-* J^ 
 
 %, '*o 
 
 G^ 
 
 .0^ 
 
 Oq, 
 
 ^oo^ 
 
 
 N yV ''- 
 
 .0-' 
 
 -< ^ 
 
 •^^ 
 
 %■ ,# 
 
 '1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^0" %. 
 
 
 ,0^ 
 
 O LV 
 
 ■^oq"^ 
 
 
 ^Oo^ 
 
 ■,0"' 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 >>:. 
 
 oo^ 
 
 
VTE. 
 
 Ion. 
 

TWeHtY-TV^/o Years- WofjK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Hampton [nIorivial and /\gricultural 
 
 INSTITUTE 
 
 AT HAMPTON, VIRGINIA. 
 
 RECORDS 
 
 of Neero and Indian Graduates and ex-Students 
 
 With historical and personal sketches and testimony on important 
 race questions from within and without, to which are add- 
 ed, by courtesy of Messrs Putnam's Sons, N. Y., 
 some of tne Songs of the Races gath- 
 ered in the School. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH VIEWS AND MAPS. 
 
 Hampton 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOL PRESS 
 
I 
 
 
 HAMPTON NORMAL AGRIC yLTURAL INSTITUTE. 
 
 HAIWPTQN. ,^ 
 
oo)oy ^ 
 
 From 
 AaerlcaK Colonization Society 
 May 28, 1913. 
 
 copVrigHted 
 
 1S91 
 BY S. C. ARMSTRONG, 
 
 Hampton, va. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IN 1873, the book, " Hampton and its Students," giving the 
 early story of the Hampton Institute, illustrative sketches 
 and a number of the students' Plantation Melodies, was pub- 
 lished By G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, and went through 
 several editions, selling chle'fi'y at the concerts of the "Hamp- 
 ton Studifnt.s"4hQn "»ipgin,g up the jiA^aJils"^ 04 Virginia Hall, 
 the second larsfe buiiding: ereete.d at the School. 
 
 Since that time, its buildings have increased from five or 
 six to over fifty; its students from 175 to 650 boarding stu- 
 dents, representing twenty-two states and territories; it is 
 known as the first of the modern Eastern Schools for Indians 
 as well as the first Southern School of its kind for the freedmen, 
 and, with sometimes representatives of other races or nationali- 
 ties — Afro-Cuban, Russian, Native African, Armenian, Persian, 
 Chinese, Japanese, Australian and Hawaiian, — may claim to 
 have "put a girdle around the world." Graduating its first class 
 in 187 t, it has now 797 graduates (37 of them Indians), almost 
 without exception teachers and leaders of their people, chiefly 
 in the country districts of Virginia and neighboring SoutlTern 
 states These, with at least half as many more colored under- 
 graduates who teach and do other work, and over 400 returned 
 Indian students, the great majority of whom have done well, 
 are the fruit and measure of Hampton's work for two races. 
 
 To keep this progress before the public, on whose intelli- 
 gent interest it depends, the School has relied on its Annual 
 Reports, its monthly "Southern Workman," and occasional 
 pamphlets and outside magazine and newspaper articles; 
 with presentations of its cause at Northern meetings and with 
 its open doors to the visitors who come in increasing num 
 bers — hundreds during the year — to see its work for them- 
 selves. 
 
JV PREFACE. 
 
 This reliance has been justified by the fact that its work 
 continues and that its expenses, which have, of course, grown 
 in due proportion with its growth, have continued to be met — 
 not without hard work — $60,000 having to be raised annually 
 from private contributions outside of any other sources of 
 supply. — . 
 
 It seems proper now to put into more permanent form a 
 record of Hampton's now twenty-five years' work, and espec- 
 ially the record of its graduates, which is its permanent test. 
 This book is the outcome of this belief, and a response, indeed, 
 to wishes expressed by many. 
 
 Friends of Hampton and those who like to trace back 
 the streams of influence to their source, will be glad to find 
 here General Armstrong's own review of his life work — the 
 only such he has ever taken time to write — from the first idea 
 of the plan on which it is still developing, and farther yet, 
 from the years of unconscious preparation and direction. 
 
 They will enjoy too the "Reminiscences" of the School's 
 early days, by its first Treasurer, and genial friend, Gen. J. 
 F. B. Marshall, (Paymaster General of Massachusetts Troops 
 on the staff of its "war Governor" Andrews), to. whose busi- 
 ness reputation,_integrity and skilful management of its finan- 
 ces, the School owed much of its early success and growth in 
 public confidence — and whose lamented death, since ihe above 
 lines v/ei'e written, makes doubly precious to us these last 
 kindly words from his pen. 
 
 Illustrations of the School as it now is, in pictures, maps 
 and condensed statistics, are also given. 
 
 The Record of Gradua'es and ex-sludents, which forms 
 a large part of the bo >k — as its facts form the chief substance 
 and value of the School's work — has been prepared with 
 much careful labor, extending over more than two years, by 
 Miss x\, M. Hobbs and Miss A. E Cleaveland, whose voluntary 
 services as. Graduates' Correspondents have been of great 
 value to Hampton and its students. Its "Instantaneous Views" 
 are so arranged and indexed that it will be easy for those 
 whose contributions to the School' have started these young 
 people on the up grade, to find their "scholarship boy" or 
 girl, and learn, sometimes from original characteristic letters, 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 what they have done thus far with their chance to help them- 
 selves and their people. 
 
 Specimen letters from State, County and City Superin- 
 tendents who employ our graduate teachers are added, for 
 their testimony as to the character of their work, and as to 
 the relation of the races and the growth of Southern public 
 interest in the education of the Negro; to which growth such 
 schools as Hampton have given their share of influence. 
 
 Hampton's Twelve Years Work for Indians, from 
 1878 to 1S90 — is described with interesting details and 
 sketches and a Record of Returned Indian Students 
 by Miss Cora M. Folsom, who is eminently qualified 
 for the work by long connection w'th the Indian Department 
 of the School as teacher, "Indian Graduates' Correspondent," 
 and editor of the Indian pages of the "Southern Workman," 
 and by several visits to the Indian reservations. 
 
 To this section of the book are added letters from re- 
 turned students, missionaries and agents, and a paper on the 
 Health Question read at the Mohonk Indian Conference of 
 1890, by Dr. M. M. Waldron, for twelve years the School's 
 resident ph3^sician. 
 
 The closing summaries of the principal statements in the 
 various records may be found convenient for reference. 
 
 While details cover but twenty two years, numbers are 
 finally brought up to date. 
 
 By courtesy of Messrs. Geo. P. Putnam's Sons, we are enV 
 abled to add to this volume, some of the "Hampton Songs," 
 a new edition of which they have issued in a separate vol- 
 ume with many interesting additions to the Plantation Melo- 
 dies and some curious specimens of Indian, Chinese, Turkish 
 and Hawaiian music represented in the School. 
 
 Those who have known the Hampton School long and 
 intimately will read between the lines in this book much 
 more than there is room for in them, of the picturesque and 
 dramatic in Hampton life. 
 
 We hope that what is written will interest them and 
 awaken in many others a desire to know more of and to 
 share in this work, which, being for the country, belongs to 
 the people. H. W, L. 
 
 Hampton Institute, Va., i8gj. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Preface - •■ - Helen W. Ludlow - 7 
 
 From THE Beginning - - S.C.Armstrong - - i 
 
 Reminiscences - - J. F. B. Marshall - 12 
 
 Record of Graduates - 
 
 To the Reader - - H. W. L. - - 20 
 
 Instantaneous Views - - j A. H. Hobbs ) 
 
 I A. E. Cleaveland \ "3 
 
 A Summing Up of Graduates' 
 
 Record - - - H.^W. L. - - 293 
 
 Letters from Superintendents of 
 
 Schools - _ _ . _ _ 299 
 
 Twelve Years' Work FOR Indians, H. W. L. •- -- 310 
 
 Record of"Returned Indian Students. 
 
 Introduction - - 1 _ _ _ 325 
 
 Instantaneous Views - j .. -. 
 
 Summary of Indian Record, wi h j- Cora M. Folsom 
 
 Testimony from Agents and Mis- | 
 
 sionaries - - j _ . _ 48^ 
 
 The Indian Health Question - Dr. M. M. Waldron 494 
 
 Songs of Two Races AT Hampton Institute* 
 
 illustrations. 
 Frontispiece : Hampton Institute (water front) 
 
 Map of Hampton and Vicinity - - opposite - i 
 
 Map of the School Grounds - " _ ^i 
 
 Starred Map, showing Colored Graduates' Schools - - 305 
 
 Starred Map, showing Location and Occupation 
 
 of Returned Indian Students _ _ _ _ 480 
 
 * From'Cabiu and Plantation songs etc, as sung by Hampton Students 
 Putnam's Sons, N. Y. 
 
V'O 
 
< 
 
 lo- 
 
>- 
 
 < 
 
 CQ 
 lU 
 
 ONROE. C^ 
 
 liJ 
 
 a 
 
 ~>nf- 
 
FROM THE BEGINNING. 
 
 BY S. C. ARMSTRONG. 
 
 IT meant something to the Hampton School, and perhaps 
 to the ex-slaves of America, that, from 1820 to i860, the 
 distinctively missionary period, there was worked out in the 
 Hawaiian Islands, the problem of the emancipation, enfran- 
 chisement and Christian civilization of a dark-skinned Poly- 
 nesian people in many respects like the Negro race. 
 
 From 183 1, my parents, Richard Armstrong of Pennsyl- 
 vania and Clarissa Chapman of Massachusetts, were mission- 
 aries, till my father's appointment, in 1847, as Minister of 
 Public Instruction, when he took charge of, and in part built 
 up, the five hundred Hawaiian free schools and some of the 
 higher educational work, until his death in i860. 
 
 Born there in 1839, and leaving the country in i860, to 
 complete my education under Dr. Mark Hopkins at Williams 
 College, Mass., I had distinct impressions of the people, of 
 the work for them and of its results. Let me say here, that 
 whatever good teaching I may have done has been Mark 
 Hopkins teaching through me. 
 
 On horseback, and in canoe tours with my father and 
 alone, around those grandly picturesque volcanic islands, in- 
 specting schools and living much among the natives (then 
 generally Christianized), I noticed how easily the children 
 learned from books, how universally the people attended 
 church and had family prayers— always charmingly hospit- 
 able ; and yet that they lived pretty much in the old ways ; 
 all in one room, including the stranger within their gates, Who 
 usually had, however, the benefit of the raised end and a cur- 
 tain. They seemed to have accepted, but not to have fully 
 adopted, Christianity ; for they did not have the conditions of 
 living which make high standards of morality possible. 
 
 While far above the plane of heathenism, most of its low 
 and cruel practices having disappeared, and while they were 
 simple and sincere believers, contributing of t<ieir substance 
 to the churches more, in proportion, than any American com- 
 munity of which I now know, they could not, under the cir- 
 
2 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 cumstances, keep up to a high level of conduct ; the '* old 
 man " in them had pretty much his own way. They were like 
 the people to whom the epistles of the New Testament were 
 written ; they were grown up children. 
 
 To preach the Gospel rather than to organize living was 
 the missionary idea. Devoted women visited their houses^ 
 and practical morality was thundered from the pulpit. " Let 
 him that stole steal no more," or the like, was the daily pre- 
 cept, followed by severe church discipline ; but houses with- 
 out partitions, and easy-going tropical ways, after generations 
 of licentious life, made virtue scarce. 
 
 They were not hypocrites, and, from their starting point,, 
 had made a great advance. " Our saints are about up to 
 your respectable sinners," said a returned missionary. 
 
 Illustrating two lines of educational work among them, 
 were two institutions : the Lahaina-luna (government) Semi- 
 nary for young men, where, with manual labor, mathematics 
 and other higher branches were taught ; and the Hilo Board- 
 ing and Manual-labor (missionary) School for boys, on a sim- 
 pler basis, under the devoted David B. Lyman and his wife. 
 As a rule, the former turned out more brilliant; the latter, less 
 advanced but more solid men. 
 
 In making the plan of the Hampton Institute, that of the 
 Hilo School seemed the best to follow. 
 
 Mr. Lyman's boys had become among the best teachers. 
 and workers for their people ; while graduates of the higher 
 school, though many had done nobly at home and in foreign 
 fields, had frequently been disappointing. 
 
 Hence came our policy of only English and generally ele- 
 mentary and industrial teaching at Hampton, and its system of 
 training the hand, head and heart. Its graduates are to be not 
 only good teachers, but skilled workers,able to build homes and . 
 earn a living for themselves and encourage others to do the same. 
 
 Two and a half years' service with Negro soldiers 
 (after a year as Captain and Major in the 125th New York 
 Volunteers) — as Lieut. Colonel and Colonel of the Ninth and 
 Eighth Regiments of U. S. Colored Troops, convinced me of 
 the excellent qualities and capacities of the freedmen. Their 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ■, .- 3, 
 
 quick response to good treatment and to disciplincy was a 
 constant surprise. Their tidiness, devotion to their duty 
 and their leaders, their dash and daring in battle, and ambi- 
 tion to improve — ^often studying their spelling books under 
 fire — showed that slavery was a false, though doubtless, for 
 the time being, an educative condition, and that they de- 
 served as good a chance as any people. 
 
 In March, 1866, I was placed b}^ General O. O. How^ard,. 
 Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, in charge of ten 
 counties in Eastern Virginia, with headquarters at Hampton, 
 the great "contraband " camp ; to manage Negro affairs and 
 to adjust, if possible, the relations of the races. 
 
 Colored squatters by thousands and General Lee's dis- 
 banded soldiers returning to their families, came together in 
 my district, on hundreds of "abandoned " farms which gov- 
 ernment had seized and allowed the freedmen to occupy. 
 There was irritation, but both classes were ready to do the 
 fair thing. It was about a two years' task to settle matters 
 by making terms with the land-owners, w^ho employ^ed man}- 
 laborers on their restored homes. SwarmxS went back on, 
 passes to the," old plantation," with thirty days' rations, and 
 nearly a thousand were placed in families in Massachusetts, as 
 servants, through the agency of a " Home " in Cambridgeport, 
 under charge of a committee of Boston ladies. 
 
 Hardest of all was to settle the ration question; about 
 two thousand, having been fed for years, were demoralized 
 and seemed hopeless. Notice was given that in three months, 
 on Oct. I, 1866, all rations would be stopped, except to 
 those in hospital, for whom full provision was made. Trouble 
 was expected, but there was not a ripple of it, or a com- 
 plaint, that day. Their resource was surprising. The Negro 
 in a tight place is a genius. 
 
 It was my duty, every three months, to personally visit, 
 and report on the condition of the ten counties ; to inspect 
 the Bureau office in each, in charge of an army officer ; to in- 
 vestigate troubles and to study the relations of the races. 
 The better class of whites were well disposed, but inactive in 
 suppressing any misconduct of the lower class. Friendliness 
 between the races was general, broken only by political excite- 
 
4 TWENTV-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 ment, and was due, 1 think, to the fact that they had been 
 brought up together, often in the most intimate way, from 
 childhood : a surprise to me, for, on missionary ground, pa- 
 rents, with the spirit of martyrs, take every pains to prevent 
 contact of their children with the natives around them. 
 
 Martial law prevailed ; there were no civil courts, and, 
 for many months, the Bureau officer in each county acted on 
 all kinds of cases, gaining, generally, the confidence of both 
 races. When martial law was over and the rest were every- 
 w^here discontinued, the Military Court at Hampton was kept 
 up by common consent, for about six months. 
 
 Scattered families were reunited. From even Louisiana 
 ■ — for the whole South was mapped out, each county officered, 
 and as a rule, wisely administered — would come inquiries 
 about the relatives and friends of one who had been sold to 
 traders years before ; and great justice and humanity were 
 done in bringing together broken households. 
 
 General Howard and the Freedmen's Bureau did for the 
 ex-slaves, from 1865 to 1870, a marvellous work, for which due 
 credit has not been given ; among other things, giving to 
 their education an impulse and a foundation, by granting 
 three and a half millions of dollars for school houses, salaries, 
 etc., promoting the education of about a million colored chil- 
 dren. The principal Negro educational institutions of to-day, 
 then starting, were liberally aided, at a time of vital need. 
 Hampton received over $50,000.00 through General Howard, 
 for building and improvements. 
 
 On relieving my predecessor, Capt. C. B. Wilder, of Bos- 
 ton, at the Hampton headquarters, I found an active, excel- 
 lent educational work going on under the American Mission- 
 ary Association of New York, which, in 1862, had opened, in 
 the vicinity, the first school for freedmen in the South, in 
 charge of an ex-slave, Mrs. Mary Feake. Over fifteen hundred 
 children were gathering daily; some in old hospital barracks — 
 for here was Camp Hamilton, the base hospital of the Army 
 of the James, where, during the war, thousands of sick and 
 wounded- soldiers had been cared for, and where now over six 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 5 
 
 thousand lie buried in a beautiful National Cemetery. The 
 largest class was in the " Butler School " building, since re- 
 placed by the fine "John G. Whittier School-house." 
 
 Close at hand, the pioneer settlers of America and the 
 first slaves landed on this continent ; here Powhatan reigned: 
 here the Indian was first met; here the first Indian child 
 was baptized ; here freedom was first given the slave by Gen- 
 eral Butler's famous " contraband " order ; in sight of this 
 shore, the battle of the "Monitor" and " Merrimac " saved 
 the Union and revolutionized naval warfare ; here General 
 Grant based the operations of his final campaign. The place 
 was easily accessible by railroad and water routes to the 
 North, and to a population of two millions of Negroes ; the 
 centre of prospective great commercial and maritime develop- 
 ment — of which Newport News, soon to have the largest 
 and finest ship yard in the world,^ is beginning the grand 
 fulfilment — and, withal, a place most healthful and beautiful 
 for situation. 
 
 I soon felt the fitness of this historic and strategicy'spot 
 for a permanent and great educational work. 
 
 The suggestion was cordially received by the American 
 Missionary Association, which authorized the purchase, in 
 June, 1867, of "Little Scotland," an estate of 125 acres (since 
 increased to 190), on Hampton River, looking out over Hamp- 
 ton Roads. 
 
 Not expecting to have charge, but only to help, I was sur- 
 prised, one day, by a letter from Secretary E. P. Smith, of the 
 A. M. A., stating that the man selected for the place had de- 
 clined, and asking me if I could take it. I replied, "Yes." 
 
 Till then my own future had been blind ; it had only been 
 clear that there was a work to do for the ex-slaves, and where 
 and how it should be done. 
 
 A day-dream of the Hampton School nearly as it is, had 
 come to me during the war a few times ; once in camp during 
 the siege of Richmond, and once one beautiful evening on the 
 Gulf of Mexico, while on the wheel house of the transport 
 steamship " Illinois," enroute for Texas, with the 25th Army 
 (Negro) Corps for frontier duty on the Rio Grande river, 
 
6 TWENTY-TWO YKARS WORK 
 
 whither it had been ordered, under General Sheridan, to 
 watch and if necessary defeat Maximilian in his attempted 
 conquest of Mexico. 
 
 The thing to be done was clear : to train selected Negro 
 youth who should go out and teach and lead their people, 
 first by example, by getting land and homes ; to give them 
 not a dollar that they could earn for themselves ; to teach 
 respect for labor, to replace stupid drudgery with skilled 
 hands; and, to these ends, to build up an industrial system, 
 for the sake not only of self-support and intelligent labor, but 
 also for the sake of character. And it seemed equally clear 
 that the people of the country would support a wise work 
 for the freedmen. 
 
 I think so still. 
 
 The missionary plan in Hawaii had not, I thought, con- 
 sidered enough the real need and weaknesses of the people, 
 whose ignorance alone was not half the trouble The chief 
 difiSculty was, with them, deficient character, as it is with the 
 Negro. He is what his past has made him ; the true basis of 
 work for him, and all men, is the scientific one — the facts of 
 heredity and surrounding : all the facts of the case. 
 
 There was no enthusiasm for the manual labor plan. 
 People said, " It has been tried at Oberlin and elsewhere, and 
 given up ; it don't pay." 
 
 "Of course," said I, "it cannot pay in a money way, but it 
 will pay in a inoral way; especially with the freedmen. It 
 will make them men and women as nothing else will. It is 
 the only way to make them good Christians." 
 
 The School has had, from the first, the good fortune of 
 liberal-minded Trustees, who accepted its unformulated, prac- 
 tical plan when it opened in April, 1868, with two teachers 
 and fifteen pupils, and adopted my formal report of 1870,* 
 the year of its incorporation under a special Act of the As- 
 sembly of Virginia. 
 
 By the Act of Incorporation, the School became indepen- 
 dent of any association or sect, and of government. It does 
 work for the state and general government, for which it re- 
 ceives aid, but is not controlled or supported by them. 
 
 * Reprinted in my Report of 1885-90. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 7 
 
 From the first, it has been true to the idea of education 
 by self-help, and I hope it will remain so. Nothing is asked 
 for the student that he can provide by his own labor ; but the 
 system that gives him this chance is costly. The School de- 
 pends on charity for $60,000.00 a year ; the student gets noth- 
 ing but an opportunity to work his way. While the work-shops 
 must be made to pay as far as possible, instruction is as im- 
 portant as production. 
 
 Steadily increasing, its full growth, just reached, is 650 
 boarding students, from 24 states and territories, averaging 
 t8 years of age, 136 of them Indians ; 80 officers, teachers 
 and assistants, of whom half are in the eighteen industrial 
 departments and shops ; 300 children in the " Whittier " (pri- 
 mary) department. 
 
 The School is maintained at a total annual cost of about 
 ^155,000.00. Deducting the labor payments of Negro students, 
 (say $55,000.00), $100,000.00 — which is $154.00 apiece — is the 
 net annual cost to the public. This is provided, ist by an- 
 nual appropriation from Virginia of $10,000.00, interest on' the 
 State Agricultural College land-fund (Act of Congress, 1862;) 
 2nd. by an appropriation of $20,000.00 by Congress for the 
 maintenance of 120 out of our 136 Indians, at $167 apiece; 3rd, 
 by an income of about $10,000.00 from our endowment fund 
 (of $194,000) and from rents ; 4th, by about $60,000 contri- 
 buted by the people, in the form of $70 scholarships, dona- 
 tions for general purpose and occasional unrestricted lega- 
 cies. The School is never closed, but reduced nearly one- 
 half in the summer ; many colored students go out to find 
 work, and sixty or more Indian students have "outings," a- 
 mong Massachusetts farmers. 
 
 A great stimulus to this Institute, and to all like work, 
 has been the 16,000 Negro free schools of the South — nearly 
 2,000 in Virginia alone— costing the ex-slave states nearly four 
 millions of dollars a year in taxation. 
 
 Northern charity, at the rate of about a million dollars a 
 year, with liberal Southern state aid in some cases, is supplying 
 ■over twenty strong Normal and Collegiate institutes, mostly 
 under church auspices, where not far from 5,000 adult select 
 Negro youth of both sexes are being fitted to teach and lead their 
 
8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 people — industrial education being more and more apprecia- 
 ted and introduced. The Slater Fund has been a great 
 stimulus to their technical training. The Negro girl has 
 proved a great success as a teacher. The women of the race 
 deserve as good a chance as the men. 
 
 So far, it has been impossible to supply the demand for 
 Negro teachers. School houses and salaries, such as they are, 
 are ready ; but competent teachers are the great and pressing- 
 need, and there is no better work for the country than to sup- 
 ply them. 
 
 But the short public school sessions, of from three to sev- 
 en months, do not give full support, and skilled labor is the only 
 resource of many teachers for over half the year. As farmers. 
 and mechanics, they are nearly as useful as in the school 
 room. Hence, the importance of industrial training. 
 
 Hampton's 720 graduates, discounting ten per cent, as dis- 
 appointing, with half that number of under-graduates, are a 
 working force for Negro and Indian civilization. To fit them 
 for this field has cost, since April, 1868, the round sum of 
 $1,350,000, not including endowments, of which over $500, 000 
 is represented b)^ the School's "plant" which is good for gen- 
 erations to come. 
 
 Every year, an account of funds received has been ren- 
 dered in detail. 
 
 More than once, it has been suggested that an account 
 of the work done by individual graduates would be wise and 
 timely. The moral result is the great thing. The answer tO' 
 " Does it pay ? " cannot be put in figures. In the following- 
 pages is an attempt to show the real results, by way of short 
 reports on individual graduates, prepared by Miss A. M. Hobbs^ 
 Miss A. E. Cleaveland and Miss Cora M. Folsom, whose 
 duties as " Graduates' Correspondents " have given them 
 special facilities for the work, which has been laborious. I 
 hope that this account of the results of their benefactions will 
 be satisfactory to the many whose gifts have made the Hamp- 
 ton School w^hat it is, and whose help is the assurance of its. 
 future. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 9 
 
 I ask attention to the paper on the Indian Health Ques- 
 tion b)^ Dr. M. M. Waldron, the School's resident physician, 
 and to Miss Ludlow's summing up of the graduates' record. 
 
 It was not in the original plan of the School that any but 
 Negroes should be received, though the liberal state charter 
 made no limit as to color ; but when, in 1878, a " Macedonian 
 cry " came from some Indian ex-prisoners of war in Florida — 
 once the worst of savages — through Capt. R. H. Pratt, whose 
 three years' wise management of them in Fort Marion had 
 resulted in a wonderful change, seventeen were accepted, at 
 private expense. Bishop Whipple providing for five of them. 
 The Hon. Carl Schurz, then Secretary of the Interior, was 
 quick to appreciate the success of their first few months at 
 Hampton, and sent us more Indians, from the West; then 
 Congress, on the strength of the results at Hampton, and of 
 Capt. Pratt's proved capacity, appropriated funds to start the 
 great work at Carlisle, where over five hundred Indian yoyth, 
 under Capt. Pratt, are being taught the " white man's way." 
 
 The annual Indian attendance at Hampton is now 136, of 
 whom 120 are aided by government, the rest by charity. 
 The results are reported elsewhere in this book, by Miss Fol- 
 som. The death rate, once alarming, has, for six years, been 
 not quite one a year. Of the 345 returned Indians, but 25 
 are reported as unsatisfactory, but four of them bad ; the rest 
 are employed as Farmers, Catechists, Preachers, Teachers, 
 Mechanics, Clerks, etc.; 35 seeking further education, six of 
 them in Eastern Normal Schools and Colleges, and 42 of the 
 girls are married, in good homes. 
 
 The old homesickness of Indians at Eastern schools is 
 nearly over. The three years' period at school, which was 
 formerly too much like a prison term, is more and more ig- 
 nored and the idea of fitting for life, whatever time it takes, 
 gains strength. Indians are no longer coaxed to come. Twice 
 as many as we can take wish to come; yet the really desirable 
 ones are not very many, and we do not care to increase our 
 numbers. Our Indian work is illustrative rather than ex- 
 haustive. 
 
 Hampton's work for the " despised races " of our country. 
 
to TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 while chiefly for the Negro, is really for all who need it. 
 
 Till our limit is reached, any youth in the land, however 
 poor, can come here and work his way. 
 
 In this review, I cannot but refer to my associates, with- 
 out whom this work could not have been what it is ; too little 
 credit has been given them : the men and women who, for 
 twenty-two years have labored with noblest zeal, have enjoyed 
 the privilege of such work and are thankful for it. 
 
 The present efficient force of officers and teachers could 
 manage successfully every department of the school, should 
 its head be taken away. In twenty-two years it has attained 
 a life of its own; it would be poor organization and develop- 
 ment that would not, in that time, have reached this point. 
 It might once have been, but is not now run by "one man 
 power." 
 
 The change will come and the school will be ready for it. 
 
 We have been fortunate in our neighbors, who from the 
 first have been most friendly. 
 
 The wide awake town of Hampton, with an enterprising 
 white community, has a Negro population of about three 
 thousand, and illustrates, as well as any place in the South, 
 the formation of two classes among the freedmen; the pro- 
 gressive and non-progressive. 
 
 For miles around, the country is dotted with their hard 
 earned homesteads; yet the " shiftless " class is large. There 
 is little race friction, and steady improvement. 
 
 Adjoining our grounds is the National Soldiers' Home, 
 with its 3,000 army veterans. Gov. P. T. Woodfin in charge ; 
 and, two miles distant, is the U. S. Artillery School at Fort 
 Monroe, Col. Royal T. Frank, commanding, where a large 
 detail of Army Officers is sent every two years to pursue pro- 
 fessional studies. 
 
 The Hygeia Hotel and an extensive new one now build- 
 ing at Old Point Comfort, have been and will be the means 
 of bringing many to see and become interested in the work 
 of this School. 
 
 Full of resources, this famous Peninsula, comparatively dor- 
 mant for two hundred and fifty years, is awakening to a won- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. II 
 
 derful development, especially along its magnificent harbor 
 front on Hampton Roads an,d the James River. From historic 
 Yorktown, Old Point Comfort, Newport News, and up to 
 Jamestown island, where stands the oldest ruin of English civi- 
 lization on this continent, have already sprung at points, 
 large commercial, national and educational enterprises and 
 institutions. Thousands flock to these shores, winter and 
 summer, for rest and recreation. The growth has only begun. 
 
 This new life and energy but typify the awakening of the 
 whole South under the ideas which won in the war. 
 
 The "Boys in Blue" did a fearful but necessary work of 
 destruction. " It is for us to finish the work which they so 
 nobly began," said Lincoln at Gettysburg. 
 
 The duty of the hour is construction; to build up. With 
 all credit to the pluck and heroic self-help of the Southern 
 people, and to Northern enterprise for railroad, mineral and 
 other commercial development, the great constructive force in 
 the South and everywhere is the Christian teacher. '•Iit-Ime 
 signo vinces," is as true now as in the days of Constantine. 
 
 Let us make the teachers and we will make the people. 
 
 The Hampton Institute should be pushed steadily, not to 
 larger, but to better, more thorough effort, and placed on a 
 solid foundation. It is big enough, but its work is onl}^ begun. 
 Its work, with that of other like schools, is on the line of Prov- 
 idential purpose in ending the great struggle as it did ; the 
 redemption of both races from the evils of slavery, which, while 
 to the- Negro educative up to a certain point, was a curse to 
 the country. 
 
 God said: " Let my people go;" and it had to be done. 
 
 Hence this work, to which Hawaii, raised from heathen- 
 ism by American missionaries, is glad to make her contribu- 
 tion. 
 
12 TWENTY-TWO YEAR S WORK 
 
 -^- REMINISCENCES, sf- 
 
 BY J. F. B. MARSHALL. 
 
 THE fourteen years spent by me as treasurer and resident 
 trustee of Hampton Institute, were a valuable part of my 
 education, and are among the most satisfactory )'ears of my 
 life, now past the Psalmist's limit. It is a pleasure to recall 
 them. 
 
 Forty-three years ago, Samiuel C. Armstrong was a rest- 
 less member of my Sunday School class of eight year old 
 boys, in good Father Damon's " Seamen's Bethel," then the 
 only English Church in Honolulu. His father. Rev. Richard 
 Armstrong D. D., one of the early American Missionaries, 
 had entered the service of the Hawaiian King as his Minister 
 of Public Instruction, with whom I, as chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Education of the HaAvaiian Parliament, was brought 
 into close relations. Neither of us then dreamed that this boy 
 and I would ever be associated in Negro and Indian educa- 
 tional work in Virginia, and that I should sit as a learner at 
 the feet of my former pupil. 
 
 Indeed, the Hampton system, with its grand results, has 
 been an education to the whole country, the value of which 
 cannot be overestimated. 
 
 In June, 1869, I received from Mrs. Choate and Miss Ouin- 
 cy seventy dollars, which were the first Boston contributions 
 for the Hampton School of which I have any knowledge. 
 
 In January, 1870, the Hawaiian Club of Boston, of w^hich I 
 was then president, and of which Gen. Armstrong was a mem- 
 ber,arranged for a meeting in Music Hall in behalf of the School. 
 As a preparation for this. Rev. George L. Chaney, the success- 
 or of Starr King in Hollis St. Church, was invited to visit the 
 School and examine its methods, that, by the report of one of 
 its own well known citizens, the benevolent public of Boston 
 might know the character of the work which they were to be 
 asked to aid. His letter in the Boston Traiiscript, in which, 
 after describing the work, then in its infancy, he expressed 
 the wish that the Hampton methods might be adopted in the 
 Massachusetts schools, excited general interest. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I3 
 
 The meeting was held Jan. 27th, in Music Hall. Gov. 
 Claflin, who had been asked to preside, Chief Justice Chap- 
 man, and other prominent citizens were invited to meet Gen. 
 Armstrong at the Parker House before the public meeting. 
 Gen. A. had engaged the Negro orator, John M. Langston, to 
 accompany him to Boston, and speak at the meeting. Gen. 
 A. was delayed on the journey, and Mr. Langston came on 
 alone, reaching the Parker House at midnight, and was shown 
 to the room which had been engaged for him. 
 
 The next morning I called, and seeing his name on the 
 hotel register, sent up my card. He was not in his room. I 
 askel the clerk to send a waiter for him. The clerk asked me 
 to describe him. I had never seen him, but said he was a 
 colored man. The clerk somewhat loftily replied, "A colored 
 man ! in the Parker House ! Oh no I there's no colored man 
 here." He ordered a waiter to look him up, but in- 
 sisted that there could be no colored man in the Parker House 
 as a guest. When the waiter returned, the clerk called me^^to 
 the desk and, with eyes wide open with surprise, said, "You're 
 I'ighf, he is here ! a colored man in the Parker House; this will 
 never do." Messrs. Parker and Mills, the proprietors, • were 
 at once informed of the startling fact. While they held a hur- 
 ried consultation as to the best method of ejecting him. Gov- 
 ernor Clafiin's card was sent in for Mr. Langston. He could 
 not be turned out till the Governor had gone, but Josiah 
 Ouincy, Richard H. Dana and other distinguished citizens 
 followed — and the opportunity was lost. Mr. Langston re- 
 mained, " the first colored man who ever got into the Parker 
 House as a guest." 
 
 A similar excitement was caused by his presence at the 
 Cafe of the Tremont House, where those staunch friends of 
 the freedmen, Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Goddard, had invited Mr 
 Langston and myself to take tea with them in the inner sanc- 
 tum where they usually took their meals. I escorted Mr. L. 
 there, and left him, while I went for another guest. On my 
 return I found the corps of Milesian waiters at the entrance to 
 the inner room, where Langston sat alone in deep meditation 
 over his coming address, utterly unconscious of the astonished 
 
14 TWEx\TV-T\VO YEARS WORK 
 
 and unfriendly eyes that were glaring at him. The entrance 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Goddard dispersed the crowd of waiters, who 
 appeared ready to lay violent hands on " the nagur," and 
 whose dazed look of astonishment at seeing the Goddards, 
 after a cordial greeting, sit down to supper with him, may be 
 imagined. The educational influence of Hampton was ap- 
 parent even before the meeting began. Mr. Langston, who 
 was lately our Minister to Hayti, has since told me that he 
 always goes to the Parker House when in Boston, and is re- 
 ceived as a welcome guest. The interest in Gen. Armstrong's 
 work aroused in Boston at that meeting, has steadily grown 
 with its growth, and the little rill of benefactions started by 
 Mrs. Choate and Miss Ouinc3^ has swelled into a steady stream 
 from New England. 
 
 In June, 1870, I visited Hampton for the first time, to see 
 what my former Sunday school pupil was trying to do for the 
 freedmen of the South, after the civil war, in which he had 
 taken an active part. I became so deeply interested in the 
 work, that 1 accepted the invitation of my fellow trustees to 
 become the resident trustee. I found the School located on a 
 clianning and historic spot, not far from where the first cargo 
 of African slaves was landed; with about fifty colored pupils of 
 both sexes, to whom Gen. A. was giving just the training 
 which they needed. It was not just the training which a ma- 
 jority of the students thought they needed. It was not just the 
 training a majority of the trustees thought should be given, 
 or what the leading colored men of the country then ap- 
 proved of. Instead of Greek and Latin roots, the boys plant- 
 ed and dug potatoes, while the girls were taught to make and 
 mend clothing, and all were instructed in the rudiments of a 
 plain English education. The trustees had yielded to his 
 energy rather than to his arguments. They saw that, if he was 
 to do the work, he must be allowed to do it in his own wa}'', 
 even though it was against their judgment. On the board of 
 trustees, were experienced educators, who were startled at the 
 radical innovations proposed by this young and inexperienced 
 leader. The venerable President Hopkins of Williams College 
 of which Gen. A. was a graduate, and Gen. Garfield, also a 
 Williams' graduate and Ex-President of a college in Ohio, then 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 15 
 
 a member of Congress and trustee of the school, advised the 
 adoption of Gen. A's plans, saying that he would not be satis- 
 fied till he had tried them, and that, if they proved failures, he 
 would be the first to see and abandon them. And thus the 
 Hampton School System, the wisdom of which is now uni- 
 versally acknowledged, was adopted. 
 
 At the time of mv first visit, none of the school buildings, 
 which now cover almost all the available space, were erected. 
 The old barracks, built during the war for hospital purposes, 
 had been converted into dormitories, chapel, dining rooms, 
 kitchen, class and industrial rooms, barns and stables. The 
 brick walls of Academic Hall, the first school building erected, 
 were partly up. The old Mansion House had been made habit- 
 able for the few teachers then employed, among whom Miss Re- 
 becca T. Bacon of New Haven, Conn., lady principal, Francis 
 Richardson of Philadelphia, who laid out the grounds, set 
 out shrubs and trees, managed the farm and the business of 
 the school and gave agricultural lectures, and Miss Jane Sfeil- 
 art Woolsey of New York, who gave several years of volun- 
 tary and valuable service in organizing the Girls' Industrial 
 Department, are gratefully remembered. The house was of 
 the old plantation model, with broad piazzas and lofty pillars 
 on two sides. When the young Principal brought his young 
 bride to share and lighten his burdens, the only way in which 
 rooms could be provided for the newly married pair was by 
 boarding up one of the broad piazzas, which gave two small 
 rooms in each story. These rooms are still occupied by Gen. 
 Armstrong and his family. 
 
 A substantial brick building near by, formerly a steam 
 mill, was fitted up as a dormitory for the girls and the Matron, 
 through the self-denying generosity of Mrs. Stephen Griggs 
 of New York, after whom it was named. 
 
 This was the day of small things. The School at first 
 found few friends in the locality, and was looked upon as a 
 most unwelcome intruder. Property in its vicinity was thought 
 to be depreciated in value because of its proximity. All this 
 has been changed. Lots near the School have doubled and 
 trebled in value, and are now in great demand. Through the 
 
1 6 TWENTV-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 wisdom of its management, the School has gained the confi- 
 dence of the people of Hampton, with whom its relations are 
 entirely satisfactory. 
 
 When, in 1878, Gen. Armstrong was asked to receive into 
 his school some of the Indian prisoners who had been con- 
 fined at Fort Marion, St. Augustine, I was not in favor of the 
 plan. I had little faith in the capacity of the red man for 
 civilization, and felt too that Gen. A. had already as much 
 on his shoulders as he could well carry. I think a majority 
 of the trustees were of the same opinion. It was well for the 
 country and for the cause of Indian civilization that our ob- 
 jections were overruled. The childlike docility, capacity to 
 learn, and readiness to adopt the ways of civilization, or as 
 they poetically expressed it, " to walk in the white man's 
 road," of these savage warriors who had come to their East- 
 ern prison with bloody hands, were a revelation to the great 
 majority of our citizens, who had heretofore only associated 
 the red men with scalping knives, tomahawks and treachery. 
 President Hayes, with Carl Schurz and others of his Cabinet, 
 visited Hampton, and was so impressed with the hopefulness of 
 this experiment in Indian industrial training, that he determined 
 to make it a special feature of his administration, and Capt. 
 Pratt was sent to the reservations to bring fifty children of 
 both sexes to Hampton. Out of this beginning grew the now 
 famous school at Carlisle, and other Eastern schools, to the in- 
 fluence of which is mainly due the great advance of public 
 sentiment concerning the education and industrial training 
 of our Indians, for which Congressional appropriations have 
 steadily increased from $20,000 in 1876, to $1,806,726.00 in 
 1889. 
 
 When, ten years after the Custer Massacre, " Rain-in-the 
 Face," the hero of Longfellow's poem, applied for admission 
 as a pupil into the Hampton School, I enclosed the letter to 
 Mr. Whittier, suggesting it as a good subject for a peace poem, 
 in contrast to the war poem of Longfellow. He acted upon 
 the suggestion, and in the Atlantic Monthly of April, 1887, 
 appeared his lines " On the Big Horn." Both these poems are 
 popular with the Indian students and are standard material 
 for their exhibitions. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 7 
 
 The young man bearing the honored name ot the "Father 
 of his country," who came, in the school's early days, to Hamp- 
 ton, with but fifty cents in his pocket, in search of the oppor- 
 tunity to earn his education which it offered, and who has since 
 founded the remarkable school at Tuskegee, Alabama, has built 
 Hampton's proudest monument. That scion of the parent stem , 
 with its admirable methods, its sightly and commodious 
 buildings planned and built by Hampton graduates, of brick 
 and lumber manufactured on the premises, its agricultural 
 and other industries for both sexes, with its thorough class 
 training, is a triumphant vindication of Gen. Armstrong's 
 views and methods, which the grand work done all over the 
 South and on the Indian reservations by Hampton graduates 
 but emphasizes and confirms. 
 
 The friends of Hampton and of its indomitable Chief 
 who has given his life-blood in its service, may well be satis- 
 fied Avith these results. -^ ^' 
 
I 
 
1868-1890. 
 
 J^ECORD OF GRADUATES AND EX-STUDE|NITS 
 
 iNstaNTANeoUs VieWs 
 
 TAKEN IN 1889— 1i 
 
 BY A. M. HOBBS AND A. E. CLEAVELAND. 
 
 Twenty Classes, 723 Graduates (280 young women, 443 men;) 
 
 of whom 25 (8 young women, 17 men ) are Indians 
 
 Indians first graduated in 1882. 
 
TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 RECORD OF GRADUATES AND EX-STUDENTS 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 It is the aim of the Hampton School to keep its graduates 
 always in view. The triennial reunions of the Hampton 
 Alumni Association, founded in 1878, bring together some- 
 times over a hundred — many now with wives, or husbands, 
 and children. They are usually represented among the in- 
 vited speakers on Commencement day, and many attend its 
 exercises. The evidences of their progress, accomplished work,, 
 loyalty to their Alma Mater and fidelity to her teachings, are 
 a great satisfaction on these occasions. Their visits are re- 
 turned by the Principal and Chaplain, the latter making reg- 
 ularly, once or twice a year, a tour through the state to see 
 as many as possible in their school rooms and homes, and 
 meet their County Superintendents. 
 
 Papers and magazines from our reading room are sent to 
 many who have no other supply. Miss Ruth G. Tileston, 
 who has been in charge of this work, reports distributing, the 
 past year, over ten barrels and boxes full to over three hun- 
 dred graduates, while twenty more were supplied by friends 
 to whom their addresses w^ere sent — an excellent mission work. 
 Christmas boxes of contributed toys, clothing, etc., are often 
 sent them for the poor little children in their country schools, 
 chiefly through the efforts of Miss A. E. Cleaveland, of Pough- 
 keepsie, N. Y., once a teacher at Hampton. 
 
 For some years, it has required a regular " Graduates 
 Correspondent " to keep steady communication with them, 
 Miss Cleaveland generously giving her services in the arduous,, 
 though pleasant task, in which, as it has grown over great, 
 she has been aided by Miss M. E. Atkinson and Miss A. M. 
 Hobbs, also former Hampton teachers. 
 
 An annual circular letter and many personal ones beside,, 
 are sent by these ladies, from the replies to which, our "Grad- 
 uates Record Book," begun by our friend Mrs.- Eunice Dixon, 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 2 1 
 
 in 1875, is kept up. Extracts from graduates' letters have 
 long formed an interesting- page of our monthly '■^Southern 
 Workman y 
 
 Through the last two years, special pains have been taken 
 by Miss Cleaveland and Miss Hobbs, to collect and collate as 
 full statistics as possible, to put before our friends in this 
 book. The records of those failing to reply have been made 
 out as far as possible from other sources. For a number of 
 the earlier ones, we are indebted to the journal of Miss Jane 
 ■Stuart Woolsey, of New Haven, Ct., whose generosity and 
 personal aid organized the girls' industrial department at 
 Hampton ; for others to Mr. Frank Banks and other graduates. 
 
 Thinking that contributors of the scholarships which 
 have provided the tuition of these students will like to look 
 lip their records, their names are added to the reports as far 
 as possible ; some early lists are incomplete. The index at 
 the end will facilitate their search. -^_^ 
 
 Our Indian graduates have their places here of course, 
 and are included also, with further details, in the Record of 
 Returned Indian Students on another page, by Miss Cora M. 
 Folsom, our "Indian Graduates' Correspondent." 
 
 It is to be remembered that as this is a record of gradu- 
 ates, and a few others, the names do not appear of many don- 
 ors of scholarships which have been of great and lasting ben- 
 efit though, for one reason or another, the recipients have not 
 finished their course at the School. The proportion of gradu- 
 ates out of those who take the first two years of the course, 
 approximately estimated from several average years, is some- 
 thing over forty per cent. 
 
 Should a student prove utterly unworthy of a scholarship, 
 his place is at once given to another. No donor need feel that 
 his beneficence is wasted because his scholarship student may 
 fail of more than two years, or even one year, in school. Found- 
 ation work is the great need of this people. We are grateful 
 in their behalf to the many who have so generously aided the 
 School in this and other ways. 
 
 When more than one name of a scholarship donor is given 
 for one student, it points to the fact that many of the $70. 
 gifts are for but one or two years, or that students often stay 
 
22 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 out a year or more and then return, others being assigned 
 meanwhile to the scholarships they have had; the entire 
 Middle class indeed is required to spend a year in teaching- 
 before taking the Senior year. 
 
 To the Record of Graduates are added reports of some 
 of the many ex-students who, failing, from circumstances not 
 discreditable, to complete the course, have yet done much to 
 improve themselves and their people. 
 
 Characteristic extracts from the students' letters enliven 
 the pages, and a few from State and County Superintendents 
 are added : many like them are received. 
 
 Each record is thus a little " instantaneous view," such as. 
 the student or those who know him could give of his progress 
 and condition at the time of writing. Some may have al- 
 ready changed again, in one way or another ; they are in the 
 time and circumstances of life subject to vicissitude. 
 
 Instantaneous photography having resolved the fleetest 
 racer's course into an awkward series of crooks and twists, ups 
 and downs, we need not be surprised to find the correspond- 
 ing truth in life. The eye can reconstruct from these its own 
 composite impression of motion and progress : it is enough 
 to know that thus the ground is covered and the goal reached- 
 
 H. W. L. 
 
OF IIAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 iNstaNtaNeoUs Views 
 
 TAKeN in 1889-90. 
 
 FIRST GRADUATING CLASS. 
 1871. 
 
 Yoioig women, j; men, 14 : Total, IQ. 
 
 Brown, Sarah J. Taught two years in the High School at Wilming- 
 ton, N. C. Married Anthony Howe in 1876. Died the same 
 year. 
 
 BuLLARD, Jane. Is now in the Insane Asylum in Charlestown, West 
 Va. Was two years at the Normal School, Westfield, Mass. 
 Taught two years in Maiden and Charlestown, West Va. 
 
 Ellison, Nancv J. (Mrs. Wallace). Born in Beaufort, N. C. Married 
 Merritt R. Wallace of the Middle Class of '76. Taught^ten 
 years in Staunton, Boydton and Richmond, Va. Is now 
 teaching in St. Philip's Episcopal Parish School and Sunday 
 School in Richmond. Has taught nearly 1,000 children, 
 " Many have become teachers." She and her husband own a- 
 bout $1,000 worth of real estate. Have lost by fire. 
 
 G1BB.S, Julia W. (Mrs. Stevens). Was reported "dead, time unknown." 
 In the winter of 1888-89, ^ gentleman at the School said he 
 had teen travelling among the islands on the coast of South 
 Carolina, and had visited the home of a Hampton graduate. 
 No one knew who it could be. He described the house as 
 very neat and tasteful, one of the pleasantest in that vicinity. 
 The wife and home-maker spoke with enthusiam of Hampton, 
 and he saw her diploma hanging on the wall. On inquiry, it 
 proved to be Julia Gibbs of the class of '71. She had married 
 Mr. J. O. Stevens. Their home-is at Brick House P. O. John's 
 Island, S. C. Not " dead," but very much alive. She was 
 delighted to hear from Hampton ; says she calls it " the cra- 
 dle that rocked me." She had taught at Columbia and Holly 
 Hill, S. C, and is now teaching at her home on John's Island- 
 Says she doesn't know how many she has taught, but " some 
 have become teachers, some dressmakers, some have been to 
 college and become doctors." She is now desirous to estab- 
 lish a permanent school on the island, "after the close of the 
 free school which is open twelve weeks in the year, giving the 
 
24 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 children more time for play than for study." She has taught in 
 the Reformed Episcopal Sunday-school ever since graduating. 
 She says : " The Negroes are improving in every con- 
 ceivable way here. We are poor and we know it — ignorant, 
 but whose fault ? Not ours. The pupils of the many colored 
 Institutes are grateful to the Northern friends for their never 
 tiring and willing hands to help their hungering ' brothers in 
 black.' " 
 
 Jackson, Eliza, (Mrs. Pindlel. Taught four years in Virginia, nine 
 in South Carolina, and is now matron of the Tuskegee Nor- 
 mal School, Ala. 
 
 Miss Jane Stuart Woolsey wrote in 1871, " Eliza was born 
 a slave, her mother a slave. Her father, who was her master, 
 went into the rebel army and was killed in the war. Her 
 master was kind to her, so far as she remembers. She is a 
 gentle, good girl ; stands well in her classes and does the best 
 with her opportunities. She is eighteen years old and i^ther 
 delicate. Life will be harder to her on that account. She 
 heard of this school and came here of her own accord." 
 
 Miss Woolsey, writing at this time (1871,) says of the 
 Hampton School girls in general : " These girls pay a con- 
 siderable part of their expenses by their labor, not quite 
 enough for all. They do washing, housework and sewing in 
 the Industrial Room, and have the love and respect of their 
 teachers. They will make excellent teachers themselves." 
 Bowman, Edward. Taught three years in Kempville, Va., also in 
 North Carolina. Had an experience with the Ku Klux, while 
 teaching in North Carolina, and had to jump out of the win- 
 dow to escape. He died of consumption in a hospital in New 
 York. 
 
 *Ellet, Dee A. Born 1850, in King William Co., Va. "Came to 
 Hampton as a refugee in 1861. After graduating, he ran for 
 an office and was defeated, and is now (1871,) looking for a 
 school. He is the only one in the class who indulged in such 
 aspirations." f 
 
 He taught five 3^ears in North Carolina and Virginia, has 
 studied theology and law a little in Wayland Seminary and 
 Howard University, and finally graduated in medicine. Was 
 examined by State Medical Board of Virginia, but failed to 
 pass and was not admitted to practice. Has been very much 
 in politics. He was for two months general secretary of the 
 
 Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. fMiss Jane Stuart Woolseys' letters,iS7r. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 25 
 
 Y. M. C. A., in the town of Hampton. In 1888, he left to at- 
 tend the National Republican Convention in Chicago and 
 went from there to California. Present address not known- 
 
 Fields, JAMES A. Born in Hanover Co., Va., 1844. Taught fourteen 
 years, in Williamsburg and Elizabeth City Co., Va. Has 
 taught " about fifteen hundred pupils, over one hundred of 
 whom have become teachers." Has " been engaged in Sun- 
 day-school more than twenty years," and is " now Supt. of 
 3d Baptist Sunday-school of Hampton, Va." He attended 
 Howard University, Law Dept., and is now practicing law and 
 farming, in Hampton. In the spring of 1887, he was elected 
 Commonwealth's Attorney for Warwick Co., Va. In Nov. 
 1889, he was Republican representative to the Virginia legis- 
 lature. He savs ; " All things considered, the condition of 
 the colored people is good ; they are rapidly improving in in- 
 telligence, religion and morals. My property, consisting most- 
 ly of lots and houses, exceeds in value $6,ooo. I have only 
 one child — the finest boy in Christendom." 
 
 *GlLES, Joseph D. W. Bom in Gilsonville, S. C, 1846. He taught 
 five years in South Carolina. Went to Lincoln LTniversity, 
 Pa. In 1 88 1, was a student in Howard University, Washing- 
 ton, D. C. 
 
 Johnson, Calvin. Born in Hampton, Va., 1854. Taught five years 
 in the town of Hampton after graduating, then went to How- 
 ard Uriiversity, Wasbitigton, D. C, and was watchm.an in the 
 U. S. Treasury Department. Was pi inter and newspaper re- 
 porter connected with "Peoples' Advucute," and also in the 
 " Z)'<i'^ " office — colored journals in Vv'ashington. Died 1885. 
 
 ^Latimer, Geo. Wm. Born, 1855, Hampton, Va. He taught in South- 
 ampton, Lancaster, Essex and Sussex Co's., and in the town 
 of Hampton. Went to New York some years ago. Was a 
 " messenger for stockbrokers." Is a stenographer and doing 
 well at that, at last accounts. In 1881, reported owning " sev- 
 eral acres." 
 
 Lee, William H. Born in Nanssmond Co., Va. Miss Woolsey de" 
 scribed him in '71, thus : " Lee is a gentlemanly, quite white 
 boy. His father, a doctor, offered to take him into his office 
 and teach him his profession. But Henry said : " I don't 
 want to learn his trade : he ill treated my mother and despises 
 my people. I guess I'll shift for myself and my mother too." 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
2,6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 He taught school in Southampton and Nansemond Coun- 
 ties for five years, and afterwards kept a hght house in Nanse- 
 mond Co. Was married. In 1881, owned "fifty-two acres of 
 land." Died in 1886. 
 
 Lewis, Harrison H. He was a soldier in the war. Belonged to the 
 9th Reg. U. S. Colored Troops, commanded by Col. S. C. 
 Armstrong. He taught one year. Died in 1873. 
 
 *Nelson, Caleb. Born 1844, in Boston, Mass. He taught after 
 graduating, in Bedford, Charlotte and Southampton Co's., Va. 
 In 1881, owned "four acres and a house in Belle Haven, Va. 
 
 *Payne, Henry C. Bom 1847, Kanawha, Co., West Va. Taught in 
 Charleston, West Va. Is a boat builder, mechanic and inven- 
 tor. Was trying, when last heard from, to get a patent on 
 some invention. Had«"city property and 100 acres, valued 
 at $3,200." His last known address was Charleston, W. Va. 
 
 *Tayi,or, Geo. L. Has taught in Princess Anne, Norfolk and Glouces- 
 ter Co's., Va. Was for a short time Deputy Clerk of Eliza- 
 beth City Co. Has been mail agent on Chesapeake and Ohio 
 R. R. Most of his time since graduating, he has been teach- 
 ing, having " large schools, generally with assistant teachers." 
 Lives in Hampton. 
 
 Watkins, Walter R. Born 1849, in Wytheville, Va. Was two years 
 at Oberlin College, Ohio, " taking regular studies of the pre- 
 paratory department." Has taught in Bedford, Wythe and 
 Smythe Co's. Va., where he has had in all " at least one thous- 
 and pupils, twenty-five of whom have become teachers." He 
 says : " I have engaged both in Sunday-school and temper- 
 ance work, but am sorry to say, for the latter my people seem 
 to care but little." " While the condition of my people is far 
 from what we would desire, yet I consider it fair. They are 
 improving substantially, for with many it is their ambition to 
 own a home. They also realize the importance of an educa- 
 tion and trades, and work hard to give their children the ad- 
 vantage of both." 
 
 Lie is now teaching in Salem, Va.; has "two hundred and 
 eleven pupils on roll, and three assistants." He owns " real 
 estate worth $2,000," and is reported as a solid man and a 
 leader among his people. 
 
 Weaver, Joseph P. Bom, in Hertford Co., N. C. Says : " I am now 
 teaching at Pleasant Plain, near Winston, N. C. It was in 
 this neighborhood I had my first experience as a teacher, in 
 
 • Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 27 
 
 August, 1865. I came to Hampton N. & A. I. in 1868. Since 
 graduating, I have made teaching my principal occupation. I 
 have taught over one thousand pupils ; ten or twelve of them 
 have become teachers." 
 
 He has taught principally in North Carolina; also in 
 Tennessee and Virginia. He is superintendent of " Mt. Pleas- 
 ant Sunday-school," with one hundred and twenty-five schol- 
 ars. He is now a widower, with two children : owns a town 
 lot, a horse, farming implements, etc. His occupations are 
 farming and teaching. He is " aiming to cultivate the mind 
 and the soil." 
 ^Windsor, Samuel C. Born 1850, at Newberne, N. C. " He was a 
 very bright scholar ; was for two years at Oberlin College. He 
 and W. R. Watkins are said to have worked their way through 
 College as carpenters." t He taught school in North Carolina, 
 Mississippi and Virginia. On competitive examination, he was 
 appointed teacher on a United States training ship ; was 
 there a little more than a year. He married Eliza Notting- 
 ham, class of '7-- She died in '79- \_^ 
 
 EX-STUDENTS, middle class, 1871. 
 
 Green, Harriet L. (Mrs. Debnam). Born in Sumpter, S. C, 1855, 
 Writes : " I taught [since leaving Hampton] at Flemington, 
 N. C, two years, Whiteville, three years, Wilmington, five 
 years; had about 1,200 pupils, of whom 100 hundred have 
 become teachers. I am engaged both in Sunday-school and 
 temperance work." She is miarried and has four children ; 
 owns "three frame buildings." Her "present occupation 
 is housekeeping," her " aim, to do all the good I can." 
 
 Wallace, Meritt R. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1846. Since leav- 
 ing Hampton, taught in James City Co., one term ; in Boyd- 
 ton, Va., eight years, and was Principal of the latter school. 
 During the time, was Commissioner of Revenue ; after that, 
 was postal clerk on the railroad for five years. Taught 
 "about 1,500 pupils, many of whom have become teachers." 
 Married Nancy J. Ellison, graduate of '71. They have two 
 children; own real estate valued ^at about $1,100. Lives 
 in Richmond, Va. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry 
 tLetter from Miss Jane Stuart Woolsey, in 1871. 
 
28 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 CLASS OF 1872. 
 
 Young wo//u'7i, S; men, /j .• • Total, 2j. 
 
 Bayne, Alice R. Taught two years in Drummondtown, Va. Died 
 1874. Educated by E. D. Mandell. 
 
 Chisman, Maria L. (Mrs. Phillips.) Born 1856, in Hampton, Va. 
 Has taught in Murfreesboro, N. C, Kempsville, East River 
 and (in "Butler School,") Hampton, Va. Taught five years ; 
 about 300 scholars. Is engaged in the 3d Baptist Sunday- 
 school of Hampton; Married Luke Phillips of this class. They 
 have five children living; four have died. Own a house and 
 lot. She is now " housekeeping and candy making " ; " aims " 
 to educate her children and improve her -home. 
 
 Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D., and Miss Mary 
 A. Collins. 
 
 Elliott, Mary L. Born 1854, in Charleston, S. C. Taught in Mt. 
 Pleasant, S. C, three terms ; in Mecklenburg Co., Va., two 
 terms, and on John's Island, S. C, eight terms. Has taught 
 about two hundred and forty scholars, three of whom are now 
 teachers, and one a preacher. Has always taught in Sunday 
 school. Owns a homestead ; a frame cottage and thirty acres 
 of land in Charleston. Is teaching and sewing in summer 
 Aiming to do all she can to " help build up this down trodden, 
 race, who are improving rapidly." 
 Educated by F. Jones. 
 
 Howe, Isabella L. Born 1854, in Wilmington, N. C. Taught in 
 
 Wilmington, N. C. most of the time since graduating, " and 
 
 enjoyed it." She had charge of the Fourth grade in the " Wil- 
 
 liston graded school." In '84, she started a library. Died in '85- 
 
 Educated by Wm. Endicott and Samuel Johnson. 
 
 ^Newsome, Florence L. Born 1852, in Hertford Co., N. C. Has 
 taught in Virginia and at Winton, Hertford Co., N. C, six 
 
 "Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry 
 
* OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 29 
 
 years. When last heard from, was doing housework and sew- 
 ing. Owns house and lot. Lives in Winton, N. C. 
 Educated by J. M. Jones. 
 
 Nottingham, Eliza G. Married Samuel C. Windsor, class of 'ji, 
 and moved to Yazoo, Miss., where she died in 1879. Before 
 her marriage, she taught in Eastville, Va. 
 Educated by William Claflflin. 
 
 Robinson, Mary C. (Mrs. Steward.) Born 1856, King Wm. Co. Va. 
 Has taught two years at Thaxton's Switch, two years in 
 Waynesboro, and nine yeai's in the town of Hampton, Va. 
 She says : " I hardly know how many children I have taught 
 during that time, but out of the number, ten have graduated 
 from my Alma Mater, two from Oberlin, one from Howard 
 University, three from Richmond Institute, three from Way- 
 land, six from Petersburg College ; twenty-seven of my schol- 
 ars are teachers, and some of them are doing a grand and 
 noble work among my race." " I am engaged in Sunday- 
 school, and belong to a Temperance Club that is doing all it 
 can to help the cause. Intemperance is one of the evils that 
 help to keep our people back." " There is nothing I am ~ 
 prouder of than to know I am a graduate of Hampton School, 
 and I can never forget the good it has enabled me to do for 
 my race." 
 
 Married Wm. Steward of Hampton, (of Senior class of 
 '72.) Owns a good home there, and a small lot of land. Is 
 now " teaching, and hopes to teach as long as health will per- 
 mit." 
 
 Educated by Augustus Hemenway. 
 
 Rutledge, Julia A. Born 1849, Charleston, S. C. Taught five years 
 at Princess Anne C. H., two in Suffolk, Va., and then went to 
 Charleston, S. C, and its neighborhood, where she has been 
 teaching ever since. She cannot tell the number she has 
 taught. Three of her scholars are teaching now. Is engaged 
 in the A. M. E. Sunday school and owns a- house and lot, in 
 Charleston. 
 
 Educated by Edward C. Jones. 
 
 *Beckwith, John M. Came to Hampton m 'yo. Taught at Smith- 
 field. Has taught ever since graduating, as far as heard from. 
 Last address Smithfield, N. C. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. M. Bartol. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
30 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK. 
 
 Britt, John K. Born 1852, in Hertford, N. C. Lives in Jerusalem, 
 Va. Taught seven years in three districts of Southampton Co 
 Taught about 325 children, fifteen or twenty of whom have 
 become teachers. He is married ; has " a fine old lady," he 
 says, and one " Boy." " Shall send him to Hampton one of 
 these days." He has a farm and stock worth $2,000. Last 
 year, he had " a good crop of corn, white beans and peanuts, 
 and added $10 worth of fruit trees and vines." " If successful, 
 will have some fruit as fine as any in the state." Is a house 
 carpenter by trade ; has " just completed a very fine store on. 
 the new railroad, Atlantic and Danville, at Pope's Station." 
 
 He says " Our people are making quite a little headway, 
 both in learning and getting homes and property." 
 
 He is reported to be a leading colored man in the county, 
 and has a good deal to do with politics. 
 
 Educated, by O. Prescott. 
 Carter, John H. Born 1852, in Eastville, Va. He taught every year 
 after graduating, in Eastville, Va. Was a great suft'erer from 
 chronic rheumatism. Died 1887. 
 
 Educated by James M. Beebe. 
 ^Davis, Andrew. Born and lives in Hampton, Va. Is a plasterer by 
 trade, also runs a yacht to take out pleasure parties, on Hamp- 
 ton Roads. 
 
 Educated by A. H. Seabury. 
 
 DUNGEE, James A. Born in King William Co. Va., 1842. He was 
 one of "the Hampton Singers," and travelled with them two 
 years after graduating. Then returned to his home and taught 
 in King William and Bedford Co's. for many years, making a 
 a noble record. Died 1883. 
 
 Educated by Joseph N. Bacon. 
 
 Hines, Tazewell E. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1854. " His first school 
 was in Bedford Co., in '72. He had one hundred and ten 
 scholars. His "school house was burned down by the Ku Klux, 
 but re-opened school the next day in the colored church. " f 
 He has since taught in Pulaski, Wythe, Princess Anne and 
 Bedford Co's, farming and carpentering during vacations. He 
 was married in '79. 
 
 He says : " Bad health and financial embarrassment have 
 caused me to abandon public school teaching. After follow- 
 ing it for fourteen years in Bedford and adjoining counties, 
 my family physician advised me to resort to something else 
 for a living, as my health had run down considerabl}^ On ac- 
 
 *Has not reported recently. tMiss Woolsey's letters. 
 
answer . .si^ 
 
OF HAMPTOX INSTITUTE. 3I 
 
 count of the deplorable system of employing and paying teach- 
 ers in our section of Virginia, I became very much dissatisfied. 
 So after prayerful consideration, I decided to give up teach- 
 ing, and went West to the coal fields. I gave my new occu- 
 pation — digging coal — a ten months' trial, but finding it too 
 severe for me, I readily accepted a situation as coachman in 
 the family who raised me, and with whom I was living before 
 entering the Hampton Institute. My present employer I 
 nursed when a child, and for that reason we feel close to each 
 other. My wife is employed in the family, which makes it 
 very pleasant, still we both feel very anxious to get back to our 
 work of teaching. We own property in Bedford County, and 
 are working hard to make some improvements. 
 
 I am pleased to state to you all, that, as a representative 
 of Hampton, the marks of our work stand in south-western 
 Virginia, and that the students of our Institute, are greatly in 
 demand. I have had application upon application to return 
 to the work, both from School trustees and patrons, [parents] 
 in our county, and I don't feel that I can longer ignore their 
 wishes, without injustice to Hampton Institute, as well as^ 
 myself." Educated by Mrs. C. A. Johnson. ~~^ 
 
 Inge, Hutchings. Born in Danville, Va. Was one of the Hampton 
 Singers. After the company was disbanded, he entered Ober- 
 lin College for two years, studying Greek, Latin, mathematics 
 and history. He taught in Leatherwood, Va., five months ; 
 in Person Co., N. C, five rnonths, and nine years in St. Louis, 
 Mo., where he is teaching now. Owns some city lots. 
 Educated by James A. Little. 
 Phillips, Luke B. Born 1853, in Hampton, Va. Taught at London 
 Bridge and Gum Swamp, Va., then came to Hampton, and 
 has taught sixteen years in the Lincoln School there, for years 
 its principal. Is now president of the colored .Y. M. C. A. of 
 Hampton and keeping store there. He was superintendent of 
 the First colored Baptist Sunday school for nine years. Has 
 taught "nearly 1,500 children, about twenty of whom have 
 been teachers." He married Maria L. Chisman of this class. 
 They have had nine children, live of whom are living; own a 
 house and lot and other property. He says, "I find the gen- 
 eral condition of the people a good deal better than when I 
 commenced teaching seventeen years ago." 
 *Prvor, Geo. L. Born 1857, in Hampton, Va. Taught in Wythe 
 and Charlotte Co's., and the vicinity of Hampton, eight terms. 
 
 •Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
32 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 In 1 88 1, was clerk in the U. S. Pension Office, Washington. 
 Attended Howard University and studied law. Is now prac- 
 tising: law in Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Wallace, Talbot M. Born 1841, in Williamsburg, Va. Taught 60 
 children, in Mecklenburg Co., in '73- Is married and has six 
 children, three of whom are going to school every day. Pro- 
 viding for these and an invalid wife keeps him " pretty well 
 engaged." He is farming : owns " a piece of land and stock," 
 in Williamsburg. He says, " Some of the people are improv- 
 ing and some are not." 
 
 Weaver, David D. Born in Winton, N. C. He taught summer 
 schools during vacation of '70 and '71, in North Carolina. Af- 
 ter graduating" he taught in Rockingham and Northumber- 
 land Counties, Va. In '74' lie went to Small's Cross Roads, 
 Chowan Co., N. C, and taught till '76. In these schools he 
 had about three hundred children. " Five at least are teach- 
 ers ; one is a prominent preacher — though I take no credit of 
 that as I did not teach theology." He says : " I hear from 
 many of my old pupils who say that their lives and characters 
 were shaped by their early training in my school." He is for 
 Prohibition, but says his people are not with him, though he 
 thinks the colored clergy favor the amendment. He is in the 
 boot and shoe trade in Philadelphia. He says : " I employ 
 more help and do more work than any other colored shoe- 
 maker in Philadelphia, and have had the lead for five years, 
 and am doing as much for my people as I could in the school 
 house." " The colored people are progressing : they work; the 
 money is made and the money is spent The greatest barrier 
 is they do not look beyond to-day ; they expect every day to 
 take care of itself; and, with such short alculations, they are 
 often found wanting. There are many exceptions to this rule; 
 there are men here who are doing good business and making 
 great headway in the world." 
 
 Educated by E. R. Mudge, Sawyer & Co. 
 
 Wilkins, "William H. Born 1855, in Portsi.iouth, Va. Taught in 
 Bedford Co., three years, Southampton Co., one year. Norfolk 
 Co., seven years, and Portsmouth four years. Has taught 
 1,200 or 1,500 children, of whom ten or more have become 
 teachers. He is married and has five children ; owns his home 
 in Portsmouth, Va., and has an interest in land. Has 
 studied mercantile business. His " aim " is teaching. 
 
 Williams, Everett W. Born in Smithfield, Va. 1850. He says: "1 
 have taught every year since graduating ; one ten months' 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 33 
 
 school in Winchester, Va., 72-73. From '73 to the present time I 
 have taught continuously in Princess Anne Co. Va., I have also 
 taught two summer schools, three months each, in Southamp- 
 ton Co., and a five months' session near Indian Creek, Norfolk 
 Co. I am at present teaching my sixteenth session in Kemp- 
 ville Dist., with 108 on roll. Average attendance 92. I know I 
 have taught at least eight hundred. Four have become teach- 
 ers to my knowledge; probably many more." '■ I have been 
 engaged in Sunday school work nearly ever since I have been 
 teaching. I have been Supt. of a Baptist Sunday school near- 
 ly four years. It has a faithful corps of officers and teachers 
 and a tolerably fair library." 
 
 " I engaged in temperance work last winter, and suc- 
 ceeded in organizing a Union, and getting the co-operation of 
 three churches. About three hundred men, women, and chil- 
 dren signed a pledge to abstain from the use of intoxicants 
 as a beverage." 
 
 " My aim in life is to do all I can for humanit}-, especiall}^ 
 to improve the moral and material condition of my race." 
 
 " In this section, the general condition of the colored 
 people is not encouraging. They have improved intellectually, 
 but very little morally and materially. They are too densely 
 settled for country living, and are obliged to work for mere 
 nominal wages. This is why they remain so poor. Not one 
 in seventy-five owns any land. In other sections of the 
 country, the colored people have made and are making con- 
 siderable improvement." Home is Cohoke, Va. 
 
 Educated by Grift'eth Morgan. 
 W1LLIAM.S, John W. Born in Hjimpton, Va., 1855. He went to the 
 U. S. Military Academy at AVest Point, but was not graduated. 
 He taught in Hampton part of a year, and had about eightj^ 
 pupils. He married Mary E. Bright, class of '78, and has 
 three children. He is now a merchant in Hampton. " Aims " 
 to make an honest living. He says : " The colored people 
 are improving in every walk in life." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Bishop "and ladies." 
 WiLLiAM.s. Lewis D. Bom in Nansemond Co. Va., 1856. He taught 
 about fifty children five months, in Bedford Co. Is engaged 
 in Zion Baptist Sunday school. He is a house carpenter and 
 aims to be a master builder ; wishes he could have books on 
 architecture to help him, and books on travels. Owns a 
 homestead in Portsmouth. Va. 
 
 Educated bv Mrs. Augustus Hemenwav. 
 
34 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 CLASS OF 1873. 
 
 *BOYD Mary F. Birth place and date unknown. Married, and settled 
 afterward in Baltimore. Lives now in Spurgeon, Mo. 
 
 ■•'■Cabbel, Britannia C. Taught in Bedford and Charlotte Go's., Va., 
 and being a good dress maker, worked at intervals between 
 her school terms. Lives in Camden, N. J. 
 Educated by S. P. Bent. 
 
 *D AVIS, Alice P. (Mrs. Thornton.) Born 1853, in Germanton, N. C. 
 She was the first Salutatorian of the School. She taught in 
 Thomasville and Greensboro, N. C, and in the town of Hamp- 
 ton, Va. In '79. she was at the Hampton Institute, assisting 
 in the care of the Indian girls, and was also employed in the 
 Industrial Room. Nov. '82, she married W. H. Thornton of 
 the class of '81. Lives in Atlantic City, N. J. 
 Educated by Amos A. Lawrence. 
 
 Jackson, Lethia E. (Mrs. Brooks.) Born 1855, at Winsboro', S. C. 
 All her teaching has been in South Carolina ; in Chester, 
 Winsboro', Sumpter, and Columbia. She has taught about 
 three hundred scholars, twenty of whom are now teachers. 
 She is not in Sunday school now, but has been. Says she has 
 "a good husband and six children, three girls and three boys." 
 Her time is given wholly to her family and household duties. 
 Owns a homestead worth $2,500. Thinks the colored people 
 are improving. In 1879, she married Mr. Brooks of Columbia, 
 S. C. Educated by J. C. Howe & Co. 
 
 Brown, Wm. P. Born 1849, in Williamsburg, Va. Has taught in 
 Hanover Co., ten sessions of five months each : had about four 
 hundred scholars, and says, " I have worked in many other 
 ways for the advancement of my people." He is married and 
 has four boys. Owns some live stock. His occupation is 
 teaching, at $25 a month. Lives in Old Church, Hanover Co., 
 Va. Educated by John Cummings. 
 
 Boston, Charles A. Born in Roanoke Co., Va. Has taught in 
 Buchanan, Botetourt, and Montgomery Co's. Va., and Kana- 
 wha Co., West Va., — in all, about 1,228 pupils, twenty-five of 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 35 
 
 whom are teachers. Taught fourteen years. Has three Sun- 
 day schools in the rural districts and visits them as often a.s he 
 possibly can. In '']'], was licensed to preach, and has been 
 employed on a Baptist circuit. Owns a house and three lots in 
 Roanoke City. Is now preaching. 
 Educated by Mrs. Cantield. 
 
 CAVrON, Thomas. Born in Hampton, Va. Went to Norwich, Ct. 
 Academy, but his eyes failed him. He taught eleven years 
 Was principal of a colored school at Charlottesville, Va. Then 
 had an appointment in U. S. Revenue Service at Newport 
 News. Was for several years in the employ of the School, as 
 agent for Southern Workman, etc., and then went abroad as 
 travellingagent with the "Virginia Colored Concert Company." 
 Educated by Wm. R. Lawrence. 
 
 ^-'=HowE, Alfred P. Born 1856, in Wilmington, N. C. Was in Bos- 
 ton when last heard from, (a few years ago) employed as wait- 
 er in a private family. 
 
 Educated by Wm. J. Rotch. 
 
 ^Lamb, John H. Miss Jane Stuart Woolsey writing in i^iji, says: 
 " John Lamb was born a slave, the son of a slave, near City 
 Point. All his people, owners and parents, are scattei^ed and 
 lost sight of, and the place itself was overrun and destroyed in 
 the war. He is an unmixed Negro, as black as midnight. He 
 is very quick and intelligent, eager to learn and ambitious to 
 teach. His teachers practice him sometimes by making hmi 
 teach the classes under their direction, and he does it with 
 clearness, precision and self-respect. He is very well behaved, 
 quite a little gentleman, indeed, and, altogether, very promis- 
 ing. He is a great singer, full of all kinds of native songs. He 
 is sixteen years old. He was recommended here by a Quaker 
 lady, who taught a little while at City Point." 
 
 He has been teaching at City Point and doing very well. 
 Has a large family. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Tileston. 
 
 =^=Lane, Geo. W. Born 1852, Chowan Co. N. C. Was at Howard Uni- 
 versity one year. In 1879, was appointed Deputy Register of 
 Deeds for Chowan Co. In 1881, was principal of Edenton, N. 
 C. Public School, of two hundred scholars. Was afterwards 
 made Postmaster, the first and only colored man who had 
 held this office in the town. Has now a barber's shop in Nor- 
 folk, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Ropes. 
 
 -*Did not reply to last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
;i6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Langford, Little Berry. Born 1849, in Potecasse, N. C. Taught 
 at " Butler School " ten months ; at Abingdon, Va., three years; 
 at Wytheville, Va., three years ; at Woodbury, N. J., three 
 years ; also at Woodland, N. C. Had about five hundred schol- 
 ars, thirteen of whom are now teachers. Is now a licensed 
 preacher of the Methodist Church in New York State. Says 
 he " is not teaching the young ideas to shoot, but old ones, 
 to come up to the mark of the high calling which is in Christ 
 Jesus." 
 
 He is married and has four children ; has accumulated 
 no property since preaching. Is disappointed in not finding 
 the colored people of New York in better circumstances than 
 those in Virginia and South Carolina. He lives in Coxsackie, 
 N. Y. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. P. Hemenway. 
 
 Lewis, Peyton M. Born in Roanoke Co. Va., 1849. "I taught six 
 terms, of six months each, at Liberty, Thaxton Switch, and 
 Bunker Hill, Va. I taught six hundred children ; eleven of 
 them have become teachers. After teaching among my peo- 
 ple six school terms, I felt it my duty to try to teach and 
 preach the Gospel. I have been engaged in this work ten 
 years, and have had reasonable success with my own people, 
 and favor with the best white people everywhere I have been. 
 I keep up regular Sunday school and temperance work with 
 my church, and I have always been able to make them the 
 most hopeful features of my church work, because I know so 
 much depends upon the training of our young. My aim is to 
 be a most effectual Gospel preacher and teacher. I am now 
 taking a course in Wabash College, embracing Latin, Greek, 
 French and German, with other studies. I am a preacher in 
 the Indiana Methodist Church. I am married and have had 
 five children ; only one is living. [In 'jy, he married Alice 
 Ferribee, class of 75.] I have no real estate ; only some per- 
 sonal property. The intellectual, moral, religious, industrial, 
 and economical status of the people varies much in different 
 sections of the country that I have passed through. Where 
 the people are settled down and have their homes and regular 
 pursuits, they are prosperous, and every way in a promising- 
 condition. In other sections, their condition is not so en- 
 couraging." 
 
 Educated by George Howland. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 37 
 
 Pritlow, Joseph. Taught two years. Studied theology at Howard 
 University. Died 1878. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Charles Brewer. 
 
 ^^=Robkrts, Albert B. Wrote in 1886, that he had taught fifteen 
 terms, of four months average length. " Never expected to 
 accomplish anything remarkable or note-worthy, but hoped to^ 
 do some good as a plain worker, both by precept and exam- 
 ple." Lives at Newport News, Va. 
 
 '■'Richards, James W. Entered Oberlin College soon after leaving 
 Hampton. Home, Washington, D. C. 
 
