^ transcendebant : compare the verb ascendo 14 think of the derivation and note the prefix trans. ^^ novem: with naves. Think of English words from confligunt, cedebant, excitati, scientia, con- fisi, circumvenire, artificiis, and observe how the EngHsh word retains the meaning; of the Latin. EXERCISE XLVI Grammar: A. 382, i ; 383; 384; 506. B. 191, 2; 192, i ; 338, 3. G. 356, N. I ; 359; 432, R. H. 433; 434, 2; 628. Inflection : hortor ; porta ; certior : hic. Order of words: the beginning of the sentence is a place of emphasis. Prescribed list : aggerem aditus subsidio cursum vTneas valle appulsis magnopere turris materiam repentlnum hortatur portui exstruit deducit rursus portam classe THE ROMANS PREPARE TO STORM MASSILIA Dum haec^ in Hispania geruntur, Gaius Trebonius legatus, qui ad oppiignationem Massiliae relictus erat, duabus ex"^ partibus aggerem, vlneas, turrlscjue ad oppidum agere instituit. Una erat proxima portu! navalibusque, altera ad portam qua est aditus ex Gallia atque Hispania, ad id mare quod adiacet ad ostium RhodanT. Massilia enim fere ex tribus oppidi partibus marl alluitur ; reliqua quarta est, quae aditum habeat ab terra. Huius quoque spat! pars ea quae ad arcem pertinet, loci natura et valle altissima munita, longam et difficilem^ habet oppugnationem. Ad ea perficienda opera Gaius Trebonius magnam iumentorum atque hominum multitudinem ex omnI provincia vocat^ ; vimina materiamque com- portari iubet. Quibus comparatis rebus aggerem in altitudinem pedum octoginta exstruit. Interim LOcius Nasidius, ab Gnaeo 74 SIGHT READING IN LATIN Pompeio cum classe navium sedecim, in quibus paucae erant aeratae, Lucio Domitio Massiliensibusque subsidio missus, freto^ Siciliae imprudente atque inopinante Curione'^ pervehitur, appul- sisque Messanam ' navibus, atque inde propter repentinum terrorem principum ^ ac senatus f uga facta, navem ex navalibus eorum deducit. Hac adiuncta^ad reliquas navis cursum Massiliam versus ^*^ perficit, praemissaque clam navicula^^ Domitium Massiliensisque de suo adventu certiores facit eosque magnopere hortatur ut rursus cum Bruti^ classe additis suis auxiliis^^ confligant. De Bello Civili, II, i, 3 VOCABULARY navalia, ium, n., dockyard aeratus, a, um, bronze-co^'ered mare, is, n., sea (marine) fretum, i, n., strait adiaceo, 2, ui, , lie //-?^;' (adjacent) imprudens, imprudentis, offoie's ostium, osti, n., mouth guard alluo, 3, ui, , wash inopinans, inopinantis, not ex- arx, arcis, f., citadel peeling iumentum, i, n., beast of burden confligo, 3, flixi, flictus, contend vimen, inis, n., withe with (conflict) NOTES 1 haec : the defeat of Caesar's enemies. -ex: o)i. ^ difiicilem: compare with difficultas and with facilis. * vocat: synonym of appello. 5 freto: shows place. 6 Curione: the propraetor of Sicily. ' Messanam: the city of Messina. ^ principum : with fuga. ^ adiuncta : ad + iungo. 1*^ versus: to7uanl. This preposition follows the word which it governs. 11 navicula: navis + cula, tittle. ^'^Brntl'. the commander of Caesar's fleet. 13 additis . . . auxilils : states a reason for confligant. s^e DE BELLO CIVILI, II 75 EXERCISE XLVII Grammar: A. 349, a- 452, i ; 506; 563. B. 204, i ; 330; 338, 3; 295, I. G. 374; 422; 432, R.; 546. H. 450; 451; 628; 565. Inflection : contendo ; tempus ; superus (compare). Order of words: an emphatic genitive depending on an adjective is usually placed before it. ^.scribed list: refecerat defuit gubernatorum iniectis remanserat paulo nacti classe proiecti paulatim ferreis profugit BRUTUS, AT THE HEAD OF THE ROMAN FLEET, ENGAGES BATTLE WITH THE SHIPS OF THE MASSILIANS Eodem^ Brutus contendit aucto navium numero. Nam ad eas quae factae erant Arelate'^ per Caesarem captivae Massiliensium accesserant sex. Has superioribus diebus refecerat atque omnibus rebus Instruxerat. Itaque suos cohortatus, quos^ integros supera- vissent, ut victos contemnerent, plenus spei bonae atque animi adversus eos proficiscitur. Facile erat ex castris Gai Treboni atque omnibus superioribus locis prospicere in urbem, ut^ omnis iuventus, quae in oppido remanserat, omnesque superioris aetatis cum liberis atque uxoribus publicisque custodiis aut ex muro ad caelum manus tenderent,^ aut templa deorum immortalium adirent et ante simulacra proiecti victoriam ab his exposcerent.® Commisso proelio Massiliensibus' res nulla ad virtutem defuit ; sed memores^ eorum praeceptorum quae paulo ante ab suls acceperant, hoc^ animo decer- tabant ut nullum aliud tempus ad conandum habituri viderentur. Diductisque^° nostris paulatim navibus et artificio gubernatorum et mobilitati navium locus dabatur, et si quando" nostri facultatem nacti ferreis manibus^"-^ iniectis navem religaverant, undique suls laborantibus^^ succurrebant. Ex Massiliensium classe quinque sunt depressae, quattuor captae, una cum Nasidianis profugit. De Bello Civili, II, 5, 6, 7 76 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY integer, gra, %iMm, fresh custodia, ae, f., ^//«/r/ (custody) contemno, 3, tempsi, temptus, de- caelum, i, n., sky spise deus, i, m., god plenus, a, um, ///// (plenty) simulacrum, i, n., image prospicio, 3, spexi, spectus, look praeceptum, i, n., order forth artificium, artifi'ci, n., skill inventus. Mis, f., youth (juvenile) mobilitas, atis, f., nw7>iiig aetas, atis, f., age religo, i, grapple uxor, oris, f., wife succurro, 3, curri,cursum, rush to help NOTES 1 eodem: i.e. to Taurois, a fortress of the Massilians. '^ kx^XlXQ'. Arelas, a town near Massilia. ^ quos : understand eos as the antecedent, with which victos agrees. ^ ut: lio-d'. ^ tenderent: think of the com- pound extenderent. ^ exposcerent : synonym of posco. "' Massiliensibus : depends on defuit. Smemores: adjective. Think of memoria. ^^oc: such. ^*^ diductis : di, apaji, + duco. ^ quando : at any time. ^- mani- bus: prongs, i.e. like hooked fingers. ^^ laborantibus: translate by a clause. Observe the force of the prefix in refecerat, remanserat, adirent, proiecW, deinit, acceperant. EXERCISE XLVIII Grammar; A. 382, I ; 504; 558; 563. B. 191,2; 338,1; 295,1,3. G. 356; 428; 555,1; 546. H. 433; 626; 595,2; 565. Inflection : fero ; opus ; nijllus. Order of words : a complementary infinitive usually precedes the verb on which it depends. Prescribed list : legionariTs humilem moram docent administrabant hinc quominus praedae crebris saxa nutum generis eruptionibus infima vestigio pronuntiantur turrim i DE BELLO CIVILI, II 77 THE ROMANS BUILD A TOWER AND UNDERMINE A TURRET OF THE MASSILIANS, WHO PLEAD FOR MERCY Massilienses nihilo^ setius"'^ ad defensionem'^ urbis reliqua appa- rare^ coeperunt. Est animadversum ab legionariis qui dextram partem operis administrabant, ex crebrls hostium eruptionibus, magno sibi esse praesidio posse si ibi pro castello ac receptaculo turrim ex latere sub muro fecissent. Quam primo ad repentinos incursus humilem parvamque fecerunt. Hue se referebant ; hinc, si qua maior oppresserat vis, propugnabant'^ ; hinc ad repellendum et prosequendum hostem procurrebant. Postea vero, ut*^ est rerum omnium magister usus/ inventum est^ magno esse usul posse si haec esset in altitudinem turris elata.^ Id perfectum est. Ex ea turri musculum pedes sexaginta longum ad hostium turrim mu- rumque facere mstituerunt. Hoc opus omne tectum vinels ad turrim hostium admovent, ut aedificio iungatur. Quo malo per- territi subito oppidani^*^ saxa in musculum devolvunt. Interim sub musculo milites infima saxa turris hostium convellunt, Non datur libera muri defendendi facultas. Compluribus lapidibus turri sub- ductis repentlna ruina pars eius turris concidit, cum hostes urbis direptione perterriti inermes ad legates atque exercitum supplices mantis tendunt. Qua nova re oblata^^ omnis administratio^'^ belli consistit militesque aversi a proelio ad studium audiendi et cog- noscendl f eruntur. Ubi hostes ad legates exercitumque pervenerunt, universi se ad pedes proiciunt ; orant ut adventus Caesaris exspec- tetur. Captam^^ suam urbem videre^'*; opera perfecta, turrim subrutam ; itaque ab defensione desistere. Nullam exorlri ^^ moram posse quominus,-^*^ cum venisset, si imperata^'^ non facerent ad nutum, e vestigio diriperentur.^^ Docent, si omnino turris conci- disset, non posse milites contineri quin spe praedae in urbem irrumperent urbemque delerent. Haec atque eiusdem generis com- plura, ut ab hominibus doctis/^ magna cum misericordia fletuque^° pronuntiantur. — De Bello Civili, II, 8, 10, 12 78 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY receptaculum, i, n., place of refuge convello, 3, velli, vulsus, loosen later, eris, m., brick concido, 3, cidi, , collapse incursus, us, m., onset direptio, onis, f., pillage procurro, 3, curri, cursum, run forth tendo, 3, tetendi, tentus, extend magister, tri, m., master, teacher subruo, 3, rui, rutus, undermine vaSx^zvXvi^^l^v^., covered passageway urbs, urbis, f., city teg5, 3, texi, \.%z\^xs, protect irrumpo, 3, rupi,ruptus,/^//n/ /;//<:? vinea, ae, f., shed dele5, 2, levi, letus, destroy devolve, 3, volvi, volutus, roll down misericordia, ae, f., wretchedness NOTES 1 nihilo: = nihil. ^ setius : = minus. ^ defensionem : defendo + tio. ■* apparare : ad -f paro. ^ propugnabant : observe the prefix. ^ ut : as. ■^ Qsus: expei-ience. ^'^ inventum est: in, ///^v/, + venio. English deriva- tive ? ® elata esset: ex + fero. ^*^ oppidani : oppidum + anus, belonging to. 11 oblata: fromoffero. English derivative ? ^'^ administratis: administro + tio. 1^ captam : indirect discourse depending on videre. ^^ videre : indirect dis- course depending on the idea of saying implied in orant. ^^ exoriri : syn- onym of orior. i^ quominus : so that . . . tiot. ^" imperata: neuter parti- ciple of impero, used as a noun. 1^ diriperentur: the same root is found in the noun direptio. ^^ doctis : learned, ironical with ut. -° fletii : a verbal noun from fleo. EXERCISE XLIX Grammar: A. .\\o\ 531; 546; 558. B. 218, i; 282,1; 288, i,B; 295,3. G. 407; 545, «,3; S^S\ 555,1- H. 477; 568; 600, II, i; 595, 2. Inflection : possum ; turris ; quidam ; aegre (compare). Order of words: the adverb is usually placed immediately before the word which it modifies. zscnbed list: dedCicunt at vento nacti oppugnatione occasionem sagittis aggerem genera aliquot fugientis eruptione remittunt portls tempcstatis reficere DE BELLO CIVILI, II 79 THE MASSILIANS DISREGARD THE TRUCE AND SET FIRE TO THE SIEGEWORKS OF THE ROMANS Quibus rebus ^ commot! legati milites ex opere deducunt, op- pugnatione desistunt ; operibus custodias relinquunt. Indiitiarum quodam genere misericordia"^ facto adventus Caesaris exspectatur. Nullum ex muro, nullum a nostris mittitur telum ; ut^ re confecta, omnes curam et diligentiam remittunt. Caesar enim per litteras Trebonio magno opere "^mandaverat ne per vim oppidum expugnari pateretur, ne gravius permoti milites et defectionis odio et con- temptione sui^ et diutino'^ labore omnis puberes interficerent ; quod'^ se facturos minabantur, aegreque tunc sunt retenti quin oppidum irrumperent, graviterque eam rem tulerunt, quod stetisse per Tre- bonium quominus oppido potirentur videbatur. At hostes sine fide tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerunt, interiec- tlsque^ aliquot diebus, subito meridiano tempore, cum alius disces- sisset, alius ex diutino labore in ipsis operibus quieti se dedisset,arma vero omnia reposita^ contectaque essent, portis foras erumpunt,^*^ secundo magnoque vento ignem operibus inferunt. Nostrl repentlna fortuna permoti arma quae possunt arripiunt ; alii ex castris sese incitant. Fit in hostis impetus eorum, sed de muro sagittis tormen- tisque fugientis persequi^^ prohibentur. Ita multorum mensium labor hostium perfidia et vl tempestatis puncto temporis interiit. Temptaverunt hoc idem Massilienses postero die. Eandem nacti ternpestatem maiore cum fiducia^ ad alteram turrim aggeremque eruptione pugnaverunt multumque ignem intulerunt. Sed ut superi- oris temporis contentionem^^ nostri omnem remiserant,^"* ita proximi diei casu admoniti^^ omnia ad defensionem paraverant. Itaque multis interfectis reliquos infecta^'^ re in oppidum reppulerunt. Trebonius autem ea quae sunt amissa multo maiore militum studio administrare et reficere instituit. Nam ubi tantos suos labores cecidisse viderunt, aggerem novi generis aequa fere altitudine fece- runt. Celeriter res administratur. Portae eruptionis causa in muro relinquuntur. — De Bello Civili, II, 13, 14, 15 8o SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY custodia, ae, i.^ gua?'d dolus, i, m., fiickeiy indutiae, arum, f., t7-iice meridianus, a, um, of midday misericordia, ae, i., pity contego, 3, texi, tectus, cover cura, ae, f., care foras, forth defectio, onis, f., revolt arripio, 3, ripui, reptus, seize odium, odi, n., strong dislike tormentum, i, n., hurling 7nachine puberes, um, m., adults perfidia, ae, f., treachery minor, i, threaten punctum, i, n., moment irrumpo, 3, riipi, ruptus, break into intereo, 4, ii, itum, perish sto, I , steti, statum, stand, (with per) stand to one's account NOTES 1 quibus rebus : the fall of a great tower which the Massilians had erected. 2 misericordia: states the cause of facto. ^ ut: as. "* magno opera: has the force of an adverb. ^ sui : shoion to them. To whom does sui refer? *^ diutino : diu + tinus, a time suffix. " quod : refers to the preceding clause. ^ interiectis : observe the composition. ^ j-gposita: observe the composition. ^'^ erumpunt: compare with irrumpo. ^^ persequi : observe the composition. ^^ fiducia: synonym of fides. ^'^ conten- tionem : English derivative ? ^^ remiserant : had given up. ^^ admoniti : composition? ^^infecta: composition? Observe the position of the adverbs in the passage, and determine the reason for the exceptions to the rule stated above. EXERCISE L Grammar: A. 382, i ; 414; 489: 496. B. 191, i ; 223; 336,1; 337,2,.?,/: G. 356; 403; 2S2; 665; 666. H. 433 ; 479' 3 ; 460; 638,1. Inflection : trado ; auxilium ; gravis ; ipse. Order of words: adjectives of quantity usually precede the nouns which they modify. Prescribed list: defessT eruptionibus familiaribus portum bis victiis conscenderat ancoris crebris dedere nactus , conspectii DE BELLO CIVILI, II 8 1 THE MASSILIANS, BESET BY MISFORTUNE, SURRENDER Massilienses omnibus defessi malls, rei frumentariae ad summam inopiam adducti, bis navali^ proelio superati, crebris eruptionibus fusi, gravi etiam pestilentia'^ confllctati ex diutina^ conclusione et mutatione victus (panico enim vetere atque hordeo corrupto omnes alebantur, quod ad huius modi casus"* antiquitus ''' paratum in pub- licum'' contulerant), deiecta turri, labefacta magna parte muri, auxilils provinciarum et exercituum desperatis,' quos in Caesaris potestatem venisse cognoverant, sese dedere sine fraude con- stituunt. Sed paucis ante^ diebus Lucius Domitius cognita Massili- ensium voluntate, navibus tribus comparatis, ex quibus duas familiaribus suis attribuerat, unam ipse conscenderat, nactus tur- bidam tempestatem profectus est. Hunc conspicatae naves, quae missu^ Briiti consuetudine cotidiana ad^'^ portum excubabant, sub- latls ancoris, sequi coeperunt. Ex his unum ipsius navigium^^ con- tendit et fugere perseveravit ^"^ auxilioque tempestatis ex conspectu abiit,^^ duo perterrita^'* concursu nostrarum navium sese in portum receperunt. Massilienses arma tormentaque ex oppido, ut est im- peratum, proferunt, navis ex portii navalibusque educunt, pecuniam ex publico tradunt. Quibus rebus confectis, Caesar, magis eos pro nomine et vetustate^'^ quam pro meritis in se civitatis conservans, duas ibi legiones praesidio^*' reliquit. — De Bello Civili, II, 22 VOCABULARY malum, i, n., evil fraus, fraudis, f., deception fundo, 3, fudi, fusus, rout attribuo, 3, ui, utus, assign conflictatus, a, um, tormented turbidus, a, um, boisterous conclusio, onis, f., blockade tempestas, atis, f., lueather mutatio, onis, f., change excubo, i, keep watch panicum, i, n., millet tormentum, 1, n., hurling machine hordeum, i, n., barley navalia, ium, n., dockyard corruptus, a, um, damaged pecunia, ae, f., money alo, 3. ui, tus, feed conservo, i, save labefactus, a, um, shaken 82 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 navali : navis + alis, belonging to. " pestilentia : English derivative ? ^diutina: diu + tinus, a time suffix. "* casus: chances. '' antiquitus: adverb from antiquus, synonym of vetus. ^ in ^vCcMzwra.'. fo7- public nse. "' desperatis : de + spero. English derivative ? ^ ante : adverb. ^ missu : verbal noun from mitto. ^" ad : near. " navigium : synonym of navis. ^^ perseveravit : English derivative .'' ^^ abiit : composition .'' ^^ perter- rita: navigia is understood. ^^ vetustate: vetus + tas. ^^ praesidio: states what the legiones were for. Determine which of the participles in the passage denote time and which denote cause. EXERCISE LI Grammar: A. 504, /; ; 540 ; 549. B. 338, i,c- 286, 1,2. G. 428, 2 ; 540; 586. H. 475, 2: 588,1; 598. Inflection: volo ; equitatus ; ipse. Order of words: an adjective usually is placed immediately before or after the word which it modifies, unless a limiting word or phrase intervenes. GALEA LS STATIONED IN THE ALPS TO KEEP THE ROADS OPEN Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Servium Galbam cum legione duodecima et parte equitatus in Nantuatls,-^ Veragros, Sedunosque misit, qui a finibus Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano ad summas Alpis pertinent. Causa mittendl fuit quod^ iter^ per Alpis, quo magno cum periculo magnisque cum portoriis mercatores ire consuerant, patefieri volebat. Huic^ per- misit, SI opus esse arbitraretur, uti in his locis legionem hiemandi causa coUocaret. Galba secundis aliquot^ proeliis factis castellisque compluribus eorum expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatls obsidibusque datis et pace facta, constituit cohortis duas in Nantua- tibus collocare et*^ ipse cum reliquis eius legionis cohortibus in vico Veragrorum, qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus DE BELLO GALLICO, III 83 in valle, non magna adiecta planitie, altissimis montibiis undique continetur. Cum hic in duas partis flumine divideretur,' alteram partem eius vici Gallis concessit, alteram vacuam^ ab his relictam cohortibus attribuit, Eiim locum vallo fossaque munivit. De Bello Gallico, III, i VOCABULARY duodecimus, a, um, twelfth adici5, 3, ieci, iectus, lie near to quo, whither planities, ei, f., plain portoria, orum, n., custivns duties vacuus, a, um, empty (vacuum) patefacio, 3. feci, f actus, throw open attribuo, 3, ui, utus, assign arbitror, i, ///////' NOTES 1 Nantuatis, etc. : for the location of these tribes, consult the map. "quod, etc.: this clause explains causa. ^ iter: the voice of patefieri shows that iter must be subject. ^ huic: refers to Galba. ^ aliquot: indeclinable. '^ collocare et : what word does et connect with collocare ? '^ cum . . . divideretur: states the reason for concessit and attribuit. ^ vacuam: predicate adjective with relictam. Observe the position of the adjectives in the passage with reference to the words which they modify. EXERCISE LII Grammar; A. 569, 2; 579; 5S0. B. 297, 2 ; 313 ; 314, r. G. 553, 3; 648; 650. H. 571,1; 641; 642: 643. Inflection: eo ; dies; omnis. Order of words: a preposition regularly precedes the word which it governs. THE MOUNTAIN TRIBES RENEW THE WAR AND OVERPOWER THE ROMAN SOLDIERS Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent frumentumque^ eo comportari iussisset, subito per exploratores certior factus est ex ea parte vici quam Gallis concesserat omnis noctu'"^ discessisse, 84 SIGHT READING IN LATIN montisque^ qui impenderent a maxima multitudine Sedunorum et Veragrorum teneri. Id aliquot de causis acciderat, ut subito Galli belli renovandi legionisque opprimendae consilium caperent : pri- mum, quod'* legionem, neque eam'' plenissimam detractis cohorti- bus duabus et compluribus singillatim qui commeatus petendi causa miss! erant absentibus, propter paucitatem*^ despiciebant ; tum etiam, quod propter iniquitatem^ loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in vallem decurrerent et tela conicerent, ne primum quidem impe- tum suum posse sustineri^ exTstimabant. Accedebat quod suos ab se liberos abstractos obsidum nomine^ dolebant,^° et Romanos non solum itinerum causa sed etiam perpetuae possessionis" culmina Alpium occupare conari et ea loca finitimae provinciae ^"^ adiungere sibi persuasum habebant.