 '■=RlCKS, James M. Born in Wythe Co. Va. Taught in Wythe and 
 Smyth Co's., Va.; then went to Howard University, and 
 studied law. Is now practising law in Alexandria, Va. 
 Educated by Miss Edith Hemenway. 
 
 '^'Spencer, Clement J. Born 1849, in Charlotte Co. Va. Has taught 
 ten months of nearly every year, since leaving Hampton, in 
 Charlotte Co. Is one of the leading men of the county, in 
 politics, church afifairs, Sunday school, etc. MarriedJCora 
 Essex, an undergraduate. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. James White. 
 
 Trigg, Frank J. Born 1850, in Richmond, Va. Attended High 
 * School one year in Norwich, Conn. Has taught six years at 
 
 Abingdon, one year at Bonsacks and seven at Lynchburg. Is 
 now much interested in establishing a library in Lynchburg ; 
 has laready had quite a number of volumes given him for it. Is 
 Principal of a group of schools in Lynchburg. Has had 
 •' thousands of children " under his care ; " many of whom 
 have become teachers." Has always been engaged in Sunday 
 school work. 
 
 Says : " The Negro is steadily advancing m all walks in 
 life." Is married, has five children, and owns $1,800 worth 
 of town property. 
 
 Educated by Mr. Eastman. 
 
 Yancey, Wm. A. Born 1850, in Caswell Co., N. C. "In 1873, I or- 
 ganized a school in Pittsylvania Co., Va., in a new house built 
 in the woods. This was the first colored public school, taught 
 by a colored teacher, in the county. I remained there four 
 years, and taught two hundred and fifty scholars. At that time, 
 there were very few colored people in the neighborhood who 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter ol inquiry. 
 
38 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 could read at all. When I left, a great many could read 
 the Bible readily. I had a flourishing Sunday school, attend- 
 ed by young and old ; a Temperance Society, that did good 
 service reforming men and women, and a Debating Club for 
 the enjoyment of young men, to keep them from the bar rooms 
 and places of dissipation." 
 
 "In Feb., 1878, I organized another school in the same 
 county and taught there four years, with similar I'esults ; had 
 two hundred pupils. In 1881, went to Danville, Va., where I 
 am now teaching. I am Supt. of two Sabbath schools, morn- 
 ing and evening." 
 , "Temperance moves slowly." " Most of the colored peo- 
 
 ple are doing pretty well, many have neat little homes, all 
 paid for. Compared with fifteen years ago, I find a great con- 
 trast." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. P. M. Bryson. 
 
 Members of the Class, who left before the close of the term. 
 
 *Christopher, Hugh C. Born at Cumberland Island, Ga., 1854. He^ 
 taught in Brunswick, Ga. and Charlotte Co., Va. His family 
 owned house lots in Darien, and in Brunswick, Ga., where he 
 lives. Educated by H. L. Daggett. 
 
 *Edmunds, Henry C. Born in Charlotte C©. Va., 1849. He taught 
 in Campbell and Charlotte Co's., Va. In '81, owned 103 acres,^ 
 hogs, chickens, etc., in Smithville, Va. 
 Educated by the Misses Newman. 
 
 Steward, William H. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1850. He taught 
 one term at the " Butler School." He married Mary C. Rob- 
 inson, class of '72. Is a carpenter in the town of Hampton. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry^ 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 39 
 
 CLASS OF 187^. 
 
 Bailev, Jane. Born 1853, in Charles City Co., Va. Taught two terms 
 in Caroline Co., Va. Had 174 scholars. Has been a nurse. 
 Is now a cook at Fort Monroe. Owns a small house and Jot 
 in Hampton. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. J. B. Wood. 
 
 Calloway, Millie S. (Mrs. Skipwith.) Boi;n 1857^ in Danville, Va. 
 Says : " I have never stopped teaching, only during vacation, 
 smce I left Hampton in '74." She taught in Halifax Co., in 
 different schools ; also m Pittsylvania Co., and has been teach- 
 ing in Danville four years. The whole number taught is eight 
 hundred and sixty, ten of whom are teachers. Married Mr. 
 Skipwith, a graduate of Richmond Seminary, in '78^_^Has 
 taught in Sunday school, and lectured on temperance, but 
 does not go to Sunday-School now ; hks two boys whom she 
 sends instead. She says : " The colored people are improving, 
 but they labor under difficulties ; there is so much prejudice 
 against color." Owns some real estate. 
 Educated by J. M. Dennison. 
 
 *Coles, Amy E. (Mrs. Spencer.J Born 1857, in Danville, Va. Taught 
 in vicinity of Danville eight years. In 1882, married Mr. 
 Charles Spencer of Stockbridge, Mass. Is now living in Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. 
 
 Educated by W. O. Grover. 
 
 ^Elliott, Rachel M. (Mrs. Colding.) Born in Portsmouth, Va., 1854. 
 She was with the Hampton Singers through their first cam- 
 paign. Afterwards, taught in King William Co., Va., and in 
 Kanawha Co., West Va., until she married Mr. Colding in 
 1877. Wrote in '81, that she was "caring for husband, child 
 and home." Lives in Portsmouth, Va. 
 Educated by Henry P. Kidder. 
 
 Howard, Rachel. (Mrs. Davis.) Born in Hampton, Va. She never 
 taught ; worked as a cook at Fort Monroe. Her married life 
 was unhappy. Died in the spring of 1886. 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
4° TWENTV-TWO YKARS WORK 
 
 Howard, Violet. (Mrs. Harris.) Born 1859, in Hampton, Va. At- 
 tended the " Butler School " when Mr. Knox, General Mar- 
 shall's nephew, had charge and Samuel Windsor, a graduate of 
 '71, was a teacher. [This school — day preparatory — is on the 
 grounds of Hampton Institute and under its care. The old 
 "Butler" building has been superseded by the convenient 
 " Whittier School-house."] After graduating, Violet went to 
 the North to work, because she " felt there was something to 
 be learned in a nice family which she could not learn at home." 
 In '81, she passed her examination to teach in Matthews Co., 
 Va. She says : " It was a successful year. I did not work for 
 money alone, but for the welfare of my race. For six months, 
 I worked hard in the school room and Sunday school, sowing 
 seeds which will never be forgotten by my scholars or myself. 
 In the school room I gained the love of my scholars ; in the 
 homes, the kindness of the parents." She taught two sessions 
 in Matthews Co., having 135 scholars, three of whom have 
 become teachers. 
 
 In 1882, she married, but unfortunatety. She says : " I am 
 trying to pray and work ofT the saddest trouble of my life." " I 
 am working as compositor in the Normal School Printing of- 
 fice, where I have steady employment and fair wages. Mr. 
 Betts', the manager's 'Kind words,' which he has never failed 
 to use in all these years, ' can never, never die.' To General 
 Armstrong, General and Mrs. Marshall and all other kind 
 friends, I am more than grateful. I give them God-speed." 
 
 Educated by George Curtis. 
 
 Ivv, Jennie L, (Mrs. Dyson.) Born 1853, in Chatham, Va. Taught 
 successfully at White Oak Grove, News Ferry, New Arbor 
 and Danville, Va., and was appreciated, respected and be- 
 loved, everywhere by the people. She taught more than five 
 hundred pupils, ten of whom are teachers, three teaching in 
 the same school she had. In 1876, she married James A. Dy- 
 son, class of '75. In 1885, they moved to Wyandotte, Kansas. 
 They own property in Danville, and also in Wyandotte-; esti- 
 mated at $3,000. She is now house keeping. Says : " The 
 colored people are much better off in the West, and making 
 better progress. I wish they would all move out there." 
 Educated by John B. Alley. 
 
 McLean, Grace, (Mrs. Waddy.) Born iu Greensboro, S. C. Taught 
 in 1868 and '69 in Huntsville, N. C, before coming to Hamp- 
 ton, and in 1870, at Thomasville, N. C. During vacations of 
 '72 and '73, she taught summer schools at Greensboro, N. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 4I 
 
 C. After '74. taught two years at High Point, N. C, under 
 the direction of " Friends Association of Philadelphia." Mar- 
 ried James A Waddy, one of "The Hampton Singers," of the 
 class of '75- 
 
 In her letter, she says : " In '']6. we sang with the Chautau- 
 qua choir," under the direction of Mr. Bliss, and travelled 
 through the Northern and New England States and Canada. ^ 
 In '78, we sailed for Liverpool and spent three years abroad, 
 visiting all the cities and towns of importance in England, 
 Scotland and Ireland. We spent eighteen months on the 
 Continent, and I learned to speak a little of several languages. 
 My German I keep up, and am always glad of an opportunity 
 to speak with anybody so as not to forget it. In '81, I re- 
 turned home. In '82, was elected teacher in the graded school 
 at Winston, N. C, where I taught four years. In '87, I was 
 •tendered the Matronship of Livingston College, Salisbury, N. 
 C, where I have served up to the present." 
 
 " In all my feeble efforts, I have endeavored to do honor 
 to my Alma Mater, to be useful in the service of the right, 
 and to further all causes for the development and upliftirfg of 
 my race." 
 
 She has one child, a boy. Has taught 1,297 pupils, of 
 whom one hundred and one have become teachers. She 
 says : " I am still battling for the right, and am not easily 
 discouraged." Educated by Amos Taplej'. 
 
 ]Melvin, Mary E. Born 1856, in Norfolk, Va. Taught at Grafton 
 and London Bridge ; since '76, has taught the 2d Grammar 
 grade of colored public schools in Norfolk, Va. In '85, at- 
 tended School of Methods at Saratoga, N. Y. Has taught 
 about one thousand pupils. She writes : " As I teach in a 
 graded school, most of these have been taught by other Hamp- 
 ton graduates, before reaching my grade. Quite a number 
 of my pupils have attended Hampton Institute, others Nor- 
 folk Mission School ; a few have graduated from Virginia 
 Normal and Collegiate Institute, at Petersburg. I think 
 about twenty-five or thirty have become teachers." 
 
 " The people are improving ; many are building homes 
 and teaching their children trades." 
 
 Educated bv ^ ^^- ^- ^iskey, in '73, 
 
 ■' \ Rev. W. H. Furness,in 74. 
 
 *RiCARD, Margaret, (Mrs. Howe.) Born 1858, in Wilmington, N. 
 C. Taught several terms in Wilmington. In '78, she married. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiiy. 
 
42 TWENTV-TWO , YEARS WORK 
 
 a Mr. Howe and liv^d in New Haven, Ct. 
 
 Educated by William Hilton and William E. Dodge 
 
 Wilson, Mary Jane?. Born in Portsmouth, Va. Opened a private 
 school, in her own home, after graduating, which increased so 
 fast that, after two years, her father built her a school house 
 on his own land, back of their house. Has fifty-six scholars. 
 Has taught over three hundred, twelve of whom have been 
 teaching ; some have gone to college. Says she tries " to 
 teach them to work, and rest on themselves." Has a home 
 with her father and grandmother in Portsmouth. 
 
 Educated by Miss C. Mower and Miss Clara Williams. 
 
 Davis, Geo. J. Born in Chatham, Va. Says : " After graduating I 
 was engaged to teach in the Butler School, under Mrs. George 
 Dixon. At the end of two years, Mrs. Dixon gave up the 
 school, and I, being her ' oldest child,' fell heir to the princi- 
 palship, which I held four years. I liked the. work as teacher 
 very much, and became very much attached to my pupils and 
 was sorry to leave them; but at that time,the teacher's salary 
 was so small, and so hard to collect after it had been earned, 
 I thought it best to accept a position on the Normal School 
 Farm, [as instructor of Indian boys in farming,] with Mr. Al- 
 bert Howe, where I have been for seven or eight years. I find 
 here that a great deal of patience is needed, and I have learned 
 to take the bitter with the sweet." " Taught at the 'Butler,' 
 (now Whittier School) four hundred and twenty pupils; eigh- 
 teen of them are teachers." In '82, he married Lottie Smith, 
 an undergraduate, and lives on the Normal School grounds. 
 Owns a piece of land and two cottages. 
 Educated by Mrs. M. S. Putnam. 
 
 Greenhow, William. Born in Williamsburg, Va. Has attended 
 Bryant and Stratton's Business College at Chicago, 111. Has 
 taught in Virginia, Kansas, and Missouri, five hundred schol- 
 ars. Has been engaged in Sunday school work with " flatter- 
 ing success." Is teaching now at St. Joseph, Mo., " Aiming " 
 at mercantile pursuits. Says : " The per cent, of those of mj- 
 race owning property shows a gratifying increase." 
 Educated by Mr. Sears. 
 
 *HoDGES, Augustus. Born 1854, in Brooklyn, N. Y. He taught in 
 Kempville and Lake Drummond, Va., four years ; was after- 
 wards a janitor in New York City. Was a " contributor to the 
 A'^, V. Globe, and wrote poetry." Worked in a hotel. Reports 
 of him not satisfactory. Educated by Mrs. C. F. Coffin. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 43 
 
 *P00L, John F. Was reported as a Mail Carrier in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 during President Hayes's administration. 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
 Stephens, Geo. E. Born in 1853, at Beaufort, N. C. Attended Win- 
 chester Seminary three years, Oberlin College one year, and 
 " Summer School." Studied Latin, Greek, and mathematics. 
 Has taught in Beaufort, N. C, one session, Bonsacks, Va., 
 one, Winchester six, ten months each ; Staunton two, Lynch- 
 burgh four. Has had eight hundred pupils, fifty of whom 
 have taught. Is engaged in Sunday school work in M. E. 
 Church ; present occupation, teaching. In December '89, mar- 
 ried Lucy J. Boulding, class of '81. Lives in Lynchburg. 
 Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 
 
 Tazewell, John H. Born 1850 in Elizabeth City Co., Va. Has taken 
 private lessons in Greek and Latin, since leaving here. Taught 
 six years in Southampton, Princess Anne, and Elizabeth City 
 Co.'s. Va., having about five hundred pupils ; some of them 
 have taught. Feeling himself called to preach, he tried to 
 qualify himself for the ministry, by attending the " Pastors' 
 Class for Bible Study " of this School, and being a shoema.kej, 
 worked at his trade. He has also acted as colporteur for the 
 American Tract Society. Is now trying to build up a church 
 at Newport News, "where it is greatly needed." 
 Educated by Thomas Ridgway. 
 
 Thompson, James C. Born 185 1, in Tazewell Co., Va. He taught 
 successfully fifteen years, in Tazewell Co., and Wytheville, and 
 " had the approbation of the best citizens, both white and col- 
 ored." He says : " Some were hostile, but, like General S. C. 
 Armstrong, I looked at the necessity of the work, and sur- 
 mounted the scoffs and sneers of the people." Died 1887. 
 Educated by Mrs. Eliza Collins. 
 
 TONSLER, Benj. Ellette. Born 1854. in Albemarle Co., Va. Has 
 taught thirteen terms, from nine to ten months each. Says : 
 " I think I have taught not less than seven hundred. I had 
 charge of the primary department for some years, when my 
 average was among the eighties ; eleven are teaching." " I 
 have been and am engaged in Sunday school work, and the 
 fruitage has been highly gratifying." He is married and has 
 three children. Owns real estate and personal property worth 
 about $2,380. Is teaching in Charlottesville, Va., and says " I 
 aim to prepare the young for the duties of life and to improve 
 my people." "The people are prosperous temporally, but 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
44 TWENTV-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 the outlook is not all that is desirable by a good deal. Home 
 training is very much neglected." 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. Josiah Ouincy. 
 Whitted, Henry ALSa-ON. Born 1848, in Hillsboro, N. C. Taught 
 two years in Edgecombe, N. C, and ten years in Person Co., 
 N. C, where there have been about four hundred scholars. 
 Says : " I have been regularly engaged in Sunday school 
 work, and feel that I have done much good." Was married 
 twelve years ago, and has five children. His health would 
 not allow him to teach ; he is farming and will probably con- 
 tinue so. Says : " The colored people are making very little 
 progress." He lives in Winstead, N. C. 
 
 Educated by George A. Nichols and Mrs. P. W. S. Canfield. 
 
 ex-studeHts, middle class, 1874. 
 
 CALLO^VAY, George F. Born in Pittsylvania Co., 1850. " Since leav- 
 ing Hampton, my time has been devoted entirely to teaching 
 the public schools of Halifax County. Have taught about 
 eight hundred children ; sixty-three are teachers. I am mar- 
 ried, and have a farm worth $1,500^ and horses, cattle, etc., 
 worth $700. 
 
 In this section of the state our people show a decided im- 
 provement. As a rule they are farmers ; some own their 
 homes, and some few, more successful ones, own large tracts 
 of land varying from forty to twelve hundred acres. Others 
 rent land and pay a certain portion of the crop to the owner, 
 or work for wages, which are $8 to $10 per month. This 
 agricultural year has been almost a failure ; consequently, the 
 people are in poor circumstances to meet the approaching 
 winter. I have a large school, but many are obliged to stop at- 
 tending on account of not being sufficiently clothed to protect 
 themselves against the cold." 
 
 Educated by Fourth Congregational Sunday School, Hart- 
 ford, Ct. 
 
 Pryor, Henry D. Born in Hampton, Va., 1859, Learned at the 
 School to be a printer. Was employed in the Government 
 Printing Office at Washington, D. C. from 1881-86, and in 
 Philadelphia from '86-88 ; when he took charge of the Tus- 
 kegee Normal School Printing Office, Tuskegee, Alabama. 
 Is now in Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 
 Educated by Richard D. Wood. 
 
OF HAMPTON IXSTITUTE. 45 
 
 CLASS OF 1875. 
 
 Browx, Matilda J. (Mrs. Wm.B. Weaver) Taught in Gates Co., N.C. 
 and Southampton, Co. Va. Married Wm. B. Weaver, an un- 
 dergraduate of '75, and died in 1880. 
 Educated by Charles Spencer. 
 
 Farlev, Delia P. (Mrs. Owen) Born, 1854. in Petersburg, Va. 
 Taught in a graded school at Petersburg three terms, where 
 there were about three hundred scholars : none are teaching 
 as yet. She was among the first colored teachers employed in 
 the public schools in Petersburg. Has one child and is now 
 housekeeping. Owns a farm at Wakefield and a lot in Pe- 
 tersburg. Is engaged in Sunday school at Wakefield. 
 Educated by B. H. Bartol. 
 
 Ferribee, Alice M. (Mrs. Peyton Lewis) Born 1855, in Elizabeth- 
 City, N. C. Taught '75-76, in Perquiman's Co. N. C; "76-77, 
 at Rocky Ford, Va. She was one of " The Hampton Student 
 Singers." 
 
 She married Rev. Peyton Lewis, class of '75, a pastor in 
 the M. E. Church, and has five children. Since her marriage, 
 she has labored as a pastor's wife. " In many ways, trying to- 
 help my people to understand practical religion at home, and 
 around the fireside, by being clean and neat, beautifying their 
 homes and setting good examples to their children." "• In 
 Baltimore I studied instrumental music, and have since acted 
 as organist in some of our churches and Sunday schools." 
 " While Mr. Lewis is now studying in Wabash College, I 
 thought I had better try to learn something too. So I am 
 studying Latin with him." " You may be assured that I shall 
 never cease to be grateful for all that you and your man\' 
 friends have done for me and mine, and m}^ race. " 
 Educated by Wm. B. Spooner. 
 
 Ferribee, Maria L. (Mrs. Wadkins,) sister of Alice M. Born 1857, 
 Elizabeth City, N. C. She taught at Guinea Mills, Currituck 
 Co., N. C, one term, and at Rocky Ford, Va., one term. 
 Taught 126 pupils; then, owing to the failure of the school 
 fund in Va., she went to service in Brooklyn, N. Y. Is now 
 married and has one child, and is housekeeping. She says, 
 
46 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 "Whenever I read an article in the papers about Hampton 
 and its work for my people, it fills my heart with joy to the 
 uttermost. I know that the training I received during my 
 stay there has made me what I am to-day. I still retain the 
 same principles I possessed when I left school, striving to press 
 forward and take advantage of every opportunity that is of- 
 fered me." " So far as I know, for the time we have been 
 liberated and the advantages we have had, I feel we are equal 
 with other races. Lives in Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Educated by Miss Abby W. May, for Ladies of Sanitary 
 Commission, Boston. 
 
 *GlBSON, Lizzie. (Mrs. Francis.) Born 1852, in Germanton, N. C. 
 She taught in Pittsylvania Co., and Callands, Va. and at 
 Trinity College, N. C. About six years ago, married Hum- 
 phrey Francis, a widower with several children. Is now house- 
 keeping in Danville, Va. Educated by Mrs. M. A. Tappan. 
 
 Gregory, Sallie P. (Mrs. Johnson) Born 1854, in Chatham, Va. 
 Taught eight years in Chatham, and three in the Virginia 
 Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg, Va., and again 
 at Chatham. Took a course of higher mathematics, language, 
 and music at N. & Coll. Inst. Has taught between eight 
 hundred and one thousand scholars. " Seventy-five or one 
 hundred of them are teachers." Has also always engaged in 
 Sunday school work and feels that she has done much good 
 in that direction. Owns an interest in a piece of property 
 worth about ,$2,000; has assisted her parents in repairing their 
 home, and has about $800 on deposit. Says, " I am still en- 
 gaged in teaching, and my aim is to do all in my power to 
 elevate and Christianize my people." Lives in Lynchburg, Va. 
 Educated by Mrs. M. A. Tappan. 
 
 Mellon, Susan R. ( Mrs. Hall.) Born in Wrightsville, Pa. Has 
 taught in Gatesville, N. C, Bridgewater, Pa., Southampton, 
 and Nansemond Go's., Va., and, since 1882, in Baltimore Co., 
 Md. She had to resign last winter on account of trouble with 
 her eyes. The number taught by her is twelve hundred. She 
 cannot tell how many of them have taught. Several in Balti- 
 more Co. are preparing themselves for teaching now. She says, 
 " In Baltimore Co., the people are principally farmers. Many 
 own their own homes, and are interested in the education of 
 their children. The schools open the first of Sept. and close 
 the last of June." Lives in Madonna, Harford Co., Md. 
 Educated by Redwood Warner. 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 47 
 
 jNIoRSE, Lucv A. Born in Yorktown, Va. Studied with the Chau- 
 tauqua' Circle two years. She has taught in Yorktown, Va. 
 four j-ears, Southampton Co. two years, Hillsboro, N. C. one 
 year. There were about nine hundred children in these schools; 
 only six of them have become teachers. Was in the Normal 
 and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg, as Matron. All the 
 money she had was lost by failure of the Home Savings 
 Bank at Norfolk, Va. Was employed as assistant Matron at 
 Hampton Institute for a year. Is now at a Sanitarium in Bos- 
 ton. Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D. 
 
 Ro.SS, Ann (Mrs. Fletcher.) Born 1856, in Danville, Va. She taught 
 in the vicinity of Danville, the spring of 79, when she mar- 
 ried Mr. Fletcher of Portsmouth. In '84, Mrs. Fletcher wrote 
 that she was teaching two miles from Portsmouth, Avith Mr. 
 Wilkins, a graduate of '72. Said her " time was much taken 
 up : teaching six hours a day, attending to her home duties, 
 taking in sewing to make a penny that way, attending Sunday 
 school, teachers' meeting once a week, and with a fcAv schol- 
 ars whom she taught at night." She died in 1885. 
 Educated by Mrs. E. W. Clark. 
 
 Card WELL, John. Born 1856, in Rockingham Co., N. C. Was one 
 
 of the Hampton Singers. He taught in Rockingham Co., N. 
 
 C. In 1 882, he went to teach at the Tuskegee Normal School. 
 
 Afterwards went to Clark University, Atlanta, Ga. Died 1886. 
 
 Educated by James Sturgis. 
 
 Catus, William Gaston. Born 1853, in Hertford Co., N. C. He 
 has taught ever since leaving Hampton ; in Va., N. C. and 
 Md. Has had four hundred and seven scholars, fourteen of 
 whom are teachers ; two are teaching graded schools. In 
 1883, he was ordained preacher, and has had charge of dif- 
 ferent missions, sometimes three or four, to which he preaches 
 as often as he can. His wife assists by taking charge of 
 one of his Sunday schools. He married Ella Moore, one of 
 Hampton's students and has five children. Owns a house 
 and lot. He is now preaching and aiming to help those around 
 him. Says of the people : " I think I can safely say that those 
 in towns are advancing generally." 
 
 He was one of " The Hampton Singers." In the account 
 written at that time, it is said : " He was free born, but was 
 bound out in childhood, and, like many of the free Negroes 
 of the South, endured all the evils of slavery except its name. 
 In the School he supported himself at the carpenter's bench." 
 
4o TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Has charge of a church in Germanton. N. C, and doing 
 missionary work, connected with the Presbyterian church. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George Russell. 
 Collins, John W. Taught two years and died in 1878. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. P. S. L. Canfield. 
 Draper, Jo.seph W. Born 1853, in Pulaski Co., Va. Was at one 
 time employed at the American House, Boston ; attended 
 Boston High School, .studying Latin, French, and mathemat- 
 ics. Afterwards he taught in Pearisburg, Va.; in Staunton 
 four years, and at Eatontown, N, Y. Taught in all, about 
 three hundred children, four of whom are teaching. He 
 says : "I have always taken an active part in Sunday schools, 
 and in temperance work. In my exhibitions and commence- 
 ment exercises, the recitations and speeches by the children 
 were generally about temperance. I found such exercises not 
 only instil into the minds of children temperance ideas, but 
 it is also an opportunity to do verj- effective work among the 
 parents." 
 
 " The colored people are undoubtedly improving both in 
 morals and intelligence. They are becoming less dependent 
 on the charities of the white race. They see now that it is 
 no disgrace to work, and, if they wish to have comfortable 
 homes, educate and clothe their children, and have some- 
 thing to put awa}^ for ' a rainy day,' they must labor con- 
 stantly, be frugal and temperate." 
 
 '■ The young men and women that are becoming heads 
 of society and families, have gotten their moral and religions 
 training in a great measure, from such Institutions as Hamp- 
 ton and Fisk." " I hope and pray the General may have 
 many years to continue in the great work God has so wonder- 
 fully blessed him in." Lives in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Educated by H. P. Kidder. 
 
 DuNGEE, Robert J. Born in 1847, in King William Co , Va. Is one of 
 several brothers who have graduated from Hampton with cred- 
 it to themselves and the School. He says : " After spending at 
 Hampton four of the most pleasant and*profitable years of my 
 life, I graduated in '75- It is fourteen years since then, but 
 the faces of teachers and students are still fresh in my mind. 
 Not less than seven of the class have died and more than two- 
 thirds are married, but several, with myself, remain single yet." 
 " I began teaching in New Kent Co., and had a large at- 
 tendance of about eighty scholars. The next year I was so 
 fortunate as to get a school in King William Co., near my 
 
OF ha:sipton' ixstitutk. 49 
 
 home ; here I taught five sessions. After this, I took charge 
 of another school in the same count}', and taught seven ses- 
 sions. In these three schools there Avere about three hundred 
 and fifty children. Some of my scholars have been to Hamp- 
 ton, some have attended high school at Richmond." •" I am 
 now teaching winters and farming summers. Have a nice 
 farm of about 80 acres, and have built a house, which is not 
 finished by a great deal. I have a horse, a young mule, a 
 cow, farm_ing implem.ents, and a sulky. There seems to be 
 now one more thing needful to make life what it ought to be, 
 and that is what Adam needed ere God gave him Eve, and I 
 hope the time will not be long before all I need shall have 
 been found, when the labor of thirteen years in the past shall 
 have paved a road to rest at last." He lives in Cohoke, Va. 
 Educated by Jonas Fitch. 
 
 =•'= Dyson, Ja:hes A. Born 1852, in Lewis Co. Mo. Married Jennie L. 
 Ivy, class of '74.. Has taught in Va. several years; is now in 
 Wyandotte, Kansas, where he is teaching with success. 
 Educated by Miss Ropes. 
 
 * EvAN-S, David H. Born 1855, in Lexington, Va. Has taught in 
 
 Botetourt, Norfolk and Rockbridge Co's., Va. Married Henri- 
 etta Hunter of the class of '76. They live at Natural Bridge, Va. 
 Educated by David Scull's Sons. 
 
 * Floyd, John, Born 1846, in Montgomery Co., Va. Went to Way- 
 
 land Seminary, after graduating from here. Has been Sunday 
 School Missionary for the American Sunday School Union. 
 Taught in Montgomery and Pulaski Co's : reported at one 
 time owning twenty acres and a cow. Married in 1879. When 
 last heard from was in Jacksonville, Fla. 
 Educated by Joseph N. Bacon. 
 
 * Green, Charles W. Born 1849, in Gates Co.. N. C. Has taught in 
 
 Glendower, Va., and in Newberne, and Gatesville, N. C* Taught 
 in Gatesville several years, and was actively and earnestly en- 
 gaged in Sunday-schools. Tried farming, but his crops were 
 greatly affected by the drought. He wrote Miss Cleaveland 
 he had promised his Sunday-school a Christmas tree, and he 
 " hoped that would not be affected by any drought.' Is 
 now in charge of Tuskegee Normal School farm, Ala. 
 Educated by Mrs. J. Kittredge. 
 
 Harrison, Geor(;e M. Place and date of birth unknown. Taught 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
50 TWENTV-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 at Enfield, N. C, about four years. In the fall of 78 entered 
 Fisk University. Died, 1880. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Albert Fearing. 
 
 Henry, William P, Born in Philadelphia, 1857. Has taught in 
 Tappahannock, Va., one year, Berlin, Va., one, St. Martin's 
 two years, and Berlin, Md., six years. At these different places 
 he taught 250 difTerent children, four of whom are teaching. 
 At one time he wrote, " I cannot say my lines have fallen in 
 most pleasant places, but I have been inspired by Mr. Eastman's 
 words, ' Luck is a fool, Pluck is a hero,' to fight it through." 
 Prejudice was strong. A Scotchman tried to help keep school 
 with him but was dismissed, " for associating with a nigger." 
 In October 1885, his mind had been given to "matrimonial 
 matters," hoping the combined efforts of himself and wife 
 might do good. In 1886 he had a Christmas tree. " The ap- 
 preciation of the children was beyond expression." In Nov. 
 1 888, a great grief came to them in the death of their two years' 
 old son. He says. " Though I have had barriers to overcome, 
 I am thankful to say that the most of my time, since leaving 
 Hampton, has been devoted to teaching." " In this immedi- 
 ate community, which I believe was one of the worst places 
 below Mason's and Dixon's line for prejudice and Negro op- 
 pression, the colored people generally are grasping every op- 
 portunity that will lift them higher in an intellectual, moral 
 and social scale. They are generally sober and industrious, 
 and adhere strictly to economj', through which the rude hut 
 and log cabin are rapidly becoming transformed into unique 
 cottages with other domestic improvements. ' Dum Spiro 
 Spero,' is inscribed on the banner of nearly every inhabitant 
 here." Lives in Whaleysville, Md. 
 Educated by S. M. Felton. 
 
 Holt, John, Born 1848, at Hickory Hill, Onslow Co , N. C. Has 
 taught six months in Pender Co., se\fenteen, at New Hanover, 
 and five years in Wilmington, N. C. . Eight hundred pupils 
 have been under his charge ; thirty-seven are teachers in day 
 and Sunday-school. Teaches winters, farms summers. Is 
 married; has eight children; owns 22 acres, cows, hogs, a horse, 
 farming implements, carts, etc. His farm, clearing up and all, 
 cost about $1,500, and all is paid for. 
 
 Says, "After leaving New Hanover Co., in the country, the 
 school committe of the city of Wilmington, hearing of my be- 
 ing on the Sound and that I was a graduate from the Normal 
 School at Hampton, sent for me and gave me employment for 
 
OK HAMPTON INSJITUTE. 
 
 51 
 
 one month, as principal of the school, to see whether the\^ 
 liked me or not. They seem to have liked my management, 
 for they kept me in the position five years, until I resigned to 
 see to the fixing up of my farm, with the understanding that 
 1 could go back at any time and my chances would be eood." 
 " Since then, all Hampton students have had no difficulty in 
 getting in getting into the schools at Wilmington, when there 
 was a vacancy." " I have had some difficulty in getting alono-, 
 but principally among my own race ; that is, the more ignorant 
 ones. The most encouragmg words I have ever had have 
 been from the better class of whites; but, as a general rule, the 
 poor ones are, like the most of m}^ race, ignorant and preju- 
 diced. But I have often thought of what General Armstrono- 
 used to tell the graduating class, that when we come in con- 
 tact with one that'appeared to knowitall.'to 'treat him as though 
 he did, and let him go.' " Was one of the "Hampton Singers." 
 
 He is now teaching again in Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Educated by Wm. Claflin. 
 
 -■' Ivv, Frank B. Born 1855, in Chatham, Va. Has taught in Chat- 
 ham, Abingdon and Danville, Va. His first wife was Jennie 
 Shelton, class of '76. Is married, and living in Boydton, Va. 
 Educated by Miss Ellen Mason. 
 
 Ivv, Lorenzo L. Born 1849, at Chatham, Va. Says, " My first school 
 was Big Lick, now Roanoke City, where I taught one hundred 
 and fifty scholars, and gave general satisfaction to both par- 
 ents and officials of the school. I next assisted Frank 
 Trigg [a Hampton graduate of 'jT)^\ one term ; the school 
 numbered two hundred, and we had the approbation of the 
 best citizens, both black and white. The next year I bought 
 an old horse and wagon, and went all through the neighbor- 
 mg counties of Va., and N. C, buying eggs, butter, chickens, 
 etc., tor the Danville market. I soon found there wasn't any 
 money in it, so the next year I fell back on the work for 
 which Hampton had tried to fit me — teaching. I heard that 
 a principal was wanted for the colored school at Chatham, my 
 old home. I passed the necessary examination, took the next 
 train, and, before the going down of the sun of that day, had 
 signed a contract with the board to teach the school for five 
 months. I had one assistant, and before the term closed 
 there was a marked improvement in the school. There was 
 one boy who was very dull ; he had been made to think he 
 could not learn anything, and he took very little interest. I 
 
 '*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
52 TWENTY-TWO YEAR S WORK 
 
 soon got him out of that by taking special notice of iiim, and 
 by assisting him in working his examples, and he soon sur- 
 prised everybody. I had more friends among my own people 
 when I closed than when I began. The next year there was 
 no school in Chatham because there was no money. My old 
 horse was dead, but with the aid of one of the trustees, who 
 said, 'If you can find a team I will go on your note for the 
 payment,' I got a pair of young horses, and went peddling again 
 in the Blue Ridge counties. Here trade was more profitable — 
 I still own one of those horses." He is now principal of the 
 North Danville public school, which position he has had 
 three terms, with three hundred children on roll, and two as- 
 sistants. He also does a large business in teaming. He says, 
 " It has been difficult the last few years to obtain employment 
 hence there has been a good deal of suffering among the la- 
 boring people. Notwithstanding this, the colored people in 
 that vicinity are improving, slowly but surely, getting little 
 homes, and making great sacrifices to educate their children." 
 
 He is not married, but owns a comfortable house whicli 
 cost nearly $2,000, a lot 100 x 150 feet, and makes a pleasant 
 home for his mother, who is now a widow. 
 
 Educated by James M. Beebe. 
 
 Jackson, George W, Born 1852, in Brooklyn, Va. Has been 
 teaching nearly ever since graduating. Has been Re- 
 cording Secretary and Correspondi ng Secretary of a Sunday- 
 school Union. Was delegate to last National Republican 
 Convention at Chicago, and " voted for Gen. Benjamin Harri- 
 son three times." Has served as fireman in one of the De- 
 partments in Washington, D. C, two years. Served two 
 years as U. S. Gauger in his own county. Was candidate for his 
 party, for Legislature of '•83, and was defeated by the massacre* 
 of Danville and South Boston, which resulted in intimidating 
 and driving many colored voters from the polls. He has 
 taught 1,043 scholars, five of whom ai'e teachers. Has a large 
 Sunday-school of ninety-six pupils, and teaches a Bible class 
 of thirty-six. Is married and has three children, whom he 
 wishes to send to Hampton to learn trades and go to school. 
 The oldest, seven years old, has been to school only three 
 months, and is reading in the Second Reader, and studying 
 Arithmetic. He owns 63 acres of land and a house with four 
 rooms, weather-boarded and plastered. Has in his day school 
 eighty on roll, with an average attendance of seventy-two, but 
 
OF HA_MPTON INSTITUTE. 53 
 
 they are poorly clad, and need clothing. Lives in Brookh'n, 
 Halifax Co., and is preaching and teaching. 
 
 Educated by D. M. Weston and Miss Edith Hemenway. 
 
 Jacksox, Godfrey R. Born 1856, in Dungeness, Cumberland Island, 
 Ga. Has taught about four hundred and twenty children. 
 Says : "After leaving Hampton in June '75. then a lad of about 
 eighteen, I remembered well that the object of my graduation 
 there was to labor for the good of m)^ people, and knew that 
 the labor in the school room would be the best way to begin 
 my work." His first school was in Beaufort Co., S. C, "where 
 were one hundred faces sparkling with eagerness." " I 
 thought my work would be incomplete without laboring in 
 the Sunday-school. I found that many of the parents would 
 come to hear the Book explained in a manner that they could 
 understand." His return to that school was prevented by the 
 outbreak of the yellow fever in Savannah, Ga. Next he 
 taught a country school in Darien Co , Ga. " Here 
 the work was quite laborious, the children having had 
 but little instruction, and their parents being of quite an ig- 
 norant class, called ' rice-field people.' Yet they labor hard 
 and have acquired quite a little property since emancipation. 
 I toiled faithfully with their children, walking ten miles a day 
 — five, to and fro — and from this school we have now some 
 faithful teachers." He taught seven years at Black Point, Fla. 
 " In this locality, school matters are on a veiy good basis ; 
 there are about one hundred teachers in the County." His 
 last school was at Baldwin's, Fla. He says. " In this little 
 town, school work and temperance work must combine. The 
 •common habits of snuft", tobacco and whiskey-taking, I have 
 to work against in the school, in the temperance societies, and 
 in the churches. I am glad to say they have made some im- 
 provement. I am now engaged in teaching the St. Perpetua 
 School, at St. Simon's Mills, Ga. This school is run by the 
 Episcopal church fund. The school numbers fifty-seven. I 
 also act as S. S. teacher and Lay Reader for the church. The 
 people on this Island are doing well." " In teaching good 
 habits, I have labored to set good examples. I cannot aftord 
 to say ' Do as I say, but not as I do.' " I feel that the labors of 
 ■our Northern friends who have labored so faithfully for our 
 upbuilding, and the bounties they have given, in millions, 
 "w^ont be thrown away." 
 
 Educated by D. M. Weston and Miss Edith Hemenway. 
 
54 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Jacobs, Albert R. Born 1850, near Rich Square, N. C. Has taught 
 every year in Northampton Co.. N. C, where he has had 
 about four hundred pupils ; 'four of these have become teach- 
 ers. He is now " engaged in poHtics " Is married and has 
 six children. Hopes to farm when his children are older^ 
 Has had much to contend with on account of sickness. Lives 
 in Laslier, N. C. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George Curtis. 
 
 * Mebane, Joseph. Born 1853, in Mebanesville, N. C. Taught one 
 
 year at the " Butler School/' here, under Mrs. George Dixon. 
 Took a course of study at Oberlin College. Was one of "The 
 Hampton Singers." In the winter of '82, joined a troupe of 
 travelling singers. When last heard of was keeping ^a 
 " Gentleman's Bar-room " in Ohio. 
 Educated by Mrs. Cooper. 
 
 * Mendenhall, Madison M. " Went to sea." " A rolling stone." 
 
 Later " was keeping a bar-room and passing off for a white 
 man," 
 
 Educated by Mrs. R. C. Waterston. 
 
 * Merchant, Rollins. Born 1855, Lynchburg, Va. Taught in 
 
 Grape Lawn, N. C. and Richmond, Va. Studied law at How- 
 ard University, and is reported as now practising law in 
 Lynchburg, Va." Was post office clerk there. 
 
 He wrote at one time that he " was pecuniarily embar- 
 rassed and went out to teach again." " Some of the places had 
 nothing toward school material except a lot of ignorant child- 
 ren." 
 
 MiDDLETON, Maurice. Born 1853, in Lexington, Va. For several 
 years has been principal of a school in Lexington, West Va. 
 Educated by F. Jones. 
 Newsome, John L, Born 1854, in Winton, N. C. Taught in North 
 Carolina and Virginia. Was shot in a political broil. 
 Educated by Edward Hastings. 
 Reasoner, Howard. Place and date of birth unknown. Became 
 insane and died in an asylum. 
 Educated by A. M. Kimber. 
 
 Ricks, Robert C. Place and date of birth not known. Taught in_ 
 Berkley Co., and Chuckatuck, Va. Died 1882. 
 Educated by W. H. Thompson, 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 55 
 
 *S-MITH, TiMOTHV, Birth place and date not known. Taught at 
 Romney, West Va., and in Bedford Co., Va, Afterward be- 
 came a Methodist preacher in Georgia, but reports of him 
 have been unsatisfactory. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway. 
 Scott, ThOimas H. Born 1845, in Washington, D. C. Taught be- 
 fore coming to Hampton, and has taught six years since grad- 
 uating : in Hertford Co., N. C, and at Southampton, Va. 
 Has taught in all, eighteen hundred, thirty of whom are 
 teachers, three of them in graded schools. He says: 
 
 " Hard times keep me quite busy trying to make an hon- 
 est living for my dear wife Elizabeth, and four children, El- 
 len Eliza Cleopatra, Wm. Thomas Elijah, Hester Annie Ma- 
 ria, and Vernena Beatrice, the baby." " I am quite afflicted 
 and at times unable to walk, from wounds received during 
 the war. though I do not complain as the good Lord certain- 
 ly has blessed poor me in the past with a portion of education 
 as an assistance to me," 
 
 " I apply pretty much all my time to teaching and agricul- 
 tural pursuits. I am at present Superintendent of a fine Sun- 
 day-school in Southampton Co., Va., numbering 86, and I 
 am connected with an active Temperance order. I am poor 
 in this world's goods, but the Psalmist says : ' A little that a 
 righteous man hath is more and better than the riches of many 
 wicked.' I find contentment sufficient for me in this life at 
 present. Education certainly is good in its place, but with- 
 out good religion I really cannot see how any one can enjoy 
 the fulness of intelligence. I have long since come to the 
 conclusion to say a man with an education and unconverted 
 is a fool in the Scriptural sense of the word, and, says the 
 Scriptures, ' When will ye be wise ? ' " 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 
 TowE, Joseph B. We have no record of his birth. He was one of 
 the Hampton Student Singers, their " shout leader," and 
 many an audience was carried away by his improvisations and 
 wild refrains, as he seemed to lose sight of all before him in 
 the visions of the " Great Gettin up Mornin'." He was a 
 genius in his way, and representative, as he was, of the "old time 
 Negro," he had a good head for books too, and a very earnest 
 desire for his own improvement and his people's. The teach- 
 er who accompanied the Hampton Singers, to keep up their 
 school studies, finding Towe mclined to think English Gram- 
 mar the most repulsive of all studies, undertook to change this 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inqvury. 
 
56 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 idea, with such success that she was gratified one day b}' her 
 enthusiastic pupil's exclamation, " How could I ever have 
 thought that grammar was hard and stupid — it is as heautifiU 
 as alHtle bird ivith its wings spread \" Returning to com- 
 plete his school course, as all the Hampton Singers did, he 
 graduated with an honor. His Commencement essay was on 
 the old slave music : in the middle of it he electrified all his 
 hearers by breaking into an unexpected musical illustration of 
 his subject. After graduating, he " taught," as Mrs. Dixon 
 reports in our Graduates' Record Book, " for five years in 
 Norfolk, Va., an earnest faithful teacher, till his death." He 
 carried his enthusiastic nature into his school room; his teach- 
 ing was inspiring and original, and he was zealous in devising 
 ways to influence and advance his scholars. His City Super- 
 intendent said of him, " He is a live man." He married An- 
 na Taylor, one of his own pupils and assistant teachers. His 
 death in 1880, was a real loss to his people. 
 
 Educated by Miss Anna Lowell and D. A. Waldron. 
 Turner, Daniel Y. Born in King William Co., Va. Taught at Big 
 Island and Charlemont, Va., about four years. Died in 1880. 
 Educated by Henry Whitcomb. 
 *Waddy, James H. Born in Louisa Co., Va. Was one of the Hamp- 
 ton Singers. Had a fine bass voice. After the Hampton 
 company disbanded, he married Grace McLean, a graduate of 
 '74. They traveled in Europe with a colored troupe, giving 
 concerts for themselves in England and on the Continent. 
 Since returning he has "wandered". When last seen, was 
 singing in a Dime Museum. 
 Educated by Ezra Farnsworth. 
 *Waring, Championl. Born in 1853, in Charleston, S. C. Made ear- 
 nest efforts for an education. Went North in 1868, as atten- 
 dant upon a Colonel in U. S. Army. When he was twenty- 
 one, he went to Hampton. After graduating he went to 
 Oberlin and worked his way through for two years, "doing 
 almost half a day's work for i-oom and board." Taught the 
 next two years in Ohio, and then went to Dartmouth College, 
 N. H., where he was " always treated with kindness and cour- 
 tesy by every one." Was invited to go to Tuskegee Normal 
 School, Ala., but "felt he must go where he could get the 
 most money, as he must pay his debt to Dartmouth, and "can- 
 not feel free as long as I owe any man." In 1884 he 
 went to Galveston, Texas, where he was examined by the 
 School Board and received the highest grade certificate that 
 
 *Oid not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 57 
 
 could be given. In 1888 he had charge of the High School 
 in Galveston, with six teachers associated with him. Said he 
 was " proud of " his " scholars, who were competing success- 
 fully in the examinations of the city. The Superintendent 
 praised the progress of the children and their general efficien- 
 cy." The colored children sufifer from a lack of books at 
 home, and he had started a library in the school, which he 
 hopes will be a success. He has been conducting a course of 
 Institute lectures in the state of Texas. 
 
 .AVashington, Booker T. Born in Franklin Co., Va., 1856. After 
 graduating, he taught three terms in Maiden, W. Va.; then he 
 attended Wayland Seminary, in Washington, D. C. In '80 he 
 returned to Hampton and taught in the Indian Department, 
 with great success. This was the first year of our Night 
 School, of which he had charge, consisting of students who 
 work all day and attend school evenings, keeping up their 
 studies all summer in spite of the hot weather, and christened 
 by Gen. Marshall " The Plucky Class." 
 
 In 1881, a gentleman of Alabama wrote to Gen. Arm- 
 strong, in behalf of a committee appointed by the Legisla- 
 ture, for a fit person to be Principal of the new State Nor- 
 mal School for colored students to be established at Tuske- 
 gee. Mr. Washington 'was appointed. Arriving on the 
 ground, he found that there was no school house, or necessary 
 furniture. The Legislature had only appropriated money, 
 $2,000, to pay the salaries of the teachers ; the colored people 
 must provide the rest. The people were very poor. One of the 
 colored churches opened its doors, and a shanty was used as 
 a recitation room. Thirty students who had been teaching, 
 were enrolled. The numbers increased. Miss Olivia A. Da- 
 vidson, a graduate of Hampton in '79, and afterwards from 
 Framingham, Mass. Normal School, was appointed Assistant 
 Principal. Before the year closed, a third teacher was added. 
 The story of the growth of the Tuskegee Normal School 
 is almost a romance. Beginning July 4th, 1881, in a little old 
 church and a shanty, with thirty students and one teacher, 
 after eight years it has 400 students, twenty seven teachers 
 and officers, ( the Principal, Treasurer and three-fourths of 
 the teachers, graduates of Hampton,) and fourteen buildings, 
 all built by its students. The farm and buildings are valued 
 at $20,000. Gen. Armstrong in speaking of it said : " I 
 think it the noblest and grandest work of any colored man in 
 ■the land." Mr. Washington says: "1,500 students have 
 
58 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 been under my charge, 150 of whom have become teachers." 
 In 1882 he married Miss Fanny N. Smith, of the class of '82, 
 who died in May '84. In August '86, he married Miss Olivia 
 A. Davidson, of the class of '79. who died in May 1889. He 
 has three children and owns property worth about $1,000. 
 
 Educated by S. Griffiths Morgan. 
 Whiting, Robert W. Born in Campbell Co., Va., 1856. Stud- 
 ied a regular college course under private instructors. Imme- 
 diately after graduating, began to teach a summer school in 
 Farquier Co., Va.; taught there two years, and in Alexandria 
 Co., Va., four years, having had about 570 scholars, twenty- 
 eight of whom have become teachei^s. Since 1885 filled 
 different positions in the Virginia Normal Collegiate Institute 
 at Petersburg : viz.. member of the Board of Visitors, Secre- 
 tary. Instructor and now Treasurer and Business Manager. 
 Wrote that he aimed " to be a successful business man." Has 
 always been in Sunday-school work ; had a Bible class at 
 the Institute. 
 
 Was married ; had two children ; owned four houses and lots, 
 a farm, etc., valued at $8,000. Said ; "The people need energy 
 and ambition, but are improving morally." Died 1890. 
 
 Educated b}^ Mrs. Johnson. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO LEFT BEFORE GRADUATING. 
 
 =^Stephens, Mary E. (Mrs. Gwaltney). Born in Beaufort, S. C. 1854. 
 She taught in Carteret Co., N. C. and Northampton and Bed- 
 ford Cos., Va. Married in 1881. Lives in Smithfield, Va. 
 Educated by Edward W. Clarke. 
 
 *BowEN, Reese T. Born in Tazewell Co., Va., 1851. Reported to 
 Mrs. Dixon, then Graduates' Corresspondent, in 1882, that he 
 had taught seven years in Wythe, Smyth and Tazewell Co's.. 
 Va.; that he owned five houses and lots, and fifteen acres of 
 land. Is now teaching in Bristol, Tenn. 
 Educated by Rev. Charles G. Ames. 
 
 Harrison, John H. Born in Danville, Va., date not known. 
 " Wiien I left school," he writes, " I had but little money to 
 go upon, and had to do the best I could got hold of, to help 
 my father and mother." " I am married ; have a boy and a 
 girl " (three of his children had died within a year.) " Own 
 a house and lot." His occupation is bricklaying. His " aim" 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquirj-. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 59 
 
 is to make himself " as useful as possible." He reports the 
 general condition of the people, " tolerably good under the 
 circumstances and improving slowly. Lives in Danville, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mr. Simpson. 
 Holly, Alphonso. Birth place and date not known. Died at the 
 School, Oct 27, 1874. 
 
 Educated by Messrs. Samuel Horn and Isaiah Gates, and 
 the Misses Burnside. 
 
 Howard, George B. Born in Albemarle Co. Va., 1851. After leaving 
 Hampton, entered Academic department of Storer College at 
 Harper's Ferry. Taught two years in Augusta Co., and two 
 in Page Co., Va., " where there were about two hundred 
 scholars, a few of whom have become teachers." In May, 
 1889, graduated from Richmond Theological Seminary (Bap- 
 tist). Has " built three churches and received more than four 
 hundred members into the church " Has " always been an 
 active worker in Sunday-schools and temperance." Is mar- 
 ried and has six children. Owns two houses and lots, woi^th 
 about $1,000, Is now pastor of the Baptist Church at West 
 Point, Va., and has " a flourishing Sunday-school, with one 
 hundred and fifty members." He wishes now to establish at 
 West Point a colored high-school, " which is greatly needed." 
 He says : " My whole aim is ministerial and educational work." 
 " Our people are improving, their condition is hopeful, though 
 much remains to be done." 
 
 *HUNT, Zachariah. Born in Botetourt Co.. Va., 1856. Has taught 
 at Bonsacks, Roanoke, Botetourt Springs, Va.. and other 
 places. Is a politician. In 1890, was appointed by the Gov- 
 ernor one of the School-Board of Examiners at Petersburg, 
 Va. Lives in Roanoke City, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. A. Johnson. 
 
 EX-STUDENTS, middle class, 1875. 
 Moore, Ella S, (Mrs. Catus). Born in Greensboro, N. C. 1859. In 
 1876, married W. G. Catus of the Class of '75. Taught at 
 Brown Summit, N. C., three months, Greensboro, N. C, three 
 months, and at Winton, N. C. There were about one hund- 
 red and fifty children, twenty-one of whom are teachers. Has 
 assisted her husband in Sunday-school work. Has five children, 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
6o TWENTY-TWO YFARS' WORK. 
 
 and is now busy housekeeping, but likes to teach. They own 
 a httle home in Winton, N. C. " The colored people have 
 made a wonderful advancement in the last thirteen years. 
 They are begining to own homes. 
 Weaver, Wm. B. Born in Winton, N. C, 1852. "I came to Hamp- 
 ton in '73, with only money enough to pay for one month, 
 but with a little help, and work given me to do,, and teaching- 
 summers, I continued there two years." " I taught at Rid- 
 dicksville, N. C. one term; Mt. Sydney, Va , three terms, 
 Laui-el Hill, Va., one term, and Williamsport, Va. one term. In 
 '79, I went to Sassafras, Va., and have been teaching there ev- 
 er since." " A large and prosperous school has been built up 
 and the people made to feel the need of education. A nice 
 library has been put into the Sunday-school, and public school' 
 and thousands of good books, papers, and tracts are distribut- 
 ed over this and adjoining counties." " There have been be- 
 tween seven and eight hundred pupils under my charge. I 
 don't know how many are teachers. Thirty-five from this 
 present school have been sent to Hampton. All are doing- 
 good work: a merchant, a wheelwright, a preacher and two 
 lawyers ; twenty-three are teaching and preaching. Ninety 
 per cent, are church members." " The colored people in this 
 neighborhood are industrious and temperate; some accumu- 
 lating property, and good homes, and interested in the work of 
 education. They are now striving to establish a County High 
 School that will prepare the young people for a business 
 life without sending them away; and we can safely say we 
 owe much of this success and prosperit}^ to the influence of 
 the Hampton Normal School, tho' we are many miles away." 
 His first wife, Matilda J. Brown, class of '75, died in 1880. 
 He is married again ; has two children ; He owns ten acres 
 of land, a good house, horse, etc., worth $1,000; "aims " to 
 elevate his race. 
 
 Educated by Mudge, Sawyer & Co. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTK. 6l 
 
 CLASS OF 1876. 
 
 [3ROWX, Josephine. Taught about four years, at Great Bridge, Nor- 
 folk Co., Va., and at Morristown, New Jersey. In the fall of 
 1 88 1, was at service as cook in New York city. It was re- 
 ported that she died, March, 1882. 
 Educated by Benjamin Coates. 
 
 Davls, Laura E. Born in Norfolk Co., Va. She and her sister Sal- 
 lie, who did not graduate, were both of the " Hampton Stu- 
 dent Singers." Laura taught in Berkley, near Norfolk, one 
 term, and has been teaching in Norfolk city twelve years. 
 Has had more than eight hundred pupils under her charge, 
 twenty of whom are teachers. Has been secretary of the 
 Bute street Baptist church in Norfolk, having lost, on an av- 
 erage, but three Sundays a year in attendance there, on ac- 
 count of singing in other churches. Since graduating she has 
 attended Teachers' Institutes at Lynchburg and Hampton In- 
 stitute, in order to try and keep up with the new methods of 
 teaching. Her " aim " is to do all she can to elevate those 
 around her. Says : " In many ways, the' colored people are 
 improving, but they need much teaching." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Thomas Cole and Mr. O. Prescott. 
 
 Free:\ian, Sarah E. ( Mrs. Hemmings). Born in Pompton Plains, 
 N. J., 1858. Has taught every term since graduating; at Pun- 
 goteague, one term ; Southampton, seven terms ; Belle Haven, 
 one ; Sea Side, four terms. " In the beginning, the school 
 houses were very poor and uncomfortable ; the schools very 
 full, and I worked very hard, but I liked it." " I have taught 
 eight hundred scholars ; nine of them are teachers." " I al- 
 ways engage in Sunday school work, wherever I teach. I 
 have a class of fifteen young men and women." " I like 
 school work more and more each term." 
 
 In 1882, she married Mr. W. T. Wilson, who died the 
 next year. In 1888, she married Earnest Hemmings, class of 
 '85. She says : " The colored people are improving. Some 
 own their homes, while others only own their teams, farming 
 implements, etc., but all try to educate their children." She 
 lives in Atlantic City, N. J. 
 
 Educated by the Misses Newlin. 
 
6 2 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 
 
 Gray, Georgie. (Mrs. Peterson). Taught two years in Norfolk, Va 
 Married a Mr. Peterson. Died in 1880. 
 Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
 
 Grey, Mary Ann. ( Mrs. Dodge). Born in Trinity College, N. C. 
 1857. Has spent most of her time teaching since leaving 
 Hampton ; at Thomasville, Bilesville, Eden and Salisbury, N. 
 C. " I cannot tell the number of children in these schools, 
 nine have become teachers." " I'm now first assistant in a 
 graded school in'Salisbury." " The children delight in going 
 to school ; their parents have hard work to keep them at 
 home, even when needed." " I am engaged in Sunday-school 
 work." " So far as I know, the people are rising." Married 
 Wiley E Dodge, class of '78; has one child. Owns real es- 
 tate worth |8oo. Lives in Salisbury. 
 Educated by the Misses Newliii. 
 
 Holmes, Ellen F,(Mrs. Gray) Born in King William Co., Va. Has taught 
 m Bedford Co., one term ; Princess Anne Co., three, and Eliza- 
 beth City Co., six terms, having had between four and five hun- 
 dred scholars, ten of whom are teachers. Is engaged in a 
 Sunday school, which is largely attended and well regulated. 
 " 1 have organized a temperance society in my day school." 
 " The general condition of the colored people is good ; they 
 are improvi-ng ; many of them own their homes." Has about 
 $1,000 worth of property in real estate, and household furni- 
 ture. Lives in Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Capt J. C. Delano. 
 
 Hunter, Henrietta. (Mrs. Evans). Born in Norfolk, Va. 1859. 
 Taught in Norfolk twenty months, in Glenwood, Va., ten 
 months, and in Lexington, West Va., five years. She says : 
 '* When I first came here, to Lexington, our people were quite 
 far behind in a great many things, especially in education. 
 The teachers they had were of the poorest kind, with few ex- 
 ceptions. The schools were very poor and not graded. It is 
 a great deal better now; the children are improving. The 
 great trouble is to get them to come to school. The older 
 people are not as much interested as they should be about 
 sending their children. We have a very good school, with 
 five teachers and about two hundred and fifty children. I am 
 the only Hampton graduate in the building." 
 
 She married David H. Evans, class of '75. They have 
 three children, and own a good home — a house and lot — 
 worth about $2,000. They live at Natural Bridge, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Archibald Campbell. 
 
OF HAMl'l'OX IXSTITUTK. 63 
 
 Lewis, JNIariha D. ( Mrs. Cumber ). Born in New Kent Co., Va.. 
 1 85 1. Taught in New Kent Co., six months; Blacl<; 
 Creek, twelve months, Charles City, five months. There 
 were one hundred and sixty seven children, and two of 
 them have become teachers. " I assist in Sunday school. 
 My husband is a teacher of temperance." They own 
 one hundred and five acres of land with tolerably good build- 
 ings thereon ; two young horses, buggy, carts, cow, etc. Her 
 present occupation is housekeeping, and teaching their three 
 older children. " The people are advancing rapidly in educa- 
 tion, and accumulating propert3^" They live in Talleysville, 
 Va. 
 
 Educated by Theodore Lyman. 
 
 Pool, Sallie F. (Mrs. Traynham). Born in Norfolk, Va., 1858. 
 Taught a night school in Washington, D. C, two years, and 
 taught in the city schools in Norfolk, Va., two years ; also 
 taught music two years. Has taught at least five hundred 
 pupils ; six or eight have become teachers. She is now mar- 
 ried, and has one child, and is living in Washington, D. C. 
 She says, she wishes she could teach, but her husband objects 
 to her going into the country. Her occupation is housekeep- 
 ing. She is a member of the Foreign and Home Missionary 
 Society, and of the Temperance Union. They own a " build- 
 ing lot." ■' The condition of the colored people is good and 
 steadfastly improving." 
 
 Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D. 
 
 Shelton, Jennie. (Mrs. I\'y). Born in Buffalo Springs, Va., 1859. 
 She taught three years in Bedford Co., and in Boydton, Va. 
 ' In the spring of 1881, she married Frank B. Iv}^ class of '75- 
 
 Died May, 1882. 
 
 Educated by Miss M. A. Longstreth's School. 
 
 *Thomas, Anna F. Born in Augusta, Ga., 1858. Was teaching in 
 1882 at Overton, Ga., and said all her work had been in 
 Georgia. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. P. Hemeiiway. 
 
 Bailey, James Henry. Born in Halifax Co., Va., 1852. Went out 
 with the " Hampton Student Singers," singing first bass. 
 He went to Shaw L^niversity one year in the " Scientific 
 course," to prepare himself the better for teaching and also 
 to study music, and was promoted to the collegiate depart- 
 ment there. Excepting the two years he taught in the "But- 
 ler " — now "Whittier " — school, at Hampton, he has taught^ 
 ever since graduating, in Halifax Co. In some of these years 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
64 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 
 
 he has worked hard : at one time, he walked five miles to his 
 school house every day ; for three years, he taught an average 
 of ten months a year, having two schools each year. He 
 says : " At one time, I started a sewing school, which both 
 girls and boys enjoyed." " I have had very full schools ; last 
 year there were eighty-two in attendance, I have applied to 
 the Board for an assistant, but they failed to give me one, so 
 I have to ' Hurrah and do all the good I can, and not make 
 any fuss about it.' " " I have taught six hundred and eighty- 
 one scholars ; five of them have taught, perhaps more ; a few 
 have gone to higher schools." " I have a good Sunday school, 
 although some of my pupils are too poor to come in as good 
 order as they ought." " Temperance is very dull here; both 
 white and colored love their drink." 
 
 " The most of the colored people are poor and ignorant, 
 They have improved a great deal in sending their children to 
 the public schools. They have improved in their form of wor- 
 ship. In some places they have the Saturday night Prayer 
 meetings yet, but the Association has taken hold of the 
 churches and certain forms of worship : consequently the 
 ' Heavenly Dance ' has been broken up. They have very re- 
 spectable churches, especially in this county. In fact, they 
 have improved wonderfully in the last ten years. Lands are 
 cheap here ; from five to ten dollars an acre ; and the colored 
 people have bought themselves little homes." 
 
 He was married in 1887; owns about $1,500 worth of 
 property. Lives in Scottsburg, Va. 
 Educated by John M. Forbes. 
 
 Banks, Frank D. Born in Appomattox Co., Va., 1855. Taught in 
 Southampton, Co , Va , three months, and had fifty pupils, 
 three of whom have become teachers. He entered our 
 Treasurer's office as clerk, in May, 1877, and has remained 
 there ever since. 
 
 General Marshall, the School's first Treasurer, says : "In 
 the course of a long and varied business life, during which I 
 have had many accountants, copyists and clerks of various 
 nationalities in my employ, I have never found any more 
 faithful, and generally more satisfactory, than the three 
 Hampton graduates, F. D. Banks, W. H. Daggs, ('78) and 
 Harris Barrett, ('85). Each of them won my esteem and re- 
 gard, and I am proud to number them all among my friends." 
 
 " Banks, who was the first to be employed in my office, 
 soon showed himself a good accountant, systematic and cor- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSIITUTE. 65 
 
 rect, and, before I left Hampton, Iiad the sole charge of the 
 books of the Institute, comprising, besides the ordinary ac- 
 counts of a large boarding school, those of the two farms, 
 and various factories, workshops, etc., which constitute the in- 
 dustrial S)'Stem of the School. Few establishments of any 
 sort have such complicated accoimts to keep as the Hampton 
 School, with its boarding departments for teachers and pu 
 pils, its large farms, its shops, etc., but Mr. Banks has proved 
 himself equal to all its requirements. He is a good book- 
 keeper, a valuable citizen, and an estimable man." 
 
 In 1885, he married Dixie Clementina Lumpkin, class of 
 '78. They have two children. He owns a house and lot near 
 the School grounds, and other property-, valued at ,$2,500. 
 "Aims" to be "a plain,every day business man, and, with it all, 
 to be iust and honest." 
 
 Educated by Hon. C. P. Talbot. 
 
 Bas.sett, Andrew. Born in Hampton, Va., 1S57. Has taught a 
 part of every year since graduating: in Greenville Co., four 
 months, Sussex Co., seven months, Surrey six months and 
 Elizabeth City Co., twelye terms. He has taught three hun- 
 dred and thirty five pupils. Is, engaged in Sunday school 
 work; at present is Superintendent of the ist Baptist Sun- 
 day school in Hampton, which has three hundred scholars. 
 (Jne who visited his school reported him " studious, careful 
 and earnest." He has studied law in an office ; was admitted, 
 and is now practising in the courts of Virgmia, and is Assist- 
 ant Commonwealth's attorne)'. Has $1,500 in real estate and 
 live stock. He says : " I went to Hampton in my patches, 
 and my teacher in physiology stopped my classmates from 
 laughing at me." "The general condition of our people here 
 -^^ is good ; they are improving, trying to improve their children, 
 and acquiring property." 
 
 Educated by Channing Sunday school, of Newton, Mass. 
 'i^ T. J. Parks, Supt. 
 
 Beroer, Tapley S. D. Born in Pitts3^1vania Co., Va., 1859. "After 
 graduating I served as hotel waiter, during the Centennial in 
 Philadelphia. Saving my earnings, I went to Washington 
 city and entered the Academic Department at Wayland Sem- 
 inar}'. In 1879, I entered Howard University, and graduated 
 from its collegiate department in 1883. I obtained a position 
 in the United States' Treasury Department, and attended the 
 Law School at Howard. I was obliged to leave on account 
 
OO TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 ' of malarial fever, and went to Texas." "I taught, for two years,. 
 
 a private school at Washington. I am now teaching ia 
 Clarksville, Texas." 
 
 " The relations between the colored and white people of 
 this place, have changed wonderfully within the last three or 
 four years. These years of experience at the South warrant 
 the assertion that all that is needed to cause the two races to 
 move on peacefully, harmoniously, and prosperously together-. 
 is honest, intelligent and conservative leaders among the 
 colored people ; whether they be teachers, or preachers, or 
 of whatever profession." 
 
 He is married, has one child, and is preparing to buy a 
 farm in Texas. 
 
 Educated by Hon. Josiah Ouincy. 
 
 Bradley, Geo. B. Born in Edgecombe Co., N. C, 1854. " I taught 
 in Campbell Co., Va., from 1876 to 1882, and in Charlotte Co., 
 v^ Va., from '82 to '88 ; with an average attendance, each year, of 
 
 forty scholars; two have become teachers." " I have taught 
 in Sunday schools wherever I was teaching." " The people 
 are improving in many ways, though some of them are quite 
 low down. The greatest obstacles to contend with are those 
 fellows in the pulpit, who say they are "sent", but can't tell us. 
 what they are sent to do. The men who used to preach 
 twenty-five and thirty years ago wont do for this progressive 
 ,, age." 
 
 He is not married; owns a horse and a cow and other live ■ 
 stock. Is now in the coal business, in Naruna, Va., and 
 "aims" to make the world better for his having lived in it." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Beulah Coates. 
 
 Calvin, Amos W. Born in Salisbury, N. C, 1853. Taught in Greens- 
 boro', N. C, two terms of eight months each, and had one 
 hundred and fifty pupils. "Nearly a dozen have become 
 . teachers." Is not engaged in Sunday school work at present- 
 Says : " I am in favor of temperance, but bitterly opposed 
 to prohibition." After teaching, he was a "dealer in groceries. 
 and provisions." At that time, he wrote to Mrs^. Dixon : " In 
 reply to your question if I sell liquors — I will say I do not. 
 nor do I drink fancy drinks of any kind." At that same 
 time he wrote : " I think the young man who has a trade is 
 the only one in a secure position ; a great deal of worry is 
 connected with political offices." 
 
 He is now a •' Planter and a Politician." Owns " some 
 city property and a suburban jjlantation worth about $8,000." 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 67 
 
 " Aims " " to have a competency in old age, and moral woith. " 
 Says ; " I am always glad to hear from Hampton and of her 
 wonderful prosperity, and the good that is being accomplished 
 by her teachers. The School will always have a warm place 
 in my heart, and I always feel any kindness or the contrary 
 extended to Hampton, as personal to myself." He lives in 
 Charlotte. N. C. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Theodore Brown. 
 
 Canadav, Edward M. Born in James City Co., Va., 1854. Taught 
 school at Eastville, Tappahannock, Accomac C. H., Lake 
 Drummond, Churchland, and in the city of Williamsburg. 
 Says: "I came home in 1882 ( Willikmsburg) and opened a 
 dry-goods and grocery store ; continuing school-teaching at 
 the same time." He is married; his wife keeping house, tend- 
 ing the store, and taking care of the children. She is also 
 organist at the First Baptist Churchfcol'd) in Williamsburg. She 
 was his assistant teacher while at Churchland. He was elect- 
 ed Commissioner of Revenue, in 1886, by a majority of six- 
 teen, and re-elected, iii '88, by a majority of seventy. He 
 owns a little farm in James City Co., and one in York Co., 
 and his house and lot in Williamsbui-g. Says : " Land is 
 not valuable in this .section of the country. I suppose $1,500 
 will buy all my real estate." " I have no trouble in m}^ office 
 as Commissioner of Revenue, nor as teacher." •' Most' of 
 the colored people own their homes; their condition generally 
 is good. If we could have Prohibition it would be much better.'' 
 Educated by Amos B. Tapley. 
 
 Deans, David D. Bo'rn in Northampton Co., N. C, 1853. " I en- 
 tered Wayland Theological Seminary the fall after graduating 
 at Hampton; graduated in '79, and entered the Collegiate De- 
 partment of Howard University the same 3'ear, graduating 
 with high honors in '83. That winter I began to preach and 
 teach, and have continued in the same until now. I have not 
 found any time to idle or look back since I began, but a 
 plenty to do every day. Ignorance, immorality, intemper- 
 ance and superstition have kept me wide awake and far from 
 the school of do-nothing. I hope and trust that I have done 
 some good. I have been engaged in Sunday school and tem- 
 perance work constantly and successfull}-, ever since leaving 
 Hampton." 
 
 In his day school, he has taught between one hundred 
 and fifty and one hundred and seventy-five. " None of them 
 have become teachers, because they don't stick to their stud- 
 
68 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 ies long enough ; besides, the school sessions are too short, 
 being only five months. The desire and respect for educa- 
 tion are not so great now as they were some time ago. To 
 obtain it aright, seeiris to them rather binding or involves too 
 much of confinement. They want to be free ! free ! ! free ! ! ! 
 — to do, to say, whatever they please, and whenever and 
 wherever they choose. But I am still pegging away at m\'' 
 work." He is married; has two children, and owns land, 
 houses, horse, vehicles, hogs, etc. His present occupation 
 and aim is " Preaching the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and teach- 
 ing too." " The people have a desire to improve, and are do- 
 ing so, somewhat." He lives in Tappahannock, Va. 
 Educated by Miss E. W. Lewis. 
 
 Do JGLASS, Dennis D. Born in Augusta, Ga., 1858. Has taught 
 in South Carolina, six 3'ears, and Georgia six years ; at Ai- 
 ken, Cold Springs, Rehoboth, Dark Corner, Cowden, etc., S. 
 C, and in Augusta, and other places in Richmond County, 
 Randolph Church, etc., Ga. Had, in all, eleven hundred and for- 
 ty-five scholars, of whom twenty-nine are teachers, five are 
 ministers, one a doctor, and one a lawyer. In some neighbor- 
 hoods, the people were very poor and but few of the children 
 could buy books. An Institute was held in his county in '87 
 The next year, the school started with many weak places 
 strengthened. He is now teaching at Belair, near Augusta, 
 Ga. He owns two lots, assessed at $600. each, and a library 
 worth $250. 
 
 "In 1888, our people in Georgia returned ^9,631,271 in 
 property. Richmond Co. has a number of colored men 
 worth $10,000. There is no friction in the city countie?, and, 
 where the school system is good, the best of feeling prevails. 
 I challenge contradiction. I call systems good when the 
 schools run six months, and employ teachers for colored 
 schools upon scholarship and merit." " Gen. Armstrong is 
 held in high respect by the white people of this neighborhood. 
 Hampton's training may be disregarded for a while, but will 
 eventually bring men about to a thought of the best, unless 
 their hearts have alread}^ been bathed in Acheron and the 
 Styx." 
 
 His present occupation is "teaching" and his "aim" ig 
 "to look after the rights of the Negro." 
 
 Educated b}^ William Endicott. 
 
 Fauxtleroy, Richard H. Born in Richmond, Va., 1856. "On 
 June 1 2th, 1876 , I received my diploma and bade farewell to 
 
OF HAMl'lOX INSTITUTK. 09 
 
 teachers and classmates. Entering then upon tlie sea of ]jlt, 
 I found my bark a very frail structure ; much more so than I 
 had any idea of while I was at school ; however, I made up 
 my mind to wrestle with head winds and stem the current at 
 all hazard. I taught a private school in Washington, D. C, 
 during the fall of '76- In January, '77, I was examined and 
 appointed teacher in King George Co., Va. After entering 
 upon my duties, I made it a rule to visit in a new neighbor- 
 hood every week, to learn as much as possible the condition 
 of my people. Many I found in the most abject poverty ; 
 while others were very comfortably housed and clothed, own- 
 ing land in lots of from two to two hundred and fifty acres. I 
 taught ninet}^ children and have knowledge of five who have 
 become teachers. I closed my last term in May, '78. but have 
 made frequent visits to the county and have noted decided 
 improvement in the condition of the people. Since May, 
 '78, I have been engaged in the fish business. When I stopped 
 teaching, I had to leave my well earned monej'- behind me — 
 five months' pay at $25. a month — out of which my board 
 ' and wash bill had to be paid, besides supplying my school 
 with a desk, blackboard and maps. I did not get my money 
 ( i. e. what was coming to me ; about S3 5.) for two years. 
 
 Nothing daunted. I began business with a large supply of 
 hope, but a very, very small supply of capital ; viz., twenty- 
 five cents. My first shipment was 6 bbls. of crabs, and 2 bbis. 
 of clams, for which I was to get $25. by return mail, which, 
 up to the present writing, has never ' returned." I gathered 
 up another shipment and sent to another dealer, with better 
 results and an encouraging order for more. I have had a se- 
 ries of successes and reverses, until my experience has cost 
 me fully $6,000. I have tried fishing in all its various ways, 
 from hand-line to draw-seines, purse and pound nets, etc. I 
 am now having smooth sailing and have reciprocal intercourse 
 with, and enjoy the confidence of dealers in Baltimore, Bos- 
 ton, New York. Newbern, Norfolk, Philadelphia and Wa.sh- 
 ington, with a profitable home trade. In the early spring, I 
 do a thrifty business with dealers in the far West, shipping 
 through by fast freight. 
 
 Last, but by no means least of my good fortunes. I 
 found tile precious Saviour, in May, 1880. Then it was that I 
 was fully prepared to fight life's battles, laboring in the Sun- 
 day school, the church, and among the poor." 
 
 He lives at Mill Creek, between Hampton and Old Point ; 
 is married and has three boys and three girls ; owns $2,000 in 
 
7° TWENTV-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 real estate, horses, wagons, pound-nets, etc. "Aims" "to 
 make the world better with staunch Christian manhood." 
 
 Educated by Miss Anna C. Lowell. 
 ;^FoRSYTHE, Wm. Alex. Married in 76. Taught in Columbus, Ga , 
 and afterwards was in the cotton business in Augusta, Ga. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Lydia Maria Child. 
 
 Garrett, Thomas H. Born a slave, in Louisa Co., Va. Taught two 
 years and five months in Bedford Co., Va. Had about one 
 hundred and fifty pupils. Is engaged in Sunday school work, 
 and has had a large number of scholars who " seemed to take 
 hold with interest." Has a farm and live stock, worth about 
 $900. Is married and has one child Studied the Bible and 
 pastoral work, in the Pastors' Class at Hampton Institute. 
 
 At present is studying for the ministry and preaching. 
 Says : " With God's help, I aim to advance my race to high- 
 er modes, and to make heaven my port when I die." " The 
 people seem to be in a prosperous condition, A great manj^ 
 are owning homes and doing well." He lives in Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Susan Rodman. 
 
 Harrison, Isaac. Born in Danville, Va. Time unknown. " I have 
 only applied my time to teaching in Sunday school, and final- 
 ly thought it would be better to leave ofl: trying to teach, and 
 join the Bible class. For a time, I worked in a tobacco 
 factory, but I left that, and have come to the conclusion nev- 
 er to roll another leaf of tobacco as long as I live." " I 
 wished to make what I had learned be of more use; but my 
 parents were old, and I did not wish to leave them, and have 
 , decided to stick to them until death. I am hoping at some 
 future day, if it be the Lord's will, to act the part of Patrick 
 Henry, Henry Clay, Cicero and other noble hearted men, who 
 left the stage of action for those who are to come after them." 
 " I have not forgotten my books — not at all. Take my books 
 and you take my heart." 
 
 He lives in Danville, Va. 
 
 Educated by Dillwyn Parrish. 
 
 HvMAN, Frank T. Born in Warrington, N. C, i860. Writes: "I 
 was appointed clerk in the Post Ofllice Department at Wash- 
 ington, June 4th, 'y6, and there I still remain.'' [ His father 
 was at one time Member of Congress.] " I graduated in phar- 
 macy from Howard University, in 1887 : previous to that. I took 
 a special course in bookkeeping at the Spencerian College. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTF.. 7 1 
 
 I now expect to go into the drug business. I was Secretary 
 of the Presbyterian Sunday school eight years, and am now 
 chorister of the same school. I take an interest in all tem- 
 perance movements. I am one who does not indulge in 
 drinking, chewing, smoking, or any of those infamous hab- 
 its. I owe a great deal of my success in shunning these 
 habits, to Gen. Marshall. I remember well his impressive 
 lecture to me before leaving to come to Washington." 
 
 " ' Married '-^No indeed." " I have an unpretentious 
 home in Washington, D. C. According to my humble iudg- 
 ment, the colored people are most decidedly improving." 
 
 In a letter to Mrs. Dixon, he wrote : " I am proud to be 
 one of the ' Hampton Boys.' " 
 
 Educated by Edward C. Mandell. 
 
 Iw, V.'alter, (brother of Lorenzo and Frank, of '74 and '75). Went 
 home to Danville, Va., after graduating, and died in 1876. A 
 general favorite with his school mates, his sudden illness and 
 death, and the messages he sent, made a great impression on 
 them, which was the beginning of a general awakening of in- 
 terest in the subject of religion in the school that year. 
 Educated by Mrs. Hannah Richardson. 
 
 •^Tackson, Robert B. Born in W^insboro', S. C. Taught in Mai- 
 den, Va., two terms ; afterwards in Atlantic City, where, he 
 wrote, he had a very nice school room, supplied with new, 
 patent seats; and had several very promising scholars. He 
 was heard from December, 1881, at which time he was porter 
 in a sleeping car; later in service as valet, in Boston. 
 Educated by W. O. Grover. 
 