^^ — De Bello Gallico, III, 2 VOCABULARY eo, thither abstraho, 3, traxi, tractus, dj'aw impendeo, 2, , , overhang away f7'07n plenus, a, um, /}/// culmen, inis, n., summit singillatim, one at a time NOTES 1 frumentum: the voice of comportari shows that this cannot be its object. 2 noctu: = nocte. ^ montis: for the syntax, observe the voice of teneri. * quod, etc. : a clause which explains causis. How many other reasons does Caesar give ? ^ earn: refers to legionem. ^ paucitatem: pauci + tas. "' iniquitatem : in + aequus + tas. ^ sustineri : complementary infinitive. 9 nomine: n)ider the name. ^*^ dolebant : an indirect statement depends on it. 11 possessionis : understand causa. ^- provinciae: for the case, consider adiungere. ^^ sibi persuasum habebant: zoere persuaded. Think of English words from factus, concesserat, impenderent, acciderat, renovandi, despiciebant, culmina, adiungere, and observe how the English word retains the meaning of the Latin. DE BELLO GALLICO, III 85 EXERCISE LIII Grammar: A. 346, a, 3 ; 409, a ; 420, r, 2 ; 454. B. 201, 2 ; 218, 8 ; 227, 2,.?,./; 330. G. 369; 405; 410; 422,4. H. 442; 477, II; 489, r; 615, I, Inflection : possum ; salCis ; celeriter (compare). Order of words: a dependent genitive, unless emphatic, normally follows the noun which it limits. A COUNCIL IS CALLED TO CONSIDER WAYS OF MEETING TME IMPENDING DANGER His nijntiTs acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hibernorum munl- tionesque plene essent perfectae neque de frumento reliquoque commeatu satis esset provisum,^ quod^ deditione facta obsidi- busque acceptis nihil de bello timendum^ existimaverat, consilio celeriter convocato sententias exquirere'* coepit. Quo in consilio, cum tantum repentini pericull praeter opinionem accidisset, ac iam omnia fere superiora loca multitiadine armatorum completa'" conspicerentur, neque subsidio venlri*^ neque commeatus suppor- tari'^ interclusis itineribus possent, prope iam desperata^ salute non nullae eius modl^ sententiae dicebantur, ut impedimentis relictis, eruptione facta, isdem itineribus quibus eo pervenissent ad salutem contenderent.^^ Maiorl tamen parti ^^ placuit^-^ hoc reservato ad extremum casum consilio interim re! eventum experiri et castra defendere. — De Bello Gallico, III, 3 VOCABULARY plene, />///j/ placeo, 2, ui, Hum, p /ease eo, tJiitJier NOTES ^ esset provisum: impersonal. ^ quod; conjunction. ^timendum: what is understood ? Consider the finite verb of the clause. ^ exquirere : ex 4- quaero. ^ completa: predicate adjective. ^veniri: understand 86 SIGHT READING IN LATIN posset, used impersonally. " supportari: sub, /// i't», + porto. ^ despe- rata: composition? ^modi: descriptive genitive. ^*^ contenderent: states the purpose of sententiae dicebantur. i^ parti: for the case, con- sider the verb, i^piacuit: impersonal. Find the phrases in the passage which contain a genitive, observe in each case the position of the genitive, and determine the reason for the position. EXERCISE LIV Grammar; A. 400; 401 ; 418 ; 463. B. 214, i, ^ ; 226 ; 335. G. 405 ; 397; 647. H. 462; 480; 610. Inflection: do; brevis ; suT. Order of words: an adverb normally is placed before the word which it limits. OUR MEN, ATTACKED BY THE ENEMY, ARE AT A DISADVANTAGE BECAUSE OF THEIR SMALL NUMBERS Brevi spatio interiecto, vix ut iis rebus ^ quas constituissent col- locandis atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ex omnibus partibus signo dato decurrere,^ lapides gaesaque in vallum conicere. Nostri primo integris viribus fortiter propugnare neque ullum frustra telum ex loco superiore mittere, et quaecumque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus'^ premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre ; sed hoc^ superari, quod^ diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessi proelio excedebant, alii integris viribus succedebant, — quarum rerum a nostris propter paucitatem '^' fieri nihil poterat, ac non modo defesso" ex pugna excedendl sed ne saucio quidem eius loci ubi constiterat relinquendi ac sui^ recipiendl facultas dabatur. De Bello Gallico, III, 4 VOCABULARY intericio, 3, ieci, iectus, intervene defensor, oris, m., defender gaesum, i, n., javelin diuturnitas, atis, f., long dtiratioji integer, gra, grum, fresh DE BELLO GALLICO, III 8/ NOTES 1 rebus : for the case, consider the verb of the clause. ^ (jgcurrere : historical infinitive, used in Hvely narrative instead of the indicative. The passage contains several other examples of this use of the infinitive. 3 defensoribus : with nudata. ^ hoc: ablative of respect. • ^ quod: con- junction. 6 paucitatem: pauci + tas. 'defesso: understand hominl. Take with dabatur. ^ sui : refers to saucio. Think of English words from brevi, tempus, omnibus, integris, frustra, superiore, succedebant, poterat, and observe how the Latin word helps to make plain the meaning of the English derivative. EXERCISE LV Grammar: A. 282; 345; 563. B. 169, i ; 203, i ; 295, i. G. 320; 365 ; 546. H. 393 ; 440, 3 ; 565. Inflection: facio ; vis; certior. Order of words : a common arrangement of the parts of the predicate, unless modified by the general rule of emphasis, is : indirect object, direct object, adverb, verb. THE ROMANS DECIDE THAT IN A SALLY LIES THEIR ONLY HOPE OF RELIEF Cum iam amplius horis^ sex continenter pugnaretur^ ac non solum vires sed etiam tela nostros deficerent, atque hostes acrius instarent languidioribusque^ nostrls vallum scindere et fossas com- plere coepissent, resque esset iam ad extremum perducta'^ casum, Publius Sextius Baculus, primi pill centurio, quem Nervico proelio compluribus confectum'' vulneribus diximus, et item Gaius Volu- senus, tribunus militum, vir et consili magni et virtutis, ad Galbam accurrunt atque unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione facta extremum auxilium experirentur. Itaque convocatis centurionibus celeriter milites certiores facit*' paulisper intermitterent proelium ac tantummodo tela missa exciperent seque ex labore reficerent, post^ dato signo ex castris erumperent atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent. — De Bello Gallico, III, 5 88 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY languidus, a, um, weaiy accurro, 3. curri, cursum, ;//;/ to scindo, 3, scidi, scissus, erumpo, 3, rupi, ruptus, burst split forth (eruption) NOTES 1 horis: ablative with amplius. - pugnaretur, etc. : these verbs are in the subjunctive because the clauses describe the circumstances that go to make up the critical condition in which Galba finds himself. ^ languidio- ribus: a part of the ablative absolute. * perducta: with esset. ^ con- fectum : what is understood ? ^ certiores facit : equivalent to a verb of commanding, the commands being expressed in the following subjunctives. ' post: adverb. Select words in the passage which seem emphatic, and determine the reason for considering them so. EXERCISE LVI Grammar: A. 370; 419; 423, i; 540. B. 187, III; 227; 230; 286, I. G. 347; 409; 393; 540- H. 429; 489; 486; 588,1. Inflection: fio ; alius. Order of words : a demonstrative pronoun usually precedes the word w^hich it modifies. THE ROMANS BY A SALLY ROUT THE ENEMY AND RETURN TO THE PROVINCE Quod^ iuss! sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus portis eruptione facta neque cognoscendi quid fieret neque sui^ colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt. Ita commutata fortuna eos qui in spem potiundorum castrorum venerant undique circumventos^ interfi- ciunt, et ex hominum milibus amplius trlginta, quem numerum^ barbarorum ad castra venisse constabat, plus tertia parte interfecta reliquos perterritos in fugam coniciunt ac ne in locis quidem supe- rioribus consistere patiuntur. Sic omnibus hostium copiis fusis armisque^ exutis se intra munitiones suas recipiunt. Quo proelio facto, quod^ saepius fortunam temptare Galba nolebat, atque alio'^ DE BELLO GALLICO, III 89 se in hiberna consilio venisse meminerat, aliis occurrisse rebus viderat, maxime frumentl commeatusque inopia^ permotus postero die omnibus eius vici'^ aedificiis incensis in provinciam revert! contendit, ac nullo hoste prohibente aut iter demorante^° inco- lumem legionem in Nantuatis, inde in Allobroges perduxit ibique hiemavit. — De Bello Gallico, III, 6 VOCABULARY colligd,$,legl,lectus, ga^/ier to£-et/ier fundo, 3, fudi, fusus, ro7i^ (collection) exuo, 3, ui, utus, str/p commuto, i , chatige (commute) memini, isse (defective), I'emeinber NOTES 1 quod : pronoun ; understand facere. ^ sui : refers to hostibus. ^ circumventos : translate as if it were a finite verb with the same form as interficiunt. ^ numerum: subject of venisse. ^ armis: ablative of sep- aration, ^quod: conjunction. "alio: note the emphasis. *^ inopia: states the cause of permotus. ^ vici: a genitive often stands between an adjective and its noun. ^° demorante : synonym of moror. EXERCISE LVII Grammar: A. 345, a\ 419, a\ 423, 1,2. B. 203, i ; 227, i ; 230; 181,1. G. 365; 409; 393; 336. H. 440, 3; 489; 486; 417. Inflection : coepT ; opus ; exterus (compare). Order of words: the limiting word or phrase, unless unemphatic, pre- cedes the word which it limits. The Veneti, a tribe occupying the seacoast northwest of the River Loire, form a union to resist the Romans. They have a strong navy and Hve in a section hard to invade. Caesar understands the seriousness of the danger and orders a large fleet of war vessels to be built and equipped. TPIE LOCATION OF THE TOWNS OF THE VENETI AND THEIR MEANS OF DEFENSE Erant eius mod! fere situs oppidorum ut posita^ in extremis lingulis promunturiisque"-^ neque pedibus aditum haberent cum ex alto^ se acstus incitavisset, quod'* accidit semper horarum duodecim 90 SIGHT READING IN LATIN spatio, neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis affllctarentur.^ Ita utraque re oppidorum oppugnatio impediebatur. Ac si quando magnitudine operis forte superati, extruso mari aggere ac molibus atque his oppidi moenibus adaequatis, desperare*^ fortunis suls coeperant, magno numero navium appulso, cuius rei summam facultatem habebant, sua deportabant' omnia seque in proxima oppida recipiebant ; ibi se rursus Isdem opportunitatibus loci defendebant. Haec eo^ facilius magnam partem aestatis facie- bant, quod nostrae naves tempestatibus detinebantur,^ summaque erat vasto atque aperto mari, magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus, difficultas navigandi. — -De Bello Gallico, III, 12 VOCABULARY situs, us, m., siiuatioji. quando, at any ti))ie lingula, ae, f., little to/igue (of land) extrudo, 3, trusi, trusus, shut out semper, always vastus, a, um, 7'ast NOTES '^ posita : agrees with a pronoun referring to oppidorum and subject of habe- rent. - promunturiis : English derivative ? ^ alto: ike deep. ■* quod: refers to the fact stated in the preceding clause. ^ afflictarentur : English derivative? *^ desperate: composition? "deportabant: composition? ^ QO'. /o7- this reason. '■^ detinebantur : composition? Observe the large number of examples of the ablative absolute in the passage and determine the best way to translate each one. DE BELLO GALLICO, III 91 EXERCISE LVIII Grammar; A. 414; 415; 506. B. 223 ; 224; 338,3. G. 403 ; 400; 432, R. H. 479; 473, 2; 628. Inflection: f 10 ; fiuctus ; planior. Order of words: a genitive, unless emphatic, follows the noun which it limits. THE SHIPS OF THE VENETI AND THEIR EQUIPMENT Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum^ factae armataeque erant : carinae aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum navium,^ quo^ faciliiis vada ac decessum aestus excipere possent ; prorae^ ad- modum erectae atque item puppes, ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatae ; naves totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam ; transtra ex pedalibus^ in altitOdinem trabibus, confixa clavis ferreis digiti pollicis*^ crassi- ttidine ; ancorae pro funibus ferreis catenis revinctae"; pelles pro veils alOtaeque tenuiter confectae,^ sive propter inopiam hni atque eius Osus inscientiam^ sive eo, quod est magis veri simile, quod tantas tempestates Ocean! tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium regi vehs non satis commode posse arbi- trabantur.^'^ — De Bello Gallico, III, 13 VOCABULARY carina, ae, f., keel confixus, a, nm, faste/ied together aliquantus, a, um, sotne^ sonieivhat clavus, i, m., nail decessus, us, m., ebb crassitiido, inis, f., thickness prora, ae, f., pi'o%u aluta, ae, f., leather admodum, very inuch tenuiter, thinly erectus, a, um, raised sive . . . sive, whether , . . or transtrum, i, n., thwart linum, i, n., linen NOTES 1 modum : fashion. ^ navium : understand carinae. ^ quo : introduces a clause of purpose containing a comparative. ^ prorae: understand erant. ^ pedalibus : pes + alls, belonging to, of a. ^ digiti poUicis : 92 SIGHT READING IN LATIN thumb. '^ revinctae : re + vincio. ^ confectae : tatiucd. ^ inscientiam : composition? ^^ arbitrabantur : synonym of existimo. Think of English words from factae, planiores, excipere, fluctuum, totae, confectae, onera, and observe how the Latin word helps to make plain the meaning of the English derivative. EXERCISE LIX Grammar: A. 374, a; 537, i ; 569, 2. B. 189, i ; 2S4, i ; 297, 2. G. 355; 55^-, 553, 4- H. 431; 570; 571, i. Inflection: fero ; vis; facile (compare). Order of words: the words of a phrase, clause, or sentence are arranged from the beginning in the order of their imp'ortance in the mind of the writer. WHY THE ROMAN SHIPS ARE INFERIOR TO THOSE OF THE VENETI Cum his^ navibus nostrae classi^ eius modi congressus^ erat ut Ona celeritate et pulsu^ remorum praestaret, rehqua pro loci natura, pro vi tempestatum, illis^ essent aptiora et accommodatiora. Neque enim iis*^ nostrae rostro nocere poterant, tanta in iis erat firmitOdo,"^ neque propter altitudinem facile telum adigebatur,^ et eadem de causa minus commode copulis continebantur. Accedebat^ ut, cum saevire ventus coepisset et se vento dedissent, et tempestatem fer- rent facilius et in vadis consisterent tutius et ab aestu relictae nihil saxa et cautis timerent ; quarum rerum omnium nostris navibus casus erat extimescendus.^^ — De Bello Gallico, III, 13 VOCABULARY copula, ae, f., p'appling /wok tute, safely NOTES 1 his: i.e. of the Veneti. - classi : shows the possessor. ^ con- gressus : noun from congredior. '^ pulsu : noun from pello. ^ ]\\i^ . i.e. his navibus, ^iis: with nocere. '^ firmitudo; firmus + tudo. DE BELLO GALLICO, III 93 8 adigebatur : was hui-led to {them). ■• accedebat : another fact was. i*^ extimescendus : synonym of timeo. Observe the phrases in the passage, noting how their position in the sentence expresses their relative importance in the mind of Caesar. EXERCISE LX Grammar; A. 372; 573; 574. B. 256, 3 ; 300, i. G. 208, 2 ; 452, 2 ; 467. H. 302, 6; 649, II. Inflection: sumo; turris. Order of words: the antecedent of a relative is usually placed imme- diately before it. C/ESAR SENDS FOR THE ROMAN SHIPS AND THE TWO FLEETS ENGAGE IN BATTLE Compluribus expugnatis oppidis Caesar, ubi intellexit frustra tantum laborem sum! neque hostium fugam captis oppidis reprimi^ neque iis^ noceri posse, statuit exspectandam classem. Quae ubi convenit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter ducentae et triginta naves eorum paratissimae atque omni genere armorum ornatissimae profectae ex portu nostrls adversae constiterunt ; neque satis Bruto, qui class! praeerat, vel tribunis militum centurionibusque, quibus singulae naves erant attributae, constabat ^ quid agerent aut quam rationem pugnae Insisterent. Rostro enim noceri non posse cogno- verant ; turribus autem excitatis, tamen has altitudo puppium ex barbarls navibus superabat,ut neque ex inferiore loco satis commode tela adigi possent et missa** a Gallis gravius acciderent.^ De Bello Gallico, III, 14 VOCABULARY orno, I , equip excito, i , build up attribuo, 3, ui, utus, assign NOTES ^reprimi: re + premo. '^ \i%\ dative with noceri used impersonally. 3 constabat: impersonal. ^missa: understand ea referring to tela. 5 acciderent : fell. 94 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE LXI Grammar: A. ^S 2, I ; 542; 549. B. 191,1; 288,3; 286,2. G. 356; 584; 586. H. 433, 3; 601,4; 598- Inflection: gero ; magis (compare). Order of words: the beginning of the sentence is a place of emphasis. HOW THE ROMANS HAVE THE ADVANTAGE IN THE FIGHT Una erat magno usiii res praeparata^ a nostris, falces praeacutae insertae^ afflxaeque^ longuriis, non absimili'* forma ^ mQralium^ falcium. His cum funes qui antemnas ad malos destinabant com- prehensi adductique erant, navigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. Quibus abscisis antemnae necessario concidebant, ut, cum omnis Gallicis ' navibus spes in velis armamentisque consisteret, his ereptis omnis usus navium iano tempore eriperetur. Reliquum erat certamen positum^ in virtute, qua nostri mllites facile superabant, atque eo magis quod in conspectii Caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gere- batur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum^ latere posset ^°; omnes enim colles ac loca superiora unde erat propinquus despectus^^ in mare ab exercitu tenebantur. — De Bello Gallico, HI, 14 VOCABULARY falx, falcis, f., /iook comprehendo, 3, hendi, hensus, se/ze praeacutus, a, um, sharpened to a navigium, navi'gi, n., boat point praerumpo, 3, rupi, ruptus, br-eak off longurius, longu'ri, m., long pole abscido, 3, cidi, cisus, cut aivay antemna, ae, f., sail-yard concido, 3, cidi, , fall malus, i, m., mast armamentum, i, n., tackle destino, i, bind fast to eripio, 3. ui, reptus, tear away NOTES 1 praeparata : composition ? '^ insertae : participle. English derivative ? ^affixae: participle. English derivative? * absimili : composition? The prefix has the force of a negative. ^ forma: describes falces. DE BELLO GALLICO, III 95 6 muralium : murus + alls, belonging to. " Gallicis : Gallia + icus, English "-ic." ^ erat positum: depended. ^ factum: participle of facio, used as a noun. ^'^ posset : shows a result of quod . . . gerebatur. ^^ despectus : cf. conspectu above. Many English words are derived from words in the passage. Make a list, and observe the relation in meaning between the Latin and the English word. EXERCISE LXII Grammar: A. 542; 549. B. 228, 3; 286, 2; 309, 3. G. 584; 586; 587. H. 601, 4; 598. Inflection: rcperio ; bini. Order of words: numeral adjectives and adjectives of quantity usually precede the word which they limit. A CALM PREVENTS THE FLIGHT OF THE ENEMY AND THE ROMANS ARE VICTORIOUS Deiectis, ut diximus, antemnis, cum singulas binae ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi transcendere in hostium navis contendebant. Quod^ postquam barbari fieri animadverterunt, expugnatis compluribus navibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur auxilium, fuga salutem petere contenderunt. Ac iam conversis in eam partem navibus quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas""^ exstitit ut se ex loco movere non possent. Quae quidem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime fuit opportuna ; nam singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae^ ex omni numero noctis interventu'* ad terram pervenirent, cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occasum pugnaretur. De Bello Gallico, III, 15 VOCABULARY antemna, ae, f., sail-yard malacia, ae, f., cabn transcendo, 3, scendi, scensus, exsisto, 3, stiti, , arise climb over usque, even 96 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 quod: a relative. ^ -tranquillitas: English derivative? ^ perpaucae: the prefix is intensive. ^ interventu : inter + venio. By this battle the w^ar with the Veneti is ended. Caesar punishes the sur- vivors severely that in the future the rights of ambassadors may be upheld. EXERCISE LXIII Grammar: A. 374, a; 500, 2 ; 504. B. 189, i ; 337, 8, 1?, i ; 338, i, a. G. 355 ; 251, I ; 428. H. 431 ; 621 ; 626. Inflection : nolo ; vox ; duo. Order of words: the antecedent of a relative is usually placed immedi- ately before it. SABINUS AMONG THE VENELLI. HE REFUSES TO FIGHT Dum haec in Venetis^ geruntur,""^ Quintus TitOrius Sabinus cum iis copiis quas a Caesare acceperat in finis Venellorum pervenit. His^ praeerat Viridovix ac summam imperi tenebat earum omnium civitatum quae defecerant,^ ex quibus exercitum magnasque copias coegerat ; atque his paucis diebus Aulerci Eburovlces Lexoviique, senatu suo interfecto quod auctores^ belli esse nolebant,*^ portas'^ clauserunt seque cum Viridovice coniunxerunt ; magnaque praeterea multitudo undique ex Gallia perditorum hominum latronumque convenerat, et quos^ spes praedandl studiumque bellandl ab agri cultiira et cotidiano labore sevocabat.^ Sabinus idoneo^'^ omnibus rebus" loco castris sese tenebat, cum Viridovix contra eum duorum milium spatio consedisset cotidieque productis copiis pugnandi potestatem faceret, ut iam non solum hostibus in contemptionem ^'-^ Sabinus veniret sed etiam nostrorum mllitum vocibus non nihiP^ carperetur ; tantamque opinionem timoris praebuit ut iam ad vallum castrorum hostes accedere auderent. Id ea de causa faciebat, quod^'* cum tanta multitudine hostium, praesertim eo absente qui summam imperi teneret, nisi aequo loco aut opportOnitate aliqua data, legato dlmicandum^'^ non ex'istimabat. — De Bello Gallico, III, 17 DE BELLO GALLICO, III 97 VOCABULARY claudo, 3, sT, sus, close cultura, ae, f., culti-i'ation perditus, a, um, despe?'ate sevoco, i, call aiuay latro, onis, m., robber carpo, 3, carpsi, carptus, criticize NOTES 1 Venetis: a seacoast tribe in Gaul. 2 geruntur: dum meaning -cvhile is followed by the present tense. ^ ^is : for the case, consider praeerat. *defecerant: had i-evolted. ^ auctores : augeo + tor. English '' author." 6 nolebant: states Caesar's reason f or interfecto, hence indicative. '' portas : English derivative .-^ ^ quos : understand ii as antecedent. ^ sevocabat : se + voco. Voc5 = appello. ^ idoneo: fit. ^^ rebus: limits idoneo, answering the question 'Mn what respect." ^^ contemptionem: English derivative.^ ^^ non nihil: so/newhat. 1^ quod: causal. i^ dimican- dum : synonym of pugno. EXERCISE LXIV Grammar: A. 367; 531, 2 ; 573 ; 574. B. 1S7, II, a; 282, 2; 300, i. G. 346; 630; 452, 2; 467. H. 426, I ; 590; 649, II. Inflection: volo ; homo; libenter (compare). Order of words: a genitive, unless emphatic, follows the noun which it limits. THE TRICK OF SABINUS TO GET THE ENEMY TO ATTACK THE CAMP Hac^ confirmata opinione timoris idoneum quendam hominem et callidum delegit, Galium, ex iis quos auxili causa '^ secum^ habebat. Huic'^ magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque'^ persuadet uti ad hostis transeat, et quid fieri velit edocet.*^ Qui ubi pro^ perfuga ad eos venit, timorem Romanorum prop5nit, quibus an- gustiis ipse Caesar a Venetis prematur^ docet, neque longius abesse^ quin proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educat et ad Caesarem auxili ferendi causa proficiscatur, Quod^° ubi auditum est, conclamant" omnes occasionem negoti^'^ bene gerendi amittendam non esse; ad castra iri oportere. Multae res ad hoc consilium 98 SIGHT READING IN LATIN Gallos hortabantur, — superiorum dierum Sabini cunctatio, perfugae confirmatio/^ inopia cibariorum, cui rei parum diligenter ab iis erat provisum, spes Venetici belli, et quod" fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt. His rebus adducti non prius^" Viridovicem reliquosque duces ex concilio dimittunt quam ab iis sit concessum arma uti capiant et ad castra contendant. Qua re concessa, laeti^*^ ut explorata victoria, sarmentis virgultisque collectis, quibus fossas Romanorum compleant, ad castra pergunt. De Bello Gallico, HI, i8 VOCABULARY perfuga, ae, m., deserter laetus, a, um, glad cunctatio, onis, f., hesitation sarmentum, i, n., brushivood cibaria, orum, n., provisions virgultum, i, n., bush libenter, willingly coUigo, 3, legi, lectus, gather credo, 3, didi, ditus, believe NOTES •ifaac: referring to the account in the preceding chapter. - causa: for the sake of. ^ secum: i.e. Sabinus. ^ huic: for the case, con- sider persuadet. ^ poUicitationibus : poUicitor + tio. Pollicitor = polliceor. ^edocet: synonym of doceo. '''pro: in the gjiise of. ^ prematur: is haj'-assed. ^abesse: depends on docet. i^quod: the antecedent is the statement of the Gaul. i^ conclamant: compare English " exclamation." 12 negoti : synonym of res. ^^ confirmatio : confirmo + tio. This and the other nouns in the same case are appositives of res. ^^ quod : conjunction. 15 prius: take with quam below. ^^ laeti: translate as if an adverb. Think of English words from delegit, proponit, proxima, hortabantur, superi5rum, provisum, credunt, compleant, and observe how the meaning of the Latin word helps to make plain the meaning of the English. EXERCISE LXV Grammar: A. 506; 568. B. 338, 3; 339, 2; 297, i. G. 432, R. ; 553, 3. H. 628; 571, I. Inflection : flo ; certior ; noster. Order of words: in a phrase the emphatic word is usually placed first. DE BELLO GALLICO, III 99 SABINUS ATTACKS THE ENEMY WHILE THEY ARE AT A DISADVANTAGE AND DEFEATS THEM Locus erat castrorum editus et paulatim ab imo acclivis circiter passus mille. Hue magno cursu^ contenderunt, ut quam minimum'^ spati ad se colligendos armandosque Romanis daretur, exanima- tique^ pervenerunt. Sabinus suos hortatus cupientibus'* signum dat. Impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera, subito duabus portis eruptionem fieri iubet. Factum est'' opportunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defatigatione, virtute militum et supe- riorum pugnarum exercitatione, ut ne primum quidem nostrorum impetum ferrent ac statim terga verterent.® Quos integris viribus milites nostri consecuti magnum numerum eorum occiderunt ; reli- quos equites"^ consectati paucos, qui ex fuga evaserant, reliquerunt. Sic uno tempore et de navali^ pugna Sabinus et de Sabini victoria Caesar est certior factus,^ civitatesque omnes se statim Titurio dediderunt.^*^ Nam ut^^ ad bella suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollis ac minime resistens ad calamitates ferendas mens^""^ eorum est. — De Bello Gallico, III, 19 VOCABULARY acclivis, e, sloping up defatlgatio, onis, f., exhaustion colligo, 3, legi, lectus, collect integer, gra, grum,/;ri-/z inscientia, ae, f., ignorance NOTES 1 cursu : answers the question " how " about contenderunt. ^ quam minimum: the least possible. ^ Q^dimmail: oict of h?-eaih. ^ cupientibus : used substantively ; translate by a demonstrative pronoun and a relative clause. 5 factum est : // happened. ^ verterent : think of the compounds averts and converto. " equites : nominative. ^ navali : navis + alls, pey-taining to. ^ est factus : has two subjects. ^^ dediderunt: from the same stem is derived the noun deditio. ^^ ut: for the meaning, consider the mode of est. ^^ mens: synonym of animus. The tribes of Aquitania, in southwestern Gaul, revolt against Crassus, sent among them by Caesar, and choose as leaders men who have had experience in Spain and know the Roman methods of warfare. After vigorous fighting the enemy's camp is taken and the revolt crushed. OO SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE LXVI Grammar: A. 496; 540. i. L5. 337, 2, d,/; 286, i. G. 664; 665; 666: 540. H. 638, I; 588, I. Inflection: conficio ; opus. Order of words: the preposition regularly precedes the word which it governs. THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII FROM THEIR FORESTS AND SWAMPS ANNOY THE ROMANS Eodem fere tempore^ Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam aestas erat, tamen quod omni Gallia pacata Morin! Menapiique supererant qui in armis essent neque ad eum umquam legates de pace misissent, arbitratus"^ id bellum celeriter confic! posse eo exercitum duxit ; qui longe^ alia ratione ac^ reliqui Gall! bellum gerere coeperunt. Nam quod intellegebant maximas nationes quae proelio contendissent pulsas superatasque esse, continentisque^ silvas ac paludes habe- bant, eo se suaque omnia contulerunt. Ad quarum initium silvarum cum Caesar pervenisset castraque munire mstituisset, neque hostis interim visus esset, dispersis in opere nostris subito ex omnibus partibus silvae evolaverunt et in nostros impetum fecerunt. Nostri celeriter arma ceperunt eosque in silvas reppulerunt, et, complu- ribus interfectis, longius imped! tioribus locis secuti paucos ex suis deperdiderunt. — De Bello Gallico, III, 28 VOCABULARY exigo, 3, egi, actus, Ji)iish evolo, i, fly out umquam, ever deperdo, 3, didi, ditus, lose NOTES 1 tempore: i.e. that of the events referred to in the last note of Exer- cise LXV. 2 arbitratus : synonym of existimo. ^ longe : with alia, ^ac: than. ^ continentis: uiibi'oken. Select several short phrases from the passage and determine the emphatic word in each phrase. DE BELLO GALLICO, III lOi EXERCISE LXVII Grammar: A. 345,^7; 412; 546. B. 203; 220, i; 288, i,B. G. 365; 399; s^S- H. 440, 3; 473, 3; 600, II, I. Inflection: dies; uterque ; quis. Order of words: the words in a phrase, clause, or sentence are arranged in the order of the development of the thought in the writer's mind. C^SAR, HAVING CUT DOWN THE FORESTS, IS DEFEATED BY CONTINUAL RAINSTORMS Reliquls deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere instituit, et, ne quis^ inermibus imprudentibusque militibus"^ ab latere impetus fieri posset, omnem earn materiam quae erat caesa conversam ad hostem collocabat et pro vallo ad utrumque latus exstruebat. Incredibih celeritate^ magno spatio paucis diebus confecto, cum iam pecus atque extrema"* impedimenta a nostris tenerentur, ipsi densiores silvas peterent, eius modi sunt tempestates consecutae uti opus necessario intermitteretur et continuatione^ imbrium diutius sub pellibus*^ mllites continerl non possent. Itaque vastatis omnibus eorum agrls, vicls aedificiisque incensis, Caesar exercitum'^ reduxit et in Aulercis Lexoviisque, reliquis item civitatibus quae proxime bellum fecerant, in hibernis collocavit. De Bello Gallico, III, 29 VOCABULARY deinceps, in succession imber, bris, m., i-ainstoim imprudens, imprudentis, off one s guard NOTES ^ quis: with impetus. ^ militibus : dative. ^celeritate: answers the question " how " about confecto. ^ extrema : tJie 7-ear of. ^ continu- atione: states a reason for continerl non possent. ^ pellibus: the material used as a covering for the tents. '^ exercitum: with collocavit as well as with reduxit. I02 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE LXVIII Grammar: A. 406: 415; 504. B. 217, i; 224, i; 338, i, a. G, 398; 400; 428. H. 471; 473, 2; 626. Inflection: maneo ; domus ; ille. Order of words: in a phrase or sentence the emphatic word is hkely to be placed first. A DESCRIPTION OF THE SUEBI, WHO HAVE FORCED SOME OF THE OTHER GERMAN TRIBES TO CROSS THE RHINE Ea quae secuta est hieme, qui fuit annus Gnaeo Pompeio, Marco Crasso consuHbus, Usipetes German! et item Tencteri magna cum multitudine hominum flumen Rhenum transierunt non longe a mari, quo Rhenus influit.^ Causa transeundi fuit quod'^ ab Suebis complurls annos exagitati bello premebantur et agri cultura^ pro- hibebantur. Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germanorum omnium. Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula milia armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt ; hi'' rursus invicem anno^ post in armis sunt, ill! domi remanent. Sic neque agri cultura nee ratio atque iisus belli intermittitur. Sed privati ac separati^ agri^ apud eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco colendi causa licet. Neque multum frumento, sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt, multumque sunt in venationibus ; quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana exercitatione et hbertate vitae, quod a pueris nullo officio aut disciplina^ assuefacti nihil omnino contra voluntatem faciunt, et viris^ alit et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit. Atque in eam se consue- tQdinem adduxerunt ut locis^° frigidissimis" neque vestitus praeter pelhs haberent quicquam, quarum propter exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta, et lavarentur in fiuminibus. De Bello Gallico, IV, i DE BELLO GALLICO, IV 103 VOCABULARY exagito, i, harass venatio, onis, f., himting gens, gentis, f., tribe vita, ae, f,, life (vitality) bellicosus, a, um, warlike assuefacio, 3, feci, f actus, train quotannis, eiiery year immanis, e, liuge alo, 3, ui, tus, support vestitus, us, m., clothing invicem, iji tmii exiguitas, atis, f., scantiness colo, 3, ui, cultus, ////, cultivate apertus, a, um, uncovered viv5, 3, vixi, victum, live lavo, i, lavi, lautus, bathe i^-d.\t NOTES 1 influit : composition ? 2 quod : conjunction. ^ cultura : English derivative? "^hi: i.e. reliqui. ^anno: expresses degree of difference with post. ♦'separati: English derivative? '^agri: take with nihil. ^ disciplina: English derivative ? ^viris: from vis. i'^ locis: ablative absolute expressing concession. i^ frigidissimis : English derivative ? EXERCISE LXIX Grammar; A. 345 ; 373; 410; 416. B. 203, 5 ; 190; 218,1; 225. G. 365; 366; 349; 407; 404. H. 440, 3: 447; 430; 477,1; 478,1. Inflection: desilio ; vestigium. Order of words: the limiting word is likely to precede the word which it limits. THE SCORN OF THE SUEBI FOR THE CUSTOMS AND PRODUCTS OF FOREIGNERS Mercatoribus^ est aditus magis eo, ut quae^ bello ceperint quibus vendant habeant, quam quo^ ullam rem ad se importari desiderent.^ Quin etiam iOmentis, quibus maxime Galli delectantur quaeque impenso parant pretio, Germani importatis^ non utuntur, sed quae sunt apud eos nata, parva atque deformia, haec cotidiana exerci- tatione summ! ut sint laboris efficiunt. Equestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proeliantur,® equosque eodem remanere vestigio assuefecerunt, ad quos se celeriter, cum usus est, recipiunt ; I04 SIGHT READING IN LATIN neque eorum moribus turpius quicquam aut inertius habetur'^ quam ephippils uti. Itaque ad quemvis numerum ephippiatorum^ equitum quamvis pauci adire audent. Vinum omnino ad se importari non patiuntur, quod ea re ad laborem ferendum remollescere homines atque effeminari arbitrantur.^ — De Bello Gallico, IV, 2 VOCABULARY iumentum, i, n., beast of burden iners, inertis, it n skillful delecto, i, delight ephippium, ephippi, n., saddle eloth impensus, a, um, excessive^ higli vinum, i, n., wiue def5rmis, e, misshapen remollesco, 3, , , lose strength assuefacio, 3, feci, f actus, traiji effemino, i, make zuomanish turpis, e, disgraceful NOTES 1 mercatoribus : dative showing the possessor. 2 qy^e : understand ea, object of vendant, as antecedent. '^ <\\xq: because. ^* desiderent : synonym of cupio. ^ jmportatis : with iumentis. ^ proeliantur: from proelium. " habetur : is considered. ^ ephippiatorum : ephippium + atus, provided 7vith. •* arbitrantur: synonym of existimo. The Usipetes and the Tencteri, German tribes, forced by the Suebi, cross the Rhine and invade the territory of the Menapii in the extreme northern part of Gaul. They conquer these and seize their towns and property. VEXILLUM DE BELLO GALLICO, IV 105 EXERCISE LXX Grammar: A. 343, /; ; 354, /; ; 573. B. 198, 3; 209, i ; 300, i, N. G. 366; 377; 452,2. H. 447; 457; 649,11. Inflection: paenitet; certior. Order of words : demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns usually precede the words which they modify. C.