 70NES, Jame.s. Born in Hampton, Va., 1852. Once taught a few 
 private pupils, two of whom have become teachers. His 
 health was very poor for some years, and he writes : " Though 
 I am not teaching, I am trying to make myself useful in oth- 
 er directions." He is engaged in Sunday school work in Zi- 
 on Baptist Church, Hampton. He owns three acres of land 
 valued at $400., and a canoe worth $60. His present occupa- 
 tion is oy.stering and other labor. He says : " My aim' is to 
 do all the good I can." " Our people are improving very rap- 
 idly." His home is in Hampton. Va. 
 Educated by H. L. Kendall. 
 
 ^''Kklser, Robert. Born in Albemarle Co., Va., 1857. Taught in 
 *Did Bot answer last circul.ir letter ol inquiry. 
 
72 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Vicksville, Scottsville, and Charlottesville, Va., five years. 
 Was maiTied in 1885. and lives in Charlottesville. Va. 
 
 Matthews, Reuben Hearde. Born in Columbus, Ga., 1852. Taught 
 four years before coming to Hampton. After graduating. 
 taught one year in Columbus, Ga. His health failed and he 
 went to Pensacola, Fla., where he was the head of the col- 
 ored public school till '82. Then he resigned and went into- 
 mercantile business, and was clerk in the post office in 
 Pensacola till he lost this position in 1885. He then ap- 
 plied for the principalship of his former school, was appoint- 
 ed, and has remained there ever since. He says : " I have 
 delivered lectures on education and public schools, and 
 aroused quite an interest. At the close of each school )rear- 
 I give a public exhibition by the school, in some hall or 
 church, in order to keep the school before the people." "Not 
 a single term has it had less than a hundred pupils, and, for the 
 last two years, there have been more than two hundred. 
 Possibly, twenty or thirty have become teachers. I have 
 been Superintendent of the A. M. E. Sunday school for six 
 years ; am now teacher of a Bible class in the same school. I 
 never lose an opportunity to say a word on temperance; for 
 there is no place in the United States where temperance 
 Avork is more needed than in Pensacola. On account of the 
 large number of dram shops, and the tendency of our people 
 to patronize them, their condition is not what we might de- 
 sire. They are badly divided, and will seldom unite for any 
 public good. This is on account of the narrow and ignorant 
 spirit engendered in our churches by ignorant ministers. Not- 
 withstanding this, there is a gradual progress" He is mar- 
 ried, and has five children ; owns a house and lot in Colum- 
 bus, Ga , and two lots and three houses in Pensacola, worth 
 about $3,000. Says : " My aim is to do all in my power for 
 the moral and intellectual advancement of my people, and 
 to teach them how to economise and accumulate property as. 
 one of the great factors in solving the Negro question. Hard 
 work, honesty and frugality are the meians by which we are to 
 rise." Lives in Pensacola, Fla. 
 
 Educated by Frederick Marquand. 
 
 McAdoo, Orpheus. Born in Greensboro', N. C, 1858. Taught three 
 years in Pulaski and Accomac Co's., Va. Then returning to 
 Hampton, he had charge of the first division in the "Butler" 
 — now "Whittier" — school, the training school for our Nor- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 73 
 
 mal. In '86, he joined a colored "Ouintelte", with which 
 he traveled through Europe, Austraha, and New Zealand, gi\'- 
 ing concerts with great success. Returning after three 5^ears, 
 he formed a company of his own, chiefly of Hampton gradu- 
 ates and ex-students, and sailed for Europe in the summer of 
 1890. In August the Company was heard from as having 
 very encouraging success in Cape Colony, South Africa, from 
 whence they were to go to Australia. He has made singing 
 his profession, and " aims to make money and endow Hamp- 
 ton." Later news : wedding cards received for marriage of 
 Mr. Orpheus Myron McAdoo and Miss Mattie E. Allen, Jan- 
 uary 27, 1891, at Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, South Africa. 
 Miss Allen went out as contralto soloist in his concert company. 
 *MoORE, Alfred A. Born in Rockbridge Co., Va., 1850. After 
 graduating, he went to Philadelphia, hoping to accumulate mo- 
 ney enough, during the Centennial exposition, to enter Ober- 
 lin College or Lincoln University. Being disappointed in 
 this, he went to Boston, where he " found the facilities for a 
 young man to complete his education much better than in 
 Philadelphia." He worked in a hotel and went to Evening- 
 High School. Did not think Boston the place for young col- 
 ored men who desire to elevate themselves in life. 
 Educated by Shortbridge, Borden & Co. 
 
 *RoBBiNS, J. Was clerk in Principal's office at Hampton Institute; then 
 had charge and general oversight of the Indian boys, out 
 of school hours, teaching them "'the white man's way"; also 
 taught in the class rooms. In '80, he went to the West, to 
 work among the Indians in their homes, and in a Mission 
 school. Studied medicine ; afterwards became a divinity stu- 
 dent. Has made a most excellent record. 
 Educated by Robert Rogers.' 
 
 Robinson, John H. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1857. Taught in 
 Surrey Co,, four terms ; Prince George Co., one term; Middle- 
 sex Co., one term, and Elizabeth City Co., twelve terms. Has 
 taught about four hundred and fifty pupils, about twenty-two 
 of whom have become teachers. He is engaged in Sunda}- 
 school and temperance work. One who visited his school said : 
 " He has done a good work, and stands high with the people 
 and school officers." In '88 he was elected member of the 
 Virginia Legislature, but continued his school during the win- 
 ter as usual. He is married, has one child; owns real estate and 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
74 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 personal property. Says, •' The people seem to be improving." 
 Lives in Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Jacob P. Jones. 
 *Smith, Jesse D. Born in Hampton, Va., 1858. Taught in Bedford 
 and Gloucester Go's., Va., ten months. Is a plasterer by 
 trade. Lives in Hampton. 
 
 Educated by R. D. Wood. 
 S?«[OOT, Robert, Jr. Born in Charleston, S. C. Taught seventeen 
 months in Aiken Co., S. C, but suffered so much from rheu- 
 matism that he was obliged to stop. Says, " My education 
 has been a great help to me; it has taught me to respect my 
 countrymen. The relation between the whites and blacks is 
 very good, but would be better if the blacks were educated. 
 Religion is increasing, morality is at a low standard ; temper- 
 ance and industry ai^e making rapid progress." 
 
 He lives in Aiken, S. C. 
 
 Educated by S. S. White and Mrs. J. H. Wolcott. 
 L^NTHANK, Walter. Born in Greensboro', N. C. Taught about one 
 year. Died, in '78. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Benjamin Marshall. 
 Vaughn, Moses D. Born in Potecasse, N. C, 1852. Has been teach- 
 ing four months in each year since '76. Has taught about 
 seven hundred and thirty-eight pupils, about ten of whom have 
 become teachers. Is engaged in Sabbath school every Sun- 
 day. Is married and has four children. Owns a farm of 
 eighty-two and one half acres, seven head of cattle, horse 
 and buggy. He teaches falls and winters, and farms sum- 
 mers, and thinks he has " done a great deal for his race." 
 Thinks " the greater part of the colored people are improv- 
 ing." 
 
 He lives in Potecasse, N. C, 
 
 Educated by Rev. J. H. Means. 
 VooRHEES, Charles C. Born in St. Louis, Mo., 1855. Taught in 
 Danville, Va., one year, Elk Garden, two years, Lebanon, 
 three years : also at New Hope and Scottsville, Va.; averaged 
 about forty scholars each year. Conducted Sabbath school 
 very successfully. Said, " I practice daily the lessons I learned 
 at Hampton." Was married in 1887, and owned a house and 
 lot. Died Dec. 1888. 
 
 Educated by P. K. and M. M. Hawley. 
 White, Ackrel E. Born in Isle of Wight Co., Va.., 1850. In the 
 fall of '']'], he went out as teacher under the auspices of the 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTK. 75 
 
 American Missionary Association, to the Mendi Mission, on 
 Sherbro Island, West Coast of Africa. After several years 
 of faithful service, he returned in 1883, bringing with him two 
 of his pupils, Bucll Tucker and Claudius Clement, native 
 African boys, who entered Hampton, and went through 
 the course : the latter now teaching and preaching in 
 Africa. For a while after his return, White was in the 
 mail service, but wrote : " Though the pay is larger, I 
 do not feel as if I were doing my duty as I do when I am 
 teaching." In October, '84, he had a school in Ports- 
 mouth, Va., with Mrs. Williams (Sadie Mackie, class of '81,) 
 as assistant. The next year her sister, Annie Mackie of '85, 
 taught with him. He had two hundred and twenty-five on 
 roll, but, " the daily attendance dropped off when cold 
 weather came, for lack of clothing." He wrote of one of the 
 School's friends whose memory is ever sacred at Hampton : 
 "No one can feel Miss Mary Anna Longstreth's death more than 
 I do. Her letters followed me to Africa, and, I trust, her good 
 advice will follow me to the grave." 
 
 He died in Feb. 1887. 
 
 Educated by Chas. Ellis. 
 
 A^is, Whit T. Born in Danville, Va., 1857. W^as one of the 
 •' Hampton Student Singers." He says : " The first term af- 
 ter I graduated, I had charge of the public school in Drum- 
 mondtown, Va. From '78 to '82, I taught in Washington Co., 
 Va. While there, I organized a chCirch choir, and taught 
 them vocal music. I also got up a literary and debating so- 
 ciety, which proved a useful factor in the social scale. Since 
 '82, I have taught in Norfolk, Va. I think about six hundred 
 and fifty have been under my personal instruction, of whom 
 about fifteen are teachers. I have always considered the 
 Sunday school work as a part of the day school work ; both 
 being to train children to grow up to be good and intelligent 
 citizens in the full meaning of the term. I am at present in- 
 terested in a little Sunday school in the suburbs of Norfolk." 
 " I am glad to know that you are preparing to show the 
 benefactors of the Institute what their kind interest and mon- 
 ey have done; but, with all that words and figures can show, the 
 half will never be told. Figures and words will not show to 
 them, very clearly, the hundreds of young men and women 
 who, through thern, are intelligent, inlluential, property ac- 
 quiring citizens, who are doing a great deal toward solving 
 the great race problem, but who, without help, would have 
 
76 TWENTV-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 grown up simple hewers of wood and drawers of water, ig- 
 norant tools in the hands of evil designing men whose chief 
 business is to keep up race feuds and prejudice. 
 
 Our good friends will only know the extent of the work 
 when they receive their crown of reward, and hear the words 
 ' Inasmuch as ye did it unto the least of these.' " 
 
 He is married, has one child, and owns about $1,000 worth 
 of real estate. Says : " The condition of the people is fair 
 and improving rapidly." Lives in Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO LEFT BEFORE GRADUATING. 
 
 Bacon,Jerome. Born in Lancaster Co., Pa., 1857. Taught in Mary- 
 land : at Snow Hill one year, Pocomoke City one year, St. 
 Martin's two years, and Whaleyville six years. He stud- 
 ied short-hand and type writing at the " Scott-Brown Col- 
 lege," and is now in business in Philadelphia. He is married 
 and has three children. Says : " The general condition of 
 the colored people is improved, and as to the question of im- 
 proving, there is not the least doubt of it." 
 Educated by Wm. E. Dodge. 
 
 Brown, John Henry. Born in Smithville, Va., 1854. He was in 
 the Senior classes of '75 and '76, leaving, both years, before 
 the end of the term. He writes ; " I have attended the sum- 
 mer sessions of the Petersburg school two years. I have 
 taught six months at Fredericksburg, two years in Farmville, 
 fourteen months at Rice's, five at Stonewall, and eight at 
 Hampden Sidney where I am now teaching. Total number 
 taught, eight hundred and fifty; twenty-five are teachers, to 
 my knowledge. I have been engaged in Svmday school work 
 ever since I left Hampton, with success. I am married, have 
 one child, and own a small farm of twenty-two acres, valued 
 at $900. My desire is to be a good teacher. I like my work 
 more and more. In some places, the people are doing very 
 well." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Simpson. 
 
 Hemmings, Gordon E. Born in Buckingham Co., Va., 1857. Taught 
 in Buckingham Co., seven terms ; Appomattox Co., one term; 
 Augusta Co., one term . Nelson Co., two terms, and Prince 
 Edward Co., five terms. In these sixteen years, his average 
 
OF HAMPTON INS'IITUTK. 77 
 
 attendance has been about forty-five. Six of his pupils have 
 become teachers. Has always been engaged in Sunday school 
 work with good success. In '8i, he wrote to Mrs. Dixon 
 (our first Graduates' Correspondent) : " The learning I ob- 
 tained at Hampton, I am unable to tell you the benefit it has 
 been to me. It has helped me in all cases of my life and is 
 still helpino-me." "I shall endeavor to do the best I can in 
 trying to teach the \^oung children the right way to success. 
 The colored people are impro\'ing very slowly, and have 
 made some progress." 
 
 H.e is now preaching and teaching ; has never been to 
 any other institution, and wishes he could enter some theo- 
 logical school. He lives in Prospect, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
 RoUt.HAC. Lewis. Born in Windsor, N. C, 1847. The following is a 
 much condensed abridgment of the account written by himself : 
 
 " Lewis Roulhac was born near Windsor, N. C,, in April, 
 1847. He remembers little worth telling until about January 
 8th, 1864. when he left his mother and owners, went to Ply- 
 mouth, N. C, and enlisted in Co. B, 37th U. S. Colored Troops, 
 for three years. After having been drilled a few months in 
 Entrench Camp, near Norfolk, Va., he was taken to Fort Mon- 
 roe and mustered in, and then went up the James River in 
 the campaign of that year. He was in many a hard fought 
 battle, among them the second battle of Petersburg, June 27, 
 1864, New Market Heights, Sept. 27th, Fort Harrison, Va., 
 Sept. 29th, Fair Oaks, Oct. 27th, first and second Fort Fish- 
 er campaign, Sugar Loaf, N. C, Feb. 12th, near Wilmington, 
 N. C, Feb. 2ist, North East Station, N. C, Feb. 22nd, and 
 Cox Ferry, March 24th. 
 
 He was mustered out in "67. Now he realized that he 
 was a free man, and with the fact came the desire for an edu- 
 cation, and he at once began the laborious study of the al- 
 phabet. He next learned to spell and read and write. Just here 
 one thing came Tiear ruining the writer of this article, and 
 that was the whiskey bottle I But he is a reformed man now 
 and has been for twenty years. Again came the desire for an 
 education. He attended private schools at home till he could 
 pass an examination, then teaching, when he could get a 
 chance, at $25. a month. He went to Shaw LTniversity for a 
 few months, and afterwards went to Hampton for a part of 
 two sessions, entering the Middle class and leaving the Senior 
 class before the close of the term. He is a dear lover of Sun- 
 
78 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 day schools, and has devoted as much time to them as to the 
 other schools, which is nineteen years, — ten at Windsor, 
 N. C." 
 
 In answer to the questions asked in our circular letter of 
 inquiry, he says : " I have attended no school since leaving 
 Hampton. I have taught in different school districts 
 near Windsor, N. C, thirteen hundred and forty-eight chil- 
 dren ; nine have become teachers. I am married and have 
 one child, five years old (in 89). I own a house and lot, the 
 valuation of which is $708.75.. My aim is to become a farm- 
 er. My people are improving in education ; but very little, if 
 any, in temperance." He lives in Windsor, N. C. 
 Educated by Hon. J. G. Pollard. 
 *Sawyer, Jacob T. Born in Boston, Mass., 1856. In a letter written 
 to Mrs. Dixon, our Graduates' Correspondent, in 1882, he 
 says : " I thought I would let you know what one of your old 
 and least promising students is doing. I am employed by T. 
 Brigham, Bishop & Co., Bankers and Brokers, [Boston] as 
 stock and certificate clerk, at a good salary, and I am trying 
 to make a man of myself. This is the only way, outside of 
 my music, that I can take to repa}^ the Facult}^ [of Hampton 
 Institute ] for the pains they took to assist me in my educa- 
 tion. I have written some popular musical compositions and 
 am still writing. I have refrained in past years from goine: 
 or writing to Hampton, as I had not achieved much success. 
 But now I can say I have, being the only colored young man 
 employed in a banking house, in the position I now occupy. 
 I do not say this boastfully, but feel proud to say so as a stu- 
 dent of ' dear old Hampton.' " He wrote later, " I have 
 been traveling in Europe for nine months and have had a 
 very pleasant time, both in amusement and pecuniary re- 
 sults." 
 
 Educated by Hon. Wm. Claflin. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 CLASS OF 1877. 
 
 Brockkit, Dora V. (Mrs. Alex. H. McNeil.) Born in Currituck Co., 
 N. C. 1859. Was one of the " Hampton Student Singers." 
 Her school funds gave out before she finished her course, and 
 she went to Weston, Mass., and lived a year in the family of 
 Gen. Marshall's mother, to earn money to enable her to grad- 
 uate. After graduating, she taught in Accomac Co., Va., 
 one term ; in Norfolk Co., eight terms, and in Essex Co., one 
 term. Has taught between eight and nine hundred children, 
 only four of whom have become teachers, and says : " To a 
 humble extent, I am engaged in both Sunday school and 
 temperance work." 
 
 In '82, she married Alex. H. McNeil, a graduate of the 
 same class. They have been teaching in the same schobl, 
 "which is overrun with a wide-awake set." With house- 
 keeping and teaching, she finds she has not much time to 
 spare. Her property consists of household furniture, and a 
 few valuable books. The condition of the people near her 
 home is about the average. "The march seems onward." 
 Lives and teaches in Churchland, Va. f 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Hannah Richardson and Mrs. White. 
 
 =^DiCKERSON, Sophie. Born in Lexington, S. C, 1850. Taught one and 
 a half years in Aiken and Edgefield, S. C. In '84, had been 
 teaching in Montmorenci, S. C. Lives in Aiken, S. C. 
 Educated by Gov. Wm. Clafiin and Roger Sherman. 
 
 =>= Edmunds, Maria A., (Mrs. Gaither.) Born in Charlotte Co., Va., 
 1854. Taught in Maryland and Virginia; was also a dress- 
 maker. In 1886, married. Home, Baltimore Md. Has become 
 insane. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Eliza H. Farnum and Mr. C. B. Rice. 
 
 Grooms, Nannie B. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1858. " 'Tis not with- 
 out pleasure I attempt to write a little outline of my life since 
 leaving dear old Hampton — dear, I believe, alike to all her 
 children. The influence of her love and fostering care will 
 echo and re-echo thro' countless years." 
 
 " Having left Hampton with many regrets, I launched 
 out upon the sea of life with all its storms, doubts, and un- 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
 ■I Died Sept.. 1890, leaving: an infant daughter, who has since followed her. The 
 loss of her good work and active influence is a great one to her people. 
 
So TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 
 
 certainties. In Nov. I was sent to teach at Pine Orchard, 
 about fourteen miles from Baltimore. Never shall I forget 
 the little old log cabin with two rooms, whose occupants were 
 a widow and her three children, two boys and a girl, — my first 
 boarding place. Their stock consisted of a pet hog, Julia, 
 who was to furnish the future bacon, lard and sausages for 
 winter meat supph", with a number of chickens and Guinea 
 fowl." 
 
 " When I was shown my workshop, the school house, I 
 I felt lonely and discouraged. An old log cabin church, situ- 
 ated in a church3'ard of pines. The furniture, both for school 
 and church use, consisted of a few pine benches and a wood, 
 stove. I was in a Catholic community, and was looked upon 
 with distrust. The experience was rough, and the lesson hard. 
 I felt that the eyes of the world were upon me, and the 
 thought stimulated me to patient endurance and self-sacri- 
 fice. Bad and delinquent payment compelled me to leave. 
 I had thirty- five pupils there. Of the widow and her chil- 
 dren I have kept trace. The boys are young men; the older 
 has been keeping a coal yard, the younger is in agrocer}- store; 
 both are honest, industrious young men. 
 
 After leaving Pine Orchard, I began to think I had missed 
 my calling, and must seek other employment ; when I was 
 notified that a teacher was wanted to establish a school at 
 Sweet Air. Here I had twenty-five pupils whose earnestness 
 stimulated me to greater effort to help them. I taught here 
 three years, then was given a larger school at Catusville, and 
 taught three years, assisted one year by Clementina Lump- 
 kin (now Mrs. Banks,) class of '78. I went back to Sweet Air, 
 and taught two years ; then two at Lutherville. I am now at 
 the VVaverly Annex Public School of Baltimore, Md.; my 
 work is entirely with the children of the ist grade. I Avas the 
 second of the three colored teachers appointed by the School 
 Board of Baltimore. All the other teachers are white. Since 
 leaving Hampton, my life has been eventful, and my work 
 earnest. I love to think of the backwoods' children, who 
 were so earnest and willing and anxious to learn. 
 
 In all these places I found my people generally honest, 
 industrious and moral, owning their homes, educating their 
 children, and anxious to contribute what they could to the 
 upbuilding of the race — exemplifying the axiom, " The whole 
 is equal to the sum of its parts." 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 8l 
 
 I have taught three hundred and twenty-live children 
 three have become teachers. " My aim is to elevate my race." 
 
 Educated by Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 
 H.A.RRIS, Alice S. (Mrs. Reid.) Born in Abingdon, Va., 1859. "I 
 have pursued different studies since leaving Hampton. I 
 h&ve taught in Southampton Co., one term; Salem three terms, 
 and Abingdon, five terms. Was ist assistant in Abingdon, 
 with sixty- eight on roll, with an average attendance of sixty. 
 The school was visited by many prominent ladies of the place, 
 who said they had never seen a more orderly set of children . 
 I am now teaching in Portsmouth, Va., and find the work 
 pleasant as possible, the surroundings nice and the associate 
 teachers agreeable. I have charge of the first primary grade, 
 and find the work with the dear little ones very encouraging 
 indeed. I have taught nearly five hundred children, about 
 thirty are teachers. I am also engaged in Sunday school 
 work." 
 
 In Dec, 1885, she married W. H. Reid, graduate of this 
 same class, and has one child. " I aim to do all I can toward 
 elevating my race." They live in Portsmouth, Va. 
 
 Educated by John W. Field. 
 
 Irving, Delta E. (Mrs. Hayden.) Born in Tarboro, N. C, 1854. Has 
 attended Teachers' Institutes at Petersburg. Has taught 
 fourteen years in Southampton Co., (two before graduating,) 
 and one term in Bedford Co. Is now principal of the Public 
 School in Franklin, Va Has taught ten hundred and fifty- 
 five pupils; fourteen are teachers. Is Secretary of the Sunday 
 school Union, and President of the temperance work of the 
 County, and has been proposed Sec. of the colored W. C. T. 
 U. of the State. Teaches the Bible class in Sunday school. 
 
 In 1880, she married Lindsay Hayden, a classmate. They 
 taught in the same school in Bedford Co. He died in Jan., 
 1 881; then she returned to her old home and school. She 
 has two adopted children; owns a house and lot, two acres of 
 land in the town, two cows, a parlor organ, books, and house- 
 hold furniture, valued at $1,200. 
 
 In '85, she wrote Miss Cleaveland, (Graduates' Corres- 
 pondent) that she had a school of one hundred and seven 
 scholars ; a school of which she was proud, and " would not 
 be ashamed to have any of the Cleaveland family, not even 
 the expected Head of the Nation, visit it." 
 
 Says : " I was a very poor teacher at first, got only a 3rd 
 grade certificate, but did not give up till Igot a ist grade, and 
 now I have a ' professional certificate,' entitling me to $40 a 
 
82 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 month. I think it takes a Hfe-time to learn how to teach." 
 
 " My success in life is due not to Hampton only, but to 
 General Armstrong. Awhile ago, we were speaking of his 
 success as an educator. We tried to find a suitable name 
 for him, and I said, we will call him a ' Bundle of Energy 
 bound with Goodness,' and this is not half expressing my ex- 
 alted confidence in him. I cannot tell his value to this na- 
 tion, and especially to my race. When I look back to my 
 school days, and think of those grand lectures he used to give 
 us each Sunday evening, I can but say, Thank God I lived 
 when he did." " Hampton has done and is doing a great work. 
 May she go on from victory unto victory, until her power is 
 felt from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Maine to Mexi- 
 co. Wherever her sons and daughters go, the light is seen. 
 May God bless him in all he may undertake for good. May 
 he live to enjoy the great result of his earnest labor on earth, 
 and reap a greater reward in Heaven." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Archibald Campbell and Mrs Gulielma 
 Jones. 
 Johnson, Martha J. (Mrs. King) Born in Rockingham Co., N. C, 
 1854. She taught in Rockingham Co., N. C, before coming 
 to Hampton, and a part of every year after graduating, till '86. 
 Had to walk two miles to school every day, as she was needed 
 at home nights on account of sickness. One of the school 
 committee told some of the whites, he should be very glad if 
 they had as good a teacher. 
 
 Between three and four hundred have been taught by 
 her; fifteen or twenty have taught. She is married and has 
 two little girls. They own 103 acres of land and are arrang- 
 ing to buy fifty acres more — have two horses, three cows; 
 " raise all their bread and meat ; fowls, wheat, corn, hay, peas, 
 beans, potatoes, cabbages, peanuts and tobacco." 
 
 She says : " The people are improving very little ; some 
 few own land, while many are worse ofT than they were before 
 the surrender." Her home is in Ruffin, N. C. 
 
 Educated by the Misses Burnside. 
 
 Keeling Margaret. (Mrs. Davenport). Born in Norfolk, Va„ 1856. 
 Says : " My life has been very uneventful; I have been blessed 
 in every particular. The year after leaving school, I was ap- 
 pointed teacher of the 7th grade primary school of Norfolk, 
 and taught successfully four years, ten months' sessions. 
 I then resigned, and married Mr. Davenport. While teach- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 83 
 
 ing, every half term I had to promote my best pupils and 
 take in a new set, so I had quite a number pass through my 
 room. I have had the pleasure of seeing quite a number 
 graduated from the Mission College, of this city, also from the 
 higher schools. They began with me ; I taught them how to 
 study, at least. I used to teach Sabbath school, but my home 
 duties have shut me out from that pleasure. I have three 
 children, and we own our house and lot. I am at home now 
 attending to my family, and striving to rear my children as 
 they should be. 
 
 I think the colored people are improving in every partic- 
 ular. Of course there are some who will give us a bad name 
 by not trying to improve themselves, but such are found in 
 every race." Lives in Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Educated by W. A. Grover. 
 
 Leftridge, Laura A. (Mrs. Turner.) Born in Salem, Va., i860. 
 Taught at Big Lick and Salem, Va. In '83, married, and lived 
 in Alleghany, Pa. Died at Macon, Ga., Dec. 29, 1885. 
 Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
 
 Learv, Lucv a. (Mrs. Robinson.) Born in Fayetteville, N. C, 1855. 
 Was one of the " Hampton Student Singers." Before the war, 
 her home was at Harper's Ferry, Va. Her father fell in the 
 John Brown raid. In the winter of '77-78, she taught at the 
 " Butler School " under Mrs. Dixon. In the fall of '78, she 
 was married to Mr. Robinson and went to Wilson, N. C. 
 Says : " I have taught between two and three hundred chil- 
 dren ; some of the later ones are hoping to become teachers. 
 I have assisted in Sunday school and temperance work, in 
 which Hampton has greatly aided me through Miss Tileston, 
 who has sent valuable reading matter which bore on these 
 subjects. It seems to be a general custom here, with both 
 rich and poor, white and Negro, to use snufi' and liquor, but 
 our work has impressed the young against these habits. The 
 religious condition of the people compares favorably with the 
 religion of the average Negro, anywhere. Financially, they 
 are poor, but, like every communit}^ we have some men that 
 are prosperous, and own a considerable amount of property. 
 Educationally, they have improved much in the last three 
 years. More interest has been manifested, both on the part 
 of the young and the old, since Geo. W. Davis, [Hampton 
 graduate of '80,] laid a foundation plan of school work here. 
 Morally, their condition has been below the moral require- 
 
84 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 merits, but since earnest, honest teachers have been dispersed 
 among them, they are on the avenue of improvement. 
 
 " My present occupation is teaching and dressmaking. 
 I have two children. We own real estate valued at about $1,500. 
 My aim in life is to do all the conceivable good that I can for 
 the upbuilding of my race, and to so order myself that I shall 
 feel prepared to live or die." 
 
 Educated by W. E. Downes. 
 
 Mallette, Maria, (cousin of Lucy Leary.) Born in Wilmington, N. 
 C., 1857. Was one of the " Hampton Student Singers." "A 
 beautiful, refined girl, and lovely character." She taught be- 
 tween two and three years at Dismal Swamp, and Wilmmgton, 
 N. C. Died, 1880. 
 
 Educated by Hon. W. E. Dodge. 
 
 Peterson, Sarah A. Born in Matthews Co., Va. After graduating 
 she was employed in the knitting dept. at Hampton, and had 
 charge of the room. In '80, she taught at Rock Spring, South- 
 ampton Co., Va., returning to Hampton at the end of the 
 term, and working in the tailoring dept. In Oct., she went 
 back to teach at the old place, but the school was not to open 
 that year, and she was sent to another place. Says : "When 
 I arrived there, I found a very good school house, but no stove 
 in it. The people told me they would have a stove in a very 
 few days. I waited from the ist of Nov. till the last of Dec, 
 and the stove did not come. During this time, I tried to 
 teach at my boarding place, but it was too far for the children 
 to walk. So I thought I would try again at the school house 
 by making a fire out doors, and by so doing, keep the chil- 
 dren's feet warm ; but I could make no headway at that, and 
 so I had to stop teaching. In June, '81, I married Mr. C. H. 
 Vanison, (a classmate,) and we came to ' Hemenway Farm,' 
 [belonging to Hampton Institute and five miles from it,] — he 
 in charge of the farm, I, as housekeeper and teacher of the 
 Night School — and we have been here ever since. 
 
 Eighty pupils have been taught by me ; two of them have 
 become teachers. I have two children. My aim is to be good 
 and useful." 
 
 Educated by James W. Downing. 
 
 Roberts, Caroline. (Mrs. Peyton.) Born at Vernon Mills, Va., 1855. 
 Taught at St. Mary's, Md., three^years, and in Fauquier Co., 
 Va., seven years. One pupil is a teacher. Mrs. Peyton has 
 five children, and owns $1,000 worth of real estate. " My aim 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 85 
 
 is to do all I can for the good of myself and my people. The 
 colored people are improving slowly." Lives in Lincolnia, Va. 
 Educated by Mrs. C. J. Payne. 
 
 * Scott, Sarah J. (Mrs. Johnson) 
 
 Taught in Howard Co., Md., and at Chambersburg, Pa. Was 
 for awhile engaged as waitress at a young ladies' school in 
 Chambersburg. In the spring of '84 married Mr. D. C. Johnson. 
 Lives in Altoona, Pa. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
 
 SiMMS, Lucy F. Born in Roanoke Co., Va., 1859. "My first school 
 was at Lacey Springs, nine miles from my home. Sarah Smoot 
 was teaching eight miles away, and we managed to see each 
 other about twice a month by walking that distance. I had a 
 very pleasant school, in a very pleasant neighborhood, but not 
 very pleasant pay. The people wished us to return, but we 
 heard that Maryland paid her teachers more, and more 
 promptly, and, being tired of having warrants shaved, resolved 
 to go there. The Superintendent here told us there were two 
 vacancies in the Harrisonburg school, and, if we would return, 
 he would secure them for us. We did return and I have been 
 one of the teachers in that school ever since, eight years. I 
 have also taught a spring school at Mt. Clinton, and was ap- 
 pointed Supt. of the Sunday school there. I had to walk two 
 miles to it, but many of the parents and children showed 
 great interest, and walked twice as far. I tried to sow such 
 seed in that mountain soil that it should yield, in time, abund- 
 ant crops. 
 
 I guess I have taught about five hundred children. I 
 know of but twenty who have become teachers. At first 
 I divided my time between the Baptist and Methodist Sun- 
 day schools, one in the morning the other in the afternoon, 
 but, finding that did not work well, I now attend but one ; but 
 I am often called upon to assist in entertainments for raising 
 the pastor's salary, or increasing the treasury of the Sunday 
 school. " When I calculate the time I have been teaching by 
 years, it seems quite a while, but, when I calculate by dollars 
 and cents, it seems but a short while. The small amount re- 
 ceived I have invested in real estate, $1,800; also a little in 
 live stock." 
 
 " The condition of our people here is one of great im- 
 provement. Live on their own homesteads, and take great 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
86 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 pride in adorning them. A very friendly relation exists be- 
 tween the races." — '• I am teaching and working for my race.' 
 Educated by James C. Holden. 
 
 * Smoot, Sarah E. (Mrs. Wills.) Born in Washington, D. C. Taught 
 
 at Lacey Springs, Va., one term, at Harrisonburg two terms, 
 and at Westwood, Md., three terms. Jan. '86, married Mr. 
 Wm. E. Wills. Last known address was Anacostia, D. C. 
 Educated by Miss Ellen Mason. 
 
 * Stokes, Mary A. (Mrs. Kinckle.) Born in Norfolk, Va., 1859. 
 
 Taught at Berkley, Roanoke, and Lynchburg, Va. In '85,. 
 married Mr. Kinckle. Lives in Lynchburg. 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
 * Turner, Ella M. Born in KingWm. Co., Va., 1863. Taught four 
 
 years at Liberty, Va. Has taught in Hampton, Va., and else- 
 where in Elizabeth City Co. In '82, owned six acres of land. 
 Lives in Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Helen Porter. 
 
 * Walker, Ellen L. From Petersburg, Va. Taught in Bedford Co., 
 
 Va. In '88, married Morgan Snowden, a graduate of '81 ; is 
 now living in New York city, where he is a janitor. Has one 
 child. . Educated by Edward W. Clark. 
 
 * White, Ellen C. (Mrs. Reid). Born in Matthews Co., Va., 1858. 
 
 Taught in Nansemond Co., Salem, and Nurneysville, Va. In 
 '86, married Mr. James T. Reid. Has taught six years in 
 Whaleyville, Va., where she is living. 
 Educated by Mrs. Tileston. 
 
 Bonaparte, William Henry. Born in Hampton, Va., 1861. 
 A man of ability, but record bad. 
 
 Educated by J. N. Dennison and Alpheus Hardy. 
 
 BiLLUPS, John H. Born in Matthews Co., Va., 1853. Has taught 
 in Botetourt Co., Va., ever since graduating. Is principal of 
 the Public School in Fincastle. Says : " I like teaching very 
 much, but find it a hard way of making a living, the pay being 
 so small and the school terms so short. The average salary 
 is $18 per month, and board to be paid out of that, and th e 
 terms are only four months. We don't adhere to this occu- 
 pation for the large sum of money we receive, but only fo 
 the good of our ignorant and benighted people. Our people 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 87 
 
 are improving ; they work more regularly than they used to, 
 and have commenced putting up their savings in little',homes. 
 Many could do much better if they would let the dram alone, 
 but, alas ! they will not. We have a good brick church here, 
 and a thriving and active Sunday-school, for which I am thank- 
 ful." " I have taught four hundred and fifty pupils. Fifteen 
 have passed their examinations and have become teachers in 
 the Old Dominion , ten have gone to higher schools. I am 
 married and have four children, all boys. I own two houses 
 and lots, household furniture, a cow, etc.— about $700." 
 
 " I pray that the good and gracious God may long spare 
 Genera] Armstrong and the host of good men and women 
 here and elsewhere to continue this noble work of helping up 
 the two most wronged and down-trodden races of men to the, 
 highest plane of Christian civilization." 
 
 Educated by H. P. Kidder. 
 
 Clark, Norris B. Born in Alexandria, Va., 1856. Studied law. 
 Taught one term in Norfolk Co., and one in York Co., Va. 
 There were about one hundred and fifty children — two have 
 become teachers. Owns a house and lot. Is a lawyer in 
 Warwick Co., Va. Says : " The people are improving in 
 some localities, — there is room for much more improvement." 
 Educated by Miss C. Patterson and Miss Catlin. 
 
 * Coleman, Lemon J. Born in Danville, Va., 1855. He taught ia 
 Pittsylvania and Henry Co's, three terms. In '82, he wrote 
 from San Francisco, saying, " I came here from Danville, 
 with fifty more colored people, to work in a tobacco factory, 
 but, finding the work did not agree with me, I have resorted 
 to some other work. The school system of San Francisco is 
 very good. They have public night schools, and people of 
 both sexes, all ages and nationalities, go : Greek, Turk, Jew, 
 German and many others too numerous to mention." In '85, 
 he went to Seattle, Washington. 
 
 Educated by the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 
 
 Cooper, Thomas Wm. Born in Clark Co., Va., 1857. Has taught 
 eleven years in Worcester and Wicomico Co's., Md. His 
 " first starting in, after leaving Hampton, was full of hard- 
 ships." Not having any money, he had to walk much of the 
 way to get a school, sleeping on a stack of fodder. He re- 
 ported to the Supt., and took his school at once. It was in 
 an ancient storehouse, with counter and shelves still there- 
 
 *Did not reply to last chcular letter of inquiry. 
 
88 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 
 
 The next year they built a new school house, and he re- 
 mained there five years, teaching in day and Sunday-school, 
 and doing all the good he could for temperance. After that 
 he taught at Parsonsburg, Wicomico Co., then returned to 
 Worcester Co. Says he has had a successful time as far as 
 school work is concerned. He has sent out two teachers who 
 are doing well. His wife, Maggie, goes to school every Friday 
 afternoon and gives the girls sewing lessons. Thinks he has 
 taught at least four hundred pupils. Owns a two story house, 
 half an acre of land, and some personal property. Says : 
 " Taken as a whole, the people are advancing slowly, but in- 
 dividually, as fast as any other people with the same chances- 
 The majority, about nine out of ten, at Ouantico, own their 
 homes and many from one acre up into the hundi'eds. They 
 don't build cabins any more. There are two wheelwrights, 
 four plasterers and several carpenters and master builders. 
 R. J. Baker puts up as good a wagon as you would want, and 
 John A. Fassett, one of General Armstrong's old soldiers, likes 
 to boast of being able to do anything with a piece of wood 
 that any other carpenter can." 
 
 " I have had the good fortune to get among the General's 
 old command, and my having been at ' Colonel Armstrong's' 
 School is a sure passport. They love me for his sake. I 
 would like to see a re-union of the 9th Maryland, [gth U. S. 
 Colored Troops,] and they would be glad to see him once 
 more. I hope that he is well, and that he will continue this 
 great work and make old Hampton what I have often boasted 
 she would be ; one of the grandest institutions of learning in 
 the country." 
 
 Educated by VV. W. Justice and W. E. Coffin. 
 
 Freeman, John W. Born at Pompton Plains, N. J., i860. 
 
 " I graduated froi.i Lincoln University in '80 and took the 
 scientific honor. At the Western Theological Seminary, I 
 held my own, and think I gave credit and honor to my race. 
 It was said that I was the first colored man that had ever 
 graduated from Alleghany's great Western Seminary. Since 
 I have been out in the world, Troy, S. C, has been my only 
 field of labor. Here I organized a church, and erected a 
 building worth $2,500, clear of all indebtedness, comfortably 
 furnished and with a beautiful organ worth $125. I started my 
 church with a nucleus of three, and in two years I had eighty- 
 seven working members on roll, and one hundred in the Sun- 
 day school. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 89 
 
 " I taught school in Liberty, Ga. six months, and in Troy, 
 S. C, three years. Have taught about four hundred and fifty 
 children." " In Troy, S. C, the condition of the people 
 was very discouraging, being so oppressed by whites, almost 
 like slaves. It is somewhat flattering to say during my stay 
 there of three years, in church and school, much was accomp- 
 lished, and their condition was more encouraging." 
 
 He is married, and has one child. Is now preaching in 
 Plainfield,. N. J. 
 
 Educated by Miss Elizabeth Farnum. 
 
 Gray, Thomas. Born in Norfolk, Va , 1857. He taught in Virginia, 
 North Carolina and Maryland. Married and owned a lot in 
 Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Died in 1885. 
 
 Educated by W. O. Grover. 
 Hamilton, Robert H. Was a slave in Louisiana and Mississippi 
 till set free by the Union Army. While a student at the 
 School, he went out, in 1873, with "The Hampton Student 
 Singers " to help build Virginia Hall. After graduating, he 
 taught at the " Butler," now " Whittier," School, one and one 
 half years, — and assisted also in the Normal School. After 
 taking lessons in tailoring here, he took charge of that indus- 
 trial department of this School for seven years, superintend- 
 ing the making of the uniform suits, work suits, etc. He also 
 had charge of the music, drilling the choir, and teaching 
 singing to the entire school — especially keeping up the old 
 " Plantation Songs." 
 
 He was a devoted worker in the Sunday schools in the 
 town of Hampton. 
 
 In 1880, he married Sarah E. Weaver, class of 79> who 
 lived but a few months thereafter. 
 
 He left the School in '86 and traveled in charge of a com- 
 pany of student singers in the interest of the " Norfolk Mis- 
 sion College," and afterwards taught music at that College and 
 instructed a class in sewing, etc. The next summer he went 
 out again with student singers to sing in behalf of the Nor- 
 folk College, and handed in $1,000 as the net proceeds of their 
 summer's work. 
 
 In the fall of '^'7, he went to Tuskegee, Ala., to assist in the 
 Normal School there, under Mr. B. T. Washington. He says, 
 ■' I take no little pleasure in helping to push forward this 
 work that is doing so much to help the people of the " Black 
 
go TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Belt " of Alabama, — where our school life is so like life at 
 Hampton that one scarcely finds time to do anything outside 
 of his regular duties." 
 
 In 1886, he married Altoona Killian of Raleigh, N. C, a 
 member of our Middle Class of '86. They have a daughter 
 and a son. 
 
 To the question, " What is the general condition of the 
 colored people ?", he says : " To the thoughtful Negro, there 
 is a great deal in the condition of his people to make him 
 sigh. Such a dense mass of humanity steeped in ignorance ! 
 who can appreciate the danger — the bloodshed — that may 
 yet overtake this sunny land ? While these men and women 
 have the minds of children, they have the passions of age- 
 However, as dark as things may be, they are not so bad as 
 they were. So I think it fair to say, the Negro of the South 
 is rising." 
 
 Educated by W. O. Grover. 
 
 Hayden, Lindsay. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1852. Taught, before 
 coming to Hampton and after graduating, in Campbell and 
 Bedford Co's, seven years. In 1880, he married Delia E. Irving 
 of this same class. 
 
 Died 1881. 
 
 Educated by M. C. Cope. 
 
 *HOLCOMB, Charles B. Came from Farmville, Va. He taught two 
 terms m Nansemond Co., Va. In '79, was waiter in the At- 
 lantic Hotel, Norfolk. In '81, he was clerk in an office in 
 Richmond ; afterwards, was Postal Clerk in Washington. 
 Educated by Mrs. Mary Lowell Putnam. 
 
 Jones, Albert P. From Harrisonburg, Va. He was an invalid the 
 last year at school. 
 Died 1878. 
 
 Jones, Richard, P. Born at Wicomico Creek, Md., 1842. He 
 writes that he taught three years near Parsonsburg, Md.; and 
 one year in Salisbury, Md. ; having, in the two places, three 
 hundred and thirty-three pupils, of whom three have become 
 teachers. He is Superintendent of the Zion Church Sabbath 
 school. Owns houses and lots and merchandise stock, val- 
 ued at $3,700. Is storekeeping, and aims to be honest and in- 
 dustrious. In '84, he wrote he had " raised 840 lbs. of pork, 
 and 3,200 quarts of strawberries." — a good record for a man with 
 
 *Dicl not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAJNIPTON INSTITUTE. 9 1 
 
 but one arm. Says : " The people in this vicinity are not lazy; 
 they will work whenever they can get work. I believe educa- 
 tion ij the only means to better my people's condition, both 
 socially and intellectually. I do not think all Hampton's sons 
 are intended for teachers." He lost his arm in the Civil War. 
 He lives in Salisbury, Md. 
 
 Educated by Edward Howland. 
 Logan, Warren. Born in Greensboro, N. C, 1859. He was General 
 Armstrong's clerk the first year after graduating. Says : " I 
 studied Latin, Greek, geometry and book-keeping since leav- 
 ing Hampton, and have taught continuously, six years at Miles- 
 town, Md., and six years at Tuskegee, Ala. Two hundred 
 different children attended my Maryland school ; eight or ten 
 of them have become teachers. Of course, I have a hand in 
 the training of the students of the Tuskegee school. In the 
 last five years, these number not less than one thousand." 
 
 " In Maryland, I taught Sunday school in my own school 
 house, and in the Episcopalian church. I am also doing Sun- 
 day school work here." 
 
 He is Treasurer of the Tuskegee Normal School, Ala. In 
 '88, he married Miss Hunt, a teacher at Tuskegee and a grad- 
 uate of Atlanta University. Had $500 deposited in the Home 
 Savings Bank of Norfolk, when that institution "went under." 
 He owns one-third interest in 2,200 acres of land, eight 
 mules, wagons, household furniture, etc. Says : " The 
 colored people are making progress in every direction ; moral- 
 ly, intellectually, and materially." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. A. L. Clarke and Mrs. fohn E. Lyon. 
 
 McKlNNEY, Alex. H From St. Augustine, Fla. He taught, during 
 the winter of 'jj-'yd,, in Accomac Co., Va, Died 1884. 
 Educated by Jolin Eldridge. 
 McNeil, Alexander H. Born in Oakley, near Wilmington, N. C. 
 1858. 
 
 Since graduating has studied French and German. He 
 has taught at Leonardstown, Md,, one term ; at Beulahville, 
 Va,, two terms ; at Abingdon, Va. one, and at Churchland, 
 Va., seven terms. Number of pupils, eight hundred and fifty- 
 six ; nine have become teachers. In '82, he married Dora V. 
 Brockett, a graduate of this class. He says : "The people are 
 making rapid and decided improvement." " Aims " to do 
 all the good he can in all the ways he can. Lives in Church- 
 land, Va. Educated by Rev. Alexander S. Twombly. 
 
92 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 ■•^Merchant, Thomas W. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1855. He taught 
 at Graham Forge till '83 ; since then, at Lynchburg, Va. He 
 wrote that, when he first entered on his duties,. he " had many 
 obstacles to move out of the way ; the parents were opposed " 
 to him ; " the school-house, open on all sides, built of logs cov- 
 ered with boards, let in the wind all around. Mr. Geo. E. Brown, 
 of Boston helped " him " with books and maps, and at the end of 
 the third year there was great improvement. School was o- 
 ver full and the people seemed to take a greater interest." 
 
 In '86 he wrote: " Teaching is a hard road to travel : so 
 many to please ; children, parents, school-board and superin- 
 tendent." He had then a nice school-house on a county road 
 near Lynchburg ; one hundred and six on roll, and more 
 coming in daily. Was trying to make money enough to take 
 a medical course. 
 
 Educated by James White, 
 
 *Merchant, Woodson T. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1859. In '82, 
 he went to Lincoln University, Chester, Pa., where, he said, he 
 ' was pursuing his studies with moderate success. At that time 
 he wrote : " Do not once think that I have forgotten my dear 
 Alma Mater ; the most interesting incidents of ray life were 
 when I was at Hampton, and the most important events 
 which have occurred in connection with my life have resulted 
 from the benefits derived there." He graduated from the 
 medical department of Howard University, with degree of M. 
 D., and is now practicing in Eagles, West Va. 
 Educated by James A, Wright. 
 
 Muse, Richard H. Born in Edenton, N. C, 1855. He was one 
 who went out with the " Hampton Student Singers." After- 
 wards sang with the " New Orleans University Singers." He 
 taught one term at Buchanan, Va., where he had sixty-five on 
 roll. Since that time, he has been waiter in a private familv, 
 and a janitor of one of the large buildings in New York city, 
 Says he believes in making money — thinks the colored people 
 need education, with money. " Never expects to be a great 
 and shining light, but as one of the lower lights means to 
 keep his lamp burning." In summer of '83, he married Julia , 
 Pennington Gibbs, a graduate of New Haven High School. 
 They have three children. He owns a lot of land 125 x 140, 
 and has a life insurance of $3,000. He is now janitor of one 
 of the Yale College buildings. He says : " The condition of 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 93 
 
 the colored people in New Haven is very poor. There are a 
 few who are trying to make something of themselves, but the 
 majority dont seem to have any object at all ; their standard 
 seems low. They have plenty of schools," " I guess it must 
 be that they haven't had a Hampton training. They surely 
 cannot have the race at heart." 
 
 Educated by Messrs. Greenbaum. 
 
 *MouLTON, Samuel T. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1854. Taught 
 six years in Bedford Co. 
 
 Educated by Samuel Johnson. 
 
 Oliver, Patrick W. Born at Big Lick, Va. After graduating, went 
 home to Big Lick — now Roanoke City — and farmed with his 
 father, summers, and taught, winters ; three years in the coun- 
 try, and three years in the town, at $30 per month. In '82, 
 he bought a lot in Roanoke City, and began to build a store 
 and dwelling house ; doing most of the work himself ; and be- 
 gan the grocery business. His means were small, and he 
 was scarcely known to any of the merchants. He asked one 
 gentleman to recommend him, who replied " Yes, Pat, I have 
 known you from a boy. I will do it." Since then, he has had 
 " no trouble in buying goods on time." That first year he 
 taught school, and his wife kept the store till he came home 
 evenings. Now he is doing a very good busmess ; buys from 
 $7,000 to $8,000 worth of goods a year ; owns real estate valued 
 at $15,500, besides R. R, stock and his stock of goods. 
 
 He says : " The people are doing tolerably well ; a good 
 many are getting homes. We have a good school- house, but 
 not such a good school, as there are about four hundred schol- 
 ars or more to four teachers. The Baptist church, with which 
 I am connected, has a tolerably good Sunday-school, with 
 about one hundred and fifty on roll. I am Superintendent. 
 There are now two hundred and fifty volumes in the library ; 
 when I began, two years ago, there were about fifty." 
 
 He has one little girl living. 
 
 Educated by Hon. L. F. Brigham. 
 
 Randolph, Richard H. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1854. He taught 
 at Gloucester C. H., Va., six months in '7? ; at Brandon, 
 Prince George Co., '84-85, fourteen months ; at Savageville, 
 Accomac Co., '86-87, twelve months ; total number taught, 
 six or seven hundred ; eight or nine have become teachers. He 
 
 *Did not an£w:;r last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
94 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 is married and has five children. Owns real estate and per- 
 sonal property, valued at about $900. He is at present a po- 
 liceman and aims " to be a public man." He thinks the condi- 
 tion of the people is " favorable, they are improving." He 
 lives in Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Edward Tatum. 
 
 Reid, William M. Born in Gatesville, N. C, 1857. Has pursued 
 special studies privately, since graduating. He says : "My first 
 experience as a teacher was a three months' school in Gatling- 
 ton, Yates Co., N. C, during summer vacation, when I was a 
 Junior at Hampton. The next two summers, I taught in the" 
 same county, different schools ; also three months at Wards- 
 ville, Chowan Co., assisting my father between whiles in farm- 
 ing. On account of the short terms, the small pay, and the dif- 
 ficulty of getting even that which was promised, I decided 
 not to teach any more in my native state. Then came, by the 
 same mail, a letter from Miss H^rrold, at Hampton, offering 
 a school in Salem, N. J., and one offering a school in Martin 
 Co., N. C. The terms in each case being better than any- 
 thing I had had before, I finally left it to my father's decision, 
 which was in favor of Martin Co., N. C. I taught there two 
 terms. I taught three hundred and fifty pupils ; at least ten of 
 those in my own county are teachers ; I have not kept up ac- 
 quaintance with the others, and cannot tell." 
 
 After this, he was, for six years, clerk in Gen. Armstrong's 
 office, and had charge of the School post-office. General 
 Armstrong says : " I cannot speak too highly of William Reid 
 during his six years' service in my office. He was a first-rate 
 clerk, needing no looking after ; was a gentleman in every re- 
 spect ; clear and level headed always." 
 
 In '85, he married Alice Harris, a graduate of the same 
 class : they have one child. He has a class of young men in 
 the A. M. E. Sunday-school. He says : " The general condi- 
 tion of the people is very hopeful. There is no doubt of their 
 improvement in all that goes to make a people better." He 
 is now attorney at law in general practice, and aims " to 
 stick." Lives in Portsmouth, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott. 
 
 Rice, Henry B. Born in Maiden, West Va., 1856. In '83, he was 
 ordained as missionary, and employed by the Baptist State 
 Convention. Says, he fully endorses Gen. Armstrong's po- 
 sition as to the kind of education needed. " The moral train- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 95 
 
 ing of the Hampton graduates is worth more to the race than 
 a milhon Greek and Latin scholars." He has taught at differ- 
 erent places since graduating : at Maiden, West Va., at Can- 
 nelton, St. Albans, Coal Valley, and Winnifreda. Is now at 
 Charleston, West Va., in charge of a large school, with a corps 
 of six teachers, four of whom are Hamptonians. 
 
 He is married and has five children. Says : "As to the 
 condition of the people, considering the youth as a basis, 
 they are improving." Says : " I feel a pleasure when I review 
 my life and see that I have done some good, and that I am 
 still doing some good. The winds have been contrary and 
 the ways hard to endure, but I have faced the winds and en- 
 dured the hardships, to accomplish the great purposes of my 
 life — to serve God and my people." 
 
 " May God lengthen the days of General Armstrong, and 
 bless all his efforts in behalf of the Black man, and the Red 
 man, is the sincere prayer of a grateful ex-student." 
 
 Educated by A. A. Lawrence. 
 
 Sparks, Horace F. Born in King and Queen Co., Va., 1853. He 
 has taught in Virginia a part of every year since leaving 
 Hampton. At Cumnor, one term, Halstead's Point, three,, 
 Vicksville, three, and five terms near Zuni. Has taught near- 
 ly two hundred and fifty children ; live have become teachers. 
 Has had very interesting Sunday schools, and was greatly as- 
 sisted by Mr. Geo. E. Brown, who sent Bibles and song books, 
 the good results of which are still to be seen. Says he has 
 had large schools and plenty to do. Has a Sunday school 
 and temperance society, at Zuni. Says : " My people have 
 done well in the way of accumulating property. I regret to 
 say that the use of intoxicating liquor has retarded their pro- 
 gress greatly." He owns a house, and seven acres of land. 
 Educated by Mrs. H. F. Benson. 
 
 Tho:mpson, Robert A. From Lynchburg, Va. He was one of "The 
 Hampton Student Singers." He taught a while at the " But- 
 ler School." Died of consumption, 1878, at the School. 
 Educated by the Misses Wigglesworth. 
 
 Townes, Southall a. Born in Clarksville, Va., 1857. He says : 
 " When I left Hampton, I entered the educational field to toil 
 as a teacher of my race, and I have labored yearly and faith- 
 fully in the cause until now, and I am still trying to do all 
 that is in my feeble power for the general improvement of my 
 
96 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 race. I have done all my work in Mecklenburg Co. I taught 
 seven years at Smith's Cross Roads; one, at Clarksville; four, at 
 Boydton. I suppose, nine hundred or a thousand children 
 have been taught by me, and, at all these places, my labors 
 were crowned with success. About eighteen have become 
 teachers, and some are doing good work. I have a large Sun- 
 day school of seventy- five pupils, composed of old and young, 
 and they seem anxious to learn about Christ and His word." 
 
 •' 1 am married, and have five children. I own fifteen acres 
 of land and two horses. Am teaching and farming, and aim 
 to do all the good I can and not make any fuss about it." 
 " The people are moving forward." He lives in Clarksville, Va. 
 
 Educated by W. Hurlburt. 
 
 Vanison, Charles. Born in Richmond, Va., 1853. Has been in 
 the School, or connected with it, nearly all the time since en- 
 tering in '73. When a baby, his mother's young mistress was 
 married, and he and his sister were given, to her : finally, his 
 mother, for the sake of being with her children, went also — 
 but the young master was very ugly to her. One day, for some 
 slight misdemeanor,almost without knowing why, he seized her, 
 assisted by another man, tied her, beat her unmercifully, and 
 then took her to Richmond to sell her, taking two men along 
 beside himself. 
 
 " But Oh me ! when he returned from Richmond, he 
 looked at me and said I was just like my mother, and he was 
 going to take it out of me while I was small ; and he would 
 kick me and knock me over, and on the head, because T was so 
 like my mother. I used to try to get his two young sons to 
 teach me, but they said their father did not allow it. But 
 they would sometimes make letters on the ground and have 
 me try to do the same, and I heard them say, ' he can learn as 
 fast as we can,' and they would not do it any more." The full 
 story of his interesting experiences is too long to insert 
 here. 
 
 " After the fall of Richmond, I started out to work for 
 board and clothes and what schooling I could get. In '72, I 
 came to Hampton, but I had no money, and the School was 
 full. I came again in '73, and stayed, but was sent out in 
 '74, to go and earn money to pay what I owed the School. 
 I went home, but I thought I never could get back to school 
 again. Then came a letter from Mr. Howe, saying to come 
 back, he had work for me. I said to myself I would try and 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 97 
 
 do all that I could that I might stay. From that time to this 
 I have looked to Mr. Howe as I would to a father. He has 
 given me good wholesome instructions, and I have remained 
 connected with the School until now ! " 
 
 In 'Si, he was married to Sarah Peterson of the same 
 class. They were given the charge of the School's "Hemenway 
 Farm," with its work students and night school. They have two 
 sons, and own house and land worth about $5,000. He says : 
 " The colored people are improving, but owing to their ignor- 
 ance their property is often taken from them, My aim is to 
 do all the good I can for my people, and make all I can for my 
 family." 
 
 Our farm manager, to whom he looks " as to a father " 
 says of him : 
 
 " It is with satisfaction we look back and notice the growth 
 of Charles H. Vanisorulfeince entering the Normal School in 
 1871. He worked his own way through, and after graduating 
 was employed here on the farm, and later, was placed in charge 
 of the Hemenway farm, as he had proved himself a go-a-head, 
 trustworthy man. By strict economy, and good investments, 
 he has accumulated property worth at least $5,000, in two lots 
 and a farm. He now resigns to take charge of his own farm 
 and property. An honest and straight-forward man and a 
 good citizen. A worthy example for all our students to fol- 
 low. — Albert Howe." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. E, H. Bartol, 
 
 and Mr. and Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 *White, Boswell S. Born in Matthews Co., Va., 1856. Was one of 
 " The Hampton Student Singers." He taught at Hampton, 
 Va., in Matthews Co., and assisted at the " Butler " School : 
 Left there in '84. Married Julia E. Gray, Class of '81, and 
 went to Boston. Educated by Hon. Martin Brimmer. 
 
 * Williams, Robert B. Born in Augusta, Ga., i860. From Hamp- 
 ton, he went to Williston Seminary at Easthampton, Mass.; 
 from there to Yale College. In '86 he joined " The Fisk Sing- 
 ers," and travelled through Europe, and on to Australia. 
 He is married ; his wife is of English descent,and they are now 
 living in New Zealand. His son ought to have received " The 
 Cup " of his class in Yale, being the first son of the class, but 
 the announcement was so long in reaching this country that 
 the cup was bestowed on a little later comer. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Maria D. W. Rogers 
 
 and Miss Charlotte D. Wolfe. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
98 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 *WiLLiAMS, Abram C. Born in Warwick Co., Va. Lived in Hamp- 
 ton, and married Susan V. Coleman, an ex-student of '81, also 
 of Hampton. Is employed at the Hygeia Hotel, Old Point 
 Comfort. 
 
 Educated by Hon. Wm. E. Dodge. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 
 
 Davenport, Clark. From Charlotte C. H., Va. Left on account 
 of ill health, and.has since died. 
 
 Educated by John E. Williams. 
 *Irving, David. From Beaufort, N. C. 
 
 Educated by E. H. Merrill. 
 =^Washington, Bessick. From Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Eliza Collins. 
 
 % 
 
 ex-stUdeNts, middle class, is/e. 
 Davenport, William B. Born in Staunton, Va., 1858. He has 
 taught eleven years in Maryland and Virginia, at least five 
 hundred children, six of whom are now teaching. He is now 
 Superintendent of a large Sunday school in Staunton, Va., 
 and is engaged in temperance work also. He is married. 
 Owns a house and lot worth $500. He is teaching, " with a 
 strong inclination for the ministry." Says the people are im- 
 proving in wealth and intelligence. 
 
 JUNIOR CLASS, 1876. 
 
 Moten, Helen. Born in Alexandria, Va. She says : " My chief ob- 
 ject was music, vocal and instrumental. I was member of the 
 School choir. My health would not permit me to finish at 
 Hampton. My mother and father died, and my sister and I 
 kept the family of five children, together. Three graduated 
 from the High School this year. I have travelled with mus- 
 ical companies, and given many concerts for charity, and 
 played for the President of the United States (Garfield). I 
 have taught music five years in Washington, and been organ- 
 ist in leading churches. In August, '88, was appointed teach- 
 er of music in the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute in- 
 Petersburg, Va." Lucy J. Moten, sister of Helen, has a 
 similar record. She is now travelling round the world as 
 pianist with the Company organized by Mr. Orpheus McAdoo, 
 of Class of '75- 
 
 Educated by Wm. Endicott. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 99 
 
 CLASS OF 1878. 
 
 Bennett, Millie A. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1857. She taught 
 in Norwood, Va. She wrote that she had a very good, com- 
 fortable school-house, well lighted and warmed. The fourth 
 term, she wrote : " I find plenty to do. My Sunday-school 
 is getting along splendidly. I have received Sunday-school 
 papers all summer, which I have given out, and when they 
 are returned I have sent th.em away to another school. 
 
 I have established a Temperance Society ; have thirty-six 
 members. I can't teach the old, but the young ; yes, I teach 
 the old through their young. I have found that strong drink 
 is the besetting sin of the people. How good it is to be a 
 teacher ! I only wish to be a better one. I am resolved to do 
 all I can." Died 1885. 
 
 Educated by Wellington Smith and Mrs. C. L. Spencer. 
 
 Bray, Maria A. (Mrs. William A. Day.) Born in Greensboro, N. C, 
 1861. She taught in Pulaski Co., Va., five months ; in Notta- 
 way Co., twenty-seven months; in Salisbury, N. C, six months; 
 Winton, N. C, fifteen months. Has had large schools and 
 some quite advanced scholars, two of whom were prepared 
 for the Middle Class at Hampton. Has taught not less than 
 three hundred and eighty children ; a dozen of them are 
 teachers. She spoke, in '82, of receiving a barrel of clothing 
 from Mr. Geo. E. Brown, for the children, "which helps con- 
 siderably, as many of the parents are too poor to buy sufficient 
 clothing. Mr. Brown is the friend of us teachers." 
 
 In '86, she married Mr. Wm. A. Day, of Greensboro, N. C, 
 " a tobacco broker ;" they have four children in all ; one is her 
 own. She is now learning dressmaking, and aims to get as 
 near the top of the ladder as she can. They own real estate 
 valued at $2,000 ; four houses in Durham, N. C. " General 
 condition of our people in Greensboro is good ; there are few 
 renters, many good mechanics ; we have good schools and 
 churches ; one colored doctor ; our people have certainly 
 improved themselves, and are second to no other town in that 
 respect." " I teach in the M. E. Sunday-school, and am Sec. 
 of our W. C. T. U., both of which are flourishing." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
lOO TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Bright, Mary E. (Mrs. John W. Williams.) Born in Hampton, Va., 
 1 86 1. She taught three terms at Newport News, where she 
 had one hundred and fifty pupils. In '8^, she married John 
 W. Williams, class of '72, and has three children. Her present 
 occupation is housekeeping. Lives in Hampton, 
 Educated by Samuel S. Ward. 
 
 Chisman, Elva. (Mrs. Harry Gardiner.) Born in Hampton, Va., i860. 
 Says : " After I left school, I went to Bay View to teach. 
 I found plenty of work for me to do. I opened school in 
 October, with fifty scholars on roll, and only four benches for 
 them to sit on. My first work then, was to take the place of 
 a carpenter, or pay for one myself. I got a few old planks 
 that happened to be around, and put them on logs of wood, to 
 answer for benches until I could see some of the working 
 men. It was about the last of November before I got my 
 seats made. I did very nicely while the weather was warm ; 
 when it was cold we suffered, on account of the stove being 
 very small and the school house being very open. I also had 
 a very good Sunday-school. 
 
 I taught here five months ; then went North to Ports- 
 mouth, N. H. to live, and stayed two years. I then went over 
 to Bay View again, and had the same school. I found but 
 little improvement in the school house, but I am happy to 
 say the children had been trying to make the best use of their 
 time. Some had been obliged to stop and go to work, and 
 some had to stay at home so that their younger brothers and 
 sisters could go. I have not heard of any being teachers ; 
 they were all very young at that time. I taught between 
 ninety-five and a hundred children. 
 
 " I am now teaching in the 3d Baptist Sunday-school. I 
 am married and have one little girl. My occupation is house- 
 keeping, and I aim to do right and to train those under my 
 care the same." (She married Henry Gardiner of Hampton, a 
 member of this class, who left school from the Middle class, 
 without graduating.) " The condition of the colored people is 
 good. They are coming up with the times equal to their 
 white neighbors." 
 
 Educated by S. M. Felton. 
 
 Davis, Ann Eliza. Born in Whitwell, Va., 1854. She taught in 
 Nansemond Co., Va. She assisted in the Industrial Room — 
 the Sewing Dept. — of this School, and was very efficient, 
 being a very good seamstress. Died 1881. 
 Educated by C. J. Starr. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. lOI 
 
 Fields, Catherine. Born in Hampton, Va., 1S58. Studied Latin 
 after leaving school. 
 
 She taught at the Lincoln School in Hampton before en- 
 tering this school, and has taught there ever since graduating. 
 Six hundred children have been under her care ; ten of these 
 are teachers. She has been a teacher in Sunday-school fifteen 
 years, and was Secretary of the Temperance Society five 
 years. She owns three town lots with houses thereon. Her 
 present occupation is teaching, and she " aims " to do all she 
 can while here, in the way of instructing others. Says : " The 
 condition of the people is much better than in the past ; they 
 are steadily improving." 
 
 Educated by S. A. Chase. 
 
 Francis, Eliza. Born in Hampton, Va., 1858. Her mother died 
 when she was eighteen years old, the oldest of eight children; 
 the youngest, four months old. All the care of the family 
 and housekeeping came upon her. She thought the best 
 thing to do for herself and for them all, was for her to keep 
 on at school, and that would enable her to do more for the 
 other children. 
 
 All the others have been to school and are doing well. 
 The brothers are taking care of themselves, one sister is 
 teaching, the youngest is at the Whittier School, will enter 
 the Normal School next year. The father died a few years 
 ago. She taught at Matthews C. H. three terms, and in the 
 town of Hampton four terms. She taught about one hundred 
 and seventy pupils ; one has become a teacher. 
 
 There was a very good Sunday-school at Matthews. She 
 had the charge of the " young ladies' Bible class " in the 
 Baptist church. She had Sunday-school at church in the 
 morning, and in the afternoon in her school house ; older 
 people would come, and it was often crowded ; it would hold 
 more than a hundred. They often had a prayer meeting af- 
 wards, and they had Sunday-school concerts. 
 
 She now has a little shop in Hampton, where she does 
 millinery and dressmaking, quite successfully. She owns her 
 house and lot. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. P. W. S. Canfield. 
 
 Green, Lavonia T. (Mrs. Langston.) Born in Gatesville, N. C, 1856. 
 Her father and mother died before she was three years old, 
 leaving a family of eleven children. The eldest brother and 
 sister took care of the smaller ones, till they were large 
 enough to help work. 1868, was the first year she went to 
 
I02 ^ TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 school. In '73, she went to school a few months to Florence 
 Newsome, a Hampton graduate of '72 ; since graduating she 
 has taught at Edenton, N. C, twelve months ; Winton, N. C, 
 four months ; Gatesville, N. C, three years ; Reynoldson, N. 
 C. twelve months, and at Whaleyville, Va., twenty-four 
 months. She has taught three hundred pupils, about twenty 
 of whom have become teachers. 
 
 In '86, she m arried Joseph Langston, a farmer, and is now 
 housekeepmg ; has one child. They own stock and real es- 
 tate. " The people are rapidly improving." Lives in Whaley- 
 ville. Educated by John P. Truesdale. 
 Johnson, Agnes. Born at Bleak Hill, King William Co., Va., 1856. 
 
 " I was born a slave, and when I was old enough I was 
 taken into the house as a child's nurse. My f9.ther and moth- 
 er came to Fort Monroe in '63, and there they learned that 
 the colored children were going to school. They had to work 
 hard to buy my books, and get me ready to go to school, 
 ' That it may be some benefit to you in the future,' they said. 
 Five long tedious years I went through rain and snow, as I 
 was anxious to learn." 
 
 " Since leaving Hampton Institute, I have been to Peters- 
 burg Normal College six months and studied History, Geog- 
 raphy, Arithmetic, Reading and Bookkeeping." " I have 
 taught private school at home, as I had the care of my mother 
 who was an invalid. I have also taught in Nansemond Co., 
 five months, in Nelson Co., seven months, and in Charles 
 City, two terms. Have taught 1 1 5 small children ; three have 
 become teachers. The people are improving, the majority 
 live in their own homes." She owns a house and lot. Lives 
 near Hampton. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Henry Callender. 
 * Lewis, Lavinia B. (Mrs. Bragg.) Born in Norfolk, Va., i86o." Af- 
 ter graduating, she taught in the North St. School in Norfolk. 
 In '83, she married Mr. Bragg and went to Burkeville, Va., to 
 live. In '87, she was teaching in the country near Burkeville; 
 had forty-three on roll. 
 
 Educated by William B. Spooner. 
 Lucas, Sarah A. Born in Fauquier Co., Va., 1858. Taught in Nelson 
 Co., Va. Was taken ill while teaching. Died 1882. 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 
 Lumpkin, Dixie Clementina, (Mrs. F. D. Banks.) Born in Mil- 
 ledgeville, Ga., 1861. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAiMPTON INSTITUTE. IO3 
 
 She taught at Smithfield, Va., six months ; in York Co., 
 two terms; James City, one term ; in Charles City Co.. four 
 terms ; at Caytonville, Md., one term. 
 
 At one time, she wrote : " The parents are very back- 
 ward about sending their children ; the first week there were 
 but three, and the first month there were not enough schol- 
 ars to continue the school ; but when I notified them that I 
 would have to leave unless the number of scholars increased, 
 they sent them, tho' many were kept at home to get ' fixed 
 up,' or were put out to work. The people were very poor. 
 At another time, there was trouble about books. New ones 
 were introduced and they were not allowed to use their old 
 ones. The nearest place where new ones could be bought 
 was at Richmond, thirty-six miles away. The parents did 
 well ; in a month, the school was in running order. The 
 Supt. said we were ahead of all the other schools." After 
 teaching three years, she wrote : " The parents and children 
 show more interest than ever before." " I have taught about 
 three hundred children ; four have become teachers." 
 
 In '86, she married Frank D. Banks, class of '76. They 
 have two children, a girl and boy. She is now housekeeping; 
 living near Hampton Institute, in which her husband has 
 long been a bookkeeper. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Maria R. Towne. 
 
 *Mallette, Anna H. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1858. Soon after 
 graduating she was employed at Mrs, Russell's, St. Mary's 
 School, at Waterbury, Conn. In '81, she went to Wilming- 
 ton, N. C. to teach in her cousin Maria's place. (Maria, class 
 of 'it, died in '80.) At that time, she wrote, " I have one 
 hundred children in my room, to teach how to read, so you 
 can imagine my work ; I find it real tiresome at times. I think 
 it is the hardest work any one can do, but I like it ; tiresome 
 as it is, I would not give it up When I see what is to be 
 done, I wish I had begun sooner." 
 Educated by J. K. Webster. 
 
 * Merchant, Susan E. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1859. She has 
 always taught in her own city, Lynchburg. Has taught seven 
 years in one school. 
 
 In '82, she wrote to Mrs. Dixon she had ninety-five en- 
 rolled, with an average of eighty-nine. The children were all 
 trying very hard, so as to pass a good examination. She 
 sometimes thought the younger ones took more interest in 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
I04 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 their school than the older ones. In '86, she wrote Miss 
 Cleaveland that she had a Sunday school class ; there was a 
 large attendance at the school in summer, from four to six 
 hundred, and they had had a Christmas tree. 
 Educated by Thomas H. Powers. 
 
 Parker, Sarah J. (Mrs. Courd.) Born in Drummondtown, Va., 1853. 
 Says: " I left school not knowing where my lot was to be 
 cast. I spent my vacation at work on my father's farm. The 
 last of August, I applied for a school, but I had offended the 
 white people because I had taken a first class fare on board the 
 steamboat, and was therefore refused. I was disappointed and 
 discouraged. I was in debt to the School, and was very anx- 
 ious to pay. I wrote Miss Harrold asking her to get me a 
 place at service in the North. She did so, and, with her good 
 advice and recommendation, I went to live in Prof. Carter's 
 family in New Haven. I don't think I ever met any finer 
 people. I lived in the family seventeen months, and served 
 with satisfaction. I came to Hampton on my way home, and 
 squared with the school, and had $30 left. I felt that I had 
 dropped a burden. 
 
 My father objected to my teaching, so, as I could not go by 
 my own dictates, I settled the question by marrying a young 
 farmer, Mr. B. J. Courd. I find that a true Hamptonian's 
 work does not end at the school-house, but it must be in ev- 
 ery step that he or she takes. In the Sunday-school and in 
 the temperance cause, I have tried to prove myself a true 
 Hamptonian. Hampton's motto passes through my house- 
 hold. We are in good circumstances, our little farm is get- 
 ting to be more valuable. We are carrying a small insurance 
 valued at $5,000, and live stock beside. Our people are get- 
 ting on very nicely, each one striving to obtain a comfortable 
 home. Our school is not as good as it ought to be ; we have 
 had poor teachers. I hope that, next term, we may have a 
 good Hampton teacher. I am a farmer's wife with four chil- 
 dren, and I aim at advancement, and general improvement." 
 She lives in Drummondtown, Va. 
 
 Educated by John Cummings. 
 
 * Pryor, Jane. Born in Hampton, Va., 1862. Taught in Southamp- 
 ton Co., Va., three terms. Said she liked teaching, but wanted 
 to be nearer home. Is now employed in the Printing Office 
 of the school, and doing very well. 
 Educated by Samuel Willetts. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 05 
 
 * Scott, Clara M. Born in Manchester, Va., 1857. Taught at Pun- 
 goteague, and in Middlesex Co., Va. In '82, she wrote Mrs. 
 Dixon : " The colored people in this vicinity are improving 
 to a great extent. They are trying to be something and to 
 have something; a good many of them have good, comforta- 
 ble homes." 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary Bronson. 
 
 Taliaferro, Angelina, (Mrs. Morris.) Born in Amherst Co., Va. 
 
 1856. She taught in Nelson Co., Va., from '79 till '82, and in 
 Lynchburg since '82. She has taught not less than five: hun- 
 dred children, does not know how many are teachers. Says , 
 " I find I can do more work where I have taught, and where I 
 know children, and they understand me, than in a new field." 
 
 " At one time, Mr. G. E. Brown sent a barrel of crackers: 
 some clothing, etc., and I had a Thanksgiving festival at the 
 school. I asked the children what they were thankful for; 
 there were almost as many different answers as children : 
 eyesight, peace, religion, books, friends, etc. One little fel- 
 low not more than nine j'^ears old, said : " I'm thankful we are 
 not slaves." 
 
 Her husband is a Baptist minister ; they have three 
 children and they have a very comfortable home in Lynch- 
 burg. They own the property on which they live. She is 
 now teaching a private school, and aims to elevate her race. 
 Says : " The people are in a prosperous condition and sure- 
 ly improving." 
 
 Educated by the Misses Wigglesworth. 
 Weaver, Lucy A. (Mrs. Knight). Born in Kanawha Co., West Va.^ 
 
 1857. Has lived in Cambridge, Mass., and also in Water- 
 bury, Conn. In '81, she married William Copeland, class of '78. 
 He died in '84. Is now married to Henry Knight, and lives- 
 in Hampton, Va. Has one little girl and is teaching at home 
 a class of four girls and seven boys. They own their house. 
 She is teaching, sewing and assisting in the farm manage- 
 ment. Says : " I think the people are slowly improving." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. J. S. B. Knox. 
 Anderson, Charles A. Born in Charlottesville, Va., 1857. Taught 
 in Virginia. In the fall of '78, he went to New Orleans, af- 
 terwards to Kansas City, where he taught two or three years. 
 Died in 1882. 
 
 Educated by Chas. L. Sharpless. 
 BoBSON, Allen A. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1857. Taught five years 
 in Piscataway, Md. Was obliged to give up his school on ac- 
 
 *Did no t answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
Io6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 count of ill health, and for a time was in the hospital at 
 Washington. A lady friend of Hampton, through Gen. Mar- 
 shall, helped him at that time to pay for a home for his moth- 
 er and sister, which he was trying to do. 
 
 He has now a school at Port Conway, Va., with fifty-six 
 on roll, and an average attendance of forty-three. 
 
 He says : " I find the people in the rural districts less 
 dependent. Many of them have finished paying for their 
 homes and are now making more than it takes to live. They 
 show unmistakable signs of progress ; their bargains and con- 
 tracts are more business like. I also notice that their wild 
 and frantic worships are being replaced by those that are 
 more quiet and intelligent, but equally fervent. They ac- 
 knowledge the importance of education. This community is 
 behind in school matters. Most of the schools have been 
 taught by native white teachers, and there is not that interest 
 here as in most communities, but I think I shall be able to 
 bring it up to the standard." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. J. Kittredge. 
 
 BOLLING, Thomas W. Born in Charles City Co, Va., 1856. He 
 taught in Charles City Co. In '82, had the largest school in the 
 county, colored or white, and was liked by parents, children 
 and school board. Died in 1886. 
 Educated by W. E. Barnes. 
 
 Brown, Jacob T. Born in Hilton Head, S. C, 1859. Said: "I 
 spent five years in teaching ; viz: one at Great Bridge, Va., 
 three at Bluffton, S. C, and one at Hilton Head. I taught 
 about one hundred and fifty children. Perhaps you are aware 
 that the materials we are handling are by no means like yours, 
 but must be coaxed, persuaded, and begged to do that which 
 is to benefit them only." 
 
 He thought the Negroes on the Sea Islands on the coast 
 of South Carolina, " superior, morally, mentally, education- 
 ally and financially to any class of their race in the State.' 
 The poor whites were friendly with the blacks, but behind 
 them in the desire for education. 
 
 In '85, he entered Lincoln University, Pa., and took the 
 regular college course. Is now a divinity student there. His 
 " aim " is the ministry among his people. 
 Educated by A. Mclntyre. 
 
 *CoLES, Richard T. Born in Pittsburg, Pa., 1855. He taught at 
 Bridgewater, Va., and was principal of a public school in 
 
 *Did not reply to last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 107 
 
 Kansas City, Mo., also editor of the Kansas City Dispatch. 
 
 Educated by S. D. Warren. 
 COPELAND, William. Born at Portsmouth, Va. He entered Storer's 
 College, Harper's Ferry, Va. In '81 he married Lucy A. 
 Weaver, a graduate of this class. Died in 1884. 
 