^SAR FEARS THE FICKLENESS AND CREDULITY OF THE GAULS His de rebus ^ Caesar certior f actus et infirmitatem'^ Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles et novis plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum^ existimavit. Est enim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis,^ uti et viatores^ etiam invltos consistere cogant, et quid quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit quaerant, et mercatores in oppidis vulgus circumsistat,^ quibusque ex regionibus veniant quasque ibi res cognoverint pronuntiare cogat. His rebus atque auditionibus'^ permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vestigio paenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus serviant, et plerlque ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant. — De Bello Gallico, IV, 5 VOCABULARY mobilis, e, cliaiigeable servio, 4, ivi, itum, be a slave, serve necesse (indeclinable), /lecessary NOTES 1 his rebus : i. e. the advance of the Usipetes and the Tencteri. - infir- mitatem: in + firmus + tas. ^ committendum: understand esse. ^ con- suetudinis: predicate genitive. ^viatores: via + tor. ^ cij-cumsistat: for the mood, compare cogant. ' auditionibus : audio 4-ti6; reports. Caesar demands that the Germans leave Gaul, but they say that they cannot endure the Suebi. He then proposes that they settle among the Ubii, just on the other side of the Rhine. The Germans ask that Caesar remain where he is while this proposal is being considered, but Caesar thinks this is a ruse to gain time. io6 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE LXXI * Grammar: A. 393, a] 406. B, 177, i, 3; 217, i. G. 340, ^, R. i ; 398. H. 410, i; 471. Inflection : orior ; avis. Order of mords: a dependent genitive, unless emphatic, usually follows the word which it limits. THE COURSE OF THE MEUSE AND THE RHINE Mosa profluit^ ex monte Vosego, qui est in finibus Lingonum, et parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, quae appellatur Vacalus,'^ insu- 1am efficit Batavorum neque longius inde^ milibus passuum octo- ginta in Oceanum influit.'* Rhenus autem oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpis incolunt, et longo spatio per finis Nantuatium, Helvetiorum, Sequanorum, Mediomatricum, Tribocorum, Treverorum citatus^ fertur, et ubi Oceano appropinquavit^ in pluris diffluit" partis multis ingentibusque insuhs effectis, quarum pars magna a feris barbarisque nationibus incolitur (ex quibus sunt qui piscibus atque ovis avium vivere existimantur), multlsque capitibus in Oceanum influit. De Bello Gallico, IV, 10 VOCABULARY citatus, a, um, swift ovum, i, n., egg ingens, ingentis, huge vivo, 3, vixi, victum, live piscis, is, m., Jish NOTES ipiofluit: composition? ^vacalus: predicate nominative. ^inde: i.e. ab insula. * influit: composition ? ^ citatus: give it the force of an adverb. ^ appropinquavit : the root is found in the adverb prope. ' difQuit: composition.'' DE BELLO GALLICO, IV 107 EXERCISE LXXII Grammar: A. 504, a; 506; 563. B. 338, i, ^?, 5; 339, 2; 295, i. G. 428; 432; 546. H. 626; 628; 565. Inflection : reverter ; ius ; ipse. Order of words : commonly temporal clauses precede, and purpose clauses follow, the verb on which they depend. THE GERMANS ASK C^SAR NOT TO ADVANCE AND NOT TO FIGHT FOR A FEW DAYS Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum duodecim mllibus abesset, ut^ erat constitutum, ad eum legati revertuntur ; qui in itinere congress! magnopere ne longius progrederetur'-^ orabant. Cum id non impetrassent, petebant uti ad eos equites qui agmen antecessissent praemitteret eosque pugna prohiberet, sibique ut potestatem faceret^ in Ubios legates mittendi ; quorum'* si principes ac senatus sibi iure iurando fidem fecisset, ea condicione quae a Caesare ferretur^ se usuros ostendebant ; ad has res conficiendas sibi tridui spatium daret.*^ Haec omnia Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur," ut tridui mora interposita equites eorum qui abessent reverterentur ; tamen sese non longius milibus passuum quattuor aquationis causa processurum eo die dixit; hue postero die quam^ frequentissimi convenlrent, ut de eorum postulatis^ cognosceret. Interim ad praefectos, qui cum omni equitatu antecesserant, mittit qui nuntiarent ne hostis proelio lacesserent, et, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent quoad ipse cum exercitu propius accessisset. De Bello Gallico, IV, 1 1 VOCABULARY antecedo, 3, cessi, cessum, ^d? ahead frequens, frequentis, in large aquatio, onis, f., getting tvater numbers NOTES 1 ut : as. 2 progrederetur : the root of this word is found in gradus, step. ^potestatem faceret: give an oppo7-tiinity. "* quorum: the antecedent is Ubios, Caesar's proposal was that the Germans should settle in this tribe's lo8 SIGHT READING IN LATIN territory. ^ ferretur : was proposed. ^ daret : in the words of the Germans this was an imperative. '^ arbitrabatur : synonym of existimo. 8 quam: possible. ^ postulatis: participle of postulo used as a noun. EXERCISE LXXIII Gram/nar; A. 370 : 382 ; 403, ^7, B. 187, III ; 191. i; 215. G. 347 ; 356; 395. H. 429; 433; 467: 469,2. Inflection: cado ; f rater ; timens. Order of words: the possessive adjectives, unless emphatic, follow the noun which they modify. IN A CAVALRY SKIRMISH WITH THE ENEMY THE ROMANS LOSE SEVERAL MEN At hostes, ubi prlmum nostros equites conspexerunt,^ quorum erat quinque milium numerus, cum ipsi non amphus octingentos equites haberent, quod il qui frumentandi causa ierant trans Mosam nondum redierant, nihil timentibus nostris, quod legati eorum paulo'^ ante a Caesare discesserant atque is dies indutiis erat ab his petitus, impetu facto celeriter nostros perturbaverunt ; rursus his resis- tentibus consuetudine sua ad pedes desiluerunt, suffossisque equls compluribusque nostris deiectis reliquos in fugam coniecerunt, atque ita perterritos egerunt ut non prius^ fuga desisterent quam in conspectum agminis nostri venissent. In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur quattuor et septuaginta, in his vir fortissimus Piso Aquitanus, amplissimo gene;re"* natus, cuius avus in civitate sua regnum obtinuerat amicus a senatu nostro appellatus. Hic cum fratri intercluso ab hostibus auxilium ferret, ilium ex perlculo eripuit, ipse equo vulnerato delectus quoad potuit fortissime restitit ; cum circumventus multls vulneribus acceptis cecidisset, atque id frater, qui iam proelio excesserat, procul animadvertisset, incitato equo se hostibus obtulit^ atque interfectus est. De Bello Gallico, IV, 12 DE BELLO GALLICO, IV 109 VOCABULARY octingenti, ae, a, eight hundred frumentor, i , forage indutiae, arum, f., fnice suffodio, 3, fodi, fossus, stab from below avus, i, m., grandfather eripio, 3, ui, reptus, resctce procul, from a distance NOTES 1 conspexerunt : compare with despicio and conspectus. - paulo: syno- nym of parvo. ^ prius: take with quam following. "^ genere: lineage. ^ obtulit : ob + fero. English derivative ? The passage contains many words from which English words are derived. Make a list. Caesar distrusts the Gauls, and when after the battle their representa- tives come to him to make excuses, he has them arrested, and at once sets out with the army for their camp. Before they know what is going on, he storms their camp and inflicts on them fearful punishment. Because of the trouble which the Germans keep causing him, Cassar determines to cross the Rhine and attack them. SIGNA MILITARIA no SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE LXXIV Grammar: A. 343, b\ 374, a; 414, a. B. 198, 3; 189, i; 223. G. 366; 355; 403. H. 447; 431; 479' I- Inflection: defigo ; aqua; binl. Order of words: in a phrase or sentence the emphatic word is com- monly placed first. A DESCRIPTION OF THE BRIDGE THAT C.'ESAR BUILT ACROSS THE RHINE Caesar his de causis quas commemoravi Rhenum transire decreverat ; sed navibus transire^ neque satis tutum esse arbitra- batur neque suae neque populi Roman! dignitatis'-^ esse^ statuebat. Itaque, etsi summa difficultas faciendi pontis proponebatur propter latitudinem, rapidita- tem,^ altitudinemque fluminis, tamen id sibi contendendum aut aliter non traducendum exer- citum existimavit. Rationem pontis banc instituit. Tigna bina sesquipedaha^ paulum ab imo*^ praeacuta, dimensa ad altitudi- nem fluminis, intervallo pedum duorum inter se iungebat. Haec / cum machinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat flstucisque adegerat, non sublicae modo'^ GAius luLius CAESAR dcrccte ad perpendiculum,^ sed prone ac fastigate, ut secundum^ naturam fluminis procumberent, iis item contraria duo ad eundem modum iuncta, intervallo pedum quadragenum ab inferiore parte ^° contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa statuebat. Haec utraque insuper bipedalibus^^ trabibus immissis, quantum eorum DE BELLO GALLICO, IV III ^^' ^^^ ftpfe^^^^ftlf-H PONS A CAESARE IN RHENO FACTUS aa, tigna bina sesquipedalia ; dP, trabes bipedales ; cc, fibulae ; M, derecta materia longuriis cratibusque constrata ; ee, sublicae ad inferiorem partem fluminis pro ariete oblique actae ; jf/, sublicae supra pontem immissae ; £■, castellum ad caput pontis positum. tignorum iunctura^-^ distabat, binls utrimque fibulis ab extrema parte distinebantur^'^ ; quibus disclusis atque in contrariam partem revinctis^'* tanta erat operis firmitudo^''^ atque ea^^ re rum natura ut, quo maior vis aquae se incitavisset, hoc artius illigata tenerentur. Haec derecta materia iniecta contexebantur ac longuriis cratibusque 112 SIGHT READING IN LATIN consternebantur ; ac nihilo setius sublicae et ad inferiorem partem fluminis oblique^" agebantur, quae pro ariete subiectae et cum omni opere coniunctae vim fluminis exciperent, et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio, ut, si arborum trunci sive naves deiciendi operis causa essent a barbaris immissae, his defensoribus^^ earum rerum vis minueretur neu ponti nocerent. — De Bello Gallico, IV, 17 VOCABULARY commemoro, i, mention insuper, above decerno, 3, crevi, cretus, decide fibula, ae, f., b?'ace tiitus, a, um, safe discludo, 3, clusi, clusus, Jiold apaii lignum, i, n., timber arte, closely praeacutus, a, um, sharpened to a illigo, i, bind point contexo, 3, ui, tus, join together dimetior, 4, mensus, measure off longurius, longu'ri, m., long pole machinatio, onis, f., mechanical crates, ium, f., wicker woj-k contrivance consterno, 3, stravi, stratus, spread fistuca, ae, f., pile driver over sublica, ae, f., pile setius, less derectus, a, um, straight aries, ietis, m., prop fastigate, sloping mediocris, e, inoderate quadrageni, ae, a.^ fo?'ty each truncus, i, m., trunk NOTES 1 transire: substantive infinitive, subject of esse. - dignitatis: English derivative? This is a genitive of possession. ^ esse: belong: ^ rapidi- tatem : English derivative ? ^ sesquipedalia : sesqui, o/ie half more, + pes + alis, pertainijig to. ^jmo: end. "modo: after the nianner. 8 perpendiculum : English derivative ? » secundum : according to. ^^ ^b inferiore parte : belo-cv the bridge. ^ bipedalibus : bi, t7i'o. Compare sesqui- pedalibus. i- iunctura: iungo + tura. i^ distinebantur : dis + teneo. i^revinctis: fastened back. ^^ fji-niitfldo : composition? ^o ea: such. 17 oblique : English derivative ? is defensoribus : defendo + tor. Caesar leads his army across and devastates the territory. He promises the Ubii his help if the Suebi trouble them. He learns that the Suebi have retreated. So having accomplished his purpose, he returns to Gaul and destroys the bridge. He then determines to visit Britain because from there help is sent regularly to the enemies of the Romans in Gaul. DE BELLO GALLICO, IV 1 13 EXERCISE LXXV Grammar: A. 496; 506. B. 337, 2, a, /; 338, 3. G. 665; 666; 432, R. H. 638, i; 628. Inflection : navigo ; portus ; planus. Order of words: the first word in a sentence often refers to something mentioned in the preceding sentence. For this reason a sentence often begins with a relative or demonstrative pronoun. CyESAR SAILS TO INVADE BRITAIN AND SEEKS A PLACE TO DISEMBARK His constitatis rebus ^ nactus^ idoneam ad navigandum tempes- tatem tertia fere vigilia solvit,^ equitesque in ulteriorem portum^ progredi^ et navis conscendere et se sequi iussit. A quibus cum paulo tardius^ esset administratum, ipse hora diei circiter quarta cum prlmis navibus Britanniam attigit'^ atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit. Cuius loci haec^ erat natura, atque ita montibus^ anguste^*^ mare continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in litus telum adigi posset. Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum reliquae naves eo con- venirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris exspectavit. Interim legatis tribunisque militum convocatis et quae ex Voluseno^^ cognovisset et quae fieri vellet ostendit, monuitque, ut^^ re! militaris ratio, maxime ut^"^ maritimae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque Tnstabilem motum haberent, ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab lis administrarentur.^^ His dimissis et ventum et aestum uno tem- pore nactus secundum, dato signo et sublatis ancoris circiter milia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus aperto ac piano lltore navis constituit. — De Bello Gallico, IV, 23 VOCABULARY solvo, 3, solvi, solutus, scf sail nequaquam, by no means expono, 3, posui, positus, aj-ray instabilis, e, unsteady adigo, 3. egi, actus, drive, Jiitrl 114 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 his rebus : i. e. preparations for the voyage. 2 nactus : havmg met with. 3 solvit: probably from Portus Itius, which is perhaps the modern Boulogne, though some authorities identify it with Wissant, a town about ten miles from Calais. * portum : perhaps the harbor of Ambleteuse. ^ progredi : compare with egredior, noting the prefix. ^tardius: adverb. English derivative t '' Britanniam attigit : somewhere near Dover. ^ haec : such. ^montibus: c//^s. lOanguste: closely. iiVoluseno: Caesar had sent him ahead to find out what he could, but he had not dared to land. ^'^ nt, maxime ut: as., especially as. ^^ administrarentur: states the purpose of monuit. EXERCISE LXXVI Grammar; A. 349, a] 374, ^; 410. B. 204, i; 189, i; 218, i. G. 374; 355; 407- H. 450; 451, i; 431; 477. Inflection: Otor; aqua; audacter. Order of words: a prepositional phrase usually precedes the word which it limits. THE OBSTACLES WHICH THE ROMANS FACE IN TRYING TO LAND At barbarl consilio Romanorum cognito, praemisso equitatu et essedariis,^ quo plerumque^ genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, reli- quis copiis subsecuti^ nostros navibus egredi prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difificultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi'' in alto constitui^ non poterant, militibus^ autem ignotis locis, impeditis manibus, magno et gravi onere armorum pressis, simul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum ; cum ill!' aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam pro- gress!, omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis audacter tela conicerent et equos insuefactos incitarent. Quibus rebus nostrl perterriti atque huius omnino generis pugnae imperltl non eadem alacritate ac studio quo in pedestribus uti proeliis consuerant utebantur. — De Bello Gallico, IV, 24 DE BELLO GALLICO, IV 115 VOCABULARY essedarius, essedari, m., msuefactus, a, um, trained charioteer imperitus, a, um, unskilled membrum, i, n., limb alacritas, atis, f., eagerness NOTES 1 essedariis: understand praemissis. ^ plerumque: synonym of maxime. 3 subsecuti : sub, closely. ^ nisi : except. ^ constitui : be moored. 6 militibus: with desiliendum, etc. "^ illi : i.e. barbari. Think of EngHsh words from genere, prohibebant, manibus, gravi, onere, fluctibus, alacritate, and observe how the meaning of each is related to that of the Latin word. EXERCISE LXXVII Grammar: A, 382, i; 384; 563, a. B. 191, 2, a-, 192, i; 295, i, a. G. 356, R. 3; 359; 423, 2, N. 6. H. 433; 434, 2; 565, 3. Inflection: cunctor ; mare; expeditior. Order of words: the antecedent of a relative is usually placed imme- diately before it. C^SAR, IN FORCING BACK THE ENEMY, IS HELPED BY THE BRAVE ACT OF A ROMAN SOLDIER Quod^ ubi Caesar animadvertit, navis longas, quarum et species erat barbarls inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior, paulum remo- veri^ ab onerariis navibus et remis incitari et ad^ latus apertum hostium constitui,'* atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostis pro- pell! ac submoveri iussit ; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam et navium figura^ et remorum motu et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum etiam pedem rettulerunt.^ Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitudinem maris, qul'^ decimae legionis aquilam^ ferebat, obtestatus deos ut ea res legion! feliciter eveniret, "Desilite," inquit,^ " commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere ; ego certe meum re! publicae atque imperator! officium praestitero." Hoc cum voce magna Il6 SIGHT READING IN LATIN dixisset, se ex navl proiecit atque in hostis aquilam ferre coepit. Turn nostri cohortati inter se ne tantum dedecus admitteretur uni- versi^*^ ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item ex proximis navibus cum conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquaverunt. De Bello Gallico, IV, 25 VOCABULARY inusitatus, a, um, tmiisnal deus, i, m., god funda, ae, f., sling feliciter, happily tormentum, i, n., inilitajy engine commilito, onis, m., fellow soldier propello, 3, pull, ^yxlsns, force back prodo, 3, didi, ditus, betray submoveo, 2, movi, motus, drive off meus, a, um, my, mine obtestor, i, appeal to admitto, 3, misi, missus, permit NOTES 1 quod: i.e. the difficulty of landing. 2 removeri : depends on iussit. 3 ad : off. * constitui : to be moored. ^ figura : states a cause of permoti. English derivative ? ^ pedem rettulerunt : fell back. "^ qui : the ante- cedent is the subject of inquit below. ^aquilam: the standard of the legion. ^inquit: synonym of dico. ^'^universi: adjective. English derivative .-' EXERCISE LXXVIII Grammar: A. 31 s^ c\ 370- B. 253, 2; 187, III. G.319; 347. H. 516, i; 429. Inflection: possum; lltus ; alius. Order of words: prepositions regularly precede the words which they govern. AFTER A SHARP FIGHT CyESAR MAKES A LANDING AND ROUTS THE ENEMY Pugnatum est^ ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter insistere^ neque signa subsequi poterant, atque alius alia ex navl quibuscumque signis occurrerat se aggregabat, magnopere perturbabantur ; hostes vero notis DE BELLO GALLICO, V 117 omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore^ aliquos singularis ex navi egredientis conspexerant, incitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur, plures paucos circumsistebant,'* alii ab^ latere aperto in universos'^ tela coniciebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri iussit, et quos'^ laborantis conspexerat, his subsidia submittebat. Nostri simul in arido con- stiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis in hostis impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt ; neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit. De Bello Gallico, IV, 26 VOCABULARY servo, I, keep scapha, ae, f., skiff aggrego, i , attach (lit. croivd to) speculatorius, a, um, spy singularis, e, one by one navigium, navi'gi, n., boat NOTES 1 pugnatum est: translate by a personal form. - insistere: synonym of consists. 3 gx litore: with conspexerant. ^ circumsistebant : compare with insists and consists. ^ ab: 011. ^universSs: the main body. "^ quSs: the antecedent is his. Think of English words from aggregabat, conspexerant, incitatis, latere, aperto, subsidia, arido, insulam, and observe the connection in meaning between the Latin word and the English derivative. The Britons ask for peace after the first battle, but again renew hos- tilities. Caesar defeats them, but a storm and the tide damage his fleet, and, after receiving offers of peace once more, he returns to Gaul. EXERCISE LXXIX Grammar: A. 382, i; 500, 4; 531, 2. B. 191, i ; 337, S, b,2; 382, 2. G. 356; 430; 630. H. 433; 622; 590. Inflection : reficio ; aestus ; humilior. Order of words: a genitive, unless emphatic, usually follows the noun which it limits. Ii8 SIGHT READING IN LATIN C.^SAR GIVES ORDERS FOR THE BUILDING OF A FLEET, AND THEN SETTLES A QUESTION OF DAMAGES WITH THE PIRUST^ Lucio Domitio, Appio Claudio consulibus discedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere consuerat, legatis imperat, quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam plurimas possint hieme navis aedificandas^ veteresque reficiendas curent. Earum modum for- mamque'^ demonstrat. Ad celeritatem onerandi subductionisque paulo facit humiliores quam quibus'^ in nostro mari uti consue- vinius, atqiie id eo^ magis, quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri "^ cognoverat ; ad onera ac multitudinem iumentorum transportandam paulo latiores quam quibus in reliquis utimur maribus. Has omnis actuarias imperat fieri, quam ad rem multum humilitas*' adiuvat. Ea quae sunt usul ad armandas navis ex Hispania apportari' iubet. Ipse conventibus^ Galliae citerioris peractis in Illyricum proficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vastari audiebat. Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat^ certumque in locum con- venire iubet. Qua re nuntiata Pirustae legates ad eum mittunt, qui doceant nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrent omnibus rationibus de iniuriis satisfacere. Percepta^*^ oratione eorum Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certam diem adduci iubet ; nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem persecu- turum demonstrat. lis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant. De Bello Gallico, V, i VOCABULARY quotannis, every year satisfacio, 3, feci, f actus, give onero, i, load satisfaction subductio, onis, f., beaching arbiter, tri, m., referee iumentum, i, n., beast of burden lis, litis, f., damages actuarius, a, um, swift aestimo, i , assess incursio, onis, f., raid poena, ae, f., penalty DE BELLO GALLICO, V 1 19 NOTES 1 navis aedificandas : Caesar intended to make a second expedition to Britain. - formam : English derivative ? ^ quibus : understand eas as antecedent. *e6: for this reason. ^ fieri: become. '^ \\.\iiVa.\S\\d,'&\ derivation .-^ "* apportari : ad + porto. ^ conventibus : the courts of jus- tice over which the provincial governor presided. ^ imperat: levies. 1*^ percepta: synonym of cognosco. Think of English words from aedificandas, onera, conventibus, doceant, arbitros, aestiment, and observe how the meaning of the Latin word helps to make plain the meaning of the English. Six hundred ships of the kind described above and twenty-eight war vessels are built for Caesar. He orders them to assemble at Portus Itius, ready for the passage to Britain. He himself with four legions and eight hundred horsemen invades the land of the Treveri, who have disregarded his commands. EXERCISE LXXX Grammar: A. 418; 564; 580. B. 226; 296, 2; 314, i. G. 397; 550, I, 2; 650. H. 480; 567, i; 642; 643. Inflection: ostendo ; fides; alter. Order of words : the following arrangement of the modifiers of a verb is common : ablative, indirect object, direct object, adverb, unless changed by emphasis. HOW THE TWO CHIEFS OF THE TREVERI ACTED ON CESAR'S ARRIVAL IN THEIR TERRITORY Haec civitas^ longe plurimum"^ totius GalHae equitatu valet magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, ut supra demon- stravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de principatu inter se con- tendebant, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix ; ex quibus alter, simul atque^ de Caesaris legionumque adventu cognitum est, ad eum* venit, se suosque omnis in officio futuros neque ab amicitia populi Roman! defecturOs confirmavit, quaeque in Treveris gererentur ostendit. At^ Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque cogere, ilsque qui per aetatem in armis esse non poterant in silvam Arduennam^ I20 SIGHT READING IN LATIN abditis, quae ingenti magnitudine" per medios finis Treverorum a flumine Rheno ad initium Remorum pertinet, bellum parare insti- tuit ; sed posteaquam^ non nOlli principes ex ea civitate et aucto- ritate Cingetorigis adducti et adventu nostri exercitOs perterriti ad Caesarem venerunt et de suis privatis rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, quoniam civitati consulere^ non possent, veritus ne ab omnibus desereretur legatos ad Caesarem mittit^*^: Sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo^^ facilius civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessii plebs propter imprO- dentiam laberetur ; itaque civitatem in sua potestate esse, seque, si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum et suas civitatisque fortunas eius fidei permissurum. — De Bello Gallico, V, 3 VOCABULARY tango, 3, tetigi, tactus, touch id.cixcOj for this reason principatus, us, m,, leadership plebs, plebis, f., common people aetas, atis, f., age labor, 3, lapsus, go wrong ingens, ingentis, huge NOTES 1 civitas : i.e. that of the Treveri. - plurimum : with valet ; is the strongest. ^ simul atque: as soon as. *eum: Caesar. ^at: synonym of sed. 6 Arduennam: of Ardennes. '^ magnitudine : describes quae. ^ postea- quam: = postquam. ^ consulere: with dative, look out for. 10 mittit: the subject refers to Indutiomarus. ^^ quo: introduces a purpose clause containing a comparative. Explain the derivation of adventu, amicitia, magnitudine, imprudentiam. Caesar arranges matters with the leaders of the Treveri and goes to Tortus Itius, where he finds the fleet ready for him, with the exception of sixty ships that have been held back by a storm. The chief men of all the states have also assembled there, and most of these he decides to take with him as hostages, fearing an uprising in Gaul while he is away. DE BELLO GALLICO, V 121 EXERCISE LXXXI Grammar: A. 345; 349, a; 504, d. B. 203, i; 204, i; 338, i, a, c. G. 365; 374; 428, 2. H. 440, 3; 451, i; 475, 2; 626. Inflection: audeo ; communis; ille. Order of words: adjectives of quantity, being emphatic, usually pre- cede the word which they modify. DUMNORIX IS RELUCTANT TO ACCOMPANY C/ESAR TO BRITAIN Erat una cum ceteris^ Dumnorlx Aeduus, de quo ante a nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperi, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat. Accedebat huc"'^ quod^ in concilio Aeduorum Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civi- tatis deferri ; quod dictum* Aedui graviter ferebant neque recusandi aut deprecandi causa legatos ad Caesarem mittere audebant. Id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo precibus petere contendit ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim^ quod insuetus navigandi mare timeret, partim quod religionibus impediri sese diceret. Posteaquam*^ id obstinate" sibi negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos hortarique coepit uti in continent! remanerent ; metu territare^: Non sine causa fieri ut Gallia omnl nobilitate spoliaretur ; id esse consilium Caesaris, ut quos*^ in conspectu Galliae interficere vere- retur, hos omnis in Britanniam traductos necaret^^; fidem reliquis interponere,^^ ius iurandum poscere, ut quod esse ex usu^"'^ Galliae intellexissent commQni consilio administrarent. Haec a compluribus ad Caesarem deferebantur. — De Bello Gallico, V, 6 VOCABULARY deprecor, i , beg off sollicito, i , stir up insuetus, a, um, tinacciistojned sevoco, i , call aside religio, onis, f., scruple territo, i, terrify nego, I, refuse spoli5, i, plunder 122 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 ceteris: synonym of reliqui, referring to those who were going with Caesar. -hue: to this. ^quod: the fact that. "* dictum: a noun, referring to sibi . . . deferri. ^ partim: adverb from pars. ^ postea- quam: = postquam. "obstinate: observe the termination. English de- rivative ? '^ territare : depends on coepit. It impHes an idea of sayi/ig, on which fieri and esse depend. ^ quos: the antecedent is hos. 10 necaret: synonym of interficio. ^i interponere : to pledge. It depends on coepit. ^^ ex usu: of advantage. Observe the force of the prefix in deferri, msuetus, sevocare, /nferponere. EXERCISE LXXXII Grammar: A. 346, a, 3; 367; 496. B. 187, II, a\ 201, 2; 337, 2, a,f. G. 369; 346; 665; 666. H. 442; 426, i; 638, i. Inflection: coepT; consilium; iTber. Order of words: the modifiers of a word precede or follow it, accord- ing as they are, or are not, emphatic. DURING THE EMBARKATION DUMNORIX ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE, BUT IS OVERTAKEN AND PUT TO DEATH Qua re^ cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati Aeduae dignitatis^ tribuebat, coercendum^ atque deterrendum quibuscumque rebus posset Dumnorigem statuebat ; quod longius eius amentiam pro- gredi videbat, prospiciendum ne quid^ sibi ac rei publicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter viginti quinque in eo loco commoratus,^ quod Corus^ ventus navigationem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam' ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo tamen setius omnia eius consilia cognosceret ; tandem idoneam nactus^ tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere navis iubet. At omnium impeditis animis Dumnorix cum equitibus Aeduorum a castris insciente^ Caesare domum discedere coepit. Qua re nuntiata Caesar, intermissa pro- fectione atque omnibus rebus postpositis, magnam partem equitatus ad eum insequendum mittit retrahique imperat ; si vim faciat neque DE BELLO GALLICO, V 123 pareat, interfici iubet, nihiP° hunc se absente pro" sano facturum arbitratus/^ qui^*^ praesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille autem revo- catus resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implorare coepit, saepe clamitans liberum se llberaeque esse civitatis. Illi, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt ; at cquites Aedui ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur. De Bello Gallico, V, 7 VOCABULARY tribuo, 3, ui, utus, grant retraho, 3, traxi, tractus, bring coerceo, 2, ui, itus, check back amentia, ae, f., mad Ji ess pareo, 2, ui, , obey prospicio, 3, spexi, spectus, look out sanus, a, um, sane flo, I, blow revoco, i, recall setius, less clamito, i, sJiout NOTES 1 qua re: the facts mentioned in the hist chapter. - dignitatis: with tantum. EngHsh derivative ? ^ coercendum : understand esse, depending on statuebat. ^ quid : /;/ a)iy 7oay. ^ commoratus : synonym of moror. ^ Corus: the northwest wind. " dabat operam: he exej-ted hijuself. ^ nac- tus: havi)igmet. ^ insciente: in + sciens. ^*^ nihil: object. ^^ pro: like. 1- arbitratus: synonym of existimo. ^'^ qui : equivalent to cum causal. Think of English words from tribuebat, deterrendum, prospiciendum, revocatus, revertuntur, and observe the connection in meaning between the Latin word and the English derivative. Caesar sets sail at sunset and with the enthusiastic help of sailors and soldiers reaches Britain the next day about noon. lie lands without mis- hap. Learning the location of the enemy, he sets out at once for them, but has no decisive engagement. NAVIGIUM 124 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE LXXXIII Grammar: A. 346, ^,3; 531, 2; 540, 2. B. 201, 2; 282, 2; 286, i. G. 369; 630; 541. H. 442; 590; 588,11. Inflection: nuntio ; dies; superus (compare). Order of words: temporal clauses usually precede, clauses of purpose and result usually follow, the verb on which they depend. A STORM CAUSES A DISASTER TO THE FLEET Postridie eius diei^ mane tripartito milites equitesque in expedi- tionem^ misit, ut eos qui fugerant persequerentur.^ His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum iam extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnis navis afflictas atque in litus eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque sustinerent neque nautae gubernatoresque vim tempestatis pati possent ; itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum^ acceptum. De Bello Gallico, V, 10 VOCABULARY mane, ear/y prospectus, us, m., 7v>w tripartito, /// ///;re dh'isio7is eicio, 3, iecl, iectus, tJirow out aliquantum, i, n., a little NOTES 1 eius diei: i.e. on which his soldiers had put the enemy to flight. ^ expeditionem: expedio + tio ; j-aid. ^ persequerentur : composition.^ * incommodum : the prefix has a negative force. DE BELLO GALLICO, V 125 EXERCISE LXXXIV Grammar; A. 345 ; 382, I ; 504. B. 203, i ; 191, i ; 338, i, «. G. 365; 356; 428. H. 440, 3; 433; 626. Inflection: munio ; maior ; Idem. Order of words: modifiers of either word of an ablative absolute often are placed between these words, the particular arrangement depending on the emphasis. C^SAR PROCURES WORKMEN, REPAIRS THE DAMAGE, AND STARTS AGAIN His rebus ^ cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque in itinere resistere iubet, ipse ad navis revertitur ; eadem fere^ quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat coram perspicit,^ sic ut amissis circiter quadraginta navibus reliquae tamen refici posse magno negotio^ viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continent! alios arcessi iubet ; Labieno scribit^ ut*^ quam plurimas possit iis legionibus quae sint apud eum navis instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae'^ ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit omnis navis subduci et cum castris una munltione coniungi.^ In his rebus circiter dies decern consQmit ne nocturnls^ quidem temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus cas- trisque egregie munitis easdem copias quas ante praesidio navibus relinquit ; ipse eodem unde redierat proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, maiores iam undique in eum locum copiae Britannorum convenerant summa^*^ imperi bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivellauno, cuius finis a maritimis^^ civitatibus . flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis,^^ a mari circiter milia passuum octoginta. Huic^^ superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni hunc toti bello imperioque praefecerant. — De Bello Gallico, V, i i VOCABULARY revoco, i, recall faber, bri, m., woi'kman 126 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 his rebus: i.e. the disaster to the fleet. ^ fere: an adverb is usually placed next to the word which it modifies. ^ perspicit : compare with despicio and conspicio. ■* negotio: shows the manner of refici. ^ scribit: implies an order. *^ ut: introduces instituat. ''operae: = difficultas. 8 omnis . . . coniungi : forms the subject of esse. ^ nocturnis : nox + urnus, pertaining to. lOsumma: a noun. ^ maritimis : mare + timus, /tv- tainiiig to. ^- Tamesis : the Tka?nes. ^^ huic: i.e. Cassivellaunus, one of the great heroes of ancient Britain. EXERCISE LXXXV Grammar: A. 2^^ \ 284; 414; 418. B. 167: 168; 223; 226. G. 205; 211; 403: 397. H. 393; 479; 480. Inflection: appell6(3); insula; Qnus. Order of words: the modifiers of the predicate are usually arranged, from the beginning, in the order of their importance. THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS insula^ natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est contra^ Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium,^ quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meri- diem'' spectat. Hoc latus tenet ^ circiter milia passuum quingenta. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex° parte est Hibernia insula, dimidio minor, ut existimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque" ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula, quae appellatur Mona ; complures praeterea minores obiectae insulae existimantur, de quibus insulis non nulli scripserunt dies continues triginta sub^ brumam esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percontationibus reperie- bamus, nisi certis ex aqua^ mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctis videbamus. Huius est longitudo^*^ lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, septingentorum milium. Tertium est contra septen- triones, cui parti nulla est obiecta terra ; sed eius angulus alter DE BELLO GALLICO, V 127 maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc milium passuum octingentorum in longittidinem esse existimatur, Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum milium passuum. — De Bello Gallico, V, 13 VOCABULARY triquetrus, a, um, triangular bruma, ae, f., winter solstice angulus, i, m., angle, corner (lit. shortest) dimidium, dimi'di, n., /latf percontatio, onis, f., inquiry transmissus, us, m., crossijig mensura, ae, f., measuretnent scribo, 3, scrips!, scriptus, write vicies, twenty times NOTES 1 insula: understand the verb. - contra: opposite. ^ Cantium: Kent. ^ ad meridiem : is this true .-' Meridiem = medius + dies. ^ tenet: extends. ^ ex: on. " atque: as. ^ sub: abo2it. ^ ex aqua: i.e. by means of the water-clock. 