 Educated by Prof. Fairman Rogers. 
 Daggs, William H. Born in Falmouth, Va., 1859. He taught at 
 the Glendower School in Albemarle Co., Va„ one year, taught 
 over eighty pupils, four have become teachers. He taught 
 Sunday school in Hampton, Va., six years ; also worked in 
 the temperance cause. 
 
 In '85, he married Sallie Carper, class of '80. They have 
 one little girl. He owns real estate and personal property. 
 He is a bookkeeper in the Treasurer's office at the School, 
 and "aims" to be "a good citizen, and a good Christian." 
 
 General J. F. B. Marshall says, " Wm. H. Daggs has 
 proved himself competent and faithful, not only in office 
 work, but in many other capacities in which his services have 
 been required. Of a deeply religious nature, his influence 
 not only upon the students, but among the young men of the 
 town, has been valuable. And as one of the Quartette of 
 Singers who have yearly visited the North, he has, by his gen- 
 tlemanly bearing and judicious remarks, as well as by his 
 sweet voice, made a good impression, and rendered valuable 
 service to the School. He is one of the sweetest tempered 
 and most courteous men I know, and it is always pleasant to 
 have dealings with him." 
 
 Now spends part of the year in the North, obtaining sub- 
 scribers for the Southern Worktnan and speaking for the school. 
 
 Educated by Rev. G. R. Leavitt, and D. A. Waldron. 
 *Davis, Joseph S. Born at Chatham, Va.. i860. In November, '87, 
 he wrote Miss A. E. Cleveland, that after graduating he was 
 principal of colored schools in Chatham, Va., and also for a 
 time was secretary and vice-president of the Virginia State 
 Colored Teachers Association. In '82 he went to Washing- 
 ton, D. C. While in the land office he studied law ; was gra- 
 duated from the Law Department of Howard University in '85, 
 and was admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia, and 
 afterwards in Baltimore, Md., being the second colored man 
 admitted in that state. 
 
 He said : " I am convinced that the work done at 
 Hampton, is just the work needed for the material advance- 
 ment of the great mass of colored people." 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
Io8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Has not reported since '87. He is married, and lives in 
 Baltimore. Educated by John Gibb. 
 
 Dodge, Wiley E. Born in Salisbury, N. C, 1857. He has taught 
 since '78, in Randolph, Stanley and Rowan Counties, S. C. 
 Twelve of his scholars have become teachers He has also 
 been engaged in Sunday school. In '81 he married Mary A. 
 Grey, class of '76. They have one child. They own their 
 house and lot. He is teaching and will remain a teacher. Of 
 the people, he says : " I am hopeful ; you can rest assured 
 they are improving." Educated by Benjamin Coates. 
 
 DoRSETTE, Nathaniel C. Born in Davidson Co., N. C, 1859. "My 
 mother was taken away when I was about two months old, 
 and I was left on the plantation with my grandmother. She 
 having to do a definite amount of work daily, I got but little 
 attention, but spent the most of my young days shut up in 
 the house alone, and so far away from everybody that if I 
 cried it did not disturb any one. My mother only saw me 
 once or twice a year until emancipation ; then I was with her. 
 I think I was ten years old before I saw the inside of a school 
 hoiase, and then I could only go a little in the winter, when I 
 could not work. I went in this way, till I was sixteen. Feel- 
 ing the need of an education, and hearing of Hampton, where 
 I could work and pay my way, I went there in September, '76, 
 and I can truthfully say that I have never been benefited so 
 much by going to any place in my life." 
 
 After graduating at Hampton he went to Lyons, N. Y., 
 with the fixed purpose of obtaining a medical education. En- 
 tering the service of Dr. Vosburg, whom he had met while 
 working at Old Point in the previous vacation, he took care 
 of the Doctor's horse, studying Latin, etc., with his assist- 
 ance, evenings and odd times. With this preparation, he en- 
 tered the Medical College at Syracuse, N. Y., paying his 
 way by hard work and boarding himself and making a good 
 record there and in the University at Buffalo, N. Y., where he 
 went for economic reasons, and from which he was graduated 
 in medicine, in 1882. He was then appointed physician of 
 the Wayne County alms-house and insane asylum ; the same 
 position his friend and preceptor had tilled. The height of 
 his ambition was to be a successful physician. At that time 
 he wrote : " Had I the wealth of an Astor or a Vanderbilt, 
 my greatest desire would be to establish a hospital for the re- 
 lief of suffering humanity. 
 
 He went to Montgomery, Ga., in '84, and there passed a 
 rigid examination before the medical profession of that city. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. IO9 
 
 with whom his relations have been ever since most pleasant. 
 He has now a large practice among the colored people of 
 Montgomery, who are generally prosperous : has all he can do 
 with three good horses, and is never through work before ten 
 or twelve o'clock. He also has a drug store and employs two 
 efficient clerks, but much of the business he attends to himself. 
 Says : " I have made considerable money since I have 
 been here, and, in the main, saved it, although I have had my 
 share of misfortune. I have had a complete course in the 
 school of experience, and am entitled to a diploma. Through 
 all I have kept steadily pushing to the front, and, in the words 
 of General Armstrong, I ' never say die.' " 
 
 " I have worked hard for the cause of education, and 
 have contributed liberally, labor and money. As to church 
 • and Sunday school work, I have done very little, my time be- 
 ing so completely occupied, and there are so many who can 
 do that, who cannot do what I am doing." 
 
 He is married and has one child. ( His first wife and 
 child died the same week, in '85.) He owns city property 
 worth $10,000, and a drug store worth $3,000. He saj^s : "The 
 people are buying homes and educating their children, and I 
 am certain of a steady improvement, materially and intellect- 
 ually." 
 
 Educated by Moses D. and E. Scull. 
 
 Fauntleroy, Joseph S. Born in Hanover Co., Va., i860. Studied 
 theology and Latin, one term, at Wayland Seminary in '84. 
 Taught, five months each, in Elizabeth City Co., Surrey Co., 
 and Prince George Co.; in Princess Anne Co., six months, and 
 in Gloucester Co., three terms. Has taught about three hun- 
 dred children, about six of whom have taught. Is engaged 
 in Sunday school, and thinks the influence on the children is 
 generally good. He is married and has had one child, who 
 died ; has accumulated about $800. in real estate and personal 
 property. " My occupation is teaching and my aim in life is 
 to better the condition of my race. Generally the people are 
 well informed and seem desirous of being educated, and ul- 
 timately will succeed." He lives in Roans, Gloucester Co., Va. 
 Educated by Mrs. Stephen Griggs and Joseph W. Bacon. 
 
 FiELD.s, John A. Born at Hanover C. H., 1855. Was a barber in 
 New York city. Was married. Died in 1887. 
 Educated by C. P. Baldwin. 
 
 Fields, G. Washington. Born at Clover Plains, Va., 1854. Attend- 
 ed night school of the Y. M. C. A, in New York city two 
 
no TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 years ; studied French. While in New York city, he taught 
 for about three years, a private free school composed of twelve 
 young men who worked in the same employ. Is at present 
 a law student at Cornell University, and " aims " to do his 
 duty. " The condition of the colored people can be favor- 
 ably compared with that of any other people of their oppor- 
 tunities. They are improving." 
 Educated by Geo. W. Chase. 
 
 Hackley, Elias. Born in Nelson Co., Va., 1854. Says: "I have 
 taught every year, and have tried to be useful among my peo- 
 ple. The first school I taught after leaving Hampton was 
 the Catawba school at a salary of $25. a month. I taught 
 Sabbath school and tried to inculcate the principles of true man- 
 hood and womanhood. The next, was in Salem school district. 
 School teaching there was very poor encouragement, a^ the 
 county then paid on]y$2i.5o per month. This was a place of ig- 
 norance and superstition. These people believed in evil spirits^ 
 witches and conjurors. The school board thought it best to 
 move me to a better field, where the school was larger. This 
 was the Hanging Rock school. The first three years they 
 gave me $23. and then my pay was raised to $30. I have taught 
 here eight years, and am satisfied that I have done a great 
 deal of good. I found the people here in better condition 
 than in either of the other places stated above. Yet there 
 was plenty to be done ; not only in Sunday school, and tem- 
 perance work, but teaching the spirit of industry, which I 
 have tried to show by working after my school closed till it 
 would start again. I have located here; own about sixty 
 acres of land, six are in orchard. I am married, have three 
 children, and am doing all I can to build up the community. 
 The people are improving and the newspapers of the South 
 have stopped saying the Negro is shiftless, since he wants 
 his own vine and fig tree. They can only bring up the col- 
 or line and speak of his alliance to the Republican party. 
 This is kept up by the newspaper men who do more harm 
 than they do good." Lives in Salem, Va. 
 Educated by Mrs. P. M. Bryson. 
 
 Harris, Henry T. Born in Middlesex Co., Va., 1853. Studied Latin 
 two years since graduating. Has taught in Middlesex Co., Va., 
 eight years. In '86, he married Mary Thornton, of Hampton ; 
 they " have two children, W. D. and Naomie." His occupations 
 are farming and teaching. Of the people he says : " The 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. Ill 
 
 advancement in the acumulation of property is improved. In 
 morals it is not equal." Lives in Urbana, Va. 
 
 Educated by H. P. Kidder. 
 Henderson, Hannibal S. Born in Raleigh, N. C, 1858. He went 
 to St. Augustine Institute at Raleigh, and studied for the 
 ministry in the Episcopal church. He wrote Mrs. Dixon : 
 "You are of course aware of the fact that a man, to enter the 
 ministry of the Episcopal church, must know nearly every 
 thing. I have read several Latin and Greek authors, and 
 have nearly finished the Gospels in the Greek text. I am 
 teaching a class in " First Latin Book," one in arithmetic, 
 grammar, history and one beginning Greek. In this way I 
 pay my schooling. I bless the day I entered old Hampton ; 
 she has carried me safely thus far. The seeds sown there are 
 evidently bearing fruit. My education there has enabled me 
 to take hold of the languages with more ease." 
 
 He was one of the teachers at the St. Augustine Insti- 
 tute. Was ordained Deacon, and had charge of a church in 
 Lexington, Ky. Was married in '84. Died in Lexington, Ky., 
 1887. 
 
 Educated by Frank Peabody. 
 Hill, Stepney B. Born in Danville, Va., 1857. He taught in Dan- 
 ville in the Friends' School, under Alfred Jones, two terms ; 
 in Halifax Co., two ; in Pittsylvania Co., two ; in Bedford Co., 
 one ; in Caswell Co., N. C, one. He has taught about seven 
 hundred children, twenty five of whom have become teach- 
 ers. In '83, he attended Iowa College, taking college studies; 
 afterwards Leonard Medical College, Raleigh, N. C, and 
 Shaw University. He is now a physician in Danville, Va., 
 owns a lot valued at $500., a horse and buggy. Thinks there 
 is no lack of opportunities for doing good in his chosen field. 
 Has been practising medicine a year, and thinks his work has 
 been a success. " The people are improving ; seem to have 
 learned that education, morality and wealth, are the road to 
 success. One fourth of the property holders are colored." 
 
 Educated by C. L. Swan. 
 *Jenkins, Thomas. Born at St. Helen's Isle, S. C, 1855. After 
 graduating he was employed awhile on the School farm. In 
 '82 he was caterer, and had an eating saloon in Philadelphia. 
 
 Educated by Amos P. Tapley. 
 Johnson, William H. Born in Petersburg, Va., 1858. " My par- 
 ents struggled hard and denied themselves many of the nec- 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
[12 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 essaries of life, to enable me to get a little education. After 
 going as far as the public schools of Petersburg would advance 
 me, I was stopped from school and sent to Richmond to work 
 at the cooper's trade, till I could master my business. Then, 
 by the aid of my father, I attended the Hampton N. & A In- 
 stitute, my father paying half my board in money, and I work- 
 ing the rest. The education which I obtained at Hampton 
 has been of great service to me. I have taught in Surrey, Va., 
 one year; in Chesterfield, seven years, and at Petersburg one 
 year; working at my trade as cooper at intervals. I have 
 taught about three hundred different children. I am teacher 
 in the Oilfield Baptist Sabbath School, in Petersburg. I am 
 married; own about $600 in real estate. $150 personal prop- 
 erty." 
 
 " The colored people are working very hard, and slowly 
 moving up the hill; they are accumulating property, especially 
 real estate." 
 
 Educated by F. L. Pond. 
 
 Jones, Charles H. Born in Salisbury, N. C, 1868. He has taught 
 in Kilton, S. C, eight years. Has taught about two hundred 
 and fifty children. Ten are teaching ; one is a minister, one 
 a physician. He is Superintendent of one Sunday-school, 
 and assistant Superintendent of another. Owns about $800 
 in real estate. Is teaching, and aims to benefit his race. 
 " The people are owning land and stock, educating their 
 children, and amassing some property." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Charlotte H. Means. 
 Merchant, Lewis R. Born in Virginia. Taught in Charles County, 
 Md., where he had from seventy-five to ninety on roll, with 
 an average of from fifty to sixty. His health failed and he 
 went to Washington. 
 
 Died 1886. 
 
 Educated by J. M. Jones. 
 Miller, Samuel T. Born in Burkeville, Va., 1855. He went to 
 West Coast of Africa, Bailunda, near Bihe, as a missionary 
 of the A. B. C. F. M., and was there four years, when the mis- 
 sion was broken up. He built a house there and had his school 
 in it. He had fifteen boys and thought the children began to 
 be interested in the school, and saw many hopeful signs which 
 gave him great encouragement. He wrote : " As yet I have 
 had no girls in school ; the girls are considered inferior to the 
 boys." He has taught five years in Nottaway Co., and one in 
 Albemarle Co., Va. Has taught about five hundred children. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. II3 
 
 seven are teachers. He is now living in Burkville owns a 
 house and lot worth $800. Farms in summer, and is teaching 
 public school. Of the people he says : " Some are improving, 
 others appear to be at a stand still." 
 Educated by C. P. Huntington. 
 
 Moody, Moses. Born in Hampton, Va., 1859. He taught in Mod- 
 esttown, Va., had seventy-eight on roll till spring, when many 
 had to leave to work on farms. Died 1885. 
 Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
 
 Phillips, Frederick. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1859. He taught 
 in Norfolk Co., Va., afterwards in Salem N. J., a colored 
 school before that taught by white teachers. While teaching, 
 he continued his studies, and afterwards went to the Willis- 
 ton Seminary at East Hampton, Massachusetts, paying his 
 own way by work in vacations, and boarding himself in term 
 time. He graduated from the Williston Seminary in 1884. 
 His record there in scholarship and conduct was as brilliant 
 and as good as Hampton could wish for one of her boys. 
 
 He finished a three years' course at the Williston in two 
 years. He stood No. 2, in a class of fifty (all white but himself) 
 and on graduating was salutatorian of his class. 
 
 It was his intention to enter Harvard College in the fall 
 of 1885, but death ended his life of great promise, in March, 
 1885. 
 
 He was one of the first Hampton students to teach in 
 New Jersey. His services there were so entirely satisfactory 
 to all concerned that Hampton teachers at once become pref- 
 erable in the section of the state in which he taught. 
 
 Educated by Dillwyn Parrish. 
 Potts, George W. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1857. Taught two 
 terms in Bear Quarter, Norfolk, Va. There were ninety-eight 
 on roll ; two or three are now teaching. 
 
 " Since I stopped teaching, I have been doing different 
 things for a living; from '81 to '84 I kept a general grocery 
 and provision store in Williamsburg, and did quite well, until 
 drawn into politics ; then negligence of business, and activity 
 in politics caused the former to sufier and the latter to pros- 
 per. In '81, I was elected member of the Common Council 
 of the great city of Williamsburg on the Republican ticket 
 and was re-elected in '82. The position being only honorary, 
 I thought I did not fit it. So in '83, I ran for Commissioner 
 of Revenue of the city of Williamsburg, and was elected for 
 f oar years o /er two competitors. The emoluments were so small 
 
114 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 that I again sought, and obtained an appointment under the 
 U. S. Government, as Deputy Collector and Inspector of Cus- 
 toms at Yorktown, Va., and served from May '84 till Sept. '86 
 when the Democratic hatchet , shied my way. I then moved 
 to Hampton, and served as butcher and hotel waiter. In '88, 
 with my family, I moved to Zanesville, Ohio,, and now live on 
 and manage a 150 acre farm of my father-in-law, Mr, N. T. 
 Gant, raising principally stock, wheat, and grass. I am get- 
 ting along nicely and try to "adapt myself to circumstances," 
 a principle I learned at Hampton and which has been a great 
 advantage to me since graduating." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Benjamin Marshall. 
 
 Powell, Ephraim C. Born in Hartford Co., N. C, 1854. He 
 went to Murfreesboro, N. C, and bought a little farm. He 
 wrote Mrs. Dixon that heVas teaching in a very poor log school 
 house, which was very cold, the children had scarcely clothes 
 to hide their nakedness. " The school house is really not fit 
 to teach in, I suffer myself, and I have an overcoat." " I came 
 to my old state and planted myself down exactly where I was 
 needed. I have been teaching here six years, and they still want 
 me as a worker among them. I am working hard trying to 
 buy me a little home. I thought that would be an example, 
 and encourage others to do so. 
 Died in 1883. 
 Educated by the Misses Newlin. 
 
 *Reese, Thomas. Born in Kingston, Jamaica, W. I., 1853. Was a 
 carpenter, and, after graduating, worked at his trade on the 
 School grounds. Was em.ployed by Mr. T. T. Bryce in his 
 canning establishment. Afterwards he went to Newport 
 News. In '82, reported he had property valued at $500. 
 Educated by Rev. Evarts Scudder. 
 
 Robinson, Francis E. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1848. Says: "I 
 have taught every year in Northampton Co., N. C, since June 
 '78. I do no temperance work except by example, by not 
 drinking." He owns fifty acres of land — and is very busy 
 farming and teaching. '• The Negro is progressing onward 
 and upward, but it is slow progress in either direction, because 
 every thing is apparently against him." 
 Educated by Rev. A. C. Small. 
 
 *SCARBOR, Cornelius C. Born in Hampton, Va., 1856. Wrote to 
 Mrs. Dixon in '81. " When I graduated I was not able to take 
 a school ; for one reason, I did not have the money to pay my 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I15 
 
 travelling expenses; neither did I have necessary clothing; so 
 I thought I would go out and work awhile I started for 
 Boston, and have been here ever since. I have been sick, 
 and I have been out of a situation, but I have climbed through 
 it all, and can say there is a bright and better day before me." 
 Educated by Mrs. R. W. Carter. 
 
 *ScoTT. Sterling C. Born in Charlotte Co , Va. 1854. Taught in 
 Charlotte Co., Va., two years. 
 
 In '81, he wrote Mrs. Dixon: " I like the work of teach- 
 ing, and would have remained in it, but the pay was so small 
 I could not treat myself justly, nor those that I owe. So I 
 am now at work in the U. S. Revenue office at Danville, Va., 
 as clerk. I shall never forget the School, and what it did for 
 me while I was there. I shall always look upon it as the 
 place of my birth." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. James R. Faulkner. 
 
 ^Servant, Alexander. W. Born in Hampton, Va , 1863. Is em- 
 ployed at the Hygeia Hotel, Old Point Comfort. 
 Educated by Ezra Farnsworth. 
 
 *Titus, Casper. Birth place and time unknown. After graduating, 
 he went to New York city where was his home. Then was 
 storekeeping in Hampton, owning a part of the store. Is now 
 in business in Norfolk, Va. 
 Educated by John Aitken. 
 
 *Wharton, Littleton. Born in Accomac Co., Va., 1857. He 
 taught at Drummondtown and Onancock, Accomac Co., Va. 
 Educated by Howard Potter. 
 
 Wright, Major D. Born in Warwick Co., Va., 1857. Taught at 
 Warwick three years, and had three sisters also teaching. He 
 had had about three hundred and fifty scholars. Thinks "it is 
 harder to get along with the Negroes than with the whites ; 
 the former think when a boy comes from school he feels above 
 them ; the only thing is for Hampton to send out three times 
 the number to help fight the battle." 
 
 He studied law three years and was admitted to the bar 
 in '86. Has been a farmer, been logging for this school, been 
 Commissioner of Internal Revenue for Warwick Co. Says he 
 is glad to help his people some other way than by teaching. 
 Was married in '89. Lives in Newport News, Va. 
 
 Educated by James White. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
Il6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO LEFT BEFORE GRADUATING. 
 
 Christian, Mary B, (Mrs. Garrison). Born in Petersburg, Va.,. 
 1857. 
 
 Taught in King William Co., one year and had seventy- 
 five on roll. Has assisted in Sunday school in the Mission 
 Chapel. She is married and has four children, and finds "life 
 mingled with much sorrow and sadness on account of in- 
 temperance." She attends to her household affairs, and 
 makes a little by washing. " The people are improving in the 
 city, they are industrious, but wages are small for laborers." 
 Lives in Petersburg. 
 
 Educated by Rev. G. R. Leavitt. 
 
 Waters, Mary P. H. Born in Hutchinson Island, S. C, 1859. Says: 
 " I am more than glad to report my six years work among my 
 race, since leaving the Elmira Water Cure, [where she was 
 kindly tre<ited for illness after leaving Hampton,] I 
 taught one term near Goldsboro, under the Friends of New 
 York City. Mrs. F. M. Coppens sent me. My next field was 
 Gwynn's Island, Matthews Co. I did five years work here. I 
 had evening Bible classes, sewing society, and singing school, 
 and a well attended day school. Have had one hundred and 
 eighty pupils — none have taught. Have worked faithfully in 
 the Sunday-school, and have a temperance society of twenty- 
 five members. I am now teaching in Accomac Co., Va., and 
 aim to be a useful, self-made woman. The people are poor, 
 very industrious, striving for an honest living ; the need of 
 education is strongly felt among them. They are striving to 
 advance their children in school." In one of her letters, she 
 speaks of receiving Miss Mary Anna Longstreth's letter to 
 the graduates, and says : " I can see her calm, quiet, cheerful, 
 happy face ; she was always doing and saying something to 
 make us happy and do us good. I have often told my children 
 about the dear kind teachers and friends at Hampton, who 
 have worked earnestly and faithfully to help fit us for some 
 usefulness among our people, or for any good work we felt 
 called upon to do." 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott. 
 
 Wright, Rebecca D. (Mrs. Short). Born at Warwick C. H., Va., 
 1854. Has taught at Hartshorne Memorial College, King 
 William Co., where she also studied music, etc.; in Warwick 
 Co., Mulbury Island, Bacon's Castle and Homewood, Va., 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. II 7 
 
 Says she has taught more than eight hundred children; only 
 knows of five among them who are teaching. Has never 
 missed teaching in Sunday-school. She is married and has 
 one child. Says : " My lot is as Paul's, continually establish- 
 ing new schools, and Sunday-schools. I hope to be a mission- 
 . ary always. 
 
 " The people have quit working and gone into politics to 
 get money, and are coming to nothing." 
 
 Educated by C. W. Bassett, and S. E. Chase, Superin- 
 tendc-nt of Sunday-school at Newton, Mass. 
 D.A.VENPORT, William Benjamin. Bom in Staunton, Va. 1858. 
 He taught after leaving school, in Ellicott City, Howard Co., 
 Md., where he had a large school. He left there and went to 
 Staunton, Va., to be with his widowed mother; has taught ever 
 since leaving school. Has had at least six hundred scholars. 
 Knows of six who are now teaching. Is superintendent of a 
 large Sunday school in Staunton, and is engaged in temper- 
 ance work also. Owns a house and lot valued at five hundred 
 dollars. Has "a strong incL'nition for the ministry." Says 
 the people are slowly improving. After ten years good work 
 as teacher, he re-entered the school in '87, to review some 
 studies and take advantage of its improved course in " meth- 
 ods and practice teaching." He is married, and lives in 
 Staunton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George Howe. 
 
 "^'Parker, James H. Born in Hampton, Va., i860, Taught in York 
 Co., Va. Afterwards went to Boston. 
 
 Educated by. Mrs. Lydia Maria Child, and Pennsylvania 
 
 Abolition Society. 
 SiNGFiELD, George S. Bom in Augusta, Ga., 1859. Says he taught 
 once, three months, in Chatham Co., Va., and had an average 
 of thirty-nine. Is now superintendent of a Sunday school. Is 
 married ; has had five children ; only one is living, a little girl 
 six years old. He owns two houses and a lot, valued at $300. 
 " I haven't forgotten my old school. Hampton has made a 
 man of me. I am living in my own house which I bought 
 with my own labor. I am a mechanic, carpenter and cabinet 
 maker. I preferred a trade to teaching. I want to be a min- 
 ister of the Gospel. 
 
 I cannot say that the people are improving; only that they 
 thirst after knowledge." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Henry W. Clark, Hyde Park S. S. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
Il8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 EX-STUDENTS, middle class ; 1878. 
 
 ASHBY, Mary A. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1858. Taught in Cape- 
 ville, Va., two terms, in James City Co., two years ; at Wil- 
 liamsburg, two years in public school, and three years in pri- 
 vate school. Has taught about two hundred children ; four 
 have become teachers. Is teaching when her health will per- 
 mit. " Aims " to be a Christian and do all the good she can. 
 " The people are improving." Lives in Williamsburg, Va. 
 Educated by Miss Sarah Russell. 
 
 McDowell, J. H. Came from Staunton, Va. Is now living at 
 Muchakinock, Iowa. Says, '• I was in the army from Feb. 
 '79 till '84. During that time I contracted a little throat 
 trouble, for which I draw $10. monthly pension. I am in 
 hopes of getting well of it shortly. While I was not able to 
 play in the band, (I was a musician), I taught school eight 
 months ; the only teaching I have done since leaving Hamp- 
 ton. I am School Director, elected by the farmers for part of 
 our town and school district. My work for the cause, and 
 against strong drinks, has been much a matter of business. 
 Nearly three years ago, I was appointed constable to serve the 
 unexpired term of another. At that time, there were seven sa- 
 loons in this town of thirteen hundred inhabitants ; but, before 
 the thirteen months rolled round which I was serving out, six 
 of these places were closed. I was candidate for the next elec- 
 tion, but was beaten by a ' whiskey man.' 
 
 In about a month I was appointed Deputy Sheriff, and 
 stationed at this place. The town has no drinking places 
 now." 
 
 .Educated by Mrs. C. T. Pond. 
 
 Russell, James Solomon. Born at Palmer's Spring, Va., 1857. He 
 taught three terms in Warren Co., N. C. Attended the Di- 
 vinity School at Petersburg three and a half years, and has 
 taught seven years in Lawrenceville, Va. He has taught over 
 four hundred ; about forty havebecome teachers. 
 
 He says : " My Sunday schools are large, and in a flour- 
 ishing condition. I have ever battled against intemperance." 
 In '84, he was " rector of three parishes. The Bishop had con- 
 firmed one hundred and twenty-nine persons " under his 
 charge. He is married and has three children. His wife has 
 a large school with one assistant. He. has a school connected 
 with the church. Sallie A. Davis, one of the ex-students of 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I 19 
 
 this school is one of the teachers. He says : " My aim is to 
 elevate my benighted brethren. The people are accumulat- 
 ing real estate and other property, they are making rapid prog- 
 ress, and occupy many stations in life." 
 
 CLASS OF 1879. 
 
 Burke, Wilhelmina G. Born in Ravensworth, Va., 1859. She 
 taught three terms at Ocean Cottage School, near Hampton, 
 and three terms at 'Bates' school, [district schools.] There 
 were one hundred and fifty or more scholars. She knows of 
 but one who is teaching. She had very pleasant and well at- 
 tended Sunday-schools in her school house, while teaching. 
 
 She was thirteen months at the Training School for 
 Nurses at West Philadelphia, and is now a professional nurse, 
 and " aims " to be " a true woman." Since leaving Hampton, 
 she says, she has had " but little chance to observe the progress 
 of the colored people, except in Alexandria and Washington; 
 there they have improved much in common sense, education, 
 and refinement. There was always a small class that pos- 
 sessed these three commodities, but that is no longer the case; 
 the former small body has grown to be a large one. There is 
 also improvement in taste in dress — a better quality and less 
 showy is worn. In our public schools we have boys in the 
 eighth grade studying algebra, geometry and physiology. The 
 maximum age of this class is fourteen years ; a few years ago 
 this class was made up of older children." 
 
 " I have done very little ; so there is very little to tell. I 
 taught six years near Hampton, from '80 till '86 ; during that 
 time I assisted in Sundaj^-school, temperance and mission 
 work." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Pauline Henry. 
 
 Chadwick, Della S. Born in Beaufort, N. C, 1857. She says: 
 " My first school was at Annapolis, Md. It was an industrial 
 school, gotten up by the ladies of the Naval Academy, who 
 were interested in the poor colored children of the city. 
 When I left Hampton, I was full of ideas and theories about 
 teaching, but I found the real work very different from the 
 imaginary, and sixty lively, healthy girls to teach and guide 
 mentally and morally, no easy task. They were very unruly 
 children, but, when they learned that I meant no, when I said 
 
I20 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 no, I hadn't any more trouble. I visited them in their homes 
 regularly and looked after them as much as I could." " The 
 summer of '80, I attended Teachers' Institute at Lynchburg, 
 six weeks. That fall I went to Massie's Mills. I was the first 
 lady teacher they had ever had, and the people were very 
 much afraid I could not manage so many large boys and 
 girls ; but I told them I had no fears. I found the children 
 very obedient, and anxious to learn. I had a public examina- 
 tion at the close of school, and the marked improvement of the 
 children was the talk of the neighborhood by white and 
 colored. 
 
 I had one hundred and twenty-five scholars on roll. The- 
 school house, which was built of logs, was crowded ; on pleas- 
 ant days I could not find room for my classes to stand. 
 The second term, I had an enrolment of one hundred and 
 eighty, and was given an assistant. At the close of the term 
 there, the last of February, I went to Cub Creek, and taught 
 till July. There they hadn't any Sunday-school, so I started 
 one. In the fall, I taught in Southampton Co., and, when the 
 school closed in March, the Supt. of Surry Co. wrote me to 
 go there. 
 
 The next winter I did not teach. I was in New Haven, 
 Conn., where I had entire charge of a sick child. Afterwards 
 I was with my mother, who died Sept., '84. I then went to ■ 
 my old school in Southampton Co., and taught three terms ; 
 also taught in Danielstown. Have taught about four hun- 
 dred ; several have taught and two are teaching now. 
 
 Finding my health failing, I was compelled to stop 
 teaching, for awhile ; I went North and have been doing light 
 housework. I expect to go back to Southampton Co., in the 
 fall ; for it is my great desire and aim to do all I can to help 
 build up my race. 
 
 I see great improvement in this ten years that I have 
 been out among my people. The great destroyer, intoxi- 
 cating drink, is losing his hold upon many of them. And the 
 cry is for more light." 
 
 Educated by Miss M. A. Wales, Mrs. Anna Richmond and 
 Miss Caroline Richmond. 
 
 Davidson, Olivia A. (Mrs. Booker T. Washington.) Born at Taze- n 
 well C. H., Va., 1854. Died May, 1889. 
 
 The following obituary was in the Christian Register of 
 June 6, 1889. 
 
 " The Tuskegee School is in the shadow of its first great 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 121 
 
 calamity. In the recent death of Mrs. OUvia Davidson 
 Washington, the accomplished wife of the principal, her hus- 
 band not only loses one who was a true helpmeet to him in 
 his home and in his work, but the school itself is bereaved of 
 a woman who had no small share in making it what it now is, 
 the highest illustration of the capacity of the properly trained 
 Negro to conduct wisely and successfully large educational 
 enterprises. 
 
 Olivia Davidson was a teacher in Memphis when the 
 schools were broken up by the yellow fever epidemic. She 
 offered her services as nurse to her people ; but, as she was 
 not acclimated, the mayor refused to accept them, telling her 
 to go away till the pestilence had passed by. Advised by a 
 friend to enter the Hampton Institute and learn its methods, 
 she joined the Senior Class, in which she at once took the 
 highest rank. Through the kindness of a Boston lady, to 
 whom Hampton owes much for liberal timely aid. Miss David- 
 son was enabled to take a course at the Framingham State 
 Normal School, where she graduated with the honors of the 
 class, and at once entered upon her chosen work of teaching 
 the children of her race, as lady principal of the Tuskegee 
 Normal School, then just established by another Hampton 
 graduate, Mr. Booker T. Washington, [class of '75-] To the 
 work of establishing this remarkable school, she devoted all 
 her ability, energy, and strength ; and her early death is 
 doubtless owing to her overwork in its behalf. Short-handed 
 and with insufficient facil ties, she maintained a high stand- 
 ard of class work, that compared favorably, in the judgment 
 of experts, with that of any of the schools or colleges con- 
 ducted by white teachers in the South ; and when, worn out 
 by the great labors of the session, she needed a season of rest, 
 she spent the vacations in the wearing work of making ap- 
 peals in the North for aid, in which she was remarkably suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 A few years ago, she married Mr. Washington, but con- 
 tinued to share in school work as much as the cares of the 
 family and her failing strength would permit. Her early 
 death is an irreparable loss to her husband and his three 
 motherless children, to the school, and to the cause of Negro 
 education." J. F. B. M. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes. 
 
 Eppes, Louisa A. (Mrs. C. L. Bethell.) Born in Farmville, Va., 1858. 
 In a letter givingan account of her life, she says : " I was born 
 
122 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 a slave. Freedom came to all before I was old enough to 
 feel any of the hardships of slavery of which I heard others 
 speak so horribly. 
 
 My father and mother were sood working people, very 
 desirous for liberty. At their earliest convenience they 
 rented a house and moved, to begin the noble struggle for 
 life. They had no reliable means of support, except their 
 ' ten friends ' — their fingers ; and they worked together like 
 two wagon -horses." "School was opened by teachers sent 
 from the North by the Freedman's Educational Society. I 
 went when I could. My parents made a comfortable living, 
 and headway enough to buy half an acre of land and build a 
 bouse, neatly arranged and comfortable." 
 
 " After I left Hampton, I came home to Farmville and 
 taught in the county six terms. After this I married and 
 moved to Blackstone, Nottoway Co., where I taught three 
 years. In '87, our dwelling was burned and we lost all we 
 had in the world. 
 
 We moved back to Farmville, and I have been teaching 
 here ; making eleven school years that I have taught. My 
 average has been about eighty-seven, yearly. I have two 
 children, a girl and a boy. 
 
 I am a dear lover of the Hampton school, and shall pray 
 for its success." 
 
 Educated by Miss Julia Wood. 
 
 Ireland, Mary C. (Mrs. Calloway.) Born in Waterproof, La., 1859. 
 
 " I left Hampton in the summer of '79, came home, and 
 taught school during the summer. In the fall, I passed a law- 
 ful examination and taught the public free school. At the 
 close of the term I was married to Ferdinand Calloway, (class 
 of '79). My home is ten miles from Lynchburg, only twenty 
 minutes ride in the cars, which makes it a very desirable coun- 
 try residence. I have taught here six years. I have an enrol- 
 ment of eighty two, with an average of fifty-five, which is a 
 large school for one teacher. My school work is heavy, from 
 the fact that I am trying to instil into the minds of those un- 
 der my care, purer motives and better things. I have taught 
 upward of one hundred and twenty-five. None have become 
 teachers. I have often wished I could live my school life o- 
 ver again, but if we have too good a time in this life we shall 
 forget our duty to our Maker. 
 
 When I first came to this place there were not many col- 
 ored people owning property ; they were renting from their 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I 23 
 
 masters, or from some other white man ; paying as much for a 
 cabin a year as it would take to buy an acre of land. Some of 
 the houses actually were not fit for horses to stay in. To-day, 
 for two or three miles around, you will find colored people own- 
 ing from two to twenty acres of land, two horses, cows; raising 
 their own meat and bread. They had a peculiar way of carry- 
 ing on in their meetings, which they have put down. After 
 preaching, they would form in a ring, and they would all go 
 round singing one of those shouts, which reminded me very 
 much of stories in history about the Indian war songs. They 
 are beginning to see that all that is nonsense, and they are . 
 putting it down. The colored people need enlightened mini- 
 sters of the gospel to lead them. They need education ; they 
 have not yet learned the value of it. 
 
 I have gained the good-will of our superintendent, who says 
 I am one of the best teachers in the District. I feel encour- 
 aged to go on, doing all the good I can. 
 
 When we were married, we did not own anything; now 
 we have two and a half acres of land, a comfortable little 
 house to live in, one horse and wagon, a cow, farming im- 
 plements, etc." 
 
 Educated by^ E. S. Hathaway, Mrs. A. M. Minturn and 
 
 Miss S. H. Wendell. 
 McAlpine, Charlotte, (Mrs. Johnson). Born in Raleigh. N. C, 
 1 861. She says : " I have taught four terms, of nine months 
 each, in Woodstown, N. J. — my first experience — two terms of 
 seven months each, in Salem, Va., and three terms of ten 
 months, in Berkley, Va. I have taught between four hundred 
 and fifty and five hundred children. Wherever I have taught 
 I have attended Sunday school. At present I am teacher of 
 the Bible Class in the Methodist Sunday school, and aim to 
 do my people all the good I can." 
 
 " The colored people are progressing rapidly. They own 
 a considerable amount of property. It is said that the wealth- 
 iest colored man in the county is a resident of this little town." 
 Lives in Berkley, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Thomas Cole and Mrs. Gulielma Jones- 
 Perry, Amelia E. (Mrs. Pride.) Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1858. 
 
 She says : " I have been teaching ever since I graduated, 
 except eight months I lost by sickness. I first taught the In- 
 dians at Hampton, one year, and next in the public schools of 
 Norfolk, one year. I am now teaching here at my home in 
 Lynchburg. I have taught here about seven years. About 
 twelve hundred and fifty children have been under my train- 
 
124 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 ing ; one hundred and twenty or more are teaching now or 
 have taught. I am not engaged in Sunday school. Saturday 
 and Sunday I spend at home with my children. In temper- 
 ance work .'' Yes — lam one of the officers of the Temper- 
 ance Society. On Thanksgiving night, we gave a temperance 
 entertainment at our church and invited all the other church- 
 es in the city. 
 
 I have been married eight years (since 27th Dec. '81 ). 
 Since I have been married, I think I do better work as a teach- 
 er, because my mind is more settled." 
 
 " I have three children, all boys ; lively little fellows they 
 are ; the oldest is seven, the next nearly six, and the youngest 
 four. We, (my husband and I) own the house we live in. 
 Neither of us had five cents we could call our own, when we 
 were married. Our house cost about $3,300, but I don't sup- 
 pose, if we waijted to sell it, we could get $2,100, property in 
 Lynchburg has depreciated so. Business is at a stand still, I 
 do wish some enterprising Northern white man would come 
 here and start a cotton mill, or something that would give 
 these poor people work." 
 
 " I think the colored people are improving. Many of 
 them own property, here, and in other cities I have visited in 
 Virginia. Then again, there are others that don't get along 
 so well. These haven't any trades. There are also many 
 poor white people here, that live worse, in every way, than the 
 colored people." 
 
 " I am teaching school, and my aim is to remain teaching 
 as long as there is a piece left of me. I find it rather hard 
 though, sometimes ; but then I love my work. My heart 
 seemsto yearn to be among my people, and try and teach them 
 in every way, both educationally and morally." 
 
 Educated by the Misses Newlin and Elbert B. Monroe. 
 *Smith, Mary E. (Mrs. Williams). Born in Raleigh, N. C, 1858. 
 . She taught at Lovington C. H., and Roseland, Va. In Feb. 
 '84, she was in Newark, N. J., and had a night school of adults. 
 She wrote then that she felt that " the Building of Education 
 must go up," and if she " could not bring as many bricks as 
 some," she " would do what she could." 
 
 In '85, she married Samuel Williams, Class of '80, living in 
 Lynchburg. She had taught every year since '79, and thought 
 " every one should rest once in five years." 
 
 Educated by Miss Alice S. Hooper. 
 
 *Uid not answer last cicular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 25 
 
 Smith, Lucy E. (Mrs. McKensie). Born in Williamsburg, Va., i860. 
 
 " In Nov. '79. I opened a five months school at Chester- 
 field C. H. My school house was not finished and there 
 was no stove. The weather being cold, I commenced teach- 
 ing out doors around a log fire. By private contributions, I 
 succeeded in getting a stove and windows in December. 
 Taught there two sessions. In the fall of '81, went to Dru- 
 ry's Bluff ; after finishing a five months school there, opened a 
 spring school at Berlin, and taught four and one half months. 
 In October '82, I went to Tuskegee to assist in the Normal 
 school under Mr. Washington. In October '83, I entered St. 
 Augustine Collegiate Institute at Raleigh, for the purpose of 
 reviewing my English branches and was advised to study Lat- 
 in. I became a pupil teacher there, teaching summer schools 
 at Haywood and Beaufort, N. C, between whiles. In '85, I 
 went to Asheville, N. C, to take charge of the grammar de- 
 partment of Trinity Mission School, and also became organ- 
 ist of the church and Sunday school. In '86, I came to 
 Chesterfield, Co., Va., and taught five months. In Dec. '86, 
 I was married to Wm. E. McKenzie. Since my marriage I 
 have not taught any. I have one child, a dear little boy. My 
 husband teaches in the winter and farms in the summer. 
 We bought thirteen acres of land, and, after paying for it, 
 built a little cottage ; then we purchased a cow, pigs, chick- 
 ens, etc. 
 
 I keep very busy with my household affairs, yet I find 
 time to read and study too. We take a weekly newspaper, 
 and a neighbor lends us a daily paper ; so we keep up with 
 the times, 
 
 I think the colored people are advancing. They had 
 much to contend with in the beginning." Lives in Ettrics, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Benjamin Marshall and Miss H. S. 
 Benson. 
 
 Snodgrass, Margaret E. Born in Bellefont, Ala., 1854. 
 
 " While yet a small child, my parents ran away from sla- 
 very to Battle Creek, Michigan. Here I was put into the 
 public school at the age of eight, completeing the prescribed 
 course in thirteen years. I started for Hampton in '78, en- 
 tered the Senior class, and graduated in '79. In the fall of 
 that year, I took charge of my first school, in Newbern, Va. 
 I had a large school, and did better work than I thought it 
 was possible for me. My total enrolment was eighty-five. 
 My next was at Mt. Crawford. This school was small, but 
 
126 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 gave i.ie the best attendance of any I ever had. With thirty- 
 three on roll, my monthly average was never less than twenty 
 five. 
 
 In the spring of '8i, I went to Southampton Co. Here 
 I was in a district where there never had been a school, and 
 many of the children did not know the meaning of school. 
 In this district, the whites were little better off than the col- 
 ored, so far as education is concerned. My school numbered 
 seventeen. Often I was forced to teach all day, with but four or 
 five small children. Fortunately the clerk of the school 
 board was a Quaker, and appreciated my labor, and paid me 
 accordingly. Next I went to Tuskegee. The first year my 
 total enrolment was one hundred and twenty. The second 
 year my school was made the Training school to the Normal. 
 This year I enrolled three hundred, had Lucy J. Smith of 
 Hampton ['79] to assist me, and forty of the advanced stu- 
 dents of the Tuskegee Normal School. 
 
 In the spring of '84, I went to the place in Alabama 
 where my father was born and reared as a slave. The cabin I 
 taught in stood where the shop stood in which my father 
 had worked, I met his former owners, they were exceedingly 
 kind to me. The school was small but full of interest to me, 
 from the fact that I worked among my father's people. 
 
 The fall of '84, I went to Roanoke City, and taught 
 three sessions. Last fall I taught in Bath Co., Va. I have 
 taught eight hundred and thirty-nine pupils. Each summer, 
 for several years, I have gone North to work ; this I think 
 quite right. If we want to be a people among people, we 
 must do manual as well as mental labor. Many of our teach- 
 ers teach that these must go together, but are always ready 
 to turn their backs to the one and their faces to the other. 
 Some think it is quite wrong and have rather forgotten or 
 forsaken me for doing it." " I want to help solve the Negro 
 Problem." Lives in Blacksburg, Va. 
 Educated by A. Mclntyre. 
 
 Weaver, Sarah E. (Mrs. R. H. Hamilton). Born in Winton, N. C, 
 1853. She taught between one and two years in Hertford Co., 
 N. C. In 1880 she married Robert H. Hamilton, class of '^^. 
 Died, 1881. 
 
 Educated by Rev. A. S. Twombly and Miss M. A. Wales. 
 
 Barrette, James R. Born in Danville, Va., i860. He taught in Hali- 
 fax Co., Va., two school years, seven months, and ten months ; 
 at Aiken,S.C., eight months. He taught about two hundred and 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 27 
 
 fifty children. About ten have become teachers. At least 
 fifty will be teachers in the near future. 
 
 He has taken a collegiate course of four years at Lincoln 
 University, Pa., and was afterwards principal of a high school 
 in South Carolina. He has assisted in establishing a high 
 school at Danville Va., which promises, with the assistance of 
 friends, (the work is supported mainly by charitable contribu- 
 tions) to be a success. Ninety -eight scholars were enrolled 
 in '88. 
 
 He says : " I am trying to make teaching a business, and 
 not a resort." 
 
 " The people are poor, ignorant, gregarious ; willing, but 
 slow to accept reformatory ideas, and still emotional in re- 
 ligion. They are making improvement in every thing men- 
 tioned." Lives in Danville, Va. 
 
 Educated by W. O. Grover. 
 Bell, Winston. Born at Culpepper C. H., Va., 1858. " I taught 
 four years in Chesterfield Co., Va., from '79 till '83. I taught 
 about two hundred pupils , twelve of whom are teaching now 
 in Virginia. The Sunday school and temperance work or- 
 ganized by me in Chesterfield Co., I still care for." 
 
 " I attended the Normal and Collegiate Institute at Pe- 
 tersburg, four years. Reviewed English studies, and took 
 Latin, Greek and mathematics, with one year in law. My 
 present occupation is that of a law student, at the University 
 in Boston. To be a lawyer is my aim." Owns about $1,000 
 in real estate and personal property. 
 
 Says : " Where I have been, our people are steadily ad- 
 vancing," 
 
 Educated by Dillwyn Parrish. 
 Bird, Edmond Anderson. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1859. He 
 taught at Roanoke five months ; Washington Co., Va., five 
 months; Gloucester C. H., eight months: Salem Co., N. J., 
 two school terms of ten months each. About three hun- 
 dred and fifty children have been taught by him. Perhaps 
 fifty of that number are teachers. He has studied Greek, 
 Latin, mathematics, and taken a full academic course at Phil- 
 lips Academy, Andover, Mass. Graduated from there June, 
 1889. Living in Boston. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. James Whitall and Mrs. George R. 
 Russell. 
 *B0STIC, John A. Born in Columbia S. C, i860. Was at one time a 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
128 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 clerk in Patent Office, Washington, D. C. Afterwards, clerk 
 in Bureau of Education. Attended Howard University. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Geo. D. Howe, and Mrs. Lydia Maria 
 Child, (Lucy Osgood School). 
 
 *BowDEN, RuLDOLPHUS L. Came from Norfolk, Va. In '85, was 
 teaching at Sewell's Point, his fifth year. Had an assistant ; 
 daily average about 80. 
 
 Educated by Enoch Lewis. 
 
 *BOYD, William C. From Deep Creek, Va. In '82, was at Shoals- 
 burg, Mo.; '83 and '84, at Baxter Springs, Kansas ; since '84, at 
 Spurgeon, Mo. Teaches winters and farms summers. In 
 '82, he married Elizabeth (Betty) Cabbel, class of '80. 
 
 Educated by H. E. Coggeshall, Mrs. Geo. Russell, and J. 
 G. Pollard. 
 
 BuRBRiDGE, Phrenora B. Born in Maiden, West Va., 1859. He has 
 taught every year since 1879; at Maiden, three years, '79, to 
 '82, and Charleston, West Va., since '82. He says : " You 
 may be sure I am successful, or I could not have staid so long 
 at one place." " My school would average a daily attendance 
 of about forty-five pupils for the nine years. I know of ten 
 of my pupils who have been teaching. For the last six years 
 I have been teaching a graded school, where there are five 
 other teachers, three of whom are Hamptonians." 
 
 " I have been Superintendent of Sunday school here 
 for five years. School is getting along nicely : about two hun- 
 dred and fifty scholars. Have been a temperance worker 
 for some time, but have not been very successful. It is one 
 great fault with the people here ; there is too much indul- 
 gence, and it takes hard work to show parents their errors." 
 
 He is married, and has one child, and owns a house and 
 lot. " The people are getting along nicely, and improving 
 slowly." 
 
 Educated by E. Pierson Beebe. 
 *Callis, Henry J. Born in Matthews Co., Va., 1855. Taught two 
 years in Matthews Co., and Norfolk Co., Va.; afterwards was 
 waiter at the Hygeia Hotel, Old Point Comfort. In '85-'86, 
 was in Rochester, N. Y., in business as a caterer. 
 
 Educated by Deacon Ezra Farnsworth, and George W. 
 Coburn. 
 Calloway, Ferdinand H. Born in Pittsylvania Co., Va., 1854. 
 
 " I have taught in Bedford Co., Va., fifteen terms ; only 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 29 
 
 three different schools. Have taught ten terms at Forest De- 
 pot, Have taught about two hundred children ; five have be- 
 come teachers. 1 am the oldest colored teacher in this dis- 
 trict. Pupils who first came to me are now teaching. I be- 
 gan with a second class certificate ; now have a ' professional ' 
 one." In '80, he married Mary C. Ireland of this same class. 
 When her health permits, she teaches in the same school. In 
 '87, she had charge of his school, and he took a school eight 
 miles from home. He had a fast horse which took him home 
 every night. He had an assistant. Says : "We are holding 
 up Hampton's Banner faithfully and honorably. We have a 
 home of three acres, a horse, wagon and cow. School work 
 is growing rapidly, its bitterest enemies are now its strongest 
 friends. If a man wants to be defeated here in an election, 
 just let him say one word against our schools. My aim is to 
 be as useful to my race as I can." Lives ten miles from 
 Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary Wells and Edward Wells. 
 
 Chenoweth, Herbert A. Born in Lynn, Mass., i860. He is white- 
 Was a clerk, when he wrote, in the Boston Post office, but 
 hoping to establish himself in some good business. Owned 
 forty-five shares in a co-operative bank, part interest in a 
 store, furniture, etc. Thought if some one would start the 
 co-operative banks in the South as they have them in the 
 North, it would enable the colored people to build their own 
 homes very easily." 
 
 Sentto Hamptonandeducated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway. 
 
 Courtney, Samuel E. Born in Maiden, West Va., 1861. "Since 
 leaving Hampton in '79, my life has been quite a busy one. 
 The summer after graduating, I went to Massachusetts and 
 worked a year ; paid up my school bills, and returned South 
 and taught five months in Augusta Co., Va. ; having sixty-five 
 pupils in my day-school, and twenty- seven young men and 
 women in my evening-school. At the close of the school 
 term, I returned to Massachusetts. After working a year, I 
 entered the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass., gradua- 
 ting in '85. Immediately after graduating, I went to Tuske- 
 gee, Ala., to assist Mr. Washington, in his noble effort to plant 
 a young Hampton in the far South. I spent three very 
 pleasant and profitable years, teaching at Tuskegee. During 
 part of my summer vacations, I conducted a State Teachers. 
 Institute in Alabama, under the auspices of the State Super- 
 intendent." 
 
130 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 " I very reluctantly resigned my position at Tuskegee to 
 pursue a long cherished desire, a medical course. I entered 
 the Harvard Medical School in Sept. '88. The professors and 
 students are kind and generous. I like the study of medicine 
 very much." 
 
 " Though I am not in the South, I find I can be of some 
 service to my people in Boston. After returning home from 
 my church and Sunday-school (Unitarian) in the morning, 
 I teach a class in the afternoon in the colored Baptist 
 Sunday-school. 
 
 " During my stay in the South, I noticed a gradual im- 
 provement of the colored people, in every respect. They are 
 truly on the progressive march." 
 
 " I hope that every son and daughter of Hampton will 
 heartily co-operate with you in getting up the report of the 
 ' Twenty-two years' work of Hampton.' The concurrence of 
 all in this effort will corroborate the truth that ' // does pay to 
 educate the Negro! " 
 
 He owns $1,500, personal property. "Aims to be a 
 skilled physician." 
 
 Educated by William Adamson. 
 
 Craig, Peter Henry. Born in Montgomery, Ala., 1861. "I have 
 taught six terms of nine months each, in Richmond, Co., Ga. 
 Have taught about seven hundred children; twelve are teach- 
 ers. I am teaching, ( Principal of Nellieville Academy, Au- 
 gusta, Ga.,) and aim to reach any honorable position by which 
 to help my race. The condition of the people is good, but 
 morally there is much to be done."- 
 Educated by Charles Spencer. 
 
 Grasty, William F. Born in Danville, Va., 1858. " I was elect- 
 ed as teacher in Danville, Va., in the fall of '81, at a salary 
 of $25 per month, and was re-elected each year for three 
 terms, serving both as teacher and assistant principal. In the 
 fall of '84, I was made prmcipal of a new school, which the 
 Board opened in the suburbs of the city ("Shinquarter"). I 
 was principal of this school three terms and had, under my 
 charge, five of Hampton's graduates. During the summer of 
 '88, the principal of a graded school in the city was elected 
 Secretary of the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at 
 Petersburg, and I was promoted to his position." 
 
 " I often think of my stay at Hampton, and the many fa- 
 vors shown me there, by which I have been enabled to become 
 a worker in solving the future of my people. As I move 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 131 
 
 around in my building, having under my charge live hundred 
 and sixty pupils, taught by eight energetic and faithful teach- 
 ers, I realize I have done so little and yet so much in a short 
 while. 
 
 There is one thing I regret, and that is this : I have no 
 knowledge of the classics. If I had gone to some other in- 
 stitution after my graduation, as many of our boys have done, 
 I would be in every way fitted for an educator. Nevertheless 
 I shall do the best I can with my humble attainments, and 
 console myself with the thought that perhaps Grasty with a 
 classical education might not be so serviceable to his people, 
 as Grasty with his Normal education. I have thought that 
 I would strive to save enough of my salary this term to ena- 
 ble me to attend some institute in the North, during vacation. 
 Perhaps I might secure a position with some one who v/ould 
 allow me to work what I could at odd times and attend some 
 summer school. The age calls for progressive teachers, 
 and the teacher that folds his arms complacently, satisfied 
 with the knowledge gained in past years, will awake to find 
 that he is a relic of the past. I feel my needs more and more 
 every year. I have adopted teaching as my work, and I de- 
 sire to stand foremost among the many, who, like me, have 
 chosen it as their calling." 
 
 Educated by Miss Anne Wale, and Mrs. Annie Hazard. 
 
 GwALTNEY, George A. Born near Windsor, Va., 1854. " In my mid- 
 dle year at Hampton, I taught thirteen months at Holy Neck, 
 Nansemond Co., Va. ('76-'77). Since leaving Hampton in '79. 
 I have been teaching, without stopping a single year, near 
 Windsor, Isle of Wight Co., Va. I amjyet to hear any dis- 
 satisfaction about my teaching. I have built two school 
 houses with my own hands, and assisted in building one more. 
 I was no carpenter, but I have found that it is a secret of a 
 great many teachers staying so long ^in one place. I find 
 there are places where such work has to be done, or assisted, 
 by the teacher, in order to have the influence among the race 
 that he should have. I have taught four hundred and fifty 
 pupils ; four are teachers. 
 
 " Last spring, I took an active part in trying to have the 
 bar-rooms moved from this place. I did this with the hope 
 of bettering the condition of my race. I find, in every locali- 
 ty, that it is one of the worst evils that the colored people 
 have to contend with. It keeps them squalid, ignorant, and 
 in want of something to eat. I am glad to say we succeed- 
 
132 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 ed. I have visited many homes and find that they have been 
 able to have food, clothes and to send their children to school. 
 There has been a great improvement since last May. * * * 
 The people are improving every day, in the idea of buying 
 homes." 
 
 He is married ; owns $700 in real and personal estate ; is 
 teaching and farming. 
 
 Educated by Miss Sarah Lewis. 
 
 GwYNN, John Austin. Born in Caswell Co., N. C, 1857. " My his- 
 tory, during the ten years smce graduating, may be divided in- 
 to two epochs ; viz : from '79 to '83, a period of four years, 
 during which time I taught a school in Chesterfield Co., Va. 
 My first school, seven miles north east of Petersburg, I taught 
 three years. This school numbered about fifty or sixty, for 
 three years. The children were very anxious to learn, and 
 advanced quite rapidly. At the beginning of my fourth year 
 of teaching, I was promoted to the pcincipalship of the gra- 
 ded public school at Clover Hill. This was a grand school, 
 and numbered one hundred and fifty pupils, from six to twen- 
 ty years of age. Some of them exhibited marked aptness in 
 books, and were far enough advanced to enter the junior, and 
 three or four the middle class at Hampton, and I would cer- 
 tainly have helped them enter, if I had gone back there the 
 next year to teach. The Superintendent and patrons [parents] 
 earnestly insisted I should return. 
 
 Our Sunday school was large; both the old and young at- 
 tended. We also had a temperance society, which was well 
 supported and encouraged by all the members of the church. 
 These, no doubt, benefited both the children and patrons. 
 
 I was lectured to at Hampton on Sunday evenings; so I 
 lectured to my children once a week, and called the old to- 
 gether now and then for a similar purpose. Thus ended the 
 first period. 
 
 The second extends from '83, when I entered Howard 
 University at Washington. I came here in '83, with the in- 
 tention of studying medicine, after taking a course in the sci- 
 ences and classics, thus making a deeper and more solid 
 foundation for the study of medicine. Since I have been.here 
 I have been working faithfully and constantly during both 
 vacation and school time, in order to get through. I have had 
 a hard time financially, but kmd friends have assisted me 
 from time to time. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I33 
 
 I have no property, but have aided in buying real estate, 
 etc., for my parents, while I was teaching. 
 
 The condition of the people is fair, considering the past. 
 They are improving both in the way of property and educa- 
 tion, in which improvement Hampton has largely aided." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker and Roland Mather. 
 
 *HAi\iLiN, William L. Born in Petersburg, Va., i860. He was 
 book keeper in Mr. Bryce's office, the first year after graduat- 
 ing, and gave perfect satisfaction. He taught, first, at Ford's 
 Depot, Dinwiddle Co., Va. While there, he wrote to Mrs. Dix- 
 on : "I have on roll forty scholars. Their attention to stud- 
 ies and prompt attendance, as well as good behavior, are in- 
 deed commendable. The parents have been extremely kind 
 to me, seem interested in education, and do all in their power 
 to forward it. When I went to the Superintendent of schools 
 to be examined, I was informed that I was the first Hampton 
 teacher that had come under his surveillance, and that he had 
 long wished to see some of their teaching. It is needless to 
 say, I have tried to do justice to dear old Hampton and her 
 teachings." He has been for several years — since '83 — principal 
 of the public high school in Petersburg, Va. A very successful 
 teacher and prominent in educational work. 
 Educated by Mrs. Israel Washburn. 
 
 Hall, Frank L. Born in Smithville, Charlotte Co., Va., 1854. "I 
 taught before graduating, and have taught every year since. 
 Red Oak Grove, ten months ; Piney Grove, five ; Duprees 
 Store, ten ; Mill Hill, twenty ; Smithville, fifteen ; Cedar Grove, 
 fifty. Nine hundred children have been taught by me ; twen- 
 ty have become teachers. I am teaching and preaching ; have 
 farmed during vacations. I am in charge of two churches. 
 Have met with great success in trying to lead sinners to 
 Christ; fifteen professed hope this fall at one of my church- 
 es, twenty at the other ; most of them are young people, mem- 
 bers of the Sunday school." 
 
 In '86, he married Daisy M. Hicks, a Hampton student ; 
 owns $1,050 in real estate and personal property. Lives at 
 Cedar Grove, Va. 
 
 " The people are improving in the various branches of 
 industry." 
 
 Educated by Terryville, Conn., Congregational Sunday 
 School, Frank Mix, Supt. and by A. M. Blakesly. 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
J34 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 *Harris, Charles G. Born at Harrison, Penn. Was at one time 
 steward on board S. S. Ohio. Lived in Philadelphia when last 
 heard from. 
 
 Educated by W. W. Justice, 
 Inge, George P. Born in Pittsylvania Co , i860. Taught in Albe- 
 marle Co., two years ; in the town of Charlotte, seven years. 
 Taught about three hundred pupils ; two have taught. Has 
 a Sunday-school class of girls, and has always taken an ac- 
 tive part in temperance work. He is married, and owns real 
 estate and personal property, valued at $1,000, or more. He 
 is teachmg, and aims " to live an upright life and do all I can 
 to better the condition of my fellow man who may not be so 
 well favored." 
 
 " The condition of the people is poor, but many are do- 
 ing well. They are progressing morally, mentally and finan- 
 cially." He lives in Charlottesville, Va. 
 
 Educated by James Whitall. 
 Lee, Ferdinand D. Born in Mathews Co., Va., 1859. He taught 
 three years at his home in Gloucester Co., Va.; had about 
 three hundred pupils, five of whom attended Hampton Insti- 
 tute and became teachers ; also engaged in Sunday-school 
 work. 
 
 He attended Howard University, and graduated from the 
 Law Department in '87. He is now practising law. Owns 
 some real estate, and a horse and buggy. 
 
 He says : " The condition of the colored people, in 
 our neighborhood, compares favorably with the average, 
 and some are better. They are on the road to improvement; 
 many of them have acquired property, and are making a good 
 living ; their principal occupation is farming ; some are oys- 
 tering." 
 
 Educated by D. and E. Scull. 
 "^Morton, William P. Born in Smithville, Charlotte Co., Va., 1859. 
 Has been teaching in Charlotte Co., since graduating. In a 
 letter to Mrs. Dixon, he said : "I have gone to work with 
 such earnestness, and faithfulness , and have attained such 
 good results, that it seems that I am adapted to the work. I 
 have fifty-four pupils on roll, and am not ashamed of them. 
 When I commenced with them I had about twenty beginners, 
 and now they can read, spell and write quite nicely. I can 
 account for this success from no other cause than that of at- 
 tending the " Institute " at Hampton last summer. It was 
 
 *Did not reply to last ciicular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAINIPTON INSTITUTE. I35 
 
 my first trip to Hampton since graduating. It is strange, and 
 not strange, that all the way I felt as if I were going home, 
 and was proud to find, on my arrival, that home had made 
 such rapid improvements, which led me think that those con- 
 cerned were adapted to their work too. 
 
 I have given a glowing account of myself, and the work 
 in which I am concerned, but I have my bitters as well as 
 sweets." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. James R. Faulkner, and Mrs. Henry 
 W. Clark. 
 ROGERSON, John W. Born at Winfall, N. C. He has taught at 
 Newby's School House, Willow Branch, Cedar Hill. N. C, etc- 
 Has ■' taught seven hundred children ; thirty are feachers." Is 
 engaged in Sunday school. Is married, and has three child- 
 ren. Says : "' I have owned a good deal, but fire made way 
 with it." 
 
 It was in the winter of '87, that his house, kitchen and 
 smoke house were burned. He saved his wife and his two 
 children ; everything else was destroyed. 
 
 He is now farming. Lives in Winfall, N. C. 
 
 "The people are very poor, but improving." 
 
 Educated by John M. Forbes. 
 Saunders, Franklin Pierce. Born in Hertford, N. C, 1853. He 
 has taught every year since he left Hampton : three sessions 
 in Princess Anne Co., and seven in Norfolk Co. Has taught 
 about five hundred, four of whom have became successful 
 teachers. Is engaged in both Sunday-school and temperance 
 work. He had a private teacher, for two years, in theology, 
 Greek and Latin. 
 
 He married Alice M. Brockette, (Junior class of '79) and 
 his wife assists him in his school. There were eighty scholars. 
 He owns about $1,500 of real estate. He is teaching and 
 preaching. Says " My life's work is preaching the Gospel of 
 the Son of God." 
 
 " The people are progressing somewhat in education, 
 property and religion." 
 
 Educated by Augustus Hemenway, and Erastus Collins. 
 SiMiTH, Isaac H. Born in Chatham, Va., i860. Has taught ten terms 
 in Pittsylvania Co., Va. He is now principal of the school in 
 Chatham, and has two assistants, and nearly two hundred pu- 
 pils on roll. Has had at least four hundred different children 
 under his charge. Thirty are teachers. Twenty- five are 
 teaching now in that same county. 
 
136 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 There are three Sunday schools in his place and he is 
 superintendent of one, and " doing good work for the Master." 
 
 He is married and has one child. They own a nice little 
 farm of twent5^-five acres ; also a lot in the village, and are 
 expecting to build. 
 
 " The people are improving slowly, some are buying 
 homes." 
 
 Educated by S. E. Parker. 
 Stewart, Robert Adger. Born in Abbeville, S. C, 1862. Has 
 taught in Union Co., S. C, two months, and in Manning, S. C, 
 three years. Is teaching at the latter place. Has taught about 
 two hundred and fifty children, six or seven of whom are 
 now teaching. Attended the law department of Allen Uni- 
 versity, Columbia, S. C, taking a two years course. Gradu- 
 ated there in '84. 
 
 He also taught in Allen University. Was secretary, and 
 instructor in the Law Department, and was elected Dean of 
 the department, but declined the honor. 
 
 He is a Sunday schoolteacher in the A. M. E. Church. He 
 is married and has two children. Owns a building in Colum- 
 bia, S. C, also owns cows, hogs, etc. He is now teaching and 
 practising law. Says : " I desire to succeed as a lawyer if pos- 
 sible, but find it hard in these parts ; prejudice is great." " I 
 may say the condition of the people is favorable. In intelli- 
 gence and morals they are improving ; under better circum- 
 stances would do more in every department." " I feel that 
 there is no similar institution in the United States accomplish- 
 ing such real good as Hampton. 
 
 Educated by Robert Treat Paine, Jr. 
 
 Tunstall, John H. Born in Chatham, Va., 1859. Taught four 
 years in Salem, N. J. There were between two and three 
 hundred pupils : none have taught, so far as he knows ; while 
 teaching at Salem, N. J., his salary was raised from $60 per 
 quarter, the first year, to $80 per quarter the third year. He 
 said : " I merely make this statement ; I think it may perhaps 
 speak better for my success than anything else I could say." 
 He is now a clerk in Salem, N. J, and "aims" to better his con- 
 dition in whatever way he can and eventually to have some 
 business of his own. 
 
 Of the colored people, he says: they are " no better nor 
 worse than elsewhere. In exceptional cases, they are improv- 
 ing. .Generally speaking, not." 
 
 Educated by Richard D. Wood. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I37 
 
 Washington, John A. Born in Franklin Co., Va., 1853. He taught 
 in Maiden, West Va. In '82, he was " in the employ of the 
 U. S. Government at Charleston, West Va. In '86, he mar- 
 ried Miss Susie Miller. Is Business Agent and Drill Master of 
 the Normal School at Tuskegee, Ala. 
 
 Educated by Samuel Green and Stephen Salisbury. 
 
 Wright, Ezra P. Born in New York city, 1862. " I am afraid there 
 is very little of interest I can tell, as I have not taught school 
 since I left Hampton. I had a chance, but, as I had a situa- 
 tion, I sent my brother in my place ; that was at Woodstown, 
 N. J. When I first left school, I went to work for S. L.Simp- 
 son, New York city. After being there awhile, he promoted 
 me to the position of assistant book-keeper. He went out of 
 the business and I went on the railroad, as porter in the Pull- 
 man service, and worked for them three years. While there, 
 I heard of the Civil Service examinations, and determined to 
 try. I passed with 89)^ per cent, which was the highest per- 
 centage attained in that class. I then went into the post-of- 
 fice as carrier and remained three years, until the Democratic 
 administration got in full power, when the Superintendent of 
 carriers asked me to resign, which I did, knowing I should be 
 discharged in a short while if I did not. Having worked for 
 the success of the Republican party during the last election, 
 I was given a situation in the State-house, on the Secretary- 
 of-State's force in Chicago. 
 
 The colored people in Springfield, 111., seem to be doing 
 very nicely ; there are any number that own their homes ; 
 many have farms. They are entitled to all school privileges, 
 which they make, use of. In Chicago, as the field is larger, I 
 think it is better. Several colored ladies are teaching in the 
 schools; here the colored children and white go to the same 
 schools. 
 
 We have a few clerks and salesmen; we have a third as- 
 sistant grain inspector, a Doctor on State Board of Health, 
 and a man just appointed to one of the important clerkships in 
 the office of Secretary of State, which pays not less than 
 $1,500 a year. That young man happens to be my brother ; 
 the same that taught school at Woodstown, N. J. Altogether 
 I think the colored people are doing well, but still there is a 
 chance for improvement." Lives in Chicago. 
 
 Educated by First Presbyterian Church Sunda5^-School 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. and Mrs. Joseph M. White. 
 
138 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHo LEFT BEFORE GRADUATING. 
 
 *Calloway, James P. Born in Chatham, Va. Taught in North- 
 ampton and Halifax Go's. Was teaching in '82. 
 
 Educated by Morris K. Jesup and First Presbyterian 
 Church Sunday-School, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 *MiNNis, Andrew J. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1854. Taught at 
 Bonsacks, Roanoke Co. In '85, was still " standing at the 
 wheel, as teacher of public instruction." 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wolcott. 
 
 Randolph, Simon H. Born in West Virginia. He taught at Vicks- 
 ville, Va., seven months. He attended Oberlin College. In 
 Feb. '83, he wrote from Galena, Kansas, that he did " not find 
 his taste inclined to teaching." He was expecting to begin a 
 two years study of law in the fall, and was reading with a 
 view to that end. In Nov. '85, he was teaching at Pleasant 
 Hill, Missouri; had one hundred and twelve on roll with aver- 
 age attendance of ninety. He had a good brick school-house 
 with all the new school apparatus, and was making arrange- 
 ments to add a reading room. 
 Educated by B. H. Bartol. 
 
 EX-STODENTS, MIDDLE class, 1879. 
 
 Bowling, Richard H. Born in Hampton, Va., 1864. " After sever- 
 ing my connection with the School in '79. I went to Boston 
 and entered the army. I was not in the regular service, as 
 that would have necessitated a stay of five years. After my 
 return from the West, I began to consider the advisability of 
 choosing an aim in life. My mind turned to the law, but God 
 willed otherwise, and, after two years of unrest and earnest 
 work on my part, I was called to the ministry. I entered a 
 private theological school in New York. After taking a two 
 years course, I was called to the First Baptist Church in 
 Waynesboro, Va. I served there one year, then was called to 
 Harrisonburg, Va. We disagreed on the temperance question, 
 the ofl&cers of the church saying the minister should not lec- 
 ture on temperance. From there, I went to Steelton, Pa. I 
 have been stationed here two years, and the congregation has 
 trebled. The communicants' membership has increased won 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 139 
 
 derfully, having grown from thirty-four to seventy-six. Al- 
 though I left Hampton under a cloud, every cloud has rolled 
 away. It was a hard lesson taught me, but it has brought 
 forth good fruit. I have tried to uphold the honor of my 
 Alma Mater, and hope that success may ever attend her." He 
 is now pastor of a large church in Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Foster, Randolph. Born in Virginia, 1853. He is now living in 
 Palatka, Fla. Says : " I have been teaching but very little. I 
 found I could not make a living in it, so I would not make a 
 business of it. I have gotten a little property around me. I 
 own ten acres three miles from town, and a house and lot in 
 town, representing about $3,000. 
 
 My business is dairying. My aim in life is to get all I can 
 around me, so that I may be able to help my neighbors in time 
 of necessity." 
 
 He is married ; his wife was a Hampton student in the 
 Junior class in '86. 
 
 He says : " I have not forgotten Hampton, nor have I 
 failed to make use of what I received there. All that I am 
 doing or ever shall do, is based on what I got there." 
 
 Educated by Amos A. Lawrence. 
 
 Newby, Noah R. Born in Perquimans Co., N. C. Writes : " As I 
 am only an ex-student, you will not expect to hear of as much 
 progress as from a graduate ; although my success as a teach- 
 er has been quite encouraging to me. I have been teaching at 
 least six months of every year since leaving school : at Nix- 
 onton, three years ; Deep Branch, one year ; Okisco, one 
 year, and Elizabeth City, N. C, live years. About ten or 
 twelve of my pupils have become teachers ; two have received 
 first grade certificates and are teaching in this city : several 
 received second grade and are teaching in the country. I am 
 teaching in Elizabeth City, as first assistant under Mr. Rooks 
 Turner who is a graduate of Howard University. 
 
 " I am glad to say the colored people are quite as pros- 
 perous in North Carolina as in most sections of states in 
 M^hich I have travelled. The colored population of Elizabeth 
 City is about 2,500 ; fully one-half own their own little homes. 
 Many that live in the country around are extensive land own- 
 ers; a few working from six to eight and ten horses and mules 
 on their own plantations. 
 
 " I have bought a very good little home, with six acres of 
 
140 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 land, since leaving school, and my kind old father is living at 
 it. I have a horse and buggy and there is a store house on 
 the farm, which I rent out, giving me a monthly income. I 
 attend a teachers' institute every summer. My aim is to be- 
 come a stenographer and a telegrapher." 
 Educated by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw. 
 
 EX-STUDENTS, junior class, 1879. 
 
 Leslie, Amy L. (Mrs. Davis). Born in Isle of Wight Co., Va., 1862. 
 "I commenced teaching the fall after I left Hampton, and had 
 a small school which lasted five months, at $20 per month. I 
 taught night school all the time, as there were some people 
 who could not spare their children in the day. Still they 
 wanted them to have an education, so would pay for them to 
 go to night school. I still teach a few at night, although I 
 haven't the time to spare ; they are so anxious to learn, and 
 cannot go to day school. I have taught at several places, all 
 in Isle of Wight Co. During vacations, I would go away and 
 get some work to do. I have taught seven terms, and about 
 three hundred pupils ; three have become teachers. I have 
 been married six years ; have three children. I taught three 
 terms after I was married, at $30. per month. My husband is 
 a farmer; we have a nice house and farm, worth $2,500. I 
 have as much as I can do now, attending to family affairs. 
 The teacher is boarding with us. 
 
 " The most of the people are trying to elevate themselves. 
 Close to my home, there are three families that have 
 farms of their own, and are trying to improve them. The 
 land was owned by white people, but was sold for debt. Oth- 
 ers are working at different things. But most want land, so 
 they wont have to pay rent. Some have Lighthouses to at- 
 tend to. Saw-mills are numerous. Schools are going on all 
 the time, and the girls are studying so that they can become 
 teachers. This is a great peanut place. There is plenty of 
 work to be done by women and men, but wages are , right 
 low." She has done excellent work in teaching and influence. 
 
 Educated by W. M. Halstead. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 14I 
 
 CLASS OF 1880. 
 
 *Cabbell, Elizabeth E. (Mrs. William C. Boyd). Born in Nelson 
 Co., Va., 1859. She went to Baxter Springs, Kansas, as a mis- 
 sionary. In '82, she married W. C. Boyd, class of '79. In '85, she 
 was living on a farm in Neqsho, Mo., and having a hard time to 
 get along, with her two babies. Her husband taught winters 
 and farmed summers. In '86, she was teaching a seven 
 months school, with thirty-five scholars — twenty boys. Said 
 she always had a Christmas tree, but had to do it all herself. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw and E. R. Mudge, 
 Sawyer & Co. 
 
 Carper, Sallie A. (Mrs. W. H. Daggs). Born at Rocky Mount, Va., 
 1862. She taught eight years ; six at Salem, one at Roanoke, 
 and one year at the " VVhittter School," and also in the 
 Night School at Hampton Institute. She has taught five 
 hundred children; twenty or twenty-five of them have become 
 teachers. In '84, she married Wm. H. Daggs, class of '78, 
 and has one little girl. Is now housekeeping in their own 
 home, not far from Hampton Institute, 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George J. Fiske and A. Mclntyre. 
 
 Clark, Nellie L. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1864. Taught in Roa- 
 noke Co., Va., and at Salem, Va. In March, '84, she wrote 
 from Salem that she had a nice school, with four teachers, all 
 Hampton graduates. They hoped they should have an eight 
 months term, but the money ran short, and they had to close 
 at the end of six months. She expected to teach private 
 school two months in the same place. She died in Novem- 
 ber, '84. 
 
 Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks. 
 
 *Cheek, Alice L. (Mrs. Gilliam). Born in Fauquier Co., Va„ 1861 
 
 She taught at Clover Hill, and at Winter Park, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 
 
 Davis, Clara L. (Mrs. Cook). Born in Petersburg, Va., i860. Says 
 " I taught in Petersburg one term ; in King and Queen Co- 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
142 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 three terms. Have taught two hundred and ninety-four chil- 
 dren. In this county, they have sent eight to Hampton and 
 four to Wayland, and nearly all are teaching. I have a large 
 Sunday school ; we have four teachers and fifty-nine schol- 
 ars." In '85, she married Mr. Cook ; has one child. They 
 own thirty-two acres of land, a house, horse, cow, yoke of 
 oxen, eighteen hogs, etc. She is teaching and aims to help 
 her race onward. " The people are improving and getting 
 little homes, and are trying to send their children to school." 
 Lives in Dragonville, Essex County, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Anne Anderson and Miss Towne. 
 
 *F AIRFIELD, Serena. (Mrs. Johnson). Born in Hampton, Va., 1863. 
 She lived in Hampton and took care of her father, who was 
 at one time insane. 
 
 She married, and went to New York to live. Her hus- 
 band Jias been for some years in the employ of Hon. Chaun- 
 cey Depew. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Martha C. Reed and Hon. Wm. E. 
 Dodge. 
 
 Freeman, Blanche E. Born in Southold, L. I. She has taught five 
 years in Virginia, two yeai^s in North Carolina, and is now 
 teaching in Maryland. Has taught two hundred and twenty- 
 three children, of whom two are teachers. She aims to be a 
 successful teacher. " The people are improving rapidly. 
 They are educating their children and getting property." 
 Lives in Southold, Long Island. 
 
 Educated by Dr. John De Forest. 
 
 Hilton, Harriet A. (Mrs. Osborn). Born in Lapidum, Md., 1858. 
 She says ; " I have done but little ; therefore, I have only a 
 little to tell. I have taught five different schools, in Md.: Up- 
 per Cross Roads, two years ; Fallston, three years ; Federal 
 Hill, two years ; Havre de Grace, a summer term ; Level, a 
 fall term. I had very little trouble : I found the schools in a 
 tolerably good condition except one, and that was in a sad 
 plight, both school and school property. I have taught 
 about three hundred children ; not any of them have become 
 teachers. 
 
 We have a very good Sunday school, though a small one. 
 Temperance work is not so well conducted. It seems as 
 though the colored people cannot keep the pledge. Intemper- 
 ance was the greatest enemy I had to fight against while I 
 was teaching. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I43 
 
 "At Federal Hill, I opened the first day school and Sun- 
 day school they had ever had. The people were very 
 poor and ignorant. Many of the old people and children had 
 never heard a sermon preached. They used to come to Sun- 
 day school drunk, sometimes— a bottle in their pocket. While 
 this is a fact, there is a great improvement. I sent a petition 
 to the M. E. Quarterly Conference for a minister to preach 
 for us, and it was granted, and we had preaching every third 
 Sunday. 
 