10 longitiido : composition ? Think of English words from orientem, solem, occidentem, obiectae, spec- tat, centum, and observe the connection in meaning between the Latin word and the English derivative. EXERCISE LXXXVI Grammar; A. 415; 418. B. 224: 226. G. 400; 397. H. 473,2; 480. Inflection : effic'io :, lac; multum (compare). Order of words: a preposition is usually placed immediately before the word which it governs. SOME OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE BRITONS Ex his^ omnibus longe sunt humanissimi"^ qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores^ plerique frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem,'* atque hoc^ horri- biliores^ sunt in pugna aspectu^; capilloque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. De Bello Gallico, V, 1 4 128 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY sero, 3, sevi, satus, sow caeruleus, a, um, blue vivo, 3, vixi, victum, live capillus, i, m., hair vestio, 4, ivi, itus, clothe promitto, 3, misi, missus, let grow vitrum, i, n., woad, a blue dye rasus, a, um, shaved inficio, 3, feci, fectus, stain labnim, i, n., lip NOTES ^his: i.e. Britanni. " humanissiml : homo -f- anus, peiiaini7ig to. ^interiores: English derivative? Understand homines. * colorem: Eng- lish derivative .'' ^hoc: states a cause. <^ horribiliores : English deriva- tive from the positive ? '' aspectu : compare conspectus, noting the prefix. EXERCISE LXXXVII Grammar; A. 345,«; 414; 429,1. B. 203, i ; 223; 228, i,^^. G. 365; 403; 385, N.I. H. 440, 3; 479; 485,2. Inflection: eo : genus; alter. Order of words: a genitive, unless emphatic, usually follows the noun which it limits. C.^SAR CROSSES THE THAMES IN SPITE OF THE ENEMY'S RESISTANCE Caesar cognito consilio^ eorum'-^ ad fiiimen Tamesim in finis Cassivellaunl^ exercitum duxit ; quod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest."* Eo cum venisset, anim- advertit ad alteram fliiminis rlpam magnas esse copias hostium instructas. Ripa autem erat aciitls sudibus praeflxTsque munita, eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixae sudes fiOmine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque Caesar praemisso equitatu confestim legiones subsequi iussit. Sed ea° celeritate atque eo impetu miHtes ierunt, cum*^ capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent. — De Bello Gallico. V, 18 DE BELLO GALLICO, V 129 VOCABULARY sudis, is, f., stake tego, 3, texi, tectus, cover praefigo, 3, fixi, fixus, set up perfuga, ae, m., deserter in front exsto, i , , , stand out NOTES 1 consilio: i.e. of fighting. -eorum: the Britons. ^ Cassivellaum : one of the greatest of the ancient heroes of Britain. * flumen . . . potest : not true ; Caesary(7«;/^/but one. ^ea: = tanta here. ^cym- conjunc- tion. Considering the phrase capite solo with ea celeritate ierunt, what force must cum have ? Determine the force of the prefix in/)raeflxis, rfeflxae, sufrsequi, exstarent, d/mitterent, Cassivellaunus continues the warfare by attacking the Romans' foraging parties, and thus keeping them from going far from the camp in the search for supphes. EXERCISE LXXXVIII Grammar: A. 305; 563. B. 250, i: 295, i. G. 614; 546. H. 396; 565. Inflection: defendo : celeriter (compare) ; ipse. Order of words: an adverb is usually placed immediately before the word which it limits. THE TRINOVANTES SURRENDER TO C^SAR Interim Trinovantes, prope firmissima earum regioniim civitas, ex qua Mandubraciiis adulescens Caesaris fidem secutus ad eum in continentem venerat, cuius pater in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse^ fuga mortem vltaverat, legates ad Caesarem mittunt pollicenturque sese ei dedituros atque imperata facturos ; petunt ut Mandubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat atque in civitatem mittat, qui"^ praesit imperiumque ob- tineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumentumque exercituT, Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit,^ Illi imperata celeriter ■fecerant, obsides ad numerum frijmentumque miserunt. De Bello Gallico, V, 20 I30 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY continens, entis, f., continent vito, i. avoid NOTES 1 ipse: Mandubracius. ^ qui, etc.: states the purpose of mittat. 2 Mandubracium . . . mittit : by this means he gained their good will. EXERCISE LXXXIX Grammar: A. 346, a, 3; 420, i, 2: 556. B. 201, 2: 337, 2, a,/; 293. I. G. 369; 665; 666. H. 442: 638, i: 604, i. Inflection: obses; nobilis ; hic. Order of words: dependent clauses, except those of purpose and result, tend to precede the main verb. AFTER A LAST DESPERATE ATTEMPT TO DEFEAT THE ROMANS CASSIVELLAUNUS SURRENDERS TO C/ESAR Dum haec^ in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium,^ quod esse ad^ mare supra demonstravimus, quibus regionibus^ quattuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit atque his imperat uti coactis omnibus copiis castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque oppugnent. Hi cum ad castra venissent, nostri eruptione facta, multis eorum inter- fectis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumis reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nijntiato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum^ legates per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar cum constituisset''' hiemare in continent! propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat et quid in annos singulos vectigalis' populo Romano Britannia penderet constituit ; interdicit atque imperat Cassivellauno ne Mandubracio neu Trinovantibus noceat. De Bello Gallico, V, 22 DE BELLO GALLICO, V 131 VOCABULARY navalis, e, naval vectigal, alls, n., tiibute defectio, onis, f., I'evolt interdico, 3, dixi, dictus, forbid extraho, 3, traxi, tractus, draw out NOTES 1 haec : i. e. the capture of the chief town of Cassivellaunus. 2 Cantium : A'e/it. ^ ad : near. * regi5nibus : for the case, consider praeerant. ^ civitatum : five had surrendered to Caesar. ^ constituisset : states a reason for imperat. ' vectigalis : with quid. Observe the words in the passage ending in tio. What is the force of this sufhx ? Caesar then returns with his fleet safely to Gaul. EXERCISE XC Grammar; A. 403,^7; 410. 3.215:218,1, G. 395; 407. H. 469,2; 477- Inflection: fio ; plus. Order of words: the beginning of the clause or sentence is usually the emphatic position. C/ESAR LEARNS OF THE MURDER OF TASGETIUS Erat in Carnutibus summo loco^ natus Tasgetius, cuius maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. Huic Caesar pro eius virtute atque in se benevolentia,"^ quod in omnibus belhs singular!^ eius opera^ fuerat^ usus, maiorum locum restituerat. Tertium iam hunc*^ annum regnantem" inimici^ palam multis ex civitate auctoribus° interfecerunt. Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plurls pertinebat,^*^ ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare, quorumque^^ opera ^ cognoverit Tasgetium inter- fectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere. Interim ab omnibus quibus legiones tradiderat certior factus est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum. — De Bello Gallico, V, 25 132 SIGHT READING IN LATIN VOCABULARY palam, openly comprehendo, 3, hendi, hensus, impulsus, us, m., instigation seize NOTES 1 loco: ?-a)ik. - benevolentia : bene + volo + tia. ^ singular! : English derivative? * opera: synonym of opus. ^fuerat: translate as erat. 6 hunc : refers to Tasgetius. "^ regnantem : synonym of rego. '^ inimici : in + amicus. ^ auctoribus : augeo + tor, instigators. ^*^ ad pluris per- tinebat: i.e. several persons were concerned in it. Note multis auctoribus above. ^^ quorum: the antecedent is hos. i- opera: with interfectum. Ambiorix, one of the chiefs of the Eburones, incites a serious revolt among several of the Gallic tribes, the Nervii among others. The winter quarters of Cicero, the commander of Caesar's forces in this tribe, are besieged, and the situation is critical. Cicero gets a letter through the enemy's lines to Caesar, and the latter at once marches to his relief with what troops he can gather. EXERCISE XCI Grammar: A. 345; 376; 531, 2. B. 203, i; 188, i; 282, 2. G. 365; 352; 630. H. 440, 3; 425, 2. Inflection: confirmo ; mille ; certior. Order of words: a variation from the usual position of a word makes the word emphatic. LEARNING OF THE GAULS' ADVANCE, C/ESAR PURPOSELY BUILDS A VERY SMALL CAMP TO LURE THEM ON Gall! re cognita'^ per exploratores obsidionem relinquunt, ad Caesarem omnibus copiis contendunt. Haec"^ erant armata circiter milia sexaginta. Cicero data facultate Galium^ ab eodem Verticone quern supra demonstravimus repetit,'* qui litteras ad Caesarem deferat. Hunc admonet'^ iter caute*^ diligenterque faciat.'^ Perscribit in litteris hostis ab se discessisse omnemque ad eum multitudinem convertisse. Quibus litteris circiter media nocte Caesar adlatis suos DE BELLO GALLICO, V 133 facit certiores eosque ad dimicandum animo conflrmat. Postero die luce prima mo vet castra, et circiter milia passuum quattuor pro- gressus trans vallem ct rivum multitudinem hostium conspicatur. Erat magni periculi res tantulis copiis iniquo^loco dimicare^; tum, quoniam obsidione liberatum^*^ Ciceronem sciebat, aequo animo remittendum de celeritate^^ existimabat. Considit et quam aequis- simo potest loco castra communit^; atque haec etsi erant exigua^^ per se, vix hominum milium septem, praesertim nullis cum impedi- mentis, tamen angustiis viarum^^ quam maxime potest contrahit eo consilio, ut in summam contemptionem^'' hostibus veniat. Interim speculatoribus in omnis partis dimissis explorat quo^*' commodissime itinere vallem transire possit. — De Bello Gallico, V, 49 VOCABULARY perscrlbo, 3, scripsi, scriptus, tantulus, a, um, so little write in full speculator, oris, m., spy rivus, i, m., strecDii NOTES ^ re cognita: i.e. the fact that. Caesar was coming to the relief of Cicero. 2 haec : refers to copiis, but takes the gender of milia. ^ Galium : a slave of Vertico, a Nervian. lie had helped Cicero before. ^ repetit: compo- sition } ^ admonet : = monet. ^ caute : adverb from the participle of caveo. '^ faciat : shows purpose. ^ iniquo : in -f aequus. ^ dimicare : used as a noun. ^'^ liberatum: verb formed from liber. Understand esse. 11 remittendum de celeritate: he might relax his speed. ^^ communit: the prefix is intensive. ^^exigua: synonym of parvus. i* angustiis viarum: by narwwiug the streets. is contemptionem: EngHsh derivative ? 1^ quo: interrogative. Explain the derivation of exploratores, multitiidinem, celeritate. What is the stem of speculatoribus, and what is its meaning } 134 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XCTI Grammar: A. 423, i; 507. 3. B. 230; 338, 4, b\ 339, i. G. 393; 433. H. 486; 631. Inflection: recipio ; equester : uterque. Order of words: prepositional phrases usually limit a word which follows them. BOTH ARMIES AVOID A DECISIVE BATTLE Eo die parvulis^ equestribus proeliis ad aquam factis utrlque sese suo loco''^ continent, — GaUi,^ quod ampliores copias, quae nondum convenerant, exspectabant ; Caesar, si forte timoris simulatione hostis in suum locum elicere posset, ut citra vallem pro castris proelio contenderef^ ; si id efficere non posset, ut exploratis itineribus minore cum periculo vallem rivumque transiret. Prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra accedit proeliumque cum nostris equitibus committit. Caesar consulto equites cedere seque in castra recipere iubet; simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri portasque obstrui atque in his administrandis rebus quam maxime concursarl" et cum simulatione agi timoris iubet. De Bello Gallico, V, 50 VOCABULARY forte, by chance obstruo, 3. struxi, structus, elicio, 3, ui, itus, entice block up citra, this side of concurso, i , run to and pv rivus, i, m., stream NOTES 1 parvulis: parvus 4- ulus, little. Compare tantulus. - loco: without in, as often. ^ QdlVw understand sese suo loco continent. ^ contenderet: states the purpose of sese suo loco continet understood. '° concursari : impersonal. Observe how the phrases in the passage illustrate the rule for the order of words. DE BELLO GALLICO, V 135 EXERCISE XCIII Grammar: A. 401; 420, i, 2. B. 214, i, d; 227, 2, a, b. G. 405; 410. H. 462: 489, I. Inflection : volo ; manus ; quis. Order of words: adjectives of quantity usually precede the word which they modify. AFTER LURING THE GAULS ON TO THE ATTACK C.'ESAR PUNISHES THEM SOUNDLY Quibus omnibus rebus ^ hostes invitati copias traducunt aciemque iniquo^ loco constituunt, nostris vero etiam de vallo deductis propius accedunt et tela intra munitionem ex omnibus partibus coniciunt, praeconibusque circummissis^ pronuntiari iubent, seu quis Gallus seu Romanus velit ante horam tertiam ad se transire, sine periculo licere ; post id tempus non fore potestatem.'* Ac sic nostros con- tempserunt ut obstructis^ in speciem*' portis singulis ordinibus caespitum, quod ea non posse introrumpere videbantur, alii vallum manu scindere, ali! fossas complere inciperent. Tum Caesar om- nibus portis eruptione facta equitatuque emisso" celeriter hostis in fugam dat, sic uti omnino pugnandi causa resisteret nemo, magnumque ex iis numerum occidit atque omnis armis exuit. De Bello Gallico, V, 51 VOCABULARY praeco, onis, m., Jicrald introrumpo, 3, riipi, ruptus, break contemno, 3, tempsi, temptus, into despise scindo, 3, scidi, scissus, tear down caespes, itis, m., sod exuo, 3, ui, utus, strip NOTES 1 quibus rebus : i. e. those mentioned in the preceding chapter. - iniquo : in 4- aequus. ^ circummissis: composition.'' * potestatem: /^rw/^jz^?;/. ^ obstructis: participle from obstruo. English derivative.'' ^ in speciem: for the sake of appearance. ' emisso : composition ? 136 SIGHT READING IN LATIN EXERCISE XCIV Inflection : vereor ; dies. Order of words: in a phrase or sentence the emphatic word usually stands first. CESAR PRAISES CICERO FOR HIS BRAVE DEFENSE Longius prosequi veritus,^ quod silvae paludesque intercedebant, omnibus suis incolumibus eodem die ad Ciceronem pervenit. Insti- tutas turris, testudines, munitionesque hostium admiratur ; producta legione cognoscit non decimum quemque^ esse reliquum militem sine vuhiere ; ex his omnibus iudicat rebus quanto cum periculo et quanta virtute res sint administratae. Ciceronem pro eius merito legionemque conlaudat ; centuriones singillatim tribunosque militum appellat, quorum egregiam fuisse virtutem testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat. De casu Sabini et Cottae^ certius ex captivis cognoscit. Postero die contione habita rem gestam proponit, milites consolatur et confirmat. Interim ad Labienum** per Remos incredibili celeritate de victoria Caesaris fama perfertur, ut, cum^ ab hibernis Ciceronis milia passuum abesset circiter sexaginta eoque post horam nonam die! Caesar pervenisset, ante mediam noctem ad portas castrorum clamor oreretur, quo clamore signification victoriae gratulatioque'^ ab Remis Labieno fieret. — De Bello Gallico, V, 52 VOCABULARY conlaudo, i, praise /u'g/i/y contio, onis, f., assoiibly singillatim, one at a time consolor, i, speaic iciudly io testimonium, testimoni, n., evidence fama, ae, f., report NOTES ^ veritus: i.e. Caesar. - decimum quemque: one in ten. ^ Sabini et Cottae: treacherously killed by Ambiorix, after their forces had been ambushed. * Labienum: he was wintering among the Remi. ^ cum: considering the short time between horam nonam and mediam noctem and the long distance traversed, what must cum mean? ^ significatio: signum + facio -f tio. " gratulatio : from gratulor, co/igratntate. DE BELLO GALLICO, V 13/ EXERCISE XCV Inflection: maneo ; initium. Order of words: when a noun is modified by an adjective and a geni- tive, the order often is : adjective, genitive, noun — the particular arrange- ment depending on emphasis. THE WIDELY FELT DESIRE AMONG THE GAULS FOR A REVOLT KEEPS C/ESAR UNEASY Hac fama^ ad Treveros perlata Indutiomarus, qui postero die castra Labieni oppugnare decreverat,^ noctu profugit copiasque omnis in Treveros redOcit. Caesar Fabium^ cum sua legione re- mittit in hiberna, ipse cum tribus legionibus circum Samarobrivam^ trims'' hibernls hiemare constituit; et quod tanti motus GalHae exstiterant, totam hiemem ipse ad exercitum manere decrevit. Nam illo incommode ®de Sabini morte perlato omnes fere Galliae civitates de bello consultabant, nuntios legationesque in omnis partis dimit- tebant, et quid rehqui consili caperent atque unde initium beUi fieret explorabant,'^ nocturnaque^ in locis desertis concilia habebant. Neque Cillum fere totius hiemis tempus sine sollicitudine Caesaris intercessit, quin^ aliquem de consiliis ac motu Gallorum nuntium acciperet. In his ab Lucio Roscio, quem legion! tertiae decimae praefecerat, certior factus est magnas Gallorum copias earum civitatum quae Aremoricae appellantur oppugnandi sui causa con- venisse, neque longius milibus passuum octo ab hibernis suis afuisse, sed nuntio adlato de victoria Caesaris discessisse, adeo ut fugae similis^^ discessus" videretur. At Caesar principibus cuiusque civitatis ad se evocatis alios territando,^'^ cum se scire quae fierent denuntiaret,^^ alios cohortando magnam partem Galliae in officio tenuit. — De Bello Gallico, V, 53, 54 VOCABULARY exsisto, 3, stiti, , an'se sollicitudo, inis, f., anxiety consulto, I , deliberate earnestly adeo, to sueJi a degree^ so 138 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 fama : i. e. about Caesar's success. - decreverat : synonym of constituo. ^ Fabium: in charge of the winter quarters among the Morini. ^ Sama- robrivam: a town of the Ambiani. ^ trinis: used for tribus with hibernis, a noun used only in the plural. ^ incommodo: in + commodum. " explo- rabant : compare with the noun expl5rator. ^ nocturna : nox + urnus, a time suffix. 9 quin : 7vithout. ^^ similis : English derivative } ^^ discessus : noun from discedo. 12 -territando : by frighteniiig. ^'^ denuntiaret: composition .'' Observ^e the force of the prefix in perlsita., reducit, ejrstiterant, dimitte- bant, praefeceTat, afuisse. With the exception of the Aedui and the Remi, whom Caesar had always especially honored, there is hardly a state that he does not suspect of considering a revolt. EXERCISE XCVI Order of words: in general a phrase or limiting expression is more likely to limit or depend on a word closely following it than on one that has gone before. This is because the limiting word is usually the emphatic part of the phrase. INDUTIOMARUS TRIES TO ROUSE THE GERMANS AND THE GAULS Treveri vero atque Indutiomarus totius hiemis nOllum tempus intermiserunt quin^ trans Rhenum legatos mitterent, civitates sollici- tarent, pecOnias pollicerentur, magna parte exercitus nostri interfecta multo minorem superesse dicerent partem. Neque tamen ulli civi- tati Germanorum persuader! potuit ut Rhenum transiret, cum se bis expertos dicerent, Ariovist! bello et Tencterorum transitu^ ; non esse amplius fortunam temptaturos. Hac spe lapsus Indutiomarus nihilo minus copias cogere, exercere, a finitimls equos parare, exsules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemils ad se allicere coepit. Ac tantam sibi iam his rebus in Gallia auctoritatem comparaverat ut undique ad eum legationes concurrerent, gratiam^ atque amicitiam publice privatimque^ peterent. — De Bello Gallico, V, 55 DE BELLO GALLICO, VI 139 VOCABULARY sollicito, I, stir up exsul, ulis, m.,f., exile pecunia, ae, f., vwtiey damno, i, convict labor, 3, lapsus, slip allicio, 3, lexi, lectus, attract exerceo, 2, ui, itus, train NOTES 1 quin : 7vitfiout. " transitu : a verbal noun from transeo. ^ gratiam : i.e. of Indutiomarus. * privatim: compare with nominatim, singillatim. Select from the passage words that by their position illustrate the rule for the order of words. EXERCISE XCVII Order of words: an adverb usually precedes the word which it modifies. SEVERAL STATES REBEL AGAINST THE ROMANS Interfecto Indutiomaro,^ ut docuimus, ad eius propinquos a Treveris imperium defertur. 111! finitimos Germanos sollicitare et pecuniam polliceri non desistunt. Cum a proximis impetrare non possent, ulteriores temptant. Inventis'^ non nullis civitatibus iure iurando inter se confirmant obsidibusque de pecunia cavent^; Ambiorigem sibi societate et foedere adiungunt.'* Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar, cum undique bellum parari videret, Nervios, Aduatucos, Menapios adiunctis Cisrhenanis'' omnibus Germanis esse in armis, Senones ad imperatum non venire et cum Carnutibus finitimisque civitatibus consilia communicare,'^ a Treveris Germanos crebris legationibus sollicitari, maturius sibi de bello cogitandum putavit. — De Bello Gallico, VI, 2 VOCABULARY sollicito, I, stir np foedus, eris, n., treaty pecunia, ae, f., money cogito, i, co)isider societas, atis, f., alliance I40 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 Indutiomaro : he was killed by the soldiers of Labienus, who all aimed their weapons at him when he approached the camp with his cavalry in a foolhardy way. Labienus had offered great rewards to those who should kill Indutiomarus and thus end the uprising. - inventis : composition? 3 obsidibusque . . . cavent: give hostages as security for the vioney. * adiun- gunt: composition ? ^ Cisrhenanis: cis, o)i this side of, + Rhenus + anus, pertaining to. '^ communicate : English derivative .-* Think of English words from defertur, pecuniam, ulteriores, inventis, foedere, and observe how the meaning of the Latin word helps to make plain the meaning of the English. EXERCISE XCVIII Order of words: the modifiers of the parts of an ablative absolute often stand between the words that compose it, the degree of emphasis of each word determining its position. AFTER A RAID AMONG THE NERVII C^SAR ENTERS THE TERRITORY OF THE SENONES Itaque nondum hieme confecta, proximis quattuor coactis legio- nibus, de improviso in finis Nerviorum contendit, et, priusquam iUi aut convenire aut profugere possent, magno pecoris atqiie homi- niim numero capto atque ea praeda militibus concessa vastatlsque agrls, in deditionem venire atque obsides sibi dare coegit. Eo celeriter confecto negotio rursiis in hiberna legiones reduxit. Concilio Galliae primo vere, ut^ instituerat, indicto, cum reliqui praeter Senones, CarnuteS; Treverosque venissent, initium belli ac defec- tionis hoc "^ esse arbitratus,^ ut omnia postponere videretur, concilium Lutetiam* Parisiorum transfert. Confines^ erant hi Senonibus civitatemque patrum memoria coniunxerant, sed ab hoc consilio afuisse existimabantur. Hac re*^ pro suggestu pronuntiata eodem die cum legionibus in Senones proficiscitur magnisque itineribus eo pervenit. — De Bello Gallico, VI, 3 DE BELLO GALLICO, VI 14 1 VOCABULARY ver, veris, n., spnjig postpone, 3, posui, positus, indico, 3, dixi, dictus, appoint dec in less important defectio, onis, f., revolt suggestus, us, m., tribunal NOTES 1 ut: notice the mood following. - hoc: refers to praeter . . . Treveros, i. e. their absence. '^ arbitratus : synonym of existimo. ^ Lutetiam : the modern Paris. ^ confines: synonym of finitimus. *^ hac re: i.e. ab . . . afuisse. EXERCISE XCIX Order of words: in any phrase the determining or emphatic word comes first. C/ESAR'S ARRIVAL DISCONCERTS THE SENONES AND THE CARNUTES, AND THEY SUBMIT Cognito eius^ adventu Acco,^ qui princeps eius consHi^ fuerat, iubet in oppida multitudinem convenire. Conantibus,'' priusquam id effici posset, adesse Romanos nuntiatur. Necessario sententia desistunt legatosque deprecandi causa ad Caesarem mittunt ; adeunt per Aeduos, quorum antiquitus''^ erat in fide civitas. Libenter Caesar petentibus Aeduis dat veniam excusationemque*^ accipit, quod aes- tivum tempus instantis' belli, non quaestionis^ esse arbitrabatur.^ Obsidibus imperatis centum hos Aeduis custodiendos tradit. Eodem Carnutes legatos obsidesque mittunt usi deprecatoribus^*^ Remis, quorum erant in clientela; eadem ferunt responsa. Peragit con- cilium Caesar equitesque imperat civitatibus. De Bello Gallico, VI, 4 VOCABULARY adsum, esse, fui, , be present aestivus, a, um, ofsinnnier, summer deprecor, i , beg off custodio, 4, ivi, itus, watch libenter, willingly clientela, ae, f., protection venia, ae, f., pardon 142 SIGHT READING IN LATIN NOTES 1 eius: i.e. Caesar's. - Acco: a leader of the Senones. ^consili: i.e. for a revolt. '^ conantibus: i.e. in oppida convenlre. ^ antiquitus: adverb from antiquus, which is synonymous with vetus. ® excusationem : exciiso + tio. '^ instantis: impending^ i.e. the one with the Treveri. 8 quaestionis : quaero + ti5. ^ arbitrabatur : synonym of existimo. ^^ depre- catoribus : derivation .'' Under the leadership of Vercingetorix, the most heroic figure in the struggle of Gaul against the Romans, a general uprising occurs. After much desperate fighting, sacking of towns, and laying waste of fields, the advantage being on the side of the Romans, Vercingetorix makes a last stand in Alesia, now called Alise-Sainte-Reine, a town in central Gaul. ^ J w < J3 ii P ^ J ir ^ ^ ^< O " ffi 1 H V f" r. DE BELLO GALLICO, VII VERCINGETORIX WITHDRAWS INTO ALESIA, C.'ESAR AT HIS HEELS 68. Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorlx copias suas, ut^ pro castrls conlocaverat, rediixit protinusque'^ Alesiam, quod^ est oppi- dum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit, celeriterque impedimenta ex castrls educi et se subsequi iussit Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem ductis, duabus legionibus praesidio relictis, seciitus hostis quantum"* diei tempus est passum, circiter tribus milibus ex novissimo agmine interfectis, altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit. Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus, quod equitatu,^ qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant, erant puis!, adhortatus*^ ad laborem milites Alesiam circumvallare instituit. THE NATURAL SURROUNDINGS OF ALESIA 69. Ipsum erat oppidum in colle summo, admodum edito loco, ut nisi"^ obsidione expugnari non posse videretur; cuius collis ra- dices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant. Ante oppidum fug5, I, put to flight admodum, very situs, us, m., situatioji subluo, 3, , lutum, wash circumvallo, i, build ifitreiichnients around 1 ut : notice the mood of conlocaverat. - protinus : synonym of statim. 2 quod: takes the gender of oppidum. ^quantum: as far as. ^equitatu: ablative of specification, but translate as subject of the verb which it limits. 6 adhortatus: = hortatus. "^ nisi: with obsidione. Observe that the words protinus, celeriter, proximum, and quantum . , . passum, and the short, crisp phrases make vivid the haste of this flight and the fierceness of the pursuit. 143 144 SIGHT READING IN LATIN planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat ; reli- quis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto^ spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant. Sub muro, quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam"^ in altitudinem sex pedum praeduxerant.^ Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus undecim milia passuum tenebat. Castra opportunis locis erant posita octona castellaque viginti tria facta, quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur, ne qua^ subito eruptio fieret ; haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidils tenebantur. A CAVALRY BATTLE IS FOUGHT, IN WHICH CESAR'S GERMAN TROOPS KILL MANY OF THE GAULS 70. Opere^ institute fit equestre proelium in ea planitie quam intermissam collibus tria milia passuum in longitiidinem*^ patere supra demonstravimus. Summa vi ab utrisque contenditur." Labo- rantibus nostris Caesar Germanos submittit legionesque pro castris constituit, ne qua subito irruptio ab hostium peditatu ^ fiat. Praesidio legionum addito^ nostris animus augetur ; hostes in fugam coniecti se ipsi multitudine-^° impediunt atque angustioribus portis relictis coartantur, German! acrius usque ad munitiones sequuntur. Fit magna caedes ; non nulli relictis equis fossam transire et maceriam transcendere conantur. Paulum legiones Caesar quas pro vallo planities, ei, f., plain mediocris, e, moderate fastigium, fastigi, n., degree interdiii, by day excubitor, oris, m., watchman irruptio, onis, f., invasion coarto, I, press together usque, all the way caedes, is, f., slaughter '^ interiecto: composition ? " maceriam: synonym of murus. ^ prae- opere: i.e. of building the en- qua: aiiy duxerant : composition ? compassing fortifications. impersonal. ^ peditatu equites. ^ addito: participle. English derivative .'' the cause of impediunt. •^longitudinem: derivation.'' '^ contenditur: synonym of pedites. Compare equitatus and 1*^ multitudine: states DE BELLO GALLICO, VII 145 constituerat promoveri iubet. Non minus qui intra munitiones erant Gain perturbantur, venlri^ ad se confestim existimantes ad arma conclamant; non nulll perterriti in oppidum irrumpunt.'^ Ver- cingetorix iubet portas claudi, ne castra nudentur. Multis interfectis, compluribus equls captis German! sese recipiunt. VERCINGETORIX SENDS AWAY ALL THE CAVALRY, URGING THEM TO RAISE FORCES FOR THE RELIEF OF ALESIA 71. Vercingetorix, priusquam munitiones ab Romanis perfici- antur, consilium capit omnem ab se equitatum noctu dimittere. Discedentibus^ mandat ut suam quisque eorum civitatem adeat omnisque qui per aetatem arma ferre possint ad bellum cogant ; sua in'^ illos merita proponit obtestaturque ut suae salutis rationem'' habeant, neu^ se optime de communi libertate meritum" hostibus in cruciatum dedant. Quod si indlligentiores fuerint, milia hominum delecta octoginta una secum interitura demonstrat. Ratione^ inita frumentum se exigue^ dierum triginta habere, sed paulo etiam longius tolerari^*' posse parcendo. His datis mandatis^^ qua erat nostrum opus intermissum secunda vigilia silentio^-^ equitatum dimittit. Frumentum omne ad se referri iubet ; capitis poenam iis qui non paruerint constituit ; pecus, cuius magna erat copia a claudo, 3, clausi, clausus, sJiut intereo, 4, ii, itum, perish aetas, atis, f., age parco, 3. peperci, parsum, spare obtestor, i, call to witness poena, ae, f., punishment indiligens, entis, ca7'eless pared, 2, ui, , obey 1 veniri: the enemy were coming: Impersonal. - irrumpunt: from the root of this verb is derived irruptio. ^ discedentibus : understand iis. * in : toward. ^ rati5nem : j-egard. ^ neu : and not. "' meritum : par- ticiple ; translate by a relative clause. ^ ratione: reckoning. This begins an indirect statement, depending on the verb demonstrat. ^ exigue : synonym of vix. i*^ tolerari: nearly = fero; impersonal, ^^ mandatis: noun. 12 siientio : noun. English derivative ? 146 SIGHT READING IN LATIN Mandubils compulsa, viritim^ distribuit; frumentum parce^ et paulatim metiri instituit ; copias omnis quas pro oppido conlocaverat in oppidiim recipit. His rationibus auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum administrare parat. THE GAULS RAISE A GREAT ARMY AND PROCEED TO ALESIA 76. Huius opera Commi,^ ut antea"* demonstravimus, fidell^ atque utili superioribus annls erat usus in Britannia Caesar ; pro quibus meritis civitatem eius immunem esse iusserat, iura legesque red- diderat, atque ipsi Morinos attribuerat. Tanta tamen Oniversae*^ Galliae consensio" fuit libertatis vindicandae^ et pristinae belli laiidis recuperandae ut neque beneficils neque amicitiae memoria move- retur, omnesque et animo et opibus in id bellum incum- berent. Coactis equitum milibus octo et peditum circiter ducentis quinquaginta, haec in Aeduorum finibus recensebantur nume- rusque inibatur, praefecti constituebantur ; Commio Atrebati, Viridomaro et Eporedorlgl Aeduis, Vercassivellauno Arverno, metior, 4, mensus, measure out recupero, i, I'ecover immunis, e, untaxed (ops), opis, f., 7-esou7xes lex, legis, f., law incumbo, 3, cubui, , exert attribuo, 3, ui, utus, assign oneself laus, laudis, f., glory recenseo, 2, ui, us, review 1 viritim: vir + (i)tim, man by uian. Compare nominatim. ^ parce: adverb ; compare parco. ^ Commi : he was sent by Caesar into Britain to persuade the states there to submit to the Roman rule. * antea: adverb, synonym of ante. ^ fideli : fides + ells, pe?iaini>ig to, ^universae: Enghsh derivative ? Synonym of totus. '' consensio : con + sentio + tio. ^ vindicandae: synonym of defendo. In order to bring about the surrender of Alesia and to prevent other forces being added to those in the town, Caesar constructed an elaborate system of fortifications, extending fourteen miles. These consisted of deep trenches, high walls, and several rows of sharpened stakes, besides others set up at the bottom of pits, which were covered with branches tp conceal them. DE BELLO GALLICO, VII 14/ consobrino Vercingetorigis, summa^ imperi traditur. His^ delecti^ ex civitatibus attribuuntur, quorum consilio bellum administraretur. Omnes alacres et'fiduciae'' pleni^ ad Alesiam proficiscuntur, neque erat omnium quisquam qui aspectum*^ modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse arbitraretur, praesertim ancipiti^ proelio, cum ex oppido eruptione pugnaretur, foris tantae copiae equitatus pedi- tatusque cernerentur. THE GAULS IN ALESIA DEBATE THEIR FUTURE ACTION. CRITOGNATUS BEGINS HIS SPEECH 77. At ii qui Alesiae obsidebantur, praeterita die qua auxilia suorum exspectaverant, consumpto omni frumento, Inscii^ quid in Aeduis gereretur, concilio coacto de exitu suarum fortunarum consultabant.^ x\c variis dictis sententiis, quarum pars deditionem, pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem censebat, ndn praetereunda oratio CritognatI videtur propter eius^*^ singularem et nefariam crudelitatem. Hic summo in ArvernTs ortus loco et magnae habitus auctoritatis/^ " Nihil," inquit,-^"-^ " de eorum sententia dicturus sum qui turpissimam servitutem deditionis nomine appellant, neque hos habendos^^ civium loco neque ad concilium adhibendos censeo. Cum his mihi res" est qui eruptionem probant ; quorum in consilio consobrinus, i, m., first cousin suppeto, 3, petivi, petitus, Jiold out foris, outside censeo, 2, ui, us, propose^ consider obsideo, 2, sedi, sessus, besiege nefarius, a, um, wicked praetereo, 4, ii, itus, pass over crudelitas, atis, f., cruelty exitus, lis, m., outcome turpis, e, shameful 1 summa: noun. - his: i.e. those just mentioned. ^ delecti: under- stand homines, ■* fiduciae : synonym of fides. ^ pleni : synonym of com- pletus. 6 aspectum: synonym of conspectus. "' ancipiti: in frojit and rear. ^ inscii: in + scio. ^ consultabant : English derivative ? ^^ eius: i. e. orationis. ^^ auctoritatis : a quality of hic. ^^ inquit : defective verb, synonym of dico. ^^ habendos : understand esse. Compare this form with dicturus sum above, "^.d^ioo, consider. '^^ res: business. Note the size and the spirit of the army which came to free Alesia. 148 SIGHT READING IN LATIN omnium vestrum consensu^ pristinae residere virtiitis memoria videtur. Animi est ista mollitia, non virtus, paulisper inopiam ferre non posse.'-^ Qui^ se ultro morti offerant facilius repcriuntur quam qui dolorem'* patienter^ ferant." CRITOGNATUS APPEALS TO HIS HEARERS NOT TO LOSE FAITH IN THE GAULS WHO HAVE NOT YET BEEN ABLE TO REACH THEM 77. ''Atque ego banc sententiam probarem'^ (tantum apud me dignitas potest), si nullam praeterquam' vltae nostrae iacturam fieri viderem ; sed in consilio capiendo omnem Galliam respiciamus,^ quam ad nostrum auxilium concitavimus. Quid,^ bominum milibus octoginta uno loco interfectis, propinquis^^ consanguineisque nostris animi fore existimatis, si paene in ipsis cadaveribus proelio decer- tare cogentur? Nolite^^ bos vestro auxilio exspoliare, qui vestrae salutis causa suum periculum neglexerunt, nee stultitia ac temeritate vestra aut animi imbecillitate omnem Galliam prosternere et per- petuae servituti subicere. An,^-^ quod ad diem non venerunt, de eorum fide constantiaque dubitatis ? Quid ergo ? Romanes in illis resideo, 2, sedi, , linger exspolio, i, deprive mollitia, ae, f., weakness stultitia, ae, f., folly dignitas, atis, f., honor temeritas, atis, f., rashness vita, ae, f., life imbecillitas, atis, f., weakness iactura, ae, f., loss prosterno, 3, stravi, stratus, ruin concito, I, stir up ergo, then, thej-efore cadaver, eris, n., dead body 1 consensu: con + sentio + tus. - paulisper . . . posse: used as a noun in apposition with ista. ^ qui : the antecedent is the subject of reperiuntur. * dolorem : doleo + or, act of. ^ patienter : adverb from the present participle of patior. English derivative ? *"' probarem : should approve. ^ praeter- quam : adverb ; compare with praeter. ^ respiciamus : introduce the trans- lation by let. ^ quid : with animi. i*^ propinquis, etc. : dative of the possessor. In translating, make this the subject of the clause, and render fore by the appropriate tense of ha-'c. ^^ nolite : do not. ^- an : the sign of a question, introducing the clause beginning with de. Translate by or. DE BELLO GALLICO, VII 149 ulterioribus munitionibus animine^ causa cotidie exerceri putatis ? Si illorum nuntiis conflrmari non potestis omni aditu praesaepto, his Citimini testibus appropinquare eorum adventum'-^; cuius rei timore exterriti^ diem noctemque in opere versantur." CRITOGNATUS PROPOSES A BARBAROUS PLAN FOR RESISTING THE ROMANS 77. " Quid ergo mei consili'* est ? Facere quod nostrl maiores nequaquam pari bello Cimbrorum Teutonumque fecerunt ; qui in oppida compulsi ac simili inopia subacti eorum corporibus^ qui aetate ad bellum inutiles^ videbantur vitam toleraverunt^ neque se hostibus tradiderunt. Cuius rei si exemplum non haberemus, tamen libertatis causa institui^ et posteris prodi^ pulcherrimum iudicarem. Nam quid illi simile bello f uit ? Depopulata^*^ Gallia Cimbri magnaque illata calamitate finibus quidem nostris aliquando excesserunt atque alias terras petierunt, iura, leges, agros, libertatem nobis reliquerunt. Romani vero quid petunt aliud aut quid volunt, nisi invidia adducti, quos^^ fama nobilis potentisque bello cognoverunt, horum in agris civitatibusque considere atque his aeternam^^ iniungere^^ servitutem ? Neque enim umquam alia condicione bella gesserunt. Quod si ea exerceo, 2, ui, itus, occupy aetas, atis, f., age praesaepio, 4, saepsi, saeptus, vita, ae, f., life block exemplum, i, n., p7-ccedent testis, is, m.,f., ivit?iess aliquando, at length ergo, then, therefoi'e lex, legis, f., law nequaquam, by no means invidia, ae, f., eniy similis, e, like fama, ae, f., reptitatio7i subigo, 3, egii, actus, drive umquam, ever 1 animlne: note the question sign. ^ adventum: subject of appropin- quare. ^ exterriti : synonym of perterritl. ** consill : predicate genitive. ^ corporibus : ablative of means. ^ inutiles: in + utilis, from utor. "' tole- raverunt: synonym of fero. ^ institui : understand id as subject, referring to exemplum. ^ prodi : synonym of trado. 