 The colored people are doing better. Many own their 
 homes, with from three acres to one hundred, and more. 
 They send their children to public schools, and many are 
 sending them to high schools, where they are prepared to 
 teach, preach and fill other positions of honor." 
 
 She is married, and is now housekeeping, " aiming " to 
 do all she can for her race. She has personal property, about 
 $500. Lives in Garland, Md. 
 
 Educated by H. F. Barrows. 
 
 Johnson, Rose Ella Lumpkin. (Mrs. E. B. Brown). Born in New 
 Kent Co., Va., 1863. Has taught in Southhampton, Surry, 
 Princess Anne and Norfolk Co's., also in Hampton and New- 
 port News. Some of the schools were large and she had to 
 have an assistant. She thinks she has taught not less than 
 four hundred ; about eight have become teachers. She is a 
 teacher in Sabbath-schoOl, and a member of the W. C. T. U. 
 She has attended Summer Institutes at Petersburg, Hampton 
 and Norfolk. Owns a lot in Hampton, 90 x 196. " Aims" to 
 be an honest, useful woman. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Thomas Cole and H. F. Wolcott. 
 
 Kaufman. Pinkie. Born in King and Queen Co., Va., 1862. She 
 taught near her home. Died, 1884. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Tileston and Mr. Dillwyn Parrish. 
 
 Lash, Nannie E. (Mrs. De Justo). Birth place and date not known 
 to us. 
 
 Says : " I taught a country school near Winton, N. C, 
 the fall and winter after graduating. The building was so 
 open and so poorly heated that I contracted a cold, from which 
 I have never fully recovered ; indeed I am scarcely less than a 
 confirmed invalid. I was married Sept., '81, and with my 
 husband and four children, who are very strong, get along 
 happily, notwithstanding my poor health. 
 
 My husband, who is an Episcopalian, has been teaching 
 
144 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 in the Parochial School, connected with St. Philip's church. 
 It is getting along finely, and the prospects for doing good 
 are bright. The condition of the people is fully as good as 
 can be expected." Lives in Richmond, Va. 
 Educated by Mrs. Henry Pickering. 
 
 LOCKETTE, Pattie L. (Mrs. Banks). Born in Petersburg, Va., 1861 
 She taught two terms at Hickoryground, Norfolk Co. There 
 were about fifty children; one is teaching. Said that, when 
 she began to teach, she thought she should never like the work 
 but the more she taught the better she liked it, and she studied 
 as much or more than when in school. She is married, and 
 has one child, is housekeeping, and aims " to make home hap- 
 py." Owns a house and lot. Says : " The people are doing 
 well and coming together." Lives in Hampton, Va. 
 Educated by Mrs. Phoebe Magie. 
 
 Mason, Rosetta. Bom in Norfolk, Va., 1861. 
 
 "Since leaving Hampton, I have had a very busy life. All 
 of my time has been taken up in teaching, except a few 
 months spent in recreation. I taught the first term after 
 graduation, at the " Butler." After leaving there, I went to 
 Salem, Va., and taught six months in day and Sunday school. 
 I next taught ten months in Southampton Co. Never have 
 I enjoyed teaching more than I did in my little school house 
 right in the'heart of the woods. The floor was open and, in 
 wet weather, the house was surrounded with water, and at 
 times I had to wade part of the way to my boarding place. 
 Yet I feel that I did more real good there than anywhere 
 else. I had a chance to see it there as I have not in other 
 places. The people came to me for every thing, for they 
 seemed to think that I knew something about every thing 
 which concerned them. I had an average of sixty-five pu- 
 pils, and a great many of them were large girls ; therefore it 
 was a common thing for a girl to bring her dress to me to 
 show her how to cut and make it. 
 
 At the close of my second year, I received a letter from 
 Mr. Washington, asking me to come to the Tuskegee Normal 
 School : after taking every thing into consideration, I thought 
 it best to come, and I have been here ever since. I was ma- 
 tron three terms ; housekeeper, and in charge of the night 
 school two terms. The present year I have been acting Lady 
 Principal. It has not always been smooth sailing with me 
 since I have been here, but I have tried to do my duty and 
 have gotten much real pleasure out of the work. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 145 
 
 M}' aim in life is to do all I can for Christ and humanity. 
 In doing this, I shall only be putting into practice one of the 
 many lessons which I learned at Hampton.'.' Resigned her 
 position at Tuskegee in the spring of '90 and took a less ard- 
 uous one at Handsom's Depot, Va., where she is now teach- 
 ing school. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Ouincy A. Shaw and Hon. W. E. 
 Dodge. 
 
 Mavo. Lovev a. Born in Raleigh, N. C, i860. Since graduating 
 she has taken a four years course in the " Chautauqua Liter- 
 ary and Scientific Circle. " 
 
 She says ; " The first five years after my graduation in 
 '80, were spent in the Indian Department at Hampton. 
 Though I did not do as much class room teaching as I had 
 hoped for, there were other points that needed attention, and 
 thegreaterpartof my time and strength went in that direction. 
 
 " The above named race, as well as my own, is struggling 
 for recognition as men, and though the former has greater en- 
 couragements, I consider it a privilege to have contributed, 
 even in a small way, towards the accomplishment of the de- 
 sired end In the fall of '85, I left Hampton for my home in 
 Raleigh, N. C, to rest up and prepare for further duties. The 
 following autumn, I went to Tuskegee, to Mr. B. T. Wash- 
 ington's school. There I was matron, taught some, and had 
 charge of the missionary work. Two years were spent in 
 this very pleasant work, when it became necessary for me to 
 give it up on account of ill health. 
 
 "It is hard, in fact impossible, for me to state how many stu- 
 dents I have had to do with, as I have been working with so ma- 
 ny others, and the students were continually coming and going. 
 
 " I engage in both Sunday school and temperance work, 
 especially at my own home. I am trying to live for others. 
 The people are needy but improving." 
 
 Lives in Raleigh. 
 
 Educated by H. P. Kidder. 
 Poole, Anna M. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1861. She has taught in 
 Norfolk eight years, in one of the graded public schools. 
 Has taught from eight hundred to a thousand children ; only 
 two have become teachers. Last year, she had sixty-six on 
 roll with an average attendance of sixty. Says : " I have al- 
 ways been engaged in Sunday school, temperance, Y. M. C. A. 
 and mission work, and have endeavored to do some good. All 
 of the teachers in Norfolk are engaged_| in some good work. 
 
146 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Much of the money I had saved was lost in the failure of the 
 Home Savings Bank in Norfolk." 
 Educated by Mrs. C. J. Paine. 
 
 Pryor, Mary F. (Mrs. Cooper). Born in Hampton, Va., 1865. She 
 has never taught. Married John Cooper, Junior class of '^T. 
 They own a house and lot in Hampton. She has had two 
 children, who have both died. Says : "As a general thing I 
 think the colored people are improving," 
 Educated by Miss Eliza Butler. 
 
 *Smith, Mary J. (Mrs. Myrick). Born in Hampton, Va., i860. Taught 
 in Loretto, Va. When she began to teach, she wrote : " I 
 have a very nice school and I like teaching very much now. 
 When I commenced, I did not like it at all. The morning I 
 went to open my school, I saw such large pupils, 1 did not 
 know what to do. The people laughed at me because I was 
 so small, and said my scholars would whip me, but I made up 
 my mind to throw myself into it as if I meant something, 
 and I am getting along very well. My scholars all seem anx- 
 ious to learn, and like me so well that I feel all right, I have 
 forty scholars on roll, from six years to twenty. My superin- 
 tendent came to see how I was getting along, and he said he 
 liked my teaching, and that I might keep the school as long- 
 as I wanted to." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Solomon Curtis. 
 
 Spriggs, Georgia L. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1862. She taught 
 in Powhatan Co, seven months, a school of fifty-two children. 
 Is not engaged in Sunday-school or temperance work. Is 
 now living in Boston. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. J. A. Dickinson. 
 
 Washington, Minnie A. (Mrs. Rumsey). Born in Harford Co.,Md., 
 1861.. 
 
 " I have lost no time in doing what little I could for my 
 people. In Oct. '80, I opened school at Fairview, Md., and 
 taught there two years. The Examiner then appointed me to a 
 larger school, where I taught five years. I got married in '87, 
 to Mr. George E. Rumsey, a resident of Thomas Run, Md., 
 and have one little boy. As married women connot teach in 
 in this county, I gave up teaching. I taught about one hun- 
 dred and seventy-five pupils ; only four have taught. 
 
 " The majority of the colored people at Thomas Run are 
 property holders, and are improving their lands considerably. 
 This place is quite thickly settled. We have a nice church, of 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 147 
 
 the Methodist Episcopal denomination, and have a very 
 good Sunday school ; yet there is room for improvement; our 
 hbrary is poor, but, in the next quarter, we hope to raise means 
 to improve it! One year ago I was appointed assistant su- 
 perintendent. 
 
 " My husband is a farmer ; owns thirty-three acres. I am 
 a dressmaker, and aim to be a good wife and a Christian. 
 
 " The people are doing well, and improving to some ex- 
 tent." 
 
 Educated by Miss Abby W. May. 
 
 Watts, Pauline M. Born in Atlanta, Ga., 1864. She taught in 
 Norfolk Co., Va., two terms ; in Chesterfield Co., two, and 
 Elizabeth City Co., three terms. Has taught not less than 
 one hundred and eighty- one children. Is also engaged in 
 Sunday school work. 
 
 She said : " The people at one place were very poor, and 
 lived in log huts. The school house was built of logs daubed 
 with mud. The white people were as poor as the colored ; 
 some of them poorer." 
 
 She owns part of a house and lot, that cost $700. She 
 IS now teaching, and " aims for " the elevation of herself and 
 her race. Lives in Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George Curtis and Rev, J. A. Smith. 
 *Brown, Edward W. Born in Southampton Co., Va., i860. Has 
 taught at Prince George C. H. ever since he left Hampton. 
 After teaching there three years, he wrote that, when he first 
 went there, "a teacher was looked upon as a low object, ow- 
 ing to other teachers' conduct that had been there." He was 
 almost tempted to give up at times, but he had overcome 
 prejudice, and "the clouds had rolled away. ' The people 
 were very poor. The next year he wrote that he did not fin- 
 ish his work in the school room, but at night had a class of 
 men at his own house ; " men who work all day and study 
 three hours at night," and had " learned to read, write and 
 cipher, well enough to attend to their own business." He had 
 sufi:ered with rheumatism, and his eyesight was badly dam- 
 aged. Had the promise of a better school house. Igno- 
 rance was " on the decline." 
 
 Educated by Elbridge Torrey, 
 *Chisman, John. Born in Hampton, Va. 1863. Has not taught ; 
 was doing job work at Fort Monroe when last reported. 
 
 Educated by John C. Whit in. 
 
 ♦Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
148 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Creekmur, Carey R. Born at Deep Creek, Va. 1856. 
 
 " I began to teach at Great Bridge, Va., the fall of '80, 
 and have taught each successive term since. Terms are ten 
 months, and I generally enrol sixty-five or seventy pupils. 
 I would say, as a rough estimate, that I have taught between 
 one hundred and seventy-five and two hundred. I have also 
 been connected with Sunday school. 
 
 " I am married [to Grace Hopper, class of '82] and have 
 two children. I own a house and lot, with about four and 
 one half acres, ahorse and buggy, cart, farming utensils, etc., 
 and I aim to be of service to my race, mentally and morally, 
 and to educate my children. The people are poor and igno- 
 rant ; there are, however, signs of improvement ; several have 
 purchased homes, and others are working earnestly in that 
 direction." 
 
 Educated by George W. Chase. 
 Davis, George W. Born in Washington Co., Va., 1858. He taught 
 in Albemarle Co., Va., also at Beamen, Kansas. Was agent 
 for " Kansas Freedmen's Relief Association." In '82, he en- 
 tered Oberlin college. He read an essay on " The Kansas 
 Exodus " — at Commencement, at Hampton, in May '84, and 
 was, for a while after, clerk in General Armstrong's office. 
 Was in poor health when he came from the West, and left 
 the Institute in May '86. He married and lived for a time on 
 his father-in-law's farm, in North Carolina. Died there of 
 consumption in 1888. 
 
 Educated by Rev. Arthur Crosby. 
 Goodman, Henry C. Born in Reynoldson, N. C, 1858. Taught 
 two summers in Gates Co., N. C, one in Bertie Co., N. C, and 
 six winters in Nansemond Co., Va. Has taught four hun- 
 dred and forty ; knows of one who is a teacher. In '85, he 
 wrote that he was teaching, and that it was the worst place 
 he had ever been in ; he wanted to do all the good he could, 
 and had bought a small farm of fourteen acres and meant to 
 live there ; would go ofif and work to make money enough to 
 build a house. In '86, he taught in a house on his own place; 
 most of the people were new comers and most of them 
 owned land. Morality was " very good among them, indeed." 
 He was married in '86, and has " two fine boys," Besides his 
 farm, he has a mule, and a grocery store, worth $900. He is 
 farming and in the mercantile business. " Improvement is 
 slow." Lives in Suffolk, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Wm. Gammel and Mr. Frank Peabody. 
 
OP^ HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 149 
 
 * 
 
 KiRBY, John Washington. Born at Hampton, Va., 1867. 
 
 " My first school was at Bear Quarter, Norfolk Co.; my 
 second was at Hampton, third at the "Butler," fourth, at 
 Bowers Hill, Va., where I have taught four terms, and am 
 now principal of the school. Have taught between three and 
 four hundred : one has graduated from Hampton, and is 
 teaching; others are preparing to teach. 
 
 I attended Richmond Institute, and Theological Semina- 
 ry. I graduated from the Academic Department, and also 
 the Theological Class. The studies of the latter were theol- 
 ogy, Old and New Testament history, lectures on church his- 
 tory, harmony of the Gospels, church polity, pastoral duties, 
 homiletics and Hebrew. 
 
 " I am"- actively engaged in Sunday school work, and pas- 
 toral work . I am pastor of two churches ; one at Bowers 
 Hill, the other in Princess Anne Co. Both churches are doing 
 well. I have but little idle time, and try to make it less every 
 day. I baptised forty persons last summer; among them a 
 man over seventy years of age, who had not been to church 
 for more than twenty years. 
 
 I am married and have two children ; am now a public 
 school teacher, and a minister of the Gospel. I own one lot 
 in the town of Hampton. 
 
 The general condition of the people among whom I move 
 is good and encouraging. The younger people, compared with 
 the fathers, do not strive as hard to accumulate real property. 
 There are some exceptions. I feel hopeful of my people and 
 sincerely believe they can and will do as well as any other peo- 
 ple under similar circumstances." 
 
 Educated by James A. Wright. 
 
 Owen, Aaron A. Born in McCracken Co., Ky., 1857. 
 
 "The following October, after graduating, I entered Shaw 
 University, Raleigh, N C, where I remained one session, fur- 
 ther pursuing my English education. While there, I paid my 
 own bills with funds earned while at Hampton (for work done 
 during extra hours at blacksmithmg), and by teaching a class 
 in mathematics one hour each day. At the expiration of the 
 session, Dr. H. M. Tupper, the President of Shaw University, 
 asked me to return the next fall to teach at $50. per month. 
 This I declined to do, and taught a summer and fall school in 
 Warrenton, N. C, my home, at $40. per month ; principally to 
 satisfy my friends of that town, and to show them what old 
 Hampton could do to a fellow. My school was said to have 
 
150 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 been the best ever had there, for good management, 
 thoroughness of instruction, practicaUty,' and for the impe- 
 tus given to personal pride and morality among the students 
 and in the community. I taught more than five hundred. 
 Fourteen are teachers, ten hold first grade certificates. 
 
 While teaching, the citizens of the town of Warrenton 
 ( two thirds of whom are whites and Democrats ) elected me 
 one of the town council. As a member of the council, full 
 and complete recognition was given me, from the mayor, who 
 was chairman, and from e\'ery member, the majority of whom 
 were Democrats. After closing my school, I generally fol- 
 lowed my trade, blacksmithing, in inyown shop. In Septem- 
 ber '82, I came to Washington, D. C, to fill a position as copy- 
 ist at $900 per annum, in the Pension office. In '83 and '84, 
 I was promoted respectively to $1,000 and $1,200. On my ar- 
 rival I entered Howard University, Law department, where I 
 remained three years, graduating in '84, with the degree of 
 LL. B., and LL. M. in '85 ; after graduating at Hampton, 
 going to Shaw University, making corporation laws, graduat- 
 ing in law, etc., I thought it was time to look up one of Hamp- 
 ton's daughters. In the summer of 85, I married Miss Mary A. 
 Boner of the class of '81. In the summer of '86, I was ad- 
 mitted to the bar of the District of Columbia. Had written 
 examination lasting six hours. The highest per cent, gained 
 was .88f by the valedictorian of Georgetown Law School. 
 My rating was .88. I have purchased a farm of 50 acres, ad- 
 joining my home in Warrenton, N. C, upon which I have 
 set out a good orchard of finest and earliest fruits. Besides, 
 I have good crops of wheat, corn, oats, beans, and cotton, as 
 well as poultry and stock, which help to make home pleas- 
 ant for my father and mother, 60 and 70 odd years each, re- 
 spectively, who stay there continuously ; also for Mrs. Owen, 
 the children and myself. ' In time, I hope to make my farm 
 look like Hampton's. It is there we learn Northern and suc- 
 cessful modes of agriculture. I have three children: two boys 
 and a girl. Am clerk in Pension Office at Washington. I am 
 preparing to fit myself for the profession as to law books, etc., 
 as I intend to return South soon, to labor among my race for 
 their elevation and education. In conclusion, please allow 
 me to thank the many Northern friends for their generous 
 and continual support to Hampton School, and especially my 
 personal benefactor. Mrs. George R. Russell of Boston." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George R. Russell. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 15I 
 
 OriATT, John H. Born in Warrenton, N. C. 1859. " I have taught 
 ever since leaving Hampton ; at Waterfall, Woodlawn, and 
 Winchester, Va. Have taught four hundred and twenty. Of 
 that number, seven are teachers. The work is hard, as I must 
 do a large part of what ought to be the parents' work. I have 
 made teaching m}^ work, and shall continue while I have 
 strength." 
 
 Atonetime,lack of clothing kept many of his pupils at home, 
 and two of his Sunday-school teachers offered to sew for the 
 poorer ones, and also to teach them how to sew. He has a 
 large Sunday-school, and has also had charge of a large church 
 for some time, which keeps him very busy. He is married 
 and has three children. Owns a house and lot, worth $600. 
 
 He says ; " The people are divided into two classes ; one 
 doing well; the other, very ignorant." Lives in Winchester, Va. 
 Educated by Mr. Benj. Coates. 
 
 Shearer, Charles H. Born at Spanish Oaks, Va., 1854. " I have 
 taught nearly fifty months, five-months sessions, at Tye River 
 Depot, Salt Creek, and this is m}^ fourth session at Madison, 
 a small town in Amherst Co., Va. I have taught two hun- 
 dred and fifteen children. I also teach Sunday-school. I am 
 married [to Henrietta B. Merchant, an ex-student] and have 
 two children. I have $2,000 worth of real estate and personal 
 property which I have saved since I left Hampton. 
 
 " The colored people of this section are intellectually im- 
 proving very fast. They seem to have great anxiety to edu- 
 cate their children. There is a great rush in the public schools 
 at Lynchburg at present, and the accommodations are entire- 
 ly inadequate. The colored people are also buying and owning 
 some valuable property." 
 
 Educated by Miss Anne Anderson. 
 
 *Sterrette, Samuel T. Born in Baltimore Co., Md., 1853. Has 
 taught in Maryland and Virginia. Is a carpenter ; owned in 
 '82 two acres of land and a house. 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. Walter Baker, Mr. B. H. Bar- 
 tol and Samuel A. Chase. 
 
 Stokes, William Henry Carrington. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 
 i860. " I taught after graduating, four successive years in 
 Glendower, Va. I stayed with a firm of Doctors in St. Louis, 
 Mo., the next two years, and since then I have been attending 
 Fisk University ; teaching during vacation months, in West 
 Tennessee. Have taught between three and four hundred 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquhy. 
 
152 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 different pupils. Several have become teachers. During all 
 my years of teaching, I have been closely engaged in Sunday- 
 school and temperance work. In '87, I stumped a portion of 
 the State of Tennessee, under the State Committee for pro- 
 hibition. My property consists of text books. I am a student ; 
 expect to be a minister. The people are a blind Samson, whose 
 eyes are gradually being opened through the advance of civil- 
 ization and education." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
 Strother, Amos T. Born in Dublin, Va., 1858. " I have taught ev- 
 ery year, with the exception of one, since leaving Hampton ; 
 at different schools in Pulaski, Montgomery and Washing- 
 ton Go's., Va., with a total of four hundred and fourteen pupils 
 in the nine years of my work. Of this number, only seven 
 have taught. Four have graduated from Hampton, and are 
 now at work for themselves and the race. 
 
 Wherever my work has been, there I have been actively 
 engaged in Sunday-school, but, as for temperance work, I have 
 done nothing, though I am a friend of it. 
 
 " Eight years of experience and work among my people 
 have firmly fixed this idea, I may say this truth, in my mind; 
 that, ' When you get the Negro interested, when his curiosi- 
 is aroused over something that is for his and his children's 
 welfare, then his mental powers are exerted, his doing-power 
 is fully demonstrated, he goes about his work with a resolu- 
 tion to master, to conquer if possible.' 
 
 " I have been rather a rolling stone, and as the adage 
 says, they gather no moss ; in the matter of property, it is veri- 
 fied in my case, though I have a little home of my own, a 
 very comfortable house and an acre of land, and we have some 
 nice fruit trees. Being a cripple [he has lost a leg] I have 
 made teaching my business, as best suiting my condition. I 
 have formed a love for the work, because I glory in laboring 
 for the future of my race. Hampton has been an inestimable 
 blessing to the Negro. And what Hampton has done for the 
 Negro, must be answered by her sons and daughters. I am 
 indeed proud of my race and I have need to be, for the pro- 
 gress made by us in twenty-five years, surpasses that of any 
 other emancipated race on the globe. Hampton graduates who 
 are in the field, are doing their duty as they know and under- 
 stand it, and we will labor on in the right as God gives us to 
 see the right. Much has been accomplished for the Negro 
 and Africa, and much more remains to be done, and I, as one 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 153 
 
 of the Hamptonians, feel there is a great responsibility on me. 
 There is a great work for us beyond the seas. God intends, I 
 believe, that we shall imbibe the civilization of the white race 
 and then, when by intelligence, mechanical skill and morality 
 we are competent, I believe a large proportion of us will re- 
 turn to the land of our forefathers, there to work for Africans, 
 dark and benighted, like intelligent and polished Africans. 
 May God speed the day when such fitness shall be ours. 
 
 " The colored people in south-west Virginia are doing 
 very well, generally; indeed better than those in other portions 
 of this or other States I know of. In all the towns on the 
 railroad, you may look just over the hill, or round that turn, 
 and you will see a little town of colored people, generally 
 termed " Needmore " or " Blacksburg." In that town they 
 have their school-house, but their churches are always on the 
 Main street of " Whitesburg." Wherever they have a town, 
 you will see their churches and school-houses. These two 
 powerful agencies are sure to improve a people intellectually, 
 socially and morally." 
 
 Lives in Meadow View, Va. 
 
 Educated by Sunday School of Fourth Congregational 
 Church, Hartford, Ct. 
 Sykes, Anderson J. J. Born in Northwest, Norfolk Co., Va. 1857. 
 Taught in Camden, N. C, Norfolk and Surry Co's. and Sa- 
 lem, Va. Has taught five hundred children; eleven are teach- 
 ers. " My first school-house was the poorest I ever saw. In 
 the two holes for windows, was no glass; nothing to keep out 
 cold wind and rain. The children came freely and were good 
 and studious. My second school was in a place where there 
 had been no school. The people were very poor; only one own- 
 ing land, and part of his house was the school-house. School 
 houses are now better, being built wholly or partly by the pub- 
 lic, instead of by individuals. I am teacher in our Sunday- 
 school, which is united in a union, with two others. Individ- 
 ual example and persuasion are my main temperance weap- 
 ons. 
 
 " I have attended Teachers' Institute at Petersburg, and 
 read law a little. We have bought a tract of land, 175 acres, 
 mostly unimproved, and swamp land. I shall soon be out of 
 debt, and be able to improve it. I had planned to get a pro- 
 fession but do not see my way clear. So I am teaching and 
 farming, and aim to be an honest man and a Christian, wher- 
 ever and whatever it is my lot to be or do. Our graduates, 
 
^54 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 in the different departments of life, are trying to establish a 
 better condition. 
 
 "I ask our teachers and those who contribute so generous- 
 ly for our education — don't be discouraged, for most of us are 
 at our post, and knowing your faith abides will spur us to 
 more faithful work. We are establishing little Hamptons all 
 through the South, urging the education of head, hand arid 
 heart, as the only road to our truest and best elevation." He 
 lives in Wallaceton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mr. T. L. Hungerford. 
 
 Wharton, George D. Born at Accomac, C. H., Va., 1862. Taught 
 at Buffalo Springs ten months, and at Clarksville nine years. 
 He is the only teacher in the county holding a professional 
 certificate, and receives $35 per month. Has taught two 
 hundred children, three of whom have. become teachers. Also 
 teaches in Sunday school. Was married in '84, and has two 
 children. He is teaching and farming, In '85, he cultivated 
 70,000 tobacco hills, and made 7,000 lbs. of tobacco worth 
 from $7 to $25 per hundred. In '87 he raised 60 bbls. corn, 
 50 bushels wheat, 2,000 lbs. tobacco, and a surplus of vegeta- 
 bles ; had a horse, mule, yoke of oxen, cows, hogs, etc ; his 
 farm is worth $2,000. He heard a County Superintendent 
 say, that the colored people were acquiring knowledge faster 
 than the whites, and that the colored teachers are better 
 trained. " The people are impi-oving rapidly, getting land and 
 homes and eager to educate their children." 
 Educated by Mr. Dillwyn Parrish. 
 
 White, Joseph J. Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1861. Taught at 
 Mathews C. H., five years, and at North P. O , Mathews Co., 
 three years. Has taught between three and four hundred 
 children, of whom six have become teachers. He is married 
 and has one child ; his wife teaches also; their schools are 
 near home, and they number nearly seventy pupils. Is en- 
 gaged in both Sunday- school and temperance work. Writes: 
 " I am glad to be able to say that the condition of the colored 
 people here is becoming more and more hopeful. They are 
 more willing to accept intelligence; you find very few church- 
 es here that will have for .pastors uneducated men, when once 
 they would have no other, and he would have to possess a pe- 
 culiar 'motirn ' to his voice. They are becoming more temp- 
 erate and industrious. A large majority of us voted against 
 the sale of intoxicating liquors, which was carried by a major- 
 ity. And of the two hundred and fifty colored families here. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 55 
 
 there are not twenty-five without purchased homes." He owns 
 real estate, $i,ooo — and live stock worth $150. 
 
 Lives in Mathews C. H., Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George Curtis. 
 ^WiCKS, William J. Born at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 1857. Was 
 Pullman car porter, for a while. Is now in the service of the 
 city government of Chicago— and reported as doing " First- 
 rate." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. P. Hemenway. 
 ,ViLLL\MS, Samuel. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1857. Taught in 
 Smj^the, Bedford, and Albemarle Co's., and seven years in 
 Lynchburg, Va. Has taught fourteen hundred pupils during 
 this time. Two or three have become teachers. Has been 
 teacher in Sunday-school twelve years. He is a Good Temp- 
 lar. " There is only one lodge in the city, with but few mem- 
 bers, but of the best people, teachers, preachers, etc., and it 
 will no doubt render good service in contests against rum." 
 He owns a residence on a ^ acre lot, two blocks from the 
 horse- car line and five blocks- from his school. In '85, he 
 married Mary E. Smith, Class of '80, and has a little girl three 
 years old. His aim is to " become a better teacher and so 
 help to uplift his race." He says : " As far as I have been 
 able to learn, the colored people are as well off, morally, re- 
 ligiously, financially, or otherwise, as anj^ other race 
 could have been had it been turned loose twenty- 
 five }^ears ago, under similar circumstances. In going around 
 last summer, I had a good opportunity to see what the colored 
 people were doing. Quite a number had nice little homes ; 
 most of them were hewn log-houses. These homes represent 
 sacrifices that no one but a black man can imagine. Men 
 earn from 35 to 50 cents a day on the farm ; women, 20 to 25 
 cents ; but very rarely see any money. I stopped with a friend 
 whose house I visited eight years ago. Then he was renting, 
 now he has a farm of more than 200 acres of good mountain 
 land. It is nearly all good wood land. He told me that, if his 
 crops turned out well, he would finish paying for it this year. 
 There were plenty of chickens, turkeys, a cow, good horse, and 
 other things that go to make up a well kept farm. This is 
 what the colored people are doing to solve the Negro Question. 
 But the race can never become educated unless the county 
 schools run more than four or five months in the year." Lives 
 in Lynchburg. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
156 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 *WiLLiAMS, John E. Came from Middletown, Del. Was at the 
 School three years. Lives in Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 Educated by Rev. Evarts Scudder, Mrs. M. DeW. Rogers 
 and Miss C. DeWolf. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THe senior CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 
 
 *Crawford, William H. Born in Ulster Co., N. Y., 1858. Was ex- 
 pelled. Was at one time teaching in winter at Athens, Va.,and 
 book-keeping in summer. 
 
 Educated by Miss Harriet S. Benson. 
 
 Turner, William R. Came from Jerusalem, Va. Left the School 
 on account of ill health, and died soon after, in 1880. 
 Educated by Mr. A. W. Mclntyre. 
 
 EX-STUDENTS, middle class ; 1880. 
 
 Jackmond, Mary E. (Mrs. Baytop). Born in Gloucester, Va., 1862. 
 Writes : "I have been silent, but not idle. I left Hampton 
 in '81 and opened school the following autumn, at Beach Hill 
 I taught there four successive terms and held night school for 
 the young men, who were very anxious, as they had never had 
 a chance before. My work was hard and tedious, as they had 
 only had school one term before. It was taught by an age- 
 able white man who loved his fiddle better than his work, and 
 the dancing of the children better than their lessons, for not 
 more than ten of his number could read and write their 
 names. The people were very good and kind but very ignor- 
 ant, so I had very little help in the Sunday-school, and, being 
 unconverted, I felt myself too unworthy to teach God's word. 
 I tried to do my best, as the harvest was great and the labor- 
 ers were few. Am glad to add that, during my next term, I 
 confessed, and was baptized ; then, having a helper both temp- 
 oral and spiritual, my pupils made rapid progress in Sunday 
 day and night schools. During the summer, I taught private 
 school and Sunday-school at Brooksville. I went through heat 
 and cold, wet and dry, till my health failed, from cold, hard 
 study and overwork. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 157 
 
 " In '86, I married, and have an industrious, kind and lov- 
 ing husband. We own 20 acres of land, a nice house, horse 
 and buggy, three cows — a yoke of oxen — hogs, hens, etc. etc. 
 I am housekeeping, have one little girl, and aim to be true to 
 myself and God, and aid in the upbuilding of the race, moral- 
 ly and intellectually." 
 
 Lives in Gloucester C. H., Va . 
 
 Educated by S. S. Ward. 
 
 Randolph, Shirley J. Born in Madisonville, Va., 1855. 
 
 Writes : " I taught in Appomatox, Charlotte, Campbell, 
 and Prince Edward Co's., Va., for nearly eight years, and had 
 upward of eight hundred pupils, fifteen of whom are teachers. 
 I am superintendent of a Sunday-school. In '84, I went to 
 Cleveland, Ohio, opened a store, and attended a medical 
 college one year. Then I sold out my store, went to New 
 York and married, Sept. 27, '88, and came home. I own 120 
 acres of land, houses, horses, cattle and other improvements 
 valued at $1,000. Of the colored people, some few own prop- 
 erty and are somewhat improving, though slowly." 
 
 Lives in Rough Creek, Charlotte Co., Va. 
 
 Educated by Rev. James H. Means. 
 
 CLASS OF 1881. 
 
 Banks, Sarah E. Born in Hampton, Va., 1856. "While I have 
 not attended any other school, I have taken private les- 
 sons, and am always trying to improve myself. Since my 
 graduation, I have taught at home and in the same school, 
 with the exception of one term I taught at the 'Butler School,' 
 and one in Prince George Co. I must have taught over six 
 hundred ; I was engaged in teaching before I entered the 
 Normal School at Hampton. I have heard of several of my 
 former pupils teaching, and had letters from them. I have 
 • taught in Sunday-school for fifteen years. Our temperance 
 work is a little on the decay, but we have a fine ' Literary 
 Society,' at which the young men are invited to spend their 
 evenings instead of spending them at saloons. I own real 
 estate worth six hundred dollars. It is my greatest desire to 
 do something that will outlive me, so I try to do right, and to 
 encourage others to do the same." Lives in Hampton in a 
 homesecured by her own industry, and cares for an invalid 
 
158 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 sister. Is still teaching in the Lincoln School there, and, 
 though crippled from childhood by spinal trouble , has made 
 a brave and noble record. 
 
 Educated by Hon. L. F. Brigham. 
 Barksdale, Anna F. (Mrs. Freeman.) Born in Pittsylvania Co. Va., 
 1862. She taught at Clover Depot, Halifax Co., every winter, 
 with an average attendance of foity pupils. In '83, she mar- 
 ried Mr. Amos Freeman of Halifax Co. Died 1887. 
 Educated by Mrs. Mary L. Skinner. 
 
 BOLLING, Eliza W. Born in Buckingham Co., Va., 1861. "I have 
 taught eight terms in Cumberland Co. The total enrolment, 
 for each term, has been between ninety and one hundred pu- 
 pils. It is always 'a pleasure to meet my pupils in our little 
 log house. 
 
 " Whenever I think of the teachers at Hampton, wl].o un- 
 tiringly continue from year to year to instruct the colored 
 people of the South, and the Indians of the West, I feel that 
 we should thank God that one has been provided, and en- 
 abled to remain at the head of that large School ; and that he 
 has so conducted matters that hundreds of young men and 
 women of the two races can say : ' Thank God that General 
 Armstrong still lives ! ' In every county in this state, and in 
 nearly every Southern state, we find some one who has re- 
 ceived instruction at Hampton, and has gone out to teach 
 good lessons and set good examples to some less favored ones 
 of his race. The colored people are progressing, many of 
 them own farms, horses, and cattle ; and these are planting 
 fruit trees, enriching the land and trying to make home pleas- 
 ant ; while those who live on rented farms take no interest. 
 Because our church is five miles from our home, we cannot 
 do the good there we wish. This year we have a vacant house 
 on our farm, in which we have Sunday school every Sunday, at 
 3 p. m. My sisters assist me, and we have an idea of trying 
 to build a church where we are now teaching the Sunday- 
 school. Father says he will give the land for the chupch. I 
 shall continue to try to help my race and teach the good les- 
 sons I learned at Hampton to the children of Cumberland 
 County." 
 
 Lives in Farmville, Va. 
 
 Educated by the Misses Burnside. 
 Boner, Mary A. (Mrs. Owen.) Born in Salem, N. C, 1864. "In 
 the fall of '81, I went to Powhatan and taught six months. I 
 organized a Sunday-school and temperance society, in which 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ' 1 59 
 
 both old and young took a lively interest. In May, '82, I re- 
 turned to Hampton and read an essay, on Commencement 
 Day. I remained there over a year, teaching in the Night 
 School, and writing in the Treasurer's office. I was called 
 away by the illness of my mother and sister, who died soon 
 after my return. In eight months, my father also departed 
 this life, leaving three children at home. Finding ourselves 
 helpless and poor, I concluded to send my sister and brother 
 to Hampton to work their way through school, and I went 
 of? to engage in my favorite work, teaching. I went to Wor- 
 sham and taught eight months. During the time I taught, I sup- 
 pose I have had about two hundred and fifty pupils under my 
 care. There were always too many to be taught by one teach- 
 er ; still, I did the best I could by all. The patrons [parents] 
 were, of course, very poor, but, as a rule, they were sensible of 
 their need of an education. 
 
 " In '85, I married, and my principal occupation is house- 
 keeping, I have three children, and they take the most of 
 my time to care for them . 
 
 " Large numbers of the Negroes here own homes ; some 
 have nice, large houses ; others, small, but neat ones. They 
 are, as a rule, making rapid progress. May God just contin- 
 ue to bless us and open new avenues in life whereby we may 
 improve ourselves and become useful, that all who know us 
 will have to say that we, as a race, have not been a failure 
 since the reconstruction days." 
 
 Lives in Warrenton, N. C. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. E. H. Farnum. 
 
 BOULDING, Lucy J. (Mrs. Stephens.) Born at Burkeville, Va., 1858. 
 She taught at Hampton, Staunton, Farmville and Lynchburg, 
 and has also taught in five Teachers' Institutes in North Caro- 
 lina and Virginia, which were attended by 465 teachers. In 
 her schools she has taught seven hundred and seventy-five pu- 
 pils ; twenty-five of whom are teaching. She says : "I have en- 
 gaged in Sunday-school and temperance work, where I have 
 taught ; thus gaining the confidence of the citizens, which is 
 a stimulus to my efforts. I have purchased a nice little home 
 of seven acres. 
 
 "The condition of the people is, in some respects, encour- 
 aging : but intemperance and immorality are vices to which 
 many of our most promising girls and boys are falling victims; 
 but the future prospect is better in this ; the teachers are be- 
 ing awakened to the fact that their work is not confined to 
 
l6o . TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 the school room alone, but that they are to come together, 
 form unions, and fight agamst every sin that besets us, in or- 
 der to improve our race symmetrically. 
 
 " I am one among the grateful daughters of Hampton 
 whose object is to be a humble instrument in raising some 
 soul to a higher standard of civilization." 
 
 She married George H. Stephens, class of '74- They 
 live in Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Anne T. Slosson. 
 
 Brydson, Martha A. (Mrs. Armistead.) Born in Norfolk Co., Va., 
 1850. She has taught in the country near Norfolk, and in 
 Portsmouth, since '81. Had crowded schools; sometimes 
 seventy-five crowded into one little room. At Portsmouth, she 
 taught the first primary grade ; children of eight years old. 
 She has taught five hundred ; none are teachers yet. She was 
 a widow, with one little child, when she came to Hampton 
 Institute. Since graduating, she has married Mr. Armistead, 
 who had three children. They own $5,000 in real estate. She 
 "aims" to do what she can "to better the condition of the 
 people." Says : " They are progressing financially, morally, 
 intellectually and religiously." 
 
 Lives in Portsmouth, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. P. M. Bryson. 
 
 BuRNHAM, Delia A. Born in Norfolk, Va. She has taught ever 
 since graduating ; first at Jerusalem, Va. " In spite of its 
 name it was a very wicked place, the children were very 
 rude." Afterwards at Norfolk, where she had two sessions— 
 eighty-six children in the morning and seventy-four in the 
 afternoon. She has taught nearly two thousand pupils. She 
 always thought, before Miss Hyde told them so much about 
 ' it, that she could not possibly get along without whipping, 
 but found she could. 
 
 Lives in Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary Lewis. 
 
 * Fairfield Charlotte. Born in 1864. Lived in Hampton and 
 
 assisted in taking care of her father who was insane. After- 
 wards taught school. Lives in New York City. 
 Educated by Judge Oliver Prescott. 
 
 * Gray, Julia E. (Mrs. White.) Born in Norfolk, Va., 1863. She 
 
 taught at Natural Bridge, and at Norfolk, a few miles out of 
 the city ; was assistant in Thomas Gray's school, (class of ''J^) 
 
 *i)id not answer last cicular letter of inquiry . 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. l6l 
 
 had the primary department, with seventy children in her 
 room. She married Boswell S. White, class of '^^, and now 
 lives in Boston. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George H. Shaw. 
 
 Hayes, Virginia F. (Mrs. Sheppard.) Born in Norfolk, Va., 1857. 
 She taught in Nansemond and Norfolk Go's. In '82, married, 
 and afterwards taught in Ghurchland, Va., with Mr. and Mrs. 
 McNeil, (class of 'tj), in a school she taught before com- 
 ing to Hampton. Has taught about two hundred children ; 
 three have become teachers. She has now three children; 
 who keep her very busy. " My home tasks have been so 
 heavy, I have not done much work in Sunday-school and 
 temperance, but the community has not suffered, because Mr. 
 and Mrs. McNeil have been faithful workers m all good causes. 
 My husband is a carpenter, and judges say he does very good 
 work." They own a house and lot, horse, wagon, cart, etc., 
 worth $1,200. Says : "I don't think the people improve ac- 
 cording to their chances, but I think they are ahead of the 
 general mass of country people." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. William O. Grover. 
 =^ Inge, Winifred S. (Mrs. James R. Wilson.) Born in Danville, Va. , 
 1863. Taught in Catawba, and in Danville, Va. Was mar- 
 ried in '86. Lives in Danville, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. James L. Little. 
 
 * Landey, Josephine L. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1862. Had her 
 first experience in teaching near Camden, Del. Taught at 
 Canterbury, Del. where she was quite encouraged ; " The 
 second year, pupils were more eager to grasp all the learning 
 they could." Also taught in Harrington in same county, and 
 at Port Kent. Had a Christmas box one year from New 
 Britain, Ct., which was a great delight and a great help." 
 
 Lives in Harrington, Del. 
 
 Edu cited by Hon. J. G. Pollard. 
 
 Mackie, Sadie J. (Mrs. Williams.) Born in Norfolk, Va., 1863. She 
 wrote : " I taught in Norfolk City one term, and in Norfolk 
 Co., four terms. I have always taught the primary depart- 
 ment in a graded school ; consequently, none have become 
 teachers." In '84, she had a night school, with thirty-seven 
 " reliable scholars," " some of them were forty-five years old ; 
 one was fifty-three." This school continued three years, when 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter ol inquiry. 
 
l62 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 failing health compelled her to give it up. She also had 
 scholars in music. I)ied 1889. 
 
 Educated by Miss Ellen F. Mason. 
 
 Miller, Isabella, (Mrs. Graves.) Born in Centerville, Pa., i860. 
 " I have been teaching at Lahore, Va. ever since '81. I en- 
 joy teaching very much, and have succeeded in sending five 
 of my pupils to Hampton ; seventy-eight have been taught 
 by me, and four are teachers. The people here are improv- 
 ing, and acquiring property; they have a large Sunday-school 
 and church. My aim in life is to do all the good I can for 
 my race. I am the only Hampton graduate in this district. 
 The Superintendent says he would like to have more teach- 
 ers from Hampton. I have tried to have a Temperance So- 
 ciety, but have not succeeded. The people seem to think 
 they must spend part of what they earn in drink, and it is 
 hard to influence the children when the home training is so 
 bad. As a teacher, I have had a great many discouragements, 
 but am still willing to continue in the work." 
 Educated by Jacob P. Jones . 
 
 Nixon, Louisa G. (Mrs. Briscoe.) Born in Mecklenburg, N. C, 1863. 
 " I left Hampton filled with the desire to do some work for 
 the elevation of my race, and so great is my love for the work, 
 and so sincere is my appreciation of the benefits bestowed on 
 me at Hampton, that it is a pleasure to continue in the work. 
 My first efforts were put forth in Virginia, where I was as- 
 sistant to two other Hampton graduates. The school was sit- 
 uated in a thriving village. The parents and pupils were ap- 
 preciative and the surroundings pleasant. My next school 
 was in Onslow Co., N. C. This proved to be a field filled 
 with opportunities for real missionary work. No school had 
 ever been held for colored children in the district, and pa- 
 rents and pupils were anxious for some one to instruct and 
 lead them. There were about thirty pupils, some of whom 
 walked over five miles to and from school." 
 
 While teaching in the wilds of North Carolina, I re- 
 ceived notice that I had been appointed teacher in the public 
 school of Wilmington, N. C. I entered upon the duties in Oct., 
 '82, and retained the position till May, '86. In Sept. '86, I was 
 married and came to Baltimore. My school life has not 
 ceased. At present 1 am teaching in the Parish School of St. 
 Mary's Episcopal Church. I have taught more than 600 pu- 
 pils. As my work has been chiefly in primary grades, I can- 
 not speak of work done by them ; but, as far as it has been 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 163 
 
 possible for me to observe, my children have proved honest 
 and trustworthy. From others I learn that the older pupils 
 are striving to live as good men and women. 
 
 The general condition of the colored people is improv- 
 ing. There are many who do not take as much interest in 
 bettering their condition as they should, but there are many 
 who have made marked progress in business, and intellectual 
 matters." 
 
 Educated by Miss Beulah Coates. 
 
 Peerv, Mattie. (Mrs. J. S. Ferguson. ) Born at Tazewell C. H., Va. 
 i860. 
 
 " I taught my first term in Dorchester Co., Md. My ex- 
 amination was not so good as it might have been, being my- 
 self green, and having a very cross examiner. It was the most 
 advanced school I ever had, and required a good deal of study 
 on my part. I enrolled eighty-four pupils. Two of them 
 have become teachers. At the close of the term I gave an 
 exhibition, and charged at the door. The proceeds I present- 
 ed to the M. E. church. The next summer I spent sewing in 
 Baltimore, and was received as a full member in the Madison 
 St. Presbyterian church. In Sept., '82, I went to Bristol, and 
 was offered a school on the Tennessee side, but I accepted the 
 one on the Virginia side. There I received a first grade certifi- 
 cate, and was appointed principal of the school. I found the 
 school house in a very dilapidated condition, and reported it 
 to the board, who wanted to know why I could not teach 
 there as well as other teachers. I showed them the import- 
 ance of a decent house, as well as a good teacher, being nec- 
 essary for the elevation of the young. There was nothing 
 but the frame of the house; twenty-four glasses were out ; the 
 stove pipe out of the window, and walking across the floor 
 was like walking on so much elastic, and they had never fur- 
 nished the coal even. The board promised to give me $25, a 
 I would raise the remainder among my people. I raised 
 about $50, and in the spring, with that, $75. There was not a 
 better colored school in that county. At the end of five 
 months, I gave an exhibition to a crowded house, and charged 
 five cents admission ; the proceeds went for prizes for good 
 conduct, regular attendance, good lessons, etc. At the close of 
 the term, I was given another five months school in the same 
 county. After teaching four terms in Bristol, I went to Po- 
 cahontas, a new mining town, where many of my old friends 
 had moved. This school had never been taught by a colored 
 
164 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 teacher before. While there, I bought an organ for the 
 school and paid for it by entertainments. I am now teaching 
 in Pulaski, Co., Va. Have taught four hundred and fifty pu- 
 pils : four are teachers. Many of the white people are now 
 in favor of educating the Negroes, if only for servants. A 
 lady in Knoxville said to me : ' Mattie, you are the most in- 
 telligent servant I ever had about me : you know your duty 
 and do it. Why do you teach ? Come and live with me all 
 the time.' From Knoxville to Lynchburg, I find many of my 
 people living well, owning property, building churches, and, 
 in fact, doing credit to their race, and seeming, many of them, 
 to realize that wealth and education are the only things that 
 will put us on an equality with other races." 
 
 Lives in Lucretia, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mr. Elbert B. Monroe. 
 
 Thomas, Emily Lena. Born at Fort Monroe, 1863. Taught seven 
 terms at the " Butler " — now called the " Whittier" — the 
 "training school" for our Normal Department. Taught about 
 five hundred. Also engaged in Sunday school work. Is now 
 teaching in the Whittier. Lives at " Chesapeake City " near 
 Fort Monroe. 
 
 She says : " I feel that the colored people are making 
 great progress." 
 
 Educated by Miss Alice S. Hooper, and " D. B. C," 
 through Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 
 
 Wilson, Anna F. (Mrs. Williams). Born in Guilford, Conn., i860. 
 " Before leaving school, Miss Hyde advised me to write 
 to the superintendent of Roanoke Co., for a position in that 
 county. I did so and was appointed assistant in the graded 
 school, of which Mr. A. J. J. Sykes, (class of '80) was Princi- 
 pal. I have been assistant in the same school ever since. I have 
 tried to lead such a life, and conduct myself in the school 
 room in such a way, that I might not disgrace the school that 
 did so much for ine, if I cannot be one of its bright stars. 
 Our school sessions are not long. In the eight years I have 
 been teaching, we have had only two sessions as long as seven 
 months. You can readily see that the children cannot get 
 along so very fast, with most of the time vacation. I have 
 taught between seven and eight hundred pupils. Two are 
 teachers. In '84, I married a gentleman from Salem, a plas- 
 terer. The wedding took place at Guilford, Conn., my home. 
 I have been a teacher in the M. E. Sabbath school all the 
 time, and I have been their organist, but I am not much of a 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 165 
 
 player. I find a great deal of work among my people, and, 
 where I can do any good for their advancement, I try to do 
 so. The people are improving, although some are very 
 poor." 
 
 Educated by J. H. Thorpe. 
 
 "■^ Allen, Beverly. Born in King and Queen Co., Va., 1859. Has 
 taught at West Point, Va., nearly every year since graduating. 
 Was principal of a graded school, and had eighty-sight schol- 
 ars. When school closed, he went fishing and coasting with 
 his father. Said : " To one used to sailing from city to city, 
 teaching is somewhat wearisome ; nevertheless, I like it. My 
 whole life at Hampton seems like a dream to me ; too pleas- 
 ant to be natural." 
 
 Educated by Hiram Foster. 
 
 ^AvERV, John B. Born at Barnwell, S. C, 1862. Taught at Colum- 
 bia, S. C. At one time had a private school at Foreston, S. 
 C, with forty pupils on roll and an average attendance of 
 thirty-eight or nine. He went to Jacksonville, Fla. 
 
 Educated by Mr. Charles Boswell. 
 Baton, Edward R, Born in Augusta. Ga., 1862. He taught at 
 North Landing, Great Bridge and Vicksville, Va. Said : "At 
 first I thought I would not like teaching, but have come to 
 like it very much. The people seem to like me very well; 
 they are ignorant and superstitious, and believe in conjuring. 
 If a person gets sick, they will take him to a conjure doctor 
 and he will pretend to take lizards and snakes from him ; 
 they also believe in conjuring animals, and in fortune telling. 
 When I first came here some said: ' We are not going to send 
 our children to school ; let them come up as we came up.' 
 1 go to their homes and read the newspapers, and discuss 
 Biblical and different topics, and tell them what I think, and 
 they listen with great interest, and are believing in educa- 
 tion." " Education must be respected." 
 
 Died 1887. 
 
 Educated by H. P. Kidder. 
 
 Bayne, Joseph C. L. Born in Eastville, Va., 1861. 
 
 " I have taught three years at Capeville and five years at 
 Eastville, Va. Have taught about two hundred scholars ; 
 have sometimes had more than I could teach well. I have 
 taught a little differently from my predecessors, so I have 
 had to work hard to carry my points. One thing I dont do 
 
 *Did not reply to last ciicular letter of inquiry. 
 
i66 
 
 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 as they did, and that is ruling the scholars by using the whip. 
 At first, the people said, if I did not whip them, they would 
 rule me, but I knew there was more than one way to do some 
 things, so I thought there was more than one way to rule a 
 school. Now they say I keep better order and teach them 
 more than any other teacher. The colored people are im- 
 proving very fast, a large per cent, own real estate.' 
 
 Lives in Eastville, Va. 
 
 Educated by James Talcott and Rodney Dennis. 
 BOLDEN, Archer Warren. Born in Cumberland Co., Va., 1863. 
 He taught twenty months in Southampton Co., and eighteen 
 months in Orange Co., Va.; had four hundred and six pupils ," 
 five are teaching. He had $400 in the Bank. Is now a sol- 
 dier in loth Cavalry, U. S. A. He writes from San Carlos, 
 Arizona : 
 
 " Some people say that the life of a soldier is grand and 
 romantic ; but I think there is more reality than romance. 
 There is no romance attached to the part I have undergone 
 in the past two years — nothing but hard riding, scouting and 
 mountain climbing. I don't think it will happen again when 
 I have completed my five years service, 1 will give up ad- 
 venture as a bad job, and return to the quiet life of a teach- 
 er ; that is, if I do not forget all that 1 knew before entering 
 the service of ' Uncle Sam.' My Troop — Troop E— has the 
 best cavalry horses in the loth Regiment, and my captain is 
 in command here. 
 
 Educated by The Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 
 
 BOUSH, Alfred. Born in Portsmouth, Va., 1863. Taught in Ports- 
 mouth, Va., a night school. Went to Philadelphia and was 
 the only colored clerk in the office of the Shoe and Leather 
 Trade Association. 
 
 Said : " I, like all my class, intend to overcome all ob- 
 stacles that are in our path to the road of success." 
 
 Died : — we do not know date. 
 
 Educated by Mr. Benedict's Bible-class. 
 *Brown, Robert H. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1859. Taught at 
 Skinquarter, Va., North Springfield, Mo., and among the ex- 
 slaves of the Cherokee Indians in Indian Territory. Lives in 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Educated by Wm. Endicott. 
 
 Burke, Werten. Born in Alexandria, Va., 1856. Was employed 
 the summer of '81, at Hampton Institute. Was very ill. In 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 167 
 
 the autumn went to Waterfall, Va., where he hoped to 
 teach, Died 1882. 
 
 Educated by Frederick Marquand and Park St. Sunday 
 School, Boston, 
 *Brickous, James E. 
 
 Went to Wilberforce College, Ohio; afterwards to Spring- 
 field, Mo., and Baxter Springs, Kansas. He is now a Metho- 
 dist preacher. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Jeannette Fowler and Charles Bene- 
 dict. 
 Carrington, Samuel C. Born in Roanoke, Va., 1861. 
 
 •' I have been teaching ever since I left Hampton, at Hol- 
 lins, Va.; have taught about one hundred. Three of my pu- 
 pils are teachers. I have attended the Normal Institute at 
 Petersburg. I am married and have three children. Own a 
 house and land, a cow, etc., valued at $500. The people are 
 buying themselves homes very rapidly." 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary W. AVells and Edward Wells. 
 Evans, William I). Born in Farmville, Va., i860. 
 
 " I have seen some very pleasant times since I have been 
 teaching. First, I was assistant teacher in the Glendower 
 School. W. H. Stokes, class of '80, was principal. Our ses- 
 sion lasted seven months. The following year, I returned to 
 my own county ( Prince Edward ) and have taught six terms 
 I have taught two hundred and ninety-five, three of whom are 
 teachers, and I have sent three to Hampton. I have a nice Sun- 
 day school, well attended by the children. The people are 
 improving; they are in a medium condition." 
 
 Lives in Worsham, Va. 
 
 Educated by S. D. Warren and Mrs. Valeria Terry. 
 
 Hilton, William A. Born in Harford Co,, Md., 1857. 
 
 " Since graduating, I have studied law. I taught one 
 term at Mt. Meridian and two terms at New Hope, in the 
 same county (Wicomoco.) I have been superintendent of 
 the colored schools of Pocahontas, Va , two years. Under 
 my direct teaching there were about two hundred and fifty ; 
 six have become teachers. There are about four hundred in 
 the schools of which I have charge. The colored schools of 
 this town are run by the colored people themselves. Each 
 single man pays twenty-five cents per month, and married 
 men pay fifty cents ; this amount comes through the Office of 
 the South-west Virginia Improvement Company of this place. 
 
 *Did not answer lest circular letter of inquiry. 
 
1 68 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Our term is ten months. I am engaged in temperance work. 
 I find it does a great good among my people. Temperance 
 is one of the three things that will solve the Negro problem ; 
 viz: Religion, Morality and Temperance. I am married and 
 have one child. I am a foreman for the South-west Virginia 
 Improvement Company of Pocahontas, Va. My aim in life is 
 to do that which will best benefit my people. I pay taxes on 
 $500 worth of personal property. The condition of the people 
 in this part of the state is above the average of that in many 
 parts of the state where I have been. This is the great min- 
 mg region of the state, where a great floating population finds 
 its way : yet I feel, that, after five years work among them, I 
 am safe in saying there is improvement." 
 
 Educated by M. H. Simpson. 
 HoLLiNGSWORTH, Henry C. A. Born in Hanover Co., Va. He has 
 taught in Augusta, Nelson, and Rockingham Co's., Va., three, 
 five and six months sessions ; has taught two hundred and 
 eighty-four children ; four of them are now teachers. Has 
 not been able to do much Sunday-school or temperance work, 
 by reason of poor health. Is married ; owns two house lots in 
 Florida. Is preaching and teaching, and " aims " at a life of 
 service and usefulness to his ra-ce. Thinks the colored people 
 are improving. Lives in Belle's Valley, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Annie Anderson. 
 Kerr, George W. Born in Eastville, Va., 1859. 
 
 " I have taught one term in Orange, two in Southamp- 
 ton, two in Belle Haven, two in Craddockville, Va. I sup- 
 pose I have taught nearly four hundred children. Own a 
 horse and five acres of land. Aim to be something and to 
 do something. The people are prosperous and improving 
 rapidly." 
 
 Lives in Eastville, Va. 
 
 Educated by Gen. W. S. Pierson and Cong'l Sunday School 
 of Windsor, Ct. 
 Martin, Romey O. Born in Greenwood, Va., i860. 
 
 " I left Hampton in '81, and opened school at Swanson- 
 ville, Va., Oct. ist. The hut in which I began to teach had 
 been built ten years before, and been taught in two or three 
 winters; it was then closed on account of having no teacher. 
 Everything about the hut had been destroyed, except the logs 
 of which it was built. The first thing to be done was to have 
 it floored and to make some seats. With the assistance of 
 the fathers of some of the children, we fixed it up so I 
 could commence teaching, and promised ourselves to have 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 169 
 
 it all right before we stopped. With a blackboard one and a 
 half yards square, six rough benches for seats, five slates and 
 nine pupils, I opened school. My first month closed with 
 thirty pupils, the second with fifty-one on roll, and still in- 
 creasing. I have been teaching this same school, in a better 
 house, from six to eight months every year since. I have 
 never had any serious troubles since I have been teaching ; I 
 have found the work much harder than I anticipated, but I 
 love and enjoy it, and am more interested in it at present than 
 ever. I keep up my Sabbath school and I have a little tem- 
 perance society, but it puzzles me more to make that a suc- 
 cess than anything I have undertaken. Neither can I ac- 
 count for my non-success, unless it is due to the unrecogni- 
 tion of the old people, who still claim 'it was made to drink.' 
 
 I have a farm of 145 acres, valued at $1,500 ; a wagon, 
 two mules, tools, etc , worth $500. I am farming and teach- 
 ing and aim to do all the good I can for every body, and es- 
 pecially for my own race. The people are poor but improv- 
 ing." 
 
 Educated by Morris K. Jesup. 
 =^MiTCHELL, Julius L. Born in Charleston, S. C, 1862. He has been 
 teaching in Monck's Corner, S. C, since '81. The county 
 school runs but three months, but the people support their 
 own school seven months longer. He said, " We went to 
 work and built our own school house and furnished all our 
 supplies the first year." The people attributed his failure to 
 enter West Point Military Academy to their earnest prayers, 
 so unwilling were they to have him leave them. In '85, 
 he intended going to his home, Charleston, S. C, and study- 
 ing law, but became interested in teaching and continued. 
 
 Educated by Dillwyn Parrish. 
 
 McKay, Perry Cleaze. Born in Marion, S. C, i860. 
 
 " I commenced teaching in '75, and, with the exception of 
 two years at Hampton,— '79 and '80, — I have taught every 
 year since. I taught in Marion, Marlborough and Kershaw 
 Co's., S. C, and in Clarksville, Texas. I have taught thir- 
 teen hundred children ; sixteen have become teachers, I will 
 add that, in teaching, some of the happiest days of my life 
 have been spent. I gave my whole time to the work, and 
 when I was not teaching, I was making ready for it. Since 
 coming to Texas, I can no longer confine myself to the rou- 
 tine of the school house. I shall farm. I own town lots 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
170 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 worth $800 and personal property, $250. At present I am 
 teaching and farming. The colored people generally are in a 
 healthy and hopeful condition. The testimony of their min- 
 isters, teacheis and the land owners of the county attest this 
 New churches and school houses are being built, and the col- 
 ored man's standing with banks and men of means is im- 
 proving," 
 
 Educated by E. W. Clarke. 
 
 *McIntosh, Thomas H. Born in St. Mary's, Ga. Lived in Jackson- 
 ville, Fla. Was a waiter. 
 
 Educated by Hon. Martin Brimmer. 
 
 Norton, Robert F. M. Born in Springfield, Mass., 1862. 
 
 " After graduating, I had a position in the Custom House 
 at Yorktown ; first ^s Asst. -Deputy, afterwards as Inspector of 
 Customs. Since graduating, I have attended the Virginia 
 Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg and studied 
 languages and classics. 
 
 I taught at Yorktown one year; in Hanover Co., two 
 years; at Petersburg Institute, one year, and Hollywood, Va., 
 three years. I have taught nearly five hundred pupils; twen- 
 ty-nine have become teachers. 
 
 I have a small farm of forty-six acres, and a few head of 
 stock. I am now teaching. My aim is to study medicine. 
 Our people are advancing rapidly: educationally, and in every 
 conceivable way." 
 
 He married Lizzie Saunders, class of '84. They live 
 in Richmond, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Amos P. Tapley. 
 
 Scott, Charles. Born in Farmville, Va., 1859. 
 
 " I am yet teaching in Worsham, Va., where I have been 
 since the fall of '81. I have fifty -six scholars on roll, and I 
 am getting along nicely. As I have been teaching in one 
 place all the time, the number is not so great as some teach- 
 ers will report. I have taught three hundred and fifty ; six 
 have been teaching. My preserft occupation is school teach- 
 ing and farming. The colored people are getting along well; 
 the majority of them own their homes." 
 Educated by Mrs. Robert G. Shaw. 
 Snowden, Morgan M. Born in Leesburg, Va., 1854. 
 
 " I taught two years at Horntown, three at Guilford, and 
 one at Farmville, Va. I have taught two hundred and forty- 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 171 
 
 seven pupils. While I was teaching, both white and black 
 were very kind to me, and the whites were just as anxious as 
 the blacks to have the colored children educated. I had a 
 class of little children, from eight to ten years old, who could 
 write their spelling lesson, who, when I went there could not 
 make a letter, nor could any of my children write a good leg- 
 ible hand. I, being such a poor writer, felt it would be al- 
 most useless to try and teach them, but I went into it, and 
 some of them now write better than myself (which is not saying 
 much). I am now a railroad porter. I wish to teach, but as 
 the pay is not good, I must do something else sometimes. The 
 colored people are improving in every way very fast." 
 
 In '88, he married Ellen L. Walker, class of '77. and is now 
 janitor of a building m New York. They have one child. 
 
 Educated by Rev. Arthur Crosby. 
 Spann, Russell J. Born in Sumter Co., S. C, i860. 
 
 " I have been to no other school, but have studied Latin, 
 under a private teacher. Have taught in Sumter, Anderson. 
 Lynchburg, S. C, and in Marion Co., public school terms va- 
 rying from two to six months ; sometimes I have continued 
 two or three months with an independent school, after the 
 public school closed. I have also been a book keeper and 
 clerk, and a waiter in a club house in New Jersey. Am now 
 teaching in Elberton, Ga. I have been at this place four years, 
 enrolling three hundred and forty-one scholars. I have 
 taught in all, nine hundred and twenty-nine. Twenty have 
 become teachers. The pay has not been in proportion to the 
 work, but it is not the dollars and cents that I am after, but 
 the enlightenment of my race. I find the majority of the colored 
 people in Georgia, as a whole, not in as good circumstances as 
 those of South Carolina. They are improving educationally 
 but not much morally. I was married to an earnest Christian 
 girl in March '87, and have one child. I am now teaching and 
 aim to be a practical teacher and farmer. We have a very 
 good Sunday school, with seventy pupils and six teachers, 
 and are trying to kill out Satan and the rum-shop." 
 
 Educated by Miss Anna C. Lowell. 
 *WlLES, Louis A. Born in Magnolia, Fla., 1861. Taught in Nor- 
 folk and Isle of Wight Go's.. Va. Afterwards went to 
 Muchakinock, Mahaska Co., Iowa, where he now lives. Is a 
 brick maker by trade. Owns a share in 160 acres of " Home- 
 stead land," in Moody Co., Dakota. 
 
 Educated by John M. Forbes. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
172 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 
 
 ^Houston, Oliver. Born in Pulaski Co., Va., 1858. He went to 
 Oberlin College for a while. Has taught in Southampton, 
 Surry, Pulaski, Nansemond, Amelia and Giles Co's., Va. He 
 has had various experiences. Wrote at one time : " Tem- 
 perance and Intemperance are arrayed strongly against each 
 other. There are three or four bar-rooms in full blast." He 
 took such a strong stand against them, that some of his best 
 friends — " readjusters" — did not speak to him. At one place, 
 the people were superstitious and immoral. " There were 
 plenty of preachers but they were sometimes the worst men 
 in the place. In the spring of '87, while acting as porter of a 
 sleeping car, he jumped from the train and dislocated his 
 knee. The next antumn he was walking a mile and a half to 
 school every day on crutches. 
 
 Educated by Miss AnnaS. Everette, H. E, Coggeshall and 
 C. C. Lyman. 
 
 ^Thornton, William H. Born at Staunton, Va.,' 1856. Was a 
 brick maker. He went to Muchakinock, Iowa. Owned a 
 share in 160 acres of " Homestead land," in Dakota. In '82 
 he married Alice P. Davis, class of '73. 
 
 Educated by Union Church, S. S., Worcester, Mass. 
 
 *Spottswood, Lincoln. Born in Hampton, Va. Was steward on 
 board U. S. Flagship Tennessee ; later, at Hygeia Hotel, 
 Fort Monroe. 
 
 Educated by Frederick Jones and Hon. C. P. Talbot. 
 
 EX-STUDENTS, MIDDLE CLASS, 1881. 
 
 Graves, ElisHA T. Born in Pittsylvania Co.. Va. 
 
 " I have been teaching eight sessions in Pittsylvania Co. 
 To my best judgment, between four and five hundred chil- 
 dren have been taught by me ; two of them have become 
 teachers. I have been engaged in Sunday school. Had a 
 very good school, a large turnout. I own 115 acres of land, a 
 horse, two cows, hogs, etc. I am married and at present am 
 farming. There is but very little improvement here with the 
 colored people. Some try to do and be something, while 
 others pull back." Lives in Callands, Va. 
 Educated by Miss Helen Porter. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 173 
 
 CLASS OF 1882 
 
 Badger, Susan M. Born in i860, at Aiken, S. C. Has been teach- 
 ing, ever since the fall of '82, in the Schofield School, Aiken. 
 Last summer, she went " down in the back woods, of Barn- 
 well Co." and had a school : found the people " far behind in 
 educational matters," yet •' anxious to have their children 
 taught." Thinks the Schofield school, which was taught 
 principally by Hampton graduates, is having a great influence 
 for good. Is engaged in Sunday-school and temperance 
 work. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. James M. Beebe and Miss Mary Coates. 
 *Banks, Ara:minta. (Mrs. Gipson) Harrisonburg, Va. Was teaching 
 in '83, at Fairfax C. H.; 50 scholars on ^roll. Married in '84, 
 and, when last heard from, was living in Pawtucket, R. I. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Pauline Henry, Mrs. C. V. Spear and 
 The Westminister Benevolent Ass'n, New York. 
 Boner, Sultana. Born, Salem, N. C, Sept. 26, 1865. Taught 
 school at Mount Sydney, Va., six months. Had about 75 pu- 
 pils. Died, Dec. 16, 1883. 
 
 Her sister, who gave the above information, says : '• I 
 guessed at the number of children. I know she had a very 
 large school and worked herself to death, trying to do her 
 best." 
 
 Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks. 
 Brown, Justine H. Born in Savannah, Ga., 1867. Entered the Mid- 
 dle class at Hampton. As she was very young and very small, 
 the rest of the class doubted her ability to keep up with them. 
 It was soon found that little Justine could more than " hold 
 her own." Has taught ever since graduatmg ; ten months in 
 Powhatan Co., Va., and, since that time, in Springfield, Tenn. 
 Her present school was formerly supported by the Woman's 
 Home Missionary Society, Boston, but is now under the 
 American Missionary Association. Has had over 300 child- 
 ren under her care. Six have become teachers. Has been 
 very actively engaged in temperance work. Writes thus : " I 
 think we did some good work at Powhatan. I was very 
 young and inexperienced then ; therefore wasn't as successful 
 as I could have wished. Over a hundred children and about 
 
 *Uid not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
174 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 twenty-five adults signed the pledge. I dont think that they • 
 had ever heard of such a thing as a Sunday-school before the 
 fall of '82, when Harriet Fisher and Rose Draper [her prede- 
 cessors, also members of the class of '82] organized one. Peo- 
 ple came from all parts of the county to visit it." " Springfield 
 is the county seat of Robertson, the ' Whiskey County '." She 
 writes, " In such a county you can easily irnagine what a hard 
 fight we have. For the last six years, we Hamptonians have 
 been working hard against intemperance, and, I am happy to 
 say, we have been very successful." She reports "great im- 
 provement in the appearance of the children, in their observ- 
 ance of Sunday, etc." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Amos Reed and Young People's Be- 
 nevolent Society, Brookline, Mass. 
 
 Chew, Susie A. (Mrs. Cannon). Born in Maryland, 1862. Taught 
 one term at Snow Hill,jSl. J., one at Milford and one at Frank- 
 ford, Del. Is now teaching at Omar, Del. Has had about 
 200 scholars. Is married. Reports many of the colored peo- 
 ple as owning farms and doing well. 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Cong. Church, North Brookfield, 
 Mass. 
 
 COLBURN, Georgiana. Born in Accomac Co., Va., 1863. "Since 
 graduation, I have taught five years in Mathews and Accomac 
 Co's., Va., and been run over with children in my school- 
 room." Spent one winter, " resting " in Philadelphia — is now 
 " back " at her " old work again." Attended for two years 
 the Teachers' Summer Term at Delaware Conference Acade- 
 my in Princess Anne, Md. Is engaged in Sunday-school 
 work. Lives in Metompkin, Va. 
 
 Educated by Ezra Farnsworth and First Cong. S. S.; 
 Woburn, Mass. 
 
 Coles, Nannie B. Born in Pittsylvania Co., Va., 1864. " I have 
 been teaching ever since graduating m '82. First, three years' 
 work in a graded school in Danville, Va. The next three 
 years I taught in the country, at a place where they had never 
 had a school. I began a Sunday-school which was largely at- 
 tended. My chief 'object in life is to become a good teacher. 
 I have no desire to do anything else. I love my work." Has 
 taught about 200 children. Lives in Danville. 
 Educated by Cong. S. S., Montclair, N. J., 
 and Mrs. Henry Rose. 
 
 Collins, Sarah A. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1863. Writes thus : "I 
 have now taught very nearly six years. At first in Powhatan 
 Co., Va.; was then appointed teacher at Springfield, Tenn. un- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. • 175 
 
 der the Woman's Home Missionary Association, of Boston 
 My aim in life is to do zuell- whatever I find to do ; to grow- 
 broader and deeper in intellect, through reading and study; 
 to keep my heart in sympathy with my fellow creatures and 
 alive to its duties to them, and to make my life a contradic- 
 tion to the idea that the Negro is low and groveling in senti- 
 ment and purpose. I mean to ' look up and lift up.' " 
 
 Has taught about 250; ten are teachers. Is teacher of an 
 industrial school established by Northern residents at St. Au- 
 gustine, Fla. [ Lucy A. Morse, class of '75, is now — 1891 — 
 matron in same school. Both doing excellent work. Ed.] 
 
 Educated by All Souls' Church, New York. 
 CuMMiNGS, May E. (Mrs. Taylor). Born in West Chester, Pa., 1859. 
 Taught four terms in Cumberland and Buckingham Counties, 
 Va.; not less than 100 scholars. Does not teach now. " Have 
 a nice Sunday-school; mix temperance through it, but have no 
 organized society." Has been married six years. Owns 200 
 acres of land, with farm implements ; three horses, one cow 
 and seven hogs. " The surroundings here (Cumberland Co) 
 in general are poor and chances for advancement are almost 
 no chances at all. The colored people are leaving here very 
 fast indeed, and none are coming to take their places." 
 
 Lives at Hawk P. O., Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Henry Perkins. 
 Doles, Martha S. Born at Ivor Station, Va., 1865. Has taught 
 for five years in Southampton Co., and is still engaged in the 
 work. Number of pupils taught 130, four of whom are now 
 teachers. Writes thus : " The work around here is indeed 
 prospering. There are nine of Hampton's children teaching 
 not far from me. I feel thankful that the temperance work is 
 going onward and upward. We have now about a thousand 
 members. You remember M. S. (another H. graduate). She 
 is a zealous worker in the cause. We travelled through a great 
 part of N. C. last summer to build up the work there. It seem- 
 ed that in every place, tTie people were saying, ' come and help 
 us.' " The colored in Southampton Co., " seem to behold the 
 light of an other day. Old and young are putting aside intox- 
 icating liquors. They are beginning, too, to realize the fact 
 that the man who has the best chimney to his house is he 
 who has no chimney in his mouth." Lives at Ivor Station. 
 
 Educated by Joseph N. Bacon. 
 Draper, Rose J. Born in Nashville, Tenn. Taught sixteen months 
 in Powhatan Co., and four years in Middlesex Co., Va.; about 
 
176 TWENTY-TWO YEARS*. WORK 
 
 200 scholars. Has been engaged in Sunday-school and temp- 
 erance work, but is too much out of health at present to be so 
 employed. Lives in Urbana, Va. 
 
 Educated by Rev. Alex. S. Twombly and W. O. Grover. 
 
 Fisher, Harriet A. V. (Mrs. Proctor). Born in Manchester, Va., 
 1863. Taught first in Powhatan Co., Va. Writes; " 1 labor- 
 ed here with good success and gaining many friends ; the 
 winter through, in severe weather, walking five miles a day." 
 For the next five years, taught in one of the public schools of 
 Norfolk. Has had about 750 children under her instruction, 
 "And now, summing up the whole of my six years's work, I have 
 tried with head, heart, and hands, and help from various 
 friends, to do all I could for the elevation of my people." 
 Was married in 1889, and has not taught since. Lives in 
 Norfolk. Educated by S. M. Felton. 
 
 Harris, Georgiana. Born in Norfolk, Va. Taught in Norfolk in 
 one of the public schools for three years ; 138 children the 
 first year, one-half coming in the morning, the rest in the af- 
 ternoon ; 140 children the next year, and 100 in '85. Writing 
 of her work, she says : " My hands are full, but I love my 
 children." 
 
 Died of consumption, at her home in Norfolk, May 20th, 
 1885. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Wm. Eustis and Ladies' Sanitary Com. 
 Soc, through Miss Abby May. 
 Harris, Sarah A. Born in Smithville, Va., i860. Has taught in 
 Charlotte, Campbell, and Appomattox Go's., eight terms in all ; 
 326 pupils. Has engaged in Sunday-school work. Reports 
 people " improving." Lives in Ward's Fork Mills, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Geo. R. Russell, Mrs. Minturn and 
 Miss Wendle. 
 
 Hooper, Emma F. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1863. Has taught 
 in Wilmington six years. Has had about 500 " very small pu- 
 pils." Has engaged, " to a great extent, in Sunday-school 
 work." Reports her people as "improving intellectually 
 morally, socially and financially." Lives in Wilmington. 
 Educated by Mrs. James R. and Miss A. R. Faulkner. 
 
 *Hopper, Grace J. (Mrs. Creekmur). Deep Creek, Va. Has been 
 
 teaching, but has not reported her work for some years past. 
 
 Married Carey Creekmur, class of '80. Lives in Deep Creek. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Geo. C. Perkins, Mrs. Robt. G. Shaw. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 177 
 
 Jackson, Cornelia A. (Mrs. Moore). Born in Savannah, Ga., 1865. 
 Taught three terms in the public school of Savannah ; about 
 1 50 scholars, primary grade. Is married, has 2 children; "lit- 
 tle darlings." Writes : " My present occupation is taking care 
 of my home and children. My aim in life is to elevate my 
 children and others. I don't own any property as yet, but 
 hope to in the near future." Lives in Savannah. 
 
 Educated by Young People's Benevolent Soc, Brookline, 
 Mass. 
 
 *JlMERSON, Anna S. (Mrs. ) Milestown, Md. Reported her 
 
 work very faithfully up to the fall of '87. Had then been 
 teaching regularly since her graduation. She is known to 
 have been married since then, but has not written for several 
 years past. Present name and residence unknown. 
 Educated by Cong. S. S., Waterbury, Conn., 
 
 Lowe, Louisa (Mrs. Bowe). Born in Southampton Co., Va., in 1862. 
 Taught there six years, 650 scholars, 4 of whom have become 
 teachers. Has been twice married ; first to Andrew J. Reynolds, 
 an under-graduate of Hampton, and, after his death, to Rev. 
 Mr. Bowe, a Methodist minister. Has two children. Owns 
 real estate, valued at $500. Lives in Woodville, N. C. 
 
 Educated by S. S. Franklin St. Church, East Somerville, 
 Mass. 
 
 Smith, Fanny, (Mrs. Washington), Born in Maiden, West Va., 1858. 
 Taught one year at Tuskegee, Ala. Was married in 1882 
 to Mr. Booker T. Washington, Principal of the Tuskegee 
 Normal School, and died in 1884, leaving one child. Mr. W. 
 thus writes of her. " Perhaps the way in which Fanny was 
 able to impress her life upon others most was in her extreme 
 neatness in her housekeeping and general work. Nothing 
 was done loosely or carelessly. In this respect, she taught 
 our students many valuable lessons. Her heart was set on 
 making her home an object lesson for those about her, who 
 were so much in need of such help." 
 Educated by Mrs. Fred. R. Abbe. 
 
 Shelton, Susan. Born in Boydton, Va. Taught four terms in 
 Clarksville, Va. ' ' Large school ; regular attendance of sixty. 
 I have come to be a great lover of children. " In '83, she 
 writes : " School very, very large. People who have never 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
178 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 sent any children before are sending them this year. I must 
 think I am doing some good. " Died of consumption, in 
 April, '85. 
 
 Educated by Miss M. A. Longstreth. 
 Spratley, Rosa J. Warwick C. H., Va. Died at the School, a few 
 weeks after graduating. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. T. K. Gibbs. 
 Sykes, Amanda. Born in North West, Va., Sept. 10, i860. Has 
 taught steadily since graduating, at the following places: 
 Great Bridge, Wallaceton, North West, in Virginia, and two 
 summer schools in Currituck, N. C. Of the school in the lat- 
 ter place she writes thus : " The Superintendent had always 
 employed the most inexperienced teachers, until the summer 
 of '84 when the patrons [parents] refused to be so treated. 
 They got their pastor to secure a teacher. Their text book 
 was the Elementary Speller, but after a few hints they con- 
 cluded to get readers and other school books necessary. The 
 pupils were the most studious I ever met. Two are now in 
 Hampton." Has taught in all about 376 pupils, nine of whom 
 have attended higher schools. Three are teachers. In '85, 
 she " attended the Collegiate Institute at Petersburg." Writes : 
 " I am now living a very busy life, my time being occupied with 
 day and Sunday-school duties, attending church, and a regular 
 course of study prescribed by the Board of the Virginia Colored 
 Teachers' Association." Owns 67 acres of cheap land, partly 
 swamp, and three head of cattle. Lives in Wallaceton. 
 