1*^ depopulata: synonym of populor. 11 quos: the antecedent is horum. ^^ aeternam: synonym of perpetuus. ^^ iniungere : composition .'' ISO SIGHT READING IN LATIN quae in longinquis nationibus geruntur ignoratis, respicite finitimam Galliam, quae in provinciam redacta, iure et legibus commutatis, securibus^ subiecta perpetua premitur servitute." THE GAULS SEND OUT FROM ALESIA THOSE USELESS FOR FIGHTING 78. Sententils dictis constituunt ut ii qui valetudine aut aetata inOtiles'^ sint bello oppido excedant, atque omnia prius^ experiantur quam ad Critognati sententiam descendant"*; illo tamen potius utendum^ consilio, si res cogat atque auxilia morentur, quam aut deditionis aut pads subeundam condicionem. Mandubii,*^ qui eos'^ oppido receperant, cum liberis atque uxoribus exire coguntur. Hi cum ad munitiones Romanorum accessissent, flentes omnibus precibus orabant ut se in servitutem receptos cibo iuvarent. At Caesar dispositis^ in vallo custodiis recipl® prohibebat. THE MAIN FORCES OF THE GAULS REACH ALESIA AND ALL PREPARE FOR A SALLY 79. Interea Commius reliquique duces quibus summa imperi permissa erat cum omnibus copiis ad Alesiam perveniunt, et colle exteriore occupato non longius mille passibus a nostris munitio- nibus consldunt. Postero die equitatu ex castris educto omnem earn planitiem quam in longitudinem milia passuum tria patere ignoro, i, be u)iacquai?ited with uxor, oris, f., wife commuto, i, chajige custodia, ae, f., guard valetudo, inis, f., sick?iess planities, ei, f., plain aetas, atis, f., age 1 securibus : axes, but used as a symbol of Roman authority. - inutiles : in + utilis, from utor. ^ prius : with quam. "* descendant : Enghsh de- rivative ? ^ utendum: impersonal ; an indirect statement with esse under- stood. Make consilio the subject in the translation. ^ Mandubii : the tribe in whose territory Alesia was situated. " eos: the Gauls. ^ dispositis: composition ? ^ recipi : from being received. DE BELLO GALLICO, VII 151 demonstravimus complent, pedestrisque copias paulum ab eo loco abductas^ in locis superioribus constituunt. Erat ex oppido Alesia despectus^ in campum. Concurrunt his auxiliis visis ; fit gratulatio inter eos, atque omnium animi ad laetitiam excitantur.^ Itaque productis copiis ante oppidum consistunt, et proximam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent/ seque ad eruptionem atque omnis casus comparant. AFTER A FIERCE FIGHT THE GAULS RETREAT AND THOSE IN THE TOWN LOSE HOPE 80. Caesar omni exercitu ad utramque partem munitionum dis- posito,^ ut, si usus veniat, suum quisque locum teneat et noverit, equitatum ex castris educi et proelium committi iubet. Erat ex omnibus castris, quae summum undique iugum tenebant, despectus, atque omnes milites intent! "^ pugnae proventum exspe'ctabant. Galli inter equites raros" sagittarios expeditosque levis armaturae interiecerant,*^ qui suis cedentibus auxilio succurrerent^ et nostro- rum equitum impetus sustinerent. Ab his complures de improvise vulnerati proelio excedebant. Cum suos pugna superiores esse Galli conflderent et nostros multitudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ii qui munitionibus continebantur et ii qui ad auxilium convenerant clamore et ululatu suorum animos conflrmabant. Quod in conspectu omnium res gerebatur neque recte aut turpiter gratulatio, onis, f., i-ejoiciiig Sagittarius, sagittari, m., boivinan laetitia, ae f., gladness armatiira, ae, f., armor crates, ium, f., wickerwork ululatus, us, m., yelling integ5, 3, texL tectus, an'er over recte, lightly proventus, us, m., oiitcojne turpiter, disgracefully 1 abductas : composition ? - despectus : despicio + tus. ^ excitantur : English derivative ? * explent : note the prefix, and compare with compleo. ^disposito: composition? *^ intenti : adjective. EngHsh derivative ? '^ raros : here and there. ^ interiecerant : composition ? ^ succurrerent : sub, tip to. 152 SIGHT READING IN LATIN factum celarl poterat, utrosque et laudis cupiditas^ et timor igno- miniae ad virtutem excitabat.^ Cum a meridie^ prope ad solis occasum dubia"* victoria pugnaretur, German! una in parte con- fertis turmis in hostis impetum fecerunt eosque propulerunt'^; quibus in fugam coniectis sagittaril circumvent! interfect!que sunt. Item ex reliqu!s partibus nostr! cedent!s usque ad castra !nsecut! sui colligend! facultatem non dederunt. At i! qu! Alesia processerunt, maest! prope victoria desperata,*^ se in oppidum receperunt. THE GAULS OUTSIDE THE TOWN, HELPED BY THOSE WITHIN, TRY A NIGHT ATTACK 81. Uno die intermisso Gall! atque hoc spatio'^ magno cratium, scalarum, harpagonum numero effect© media nocte silentio ex castris egress! ad campestris mumtiones accedunt. Subito clamore sublato, qua significatione^ qu!° in oppido obsidebantur de suo adventu cognoscere possent, crat!s proicere, fund!s, sagittis, lapi- dibus nostros de vallo proturbare, reliquaque quae ad oppugna- tionem pertinent parant administrare. Eodem tempore clamore exaud!to^*^ dat tuba signum su!s Vercingetorix atque ex oppido educit. Nostr!, ut superioribus diebus suus cuique erat locus laus, laudis, f., praise scalae, arum, f., scaling ladders ignominia, ae, f., disgrace harpago, onis, m., wall hook turma, ae, f., troop silentium, silenti, n., silence ijsque, all the way campester, tris, tie, in the plain colligo, 3, legi, lectus, 7-ally obsideo, 2, sedi, sessus, besiege maestus, a, um, sad funda, ae, £., sling crates, ium, f., wickerwork proturbo, i, drive off 1 cupiditas: derivation ? - excitabat: English derivative ? ^ meridie: medius + dies. ^ dubia: adjective; compare with dubito. ^ propulerunt: composition ? ^ desperata: composition? "' spatio: expresses the time within which the action of effecto happened. ^ significatione : signum + facio + tio. 9 qui; understand ii, subject of possent, as antecedent. 1° exaudito : composition ? DE BELLO GALLICO, VII 153 attribOtus, ad mOnitiones accedunt; fundis llbrilibus sudibusque, quas in opere disposuerant, ac glandibus Gallos proterrent.^ Pro- spectu"^ tenebris adempto multa utrimque vulnera accipiuntur; complura tormentis tela coniciuntur. At Marcus Antonius et Gains Trebonius legati, quibus hae partes ad defendendum obvenerant,^ qua ex parte nostros premi intellexerant, his auxilio ex ulterioribus castellis deductos submittebant. THE GAULS, HAVING TWICE TRIED TO FORCE THE WORKS, RETIRE 82. Dum longius a munitione aberant Galli, plus multitudine telorum proficiebant"^ ; posteaquam^ propius successerunt, aut se stimulis*^ inopinantes induebant aut in scrobis delati transfodiebantur aut ex vallo ac turribus traiecti pills muralibus' interibant. Multis undique vulneribus acceptis, nulla munitione perrupta, cum lux appeteret,^ veriti ne ab latere aperto ex superioribus castris eruptione circumvenirentur, se ad suos receperunt. At interiores dum ea quae a Vercingetorige ad eruptionem praeparata^ erant proferunt, priores attribuo, 3, ui, utus, assigji induo, 3, dui, dutus, ifiipah librile, is, f /wowing a stone weighing scrobis, is, m., pit a pound transfodio, 3, fodi, fossus, run sudis, is, f., stake tJirough glans, glandis, f., bullet traicio, 3, ieci, iectus, transfix tenebrae, arum, f., darkness intereo, 4, ii, itum, perish tormentum, i, n., hurling machine perrumpo, 3, rupi, ruptus, bj'eak inopinans, inopinantis, unaware through 1 proterrent: pro, off. '-^ prospectu : compare with conspectus, noting the prefix. ^ obvenerant : composition ? ^ plus proficiebant : they did i?ioj-e exec7ition. ^ posteaquam: = postquam. ^ stimulis: Caesar de- scribes these as "stakes a foot long with iron hooks on them." They were driven into the ground around and between pits. "^ muralibus: murus -f alis, pertaining to. ^ appeteret: synonym of appropinquo. ^ praeparata: composition .'' Observe the many words in chapter 81 referring to the equipment used by the Gauls and Romans in the assault. 154 SIGHT READING IN LATIN fossas explent/ diutius in his rebus administrandis morati prius'-^ suos discessisse cognoverunt quam munitionibus appropinquarent. Ita re infecta^ in oppidum reverterunt. SIXTY THOUSAND OF THE GAULS PREPARE TO ASSAULT THE UPPER CAMP 83. Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi Galli quid agant con- sulunt ; locorum'* peritos'' adhibent, ex his superiorum castrorum situs miinitionesque cognoscunt. Erat a septentrionibus collis quern propter magnitudinem circuitus opere^ circumplecti non potuerant nostri, necessarioque paene iniquo" loco et leniter declivi castra fecerant. Haec Gaius Antistius Reginus et Gaius Caninius Rebilus legati cum duabus legionibus obtinebant. Cognitis per exploratores regionibus duces hostium sexaginta milia ex omni numero deligunt, earum civitatum quae maximam virtutis opinionem habebant ; quid quoque^ pacto agl placeat occulte inter se constituunt ; adeundi tempus definiunt cum merldies^ esse videatur. His copils Vercassi- vellaunum Arvernum, unum ex quattuor ducibus, propinquum Vercingetorigis, praeficiunt. Ille ex castrls prima vigilia egressus prope confecto sub lucem^*^ itinere post montem se occultavit mili- tesque ex nocturno^^ labore sese reficere iussit. Cum iam meridies appropinquare videretur, ad ea castra quae supra demonstravimus contendit ; eodemque tempore equitatus ad campestris munitiones accedere et reliquae copiae pro castris sese ostendere coeperunt. situs, us, m., location placeo, 2, ui, itum, be phasing circumplector, 3, plexus, encircle definio, 4, ivi, itus, fix leniter, moderately occulto, i, hide declivis, e, sUep campester, tris, tre, in the piaiii pactum, i, n., maimer 1 explent: compare compleo, noting the prefix. ^ prius: take with quam. ^infecta: in + facio. Compare EngHsh "done," "undone." ^locorum: Hmits peritos. ^ peritos: understand eos. ''opere: i.e. the fortifications. "' iniquo: in + aequus. '^ quoque: not from quisque. •' meridies : medius + dies. I'J sub lucem : (d)out da^on. ^^ nocturno : nox + urnus, a time suffix. DE BELLO GALLICO, VII I55 THE GAULS SALLY FORTH FROM ALESIA AND UNITE WITH THEIR FORCES OUTSIDE IN AN ATTACK ON THE ROMANS 84. Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus ex oppido egreditur; cratis, longurios, muralis^ falcis, reliquaeque quae erup- tionis causa paraverat profert."^ Pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis atque omnia temptantur ; quae minime visa pars firma est, hue concurritur. Romanorum manus tantis munitionibus distinetur^ nee facile pluribus locis occurrit. Multum ad terrendos'* nostros valet clamor qui post tergum pugnantibus exsistit, quod suum periculum in aliena vident virtute constare ; omnia enim plerumque quae absunt vehementius hominum mentis perturbant. THE GAULS MAKE A DESPERATE EFFORT TO FORCE THE ROMAN LINES 85. Caesar idoneum locum nactus quid quaque in parte geratur cognoscit,^ laborantibus subsidium submittit. Utrisque*' ad animum occurrit unum esse illud tempus quo^ maxime contend! conveniat^ : Galli, nisi perfregerint munitiones, de omm salute desperant^; Romahi, si rem obtinuerint, finem laborum omnium exspectant. Maxime ad^^ superiores munitiones laboratur," quo Vercassivel- launum missum demonstravimus. Iniquum^"^ loci ad declivitatem^^ fastigium magnum habet momentum. Alii tela coniciunt, alii arx, arcis, f., citadel vehementer, furiously crates, ium, f., ivickerivork perfringo, 3, fregi, fractus, break longurius, longu'ri, m., long pole through falx, falcis, f., hook fastigium, fastigi, n., slope exsisto, 3, stiti, , arise momentum, i, n., importajice 1 muralis : murus + alls. - profert : composition ? ^ distinetur : dis + teneo. ^ terrendos: compare with perterreo. ^ cognoscit: under- stand et connecting this word with submittit. ^ utrisque : dative of refer- ence ; of both parties. '^ quo: expresses time when. ^ conveniat: it is fitting. 9 desperant: composition? ^''ad: )iear. i^ laboratur: im- personal. ^- iniquum: composition? ^^ ad declivitatem : dozontoard. 156 SIGHT READING IN LATIN testudine facta subeunt ; defatlgatis invicem integri succedunt. Agger ab universis in munitionem coniectus et ascensum^ dat Gallis et ea quae in terra occultaverant Roman! contegit ; nee iam arma nostris nee vires suppetunt. THE GAULS, REPULSED, ATTACK ANOTHER PART OF THE WORKS 86. His rebus cognitis Caesar Labienum cum coliortibus sex subsidio^ laborantibus mittit. Imperat, si sustinere non possit, deductis coliortibus eruptione^ pugnet ; id, nisi necessario, ne faciat. Ipse adit reliquos, cohortatur ne labor! succumbant ; omnium superiorum dimicationum'* fructum in eo die atque hora docet consistere. Interiores^ desperatis campestribus locis propter mag- nitudinem munitionum loca praerupta ascensu*^ temptant ; hue ea quae paraverant conferunt. Multitudine telorum ex turribus pro- pugnantis deturbant, aggere et cratibus fossas explent/ falcibus vallum ac loricam rescindunt. C^SAR DRIVES BACK THE GAULS AND GOES TO THE HELP OF LABIENUS 87. Mittit primum Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus Caesar, post cum aliis Gaium Fabium legatum ; postremo ipse, cum vehe- mentius pugnaretur, integros subsidio adducit. Restituto proelio defatigo, i, weary praeruptus, a, um, sfeep invicem, /;/ fiini crates, ium, f,, wickerwork integer, gra, grum, fresh falx, falcis, f., hook occulto, I, hide lorica, ae, f., breastzvork contego, 3, texi, tectus, cover rescindo, 3. scidi, scissus, tear down suppeto, 3, petivi, petitus, hold out adulescens, entis, m., youth; as adj., succumbo, 3, cubui, , yield young fructus, lis, m., reward vehementer, fiiriojisly 1 ascensum: noun from ascendo. ~ subsidio: expresses purpose. 3 eruptione: expresses manner. ^ dimicationum : derivation? ^ interio- res: understand ii. ^ascensu: with praerupta. " explent: compare with compleo. DE BELLO GALLICO, VII 157 ac repulsis hostibus eo quo Labienum miserat contendit ; cohortis quattuor ex proximo castello deducit, equitum partem se sequi, partem circumire exteriores munitiones et a tergo hostis adoriri iubet. Labienus, postquam neque aggeres neque fossae vim hos- tium sustinere poterant, coactis undecim cohortibus, quas ex proximis praesidiis deductas fors obtulit/ Caesarem per nuntios facit certiorem quid faciendum existimet. Accelerat'^ Caesar, ut proelio intersit. THE GALLIC FORCES OUTSIDE ARE DEFEATED, AND THOSE WITHIN ALESIA LOSE HOPE 88. Eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito, turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis quas se sequi iusserat, ut de locis superioribus haec^ decllvia et devexa cernebantur, hostes proelium committunt. Utrimque clamore sublato excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus munitionibus clamor. Nostri emissis^ pills gladiis^ rem gerunt. Repente^ post tergum equitatus cernitur; cohortes aliae appro- pinquant, Hostes terga vertunt ; fugientibus equites occurrunt. Fit magna caedes. Sedulius, dux et princeps Lemovicum, occiditur; Vercassivellaunus Arvernus vivus in fuga comprehenditur ; signa militaria septuaginta quattuor ad Caesarem referuntur ; pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt Conspicati ex oppido caedem et fugam suorum desperata salute copias a munitionibus redOcunt. Fit" protinus^ hac re audita ex castris Gallorum fuga. fors, fortis, f., chance caedes, is, f., slaughter vestitus, iis, m., clothing, ivbe vivus, a, um, living turma, ae, f., tt'oop comprehendo, 3, hendi, hensus, declivis, e, sloping seize devexus, a, um, steep 1 obtulit : composition ? ^ accelerat: ad + celero ; compare the adjective celer. ^ haec: i.e. places. ^ emissis: synonym of iacio. ^ gladiis: states the means of gerunt. ^ repente : synonym of subito. "^ fit, etc. : observe the inversion of the usual order of words. ^ protinus: synonym of statim and continuo. 158 SIGHT READING IN LATIN Quod^ nisi crebris subsidils ac totius die! labore milites essent defessT, omnes hostium copiae deleri potuissent. De media nocte missus equitatus novissimum agmen consequitur ; magnus numerus capitur atque interficitur, reliqui ex fuga in civitates discedunt. THE NEXT DAY AFTER A COUNCIL IN THE TOWN VERCINGETORIX SURRENDERS WITH THE OTHER GALLIC CHIEFS 89. Postero die Vercingetorix concilio convocato id bellum se suscepisse non suarum necessitatum,'-^ sed communis libertatis causa demonstrat ; et quoniam sit fortunae cedendum,^ ad utramque rem se illls offerre, seu morte sua Romanis satisfacere seu vivum tradere velint. Mittuntur^ de his rebus ad Caesarem legati. lubet arma tradi, principes producl. Ipse in munltione pro castris consldit ; eo duces producuntur. Vercingetorix deditur, arma pr5iciuntur. Reservatis Aeduis atque Arvernis, si per eos civitatSs recuperare posset, ex reliquis captivis toti exercitui capita singula praedae nomine distribuit. C^SAR RESTORES PEACE IN GAUL AND DISTRIBUTES HIS FORCES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY 90. His rebus confectTs in Aeduos proficiscitur ; civitatem recipit. Eo legati ab Arvernis missi quae imperaret se facturos pollicentur, Imperat magnum numerum obsidum. Legiones in hiberna mittit. deleo, 2, levi, letus, destroy recupero, i, recover vivus, a, um, Ih