 Educated by Benj. De Forest and Mrs. Mary L. Skinner. 
 Thornton, Maria A. Born in Charlotte Co., Va., i860. Has 
 taught eight months at Rice's Depot, and six terms in Farm- 
 ville, Va. Of the latter school, where she is now teaching, she 
 writes ; " My scholars are doing nicely, and I can see the re- 
 sult of my six years' labor." Has had more than 300 children 
 under her instruction. Has " a nice Sunday-school ; people 
 seem to be quite interested in it." Owns a carriage, organ, 
 sewing-machine, 75 acres of land and a few hundred dollars. 
 Thinks the people " are slowly, but sur'ely improving." 
 
 Educated by A. H. Barney and All Souls' Church Sun- 
 day-school, New York city. 
 V/allace, Ada J. (Mrs. Brown.) Born in Milledgeville, Ga., 1862. 
 Taught at St. Simon's, Ga., one year ; at Tuskegee, Ala., 
 three years : about 260 scholars, about fifteen of whom are 
 teachers. Married Wm. C. Brown, Class of '83. They have 
 two children, and are now living at Macon, Ga. Writes : " My 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 79 
 
 aim is to do my duty wherever I can." "Condition of people 
 is improving very fast ; good school-houses and good teach- 
 ers." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Thomas Nevvlin. 
 
 Washington, Georgia. Born in Norfolk, Va. Is industrial teach- 
 er and assistant in the care of Indian girls in the Hampton 
 Normal School. She writes : " My aim is to help, in any way 
 I can, both Indian and Negro." Has taught in the Sunday- 
 schools of Hampton ever since graduating, and helped in 
 temperance work. Gives, as the amount of property she 
 owns, " My two hands, head and heart"; capital which, when 
 well used, as it is in Georgia's case, pays satisfactory dividends. 
 Educated by Mrs. John E. Lodge, Miss Laura F. Stanley. 
 
 Alkord, Thomas J. Shawneetown, Indian Ter. Writes thus of his work 
 since graduating : "I have taught among the Pottowatomies 
 nine months, and among my own people, the Shawnees, ever 
 since '83, with the exception of three months spent in Chiloc- 
 co school as Disciplinarian, and ten months I was obliged to 
 spend in other work by reason of my unjust dismissal from the 
 school last year. I am happy to say, though, that I was rein- 
 stated last year and, at present, have a flourishing school of 
 over sixty pupils — I have taught, as near as I can get at the 
 fact, 230 pupils ; out of this number, two have become teach- 
 ers, and about thirty either have been or are now in school in 
 the States. United States law has done away with internper- 
 ance in this country. We have a good Sunday-school, working 
 in conjunction with the Friends' Mission here. My aim in 
 life (if worthy the name of aim) is to improve the condition 
 of my people in every way, by word and example." 
 
 Alford was the first of his tribe to take up land in sever- 
 alty and was of great assistance to Major Porter [U. S. Special 
 Agent] in the matter of allotting lands. Since writing the 
 above, he has resigned his position in the school, and is now 
 with Special Agent Porter's Surveying Corps, acting as head 
 of a crew, all of whom are Shawnees. 
 
 Over three hundred allotments have been made to the 
 Shawnees. Alford writes, •' They are as much ' land-hungry ' 
 now as their white brethren across the line in Oklahoma." 
 
 Educated by Miss Alice Longfellow and a " Friend." 
 ^Anderson, John C. Lynchburg, Va. Taught in '82-3 at Perrow- 
 ville, Bedford Co., Va. Says : " This is only the second time 
 
 •Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
l8o TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 that there has been a free school here since Emancipation.'*' 
 Is married and lives in Burkeville, Va. 
 
 Educated by Sunday-school of Cong. Church in Fitch- 
 . burg, Mass. 
 
 Ash, William H. Born in Loudoun Co., Va., 1859. Is now a 
 member of the Virginia Legislature and aims " to be a suc- 
 cessful lawyer." Has taught five years and a half. Has had 
 200 scholars, eleven of whom have become teachers. Thinks 
 the colored people are gradually improving. Lives in Burke- 
 ville, Va. 
 
 . Educated by Penn. Abolition Society and Mrs. Martha 
 C. Reed. 
 
 BrandOM, Geo. W. Born in Clarksville, Va., 1862. Has taught from 
 five to seven months every year since his graduation, and has 
 farmed during vacations. Has had about 550 pupils. Is now 
 teaching in his native place. Writes thus : "When I left Hamp- 
 ton, it was my intention to go to Oberlin to school. The ill 
 health of my father and my sister's need of help in school pre- 
 vented my going at the time I desired. Soon, so much of the 
 burden of the family fell on me that I was obliged to abandon 
 the highly cherished idea of again going to school." In regard 
 to the condition of the people, he writes : " There is a stead- 
 ily increasing number of colored farmers who own their land 
 and stock and who can, with the assistance of Providence^ 
 pluck up directly from the mother earth, their daily food un- 
 tainted by the foul hand of the cheater, the oppressor of the 
 poor and ignorant." Only three liquor shops are open in the 
 county ; he says : " I don't think I have seen four drunken 
 men during the last eight months. Excitement in religious 
 services is diminishing slowly ; there is more of an inclination 
 to be and act religious, as well as to confess to be with their 
 lips." Has been engaged in Sunday-school work all the time 
 and in temperance work most of the time since graduating. 
 Married Clara Bowser, a Hampton graduate, of class of '85. 
 
 Educated by Miss Ida Mason and Ladies' Union of 
 Second Cong. Church, Waterbury, Conn. 
 
 Brown, Andrew J. Born in Smithville, Va., 1862. Has been 
 teaching in South Quay, Va., every year since graduating, and 
 one term in N. C. Has had between four and live hundred pu- 
 pils, of whom eleven are teachers and two are preachers. Writes 
 from South Quay : " My experience here for years has been 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ISI 
 
 of hard and earnest work to improve the condition of my peo- 
 ple. The masses of our people have tasted of knowl- 
 edge and found that it is good ; the cry has gone forth that 
 men shall not sit longer in ignorance, and the school-house 
 has become an institution in this section. Since I have been 
 here, nineteen boys and girls have acquired sufficient knowl- 
 edge to go off to different high schools ; some to Hampton, 
 to Washington, Raleigh, and to Petersburg Institute ; and 
 every one has made a good record in school. Most of my 
 scholars are Christians and are trying to lead correct lives. 
 I organized a S. S. Union in this county a year ago, assisted 
 by another teacher. The temperance cause is stronger among 
 our people than ever before. My whole school are members 
 of the Band of Hope." Says of the people : " They are very 
 successful farmers and sell more than half the produce sold in 
 the markets here. Colored churches are nicely built. Their 
 mode of worship is a great deal more humiliating and intelli- 
 gent than it used to be in bygone days." 
 
 Educated by Sunday-school of First Cong. Church, 
 Southington, Conn. 
 
 Carter, Stewart C. Born in Nelson Co., Va., 1857. Has taught 
 in Augusta Co., ever since graduating : one year in the city of 
 Staunton. Has had about 300 pupils, two of whom are teach- 
 ing. Is " very extensively " engaged in Sunday-school work. 
 Says : " I am an instructor for the S. S. Institute connected 
 with the S. S. Convention." Owns real estate valued at $2,000. 
 His aim is to continue to teach. Lives in Basic City, Va. 
 
 Educated by Sundaj^-school of First Evangelical Church, 
 Clinton, Mass. 
 
 Charity, James P. Born Surry Co., Va., Dec. 4, i860. Is now an 
 employment agent in Philadelphia. Aims " To make an hon- 
 est living and help towards educating and upbuilding the col- 
 ored race." He has not taught since graduating, but has en- 
 gaged in Sunday-school work. 
 
 Educated by A. H. Barney. Mrs. H. S. Benson. Mrs. W. 
 S. Pierson. 
 
 =*Clarkson, Henry P. Came from Norwood, Va. In '82-3, was teach- 
 ing in Metompkin, Va. Writes that, at the beginning of his 
 term, his school house was threatened to be burned by some of 
 the poor whites. He came in contact daily with the supposed 
 leader, and, by dint of courteous treatment, seems to have 
 *Dld not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
I02 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 converted him into a friend. Was the first to teach in that 
 district. Had a very larger Sunday-school ot ojd and young. 
 Educated by W. O. Grover. 
 
 Davis, Benjamin J. Born at Scotland Neck, N. C, 1858. Taught 
 four years at Hamilton, N. C. before becoming Principal of 
 school at Scotland Neck, where he has been ever since. Num- 
 ber of scholars taught, 800; eighteen of whom are teachers. 
 Writes thus : " We have a very good building, but not so 
 large as one would have it. I have used every effort in my 
 power to get aid from the State, but have failed so far ; but, 
 through the aid of my friends, we expect to have the State 
 Normal School located here after the meeting of the next Leg- 
 islature. We need a building for girls, to cost about $3,000 or 
 $2,500. We have all the best people of the community with 
 us in this grand work. * * * j have an enthusi- 
 astic Sunday-school, of which I am the leader. In this com- 
 munity, colored people are filling the same positions that the 
 white man fills." He owns a house in town and a farm in the 
 country ; is married and has two children. 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Second Cong. Church, Waterbury, 
 Conn., and P. L. Moen. 
 
 Downing, John D. ( Cherokee tribe.) Born, Indian Territory. Farm- 
 er. Has never taught — had a great deal of trouble with his 
 eyes. Writes that he owns 175 head of cattle, 20 horses, 50 
 hogs — also has wagons. Is married and has two children. 
 Expects to continue at farming. Lives at Anadarko, Wichita 
 Agency, Ind. Ter. 
 
 Educated by Miss Susan Longstreth. 
 
 Duncan, Oliver S. Born in Donaldsonville, La., 1861. 
 
 • Taught the Donaldson High School for two years ; had 400 
 scholars, ten of whom are now teachers. Writes that he is 
 now " attending to " (his) " own business," which praiseworthy 
 occupation he seems to find profitable, as he adds " I am 
 worth, in stock and building and cattle, $5,000." Is married 
 and has one child. Lives in Donaldsonville. 
 
 Educated by John W. Field and Miss Mary Bronson. 
 
 Edwards, Edward F. Darlington, S. C. Taught in Manning and 
 Summerton, S. C, after graduating. In '83, he writes that he 
 has a large school, 85 pupils, and that he finds it " impossible to 
 keep to the hours from nine to three," he comes " much near- 
 er to the farmer's rule, ' from sun to sun.' " He adds that 
 " the neighborhood is almost entirely possessed by colored 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 183 
 
 people. The church and school are the largest in the coun- 
 ty, but the school year, at its longest, will be but about three 
 •months. The people are not able to support independent 
 schools, and the children are bound to grow up in ignorance." 
 He died in Oct. 1886. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. P, Hemenway. 
 Harris, Pierce B. Came from Prosperity, S. C. Taught three 
 years after graduating : in Greenville, Tenn.; then in Wythe- 
 ville, Va., for a while, returning to Greenville, where he died 
 in the fall of '87. He threw himself into his work with great 
 earnestness, and did not confine his labors to the school-room. 
 He was greatly interested in starting a reading-room and li- 
 brary for the young people— and frequently, in his letters, re- 
 fers to the great good that had been done through a gift of 
 books from some Northern friends. He says : " There is a 
 great rush for them on Friday afternoons when I give them 
 out." At one time, in consequence of his decided and outspok- 
 en views on the temperance question, his school was taken from 
 him. In reference to it, he writes: "These people got me from 
 the school-room because I believed in pure morality, pure temp- 
 erance. The man now teaching believes in Ingersolism and is 
 silent on the temperance question." Farther on he says : "Why 
 I am anxious for a Reading Room is two-fold. I want to save 
 my own boys of the place. This is a large tobacco market ; 
 everj-thing is on a go. Factories and warehouses are here ; 
 others are being built. A large class of new citizens are com- 
 ing in, some, very bad. These bad, mingling with my own, 
 make our bad worse. I want to change the habit of these 
 factory hands ; I want a place where they can go to spend their 
 evenings profitably to themselves and others." 
 
 A lady in New York loaned him the money necessary to 
 put up the building, and, since his death, the books have been 
 sent to another graduate for use in his school. 
 
 Educated by Frederick Jones and W. H. H. Moore. 
 Harrison, Richard H. Born in Petersburg, Va., 1863. Spent two 
 years at Wayland Seminary after graduating at Hampton. 
 Studied theology. Taught several terms in Gloucester Co. Is 
 now teaching and preaching, at Port Haywood, Va. Aims 
 "to be somebody, with God's help." 
 Educated by Charles L. Sharpless. 
 *H0LLEY, William A. Was at Hampton but one year. Since grad- 
 uating has taught in Salem, Va. ; also in Pocahontas ; three 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
184 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 years in the latter place. Is now in the Medical Department 
 of Howard University. He has also some connection, as 
 agent and associate editor, with a newspaper published at Po- 
 cahontas. 
 
 Educated by H. Blanchard Dominick. 
 
 House, David L. Born in Dallas Co., Ala., 1845. 
 
 He was born a slave, and was considerably over thirty 
 years of age when he came to Hampton. He won the respect 
 of his teachers by his persistent efforts to get an education, 
 and by his loyalty to duty. Returning to Alabama, his native 
 state, he has taught there since his graduation. Has had about 
 800 children under his care, ten of whom have become teachers. 
 Has been engaged in Sunday-school work all the while. 
 Married and had one child, but both wife and child are dead. 
 Lives in Camden, Ala. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. John Aitken. 
 
 Jenkins, William. Born in Pickens, S. C, i860. Spent three years 
 at Fisk University. Taught nine months at Jordan, S. C, 
 twenty-seven months in the Normal School, Tuskegee, Ala.; 
 six months in western Tenn., and two in Little River Co., Ark- 
 ansas. Is now a clerk in the Surgeon General's office, Wash- 
 ington, D. C, having passed a Civil Service examination en- 
 titling him to a $1,000 appointment. 
 Educated by A. L. Coolidge. 
 
 Jones, Benj. F. Born in Sussex Co., 1859. Taught for three years 
 . at the "Butler" (now Whittier) school (Hampton), two and a 
 quarter years in Salem, N. J., and six months in 1881. Has 
 taught about 600 children. Has just graduated from the Med- 
 ical Department of Howard University, Washington. Is now 
 practising in the Freedmen's Hospital, Washington. 
 Educated by Mr. John Simpkins. 
 *Lee, Charles H. Born in Scotland, Va. Taught for a little while 
 after graduating — and worked for some time at bricklaying. 
 Is now employed in some hotel in New York city. 
 Educated by Judge Oliver Prescott. 
 Menton, Paul D. Norfolk, Va. Died, while teaching, soon after 
 graduating. 
 Educated by H. L. Kendall. 
 
 Newby, Lafayette C. Born in Surry Co., Va., Feb., 1858. Writes, 
 " I am preaching and teaching. I think these are my duty.'' 
 Has taught nine terms; about 350 pupils. Says: "Two 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 185 
 
 years ago, I was prompted that my duty would be more wide- 
 ly extended and that it behooved me to prepare my mind for 
 the ministry. I felt as though I was too old to seek to attend any 
 school of theolog)^so, to this end, I took up the study private- 
 ly and did as best I could in the work. I am now preaching 
 to two very nice congregations ; also teaching. Although my 
 standing in the several classes at Hampton was not of any su- 
 perior nature, it has always made me think that in study I had 
 everything to gain and nothing to be lost. * * I am con- 
 tinuing to seek that culture which I heard so much of when 
 I was on the Normal School's ground." 
 
 Educated by Charles S. Kendall and Mrs. Geo. C. Perk- 
 ins. 
 
 OSHKENENV, MiCHAEL. (Menominee Tribe). Born in Keshena, Wis- 
 consin. Taught for two years at the Government school in 
 Keshena: about 150 children. Is now lumbering and says: 
 " I intend to go into the mercantile business soon." Owns 
 160 acres : 80 acres of pine land. Is married. 
 
 Educated by Miss Anna Hooper and Cong. S. S., New 
 Milford, Conn. 
 
 Peters, Frank A. Born in South Carolina, i860 or 61. Has taught 
 ever since graduating. Five years of the time in Aiken, S. C. 
 Has had about 1,000 or 1,100 pupils, about thirty of whom 
 are now teachers. Peters has been very actively engaged in 
 both Sunday-school and temperance work, and has organized 
 a large number of Sunday-schools, several of which have be- 
 come churches ; has also organized several temperance socie- 
 ties. He writes " I have recently visited fifty-one churches in 
 this part of the State (S. C.) and find, without a single excep- 
 tion, their great need to be efftcient workers in the pulpit, day 
 and Sabbath-schools. Many of the schools which I have or- 
 ganized have not done well and have been hindered by poor 
 teachers. About 1,000 children who used to spend the 
 whole of each Sabbath in fishing and hunting, etc., have been 
 organized into flourishing Sunday-schools, several of which 
 have become prosperous churches; and hundreds of these souls 
 have confessed to know Christ as their Saviour this year. 
 There is not a single week that passes without my having two 
 or three calls for assistance from one place or another." Aik- 
 en is Mr. Peters' home, though Graniteville, S. C, is where he 
 has been teaching. 
 
 Educated by Justus C. Strawbridge and Geo. H. Corliss. 
 
l86 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 *PlDGEON, Marmaduke, Princeton, N. J. Taught for a while in 
 Steelton, Pa.; also at Gloucester C. H., Va. Writes from lat- 
 ter place, in 1883 : ': The people have got me into Sunday- 
 school work, and, (though not a Christian yet) as I am pretty 
 well read in scripture, they make me explain." 
 
 No definite information concerning him since that time. 
 
 Educated by J. Ingersoll Bowditch. 
 
 *Redden, Charles A. Davidsonville, Md. Has not been heard 
 from since graduating. 
 
 Educated by Charles L. Sharpless. 
 
 Rivers, Joseph, D. D. Born in Lovettsville, Va. Has not taught. 
 In '83, was steward in a hotel in Philadelphia, " getting along 
 splendidly." In '85, went out to Denver, Col., " to better " 
 his " condition," and was " cordially received by both white 
 and colored." Has been dealing in real estate for the last 
 two years, and is studying law in Judge Dixon's office, Denver, 
 Col. 
 
 Educated by Alpheus Hardy. 
 
 Smith, Charles. Lovettsville, Va. Died in 1882, shortly after grad- 
 uating. Was engaged in teaching at the time. 
 Educated by John M. Forbes. 
 
 Thompson, Allen M. Greenville, S. C. Very little is known of him 
 since graduating. He was at a hotel in Jacksonville as waiter 
 the year before the yellow fever epidemic, and it is believed 
 that he died during that summer. 
 Educated by J. W. Davis. 
 
 Thornton, Beverly F. Born in Ware Neck, Gloucester Co., Va. 
 Taught six sessions, in Lunenburg and Gloucester Co's. Is 
 now a soldier in the loth Cavalry U. S. A., and has been in 
 active service against the Indians in Arizona. That his heart 
 is not in such work would appear from the following passage 
 from a recent letter : " I think, as many more soldiers, young 
 and old do, that the Hampton School has done and is doing 
 more for the cause of the Indian than the rifle or carbine. 
 There are soldiers who have been soldiering for fifteen or 
 twenty years, who state that the Hampton School has done 
 more for the Indians than anything else could have done ex- 
 cept a school." He tells of a talk he had with an old Indian, 
 who gave as one reason for having been a fighter, that he 
 thought the Indians were greater in number until he was told 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 87 
 
 better by an Indian who came from Hampton. " I had no 
 idea of the great number of people in the United States," 
 added the old man. 
 
 Thornton says that, although he is " away out on the west- 
 ern frontier, where civilization is practised but a little," he 
 has " not forgotten " his " old teachers and their instructions." 
 " Of course we have a great deal of scouting to do, but as I 
 am rough and hard, I just suit for the business. I do not 
 know whether I am doing so much for my people or not, but 
 I am going to stand by my country, no matter how great the 
 danger." 
 Educated by Miss M. A. Wales. 
 
 TOWNES, Edward A. Born in Clarksville, Va., 1861. Is teaching. 
 Aims " to become proficient in the work." To this end, he 
 took private lessons in several branches, for more than a year 
 after graduating. Has taught three years (summer terms) in 
 North Carolina ; since '84 in Albemarle Co., Va. and has had 
 about 200 scholars. Has been engaged in Sunday-school and 
 temperance work. Reports that he is " not yet " married. 
 Thinks that a good many of the colored people are "on the 
 progressive scale." Lives in Glendower, Va. 
 Educated by S. B. Capen. 
 
 Wa.shington, James B. Born in Maiden, West Va., 1862. Has 
 taught six terms; about 180 children. Writes: "I think 
 Hampton has no superior in the land. Its facilities are so 
 that every poor boy that chooses right instead of wrong can 
 be assisted, and can make or train himself to be a shining 
 light before the illiterate of the nations." Owns about seven 
 acres of land, suitable for garden purposes. Is married and 
 has one child. Lives at Beckwith, West Va. 
 Educated by Mrs. J. A. Dickerman. 
 
 *Wharton, Peter E. Drummondtown, Va. Taught several years 
 in Clarksville, Va. In '84, reported that he had been teach- 
 ing for three terms. During the summer, he had cultivated 
 corn and tobacco, and was " proud of (his) crop." Was teach- 
 ing in '86, with 65 pupils. No report since then. 
 
 Educated by Miss Alice Longfellow and Wm. Endicott. 
 
 White, Braxton A. Windsor Station, Va. Reported in '88, that 
 he had taught nine terms since graduating, but was not then 
 teaching, had applied for two schools but failed to get either. 
 
 Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
I OS TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Would like to study more, if he could find some place where 
 he could both work and study. Report of his death has lately 
 reached us. He was a very earnest, faithful man, 
 Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw, 
 
 Wilson, Allen. Abbeyville, S. C. Taught near Manning, S. C. 
 the first year after graduating. In a letter written at the close 
 of that year, he reports 40 scholars and says that he has or- 
 ganized a reading club. He also reports the triumph of the 
 temperance cause in that section, and says : " Rum can now 
 be had only for medical puposes and I hope the doctors will 
 not prescribe it so freely as heretofore. He died of consump- 
 tion in 1884. A good scholar and a faithful, conscientious 
 young man. 
 
 Educated by Cong. S. S., Brookfield, Mass. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 
 
 Robinson, Matilda W. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1863. A member of 
 the Senior Class, but obliged to leave before the close of 
 the term on account of ill health. Has not taught but has 
 been engaged in Sunday-school and temperance work. Has 
 a comfortable, pleasant home at Mill Creek, Va. Writes^ 
 " Though I don't teach school, I find there is lots of work I 
 can do." Has been employed for several years in the laundry 
 of the Hygeia Hotel. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. W. H. Metcalf. 
 
 *Beamer, Manley M. Newport, Va. Was in the Senior Class, but 
 left school before the close of the term. Has not reported 
 but was heard of recently as teaching at New Castle, Del. 
 
 Educated by J. N. Denison. 
 
 [Lieut. Geo. LeRoy Brown, U. S. A., formerly Command- 
 ant at Hampton Institute, and now detailed on similar duty 
 at Delaware College, Newark, Del., says in a letter to General 
 Armstrong, (Jan. '91.). 
 
 " I meet Manley M. Beamer occasionally. He is doing a 
 good work among his people ; lives an honest, useful life, 
 creditable to himself and his Hampton training." Ed.] 
 
 MIDDLE CLASS OF '82. 
 
 Tabb, Nannie L. Born in Elizabeth City Co., Va., 1861. Has 
 taught private school in the town of Hampton, four years. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 89 
 
 Has had sixty scholars. Owns about $500 worth of real estate. 
 " Aims " to fit herself for a teacher. Lives in Hampton, Va. * 
 Educated by Mrs. Quincey A. Shaw. 
 
 Hawkins, John Russell. Born in Warrenton, N. C. 1862. En- 
 tered Hampton as a work-student in Oct. 1881, without mon- 
 ey enough to buy books. Went in to the Night class and was 
 given work in the office. " Nov. ist, 1881, my teacher recom- 
 mended that I be allowed to go in the day school. After be- 
 ing examined was put in the 'A' Section, Middle Class of '82. 
 By working extra hours and two days in the week, I kept up 
 with my school bills and had a balance in the treasury at the 
 close of the term. During the summer of '82 I went home, 
 did not return to Hampton, but was elected Principal of the 
 public school in Warrenton. I held this position till 1884 
 when I resigned to accept a position as Railway Postal clerk. 
 In 1886, I went to Kittrell to help build up the work with 
 which I am now connected as Business Manager and Treas- 
 urer." (Since writing the above, Mr. Hawkins has been made 
 Principal of the Kittrell School.) 
 
 Educated by Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 
 
 Gary, Priscilla. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1861. Has taught 
 six or seven terms in North Carolina ; about 185 scholars: 
 writes : " I have helped to improve my home. I found my 
 home much neglected, I think for my benefit ; and I set my- 
 self to return thanks as best I could. I have assisted in repair- 
 ing and finishing the house, sent my sister to music-school 
 two terms and given her an instrument. Now I am trying to 
 build a small house on the lot, to rent. I am not able to do as 
 much as some, yet I am trying to thank my parents and 
 friends, the best way I can, for what they have done — if it is 
 only by making home bright. I have assisted in Sunday- 
 school work until, last term, I thought it best to give it up 
 My only work for the temperance cause since I left school, has 
 been to refuse wine and other such things that have been of- 
 fered me : in one or two cases, I was laughed at for it and 
 called a fool." 
 
 Lives in Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Educated by Eliot Church Sunday-school, Newton, Mass. 
 
 Lemon, James C. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1852. " I have taught 
 six terms : about 218 scholars, I have sent three to Hampton. 
 I have a good Sunday-school. I organized this school in Feb. 
 '84, with not so much as a Bible or hymn book or paper of 
 
igo TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 any kind. I am glad to say that I have put a Bible in every 
 family, (42); 125 books in library, 75 hymn books in the com- 
 munity ; lesson papers, $40. worth. I have on roll 92 ; average 
 about 50 every Sunday. My Sunday-school has done good 
 work. White and black will tell you the same. I am glad 
 to say that Miss M. C. of New York, has been a great friend 
 of mine." Owns $500, land, house, cattle, cart and a boat. Is 
 married. 
 
 Lives in Sassafras, Va. 
 
 Educated by Fourth Cong. S. S. Hartford, Conn. 
 
 CLASS OF 1883 
 
 Anderson, Sarah Hannah. Born at Clear Spring, Md., 1865. 
 
 She taught at Great Bridge, Va., one year ; Tunkstown 
 and Hagerstown, Md., one year each. She taught about one 
 hundred and ninety-four pupils. 
 
 Is at present, " taking care of two small children," and is 
 " trying" to do her duty. Says, " It is my aim in life to do 
 something for my race, and for Hampton. With regard to 
 my race ; around my own home, they are considerably cul- 
 tivated. They own their own homes, and work to keep up 
 their schools and churches ; but where I now live they are far 
 behind. You meet very few who can read and write, while 
 the children are running through the streets learning things to 
 drag them down rather than build them up." 
 
 Lives at Clear Spring, Md. 
 
 Educated by Miss Anne Walen. 
 BiLLUPS, Mary L. (Mrs. Ruff). Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1863. 
 
 " I left Hampton to go and join the many who had al- 
 ready engaged in fighting ignorance, superstition and preju- 
 dice, among my people. I began my first year's work in 
 Gloucester Co., with seventeen children; and, at the close, 
 my school numbered sixty-three. The children came regular- 
 ly, and were anxious to learn. The parents were kind and 
 obliging, and anxious for the progress of their children, I 
 strove very hard to make my teaching a success ; but, on ac- 
 count of failing health, I was obliged to return home at the 
 close of my first term. Since that year, I have continued to 
 teach in Mathews, with the exception of the year I was mar- 
 ried, '85. The methods and principles taught in my school 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 19! 
 
 have be'fen greatly approved by the people and superintend- 
 ent. I have taught two hundred and twenty-one ; five are 
 teachers and four have gone to Hampton, and " Petersburg 
 Normal Institute." Through the benevolence of Mrs. Henry 
 Rose, my pupils are enjoying the benefit of a full set of wall 
 maps, which I find almost indispensable. I have been engaged 
 in Sunday school work nearly ever since I left Hampton. I am 
 married and have two boys. We own ten acres of land, a 
 house of two stories, i6 x 24, horse, cows, etc. The majority 
 of my people, in these two counties, are in quite a good con- 
 dition ; the greater part owning little homes, horses, etc. One 
 great trouble is that they are just as eager to spend their 
 money for trifles, after working hard to make it, as if they 
 amounted to something. The condition of the people has 
 been bettered since the passage of the local option law. 
 Mathews, with all its precincts, is ' dry.' " 
 
 " May the beloved men and women of the North who 
 have manifested such a deep interest in this dark and be- 
 nighted race, and who have been our nearest and only neigh- 
 bors, (except Christ) may their lives be prolonged on earth 
 with every comfort and blessing, and, when earth will no lon- 
 ger afford them a home, may they be received in heaven, and 
 be proclaimed by Christ as his jewels and there receive their 
 sure reward." Lives at Mathews C. H., Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Ellen Emerson and Mrs. Henry Rose. 
 DiCKERSON, Anna J. Born in Lexington Co., S. C, 1862. 
 
 " I have taught in the Schofield Normal and Industrial 
 School, at Aiken, S. C, ever since I graduated. There have 
 been twelve hundred and fifty pupils ; ten have gone out as 
 teachers, two have graduated. I am teacher and secretary of 
 the Immanuel Presbyterian Sunday school, and president of 
 the Ladies' Missionary Society. I have personal property and 
 real estate worth $500. The progress of the colored people 
 is remarkable in this community, mentally, financially and 
 morally." 
 
 'Educated by S. P. Robbins and C. S. Rickwood. 
 DiGGS, Anna. Born at Mill Creek, Va. Died 1883. 
 
 Educated by Rev. A. S. Twombly and R. H. Parker. 
 Herbert, Martha A. C. Born near Fort Monroe, Va., 1866. 
 
 " I have taught every term since graduating ; first at "The 
 Butler ;" and four terms a private school at Scotland, Va. I 
 have taught two hundred and twenty-five children, fifteen of 
 whom are teachers. I am engaged in both Sunday school and 
 
192 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 temperance work. I have caused many to sign the pledge, 
 and am secretary of a temperance society. My present occu- 
 pations are those of school teacher and seamstress, and I 
 aim to do all the good I can for the advancement of my race 
 to a higher standing. The colored people are improving great- 
 ly ; quite a large number of houses have been built this year, 
 of which colored people are owners," Lives in Phoebus, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. H. M. Spaulding. 
 Merchant, Mary C. (Mrs. Barnett.) Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1863. 
 
 " I taught at Flat Creek the first three years after gradu- 
 ating ; afterwards at Montreal, Nelson Co., Va. I always had 
 a good attendance for the country ; from fifty to sixty a day. 
 None have become teachers. I used to walk five miles a day. 
 Some of my pupils were larger than I, and some of them 
 were very poor. I am engaged in Sunday school and tem- 
 perance work. Am married and own a small lot and house ; 
 and I have one little girl. I am teaching. My aim is to serve 
 God and try and help, by his aid, to upbuild my race. Some of 
 the people are in a prosperous condition, while others are 
 right far behind the times, yet." Lives in Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. A. Bartol. 
 Page, Martha E. Born in Hampton, Va., 1865. 
 
 " I have been teaching five years ; at White Marsh, Glou- 
 cester C. H., and one year at Hemenway farm (belonging to 
 Hampton Institute.) I have taught about two hundred and 
 thirty-two scholars ; one is teaching. I have always taken 
 special interest in Sunday school work. My aim is to work 
 for the elevation of my race. The colored people are pro- 
 gressing, they are acumulating property and educating their 
 children." Lives in Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
 Rice, Janie. (Mrs. Wm.McKinney.) Born in Maiden, WestVa. 1861. 
 
 " Since leaving my Alma Mater, I have labored earnest- 
 ly to ' make the most of everything.' I have enjoyed the 
 work, and feel proud to be an instrument in leading my op- 
 pressed and ignorant people from darkness into light. I have 
 been loved and respected in all the places I have taught ; 
 Cammelton, Campbell's Creek and Winifreda; all in Kanawha 
 Co., West Va. At one time I walked three miles each way to 
 and from my school. I have taught seventy-five : none teach- 
 ers, but several are preparing to be. I am married and have 
 a boy two years old. I have an interest in a house and lot- 
 I am now teaching an eight months term at $42. per month. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 93 
 
 My husband teaches in the same district. The outlook is 
 hopeful in this part of the country. One of the best dress- 
 makers in the city is a colored woman, patronized by all, and 
 acknowledged to be ' first-class.' Henry Payne ( a Hamp- 
 ton graduate of '71 ) is a first-class carpenter; there is also a 
 colored architect here. Intemperance is very prevalent how- 
 ever. A branch of the W. C. T. U. has been organized, of 
 which I am president. My aim is to do all the good I can, in 
 all the ways I can, and at all times I can." 
 
 Lives in Winifreda, West Va. 
 
 Educated by Wm. O. Grover. 
 
 *Spears, Jennie. Born in Memphis, Tenn., 1864. She began to 
 teach in Ozeana, Va.; had seventy seven on roll. The chil- 
 dren were all used to " whipping," when she began ; if a 
 child could not spell a word he would look at her and then 
 begin to cry, or tremble, as if he thought she " were going to 
 kill him." She got them out of all those ways. She organ- 
 ized a little temperance society, and *most of the children 
 signed the pledge. Since '85, she has been teaching in the 
 public school in Washington, D. C. 
 Educated by W. S. Houghton. 
 
 Turk, Mary. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1866. 
 
 " When I was a little over fifteen years old, I went to 
 Hampton, entered the Middle class, and, after two years of 
 hard study, I graduated. Since that time, I have been teach- 
 ing at my home. I have certainly tried to do my duty to- 
 ward my people, and they seem to appreciate my efforts to 
 help them. I have taught about one hundred and fifty chil- 
 dren, I have the primary grade ; none are teachers. There 
 is a great desire for education among the people of this sec- 
 tion ; anything that they believe will raise them to a higher 
 standard, interests them, and they aim for that which they 
 believe to be right. Of course there are exceptions to this 
 statement, A great number own their homes ; some of 
 them very good homes. I have myself nearly paid for a 
 home, but I will not call it mine till it is paid for. It gives 
 me pleasure to know that I have made my mother comfort- 
 able in her old age." Lives in Abingdon, Va. 
 Educated by Nathan Butler. 
 
 * Williams, Adeline M. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1864. Her first 
 school was at Newsome Depot ; one that had been taught by 
 
 *Did not reply to last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
194 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 H. F. Sparks of 't]. She "had good attendance and well 
 governed children." Old and young attended her Sunday 
 school. Since '84, she has been teaching in the public school 
 in Norfolk. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. J. A. Dickerman. 
 
 Blair, George E. Born near Appomattox, Va., 1855. 
 
 " I have been teaching every year since graduating ; at 
 Locustville, Va.; the same school. The school terms are six 
 or seven months. My enrolment is never less than seventy. 
 I have taught one hundred and fifty-eight ; three are teachers. 
 I am engaged in Sunday school work, but hope to do more 
 yet. I own a small lot of land, and am working hard to get 
 more. I am teaching and farming. The colored people are 
 getting along very well." 
 
 Educated by Sunday School of North Congregational 
 church, Bridgeport, Ct., and Samuel Carr. 
 
 BOVKIN, Arthur. Born at Swan's Point, Surry Co., Va., 1858. 
 
 Entered Richmond Institute and studied theology to 
 prepare himself for work in Liberia. He was engaged in 
 mission work in Richmond; went to the almshouse every 
 week, and had Sunday school in the court house. Had 
 trouble with his eyes, and was obliged t® stop studying. He 
 returned to this School in '84, and was Drill-master and as- 
 sistant Commandant, till the fall of '89. He is engaged now 
 in Sunday school work in the First colored Baptist church in 
 Hampton. Owns a house and lands, boats, oyster beds, hors- 
 es, etc. Says, " The people are improving, and have done 
 very well since the war." Is married and lives in Hampton, 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker and " David Livingstone 
 Scholarship." 
 
 Brown, William C. Born in Bedford Co., Va. 1857. 
 
 " I graduated from Hampton, May '83 ; during the re- 
 maining summer months of that year, I remained at the 
 School and worked at carpentry under Mr. J. H. McDowell. 
 In September I went to Knoxville, Tenn., to teach carpentry 
 in the Austin Training School, where I taught a year and a 
 half. Since leaving Knoxville, I have been in the Tuskegee 
 Normal School, Ala. During this time I have taught about 
 five hundred students. If any are teaching I don't know, but 
 some are earning their living by it. I am married [ to Ada 
 Wallace, class of '82 ] and have one child, a fine one too. The 
 years that I have been out have been full, and free from idle- 
 ness, which fullness is due to the influences of Hampton. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I95 
 
 The condition of the colored people in Alabama and adjoin- 
 ing states is poor, but they are slowly and surely improving." 
 
 Since writing the above, he has moved to Macon, Ga., 
 where he is working at his carpenter's trade. 
 
 Educated by Eliot Church, Newton, Mass., H. E. Cobb, 
 arid Hon. Wm. E. Dodge. 
 
 Chandler, Solomon. Born m North Carolina, 1863. 
 
 " I taught two terms in Gloucester Co., Va.; had a small 
 school, but found plenty to do. I had a large Sunday-school 
 of both old and young. The teachers of the county met 
 every month to discuss matters. 
 
 I am now book keeping." Lives in Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by C. J. Starr. 
 
 CuzzENS, George L. Born in Charleston, West Va., 1861. 
 
 " I have attended Howard University one year, and stud- 
 ied arithmetic, algebra, Latin, Greek and Roman history, 
 grammar, rhetoric and music. I have taught during four 
 winters ; one in Fayette Co., and three in Augusta Co., Va. 
 Have taught about two hundred. I always engage in Sunday 
 school work, wherever I teach. I am married [ to Lorena 
 Johnson, class of '85] and have one child. I expect to teach 
 for awhile, and then go into business. I expect to invest in 
 real estate very soon. Where I have been, the average con- 
 dition of the people is good, and they are improving." Lives 
 in Anacostia, D. C. 
 
 Educated by Robert Treat Paine. 
 
 Derrett, Oliver J. Born near Madison C. H., Va., 1858. 
 
 " I have not attended any school- or college since leaving 
 Hampton, but I have studied Latin, Greek, algebra and other 
 branches under private teachers. I have made teaching my 
 business ever since leaving school. One year at Lacy Springs, 
 Va.; the remainder of the time I have been teaching the pub- 
 lic school at Staunton, Va. Eight of my two hundred and 
 twenty-one pupils have become teachers. I have had under 
 my control about eight hundred and forty-five scholars. I 
 have always engaged in Sunday school work, and, for the last 
 three years, I have been superintendent of the Augusta St., 
 M. E. church Sunday-school here. I own a house and lot, 
 valued at S900. The people are doing as well as could be ex- 
 pected, under their many disadvantages, but on the whole 
 they are on the line of progress." Lives in Staunton, Va. 
 Educated by B. H. Bartol. 
 
196 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Dobbins, Greene A. Born at Lunenburg C. H., Va., 1863. He 
 taught at Liberty, Va. Died 1885. 
 Educated by A. H. Rice. 
 
 Ferguson, Henry C. Born in Franl^lin Co., Va. 1859. 
 
 " I taught about five years at the Tuskegee Normal 
 School, Ala. I had charge of the farm, brick yard and car- 
 penter shop. I thought I should have little trouble in teach- 
 ing farming, as most of the young men had been on farms, 
 but I found they knew very little. I have been teaching Sun- 
 day-school for fifteen years. I own land in Alabama valued 
 at $1,500. I am now teaching Agriculture, etc., at the State 
 Normal School at Hempstead, Texas, where there are about 
 one hundred students. They all expect to teach. I think 
 that, on the whole, the people are improving ; the improve- 
 ment is of a solid kind." 
 
 Educated by Benjamin Coates. 
 
 Jackson, Charles H. 
 Died Sept, 1883. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. M. L. Putnam. 
 
 Jackson, Samuel F. Born at Waterboro, S. C, 1861. 
 
 " I have taught the same school since '83, in Nottaway 
 Co., Va. I have taught about three hundred and fifty ; none 
 as yet are teachers. I am engaged in both Sunday-school and 
 temperance work. The Sunday-school is one of the best in 
 the county. I have not been so successful in temperance. I 
 am now teaching and practising law, and g.im to be a profi- 
 cient lawyer. The condition of the people is moderate, but 
 they are steadily improving." 
 
 Read law and we hear was recently admitted to the bar. 
 
 Educated by A. Mclntyre. 
 
 Laws, Wm. D. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1856. 
 
 " There is nothing particularly interesting or wonderful 
 connected with my work since leaving Hampton. I com- 
 menced teaching in October, and have taught every year 
 since ; two schools of five months each, in Northumberland 
 Co., Va. (I taught four sessions before becoming a student 
 at Hampton.) I have taught between six and seven hundred 
 children. Four have become teachers, and others are prepar- 
 ing. My schools are generally very large, numbering over 
 one hundred pupils. The county superintendent examined 
 the children on one of his visits to the school, and said I had 
 
. OF- HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 197 
 
 a right to be encouraged, as the children compared favorably 
 with any of the children in the schools under his jurisdiction. 
 I am married [to Millie Griggs, a Hampton student] and have 
 three children. Am teaching and farming. I have not fully 
 paid for my farm yet. Am studying medicine with a view of 
 becoming a doctor, and hope to enter some medical college; 
 The condition of the people is better than it was five years 
 ago. There is a marked improvement all the time." Lives 
 at Heathsville, Northumberland Co., Va. 
 Educated by Alpheus Hardy. 
 
 MURIE, James R. Born at the Pawnee Agency, Indian Terr., 1862. 
 
 When he first came to Hampton he worked on the farm ; 
 afterwards was in the Printing office. He says : " I went 
 home in the spring of '8^, and soon found work in the trad- 
 er's store, clerking. When the Agency Boarding school 
 opened, I was appointed teacher at $25 per month. I left a 
 good job at the store, as I was getting $45. per month, but I 
 wanted to show General Armstrong that I was putting my ed- 
 ucation into good use by teaching my people. The children 
 I had, were from six to seven years old, and right out of the 
 camps. In the fall of '84, I resigned as teacher and took 
 twenty-one of the largest children to Haskell Institute, Kan. 
 I acted as drill master and disciplinarian at Haskell with a 
 salary of $15. per month. In June I went to my home after 
 some children. I secured three young girls ; one was about 
 to be married to an old man, but I got her with the aid of the 
 agent. This young girl is now a grown young lady, and still 
 going to school at Haskell, and will return some day, as a 
 help to her people. I have a farm on the Arkansas River 
 bottom, with twelve acres in cultivation. I also have my logs 
 laid up for a house, and, as soon as the portable saw mill is 
 running, I will have boards sawed for sheathing and rafters. 
 I have fourteen bundles of shingles, and, as soon as my house 
 is completed, I shall move out there to live. I am not in the 
 government service, and therefore do not get any salary, but I 
 take care of my citizen's clothing. I intend to always wear the 
 white man's clothing, and to keep my hair short. I am mar- 
 ried and we have one little boy, who is now six months old. 
 We call him Fred Wallace Murie. We have three head of 
 ponies, forty head of cattle, and three hogs. I am helping 
 my people in every way I can, whether it is an Indian man 
 with his machine, or an Indian woman with her sewing ma- 
 
190 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 chine, or telling my people the stories of Christ, for I want 
 them to put their superstitious ideas aside, and believe in the 
 white man's Great Spirit. I am working for the Indian peo- 
 ple, and for the ' Father above the skies.' '' 
 
 Educated by Mrs. E.W.Kinsley and Mrs. Annie S. Hooper. 
 
 *Paynter, Charles H. From Kempsville, Va. 
 
 He has been teaching at Kempsville. Opened school 
 with fourteen, and soon had fifty-three on roll. He began 
 Sunday school work after his return home, and started a tem- 
 perance society, " but without much success." Said he was 
 going to do all he could " to pull down the kingdom of those 
 two great monsters, rum and tobacco." 
 
 Lives in Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Educated by John De Forest. 
 
 Pendleton. Thomas B. Born at Miller's Tavern, Va., 1862. 
 
 " I have not yet pursued any further course of study. I 
 have, during four years of teaching, had two hundred pupils.- 
 My first school was at Miller's. It was the same school I at- 
 attended in '78, and some of my pupils were my schoolmates 
 then. My other school was at Pungoteague. None of my 
 scholars have become teachers yet. I am connected with a large 
 Sunday-school. My property is in cash ; no real estate. My 
 present occupation is teaching among my people, whom I 
 find ver}^ progressive. I am thinking of studying medicine." 
 
 Lives at Miller's P. O., Va. 
 
 Educated by Charles C, Goodwin and Amos P. Tapley. 
 
 Small, Edward. Born in Savannah, Ga., 1857. 
 
 " Since graduating, I have attended no other school or 
 college, but have taught in Gloucester Co., Va , three years, 
 and one year in Baltimore Co , Md. I opened school m Glou- 
 cester with twenty-five, and before the end of three months, 
 there were seventy-five. It was hard work to keep so many 
 busy and in good order. The next year, I was granted an as- 
 sistant. The school was so crowded that the children were 
 almost piled one above another. We must have an addition, 
 The county was not able to build it, so I called the parents 
 of the children in. By hard work and begging, we raised the 
 money, $175, and succeeded in building it. Teaching is hard 
 work and expensive, when one has to pay out his earnings^ 
 for necessary things in the school room. Many of the chil- 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I99 
 
 dren seemed not to have any father or mother, but Hved with 
 some poor, helpless old woman, and were almost destitute of 
 clothing. Through the kindness of friends. Miss Cleaveland 
 sent material for clothes. I taught about two hundred and 
 twenty-five children, of whom three are teaching. I am mar- 
 ried] to Miss Ophelias. Jackson of Baltimore] and own $600. 
 worth of real estate. At present, I am not teaching, but am 
 a railroad employe. I consider the general condition of the 
 people improving." 
 
 Died in 1890. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
 
 Souther, Henry H. Born in Spartansburg, S. C, i860. 
 
 " Since graduating, I have done five terms of teaching in 
 Virginia and South Carolina ; about five hundred children 
 having come under my care. Ever since leaving Hampton, I 
 have been engaged in Sunday school work. I farm in sum- 
 mer and teach during the winter. The people about me are 
 in a thriving condition ; all owning their homes, some of which 
 are very good ones. I own five acres of land and a good 
 house, valued at $600. I have a very fine peach orchard and 
 vineyard on my place. I am married but have no children." 
 
 Lives in Blenheim, Va. 
 
 Educated by John Cummings. 
 
 Stepney, Nelson. Born in Calvert Co , Md. Died of consump- 
 tion, March, '84. 
 
 Educated by W. L. Skidmore. 
 
 Walker, Thomas C. Born in Gloucester Co., Va. 1861 . 
 
 " I have attended no school since leaving Hampton, but 
 have studied law in a private office at Gloucester, C. H. I 
 have taught in the same school at Gloucester, since '83. My 
 present school term opened Oct. i with an enrolment of sixty; 
 present number, eighty, varying in age from five to six- 
 teen years, only a few of whom, ( the younger ones ) cannot 
 write their names. Most of them are able to write letters 
 which can be read and understood easily. Of the success of 
 my school, I hope the future will speak louder than I can. 
 However, I may speak of some of the boys and girls who 
 have been my pupils, who are doing well. Some are teaching, 
 and several are in the Middle and Junior classes at Hampton, 
 and a great many are out in the world, struggling to secure 
 property and improve their race. It is encouraging to com- 
 pare the condition of our people twenty years ago with their 
 
200 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 present condition. Finding at that day, only a few of the 
 registered voters who could write their names, now we 
 seldom see a newly registered one who cannot write his name 
 and understand, to some extent, the duties of citizenship. 
 Our people are improving in their religious and moral 
 condition. We have a good many very good preachers, who 
 act in concert with the teachers : and I am pleased to say 
 that there has not been a colored person put in prison in this 
 county, for stealing, in three years. The temperance senti- 
 ment has grown so, there are communities in this county 
 which do not sell any whiskey, because there is no demand 
 for it on the part of the people. The people need more light 
 as well as right ; with these, we have no doubt of elevating 
 the colored people to that proud station of life we have so 
 long hoped to be elevated to. I own sixty-four acres of land, 
 two house lots at the county seat, a horse and buggy, cows, etc., 
 and a law library valued at $150, I married Annie A. Wil- 
 liams of Boston, one of the Hampton students of '83." 
 
 Is practising law with excellent success, employed by both 
 whites and blacks, and highly respected. Is president of a 
 land company organized in the fall of '90 and doing well. 
 
 Educated by Rev. James H. Means. 
 
 White, Abram B. Born in Halifax Co., Va., 1861. 
 
 " I have attended no school or college since graduating, 
 but have been teaching since '83, in Halifax Co. I have 
 taught about two hundred and eighty different pupils, one of 
 whom is teaching. I am married, and own twenty acres of 
 land, and a horse. My present occupation is teaching, and 
 my aim is to more thoroughly prepare myself and then make 
 teaching a profession. I cannot say that the people are in a 
 good condition, though there is some effort made to pur- 
 chase land and secure homes. There are some few who own 
 very valuable farms, and some who are quite prosperous in 
 business, but these do not compare in number with those 
 who are without any property at all.-" 
 
 Lives in Roanoke, Va. 
 
 Educated by ''The Morgan children." 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID MOT GRADUATE. 
 
 Gray, Samuel. From Norfolk, Va. Died 1885. 
 
 Educated by Sunday-school of Universalist Church, Low- 
 ell, Mass. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 20I 
 
 Kennedy, George W. Born at Union, Va., 1859. 
 
 " I have taught ever since I left Hampton ; two years at 
 Jack's Mills ; the rest of the time at Camp Creek. About 
 two hundred have been under my care ; six of them have be- 
 come teachers. Sunday-school and temperance are things I 
 have to be very quiet about, and use my influence with the 
 children. I am married and have four children. I own fif- 
 teen acres of land valued at $400, a cow and other property. 
 I am teaching. My aim is agriculture and to be a merchant." 
 
 Lives in Little River, Va. 
 
 Educated by Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 
 
 *Minter, McLeod. From Thaxton Switch, Va. Has been teaching 
 and preaching. He studied theology at Richmond Institute, 
 and taught in Isle of Wight Co. 
 Educated by Roland Mather. 
 
 ^Oliver, Griffin. From Nottaway C. H.,Va. Has taught at Burke- 
 ville, and at Nottaway C. H., Va. He married Meta Bragg, 
 a Hampton student. Lives at Nottaway C. H., Va. 
 Educated by John M. Forbes. 
 
 *POLLARD, Caleb. From Petersburg, Va. He has been teaching 
 ever since he left Hampton, at Sussex, Ford's Depot and 
 West Point, Va. Lives in West Point, Va. 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 *W00DHURST, Abram. From Norfolk, Va. 
 Educated by Wellington Smith. 
 
 EX-STUDENTS : MIDDLE CLASS ; 1883. 
 
 Quince, Lizzie. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1864. 
 
 " I have not attended any other school, but I have been 
 taking private lessons. I have taught four terms in Bruns- 
 wick Co., N. C, and am now teaching at Bowers Hill, near 
 Norfolk, Va , with Rev. John W. Kirby, of class of '80. I have 
 taught two hundred children in all, and am still teaching, but 
 I hope to go to school again. The condition of some of the 
 people is fair, while others are very poor." 
 Educated by Mrs. C. A. Johnson. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 EX-STUDENTS: junior CLASS; 1883. 
 
 Sheppard, Wm. H. Born in Waynesboro', Va., 1865. 
 
 " I left Hampton in May '83, and went to the Theolog- 
 ical Seminary inTuscaloosa, Ala., where I studied theology, 
 homiletics, moral and mental philosophy, and other things. 
 I have not taught any day school. I am a Presbyterian 
 minister. I have a Sunday-school, which is a part of my 
 church, where temperance is taught always. I am trying to 
 do a good work for the Master, and in every action my mo- 
 tive is to build some one up, do some good, be in the world 
 for a purpose, and not leave my mission unfulfilled." 
 
 Now a missionary at Stanley Pool, Africa. 
 
 Educated by Congregational S. S., Fitchburg, Mass. 
 
 CLASS OF \8S^. 
 
 Ball, Hattie, (Mrs. Ford). Born in Fluvanna Co., Va., 1865. 
 
 " I taught three sessions, of five and six months, in Albe- 
 marle Co., Va. I tried to get one or two more months, for 
 the sake of the children, who have to wait so long for school 
 to begin ; but the School Board rendered very poor aid to the 
 colored people where I taught. The school-house was very 
 poor and uncomfortable, they did not even supply the coun- 
 try schools with fuel, and I have often gone off into the woods 
 with some of the small boys, to get wood to keep the children 
 from sufifering. I even purchased books myself for some who 
 were not able to get them. In some parts of the county, it 
 is not so bad. I had about sixty pupils in my school, and, by 
 hard work, three have become teachers, perhaps more. I am 
 now teaching a Sunday-school class in one of the Baptist 
 churches in Pittsburg, Pa., and always take an active part in 
 temperance. I am married, and am housekeeping at present. 
 I expect to do book-keeping. We own a farm of forty-three 
 acres, near Pittsburg, Pa., my present home. The colored 
 people, in places where they have had any chance, are doing 
 very nicely, I feel that, with the aid that dear old Hampton, 
 and other institutions like her, have given, the colored race 
 will in some future time assume the position due them." 
 Educated by S. S. of Cong. Church, Bridgeport, Ct. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 2©3 
 
 Baytop, Lizzie. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1865. 
 
 "I commenced teaching at the Bethel school in Glouces- 
 ter County, in October, '84. Mr. W. B. Weaver, [ex-student 
 of Hampton, Middle class of '75] was principal, and Mrs. 
 Weaver was first assistant. We had one hundred and seventy- 
 five pupils. Bethel church was near by, where we attended 
 church and Sunday-school. The latter was attended by old 
 and young ; Mr. Weaver was superintendent. Things went 
 on this way for two years, when I was sent to another school 
 in the county, called the Dragon School. Here was plenty 
 of work to be done. The people were less advanced ; most 
 of them were renting, and living in uncomfortable houses 
 The church was far away. They were trying to have a Sun- 
 day-school, and I worked for it, to the best of my ability. In 
 the course of two years, it became quite prosperous. It was 
 largely attended by the old people. When it was too cold 
 for the children to come, poorly clad as they were, I would 
 have a class made up mostly of gray haired men. I used to 
 visit the people ; I tried to impress upon them the necessity 
 of having homes. I don't know as my talk did any good, but, 
 during my stay there, many purchased land, and commenced 
 building respectable frame houses. Some had finished their 
 houses when I left. The tall and extensive woods which once 
 grew on the Dragon are gradually giving way to well culti- 
 vated fields, and frame houses are taking the places of log 
 cabins. For these people, I can say they ' are coming.' Now 
 I am at Bethel again. I have taught, in the two schools, one 
 hundred and twenty pupils. I have saved $75." Lives at 
 Ark P. O., Gloucester Co., Va. 
 
 Educated by Gideon Fountain. 
 
 BONNEY, Fannie. Born in Princess Anne Co., 1863. 
 
 " I have not attended any other school. I have had a 
 great many dark days during these four years. I taught in 
 Drewrysville, Va., one term of five months, and had sixty 
 scholars. Owing to poor health, and the very long walks to 
 and from school, I did not return for a second term, though 
 I liked the place and the people very much. In the fall of '85, 
 I applied for a school nearer home, in Princess Anne Co- 
 Teaching school, and keeping school are two different things. 
 I wanted to teach school. The children had been subject to 
 a teacher who had allowed them to do as they chose, and I 
 wanted them to do to suit me. No one can imagine the trou- 
 
204 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 ble I had. It took the first term of six months to thoroughly 
 establish some kind of order ; but the second year, my prog- 
 ress was astonishing. 
 
 This year, I have another school, which is very pleasant. 
 They have had good teachers, mostly Hampton graduates and 
 under-graduates, and the work is not so hard as heretofore, 
 though it is no easy work to teach at any rate. I expect to 
 have a Christmas tree this year, as I have had the past two 
 years. I had from one friend some pretty cards, while the 
 Lend-a-Hand Club of Flushing sent me a nice map. 
 
 I have done good work with the papers sent me by Miss 
 Tileston. I use them for reading lessons on Fridays, and the 
 little ones are often kept quiet and a whipping saved, by hav- 
 ing pictures to keep them occupied. 
 
 1 am administratrix, and an heir in my father's estate. I 
 don't know how much it is. The people vary — everywhere 
 I have taught ; some few are doing well ; their condition de- 
 pends upon circumstances." Lives in Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
 Butt, Laura T. Born in Wallaceton, Va., 1867. 
 
 "I have taught in Gates County, N. C, four summer terms, 
 and in Norfolk Co., Va. four winter terms. When I began in 
 North Carolina, I was somewhat intimidated by seeing so 
 many young men and women coming to school. I was told 
 by the superintendent that I was too young to teach, but he 
 would give me a two months' term as a test. As there had 
 been no school for more than two years, the scholars were 
 anxious to attend. Among those forty-nine pupils, there 
 were about twelve who could write. I asked the parents to 
 give their children slates, and when I closed all could write 
 legibly ; even the youngest could copy from the board. I in- 
 troduced the ' word and object method,' with considerable 
 opposition at first, but, when the parents found that the chil- 
 dren learned to read and write so rapidly, they thought it 
 preferable. Most of the people in Gates Co. own good farms. 
 
 They are religiously inclined, and they have any number 
 of preachers. Many of the preachers are attending school 
 during the winter. In Norfolk Co., but few of the people 
 own land ; those who have land to sell, generally sell it in 
 such large tracts, the colored people cannot pay for it. I did 
 not intend to teach more than two years after graduating, but 
 I like the work so well I shall continue while I can accom- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 205 
 
 plish any good among my people. I have taught about one 
 hundred and ninety-eight pupils ; only one has taught, 
 others are preparing. I am engaged in Sunday-school and 
 temperance work. I own a lot in the suburbs of Portsmouth." 
 Educated by S. M. Felton and S. S. Cong. Church, Bridge- 
 port, Conn, 
 
 DiCKERSON, Mary E. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1866. 
 
 " The Ruler of all things has seen fit not to endow me with 
 that greatest of all blessings — health; therefore, I have not 
 taught since leaving school. But do not think I've been idle; 
 I have found plenty of work round and about to do; even 
 more than I am properly able to do. I have my home duties, 
 and my trade, dressmaking. When I leave home, I find a 
 wide field of wickedness and intemparance bearing their thous- 
 ands down to graves of drunkenness. I find children half 
 clad, knowing nothing of Sunday-school, nothing of Christ in 
 their hearts. I do not sit on the stool of do-nothing because 
 I cannot be a school teacher. So, while many of Hampton's 
 children are teaching spelling, reading, writing, 'word method' 
 and so on, I am in another field, doing what I can to bring 
 them in from the field of sin." Lives in Baltimore. 
 Educated by Mrs. I. Washburn. 
 
 Drummond, Amaza J. (Mrs. Brown.) Born in Lexington, Va., 1867. 
 " I taught in Staunton, Va., nine months, and Winton. 
 N. C. thirteen months. I have had about one hundred pupils. 
 Four of them are now teaching. I am married to Rev. S. 
 C. Brown, and have one child. I am teaching, and my aim 
 is to do all the good I can. We own a house and lot, house- 
 hold furniture, etc. The colored people are improving mor- 
 ally, intellectually, and otherwise." Lives in Winton, N. C- 
 Educated by Miss Mary Lewis and Miss Alice Byington. 
 
 * Easley, Lucretia. Born at Halifax C. H., Va., 1864. 
 
 She was- seriously ill at one time. She has taught at 
 Halifax C. H., with 88 on roll, and an average attendance of 
 74. Lives at Halifax C. H. 
 
 Educated by Miss Annie Anderson. 
 
 Hamilton, Bettie, (Mrs. Smith.) Born in Mecklenburg Co., Va. 
 1864. 
 
 " In '82, my father sent me to Hampton Institute. En- 
 tering the Middle class, I completed the course in two years. 
 
 ♦Did not ansv. dr last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
2o6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 A kind Pennsylvania lady paid my tuition both terms, and, 
 although I have been denied the pleasure of seeing her and 
 thanking her as I wish, I never think of her kindness but 
 with the deepest gratitude. In the fall, after graduating, I ac- 
 cepted a school in my native county. After filling out the 
 term, which was only five months, I contracted to teach in 
 North Carolina, but on account of ill health I was obliged to 
 give it up, after teaching only two months. I taught no more 
 till the fall of '87, when I accepted the position as teacher of 
 the school which I now hold. About one hundred and 
 ninety pupils have come under my charge ; only one has be- 
 come a teacher. I have always taught in Sunday-school till 
 this year. I give my pupils Bible lessons during the week. I 
 am married, and have one child. I have accumulated but 
 little property ; it consists chiefly of cattle and household 
 furniture. There are a few intelligent colored persons in this 
 vicinity but, as a class, they have small idea of what is meant 
 by real civilization. Still I think they have moved on consid- 
 erably within the last few years, judging from what 1 have 
 heard of their past, and comparing it with the present. It is 
 now only the dawn with us, but I hope yet to see the sun 
 of intelligence rise upon my people, and shine in all his splen- 
 dor upon them as he has upon the Anglo Saxon race. 
 
 To General Armstrong, we owe a life-long debt of grati- 
 tude ; his labors for our people cannot be rewarded in this 
 world ; but after this life, there is a happier one for him, and 
 'tis there a glorious reward awaits him. Long may he be 
 spared as a God-sent benefactor to our colored people." 
 Lives at Lunenburg C. H., Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary Coates. 
 
 Inge, Sarah A. Born in Danville, Va., 1865. 
 
 " I am still engaged in teaching at home (in Danville). I 
 have been in the same school ever since I graduated, and am as 
 much interested in the work as ever. The longer I teach, the 
 better I like it, although the teacher's life is not the easiest, as 
 many of us have found ; we have our difficulties. I have 
 taught about three hundred. The children come very regu- 
 larly during the winter months, but, in the spring, the large 
 ones leave, to go to work. Our school is quite full. We have 
 nine teachers, including the principal, four of whom are 
 Hampton graduates. Many of the colored people are property 
 holders, and seem very much interested in the education of 
 their children ; while others, as soon as their children are old 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ■ 207 
 
 enough to do good work in school, take them out and put 
 them to work in the tobacco factories, of which there are a 
 great many in Danville. 1 own a house-lot and a piano- 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. William E. Bright. 
 
 Lee, Ida Virginia, (Mrs. Woodlin.) Born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1859. 
 
 " I have not been to any other school, but am now taking 
 the Chautauqua Course. After leaving Hampton, I went to 
 Tuskegee, Ala. — Mr. Washington's school — and taught three 
 years. Afterwards I taught a year at Springfield, Tenn, where 
 Sallie Collins, class of '82, used to teach. This was one of the 
 leading whiskey manufacturing districts, and there was a great 
 deal of intemperance ; but, while I was there, there was a 
 movement in favor of prohibition and many Negroes who 
 were habitual drinkers voted for it. One of them tearfully 
 said to me, ' If whiskey were out of the way, I could be a 
 man and live like folks,' and he voted for prohibition. The 
 next year, I taught in Greensborough, Md., where I had an 
 enrolment of seventy-seven, and a fine Sunday-school of six- 
 ty-four scholars. I cannot tell how many I have taught in all. 
 The colored people where I have been are poor, and, in many 
 cases, improvident, but are beginning to improve." In '89, 
 she was married to Martin Woodlin, class of '86. They live in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Educated by E. R. Mayo and Mrs. Henry Rose. 
 
 Mahoney, Clara E. (Mrs. Seldon). Born in Milestone, Md., 1865. 
 
 " My first teaching was in Springfield, Tenn., with Sadie 
 Collins, (class of '82), in the Mission School. Since then I 
 have taught in my native county, having taught the same 
 school three terms. Last term, I changed my place of labor 
 because the doctor said the place did not agree with me ; but 
 the Superintendent would not allow me to leave the county. 
 I have a new school building, having seven glass windows 
 and a door. The window shutters and the door are painted 
 brown. I have a set of scholars whose ages range from seven to 
 seventeen, and the most advanced were unable to write their 
 names, read decently in the First Reader, or count a hundred 
 without blundering, when we began, but I have great hopes 
 of them. School work is progressing. " I have taught about 
 two hundred ; two are teaching. As to the colored people, 
 I begin to discover signs of thrift. They are progressing 
 slowly." Lives in Kinsale, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Sarah Lewis and Mrs. Mary B. Herring. 
 
2o8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 * Mayo, Effie H. Born in Raleigh, N. C, 1864. 
 
 She wrote in Sept., '84, that she was teaching in Salem, 
 Va., and liked it, "but it was hard work." Her present where- 
 abouts is unknown. 
 
 Educated by H. P. Kidder. 
 
 Porter, Janie A. (Mrs Harris Barrett). Born in Athens, Ga., 1865. 
 " After leaving school, I taught in a town in the southwest- 
 ern part of Georgia. This town, during slavery, had been di- 
 vided up into great cotton plantations, and it is said that slaves 
 were sent there for punishment, and treated very cruelly. The 
 colored people of Georgia still dreaded this portion of it, and 
 for that reason they had never had any good teachers, so had 
 made little advancement educationally; but some of them own- 
 ed pleasant homes, and land upon which they raised their cot- 
 ton. Others were very poor, as well as very ignorant. I had a 
 good school and enjoyed my work both in Sunday and in day 
 school. I taught there two terms, and then I was asked to come 
 to Hampton to teach. I knew I was needed more in Georgia, 
 but I could not' resist going back to the scenes of my pleasant 
 school life. I taught two years in Hampton. I had classes 
 in the Night School, and during the day I taught at the 'But- 
 ler.' I also taught a winter at Shellbanks, and, during the 
 summer vacation, I had Indian classes. I then went home, 
 expecting to spend a year with my parents. After resting 
 three months, I was asked to teach in the Haines Industrial 
 School at Augusta, Ga. The Principal thought the experience 
 I had had at Hampton, and the industrial training I had re- 
 ceived, would be of great service, and I did introduce some of 
 Hampton's methods and customs. I can't tell how many I 
 have taught ; I should think about six hundred ; four have 
 become teachers. I have always had a class in Sunday-school. 
 I had a broad field for temperance work in southwestern 
 Georgia, and instituted a Temperance Society. In the fall of 
 '89, I married Mr. Harris Barrett, class of '85, and now have 
 the pleasure of knowing that our little cottage is going up in 
 sight of the dear old Hampton School grounds, where some 
 of my happiest days were spent." 
 
 [The " cottage " is now — '91 — a lovely little home, in which 
 is a " well-spring of pleasure." Ed.] 
 
 Educated by Miss Alice Longfellow. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 209 
 
 Saunders, Lizzie Mabel (Mrs. Norton). Born in Norfolk, Va., 1865- 
 
 " I have taught at Staunton, Va., ever since I graduated 
 from Hampton. I have taught about six hundred children ; 
 my work has been in the primary department. Yes, I teach 
 in Sundav-school, and aim to be a guiding star to my race 
 The general condition of the people is good. They are im- 
 proving rapidly." She married Robert F. M. Norton, of '81. 
 They live in Staunton. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
 Scott, Ella N. (Mrs. Sparks). Born in Southampton Co. Va., 1864. 
 
 "I have taught in this county (Southampton) ever since 
 I graduated. After closing my school here, I taught two 
 sessions in North Carolina. I enjoy the work very much ; 
 there is always a pleasure in teaching, when it is done with a 
 willingness of heart. Since I first began to teach, I have 
 taught five hundred. Four of that number are attending 
 higher schools, and one is a teacher. I have taught Sunday- 
 school most of my time, and temperance. A Temperance 
 Society has been formed in my day school, and most of the 
 scholars belong to it, though some will not join, because, if 
 they do, they cannot drink cider. 
 
 I have worked hard to make my home as comfortable as 
 possible. I have bought a piece of land, thirty acres, and had 
 a frame house built, with two stories, four rooms, two halls, 
 and ten windows. This and other things I have paid for my- 
 self. The colored people of this section are making quite a 
 good living, owning teams and stock. The great occupation 
 is peanut growing." 
 
 Has married Horace Sparks, class of '"]"], and they live in 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Educated by S. L. Severance and John F. Slater Fund. 
 
 * Smith, Julia L. Was born in Ontario, Canada, 1861. She taught 
 at Bower's Hill, near Norfolk, Va., a five months' school, and 
 then went to Tanner's Cross Roads, and had a full school. In 
 the Autumn of '88, she was sent to Africa by the Episcopal 
 Board of Missions, being a member of St. George's church 
 and Sunday-school in New York city. She had the African 
 fever and was very ill, after arriving. She is now at Cape 
 Palmas Orphan Asylum, West Harper, Liberia. 
 Educated by Mrs. Thomas Cole. 
 
 Tucker, Mary A. Born in Hampton, Va., 1868. 
 
 " I have been teaching five terms, three of which I spent 
 
 * Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
2IO TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 in Farmville, a little town on the Appomattox River, of near- 
 ly four thousand inhabitants. The majority of the people are 
 colored ; one-half work in tobacco factories, the other half at 
 trades, etc. They have three churches ; two Baptist, one 
 Methodist. Farmville has its enemy in the liquor traffic ; 
 yet a society of Good Templars has served to weaken its in- 
 fluence a little. When Miss Lucy J. Boulding, (class of '8i,) 
 opened school here, two hundred eager faces smiled good 
 morning ; at the end of two weeks we had nearly four hun- 
 dred. We, Miss Boulding, W. P. Napper, of '85, R.J. Evans, 
 of '84, and I, found the harvest was too plenteous for the 
 reapers. 
 
 Miss Boulding applied for another teacher, but was de- 
 nied. After teaching in Farmville three years, I left, feeling 
 that, in a measure, our efforts had been crowned with success; 
 though a teacher can never be wholly contented with her 
 work. The following summer, I was appointed to teach at 
 the Whittier School at Hampton. My patrons, [parents send- 
 ing pupils] lived in Slabtown, Oakland and Mill Creek. Dur- 
 ing the winter, I .visited many of them, and met with cordial 
 reception. Some of the homes are not such places as emit 
 intellectual and spiritual light, but all strove to make things 
 appear tidy and peaceful to the teacher. I have taught three 
 hundred and forty. My pupils were all young. I am engaged 
 in Sunday-school work, and am Secretary of the Woman's 
 Auxiliary of the Y. M. C. A. We are trying to make that a 
 benefit in every respect." Lives in the town of Hampton. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George R. Russell. 
 
 * Blow, William P. Born at Assamoosick, Va., 1854. He is a farm- 
 
 er, and is teaching a day and night school in Portsmouth, Va., 
 his home. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Robert G. Shaw. 
 
 * Brown, Lewis M. Born at Rice's Depot, Va., 1864. His first 
 
 school was at Rice's Depot, where he began with very small 
 children. He had a good school house, and a very nice Sun- 
 day-school. In '87, he was in the same county, far back in 
 the country, with seventy-five on roll. He is an engineer by 
 trade. Lives at Rice's Depot. 
 
 Educated by Judge Oliver Prescott and Miles Washburn. 
 
 Carter, John C. Born in Lynchburg, Va , 1863. 
 
 " I attended Indiana Normal School six months, and took 
 
 *Uid not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTfTUTE. 211 
 
 lessons in penmanship. I graduated from Hampton in '84, 
 and, except one year, have been teaching ever since. My 
 experience with the colored people has been somewhat limited 
 for I have been confined to one school, and have had but little 
 time to associate in the different circles. But I can say this 
 much for those with whom I have associated ; there is a vast 
 difference in the colored man of to-day, and the colored man 
 of four years ago, in my neighborhood. I have taught about 
 two hundred pupils since graduating, and about twenty are 
 teaching. Teaching is very good, but I think that our young 
 men should put it down for awhile and aspire to somethino- 
 higher, and let our young women have it. I, for one, having had 
 sufficient experience, am willing to lay it by, and aspire to 
 something else more appropriate. I am married, and aim to 
 be an attorney at law." Died 1889. 
 Educated by John F. Slater Fund. 
 
 Clements, Claudius A, Born at Freetown, Sierra Leone, Africa, 
 1865. Brought to Hampton in '81, by his teacher, Mr. Ackrel 
 White, graduate of '76, who had been a missionary in Africa. 
 Claudms could speak English brokenly, and was able to enter 
 our Junior class. He learned the tinner's trade while here. 
 
 " After graduating, I returned to my native land. I taught 
 two years and three months at Freetown, Africa, and now I 
 am Agent at Wilberforce. Hampton has done wonders for me; 
 I do not think any of her children have been more thankful 
 than I. At all examinations (Govt.) here, with boys who are 
 noted as luminaries, they have not ' washed ' me much. At 
 the last examinations there were thirty-four Masters. I was 
 second in order of merit. Hampton gives a start, and you 
 are to polish it. And I must believe that it was Hampton 
 that helped to procure me my present station. I am appoint- 
 ed to take charge of the church and school. When I was 
 at Hampton, I hated work ; but now I cannot bear to sit still 
 even on a holiday ; my zeal for work and good is very strong. 
 It would be a shame and a disgrace to me, after all Hampton 
 has done for me, to be back home, and go on in my old ways. 
 I have taught one hundred and forty children ; only two 
 have become teachers. I am engaged in Sunday-school. In 
 Freetown, they attend well, biit at Wilberforce, they are 
 'green,' and parents and children hardly know the value of 
 Sunday-school." 
 
 " America and Africa — what a world of difference be- 
 tween the two places ! Both end with the four last letters 
 
212 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 alike, but a mighty contrast exists. In America, education, 
 religion and civilization abound ; but, in Africa, darkness, 
 intellectual darkness, broods over her millions. May God 
 hasten the time when intellectual light shall be sent to Afri- 
 ca, and other unchristianized settlements ; that peace and 
 piety, religion and justice, may be established amongst us 
 throughout all generations." In June, '88, he wrote, he was 
 " betrothed to a very lovely Christian native girl, her intelli- 
 gence and education need commending, and are praisewor- 
 thy for girls in this part of the world." In the summer of '89, 
 she died, leaving twin daughters ; one of the babies died 
 later. He is now (Dec, '90,) teaching in the " Rufus Clarke 
 and Wife's Theological School," in Sierra Leone. 
 
 Educated by "Little Pilgrim Missionary Society." 
 
 DuNGEE, John Riley. Born at West Point, Va., i860. 
 
 " Immediately upon leaving Hampton, I began to pre- 
 pare myself to take up the study of law. On account of my 
 father's death, which occurred soon after my graduation, I 
 was unable to begin my studies as early as I intended. In 
 the autumn of '84, through the efforts of Miss Hyde, I secured 
 a position in the public school of Woodstown, N. J. I taught 
 there two terms of ten months each, and occupied the inter- 
 vening vacation in assisting in the Indian classes and Night 
 School at Hampton. I have had more than two hundred 
 pupils in my charge ; none, within my knowledge, have be- 
 come teachers. In Sept., '86, I entered the Law Department 
 of Howard University, from which I graduated in May, '88. 
 Then I returned to my home, after an almost unbroken ab- 
 sence of seven years. As regards the condition of the people, 
 I think the prospect is as hopeful as may be reasonably ex- 
 pected. Many own profitable farms and creditable dwellings. 
 In morals, I am informed there is a decided improvement ; but 
 they certainly do not manifest a proper interest in education. 
 This and kindred evils, it shall be my effort to amend. My 
 aim is to use my profession for the uplifting of my race." 
 Lives in Cohoke, Va. 
 
 Educated by M. H. Simpson. 
 
 Edwards, George W. Born in Chesterfield Co., Va., 1857. "I have 
 not attended any other school. I taught four terms in 
 Deep Creek District, Norfolk Co., where there were one hun- 
 dred and fifty children, of whom none have become teachers, 
 as yet. I have a nice Sunday-school ; we use the International 
 Quarterly, and have papers semi-monthly. I am married, and 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 213 
 
 have one child ; my present occupation is farming. My aim 
 is to acquire weahh. My real estate is valued at $600, ex- 
 cluding chattel property. The colored people are self-sup- 
 porting, they are rapidly improving in acquiring property and 
 education." Lives at Deep Creek, Va. 
 Educated by Howard Potter. 
 
 Evans, Robert J. Bom in Farmville, Va., 1858. "After leaving 
 Hampton, I spent the summer following my graduation at 
 a summer resort on the Jersey shore, as waiter, to earn im- 
 mediate means for replenishing my wardrobe, that had be- 
 come rather scanty and shabby during my close living at the 
 school. The fall of the same year I passed a successful ex- 
 amination, and was appointed with three others, to teach in 
 the Farmville School, with Miss Lucy J. Boulding (class of 
 '81), as principal. I taught here two years. 
 
 The next year, I taught for the first time an ungraded 
 school of seventy-four pupils, without an assistant. Among 
 the beginners, with whom I used the word method, I was 
 surprised to see the results. The third year, I was recalled 
 to the graded school at Farmville, William P. Napper, class 
 of '85, principal. This year, I am principal of the same school, 
 with four assistants. I have enrolled three hundred pupils, 
 with an average attendance of two hundred and seventy-five 
 for the first month. I have had four hundred and twenty- 
 four pupils under my charge. Five now are teachers and 
 thirteen are in higher schools — Hampton, Richmond and 
 Petersburg Institutes. I am Superintendent of the Sunday- 
 school, with two hundred pupils. We are using the Inter- 
 national Lessons, bought by collecting of the children pennies 
 on Sunday mornings. I am clerk of the church, and treas- 
 urer of the Temperance Society. I turn my hands to many 
 little objects for making a livelihood, besides teaching ; viz., 
 trading, and gardening. I take very little stock in political 
 matters, only giving advice and information when called up- 
 on. I own, in conjunction with my father, about $1,600 worth 
 of property. My aim is to make a practical business man. 
 and a living. The colored people are improving and thrifty ; 
 many owning their homes." 
 
 Educated by E. Pierson Beebe. 
 
 Ferguson, Thomas M. Born at Charlottesville, Va., 1866. 
 
 " I studied chemistry, geometry and book-keeping three 
 months, at Tuskegee, Ala. I cannot feel that I have accom- 
 plished very much, though I have been hard at work since 
 
214 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Oct., '84, when I was fortunate enough to get a position as 
 clerk in the Tuskegee Normal School. I find the work hard, 
 but I enjoy it. I try to take advantage of the opportunities 
 offered here for improvement. I have taught two classes in 
 writing. I have had about sixty students ; none have become 
 teachers yet." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway and Mrs. Fred. 
 R. Abbe. 
 
 Gregory, Jeremiah Prophet. Born in King and Queen Co., Va. 
 1863. 
 
 " I have attended Bethany College one year, and Temple 
 College one year, in Philadelphia. I taught at my home, in 
 Gloucester Co., two terms of six months each, allotted by the 
 county, and two extra months each year of pay school, owing 
 to the interest worked up among the people. My school 
 numbered one hundred and thirty ; none of them are teachers^ 
 six have gone to Hampton. I am Superintendent of Zion 
 Baptist Church in Philadelphia, an^ am in charge of all the 
 finances of the church. My present occupation is janitor and 
 attending college at night. My aim is to preach the Gospel- 
 The contrast between the condition of the colored people of 
 Philadelphia, and those of Tidewater, Virginia, is very great." 
 Educated by Frederick Marquand and Mrs, M. A. Blair. 
 
 Holcombe, William Henderson. Born in Farmville, Va., 1863. 
 " I have taught four terms in Locket's District, in my county. 
 Have taught about one hundred and twenty-five pupils. I 
 have been engaged in Sunday-school also. Both day and 
 Sunday-school would be more regularly attended, if the chil- 
 dren were properly clothed. My aim is to do all I can for my 
 people. In some places their condition is good, but in others, 
 poor, and with little improvement." Lives in Farmville, Va. 
 Educated by William Atherton. 
 
 Holland, Willis Bird. Born in Isle of Wight Co., Va., 1862. 
 
 " I obtained my middle name by tending fields when I 
 was a boy, keeping away the birds that would pick up the 
 gram. I went to the common school at my home, when a 
 boy, and, since graduating from Hampton, in '84, have taught 
 the same school. I have also taught a summer school at 
 Rich's Square, N. C. In all, there were about two hundred 
 and seventy children. None are teaching, but some are at 
 Institutes preparing to be teachers. Most of the time I have 
 been superintendent of the Sunday-school, where both parents 
 and children come. Temperance work goes on in both Sun- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 215 
 
 day and day school, I am married, I have no children. For 
 property, 1 own five acres of land, household furniture, etc. 
 My object in the future is to be a competent teacher and a 
 minister of the Gospel. The circumstances of the colored 
 people vary, as in every other place. Since their freedom 
 they have been slowly progressing; some have homes, both 
 neat and comfortable ; others have comparatively no homes. 
 Many have a fair education and put it to good advantage." 
 Lives in Franklin, Va. 
 
 Educated by Rowland Hazard. 
 * Morton, Richard B. From Smithville, Va. 
 
 Educated by Atwater Treat. 
 Pierce, Lee Royal. Born in Prince Edward Co., Va. 
 
 " I have been teaching since '84, in the same school, in 
 my native county. I cannot tell just how many I have taught. 
 My school has averaged over fifty each year. I have tried 
 hard to make teaching a success. Teaching is my present 
 occupation, and my aim is to be useful. I do not wish to say 
 what property I have. The colored people are in very poor 
 circumstances, though they are improving." 
 
 Educated by William P. Goodwin and Martin Brimmer, 
 
 Reid, Winfield Scott. Born in Gatesville, N. C, 1859. 
 
 " I taught in Gates and Pasquotank Go's., N. C., four 
 years. There were about five hundred scholars in all, ten of 
 whom have taught in the public school. After spending four 
 years at the desk, as teacher, trying to impart instruction. to 
 the youth of my native state, and race, I became dissatisfied 
 and decided to try some other field for success. For some 
 months, I have been employed in the Wagner Palace Car 
 Company of New York. In this Company, several of the 
 Hampton students have secured employment, not because 
 they prefer this kind of work to teaching, but for the simple 
 fact that they can realize more money. With the colored 
 man, it is not a matter of preference, but a matter of dollars. 
 For my part, I would rather, ten to one, have stayed in the 
 South, with my own people, where I could have given my 
 entire time to teaching them in the public schools, and in 
 other capacities where I could reach them in larger numbers, 
 but my circumstances were such I was unable to do so. I 
 hope some time to return home, and engage in teaching. My 
 aim in life is to be a merchant. " 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Cong. Church, Clinton, Mass. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
2l6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Stewart, Edward Delano. Born in Farmville, Va. 
 
 "I taught two scholastic years in Prince Edward Co.. 
 Va. I think 1 taught about eighty pupils. One of them is 
 probably, a teacher now. I have been for two years at the 
 Mystic Valley Institute, Connecticut, where I have studied 
 mathematics, Latin, Greek, French, German, and other aca- 
 demic studies. We have a Temperance Society connected 
 with the school, and I take an active part in that and in Sun- 
 day-school work. I own five acres of land. I am at present 
 a student. My aim in life is to elevate my race. The con- 
 dition of the colored people is hopeful. They are accumu- 
 lating property, and educating their children." 
 
 Educated by East Cong. S. S. of Ware, Mass. 
 
 * TowNES, Edward R. Born in Mecklenburg Co., Va., 1861. 
 
 He taught one term in Gloucester. He also taught in 
 Clarksville, Va., his home. 
 
 Educated by W. S. Houghton and Mrs. George Curtis. 
 
 * Tucker, Buel Wilcox. Born at Sherbro' Island, West Coast of 
 
 Africa, 1862. He came to Hampton in '81, at the same time 
 as Claudius Clements ; brought over by Mr. Ackrel Vv'hite, of 
 '76, who had taught them at the Mendi Mission. He was 
 apprentice in our Printing Office and remained at Hampton 
 the year after graduating, continuing at his trade. Afterwards 
 went to Boston, and was employed in the American House. 
 Educated by Cong. S. S., North Adams, Mass. 
 
 Tynes, Joseph B. Born at Smithville, Va, 1856. "I have taught 
 every year, at different schools in the county near Smithville. 
 I think I have taught about two hundred and eighty pupils. 
 I know of none as teachers. Our Sunday-school is fair, but 
 temperance work is poor here. I am married. I am engaged 
 in the ministry and school teaching, and am trying to help 
 others. The colored people in the main are financially em- 
 barrassed, but here and there are signs of improvement." 
 
 After graduation, took one year in our Pastors' Class for 
 Bible Study. Now (91) an A. M. E. minister, preaching and 
 teaching in Winchester : doing good work. 
 
 Educated by Atlantic Ave. Cong. S. S. of Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 White, George W. Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1863. 
 
 " Having graduated in '84, I secured a school the suc- 
 ceeding fall in Gloucester C. H., where I taught with interest 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 217 
 
 for three school years ; apparently with satisfaction to the 
 trustees, parents and pupils. I enrolled one hundred and 
 thirty-five scholars. Five are aspiring to teach. I was also 
 engaged in Sunday-school and temperance work. I left in 
 '87, when school closed, and went to Boston. I need not tell 
 whv I came nor why I stayed. You will undoubtedly say I 
 must make a sacrifice. This I have done in teaching. There 
 may be a day when the young men and women will be guar- 
 anteed a living and a little more in the Southern schools. As 
 yet, it has not come. I am at present engaged on the Palace 
 Cars. In many ways my education at Hampton has helped 
 me, since the running of cars calls for considerable knowl- 
 edge — mathematics, reading, writing, etc., and on the whole, 
 it is about the same amount of work as teaching, with con- 
 siderably more income. The colored people in some instances 
 are doing well. They should be compared with the Pilgrims 
 rather than with people of the present age. I have an inter- 
 est in real estate in Virginia, and have an account with the 
 Savings Bank. I shall always be proud of the unpaid-for 
 blessings I received at Hampton. May she do good to ten 
 thousand more." 
 
 In '89, he married Annie Hunter, class of '86. They live 
 in Boston. 
 
 Educated by " Murray Fund." 
 
 Young, Daniel J. Born in Sparta, Va., 1864. 
 
 He wrote to Miss Cleaveland, in October, '84, that he was 
 the only Hampton graduate that had ever taught in Caroline 
 Co., Va. He had only a log cabin, belonging to " a widowed 
 lady who had emigrated to the cit}^" for a school-house, but 
 hoped to have a new one after awhile. Died, 1885. 
 
 Educated by " Pennsylvania Abolition Society." 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE CLASS WHo DID NOT GRADUATE. 
 
 * Connor, Jacob S. From Dublin Depot, Va. He worked in the 
 Engineer Department, while at the School. He went to 
 Philadelphia from here, and has not been heard from since 
 leaving. 
 
 Educated by Lafayette Ave. S. S., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
2l8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 * Jackson, William S. From Onancock, Va. He left on account 
 
 of trouble with his eyes, and for awhile was attendant to an in- 
 valid gentleman. In '85, he had a position in an office in 
 Baltimore. At one time he wished to be a missionary. 
 Educated by Joseph Carpenter and William Endicott. 
 
 McGiLBRY, William Taylor. " I was born at Fort Cobb, Indian 
 Territory, 1863, but spent the most of my time at Fort Ar- 
 buckle ; thence went to Wewoka, where my father was em- 
 ployed as public blacksmith by the Seminole Government. 
 Later, he was employed in the same capacity by the Creek 
 Indians, at Wetumka, where my people live at present. 
 [ Freedmen of Indian Terrritory. ] I did not graduate from 
 Hampton. I left on the 15th of May, 1884, a member of the 
 Senior class. I have not attended any other Institution, nor 
 taught since I left. The most I can say is that I have not 
 been idle a single day. Though I have not taught any — for 
 I have always felt that I was never intended for a teacher — 
 I am always ready to do anything in my reach for the bene- 
 fit of my race ; and, though I am not engaged in Sunday- 
 school or temperance work, I contribute to both in many 
 ways. My present occupation is gardening. I have charge 
 of a gentleman's place in Flushing, L. I. I expect to engage 
 in stock raising and agriculture." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. T. G. Sellew, 
 Worth AM, Plummer W. Born in Warren Co., Va., i860. 
 
 " I have not attended any other school or college. I have 
 been teaching ever since 1884, at Warrenton, N. C. I am 
 principal of the public school, and have had about five hun- 
 dred students under my charge, seven of whom have become 
 teachers. I was Superintendent of the Sunday-school when 
 I left for Hampton, and, on my return, I resumed the same 
 duties, and held the position till I was appointed pastor of 
 the church ; we have a live Sunday-school. I am married, 
 and have two children. I am pastor of the A. M. E. Church, 
 and principal of the High School. I have about twenty-five 
 acres of land. The condition of the colored people is quite 
 favorable. 
 
 Educated by Cong. Sunday-school of Natick, Mass. 
 
 * Wyche, Benjamin F. From Petersburg, Va. We have not received 
 
 any report of him. 
 
 Educated by Dillwyn Parish and Eliot Church S. S. of 
 Newton, Mass. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 EX-SJUDEHT : MIDDLE CLASB OF 1884. 
 
 Kernan, Sophia, (Mrs. Martin). Born in Lebanon, Va^ 1865. 
 
 "I entered Hampton Institute, Sept., '81. I worked in 
 the Industrial Room under Miss Galpin, and sewed on the 
 boys' uniforms under Mr. Hamilton, during the day, and at- 
 tended school in the evening, striving to make the Middle 
 class for the coming year, which I accomplished. While 
 laboring, under the above circumstances, I considered that 
 the darkest period of my life, but age and experience have 
 shown me that my work term at Hampton laid for me a solid 
 foundation upon which to build the next two years. I en- 
 tered the Middle class, but, owing to a long sickness, I lost 
 considerable time, and was compelled to repeat my Middle 
 studies, and at the close of the term was read as a member of 
 the next graduating class. During my repeating year, I re- 
 ceived aid from a kind lady friend, of Salem, Mass., Miss 
 Sarah Smith, and I shall ever feel grateful to her, and hold 
 her name dear in memory's casket. I went to teach that fall, in 
 Gloucester Co., as an assistant to Mr. Thomas C.Walker (of 83). 
 I think my pupils averaged forty daily, and I learn that two of 
 those are now teaching. I am pleased to say that I have long 
 since changed my stage of living from single to married life 
 I have been married more than three years, and am delighted 
 with the change. My husband's property is valued at about 
 $3,000. Our home is in Ohio, [Carlisle] and I am much 
 attached to the people and the surroundings in general. I 
 , have one regret, and that is the lack of society of my own 
 race. My husband and myself constitute the entire colored 
 population for two miles around. I attend the Presbyterian 
 church, of which my husband has been a member for some 
 time. As to the colored people of the West, I do not find 
 the m,ajority of them so far advanced as I expected, consider- 
 ing the advantages they have had compared with the colored 
 people of the South. Of course I meet a few who, I think, 
 are equal to any people in refinement and culture, but, as a 
 whole, I see great room for improvement." 
 Educated by Mrs. E. N. Holbrook. 
 
TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 CLASS OF 1885. 
 
 Anderson, Annie Ridout. Born at Belview, Bedford Co. Va., 1867- 
 
 " For two winters I was employed in the Home for Col- 
 ored Children at Chattanooga, Tenn. It was started by Mrs. 
 A. S. Steele of Massachusetts, who went there as missionary to 
 the colored people. The last two winters, I have been teach- 
 ing in Abingdon, Va. We have a large school. There are 
 four teachers ; three of us are Hamptonians. Our superin- 
 tendent visits us and always leaves the school house with an 
 encouraging word for the teacher. We have a dilapidated log 
 house to teach in, but next year they hope to have a new 
 building. There have been about eighty children taught by 
 me. I also teach in Sunday school. I am very anxious to 
 learn the dressmaking trade. Then, if I teach in winter, I 
 can sew in summer. I think I have been of some use to my 
 people, and I sincerely thank Hampton and the kind Northern 
 friends who have aided me at school. The colored people 
 are improving ; they make use of every opportunity." 
 
 [ Now ('91) teaching in Houston, Texas. — Ed.] 
 
 Educated by C. S. Smith. Mrs. Theodosia M. Dexter and 
 Mrs. Henry Rose. 
 Barrette, Louisa E. ( Mrs. Payne). Born in Danville, Va., 1863. 
 
 She taught at New Hope, near Danville, five months in 
 '83 ; there were about seventy-five scholars, of whom one is 
 teaching. She was married in Dec. '85, and has a little boy. 
 She is occupied in dressmaking, also in transferring photo- 
 graphs. She is a great invalid and has to walk with crutches. 
 Says : " My aim is to do all the good I can, in all the ways 
 I can, to all the people I can." They own a house and lot 
 valued at $1,000. "The people are poor but gradually im- 
 prove in accumulating property and education." 
 
 Lives in Danville, Va. 
 
 Educated by John F. Slater Fund. 
 Bedenbaugh, Alice A. Born at Prosperity, S. C, 1864. 
 
 " I left Hampton in [une '85, feeling quite proud to have 
 the honor of being called a graduate. I had scarely been 
 home two weeks before I had to begin teaching. I taught a 
 pay school for two months and then began in the public, 
 school and taught till May. I taught two years at my home 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 221 
 
 Prosperity, in two schools, and had about eighty pupils on 
 roll in each school. There are several who could take my 
 place when I was away, and everything went on quite nicely, 
 the younger ones giving due respect. I had the first Bible 
 Class in Sunday school, and gave all the help I could, and we 
 had May parties and entertainments to awaken an interest. 
 The people were mostly 'renters' and 'croppers' [renting land 
 and giving a lien on their crops for it ] and found it hard to 
 live ; it takes all they have to pay their debts ; their crops 
 were cotton, corn, grain and vegetables. Their houses were 
 very poor, but, in most cases, clean, with a little flower bed 
 in the yard. My health began to fail and I had to leave. I 
 came to Danville, where I passed my examination, and am 
 teaching my second term. I have taught about three hun- 
 dred scholars. Some of the people here are quite well to do. 
 They have cattle and fine fruit orchards on which they pride 
 themselves. The crops are tobacco, corn and grain. I am 
 boarding on a large farm, where they raise all they need, ex- 
 cept coffee and sugar. The people don't prosper, because 
 they don't lay up for ' hard times'." 
 
 Home in Prosperity S. C. 
 
 Educated by J. W. Baker, Congregational S. S., Windsor, 
 Ct., Miss Anne Wain, and the John F. Slater Fund. 
 
 Bowser, Clara T. (Mrs. Brandom ). Born in Richmond, Va., 1865. 
 
 " In the winter of '85, I taught at Montgomery Switch, 
 near Abingdon, Va., where my home was. In '86 I assisted in 
 Mr. I3random's school at Palmer's Springs, and in '87, I was 
 one of the four teachers at Christiansburg, Va. I taught 
 about two hundred and fifty children." In '88, she was mar- 
 ried to George W. Brandom, class of '82. " Now I am leading 
 a very different life. It is cleaning, sewing, washing,, ironing^ 
 saving, planning, smiling, fretting and cooking. Some of all 
 these I have had to do at my mother's home, with her help, 
 but now I am mistress and I greatly enjoy it." 
 
 Lives in Boydton, Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Georgia Barker Gibbs and Miss A. E 
 Cleaveland, 
 
 Bruner. Louisa C. Born in Indian Territory, 1862. 
 
 " I graduated in '85, and have been teaching ever since. 
 I taught the first year near my home at Thomas Town, Ind. 
 Ter.; since then I have been at Noble, Tenn. At the first 
 school I had sixty-three ; at the second nearly as many. I 
 
222 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 have a full Sunday school, all the children of the day school 
 come and others; the parents come also and take an ^ active 
 part. I am not married ; I think I can do more if I am sin- 
 gle and have no home cares. I own a couple of ponies and 
 fourteen head of cattle and the rest in cash. I want'to be a 
 missionary with God's help. The general condition of the 
 colored people in the way of living is very promising. Edu- 
 cation has been neglected so long, it makes them very slow in 
 getting on." Her parents were of the freedmen of Indian Ter. 
 
 Lives in Wewoka, Ind. Ter. 
 
 Educated by the Misses Burnside. 
 Butt, Laura Frances. Born in Portsmouth, Va., 1859. 
 
 " I left school in June '85, and went to my home in Ger- 
 mantown, Penn. In August I went to Portsmouth, Va., to 
 be examined for a school by Mr. Barker, but didn't. pass. I 
 was sent for to go back to Germantown, Pa., to take charge 
 of two children, in a family where my mother lived as cook. I 
 taught the oldest one to read and write, by the word and sen- 
 tence method. I have joined the Methodist church here, and 
 have a class of young men in the Sunday school. I find 
 there is plenty of work here ; more than I can do. My pres- 
 ent occupation is child's nurse. I have laid by $40. in the 
 savings fund and own ten shares in a building association. 
 The colored people are improving financially, but the young 
 girls are not doing well, their standard is low." 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott. 
 Chance, Delilah L. (Mrs. Douglas.) Born in New Berne. N.C.,i86o. 
 
 " I have taught at my home, in New Berne, ever since 
 '85. I began first with a private school and fourteen scholars, 
 and afterwards had charge of the public school. I have 
 taught about one hundred and fifty scholars, ten of whom are 
 teaching. I teach Sunday school in one of the Methodist 
 churches here. I have a fine class of little children, about 
 twenty in number, and I find much pleasure in teaching them 
 the word of God. I am married and have one child. My 
 present occupation is housekeeping ; I expect to teach again 
 after awhile. We own two houses and lots valued at $1,500. 
 the colored people are improving rapidly ; most of them have 
 good homes of their own ; others are trying to get them. 
 They don't have such long school terms as in Virginia, but 
 during the time they do have school, their children go." 
 
 Lives in New Berne. 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. John Simpkins. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 223 
 
 Dawson, Annie R. (Arickaree Tribe). Born in the Indian village at 
 Fort Berthold Agency, N. Dakota, 1868. 
 
 She came to Hampton, a delicate little girl scarcely ten 
 years old, in November, '78, brought by Capt. Pratt in the 
 first party of Indian students from Dakota. Her father had 
 died in her infancy. Her mother, a very intelligent woman 
 who could speak English and had a remarkably neat house, 
 brought her only child to Mrs. Pratt and besought that, young 
 as she was, she might be taken where she would be brought 
 up in better and safer surroundings than in the Indian village. 
 Later she came again, entreating that she might be taken too, 
 and they came together. Mary, the mother, was useful as in- 
 terpreter for the party from Berthold. She was a beautiful 
 seamstress already, and learned to use the sewing machine, 
 and went into some of the classes. After a year and a half, 
 she felt a longing to return to the old mother she had left, but 
 wished Annie to remain, having assured herself of her wel- 
 fare here, and desiring only her best interest, with all a moth- 
 er's unselfish devotion. The next winter, just before Christ- 
 mas, while the little Annie was busy crocheting her mother 
 a shawl, a letter came saying Mary had died, and she wished 
 her child might stay in the East with the kind friends. 
 
 Annie went steadily through the Indian classes ( she 
 knew but a few English words when she came ) ; then 
 through the Normal School course, graduating when she was 
 seventeen. 
 
 She then taught in our Indian department fifteen months 
 and had a Sunday-school class of the youngest Indian boys. 
 
 In the fall of '86, she entered the State Normal School 
 
 at Framingham, Mass., taking the usual course of studies, and 
 
 graduated there in '90. Returning to her Hampton home, 
 
 she spent the summer here, teaching an Indian class, and 
 
 ■ assisting m the care of the girls. 
 
 She is now ('91) a happy, successful and valued teacher 
 in the Indian " Normal Training School," under Rev. Alfred 
 B. Riggs, at Santee, Nebraska, 
 
 Educated by Mrs. William S. Brown. 
 Evans, Nellie L. Born in Gloucester, Co., Va., 1866. 
 
 She has taught in the same school at her home in Ware 
 Neck, Gloucester Co.; first, as assistant to Beverly Thornton, 
 class of '82, and is now principal of the school. She has 
 taught about one hundred and twenty small pupils ; she also 
 has a "live little Sunday school class". She says : " I have 
 
224 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 used my means in making home happy for father and moth- 
 er. My present occupation is teaching. My aim is to be- 
 come a successful teacher. Most of the people here have 
 houses and are improving them." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Fenno Tudor and Mrs. George 
 Faulkner. 
 
 Harrison, Jane A. Born in Washington, D. C, 1866. 
 
 " I have been to no other school. I am teaching the 
 school at ' Slabtown,' a suburb of Hampton, in the school 
 house given [ and maintained ] by Mr. Jackson S. Schultz, 
 which is a branch of the Whittier school. I have taught as 
 high as fifty-nine children. I also teach in Sunday school. 
 1 haven't any property. My aim is to do what I can to im- 
 prove my race. The colored people are improving very 
 much indeed." 
 
 Educated by Miss Elizabeth Lewis. 
 
 Johnson, Lorena Maude, (Mrs. Cuzzens). Born in New York 
 1866. 
 
 She taught two winters in Augusta, Ga., and had about 
 one hundred scholars. Two of them are teachers. She has 
 also taught in Sunday school. She married George L. Cuz- 
 zens, class of '83, and has one child. She is housekeeping 
 now ; her property is " in household goods." 
 
 Lives in Anacostia, D. C. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Myron Winslow for " a Boston lady." 
 
 Jones, Alice E. (Mrs. Bailey). Born in Spraguetown, N. Y., 1863. 
 
 '• Since my graduation in '85, I have been engaged in 
 teaching. The first two months, I taught in the Night-school 
 of my Alma Mater. Then, commencing in the fall of the 
 same year, I taught for eight months at Bowers Hill near 
 Norfolk, Va. The following fall I came to Tuskegee, Ala. 
 My first two years here I was engaged mostly in the industrial 
 work, teaching only one class a day ; now I devote all my time 
 to teaching. In addition to teaching in the day, I have charge 
 of the Night-school, which has an average attendance of 
 seventy-five students. I thoroughly enjoy my work here, and 
 hope to be better fitted each year to carry it on more suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 The colored people here are improving financially. When 
 the school was first organized, only one or two colored fami- 
 lies owned homes. To-day we can point with pride to many 
 little homesteads scattered throughout Tuskegee and its sub- 
 urbs. In proportion as the colored people receive the bene- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 225 
 
 fits of education, I find they realize the need of securing 
 homes which shall be their own." 
 
 [ She married in 1890, and lives^in Boston where her hus- 
 band is a mail carrier. — Ed.] 
 
 Educated by Miss E. W. Davenport. 
 
 Kellum, Mattie S. Born at Eastville, Va., 1863. 
 
 " I have been teaching ever since^I left Hampton in '85. 
 I began in the fall at Heathsville, Northumberland Co., Va,, 
 and taught seven months. I had quite a large school, but 
 the people there were very little interested in education ; 
 many of them did not send their children to school. I found 
 very few living in their own homes. Intemperance seemed 
 to be the worst vice. I tried very hard to establish a tem- 
 perance society, but the people did not attend, so I held 
 meetings once a month in my school. I promised to return 
 m the fall, but the funds were so limited the county would 
 not give a school. I went to Snow Hill, New Jersey, as as- 
 sistant. The people there were in very good circumstances ; 
 almost every family living in its own house, and the children 
 coming to school every day. When school closed, I returned 
 to Northumberland Co., and opened a summer school, given 
 by a lady in Sherwood, N. Y. I had a large school all the 
 summer, made up chiefly of small children. In the fall I 
 went to my own home, and opened a school at Cape Charles, 
 the first school ever held in the town. My pupils were all 
 beginners. I have taught about one hundred and thirty chil- 
 dren ; only two are teaching. My aim is to improve my 
 race, morall)' and intellectually." 
 
 Lives in Eastville, Va. 
 
 Educated by R. D. Lilley and West Church, Boston. 
 
 King, Jemima Cleopatra. (Mrs. Ivy). Born in North Carolina. 1858. 
 . "I graduated in '85, and spent the summer in the North. 
 In September I went to Cumberland Co., Va.. to teach. The 
 school I had, with the exception of a few months, had al- 
 ways been taught by what the Southern people call ' poor 
 whites,' and these had all been men. When I first went, all 
 the people said I would never be able to manage the children. 
 I did though, and was rewarded by having the county super- 
 intendent tell me, that he did not see how it was possible for 
 me to keep such order as I always had when he came in. At 
 the end of two years, I sent one of my pupils to Hampton, 
 where she is now, and I hope she will teach next year. My 
 
226 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Other school was in Gloucester Co. I had a thriving Sunday- 
 school, and temperance society.. I shall ever be grateful to 
 Hampton and her friends for the aid I have received at the 
 Institute." 
 
 In the summer of '89, she married Mr. James Ivy, and 
 their home is in Maiden, Mass. 
 
 Educated by Miss H. W. Kendall and R. Fulton Cutting. 
 
 MaCKIE, Annie E. (Mrs. Cotton.) Born in Norfolk Va., 1867. 
 
 " I have not attended any school since I left Hampton. 
 I taught in Norfolk Co., seven months ; five in Smithfield, 
 and seven in Kempsville, Va. I have taught about three hun- 
 dred scholars, but none have become teachers. I also taught 
 in Sunday-school. I am married and have one child. My 
 present occupation is housekeeping, and my aim is to be a 
 good woman and to make home happy. My property is in 
 house furnishing goods. The general condition of the col- 
 ored people is good and affairs look very promising." 
 
 Lives in Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George Roberts and Son. 
 
 Peake, Sarah F. Born in Hampton, Va., 1868. 
 
 " I have taught at the ' Butler ' and its successor the 
 ' Whittier,' near Hampton, of which Miss. E. Hyde is Prin- 
 cipal. I have the second year's work, and like it more than I 
 can tell. I taught six weeks at Shellbanks (the School's farm) 
 the summer of '88, and I also taught in the Night School of 
 the Hampton Institute, but had to resign that part of my 
 work on account of ill health. Making a rough guess, I 
 should say I had taught about one hundred scholars, possibly 
 more. I have a class of small boys in the First Baptist Sun- 
 day school, they are bright, eager little fellows. Until very 
 recently, I have been unable to do very much for temperance, 
 except preach it to the little ones under my care at the Whit- 
 tier. I propose now introducing it into my Sunday school 
 work. It has been my privilege to address the boys of the Y^ 
 M. C. A. on the subject, and I mean to denounce intemper- 
 ance at every opportunity. My property consists of house- 
 hold furniture. My aim is to be true and faithful in the dis- 
 charge of my duties." 
 
 [ She was class salutatorian. Now — '91 — is teaching in 
 the Tuskegee Normal School, Ala. — Ed.] 
 
 Educated by Missionary Society, Northampton, Mass. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 227 
 
 RULO, Zallie R. (Mrs. Campbell). Born in 1865, somewhere in Neb. 
 
 Her father was a white man, and when he died, her 
 mother took her back to the reservation where she belonged, 
 Ponca Agency, Neb. 
 
 She had had some advantages, and cameto Hampton in'81. 
 After graduation, she had charge of the Indian girls' laundry 
 at the school for five months and then returned to Yankton 
 Agency, S. D. Her record was not good until, in '88 and '89, 
 she took a position as teacher in the Mission School at Rose- 
 bud Agency and did well there. After a variable record, she 
 married— in '90 — a half-blood by the name of Campbell, and 
 they are now— '91 — living in Minneapolis. 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Cent. Presb. Church, Summit, N. J. 
 
 Smith, Leonora Gertrude. Born in Norfolk, Va.. 1865. 
 
 " I entered Hampton Institute in '82 and graduated in 
 '85. Since then I have taught in three diflerent counties. 
 My first school was in Powhatan Co. On the morning of 
 opening, there were only five scholars, but they came in gradu- 
 ally till I had quite a full school. I taught by the methods I 
 had learned at Hampton and found no difficulty in so doing, 
 as there had been teachers there from Hampton, and it was 
 not new or strange to them. I had an advanced class, who 
 could read, write and figure quite well, but hadn't much idea 
 of grammar. They came so irregularly, and the term was so 
 short — only live months — it was impossible for them to learn 
 much. The parents seemed anxious for their children to learn, 
 but said they were obliged to keep them at home to help work. 
 The next session I taught in Nansemond Co. Here the num- 
 ber continued small till after Christmas, as the children were 
 kept at home to pick peas and cotton. Desirous of getting a 
 • school nearer my home, which is in Norfolk, and hearing there 
 was a vacant school in Princess Anne Co., I applied for that 
 and was successful, and am teaching there my second term. 
 1 have sixty-two names enrolled. When I began, there was 
 no school house, and I taught in a room rented for the pur- 
 pose. When the children were all there, there wasn't room 
 for the classes to stand. I am proud to say we have now a 
 new school house, with plenty of room, and we are very com- 
 fortable. Where I have been, my people, as a general thing, 
 are doing quite well. I thank Hampton and all her friends 
 for the assistance wtiich has enabled us to go out from 
 there prepared to enlighten our people.'' 
 Educated by Chas. L. Mead. 
 
228 TWENTY TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 St. Cyr. Julia. ( Winnebago Tribe. ) Born at Winnebago Agency,. 
 Nebraska, 1867. 
 
 Her first experience in teaching was at her home at Win- 
 nebago Agency as assistant. She said : " I am very busy 
 and I like it. I have twenty-nine girls and over thirty boys. 
 I am in earnest and trying to do my best with these Indians, 
 although It is very hard at times." She taught for nine 
 months at Sac and Fox, Indian Territory. She owns eighty 
 acres of land and cattle. Her record has on the whole been 
 unsatisfactory, though at times she has done well. 
 
 Lives at Winnebago Agency, Neb. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Dean iage. 
 
 Willis, Sarah Frances. Born in Chesterfield Co., Va., 1865. 
 
 " I have taught in Northumberland and Chesterfield 
 Co's., Va., and at Newport News. I have taught about three 
 hundred children ; not any are teachers yet. I generally en- 
 gage in Sunday school work. The pupils are always anxious 
 to be taught. I own about twelve acres. I am teaching. 
 
 Lives in Ettricks, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee, and the Misses 
 Newlin. 
 
 Baker, Thomas Nelson. Born in Northampton Co., Va., i860. 
 
 " I have attended school at Mt. Hermon, Mass., taking 
 the preparatory studies for college (classical course). Before 
 entering the school, in May, '86, I taught a seven months 
 school at Wallaceton, Va., when I had about sixty on roll. 
 I am engaged in Sunday school work, am a teacher of men 
 and women (whites). My aim is the ministry." At Mt. 
 Hermon, he was drill master. 
 
 [ Now taking a collegiate course in the " School of Lib- 
 eral Arts," Boston University, through the kindness of 
 a friend — his aim still the ministry ; — and views his good for- 
 tune as a wonderful answer to his "two prayers for an educa- 
 tion " made in childhood and youth.] 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway, and Rev. John 
 H. Denison. 
 
 Barrett, Harris. Born at Henderson, Ky., 1865. 
 
 He assisted in our Treasurer's office at the time he grad- 
 uated, and went to Massachusetts with Gen. Marshall that 
 summer, to assist him in many ways at Kendal Green. General 
 Marshall says of his third Hampton student clerk ; " Harris 
 Barrett is another faithful, industrious, trustworthy clerk. 
 
 „i 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 229 
 
 who has proved his capacity in every station in which he has 
 been placed, whether as clerk in the office, assistant on my 
 farm at Kendal Green, or as master of the revels at Christ- 
 mas and other festive occasions. His penmanship is fault- 
 less, and his accounts are a model of elegance and correct- 
 ness. His influence, like that of Banks, (76), and Daggs, (78), 
 has always been exerted on the side of good order and Chris- 
 tian living, and, though these young men have not had much 
 opportunity of becoming teachers, their services being in re- 
 quisition for other important duties, I know of no three young 
 men who have exerted a wider or better influence upon their 
 race, than my three loved and valued friends. Banks, Daggs 
 and Barrett." * * * j^g married Janie A. Porter, 
 class of '84, and they live in their own pleasant home in the 
 town of Hampton; Mr. Barrett being cashier in our Treas- 
 urer's office. 
 
 He is treasurer of a co-operative Building and Loan As- 
 sociation, which he was influential in starting for the colored 
 people of the town, and it is doing much for them. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. T. K. Gibbs. 
 
 BOLIN, Alphonso Smith. Born in Lexington, Va. 1864. 
 
 He has taught m Rockbridge and Giles counties, about 
 one hundred and ten children. His occupation at present is 
 teaching, but his desire is to practice medicine. He says < 
 " The people seem to be accumulating property and im- 
 proving generally." Lives in Lexington, Va. 
 
 Educated by J. T. Leavitt and E. R. Mayo. 
 
 Burrows, Frederick M. Born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1864. 
 
 " I taught at Franktown, Northampton Co., Va., six 
 months, and at Deep Creek, Norfolk Co., two terms, eight 
 and seven months each. I taught not less than three hun- 
 dred and fifty, probably more. Six are teaching, to my knowl- 
 edge. I have taught in Sunday-school, and the two years at 
 Deep C^reek, I also played the organ. I have attended the 
 Northwestern University at Chicago, 111., two years, and 
 studied law. I own a few acres of land, which I inherited. 
 Am now practising law. As to the condition of the people, 
 I cannot answer that question until fraud and intimidation 
 cease to be practised at Southern elections. That must be 
 stopped before we can tell how we are progressing." Lives in 
 Eastville, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. A. Johnson and "Jno. F. Slater Fund." 
 
230 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WOi'K 
 
 DUNGEE, Alfred C. Born at Cohoke, Va., 1862. 
 
 " I have attended, for the last two years, the Medical De- 
 partment of Howard University at Washington. I have taught 
 two school terms at Cohoke, Va.; also, during the summer of 
 '85, I taught in the Night School at Hampton. There were 
 about two hundred scholars ; none that I know of have be- 
 come teachers. I am studying to be a physician. The peo- 
 ple are improving, but slowly. He is now living in Mont- 
 gomery, Ala., assistant of Dr. Dorsette (of '78) in his drugstore. 
 
 Educated by Samuel Little and Davenport S. S., New 
 Haven, Ct. 
 
 * Gaines, Edmund S. Born in Goochland Co., Va., 1861. 
 
 His last known address was Richmond, Va., but he has 
 made no report of himself. 
 
 Educated by Prof. Fairman Rogers. 
 
 * Harris, Thaddeus E. Born at Abingdon, Va., 1865. 
 
 He was in the Senior class of '84, leaving before the 
 close of the term. He came back and graduated with the 
 class of '85. In the winter of '84-85, he taught in Abingdon. 
 His sister Alice, (class of 'T]), was principal of the school. In 
 '86, he was teaching in the same school, 165 pupils ; he had 
 40 in his department. Had formed a Literary Society. Home 
 in Abingdon, Va. 
 
 Educated by James A. Wright. 
 
 Hemmings, Ernest L. " I was born near Toga, Buckingham Co., 
 Va., 1863. I was raised as a boy on the farm, but I entered 
 Hampton in '81, and graduated in '85. That summer I had 
 to ' hustle.' My first two winters out, I taught at Bloxom, in 
 Accomac Co., Va., at which place I taught about seventy 
 children, and had a flourishing Sunday-school connected 
 with missionary work. 
 
 I am now teaching at Metompkin, Va. My school terms 
 only last six months, and each summer I have to ' hustle.' I 
 have taught in all about one hundred and ninety pupils. In 
 Accomac County, the demand for teachers is great, but the 
 demand for good teachers is greater. The people of the East- 
 ern shore are gradually improving ; they are mostly farmers, 
 but carriages and horses are easier for them to buy than houses 
 and land. In May, '88, I married Sarah E. Freeman, class of 
 '76, and have made my home in Atlantic City, N. J., where I 
 have bought a house and lot. Keeping a polish on the in- 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
vJF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 231 
 
 struction I have received at Hampton, my aim in life is to 
 make the very best Hving I can, in the best place I can, in the 
 best way I can. My wife is teaching here near by me." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Ellery Hills and H. E. Cobb. 
 KiRBY, William Harrison. Born at Hampton, Va., 1868. 
 
 "I graduated in '85, and taught at the " Butler," and in 
 the^Night School at Hampton, two years. I have taught one 
 hundred and fifty — omitting those taught in the Night School. 
 I then entered the Pharmaceutical Department of Howard 
 University and graduated in '89. My aim is to practice phar- 
 macy. The colored people are improving." 
 
 Lives in Waco, Texas. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. T. D. Wheeler and "Concord friends." 
 
 Langon, Thomas Payne. Born in Fluvanna Co., Va., i860. 
 
 " Since my graduation, I have taught thirty months in 
 Woodstown, N. J., and a school term at Wathena, Kansas, i 
 have taught one hundred and sixty-three ; none have become 
 teachers. I am not permanently engaged in Sunday-school 
 work, though I visit at times and teach. I am now teaching. 
 My aim is to become a practical business man. The condi- 
 tion of the colored people in Kansas is good and progressive." 
 
 In Oct., '90, he wrote : " This is my sixth year in teach- 
 ing; the third in Wathena, Kansas. The trustees built us a 
 new brick school house, last Christmas; only one room, but it 
 is the best school house in the county. The first year I was 
 here, we gave a concert and bought a map of Kansas and the 
 United States, a chart and a globe. The principal gave us a 
 map of the county, so we are very well fixed. Now I am 
 anxious to see the stars and stripes wave over our building, 
 and I hope my next letter will tell the success of my effort. 
 You know Kansas is one of the most loyal of states, and the 
 children must learn to reverence this loyalty. We have on 
 roll, forty-two, the attendance is good. Our school months 
 have been increased and my salary raised." [Now, '91, edit- 
 ing a paper—" The Radical" in St. Joseph, Mo. Ed.] 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Congregational Church, Windsor, 
 Ct., and Memorial Church, New York. 
 
 Miles, Thomas. Born at Pomona, Kansas, then Sac and Fox Agen- 
 cy, 1 861. 
 
 He came to Hampton in '82. After graduating, he went 
 to a college preparatory school in Meriden, N. H., and thence 
 to the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 
 
232 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Philadelphia. He taught awhile, some of our Indian classes, 
 in the summer of '84, and has taught seven months at Sac 
 and Fox Agency, Ind. Ten, where there were about fifty chil- 
 dren in the school ; they were all young. He says : " I am en- 
 gaged in Sunday-school work, trying to give them a general idea 
 of Bible, and Christ's life and mission. I have nev;er intended 
 to teach, but my aim in life is to become a doctor. In this 
 capacity I feel that I would be of more service to my people. 
 I am encouraged and proud that the education of the Indian 
 is only a matter of time. 1 hope that the good people who 
 are working for this cause will not get weary in well doing, 
 for the harvest will surely come, if they faint not. My tribe 
 own property in common; that is, land and the ' National 
 Fund.' The fund of over $2,000,000, m the National Treas- 
 ury, I think greatly retards the progress of the tribe, and, to a 
 certain extent, I have advocated its immediate division. I 
 believe a better era for the Indian is coming. I am disgusted 
 with some of the people who have been sent out here to edu- 
 cate the Indians; in some ways the savage can educate them." 
 He married in '89, in Philadelphia, and returned to Sac and 
 Fox Agency, where he is nov.^ teaching. 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Second Congregational Church, 
 Putnam, Ct. 
 
 Napper, Walter P. Born at Natural Bridge, Va., 1865. 
 
 " I am attending Howard University Medical School. 1 
 have taught in Farmville, Va., three terms ; first, as assistant^ 
 and afterwards as principal of the school. I have taught 
 about three hundred and sixty. Ten have been teaching. In 
 Farmville, I taught in the A. M. E. Sunday-school. I am 
 not married, and have no property. My present occupation 
 is a student. My aim is to practice medicine. The condi- 
 tion of the people is encouraging and still improving." 
 
 Educated by Franklin st. S. S., E. Somerville, Mass., and 
 William Endicott, Jr. 
 
 *R0BBINS, John H. Born in Eastville, Va., 1866. He has been 
 teaching in Eastville. 
 
 Educated by Rev. James H. Means. 
 
 Robinson, Robert W. Born in Glendower, Albemarle Co., Va., 1863. 
 
 " I have taught at Damon, two years, and at HowardsviUe, 
 
 two years ; both in Albemarle Co. My first school had been 
 
 under white teachers. I had pupils who had been to school 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 233 
 
 ten years who could hardly enter the Junior class at Hamp- 
 ton. My second school has been taught by Hampton gradu- 
 ates for two years, and the scholars are much more advanced. 
 I have taught about two hundred and fifty, and one has be- 
 come a teacher. I own 25 acres of land, with buildings, val- 
 ued at $8oQ. My occupation is teaching ; my aim is to be a 
 lawyer. Some of the people are in a prosperous condition, 
 and improving — others are very poor." 
 Educated by Elizur Smith. 
 
 Rogers, Robert Carter. Born in Macon, Ga., 1865. 
 
 " My first experience in teaching began in '85, about 
 three months after coming home. My father died, and I, 
 being the only child in the family, went immediately to teach- 
 ing in Florida, in the little town of Hawthorn. I opened 
 school with fifteen pupils, and they increased to thirty. My 
 school house being very open, and without a heater, the chil- 
 dren had to go out doors to get warm at a fire outside in front 
 of the door. I was sick most of the time, owing to the low- 
 ness of the country. The people were anxious for me to go 
 back, but I declined, and the next year I remained in Macon 
 as messenger for the Southwestern Division of Central R. R. 
 office. In the spring I went before the Board of Education 
 and passed, I was told, the finest examination ever was known 
 to be passed by a colored person. I taught that fall in Union- 
 ville, Ga., three miles from home in a suburban village of 
 Macon. I had ninety-five pupils, out of which twenty-five 
 have become teachers in different counties in this state. Dur- 
 ing my evening hours, as I am very fond of music, I taught a 
 Brass Band of thirteen members, three of whom have be- 
 come efficient members of other bands. In our church, I have 
 been clerk of the church, and superintendent of the Sunday- 
 school and have gathered a band of twenty-five members 
 which has met twice a week to recite temperance pieces, and 
 pieces from different authors. I am working at my trade 
 (shoemaking) this year lor a change. My highest ambition is to 
 go at my original trade (machinist) and have a ' Rogers Iron 
 Works,' or ' Locomotive Works ' in Georgia, to show these 
 people here what we can do. Since leaving school, I have 
 acquired $500 worth of land, besides helping my mother who 
 has been quite sick for a year. Our people are improving, 
 but there is plenty lacking to make us what we ought to be. 
 In the city they are acquiring property, and we have some 
 
234 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 merchants managing their own business, dry goods and gro- 
 ceries, and competing with the whites. Our young men don't 
 have enough business enterprise and most of them are wait- 
 ers or cooks. I think I can be a leader in the way of building 
 up business, as a backbone to their material growth, so as to 
 make what they want in the way of factories and industries 
 of all description, and not until then can we become an in- 
 dependent people." 
 
 [Now, '91, a member of the band of the 25th Infantry, U. 
 S. A., stationed at Fort Missoula, Montana. Ed.] 
 
 Educated by Richard D. Wood and William Hyde. 
 Smith, Albert B. Born in Walterborough, S. C, 1865. 
 
 " He was in the Senior class of '84, and was obliged to 
 leave school before the class was graduated on account of ill 
 health. In the fall he had the school at Deep Creek, Va., 
 with one hundred and two on roll, and had an assistant. He 
 returned in the spring to graduate with this class. Died the 
 following winter — 1885. 
 
 Educated by All Soul's Church, New York. 
 
 * Sparks, Thomas C. Born in Mathews Co., 1864. He had taught 
 five months in Mathews Co., when last heard from. 
 Educated by Philip L. Moen. 
 
 Tate, Robert F. Born in Museville, Pittsylvania Co., Va., 1861. 
 
 " I have been regularly teaching every year since my 
 graduation in '85. I like the work, and have worked hard 
 for the advancement and upbuilding of my people. I have 
 been fortunate since I have been in the field, to get among 
 good moral people. I taught five months at Callends, eight 
 at Chatham, where I found a friend and well wisher in Mrs. 
 Hunt, a sister of Mrs. Orra Langhorne, and three terms at 
 Dry Fork. Va. I am now engaged in Sunday-school at Dry 
 Fork, and also in the one at Chatham, where I go whenever 
 I have the opportunity, I have taught one hundred and 
 eight-five, eight of whom have become teachers. My occu- 
 pation is teaching, and my aim is the teaching of my people 
 in the best manner I am able, and to make as comfortable a 
 living as possible. The colored people are very poor, and are 
 gaining wealth very slowly indeed, but morally and mentally 
 they are improving sharply." Lives in Chatham, Va. 
 
 Educated by John F. Slater Fund and Miss Elizabeth 
 Lewis. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 235 
 
 Van Harler, Charles Edward. Born at Trenton Junction, N. 
 J., i860. 
 
 " I left Hampton in June '85 and spent the summer run- 
 ning on the parlor- cars between Cape May and Camden. In 
 September of the same year, I entered my first teachers' ex- 
 amination at Sahsbury, Md., and obtained a first grade of 
 second class certificate, which entitled me to a teacher's cer- 
 tificate for three years. I began teaching at Sharptown, Md., 
 and taught there for two years. The school ran seven months 
 and a half, with an enrolment of forty-eight. In May, '87, I 
 said farewell to my scholars, and spent the summer as usual 
 on the parlor cars. In November I took the school at Sea- 
 ford, Del. . This school was much larger than the one at 
 Sharptown, and also much better for a teacher who intended 
 to follow the profession. Like most of the schools in Dela- 
 ware, it only kept open six months. In August '88, I was elect- 
 ed to take charge of the Mount Zion School in Salem Co., N. 
 J., and have been teaching there since the first Monday in 
 September. This is the school which has been taught by 
 John R. Dungee ('84) and Thomas P. Langon ('85). I have 
 taught one hundred and twenty-five children. I don't think 
 any of them have taught. The people of Sharptown, Md. 
 are slowly rising in education and wealth. The church was 
 in good condition, with a good Sunday school. Most of the 
 people of Seaford own their homes ; they have two churches 
 which are clear or nearly clear, of debt. The people round my 
 present school are slowly climbing the ladder to prosperity." 
 
 Lives in Woodstown, N. J. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Amasa Stone. 
 Weaver, William Gustavus. Born in Snow Hill, West Va., 1864. 
 " I have not attended any other school. I taught three terms 
 at my birth place, and one term at Fire Creek, W. Va. I have 
 taught about one hundred and ten children ; none are teach- 
 ing as they are all small. I am now in a little coal mining 
 village where all the people are Baptists. I am Methodist, 
 but I take an active part in the Sunday school. I was mar- 
 ried in '88. My occupation is teaching, and my aim is to do 
 my one man's share towards elevating my people. The 
 colored people are prosperous, but their condition is not so 
 good as when the 'yoke' was heaviest ; still they are not be- 
 hind all." 
 
 Lives at Stone Cliff, W. Va. 
 
 Educated by J.. W. Field. 
 
236 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Williams, Isaiah I). Born in Marion, S. C, i860. 
 
 " I taught at Savage, six months ; Ariel, three months ; 
 Oakton, eight months; Campbell's Bridge, three months; Bos- 
 tic, two months ; all in Marion Co , S. C. The number taught 
 is three hundred and sixty ; one has become a teacher. I 
 teach in Sunday school ; the pupils are very interesting, but 
 they have not sufficient books and teachers to make a suc- 
 cess. Mr. E. H. Williams and I own 160 acres of land, val- 
 ued at $480, with buildmgs, etc., worth $250. I am now 
 working for the Colored Farmers' Alliance. My aim is farm- 
 ing and merchandise. The condition of the people is favor- 
 able, considering their circumstances. They are improving 
 in rnany respects." 
 
 Lives in Oakton, S. C. 
 
 Educated by W. H. Maxwell, M. D. 
 
 EX-SJUDENTS : MIDDLE CL/\SS ; 1885. 
 
 Nicholson, Fanny. Born in Portsmouth, Va., 1865. 
 
 " I did not graduate, but was sent out in '85, ' to teach a 
 year,' and then return and finish ; but since that time I have 
 found my work of such a pleasant nature that I have not cared 
 to stop it. I have been teaching at my home, Portsmouth, Va,, 
 in the public school, smce September, 85. My first two years 
 I taught the second primary grade ; the third year I was pro- 
 moted to the first intermediate, and I still continue to teach 
 that department. With us, the mass of children are found in 
 the primary grades. I have taught three hundred and sixty- 
 nine. I have been engaged in Sunday-school work ever since 
 I have been at home, and doing all in my power to promote 
 the welfare of our blessed Redeemer's Kingdom. For two 
 years I was assistant superintendent of the North st. A. M. 
 E. Sunday school, but for the past two years I have only been 
 teaching. Not one Sunday have I been absent or tardy, un- 
 less I have been out of the city or confined to my bed by 
 sickness ; and that has not been a dozen times. I would rath- 
 er not say any thing about the general condition of my people 
 around here ; you know there are always two sides. I am 
 glad to say a large portion of my race is making good prog- 
 ress, and having success in everything they undertake; they 
 are getting pleasant homes and trying to educate their chil- 
 dren, helping to build up their churches and living generally 
 
OF HAAJPTON INSTITUTE. *■ 237 
 
 well. While the mass, I am sorry to say, have not awakened 
 from the sleep of ignorance, and do not know it is yet day, 
 and the time for all men to work." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George I. Fiske and Miss Ella R. 
 Waite and Friends. 
 Jones, Robert A. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1864. 
 
 " I am an under-graduate. I taught in Loudoun Co., 
 two terms, and am now^ teaching in Prince William Co., the 
 next adjoining county. My number taught is one hundred 
 and fifteen ; there are not any of them teaching. Chances 
 for education have been dull in these parts. I am en- 
 gaged in Sunday-school work, but I cannot do much for tem- 
 perance. People here are ignorant of the things which would 
 build them up to a higher condition. Intemperance is so 
 high iust now that I cannot reach the cord of strong drinks 
 to pull her down. I have been fighting against intemperance 
 ever since I left Hampton. Some of the teachers before me 
 were intemperate. I shall have to fight quite a while before 
 I can gain the victory. In Loudoun where I first taught, I 
 had a Sunday school to build up and intemperance to pull 
 down. Here I have a very good Sunday school and a good 
 sized library. My present occupation is teaching; my aim in 
 life is to blot out ignorance. I own a house and land and 
 hogs. Please judge the general condition of the people your- 
 self. They are chiefly farmers; their places are inconvenient 
 to the stations on the railroads; they have a long way to 
 haul their produce, — often twenty-eight or thirty-eight miles 
 — with large families, and high taxes to pay on their little 
 property." 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. James Whitall, and Arthur M. 
 Dodge. 
 Wise. Henry A. Born in York Co., Va., 1862. 
 
 " After leaving Hampton in '85, I returned home and be- 
 gan to carry on farming. I worked in this way for two years, 
 and, I am sorry to say, I was no better off at the end of those 
 two years than I was at the beginning. I had made a failure, 
 and had done nothing yet in the way of teaching those who sur- 
 rounded me. Feeling that I had not discharged my duty to 
 those I could help, I resolved to take up school teaching for 
 my work. I started out for a school and was successful in 
 getting one in a new neighborhood where they had never had 
 a school before, in Surry County. This neighborhood had 
 recently been settled by people from different counties. I 
 
238 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 have had the pleasure of teaching there [two Jterms, and ex- 
 pect to teach the same school the coming term. I had twen- 
 ty-seven scholars. My experience has been short, yet 1 have 
 learned a great deal about school teaching, and what the peo- 
 ple are in need of generally. There are numbers of good 
 colored people all through the South who would do and love 
 the right, if they only knew what it was ; who would be bet- 
 ter citizens and better able to help themselves if they had the 
 proper teaching and training. One of their greatest needs is 
 of good earnest workers placed among them. I feel that I 
 have done a little something for the good of the people 
 among whom I have been working; because I know that my 
 efforts have been earnest and made in the right direction, and 
 where efforts are earnest, I believe there will be some good 
 results. I am a Sunday school teacher and doing all in my 
 power to help the temperance cause. I own ten acres of 
 land ; am now teaching school and working at my trade." 
 Educated by John I. Blair Jr. 
 
 At the end of 1885, it was decided to send out our colored students 
 for one year of actual field work as teachers, between their Middle and 
 Senior years. It had long been observed that those forced by circum- 
 stances to such a course, in order to pay their way through school, 
 gained far more than they lost. The manifold benefits of the experi-' 
 ence, doubling the value of the Senior year to the student matured 
 and developed in mind and purpose, have established the custom, 
 which we would gladly extend to our Indian students, were there the 
 same possibility of securing for them positions as teachers of their 
 people. 
 
 The Middle Class of '85, being the first to go out en masse, the 
 Senior class of '86 was of course very small ; made up of those for 
 whom force of circumstances had already secured the year out, and 
 the three Indian Seniors. 
 
 Succeeding classes were for awhile somewhat smaller than had 
 been usual, but those who returned were of the best material, and 
 there have returned from year to year an increasing proportion. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 239 
 
 CLASS OF 1886. 
 
 A SMALL CLASS FOR REASONS GIVeN ON PRECEDING PAGE- 
 
 Coles, Julia E. D. Born in Danville, Va., 1866. 
 
 " I graduated in '86. In September, I went to Newport, 
 R. I., to learn dressmaking. I only stayed four months, as 
 my friend died. In April I was appointed as substitute teach- 
 er, in one of the public schools in Danville. In July, I at- 
 tended Peabody Institute in Lynchburg, and, in October, was 
 given the school at Sandy River. At Christmas, thanks to 
 Miss Cleaveland, I received a nice box of books, cards and 
 other presents for my school, from a Sunday-school class in 
 Connecticut. The parents and children were much pleased 
 and returned thanks to the lady and her class. The next 
 October, I received an appointment to teach at Dyer's Store 
 in Henry Co., Va. I taught there a month and a week. The 
 house was so open I could not teach in it during the winter, 
 so I gave it up. I came to Halifax Co., and have been teach- 
 ing eight days. I began with twelve and now have thirty. I 
 have nothing of which to complain. My school house is good 
 and close, with a good stove, two writing desks, very good 
 benches, and a pretty fair blackboard. It is lighted with three 
 glass wmdows and is much better than the average lot of 
 school^houses in the country. I am very convenient to my 
 school, having to walk less than a mile, and I get my mail al- 
 most every day. In every way I feel that I am much better 
 off than some of my brothers and sisters. I have been en- 
 gaged in Sunday-school work ever since I left school. When 
 I am at home, I am teacher in the Loyal Baptist Sunday- 
 school to which I have belonged ever since I was five years 
 old. When I am in the country, I generally act as superin- 
 tendent and teacher. In some of the places where I have 
 taught, the people are ' Primitive,' or ' Ironside ' Baptist, 
 and they have nothing to do with any other denomination in 
 religious affairs, and are particularly hard on ' Missionary " 
 Baptists, and, as I am of that faith, it is very hard to do re- 
 ligous work among such. 
 
 Temperance work I find an utter failure. It is hardly 
 possiblejto get up a club, and, after they are started, they soon 
 
240 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 break down. I do not mean to convey the idea that the peo- 
 ple are drunkards, but they like to take, a social glass now 
 and then. They say that wine is harmless, it is only the juice 
 of berries. They say that they never get drunk and there is 
 no harm in what they do. So you see how it would be about 
 signing the pledge. In most of the places where I have 
 taught, I have found the people very well situated; most of 
 them own a small tract of land with a good house on it, and 
 a horse and wagon, or a yoke of oxen and a cart, a cow, and 
 
 two or three hogs. This is not the case with all. In 
 
 things were in a worse condition than any other place. 
 The people are very poor, living in houses no better than 
 sheds, with poorest kind of food, besides being the most ig- 
 norant people I ever was among. This is true of the whites 
 as well as of the colored, tho* now and then you meet a family 
 living on the remains of what was once a very fine estate. I 
 have taught three hundred and fifty children. My aim is to 
 do all the good I can in elevating my race." 
 Educated by the Misses Ireson. 
 
 Hunter, Annie B. (Mrs. George White). Born in Raleigh, N. C, 
 1864. 
 
 " The summer of '86, I secured a position in a family in 
 Philadelphia, and early the next spring I went to the Berk- 
 shire Hills of Massachusetts. In the summer of '87, through 
 the recommendation of one of Hampton's friends, I received 
 a letter from Prof. Johnson of the Brooklyn Howard Orphan 
 Asylum, asking me to go there. I began my work as assist- 
 ant in the autumn, and I found as much as head, heart and 
 hand could master. There were 150 children in the home, 
 from the ages of three to sixteen; 96 of them attended school, 
 the rest were too young to enter. I had the primary grades, 
 and this means I claimed all the little ones, as well as some 
 of the larger. Directly under my charge in the school room 
 were forty. With all these ' wide awakes ' and ' chatter boxes ' 
 to keep busy, as well as my other classes, there was little 
 time left for other things. I assist in Sunday-school, but am 
 not engaged in temperance work." 
 
 The year before graduating, she taught at Ivor Station, 
 Va. She has taught about one hundred and ninety children. 
 Is now married to George W. White, class of '84, They live 
 in Boston. 
 
 Educated by Miss Alice Byington. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 241 
 
 La Flesche, (Mrs.) Lucy. Born at Omaha Reserve, Neb. 
 
 She and her husband came to Hampton in '82. As 
 she was the daughter of a chief, her husband, Noah, took the 
 name of La Flesche, instead of Lucy's changing her name. 
 She spent one year in the Indian' School, and then took the 
 Normal course. She has now a pretty home, which Noah 
 built on the Omaha Reserve with help of the Home Building 
 and Loan branch of the Woman's National Indian Association. 
 It is a model of comfort, neatness and thrift, and an object 
 lesson to her neighbors, both red and white. 
 
 Educated by Frank Wood, Girls' Classical School, North- 
 ampton, Mass. and First Cong. S. S., Ouincy, Mass. 
 
 La Flesche, Susan. Born on Omaha Reserve, Neb. 
 
 She came to Hampton in '84. She was Salutatorian of 
 the class, and received the Demorest Prize for passing the 
 best examination in the Junior studies. 
 
 After graduating, she entered the Woman's Medical 
 College, in Philadelphia, received her diploma, and was one 
 of the six successful candidates for a position in the Woman's 
 Hospital, Philadelphia, where she spent a summer, and then 
 assumed her duties as physician at the Government Board- 
 ing School at the Omaha Agency, Neb., where she is now do- 
 ing noble work for her people, both in her profession and in 
 general influence. 
 
 Educated by the Missionary Soc, of Smith College and 
 J. W. Davis. 
 
 RiDDiCK, Sarah E. (Mrs. Louis H. Portlock). Born at Norfolk, Va., 
 1863. 
 
 She stayed out and taught two years in Southampton 
 Co. (before she entered her Senior year). Since graduating 
 she has been teaching in Norfolk, two years in a parish 
 school, and now in the public school. She has taught two 
 hundred and five scholars ; none are old enough to teach. 
 She is also engaged in Sunday-school'and temperance work . 
 In the Sunday-school there are seventy-five, and there are 
 thirty-five members of the Temperance Society. She owns a 
 home and land. She says : " The people are trying to ele- 
 vate themselves and get homes." Lives in Norfolk, Va. 
 Educated by H. P. Kidder and E. Pierson Beebe. 
 
 Stevens, Margaret I. Born in Southampton County, Va., 1863. 
 
 " I left Hampton full of the thought of going out into 
 the world to help lift up my down trodden race to a better 
 standing, mentally and morally. I felt like a child leaving 
 
242 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 home for the first time to take a position in the world, ex- 
 pecting to meet many trials and temptations. So far I have 
 sailea quite peacefully over Time's ocean. I have been busily 
 engaged in teaching, every school term since I left Hampton, 
 at the Oberry School in Franklin district. The school takes- 
 its name from the Methodist Church to which I belong. The 
 school term is only five months, but the Trustees have been 
 very kind and given me an extra month every term. "^ * 
 I have taught one hundred and twenty scholars, and one has 
 "become a teacher. I have organized a Temperance Society 
 called " The Teetotal Champion Club." This society has done 
 a great deal of good in purifying the hearts and homes of my 
 people. We have 170 members and it is wonderful to see how 
 well they keep their pledge. During the last summer, 1 taught 
 sewing school, and organized a sisters' prayer meeting, which 
 met every Wednesday afternoon. I have no property. My 
 aim is to make the world better for my having lived in it. 
 The people about here have made but slow progress in the 
 last four years, although some are anxious to come up and 
 be respected as a race." 
 
 Educated by Henry Stanley and Mrs. P. M. Bryson. 
 
 Dawkins, Pinkney W. Born in Newberry Co., N. C. 
 
 " In June, '86, I went to South Carolina and immediately 
 engaged in teaching. I remained there till May, '87. Then 
 Miss Hyde asked me to go to Salem, New Jersey, and placed 
 me in correspondence with the city superintendent. Now I 
 am here with a better school building, a fine board of trustees, 
 and worse children than I have ever had to deal with. I have 
 taught more than three hundred children. I am also engaged 
 in Sunday school work. I am married (to Emma Fentress, 
 an ex-student) and have one child. I mean to make teaching 
 my profession. According to the Negro population of this 
 city, and considering their advantages, they need more teach- 
 ing than the Negroes in any Southern locality that I have 
 visited. They do not appreciate education as they ought, 
 and you can hardly get them to attend anything for their ad- 
 vancement ; not because many of them are ignorant, but be- 
 cause they are too obstinate and don't like to be led. There 
 is much to be done, and we need your prayers." " There is 
 slow improvement in accumulating property, there seems to 
 be nearly a stand-still in intellect, and a retrogression in 
 morals." 
 
 Educated by John Cummings. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 243 
 
 Greaves, Joseph Wm. Born at Hilton Head, S. C, 1867. He taught 
 five months in Suffolk, Va. Died Feb. 1887. 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. C. T. Hubbard and Arthur 
 Murray Dodge. 
 * Harris, Henry. Born in Mathews Co., Va., 1865. 
 
 He taught one year in Norfolk Co. He is, at present 
 writing, a student at the Newton Theological Seminary, Mass.. 
 and also acting pastor of the 12th colored Baptist Church in 
 Boston, "working hard, studying and preaching." He wrote 
 a friend, "The field is white to harvest. No city offers bright- 
 er possibilities to the young men of our race than Boston, 
 but the one sad fact is, these possibilities are often allowed to 
 slip. I have plied all the energy of my being to save our 
 young men. This we must do or all is hopeless." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. W. S. Pierson and E. R. Mayo. 
 Hodges, Willis Fortress. Born in Virginia, 1864. 
 
 He has taught ten months in Pittsylvania County, and 
 seven in Gloucester County. He started a Sunday-school. 
 He had about two hundred pupils ; three of them have be- 
 come teachers. He is now writing in a lawyer's office, and 
 studying to become a lawyer. Lives in Gloucester C. H. 
 
 Educated by VV. L. Skidmore and John F. Slater Fund. 
 LOCKERY, Thomas H. Born in Paris, Va., 1862. 
 
 He taught in Chantilly, Va. one term, and the " Newman 
 School," Herndon, Va., three terms. He says : " I selected 
 the rural districts for my work, which you know are generally 
 shunned by good workers, because there is much more work 
 to be done in the back grounds than in cities. I have not 
 made much improvement in the way of property myself, 
 but the people have. I know of but two families, in a circuit 
 of three miles, but what own the property on which they live. 
 They are all in a prosperous condition. There is but very 
 little intemperance, especially among the families, and very 
 little among the younger classes. It is more a matter of time 
 than of condition, to make the young colored generation what 
 it should be. I have taught about one hundred and twenty- 
 five children ; none are teachers, and I have a progressive 
 Sunday-school. My aim is to improve my race in any way I 
 can, and then myself. Lives in Herndon, Va. 
 
 Educated by Theodore Lyman and Slater Fund. 
 -*■ PicoTTE, Jr. Charles T. Born at Yankton Agency, Dakota Ter. 1863. 
 
 His father was the Agency interpreter and sent his son 
 
 *Did not reply to last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
244 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 East to school in 1879. He was at different times in our In- 
 dian, Night and Normal Schools, and, after graduating in' 86, 
 returned and took a post-graduate year in 1887. He taught 
 a year in St. Paul's School, Yankton Agency, and then went 
 to Omaha Agency, where he married Marguerite La Flesche 
 of '87, and took charge of her father's family and estate, leaving 
 his own in charge of his own father. His character and business 
 capacity have been very highly spoken of by those in posi- 
 tions to know. 
 
 Educated by Miss Edith Ferguson. 
 
 Taliaferro, Frank Leslie. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1865. 
 
 He taught at Goodes, Bedford Co., Va., in the fall after 
 graduating, and had fifty-four on roll ; the average age was 
 ten years. Died 1888. 
 
 Educated by S. S. of First Cong. Church, Southing- 
 ton, Ct. 
 
 * WoODLiN, Martin. Born in Gloucester Co. N. J., 1864. 
 
 He has been in the employ of Wanamaker & Co., Phila- 
 delphia, ever since he graduated. He married Ida V. Lee, 
 class of '84. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Amasa Stone. 
 
 ex-stUdeNt; junior class of '86. 
 
 Foster, Angeline Mrs. (wife of Randolph Foster, Middler of '79.) 
 " I was born in the city of Lynchburg, Va., but I don't 
 know the date, and have no one from whom I can get it. I 
 entered the Training School of the Woman's Hospital, Phila- 
 delphia, June, '86. The term was two years, but I did not 
 stay the term out ; being so much needed at home, I asked to 
 be excused, and it was granted. While I did not finish, I 
 have a pretty thorough knowledge of all the work, as I had 
 been all the rounds except the surgical and had had some of 
 that. I took in all I could while there and tried never to be 
 told one thing twice. The physicians here, in Palatka, Fla. 
 give me the praise of knowing my place in a sick room, and 
 understanding my business. Two weeks after I came home, 
 I was with a patient three weeks and three days and received 
 $51.50. I was with one six weeks and three days and received 
 $78, and, after the family returned to New York, they sent me 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 245 
 
 a watch, for my care of a sick lady. I feel I have almost be- 
 come like a cat. The General so often said he wanted all the 
 students when they left Hampton to "land on their feet." I 
 am engaged in the Sunday-school work in the Bethel A. M. 
 E. Church, and also in missionary work. My aim in life is to 
 elevate and better the condition of my people. Hampton is 
 the only school I ever went to," 
 
 We have heard from others, high praise of Mrs. Foster 
 as a trained nurse. 
 
 Educated by B. C. Hardwick. 
 
 CLASS OF 1887. 
 
 Allison, Esther. Born in Wythe Co., Va., 1868. Died September, 
 1887. 
 
 Educated by Sunday School of First Presbyterian Church. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Barnaby, Josephine. (Mrs. Von Felden) ( Omaha tribe). Born at 
 Omaha Agency, Neb., 1865. 
 
 After graduating, she attended the New Haven, Ct., 
 Training School for Nurses ; then went — in '89— to assist Miss 
 Collins in her mission work at Grand River ( Cong. ) station, 
 Standing Rock reservation, N. Dakota. She wrote from there : 
 "Since graduating, I have been preparing myself for general 
 work among the Indians. Teaching these people means more 
 than teaching them to read ; it is teaching the mothers how 
 to wash, bake bread, sew, wash the floor and keep themselves 
 clean ; and, above all, that God cares for them and is their 
 friend. I am with Miss Mary C. Collins, a very dear, lovely 
 lady. I find my practice in the New Haven Hospital very 
 beneficial in my work here. My occupation is missionary to 
 the Dakotas : my aim is to try to bring my people to see the 
 light of Jesus Christ, which the white people have done for 
 me while at Hampton." 
 
 An epidemic breaking out among the Indians of Stand- 
 ing Rock, she entered the Mission Hospital at the Agency, as 
 nurse, and was for some time not only the only nurse there 
 with insufficient assistance for the roughest work, but, the 
 Agency Physician being removed, had to take his responsi- 
 bility as well as her own, for the overflowing hospital. Brok- 
 en down by the overwork, after a serious resulting illness she 
 went to her own home in Omaha Agency, to rest. Her 
 mother and younger sisters and brothers claimed her care. 
 
246 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 and the people of her tribe begged her to stay and work 
 among them. The question was decided soon by her betroth- 
 al, and marriage to Mr. Von Felden, a white farmer in com- 
 fortable circumstances, living near the agency. 
 
 Educated by "Mrs. B. W. Putnam's School and 
 Friends " and S. S. of North Cong. Church, St. Johnsbury, Vt. 
 
 Berry, Carrie V. Born at Port Penn., Del., 1863. 
 
 " Since I left Hampton I have not attended any other 
 school or college, but I have been trying to improve myself 
 by home study. I am a member of the New Jersey Reading 
 Circle, and I take three educational papers. I am trying to 
 be a true teacher, and a wide teacher, and an intellectual 
 thinker. I graduated in '87. Since that time I have been en- 
 gaged in teaching and missionarying among my people. The 
 first year I taught at Drawbridge, Va. I started a Sunday 
 school while there, and used the lesson papers Miss Tileston 
 sent me. I am now teaching at ,Yorktown, N. J. I have a 
 large school, but an unruly set of scholars, and I think the 
 main cause is that the parents fail to do their duty, so it be- 
 hooves a teacher to do that which the parents should have 
 done. I am doing all I can for the elevation of my race and 
 the cause of humanity. I have started a sewing school for 
 my girls, and the boys are very anxious to attend. 1 told 
 them that, as soon as I could, I would take them in. When- 
 ever I can get a kind friend to give something towards it, I 
 do. The girls take great delight in learning to sew, and when 
 they finish a garment I give it to them. I am really trying to 
 make true men and women for my country, for I know her 
 future depends upon the children of to-day, I have taught 
 about fifty different children, My aim in life is to be a true, 
 noble. Christian worker among my people. There exists 
 much poverty and ignorance among them ; still I can see im- 
 provement. Hampton has done much for the Negro all over 
 the world ; for her students have come from different parts of 
 the world, and are doing good work since they left. The 
 monument of Hampton and her beloved Principal is already 
 erected, not in marble or stone, but in the lives and charac- 
 ters of her sons and daughters. I cannot find words to ex- 
 press ray feelings towards Harapton and its beloved Princi- 
 pal, for the good he has done and is still doing, and long may 
 he live to do good for us and all mankind. I am proud to be 
 a daughter of Hampton." 
 
 Educated by Ladies of First Church (Unitarian), Boston. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 247 
 
 Bird, Eliza. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1866. 
 
 " I have been teaching every year at Gloucester C. H. I 
 have taught at different times two hundred and four children, 
 and I teach in Sunday school every Sunday morning. My in- 
 tention is to go to school again and better fit myself for a 
 teacher. The people are a laboring class. In this neighbor- 
 hood they own their own homes and ten or twelve acres of 
 land." 
 
 Educated by William Alexander Smith and John F. Sla- 
 ter Fund. 
 
 Black, Lavinia. Born at Beaufort, S. C, 1862." 
 
 " I have been teaching at the Whitney School at Port 
 Royal, S. C; have taught nearly two hundred children ; none 
 have become teacher's, as they are too young. We have a 
 Sunday school to which many grown folks come and all seem 
 to be much interested. My aim is to become an elocutionist 
 and to gain general knowledge. With regard to the people ; 
 in the country, most of them seem to be retrograding, but 
 in the cities they seem to be fast improving." 
 Educated by Rufus S. Frost. 
 
 Broadus, Melissa E. Born in Rockmgham Co., Va., i860. 
 
 " I have been teaching at Willow Grove, Md., since I 
 graduated. I hoped to teach near my home, and had a school 
 promised, but I was the only graduate from Hampton, and 
 the people said they wanted a man. One hundred and forty 
 children have been taught by me. I am also engaged in Sun- 
 day school work. The people are slowly improving." 
 
 Educated by Congregational Church, Orange Valley, N. 
 J. and Mrs. C. P. Huntington. 
 
 Brown, Ellen. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1867. 
 
 " I have not attended any other school. I taught five 
 months in Bedford Co., Va., and am now teaching at Tuske- 
 gee, Ala. In Bedford Co., I had fifty children; at Tuskegee I 
 teach one hundred and eighty. I also teach in our Sunday 
 school here. My aim is to be a successful teacher." 
 
 Educated by Fourth Church Sunday School, Hartford, 
 Conn, and " Workers' and Winners' Society" of Cleve- 
 land, O. 
 
 Brown, Sarah. Born in Winchester Va., 1868. 
 
 " I taught two years before going to Hampton, at Win- 
 chester. My school was of the primary grade, and I had an 
 enrolment of about one hundred. I have taught about one 
 
248 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 hundred and fifty. Since graduating I have attended the 
 Washington High School. My studies the first year were 
 history, geometry (six books), physics, algebra, Latin, (exer- 
 cises and Caesar) ; second year, English literature, German, 
 political economy, Latin, (Virgil, three books). I wish I had 
 done some work of which I- could give an account, rather 
 than of myself. However, I consider myself only in prepara- 
 tion for my work and hope I soon shall be able to recount 
 work done." 
 
 Home in Winchester, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Henry Rose. 
 
 *Carter, Matilda (Mrs. Lloyd Marshall). Born at Newbern, N. C, 
 1862. 
 
 The winter of 'Sy-'SS she taught at Draper's Valley, Va., 
 where she found the colored people "very far behind." Du- 
 ring summer vacations, she went North to Auburndale^ 
 Mass. Is married and living at Newton, Mass. 
 Educated by Mrs. E. B. Monroe. 
 
 Combs, Mrs. Augusta L. Born atTuskegee, Ala., 1865. 
 
 She was married before entering Hampton, and had 
 taught in the county schools of Georgia, viz ; four years in 
 Clarke Co., one in Jones, two in Oglethrope, and two months 
 in Oconee. Since graduating she has been teaching in the 
 public schools of Athens, Ga. She says : "Looking over my 
 records I find I have taught about six hundred children. To 
 my knowledge ten are teachers. The thing needed here 
 in Georgia is more hand training, with that of the intellect. 
 I shall ever look back to the day that saw me enter Virginia 
 Hall, as the beginning of a new life for me. I can truthfully 
 say, that I was taught the digiiity of labor. In the South, 
 servants are looked upon with contempt by the better class, 
 as they are at the North. They think it is an everlasting dis- 
 grace to hire to some one. They believe in learning trades, 
 but not at a school like Hampton. I've been striving to 
 break down prejudice against Hampton in that respect. My 
 husband and I expect to teach for a number of years yet. He 
 has been principal, for two years, of the city schools of Athens,. 
 Ga. I am an assistant. We own a house and lot, furniture, 
 etc., valued at $800. The colored people are improving rap- 
 idly here in morals and in intelligence. I find the more the 
 brain is educated the less there is of bad morals." 
 Educated by Miss Bessie Rockefeller. 
 
 Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 249 
 
 Cooper, Carrie. Born in Sampson Co., N. C, i860. 
 
 " I have taught three short terms in Stantonsburg, N. C, 
 where I had one hundred and twenty-five pupils. As the 
 people are not able to clothe their children sufficiently for the 
 winter, there is no school this winter. I commenced teach- 
 ing another school in Wilson Co., in December, and expect to 
 teach two months, the time allowed for a term in this coun- 
 ty. To get to Hampton, during the spring and summer va- 
 cation, I cultivated a piece of ground that I planted out in 
 vegetables : in the fall I picked cotton ; I borrowed money to 
 carry me through school, which I have paid, and I left there 
 in debt. I have paid that also. I owe a little on my house 
 and lot which I hope to pay soon. Another burden on my 
 hands, while at Hampton, was a sick sister and three children ; 
 one, a consumptive. I had to furnish a house and help feed 
 them. I found my sister in bed when I came home ; the com- 
 sumptive child is dead. I have paid all the doctor's bill that 
 has been paid. My fare here is rough, but I groan and endure 
 it. Work is hard to get out here. There are many teachers 
 here that cannot enter the Junior class, hardly could enter 
 the Night School of Hampton. While teaching at Stantons- 
 burg, I taught Sabbath school and talked to the young peo- 
 ple about temperance ; but I organized no society, I only lec- 
 tured. My aim is to do all I can for the elevation of my 
 race. The people are improving religiously, morally and tem- 
 porally." 
 
 Lives in Wilson, N. C. 
 
 Educated by Rev. J. H. Denison. 
 
 Cox, Lennie B. Born in Newbern, Va , 1865. 
 
 " I taught in Pulaski Co. ten months ind at Shellbanks 
 [Hemenway Farm of Hampton Institute] eight months. In 
 these two places, I had one hundred and seven pupils. Now 
 I am teaching at Pocahontas in south-western Va. I have 
 one hundred and twenty on roll, with average attendance of 
 nmety. We have one very large room with plenty of win- 
 dows and a black-board across one end of the school-room. 
 The children are very bright, and seem anxious, most of chem, 
 to learn. The school board is composed of four colored men, 
 who are worthy of their position (Mr. W. A. Hilton, class of '81, 
 is one of them). The school fund is raised by a monthly 
 taxation of the miners. Pocahontas is a rough place, yet 
 better than it is sometimes represented. One who likes 
 mountain scenery would be delighted with it. It is a money- 
 
250 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 making place, but much of the money made is used to satis- 
 fy evil appetites. Again, there are some very nice people here, 
 people who are trying to build themselves up. Now let me 
 add thanks to dear Hampton for past benefits. May God's 
 blessings ever be upon her, and may she still go on diffusing 
 light to all who seek it." 
 
 Educated by Ladies of First (Unitarian) Church, Boston. 
 Ferguson, Emma L. Born in Virginia, 1864. 
 
 She has taught in Fayette and Kanawha Go's., West Va., 
 and has one hundred and five scholars. She is also teaching 
 in Sunday school, and was at one time president of a branch 
 of the colored W. G. T. U. Her "aim in life is to be a thor- 
 ough teacher." " The colored people are progressing." 
 
 Lives in Gharleston, West Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. John Aitken. 
 Ferguson, Laura Lee. Born at Fredericksburg, Va., 1859. 
 
 " I left Hampton in June '87, intending to work in some 
 family near my home, Darby, Pa., or in Philadelphia, but I 
 was ill and could not do anything till November; then I went 
 to Sussex Go., Del. My school was large and I worked very 
 hard. 1 taught Sunday school, which pleased the people i 
 they said I was the second teacher that they had ever had 
 who was interested in that work. Last summer I did house- 
 work in West Philadelphia, and in October I opened a school 
 in Nelson Go. I have no black-board, no maps, no globe ; in 
 fact nothing but a rusty stove, rickety old benches and a table 
 made by Abram Lynch, a middler of '86, who died during his 
 term here. I like teaching very much ; the only thing that 
 troubles me is that I am not able to do for the people what I 
 would like. I am busy all the time trying to improve." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. G. A. Johnson. 
 
 Grason, Emma L. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1868. 
 
 " I have been to no other school. After spending five 
 terms at dear old Hampton, I left her walls in June, '87, for 
 my life's work. I was called to take a school in Essex Go., 
 Va., but my health failed and I staid but two months. I went 
 home to brace up and get strong, but, as I could not return 
 that term, I concluded to try dressmaking, at which I was 
 very successful, until the fall, when I wrote to Prof. Ghap- 
 lain of Easton, Md., for a school. Being successful, I began 
 my work in Talbot Go., and enjoy it very much. At the first 
 school I had seventy-four ; here I have twenty-eighton roll. I 
 am engaged in Sunday school work at Easton. There is not 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 25 1 
 
 a day that I don't think of Hampton and the training I re- 
 ceived while a student there, and I can never thank my teach- 
 ers enough for their care and kindness." 
 
 Educated by James White and S. M. Felton. 
 
 Green, Agnes. V. (Mrs. Randolph). Born in Jerusalem, Va., 1865. 
 
 " I taught one term at Franklin, and one at Delaware's. 
 . Since my graduation 1 have taught at Joynesville. My school 
 is large. During the winter, when the children are not busy, I 
 have one hundred children on roll, and as yet I have been 
 unable to get an assistant, but with the help of my older pu- 
 pils, I have managed to get along, and have done the best I 
 could under the circumstances. This year I have organized, 
 in my school, a little temperance band. There were fifteen to 
 join. By reading and talking to them of the wicked influ- 
 ence of alcohol, our band grew larger, and I was encouraged 
 to carry the society into church and Sunday school. We 
 have now nearly one hundred members. I also teach in the 
 Sunday school, where not only young, but older persons have 
 joined our classes. I have taught about two hundred and 
 thirty children. This seems to have always been a neglected 
 corner of our countic The people are poor, illiterate, and be- 
 hind the times ; but very few of them own land or property of 
 their own. They seem to work hard, but brandy is made in the 
 neighborhood and the people have used it too lavishly to 
 make much improvement in life. I am glad to say there is a 
 very friendly feeling between the whites and the colored peo- 
 ple here. I hope to enter school again. I feel a need to 
 know more, to teach even in out of the way places. I do 
 want to be useful to my people. I feel anxious about them, 
 £ind as I am to spend my life in this work, I want to do well, 
 or I should not deserve the name of a Hampton graduate. I 
 love my dear old school, and all the work for good that I can 
 do is due to her and to her wise founder and leader. His 
 work has been blessed and will be throughout all ages. We 
 never can repay him, but I know the Good Master will." 
 
 She married James L. Randolph of this class. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George Wood and Mrs. Amasa Stone. 
 
 *GwiNN, Bessie C. Born in Savannah, Ga., 1850. 
 
 She taught the term of '86, before graduating. 
 Educated by Geo. C. Lord and Chas. Dean, ( Executors ) 
 and Miss Helen Porter. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
252 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 *La Flesche, Marguerite. (Mrs. Chas. Picotte). Born on the Oma- 
 ha Reservation, Neb., 1865. 
 
 Attended the Mission School at home, then went to a 
 white school in Elizabeth, N. J., through friends of her sister 
 •' Bright Eyes." Returning home, she taught there a year, 
 but found she lacked industrial training and came to Hamp- 
 ton in '84, entering the Junior class. 
 
 After teaching a year at the Government Boarding school 
 at the Omaha Agency, she married Chas. Picotte, class of 
 '86. Her father, a very prominent and progressive man in 
 the tribe, had died suddenly, leaving a large family and allot- 
 ments belonging to its different members. The young couple 
 found their work to be at the old home, and have since been 
 living quietly there. Mrs. Picotte has been active in every 
 good work for her people, a member of the Law and Order 
 Society, the Light Bearers (a society of Hampton and other 
 returned students), and has done much toward interesting 
 Eastern friends and in encouraging education and civilization 
 among her own race. In the church and council she has for 
 many years been their chief interpreter. 
 Educated by J. W. Davis. 
 
 MassenGILL, Martha V. Born in Knoxville, Tenn., 1866. 
 
 " When I fir-st started out as a teacher, everything looked 
 dark and gloomy. I hated the idea of going out into the 
 world alone. I wished I had some one to lead the way so as 
 to make things easy for me. I wanted some one to find work 
 for me to do and come and take me to it. But this was not 
 done. I have had to seek and find for myself all the way 
 along up to the present time, and it has made a woman of me. 
 The fall of '85, before I graduated, I taught at Kentuck. In 
 the fall of '87, I taught at Mt. Cross, six months. The peo- 
 ple in this place had never been interested enough to have a 
 Sunday-school. I went to work and organized one and had 
 all the children who came to the day school. Finally I found 
 my children were crowded out ; the older people had taken 
 their places. I should have gone to Mt. Cross again, but I 
 was sufifering with rheumatism and could not return, and I 
 am in Knoxville. I tried to sit down and rest awhile, but my 
 conscience would not let me. It kept telling me there was 
 work for me to do. I went out into the city and met two 
 little boys about eight years old, who had neither father nor 
 mother. The poor little fellows ht^d been sleeping in sawed 
 boxes, wagon sheds or under steps. I thought it must be my 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 253 
 
 work to take care of these poor children. I took them home, 
 and shared my food and clothmg with them until I could get 
 a place for them. Two other little boys heard they were at 
 my house, and they came to be cared for too. I had not 
 room for four, so I hired a house with four rooms. 1 had 
 nothing to put into it for the children to sleep on, and noth- 
 ing for them to eat, but I trusted God for his goodness, and 
 he provided a way. I started out next day on a begging tour, 
 and in less than a week I had three bedsteads, four bedticks, 
 five chairs, three pictures, a peck of grits, a peck of sweet po- 
 tatoes, a ham, a cupboard and a cooking stove. Don't you 
 think this was a good beginning? I hadn't any money ex- 
 cept enough to pay house rent. I teach children in the day 
 whose parents are able to pay for them, and I teach a class of 
 young men at night. This pays my house rent, and partly 
 feeds the children in what I call my Orphan Home. I was 
 laughed at for beginning on such a small scale, but I am not 
 discouraged. It looks like a mustard seed in the wilderness, 
 but it may be something by and by. My whole heart is de- 
 voted to the work, and I believe God will help me out. Jf I 
 let this work drop I feel that He will never let me succeed in 
 any other. I am begging money to build an Orphanage. It 
 seems hard to build anything of this kind for the colored 
 children, but I intend to try to accomplish this one thing." 
 Educated by Ladies of First (Unitarian) Church, Boston. 
 
 MiNKiNS, Jane. Born in Hampton, Va., 1868. 
 
 " I worked out the summer after I left school, and, in 
 October, opened school at my home, two miles from the town 
 of Hampton. My school closed in March, and from that time 
 till June, I taught pay school. I did general housework dur- 
 ing the summer, and in October opened school again. I have 
 taught one hundred and fifty children ; none are teachers, but 
 one of my night scholars is at the Normal School this term. 
 He is to learn the carpenter's trade and go to Night School. 
 I teach Sunday-school at my school house. In the fall and 
 spring, we have a full school, but in winter we don't have 
 many. We used to have temperance meetings on Sunday af- 
 ternoon, but the children did not come very well, so I have 
 temperance meetings in my school once a month and am get- 
 ting along very well in that way. I own about $300 worth in 
 land. My aim in life is to elevate those with whom I have to 
 deal. May God help me, and all others who have gained an 
 
254 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 education at Hampton, that we may help all those who need 
 our help." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Mary E. H. Curtis, Miss Emeline Haw- 
 ley and Arthur Murray Dodge. 
 
 Parker, Fannie L. (Mrs. Daniels) Born in Aiken, S. C, 1868. 
 
 " I do not remember either parent. I lived with my 
 grandmother until her death. I was then only eight years 
 old. A Northern lady who came to Aiken soon after the war, 
 adopted me. When I was fifteen I went North and remained 
 nearly two years at the home of my friend's sister in Phila- 
 delphia. A gentleman in that city offered to pay half of my 
 expenses at Hampton on condition that I would teach after 
 graduating and pay him. This offer I accepted and have 
 nearly canceled the debt. I entered the Middle class of '84, 
 and was promoted to the Senior class ; and with the rest of 
 my classmates was obliged to teach a year before graduating. 
 I was fortunate to get a position to teach at the Butler, [now 
 Whittier] under the very excellent training of Miss E. Hyde. 
 In the fall of '87, I returned to Aiken, and was given a posi- 
 tion in the Schofield Normal and Industrial School. I am 
 heartily in love with my work, and shall make teaching my 
 life work, and, as each succeeding year passes, I shall try to 
 make the last always better, and full of more results than the 
 one preceding it. Last summer, I taught in Barnwell Co., 
 S. C, and was then most forcibly struck with the idea that 
 my people can get, and do want, an education. The public 
 school term is only three months, so the people had the 
 school go on four months longer. I did not think when I 
 was at Hampton that a teacher's life would be so varied. 
 Among my own people, the teacher's position is next equal 
 to that of a minister ; and I do not wonder, for the home 
 training is not what it should be. While teaching in the 
 country it was my duty to give the people talks on education; 
 especially urging them to educate their daughters, as they are 
 to be the mothers of the coming generation. ' Men are what 
 their mothers make them,' is my favorite expression. We are 
 trying to do some good work at Aiken. We are trying to imi- 
 tate Hampton in the thoroughness and quality of our work. 
 We have three teachers who are graduates of dear old Hamp- 
 ton, and her good influence is spreading, and her sons and 
 daughters are striving to carry the light which they have re- 
 ceived to those who have not been so favored. God grant 
 that light may penetrate into the dark places of the earth 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 255 
 
 wherever linger ignorance and superstition." She married, 
 Nov. 1890, Mr. Daniels, a Claflin University graduate, who 
 had been a teacher in the Schofield school and has now a po- 
 sition in one of the Departments in Washington, where they 
 live. 
 
 Educated by E. B. Monroe. 
 
 Simmons, Alice J. (Mrs. Gonsolvo Williams). Born in Greenville, S. 
 C, 1864. 
 
 " I have not attended any other school. I have been teach- 
 ing the same school in Newbury Co. S. C, since graduating. 
 It is a large school. I have had one hundred and fourteen 
 on roll, with average attendance of eighty. I truly enjoy the 
 work, and find it full of hope and pleasure ; and, though not 
 very well paid in dollars and cents, I am amply rewarded by 
 gratitude and confidence. I have taught not less than three 
 hundred children, and 1 teach a Sunday-school class of young 
 men in the A. M. E. Church. The people are learning per- 
 severance and self reliance ; they are doing fairly well, and 
 are improving every year." 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth and " The 
 Front's Neck scholarship." 
 
 Smith, Susie W, (Mrs. John I. Fountain). Born in Hampton, Va., 1868. 
 
 " Since graduating, I have not been able to attend any 
 other school or college, although it has been one of my great- 
 est desires. I do not feel that I have enough learning to get 
 along well and to do what I see so necessary to be done. I 
 taught three months in Norfolk Co., before graduating ; the 
 school numbered about sixty. Since graduating, I have this 
 school since I first started teaching, and I feel that I am 
 making quite a success : and still I see every day of my life 
 so much more that should be done toward the upbuildmg of 
 my race. I am praying that God will help me. I have taught 
 one hundred and fifty-four scholars. I have a temperance 
 meeting once a week in my school and the children are be- 
 coming very much devoted to it. I also teach in Sunday- 
 school. My aim in life is to prove to the world that what I 
 profess to be is true. I am anxious to see my people improve 
 as well as myself. The colored people are advancing very 
 rapidly. They are gaining in education and property. Lives 
 in Fhoebus, Va. 
 
 Educated by Rev. J. H. Denison and S. S., Fourth Cong. 
 Church of Hartford, Ct. 
 
256 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Battice, Walter, Indian name Paw-i-wa-thas-kuk. Born at Sac 
 and Fox Agency, Kansas, 1865 — ^and was moved with his tribe 
 (Sac and Fox) to Indian Territory several years later. 
 
 Left the life of a cow-boy to come to Hampton in 1882. 
 He entered the Indian school, spent a year in Massachusetts 
 and returned to enter the Junior class. 
 
 After graduation, he entered the State Normal School at 
 Bridgewater, Mass., where he graduated in 1889, and returned 
 home to take the place of principal teacher in the Sac and 
 Fox Govt, school. While there, he started a Sunday-school, 
 with Hampton students largely for teachers, and was made 
 Secretary of the Nation by his people. It was during his term 
 of service that the Indians agreed to take allotments and 
 sell the reinainder of their land for white settlement. 
 
 In '89, he gave up his school to Thomas Miles, expecting 
 to return East and take a course in law, but, sickness prevent- 
 ing, he later opened a store at the Agency, still retaining his 
 position as Secretary of the Nation. He has married the 
 daughter of the Head Chief — a young woman of good repute, 
 who has always attended the schools there. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Mary Hemenway and Miss Alice 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Black, Isaac J. Born in Charles City Co., Va., 1861. 
 
 He taught in his own county — Charles City, after he was 
 graduated, and had fifty-five on roll, and during vacation did 
 whatever work offered, to " make a living." Died in 1889. 
 
 Educated by Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 
 
 Brown, Jacob. Born in Campbell, Va., 1864. 
 
 " After I graduated in '87, I spent the term of '88 in the 
 Pastors' Class at Hampton. At the close of school I went 
 North, where I spent my vacation. In October I came to 
 Spout Spring, Va., where I am teaching a full school, num- 
 bering sixty-five pupils, and preaching at a church close to 
 my school house. The people are improving considerably." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. George Curtis and John F. Slater Fund. 
 
 Desverney, Edward E. Born in Savannah, Ga., 1868. 
 
 " I taught at Hemenway Farm eight months, and also at 
 Free State, two or three miles from the farm. I taught forty- 
 two pupils. I spent the summer after leaving Hampton, at 
 work in Atlantic City, N. J., till September, when I left for 
 home, Savannah. I secured a situation as clerk in a Cotton 
 Exporter's office, in which capacity I am still retained. My 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 257 
 
 aim is to make a thoroughly competent business man of my- 
 self. The people are in a prosperous condition, especially in 
 the country, where they are much better off than city people, 
 owning mostly their own farms and homes." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway and W. B. Lent. 
 Evans, John H. Born in Farmville, Va., 1856. 
 
 He is a resident graduate in the employ of the School. He 
 owns a house and lot, and some personal property. He says: 
 " My aim is to do what I can for myself and my people, 
 though I have done but little." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 Foster, Roland H. Born at Kelton, S. C, 1864. 
 
 " I have taught at Kelton, S. C, and the ' Ebenezer 
 School,' both in the same district. There were about one 
 hundred scholars, and three have become teachers. I am 
 District Superintendent of Sunday-schools and have forty 
 schools in charge, with two thousand scholars, more or less. 
 I own one acre of land with a machine on it. I have been 
 attending Leonard Medical College, connected with Shaw 
 University, studying natural philosophy, chemistry, anatomy, 
 physiology, materia medica, surgery and practice of medicine ; 
 and I teach during vacation. My aim is to be a physician. 
 The condition of the colored people is very good, and in my 
 opinion they are improving." 
 
 Educated by Clarence D. Newell and L Remson Lane, 
 and First Presbyterian Church of Rochester, N. Y. 
 * Frame, George L. Born at Staunton, Va., 1868. 
 
 He taught four months after graduating, at Shellbanks, 
 the School's " Hemenway Farm." 
 
 Educated by Gen. A. W. Riley. 
 Gordon, James Lewis. Born at Buckingham C. H., Va. 
 
 " Ever since I left Hampton, my principal work has been 
 teaching. First, I taught in Buckingham Co. My last term 
 was in Campbell Co. I have had one hundred and twenty 
 under my care, and have had a very successful Sunday-school. 
 The colored people, in all the places where I have been en- 
 gaged in teaching, seem to be in a rising condition. They 
 can be lifted to a higher standard only by school teaching 
 and missionary work. Let us work, and let us have schools 
 everywhere we go, and everywhere we stay. My aim is to 
 help the colored people by teaching. I own a home and fif- 
 ty acres of land." Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wolcott. 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
258 TWENTY TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Jarvis, James. Born in Hampton, Va., 1866. 
 
 Was valedictorian of the class. Wrote in reply to our 
 circular : 
 
 " As to my success as a teacher and in other business 
 tending to advance myself and my people, 1 have but a broken 
 chain of progress to present. In '85, being one of the Mid- 
 dlers sent out during that year to teach before graduating, I 
 steered my course toward Gloucester Co., Va. After passing 
 a satisfactoiy examination, I was assigned to take charge of a 
 school numbering about forty, near the boundary line between 
 Gloucester and Middlesex Go's The people had enjoyed the 
 privilege of a free school for only two years previous to the 
 time I took the charge ; therefore they were very illiterate. 
 Not more than four of my pupils could write their names ; they 
 did not even know the name of the state they lived in. 
 
 The older people cared very little about schools. So my aim 
 was to teach them their use,and that it was also necessary to have 
 a school on Sundays, called Sunday-school. Being very re- 
 ligious, they all approved of that. I purchased for them books 
 necessary for the purpose, and commenced the work, and 
 when I left, they were able to take care of the work them- 
 selves, I have heard since that they were progressing splen- 
 didly, and have more than fifty regular attendants. When I 
 left, in April, '85, twenty-seven of my scholars could write 
 letters, and read letters. The most of them could do addi- 
 tion, subtraction and multiplication. My aim was to teach 
 them to read, write and spell, and numbering, and the school 
 was complimented by the Superintendent for their success. 
 When school closed, instead of going North to look for work, 
 as many of our people do, I stayed at home and secured an 
 agency for a book called " The Life and Times of Frederick 
 Douglass," and other books. Before vacation was over, with 
 the money I had accumulated, I opened a small store in 
 Hampton with Solomon Chandler, (class of '83). This was 
 what I wished for and liked. Then I was very ill and was 
 compelled to give up business. I took charge of the Buck- 
 roe school, near Hampton, but taught only two months, when 
 I was disabled and had to retire. I have not taken a school 
 since. [Died in March, '91.] 
 
 Educated by Miss M. A. Wales and B. G. Clarke. 
 
 * Lawrence, Thomas. Born at Flushing, N. Y., 1868. 'He taught 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OK HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 259 
 
 six months at Mt. Moriah, Va. 
 
 Educated by First Cong. Church S. S., Southington, 
 Conn. 
 
 * Maquimetas, Michael. Born at Green Bay, Wis., 1862. 
 
 He is one of the Mcnomonee tribe. He came to Hamp- 
 ton in 1879, spent 1884 and 1885 at home and returned in 1886 to 
 complete his course. 
 
 Soon after his graduation he married and settled 
 down on a farm several miles from the Agency, and, ('91,) is 
 very well spoken of by the Agent. 
 
 Educated by Ladies of First Unitarian Church, iBoston. 
 
 Pannill, Robert C. Born in Campbell Co. Va. 
 
 " I left Hampton in December, '87, having had charge of 
 the School battalion and other school duties until then. I 
 went to my home in Warren County, N. C, and there carried 
 on a day school and Sunday-school. My days were not days of 
 play, but of work. I found plenty to do. Many school house 
 doors were shut, and children at home, only for the want of 
 teachers. I received a flattering certificate from the County Su- 
 perintendent, marked ' i.' My school was crowded with one 
 hundred scholars. I found it to be something else from bat- 
 talion drill at Hampton. I often thought of General Arm- 
 strong's words. ' If anything is worth doing at all it is worth 
 doing well ' ; so I did my best while there. At the end of 
 my term, I closed with an exhibition, and, in that large au- 
 dience every one was pleased, and they said, ' Pannill is got 
 to be our teacher as long as us live.' I truly hope that those 
 schools and children which have been deprived of teachers 
 will not remain in that condition very long. Let Hampton send 
 forth her sons and daughters a few more years, and they will 
 find their way into every closed school door. Leaving North 
 Carolina, I came to Lynchburg, teaching a private school of 
 thirty scholars during the summer, and in September went to 
 see the County Supt., and, being a Hampton graduate, he 
 gave me a first grade certificate, without being examined. I 
 am teaching in a large school which numbers one hundred 
 and seventy-five. I am principal of the school. I have taken 
 a wife, she being a student of Hampton, Maria L. Branch. I 
 own a home worth $600. My present occupation is preach- 
 ing and teaching, and my aim is to do good wherever I am." 
 
 Educated by C. H. Clarke and B. Scott Hurtt. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
26o TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 * Parsons, Boston T. Born in Currituck Co., N. C, 1861. 
 
 He has taught in Norfolk Co., Va., since graduating, and 
 taught one term before graduating. 
 
 Educated by All Souls' Church, New York and Miss Jan- 
 etta Alexander. 
 Randolph, James L. Born in Richmond, Va., 1865. 
 
 " I have not taught school since graduating ; but, in '86, 
 my Middle year, I taught in Bedford Co., Va. I had sixty- 
 five scholars. Two of them are teachers now." 
 
 He is now in Hempstead, Texas, at the Prairie View 
 Normal and Industrial School, in charge of the carpenter's 
 shop, and teaching. He married Agnes V. Green, a graduate 
 of this class. 
 
 Educated by Samuel A. Chase, Mrs. Anna M. Van Sant- 
 voord and E. H. Hollister, (estate of) 
 Whtfe, John Walter. Born at Kettle Run. Va., 1861. 
 
 " I taught at Chantilly, Va., five months, and at Pleas- 
 ant Valley, seven. I am on my second term at the latter 
 place. I have taught about one hundred and twenty ; of 
 whom one is now teaching. My Sunday-school is advancing 
 rapidly, and is largely attended by old and young. I have a 
 share in a small farm, which belongs to four of us, my father 
 and three of us brothers ; which has been paid lor by us. I am 
 now teaching, but my aim is to study medicine, or to fit my- 
 self in some way to do more good for my needy people. In 
 this vicinity, the colored people are temperate, industrious, 
 and mostly Christians. They are improving, but ignorant yet 
 in many respects." 
 
 Educated by G. W. Allen and Robert Treat Paine, Jr. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE CLASS WHO DID Not graduate. 
 * James, Mary. From Eastville, Va. 
 
 No report has been received from her or of her since she 
 left. Educated by Miss Susan D. Griffith and S. S. of First 
 Cong. Church, Montclair, N. J. 
 *Jenkins, Louisa. Born in Hillsboro, N. C, 1864. 
 
 She has taught at her own home, Hillsboro, N. C; also, 
 at Burt's Post Office, Va.; had a ten months' school and fifty 
 scholars. Vv'as teaching Sunday-school, which was attended 
 by quite a number of old people. 
 
 Educated by S. B. Capen and S. S. of Cong. Church, 
 Ansonia, Conn. 
 *i)id not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 261 
 
 * Lee, Ida R. From Barrett's Neck, Va. 
 
 She was a faithful student while at the school, but as no 
 report has been heard from or of her since, none can be given. 
 Educated by John F. Slater Fund. 
 
 * Stafford, James. From Salem, N. C. 
 
 All that we can learn of him since his leaving Hampton 
 is that he attended the Norfolk Mission College. 
 
 EX-STUDENTS : MIDDLE CLASS ; 1887- 
 
 Ford, Caleb H. Born in North Carolina, 1862. 
 
 " I find there is a great contrast between school life and 
 the outside world. I taught school in Isle of Wight County 
 the winter after leaving Hampton, and am teaching the same 
 school. Have taught about fifty-five. Am engaged in Sunday- 
 • school and temperance work. I am married and have about 
 $300. worth of land, etc. I am teaching and farming. The 
 colored people are very poor but improving." 
 Educated by Mrs. C. P. Huntington. 
 
 Mackie, Richard H. Born in Nansemond Co., Va., 1861. 
 
 " I left school in June '87, and have been teaching in 
 Norfolk Co., ever since. I took an examination in August, '88, 
 and received a second grade certificate, under which I taught 
 seven months. The following May, I took another examina- 
 .tion, and received a first grade certificate. I have taught one 
 hundred and fifty. I own 75 acres of land. I expect to make 
 teaching my profession. I teach Sunday-school also, but am 
 not engaged in temperance work because I find so little work 
 to do, I am glad to say, in this district. The colored people 
 in Norfolk Co. are generally doing well. Some of them own 
 pleasant homes, with orchards and other trees. Some own 
 farms of 50 acres and more. I know thirty persons who ship 
 their corn and other produce as the white people do ; they 
 are growing stronger every year." 
 
 Educated by Rev. J. Jay Dana. 
 
 EX-STUDEMT: PASTORS' CLASS; 1888. 
 
 Schofield, William. Born in Afton, Va., 1866. 
 
 He was a member of the " Pastors' Class for Bible study" 
 at Hampton Institute, reciting with this in the afternoon, 
 working in the shops mornings and studying in the Night 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
262 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 School. His heart was set on work for his people in Africa, 
 and an opportunity offering to go as a mechanic, (he was a 
 good blacksmith, carpenter and shoemaker) he seized the 
 chance, supposing it would give him opportunity also for 
 mission work, though it shut him ofif from completing his 
 academic course. To put him into better position to work 
 as a missionary, the Baptist churches of Hampton ordained 
 him as minister before he left. 
 
 He has now, after some trials and a siege of African fever, 
 settled himself in Bassa Co., Liberia. He has married a Chris- 
 tian wife, taken up land for a coffee plantation, and, working 
 at his different trades, preaching and teaching and influenc- 
 ing the people as he has opportunity, he is a useful man in 
 the country. His wife has the trade of dressmaker, and as- 
 sists him heartily in missionary efforts. From various sources 
 we have heard of Mr. Schofield's good and faithful work, "In 
 His Name," and our Sunday-school, of which he was an 
 earnest member, has been glad to take now and then a little 
 share in it. 
 Educated by Mrs. C. P. Huntington and J. J. Whiting. 
 
 CLASS OF 1888. 
 
 Barnette, Susie Taylor. Born in Lynchburg, Va , 1865. 
 
 " So short a time has elapsed since I left Hampton to be a 
 worker among my people, the history of my experience will 
 not be of much value. I am now teaching in the public school 
 of Roanoke City. I have in charge nearly one hundred and 
 twenty-five. Each day I am more and more interested in my 
 work and I hope to make a good primary teacher. If I suc- 
 ceed, it will be owing to the training I received while I was at 
 Hampton. On the whole I think the colored people are im- 
 proving ; the process seems slow, but it shows." 
 Educated by Miss Juliana Wood. 
 
 Boner, Phoebe J., (Mrs. Reed). Born in Salem, N. C, 1869. 
 
 She taught seven months in Churchland, Va., and in 
 Portsmouth, Va. Had one hundred and ten scholars. She 
 says " I am trying to do all I can in Sunday-school and temp- 
 erance work ; I feel a little discouraged sometimes. The 
 colored people are in good circumstances generally and are 
 improving." 
 
 Has married a well to do farmer in Nansemond Co., and 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 263 
 
 has a happy home. 
 
 Educated by A. R. Whitney, Mrs. Henry Rose, and 
 Young ladies of Worcester, Mass. 
 
 Brown, Martha L. Born in Norfolk Co., Va., 1866. 
 
 She has taught three sessions in Princess Anne County, 
 The number of children taught is between eighty and ninety. 
 She is engaged in both Sunday-school and temperance work. 
 She says : " The people in general are very poor ; they are 
 slowly but surely improving." 
 
 Lives at Queen Anne C. H. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. J. A. Dickerman and Mrs, W. |. Rotch. 
 
 Carper, Eva Boyd. Born in Salem, Va., 187 i. 
 
 " I taught at Bower's Hill near Norfolk, five months, and 
 am now teaching at the Whittier School at Hampton. I have 
 taught seventy-four children. I am also engaged in Sunday- 
 school and temperance work. The people seem to be im- 
 provmg." 
 
 Lives near Hampton. 
 
 Educated by Ladies of First Church, (Unitarian) Boston. 
 
 *Cox, Nannie M. Born in Newbern, Va.. 1864. 
 
 She taught at Narrows, Giles Co., Va., and opened the 
 first Sunday-school ever held in the place. 
 
 Lives in Newbern. 
 
 Educated by Wellington Smith and Young Women's 
 Christian Association of Vassar College. 
 
 Hunt Rosa. Born in Southampton Co , Va., 1868. 
 
 " I am teaching at Chuckatuck, Va.; the school term is five 
 months. I have eighty-nine scholars The colored people 
 here are doing well. The majority of them own their homes 
 and have them neatly furnished ; and there are very nice 
 schools in this part of the county. The older people appre- 
 ciate education, and the children are eager to learn. But 
 much can be and needs to be done to elevate their moral 
 character. The greater part of them are wholly ignorant of 
 the evils of strong drink. I have begun temperance work 
 since I have been here. I distribute all the temperance matter 
 ) I can get. Some have refrained from drinking, and are do- 
 ing what they can for the cause. I teach in Sunday-school 
 in one of the churches here, but the school is not in a very 
 good condition." 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
264 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Home in Handsom's Depot, Va. 
 
 Educated by " S. E. Gilbert Scholarship," and S. S. of 
 Cong. Church, Ansonia, Conn, 
 
 *JONES, Rose Maud, (Mrs. Booker). Born in Hampton, Va., 1869. 
 
 She has taught in Mathews Co., and Surry Co., Va. Her 
 home is at Old Point Comfort with her father who has long 
 been light-house keeper. 
 
 Educated by Morris K. Jesup and the Misses NewUn. 
 
 Taylor, Maggie G. Born in Abingdon, Va , Dec, 1865. 
 
 " I taught three years at Lynchburg, Va., before going to 
 Hampton. As I graduated in '88, my history since then is 
 quite short. I went to the Teachers' Institute held in Staun- 
 ton, Va., that summer. After the Institute, its conductors 
 held an examination; I passed a satisfactory one, and was ap- 
 pointed to teach in the public school of Staunton. Our school 
 house is very comfortable indeed. It is situated in a very de- 
 sirable part of the city, has ten rooms, and is steam heated. I 
 have forty pupils, in the fifth primary grade, and I am trying 
 to do my best. The superintendent says he is well pleased 
 with my work and promises to increase my salary. The col- 
 ored people here are in fair circumstances, but they do not 
 send their children to school as they should. I have visited 
 the parents of my children ; some of them I find in pretty 
 good circumstances, while many are the opposite. I have been 
 working in the Sunday-school ever since I have been here, 
 and, as far as I have seen, it is better attended than the regu- 
 lar church services. On the whole, I think the people are ad- 
 vancing and I will try, with God's help, to do all in my power 
 to help them." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. M. W. R. Wayland. 
 
 Whitefield, Josephine. Born in Southampton Co , Va!, 1869. 
 
 "I have taught in Southampton Co., near Newsom's, 
 eight months; there were eighty children in the school. I 
 had a Christmas tree on Christmas night. The people had 
 never seen a Christmas tree before, and my school house was 
 crowded. I think that such occasions will help the people 
 much. They are far behind but they are trying to come up, 
 and seem to be willing to be helped. They had only had 
 school one term before I came. It was the same with Sab- 
 bath-school. Now, I am happy to say, I have quite a fine 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter Of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 265 
 
 Sabbath- school which numbers about eighty, I will try to 
 do all I can for my people." 
 
 Educated by E. H. Howard, and Ladies of First ( Unitar- 
 ian) Church, Boston. 
 Williamson, Mahala J. Born in Wilson Co., N. C, 1864. 
 
 " After going home from Hampton, I taught six weeks 
 in the public school of Wilson, N. C. My engagement to go 
 to Tuskegee, Ala., prevented me from teaching longer. On 
 the morning of my departure from dear old Hampton, Miss 
 Mackie asked me if I would like to come here — to Tuskegee. 
 I was glad to accept the situation, though I did, and do still, 
 feel deficient for the work I have to do ; but as I have before 
 tried tasks that seemed too hard, and accomplished them, I am 
 now exerting every effort to manage the laundry work here, 
 and I do feel there is hope of avoiding a complete failure. 
 Beside my laundry work, I have a class one hour a day. I 
 enjoy my work and am only sorry I cannot do it better. I am 
 grateful for what Hampton has done for me and will ever try 
 to do honor to my Alma Mater. I have taught more than 
 one hundred. Three are teachers. . The condition of the col- 
 ored people around here is bad, but they are improving." 
 
 Educated by the Missionary Society of Smith College, 
 Atkinson, James Chambers Born in Savannah Ga , 1865. 
 
 " I am attending Howard University, Washington, taking 
 the usual studies of a medical course. After graduating I 
 taught at Hampton two and a half months in the Night 
 school. My aim is to practice medicine." 
 
 Educated by James A. Wright and Winthrop Church and 
 S. S., Charlestown, Mass. • 
 
 Baytop, Cornelius B. Born at Sassafras, Va.. 1868. 
 
 " Being born and reared in Gloucester County and having 
 gone to school here, I proposed, if I did any teaching, to teach 
 here. So, when I was sent out to teach before entering the 
 Senior Class, I came here and took a school in Abingdon 
 District. I had over fifty pupils enrolled, and made a term 
 average of thirty-five. The children were young and docile, 
 and my school and Sunday-school seemed to prosper. Order 
 was sustained throughout the term ; and, after making allow- 
 ance for some bad influence, there was perceivable progress. 
 Most persons owned homes, horses and stock. Houses were 
 small but the most were comfortable. In politics the people 
 were mainly Republican ; in religion they were Baptist : their 
 highest aspirations were to the ministry, yet lack of intellect 
 
266 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 sometimes prevented the right action of religious zeal. Edu- 
 cation seemed to be considered effeminate by many. Many 
 were surprised to see that I could and would cut wood. 
 Some of the girls were giddy and some young men thought 
 themselves very wise. Older persons|who saw the need of 
 education craved to possess the unheeded chances of the 
 young. When called on to advise the Middlers who were 
 going out in '88, I told them to avoid the " gay class " who 
 prefer to seem and not to be. 1 returned to Hampton to take 
 my Senior year. I am now teaching^in the same district, but 
 a different school. I have enrolled nearly eighty children and 
 my school is almost equally divided between my assistant and 
 me. My assistant. Miss J. C. King, Class of '85, teaches the 
 primary grades. There is much interest shown by the people 
 in religion, but with few exceptions, little is shown in education,. 
 Our Sunday-school is larger than our day school, and we have 
 reason to hope that time and pains will bring our work to 
 perfection. But we have no library and no elderly persons 
 in active service. Temperance is a dead work. The men and 
 boys are all sailors or oystermen, and there seems no way to 
 reach them, except through papers or tracts. My present oc- 
 cupation is teaching in winter ; plastering in summer. I want 
 to study medicine after a time. Without doubt the Negroes 
 in this part of the country are improving morally, financially 
 and intellectually. If they have not improved, then is our 
 work vain, and our teaching vain, and we are witnesses against 
 the truth." 
 
 Educated by Miss Janetta Alexander. 
 
 Berry, William, Born in Alexandria, La , 1859. 
 
 " I taught in the Training School at Hampton eight 
 months, before I entered the Senior class. I left Hampton in 
 June '88 for Philadelphia, like a new ship starting on a long 
 voyage, and my destination has not yet been reached. I 
 went to Cape May for the summer and made about sixty dol- 
 lars, which I laid aside for future expenses. I am now work- 
 ing for a lady I met at Hampton. When she first spoke to 
 me on the subject, I objected, stating that I had prepared my- 
 self for a teacher. She explained to me that she was first 
 cousin of the deceased Miss Longstreth who had been such a 
 beloved friend of Hampton, and it was for her sake I decided 
 to stay. I know I am not doing justice directly to my race and 
 to those who paid my scholarship, by staying here, but indi- 
 rectly I think I am, and also that I can be of some benefit to 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 267 
 
 Hampton. I am not leading the life which some young men 
 do when they get into a place of this kind. I am striving to 
 save my money so as to get a house for my poor mother who 
 is now in Louisiana. We have not a foot of land, but if I re- 
 main here through the winter, I am sure I can have $160. for 
 her." 
 
 Berry's record of faithfulness at Hampton assures us that 
 he will do good work— his best— everywhere. 
 Educated by Samuel Eliot. 
 Blue, Thomas F. Born in Farmville, Va., 1866. 
 
 " I have not attended any other school. I have taught 
 in Cumberland Co., Va , where there were about fifty children 
 m school. I am engaged m Sunday-school work, have two 
 assistant teachers and thirty scholars. The general condition 
 of the colored people is good. They are improvmg morally, 
 intellectually, and financially." 
 Lives in Treadway, Va, 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary C. Shannon; S. S. of First Cong. 
 Ch. Danvers, Mass., and the Misses Allen. 
 BouLDiNG, Benjamin R. Born in Burkesville, Va., 1868. 
 
 He was appointed principal of the public school in Notto- 
 way Co , Va. He says: "I am getting along nicely with my 
 school. Two others — rising young men — are teaching 
 here. Our ' Blackstown Literary Society ' meets every week 
 and is largely attended." 
 Lives in Crewe, Va 
 
 Educated by Miss Frances H. Cogswell, Miss M. Josepha 
 Williams and Messrs. Hough and Ford. 
 *Brown, Alfred. Born in Washington, D. C, 1867. 
 We have had no report from or of him. 
 Educated by Mrs C. A. Johnson and Francis H. John- 
 son. 
 Brown, John William. Born in Winchester, Va., 1870. 
 
 "1 have taught in Frederick Co., one year, where I had thirty 
 pupils. I am also engaged in Sunday-school work. My aim 
 is to elevate my race and myself. Of the colored people, I 
 can only write of the city of Winchester, and the counties of 
 Clarke and Frederick. I have been over both of them and 
 am personally acquainted with each family — and will only 
 speak of things as they exist. The Negroes of these two 
 counties are industrious and independent, and, although some 
 spend a greater part of their hard earnings foolishly, they are 
 
 *Dld not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
268 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 ambitious enough to procure for themselves comfortable 
 homes, which the majority have. The homes differ with the 
 ambition of the owner. The cost of homes ranges from one 
 hundred dollars up into the thousands. Some own farms 
 of from fifty to two hundred acres, land being worth from $io 
 to $ioo an acre. The richest colored man in the county is 
 said to be worth from $50,000 to $100,000. I do not think 
 that you will find a dozen beggars in our town, and the Ne- 
 gro f)opulation is from two to three thousand. The majority 
 of the Negroes here see the importance of education and send 
 their children to school. Our schools are full ; all we want is 
 good teachers. Our county (Frederick) went dry, for prohibi- 
 tion, two years ago, but when it came to the test last year, it 
 went wet, and I don't feel very sorry, for it took business from 
 the county and did not do any good." 
 
 Educated by "Children of M,' Howell," and N. L. Bradley. 
 Collins, Richard Hezekiah. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1868. 
 
 •' My father and mother died when I was quite young, 
 and I was taken charge of by my uncle who is a minister, who 
 sent me to the public schools in the places where he had 
 charge. Through my uncle's efforts, and my sister's (Sadie A. , 
 Collins, Class of '82) I was able to finish at Hampton. After 
 my Middle term there, I went out t.o teach. My field of la- 
 bor was in and around Springfield, Tenn. There were twen- 
 ty-five children taught by me. I am now teaching night 
 school at Bridgetown, Va., and am teacher and secretary of 
 the Sunday school. I own four acres of land in Dorchester 
 Co., Md. My aim is to be a lawyer. The people of color are 
 prospering ; many are buying homes for themselves, and, not- 
 withstanding the many hinderances they have,' they are be- 
 ginning to feel the need of having things of their own, and 
 acquiring a more independent spirit, which I am sure speaks 
 quite well for their future." 
 
 Since writing the above, he has joined the Troupe of 
 " Virginia Singers " — under the direction of Mr. Orpheus Mc- 
 Adoo, Class of 't6 — and gone to make the circuit of the 
 world. At last account, they were in Cape Town, Africa, 
 meeting very good success. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. S. M. Alexander, S. S. of All Souls' 
 Church, New York, and David Strong. 
 Davis, Liston Leander. Born at Lloyds, Va., 1861. 
 
 " Taught five months at Loretto, Va., when a Middler, and 
 had seventy- three scholars. I am now engaged in Sunday- 
 
OF HAiMPTON INSTITUTE. 269 
 
 VR' sl jiool work. It is in a thriving condition, though Bibles are 
 much needed. I have not gained any property since gradu- 
 ating. I live on my own land and aim to teach winters and 
 farm summers. The colored people are improving very rapid- 
 ly; most of them live on their own places." Has married, and 
 is still teaching, and working his own truck farm, near Lloyd's, 
 Essex Co., Va. 
 
 Educated by "A Friend." 
 
 DODSON, Stanhope F. Born at Darlington Heights, Va., 1863. 
 
 " I taught seven months before graduation, at my birth 
 place, and had about seventy-five pupils ; but you cannot expect 
 very much of me, as I have so recently completed my course 
 at Hampton. When I left school, I went North for the sum- 
 mer, and I made about as much money, I guess, as I could 
 have made any where in the same length of time. Then I re- 
 turned home, took my examination which was very rigid, and 
 commenced my school with about thirty-five on roll. The 
 school pays $25 per month and I have a six months' session. 
 I am engaged in Sunday-school work, but it is very difficult 
 for me to get the older people interested in temperance, so I 
 am trying to get up a Temperance Society among the child- 
 ren in my school. I think this will be much easier, as their 
 minds are young and can be more easily changed. I worked 
 with my father, who is a farmer, until I went to Hampton. 
 He owns now about five hundred acres of land, a good many 
 head of cattle, horses, and hogs, so you see I shall fall heir to 
 some property. I expect to make teaching and farming mj'- 
 life work. I think that as a general thing, the people are im- 
 proving, but there are some few who are not doing very much, 
 as is always the case." 
 
 Lives at Putney's, Prince Edward Co., Va. 
 
 Educated by E. H. Hollister. (Estate of) 
 
 Driver, Matthew S. Born at Ark, Va., 1863. 
 
 " I am now in charge of the wheelwright and blacksmith 
 shop at Tuskegee Normal School, Ala., and am giving in- 
 struction in carriage painting and harness making, trimming, 
 etc. When I see how anxious some of the young men are to 
 get trades and how hard they labor, I feel glad to know that 1 
 am able to give them instruction. In connection with the 
 work just mentioned, I am doing other work that I feel is nec- 
 essary and in place. I am working in the Sunday-schools and 
 churches in the town as well as in the school. 1 wish I had 
 the language to tell what I think of this Tuskegee 
 
270 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 School and its work. Coming on the grounds and bv, ng 
 what has been done, it is hard to believe that it started only 
 eight years ago." 
 
 Educated by Harbor Mission S. S., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 *EvANS, James H. Born at Farmville, Va., 1865. 
 
 Reported as at Haverstraw, N. Y., but we cannot learn 
 anything further. 
 
 Educated by John L. Hamilton and Gen. A. W. Riley. 
 
 FoNTANELLE, EuGENE (Omaha tribe). Born on the Omaha Res- 
 ervation, Neb. 
 
 He entered the Junior class at Hampton and graduated 
 in three years. The next September, he entered the Law 
 School of Cornell University, where he spent a successful 
 year, passing all examinations very creditably. At the end of 
 the term, he was unexpectedly called home, where he has 
 since been working steadily and well, as Industrial teacher at 
 the Omaha government school. 
 
 He is married, and hopes some time and in some way to 
 finish his law studies. 
 
 Educated by Miss Edwards' Class in S. S. of Calvary 
 Baptist Church, New York. 
 Gerst, Monroe E. Bora at South Boston, Va., 1864. 
 
 " I am teaching near Clay's Mills. I have quite a large 
 school, one hundred and two pupils on roll, with an average 
 of seventy- five. You may know that I have no idle moments 
 with so large a number of pupils, their ages averaging about 
 eleven years. It is a graded school and usually has two teach- 
 ers, but I have only had the promise of an assistant as yet. 
 The little ones seem very anxious to learn both in day and 
 Sabbath- school. I organized a Sunday-school at this place 
 when I taught here after my Middle term, and I was indeed 
 -glad, on returning, to find it still alive. 1 have recently or- 
 ganized a Temperance Society. I commenced with seven 
 members, and now there are fifteen. Those engaged seem 
 quite earnest and hope for success. My aim is to do all the 
 good I can, in whatever way I can. I think the colored peo- 
 ple of the South, at least in this part that I have always known, 
 are improving. They are becoming owners of property, and 
 striving more vigorously to educate themselves and their chil- 
 dren. All they need, I think, is the right kind of examples of 
 true manhood and womanhood in their own people." 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Park Church, Hartford, Ct. and 
 Peter Notman, 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 27 1 
 
 Harris, Jesse H. Born in Washington, D. C, 1864. 
 
 " I taught in King and Queen Co., in winter of '86-87, 
 and had sixty four pupils enrolled. I am at present employed 
 by the Wagner Palace Car Co. As to my ' aim in life,' that is 
 a puzzling question. I have been to Hampton, passed 
 through Night School, Junior, Middle and Senior classes. I 
 have gained information that is intended to be given out 
 again through me, for the benefit of the people that I am for- 
 tunate to be one of. I am at work to save and gain, if possi- 
 ble, an independent footing financially. That done, I intend 
 to go South, because that is the home for the colored race 
 as a whole, and then there will be no question as to my aim. 
 I may not be in the foremost position of usefulness, but I 
 shall never prove false to my trust, and I shall be found 
 among those who are trying to do their best. I think our 
 people have made an advancement equal to none mentioned 
 in history. No other race has ever been able to stand the 
 lash and hardships and be subject to prejudice of another 
 race, and still survive and live among them; and the Negro 
 has done it. Now it is fast becoming noticeable that the 
 people who are the worst of all races as an enemy, are be- 
 coming the Negro's best friend. Consequently, with existing 
 circumstances there is nothing but improvement for the once 
 oppressed. The Caucasian race will be double the friend in 
 twenty years, that it was enemy twenty years ago. So the 
 law of Christ finally subdues us and causes us to love our en- 
 emies ; causing the Caucasian to love the Negro whom he 
 once hated, and bringing about a most wholesome revolution 
 in the affairs of this country and the destinies of the two, 
 three and four races represented in this country as American 
 citizens." 
 
 Educated by Charles Downing and William B. Lent. 
 
 * Harris, James C. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1868. He has been 
 teaching at Saltville, Va. 
 
 Educated by the " Smart Scholarship," Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Hunt, Cadmus. Born in Southampton Co., Va. 1863. 
 
 " I have not attended any school since graduating, but I 
 hope to do so. I taught live months in Mecklenburg Co., and 
 am teaching a seven months' school at Cartwright's Wharf. 
 I have taught about one hundred children. Since leaving 
 Hampton, I have been doing freely for my people what I 
 thought was demanded of me. I have spoken for temperance 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry . 
 
272 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 and done Sunday-school work. On coming here, I organized 
 a Sunday-school — the first ever held here — -and have fifty on 
 roll. My school-house here is quite comfortable. The coun- 
 ty furnishes coal, but we are without maps, charts, etc. Most 
 of the people say they believe in education, but many act dif^ 
 ferently. Some say ' We are too poor to send our children to 
 school ; they must work.' So the teachers in the cotton and 
 peanut counties do not have full schools till the cold drives 
 the children from the field. My opinion is, there must be a 
 law passed compelling children to go to school a certain 
 length of time, before they can be educated to good citizen- 
 ship. The people are poor, and improvement is slow. This 
 place has been hitherto very wicked, but the people have 
 started a reform, which I hope may continue. A white gen- 
 tleman has given land for a Church. Although my friends, 
 Mr. R. S. Fellows of New Haven, who paid my scholarship 
 two years, and Mr. B. H. Bartol of Pennsylvania, who also 
 paid it two years, are sleeping with those who have gone be- 
 fore, I hope their friends will be interested in the progress 
 of the race, as well as in the expenditure of money for its ele- 
 vation. I want to study theology, and then preach. I find 
 there is need of earnest work all about me and I am deter- 
 mined to do with all my might, the duties that present them- 
 selves." 
 
 Educated by Richard S. Fellows and St. Peter's Presby- 
 terian Church, Rochester, N. Y., and B. H. Bartol. 
 * Kelly, Douglas F. Born in Wilmington. N. C, 1865. His home is 
 there. He has taught in Fairfax Co., Va. 
 
 Educated by Henry B. Auchincloss and Penn. Abolition 
 Society. 
 Lee, James S. Born in Hampton, Va., 1863. 
 
 "I taught one term at Crittenden's, Va., before graduating, 
 and am teaching there now. I have taught about one hundred 
 children. I am engaged in Sunday-school work and have made 
 quite a success. The colored people about here are getting 
 comfortable homes and making considerable improvement.'^ 
 
 Educated by Z. Stiles Ely and John I. Blair, Jr. 
 
 Mitchell, Charles S. Born in Gatesville, N. C, 1867. 
 
 " I am teaching at my own home, and have fifty 
 scholars on roll. I am teacher in a Sunday-school which I 
 organized some years ago. I have no property. My aim is 
 to work for my people in the way they need me most. Here 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 273 
 
 they are poor and ignorant; they would improve rapidly, if 
 they had a chance. Land is hard to get. 
 
 Educated by Messrs. Danforth, Walbridge, McDougall 
 Hubbell and Gen. Rich. 
 
 Moorman, George W. Born at Callands, Pittsylvania Co. Va., 1862, 
 " I taught six months before graduating, and am now 
 teaching at the same place, Trelon, Pittsylvania Co. I have 
 taught about seventy pupils. My experience is short, as I am 
 of the class of '88. I have been engaged in Sunday-school 
 work ever since I returned home. I am also engaged In 
 temperance work, and trust that I shall be able to do more in 
 that direction in the future. I never like to begin a good 
 work and have it go to nothing ; that is why I think every 
 teacher should have a home where he or she may continue to 
 labor. I am aiming to farm and teach too, which will be my 
 life work, unless I see a place where I can better serve my 
 people. The colored people are getting along very well, and 
 are working and looking for better things, especially since the 
 election." 
 
 Educated by B. Scott Hurtt and Wm. E. Dodge. 
 
 Pannii.l, Maurice W. Born at Leesville, Va., 1863, 
 
 " . am teaching in Appomattox County, near Concord 
 Depot. I taught during the session of '86-'87. 1 have had 
 thirty-four scholars. Of course, my experience out in the 
 field of life has been short. What Hampton imparts to her 
 sons and daughters is sufficient to carry them through life. I 
 am taking a great part in Sunday-school work, which has 
 been organized in my school-house since I opened. The 
 colored people around here seem to be very anxious to edu- 
 cate their children They are progressing rapidly. I pray 
 God that my race may continue to prosper." 
 Educated by Miss Anna C. Lowell. 
 
 Pendleton, George L. Born at Miller's Tavern, Va., 1864. 
 
 " I have not attended any other school, but I am study- 
 ing Latin and Greek privately. I taught a term of four months 
 in '87, at the same school I have now, here at Miller's Tavern. 
 I have had under my charge one hundred and sixty pupils ; 
 one has just commenced to teach. I am teaching Sunday- 
 school in my church, and it is more than I can manage, with- 
 out help. I don't own any property yet, but shall soon. I 
 am going to buy some land, etc. My aim is to become a 
 
2 74 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 thorough teacher. The majority of the people have improved 
 to a certain extent, but seem to be at a standstiH now." 
 Educated by Amos P. Tapley. 
 
 POWLESS, Richard S. (Oneida tribe.) Born on Oneida Reservation, 
 Wisconsin, 1865. 
 
 " I am 'working this winter about fifty miles from home 
 in a dense forest, cutting pine logs. I am enjoying the work, 
 which I think is the best for my health. I have not been very 
 strong since my return, but I have helped about on the farm 
 all summer. I could not get any position as a teacher. I am 
 . sorry that I cannot fulfil the obligations that Hampton has 
 fitted me for, but I am doing my best in all my duties and 
 trying to maintain all the good training 1 have had at Hamp- 
 ton. I am not sorry for the education I have received, even 
 if I were to live as a laborer all my life. I know that not only 
 Hampton honors labor, but the Almighty God. I expect to 
 return East and attend a higher school. May God bless 
 Hampton's noble work for the Indian and Negro, and may 
 it be crowned with victory." 
 
 Since writing the above, he has been to California and back 
 in a surveying party. He is now in the employ of Houghton, 
 Miffiin and Co., on the Riverside Press, Cambridge, at the 
 printer's trade, which he learned in our office. 
 
 Educated by B. H. Bartol. 
 
 * Ricks, Robert B. Bom at Littleton, Va., 1868. He has been 
 teaching in Southampton Co., Va. 
 
 Educated by Henry W. Farnum and W. L. Skidmore. 
 
 Wheelock, Fred D. Born in Augusta Ga., 1863. 
 
 He remained at the school for two years after gradu- 
 ating, studying the Bible, etc., in the Pastors' class ; teaching 
 in the same, and assisting in the office and library. He was 
 Superintendent of the Second Baptist Sunday-school, in 
 Hampton while here, and assisted at the other Sunday-schools, 
 was General Secretary of the colored Y. M. C. A. of Hampton. 
 His property "consists chiefly ofa few books." Of the condition 
 of the colored people, he says : " Sometimes I think they are 
 improving, and then 1 think they are not." In the fall of 
 '90, he went to Tuskegee, Ala. to teach in the Night School 
 and to be librarian in the Normal School. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. E. B. I. B. Dixwell. 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 275 
 
 Williams, Taylor B. Born at Stonebridge, Va., 1869. 
 
 " I had taught three years before going to Hampton. My 
 school was in Clark County, Va. It was pleasantly situated 
 and had a great many conveniences. The schools in that part 
 of the state are usually well furnished. Since graduating, I 
 have been engaged by the School during the summer, and I 
 taught at the ' Whittier,' formerly ' Butler.' I have had about 
 eighty children under my instruction. I have been engaged 
 in Sunday-school work for three years, in the different Sun- 
 day-schools in this vicinity. Such work is much needed. I 
 mean to take a collegiate course, and thus become better pre- 
 pared as a teacher among my people. The majority of the 
 colored people at my home, Millwood, Va., own their own 
 places, and are slowing improving." 
 
 He entered Phillips Academy, Andover, in the fall of 'S9, 
 and is now in his second year. In June '91, he won the first 
 " Draper prize" for declamation, at Phillips, and was presented 
 by his class with a handsome basket of flowers. 
 
 Educated by Ladies' Home Missionary Society, Canan- 
 daigua, N. Y. 
 
 Willis, Robert Randolph. Born in Loudoun County, Va , 1867. 
 
 " I taught at Yorktown, Va. seven months, where there 
 were about one hundred and sixteen scholars. I am now em- 
 ployed as private secretary in Brooklyn, N. Y. I would like 
 to study chemistry, when I get able. As far as I can under- 
 stand, the colored people of Brooklyn will compare favorably 
 both financially and intellectually with the colored people Of 
 any section of the United States." 
 
 Educated by J. Randolph Coolidge, and S. S. St. Marks 
 M. E. Church, Montclair, N. J. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 
 
 Barksdale, Polly M. Born in Danville, Va., 1867. 
 
 " I returned home from school with quite a brave heart 
 to go through life, although I hadn't been so successful as I 
 desired to be during my last term. I attended the county ex- 
 aminations for teachers in August, and, when the appoint- 
 ments were made, I was restored to the same position in the 
 same school where I taught my year out between the Middle 
 and Senior years. I felt proud when one of the trustees told 
 me that the earnestness and interest I had manifested during 
 my year's experience when a Middler, won my position this 
 term. 
 
276 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 " Six out of our fourteen teachers are Hampton graduates. 
 Mr. W. F. Grasty of '79. is Principal. Our school is a graded 
 one. In my year out I had a primary grade, with sixty-seven 
 pupils. Now I have a grammar grade, with about twenty- 
 eight. I am a Sunday-school worker, and have been for years. 
 Our Sunday-school is one of the largest in that city. I am 
 proud to say I have a beautiful home on one of the popular 
 streets of Danville. My aim is to make my life useful to ray 
 race. The colored people are improvmg very much in Dan- 
 ville." 
 
 Educated by Miss H. W. Kendall. 
 
 Harris, Laura E. Born in York Co., Va. 
 
 " I am teaching in York Co., Va., near a place called 
 Cockletown. The children are improving ; they take a great 
 deal of interest in their books. The parents are more inter- 
 ested now in sending them to school all they can. Every- 
 body is trying to get a homestead. Some of the people have 
 very large families to support. Most of the men farm in sum- 
 mer and go oystermg in winter. In going about the country,, 
 you don't see half so many log houses as a few years ago,. 
 The Sunday-school is getting along nicely. In every way the 
 people are improving. I failed in School, but, by the help of 
 God, I will not fail in helping my race." 
 
 Educated by the " Washburn Scholarship," Mrs. Annie S„ 
 Hooper and Mrs David Lyman. 
 
 Morgan, Ida R. Born near Rice's Depot, Prince Edward Co. Va.. 
 1867. 
 
 " I am teaching my second term. I first taught at Rice's 
 Depot. Now I am in Halifax County. I have taught one 
 hundred and five children. The people are poor -and im- 
 proving very slowly." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 277 
 
 CLASS OF 1889. 
 
 Banks, Annie. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1871. 
 
 She has been teaching in Portsmouth, Va. Her school 
 was so crowded that two sessions a day were necessary, with 
 an average attendance in the morning of about 90 ; and, in 
 the afternoon, of about 60 different children. Her home is in 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Educated by "West Boston Charity School," Boston, 
 Mass. 
 
 Bransford, Susie B. Born in Springfield, Tenn., 1867. 
 
 She has been teaching ever since her graduation. She 
 taught first at Sandy Bottom, Va. Is now teaching at her 
 home, in Springfield, Tenn.; the first woman that ever taught 
 the school. " The boys were so rude and rough, the people 
 had thought they must have a man teacher. I find it pretty 
 hard work, but hope to do some good by the end of the term." 
 
 Educated by Miss Capen's School, Northampton, Mass. 
 
 Bryant, Mary L. Born at Williamsburg, Va., 1871. 
 
 She has been teaching as substitute at various times 
 through the winter. She taught one year at the Whittier 
 School, [primary and training school on Hampton Institute 
 grounds.] 
 
 Educated by R. Felton Cutting. 
 
 Chappelle, Maria R. (VIrs. Turner.) Born in Newberry, S. C, 1867. 
 
 She has been teaching. Has married Thos. J. Turner 
 
 of this class. 
 
 Educated by John H. Nettleton, Daniel F. and Miss Bes- 
 sie T. Ginna, and by Young Ladies of Miss Mackie's 
 School, Newburgh, N. Y. 
 
 CORNICKS, Agnes. Born at Atlantic City, Va., 1870. 
 
 Has been teaching at Deep Creek as assistant to G. T. 
 Taylor, a Hampton graduate of '71- Writes, " I like my work 
 much better than when I first went out, as I am better pre- 
 pared and situated." Home, Deep Creek, Va. 
 
 Educated by United Cong. Ch., New Haven, Conn., and 
 Cong. S. S., North Adams, Mass. 
 
278 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Edwards, Rosina. Born in Macon Co., Ga., 1868. 
 
 She is teaching in the public school in Norfolk. Has two 
 sessions a day; different scholars at each session: 185 on 
 roll ; daily average attendance, 1 50. Is interested in Sunday- 
 school work. Home, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Educated by John F. Slater Fund, and Mrs. C. P. Hunt- 
 ington. 
 
 Edwards, Susan E. Born in Churchland, Va., 1868. 
 
 Has been teaching at above named place. Daily average 
 attendance, 120. Is also engaged in Sunday-school and 
 temperance work. Home, Churchland, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. James M. Beebe and Miss Sarah Lewis. 
 
 Harris, Mary E. Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1867. 
 Has been teaching at home. 
 
 Educated by the Young Women's Christian Association 
 of Vassar College, and Estate of Mary Anna Longstreth. 
 
 Ridley, Pattie A. Born in Lawrenceville, Va., 1869. 
 Home, Thomasburg, Va. 
 
 Educated by John F. Slater Fund, Mrs. Charles A. Miller 
 and Ladies of First Church, (Unitarian) Boston, Mass. 
 
 Servant, Nannie (Mrs McGuinn). Born at Hampton, Va., 1868. 
 
 Has been teaching about eight miles from her home ; 42 
 on roll. Writes : " I find it difficult to teach some lessons, from 
 the fact that I have nothing to explain them with. I 
 use tooth-picks to teach number-lessons." Married Rev. 
 Mr. McGuinn of Richmond. 
 
 Educated by Estate of Mary Anna Longstreth. 
 
 Sparks, Mary A. Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1870. 
 
 " I am teaching thirty pupils, from six to seventeen years 
 of age. I also hold a night class for those who are unable to 
 come to day school, and for those who are over twenty years 
 old. My work is hard, but love gives it a zest." 
 
 Her home is at Mathews C. H. 
 
 Educated by " All Saints Parish," Worcester, Mass. 
 
 Thompson, Beulah. Born in Vicksburg, Miss., 1869. 
 
 She has been and still is teaching at the Whittier School 
 at Hampton. Her home is in Phoebus, between Hampton 
 and Old Point. 
 
 Educated by Miss Mary C. Shannon and Park Ave. 
 Presb. Church, New York city. 
 
OF Ii|,AMPTON INSTITUTE. 279 
 
 White, Fannie B. Born at Mathews C. H. Va., 1867. 
 
 She has been teaching near the above place, which is her 
 home. 
 
 Educated by the Young Women's Christian Association 
 of Vassar College. 
 
 Williams, Julia E. Born in Lahore, Va., 1869. 
 
 She has been teaching at Woodstown, N. J. She writes : 
 " I have a large school, with very good attendance. I am 
 surrounded by other Hampton workers, and can see the 
 effects of the training of Hampton. 
 
 I am working earnestly, though I feel that I am not pro- 
 gressing as swiftly as I should like. I hope though, that I 
 am doing good, and that my school may continue to improve 
 under my instruction." Her home is in Woodstown. 
 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott and 
 S. S. of Second Cong. Church, Waterbury, Conn. 
 
 Anderson, William C. Born in Farmville, Va., 1870, 
 
 He has been teaching at Salem, N. J. since his gradua- 
 tion. 
 
 Educated by Miss Carrie F. Smuller. 
 
 Bird, David M. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1869. 
 
 He has been teaching at Bristol, Tenn. Writes of a read- 
 ing room which he hopes to open, " to keep a large number 
 of young men and women from the balls which they attend 
 for lack of a better place to spend their evenings." Having 
 a gift of books later on, he started his plan and found it to 
 work well. His home is in Abingdon. 
 
 Educated by A. S. Frissell. 
 
 Boothe, John H. Born in Sassafras, Va., 1868. 
 
 He is a shoemaker by trade. He taught in the Night 
 School at Hampton, one term. Has since been teaching the 
 " Bethel School," at Sassafras, his home. He opened school 
 with twenty- five, and expected many more before Christmas. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. C. P. Huntington and Justus C. Straw- 
 bridge. 
 
 Brown, Jacob M. Born in Lovlngston, Va., 1864. 
 
 Has been teaching. Was late in beginning, as he had to 
 wait for a school house to be built. Had forty scholars on 
 roll when he wrote. Says : " I am teaching in a very good 
 
28o TWENTY-TWO YEARS'*WORK 
 
 neighborhood, and where I think the people have begun to 
 ■appreciate the advantages of an education." Home, Loving- 
 ston. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Geo. Curtis, John F. Slater Fund and 
 " Hon. Byron Weston," Permanent Scholarship. 
 
 Carter, John W. Born in Scottsville, Va. 
 
 A carpenter by trade, he is now ('91,) in charge of the de- 
 partment of carpentry at the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial 
 School, Alabama. He owns a house and five acres of land. 
 
 Educated by the Missionary Society of First Presb. 
 Church, Utica, N. Y. 
 
 Chilson, Daniel, (Pottawatomie tribe.) .He came, Aug. 15, '85, to 
 Hampton, from Shawneetown, Indian Territory; then fifteen 
 years of age. 
 
 He spent one year in the Indian classes, and three in the 
 Normal. Then returned home, July 9, '89, to take the posi- 
 tion of principal teacher in the government school at Shaw- 
 neetown, vacated by Thomas Alford, class of '82. Through 
 some trouble, he left the school in the winter and has since 
 been working elsewhere, generally as clerk. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway and S.S. of Cong. 
 Church, New Milford, Conn. 
 
 Clark, Smith P. Chatham, Va. 
 
 Is studying law at Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C. 
 Home, Wayne, Pa. 
 
 Educated by Rev. R. P. H. Vail, H. M. King and First 
 Presb. Church, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Crocker, Wm. H. Born in Berlin, Va., 1863. 
 
 Has been teaching during the winter since graduation. 
 Home in Berlin. 
 
 Educated by Women's Home Missionary Association of 
 East Somerville, Mass., and Mrs, L. B. Denny. 
 
 Dabney, James F. Born at Old Point Comfort, Va., 1867. 
 
 Has been teaching at Port Haywood, Va. Writes : " I 
 find the older people as well as the children always willing to 
 be taught what is right," Home, Hick's Wharf, Va. 
 
 Educated by Lafayette Ave. Presb. Ch., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 *DiCKERSON, John H. Born at Baltimore, Md„ 1869. 
 No report has been received of him. 
 Educated by Pascal P. Pratt and Arthur Murray Dodge 
 
 *Did not answer last circular letter o: inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 281 
 
 DoxsoN, Charles. (Onondaga tribe.) Born on Onondaga reserva- 
 tion, N. Y„ 1864. 
 
 Has a position as engineei with Sweet's Manufacturing 
 Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Writes of a temperance meeting held 
 by the Six Nations at Alleghany reservation, at which he was 
 one of the speakers, choosing " Manliness " as his subject. 
 Wishes the New York Indians could avail themselves of the 
 advantages of the Dawse Bill as the western Indian can. Has 
 made an excellent record. 
 
 Educated by " Wide Awake Society " of South Cong. 
 Church, Springfield, Mass., Mrs. J. H. Whittemore and Long. 
 S. S. of iBeverly, Mass. 
 
 FONTENELLF, Albert. (Omaha tribe) Born on Omaha reservation, 
 Neb 
 
 After graduation, he returned to his home where he 
 spent the summer doing whatever came to hand, to 
 earn enough to start him on a nine month's course in a busi- 
 ness college. The next September found him in the Omaha 
 city commercial college, where he pluckily worked his way for 
 nine months. He did "chores" for his board, was janitor in 
 a church, and did so well in his studies that he passed all ex- 
 aminations with credit, although many classmates repeated. 
 An acute illness forced him to leave a few weeks before 
 the term was over, and for several months he worked on his 
 father's ranch He is now clerk in a store in Decatur, Neb- 
 aska, rentmg his own farm. 
 
 Educated by First Cong. Ch., Southington, Ct , and "A 
 Friend, in Church of Holy Trinity," Philadelphia. 
 
 Kealear, Charles H. (Sioux tribe) Born at Yankton agency, S. 
 Dakota. 
 
 Taught for a year, after graduation, in the Episcopal 
 mission school on Standing Rock agency, N. Dakota. Then 
 went home to Yankton agency and started a farm. In the 
 fall he took a position as industrial teacher in the govt, school 
 there, which he still holds ( '91 ) while acting also as an as- 
 sistant teacher in the St. Paul's (Episcopal Mission ) school. 
 
 Educated by Frank Wood and Mrs. John E. Lodge. 
 
 Lancaster, Alfred W. Born in Farmville, Va., 1868. 
 
 " Teaching school in a very lonesome part of Virginia, very 
 far back among some very ignorant people, about twelve miles 
 from any village. There has not been any Sunday-school 
 here for about twelve years, and that is what I am trying so 
 hard to get the people interested in. Most all of my scholars 
 
282 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 come out to it now, and a great many of their parents also." 
 " There are thirty children in day school. There had been no 
 school here for two years." 
 
 Home at Farmville . 
 
 Educated by Miss Alta Rockefeller. 
 
 Lancaster, Joel L. Born in Farmville, Va., 1865. 
 
 Teaching in Toano, Va., with sixty on roll. " I am keep- 
 ing the class motto ( ' We gather to scatter' ) in mind and try- 
 ing to scatter what I have gathered at dear old Hampton. I 
 am trying to do all I can in the Sunday-school." 
 
 Home in Toano. 
 
 Educated by Henry W . Farnum. 
 
 Lyman, Henry H. (Sioux tribe). Born at Yankton, Dakota, 1868. 
 
 He read an essay at Commencement, on " Indian Civiliza- 
 tion." After graduating, he entered the Law School at Yale 
 College, from which he will graduate in '92. The Dean speaks 
 highly of his character and ability. Home, Greenwood, S. D. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway, Miss Margaret 
 E. Gale, Justus S. Hotchkiss and Emanuel S. S. of Virginia 
 Theological Seminary at Alexandria. 
 
 *McAdoo, Eugene M. Born in Greensboro, N. C, 1869. 
 
 He learned printing while at school. At commencement 
 he read an essay on "The Negro of To-day." He taught in 
 the country near Norfolk, one term. He has a good voice, 
 and is now with his brother Orpheus McAdoo, class of '76, 
 who, with a troupe of singers organized by himself, is giving 
 concerts round the world. 
 
 Educated bv Ladies of First Church (Unitarian), Boston. 
 
 Monroe, James A. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1868. 
 
 Came to Hampton from Richmond, Va. Taught in Car- 
 oline Co., Va. Is now teaching at Guiney's Station in the 
 same county. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Geo. R. Russell. 
 
 Parker, John W. Born in Chowan, N. C, 1865. 
 
 He has taught near Edenton, N. C . ever since graduat- 
 ing. In '90 he married Martha G. Harris, a former student 
 of Hampton, and both are teaching near Edenton, but in diff- 
 erent schools. 
 
 Educated by "John F. Slater Fund." and Estate of A. A. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 *Did not answer !asi circular letter of inquiry. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 283 
 
 Reid, Geo. E. Born at Evington, Va., 1866. 
 
 Is now ('91 ) teaching at Rustburgh, Va. Writes : " I fee 
 happy when I can let any of my dear teachers know that I am 
 holding to our motto of '89, " We gather to scatter." 1 am 
 trying, with the assistance of God, to scatter the word of God , 
 and knowledge, here among this ignorance." 
 Educated by Messrs. Hough and Ford. 
 
 Scott, William H. Born in Washington, D. C. 
 
 Learned to be a printer while at the School. Taught in 
 the Night School here. After graduating, went to Tuskegee 
 and had charge of the Tuskegee Normal School prmting of- 
 fice. Is now ('91) in the Government Printing Department at 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Educated by M. C. D. Borden and Cong. S. S. of Natick, 
 Mass. 
 
 Sloan, Thomas L. Born in St. Louis, Mo., but came to Hampton 
 from the Omaha Reservation Nebraska, where he was then 
 living with his grandmother, a member of the Omaha tribe. 
 In his three years at Hampton he showed unusual ability and 
 marked influence among his fellow students. Was president 
 of our Indian boys' "Council." He graduated as valedictorian 
 of his class and refused to be " sent through " the Yale Law 
 school because he felt that a law education gained by his 
 own efforts would make him a stronger man. He returned 
 to Omaha and was elected county surveyor of the new coun- 
 ty ( Thurston Co. ) He is also clerk at the agency. He has 
 done good work among his people, showing them the honest 
 way of entering politics. He constantly worked at his law- stu- 
 dies in the office of a friend. In April, '91, he passed his ex. 
 amination and was admitted to the bar. He was taken into 
 partnership by his instructor and writes, (June, '91. ) that they 
 " have won two cases and have a number in preparation." On 
 Christma", day 1893, he married Annie Telkamp, a St. Louis 
 girl, ta'cing her back to a pleasant home at the agency. His 
 own farm, with house and barn, is rented. 
 
 Educated by J. IngersoU Bowditch, M. D., Mrs. Augus- 
 tus Hemenway and the " Hampton Indian Assoc, of Harvard 
 Annex " 
 
 Turner, Thomas J. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1865. 
 
 Has taught one term since graduating, in Dudley, N. C. 
 Married Nov. '90, Maria R. Chappelle of this class. Owns 
 twenty- five acres. 
 
264 TWFNTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Educated by Miss Caroline Richmond, Cong. S. S. North 
 Brookfield, Mass ., Mrs. H. D. Wilmarthand Mrs. A. J. Stone. 
 
 Williams, Sidney G. Born at Mt. Cross, Va., 1865. 
 
 Taught near Danville, Va., one term. Is now teaching 
 ('91) at Fall Creek Depot, Va. Owns thirty-fiveacres. 
 Educated by Mr. and Mrs. James Whitall. 
 
 CLASS OF 1890. 
 
 TWENTIETH GRADUATING CLASS. 
 
 [Young women 17 ; young men 27 ; Total 44, of whom two (one 
 of each sex) are Indians.] 
 
 Brown, Froziella F. Born in Glendower, Va., 1864. 
 
 Is teaching school in Howardsville, Va. Taught a sum- 
 mer teim in North Carolina Home in Glendower. 
 
 Educated by Westminster S. S., Bloomfield, N. J., and 
 Miss S. B. Hills. 
 
 Brown, Maria F. Born in Norfolk Co., Va., 1866. 
 
 Has taught near her home in Princess Anne C. H., Va. 
 Educated by Jam.es T. Leavitt. 
 
 Cook, Martha E. Born in Richmond, Va., 1869. 
 
 She is teaching in the country, about eight miles 
 from Richmond. Her school is " progressing very nicely." 
 Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
 
 Fisher, Mary E. Born in Beaufort, N. C, 1870. 
 
 Teaching at Massie's Mills, Va. Home at Beaufort, N. C. 
 Educated by the Misses Ireson and Miss S. B. Hills. 
 
 Hicks, Seleah H. Born at Palmer's Springs, Va.; 1871. 
 
 Read an essay on Commencement Day, on " The King's 
 Daughters." 
 
 Taught in Mecklenburg Co., Va., and at Woodworth, 
 N. C. Home, Palmer's Springs, Va. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Sarah R. and Miss Anne Bull. 
 
 Hooker, Carrie V. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1869. 
 
 Home in Norfolk. Has taught in Nansemond Co., 
 Va. 
 
 Educated by Miss Phoebe T. Magie and Miss Mary Coates. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 285 
 
 Hopkins, Lillian B. Bom at Arlington, Va., 1870. 
 
 Applied to the School in '91, for a recommendation — 
 which she received — to aid her application for a department 
 clerkship in Washington. Home, at Bailey's Cross Roads, Va. 
 Educated by E. H. Howard and Westminster S. S., Bloom- 
 field, N. J. 
 
 O'Kelly, Henrietta. From Raleigh, N. C, 1866. 
 
 Is teaching at Method, N. C. Home is Raleigh, N. C. 
 Educated by Bethany S. S. of Broadway Tabernacle, 
 New York. 
 
 Mack, Estella. Born in LynchbUrg, Va., 1867. 
 
 Teaching at Clifton Station, Va. Writes also of Sunday- 
 school work and missionary visits to the poorhouse with some 
 of her school girls. 
 
 Educated by Young Ladies of Miss Mackie's School, New- 
 burgh, N. Y. 
 
 Miller, Laura E. Born in Dudley, N C , 1868. 
 
 Taught at Port Haywood, Va., " in pleasant surroundings." 
 Had a Sunday school and " hoped to persuade the parents to 
 join." Is now ('91), a teacher at the Whittier School, here. 
 Home, Hampton, Va. 
 
 Educated by E. R. Mayo. 
 
 Murray, Virginia. Born in St. Augustine, Fla., 1868. 
 
 Has been teaching in Middlesex Co., Va., and at service. 
 She started a sewing class in her school, for half an hour a daj^ 
 Wrote " The boys were very nmch interested too, and some 
 did very well. One of the mothers told me that, while she 
 was away at work, her oldest boy, aged fourteen, did the 
 mending for the three younger ones. His work was not fine, 
 but he did his best, and it was encouraging. The girls who 
 won the prizes [sent by a Northern friend] were very proud of 
 them and promised to keep their clothes mended. They al- 
 ways came looking neat, and I am very sure their neatness 
 depended on themselves. One of them had no mother and 
 kept house for her father and younger sister. She is only 
 thirteen herself." 
 
 Educated by Miss Phcebe S. Magie. 
 
 PiLCHER, Etta M. (Omaha tribe.) Born at the Omaha Agency, Ne- 
 braska, 1872. 
 
 She came to Hampton, in 1887. Her part on Commence- 
 ment day was to introduce a recitation, by an Indian student 
 and a graduate,of Longfellow's andWhittier's companion poems 
 
286 TWENTV-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 on Rain-in-the-Face. Since she went home, she has been 
 teaching in the government school at Omaha Agency. 
 Writes: I have now, (April, '91) twenty-nine scholars in my 
 room. During the winter I had thirty-nine. The older 
 boys have left to help their fathers with the spring work. 
 This is a government boarding school. There are two de- 
 partments with nine employes. We find a great deal to do 
 all the time ; we have ten months' school. It is surprising to 
 see the progress the children have made this year in English- 
 speaking. There has been a great deal of sickness in the tribe 
 this winter, but we have had scarcely any in the school." 
 
 She owns forty acres of land. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. E. F. Browning and Miss Florence and. 
 Eddie W. Browning, and Mrs. Augustus Hemenway. 
 
 Richardson, Rena A. Born in Georgia, 1870. 
 
 Teaching at Halstead's Point, Va. Home, Savannah 
 Ga. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Sarah R. Osgood. 
 
 Rix, Susie J, Born in Raleigh, N. C, 1866. 
 
 Teaching in Salem, N. J., in a graded school, of which 
 Mr. P. W. Dawkins, (graduate of '86) is principal. Home, 
 Raleigh, N. C. 
 
 Educated by Lispenard Stewart and Miss Alice Byington. 
 
 Taylor, Alice E. Born in King and Queen Co., Va. 
 
 Teaching in Yorktown, Va. Home, Yorktown. 
 Educated by St. George's Church, New York and Cong. 
 Church, and S. S., Farmington, Conn. 
 
 Taylor, Annie R. Born in Kentville, Nova Scotia, 1868. 
 
 Was class salutatorian, and read an essay on " The Ne- 
 groes of Nova Scotia." 
 
 Teaching at Rexburgh, Va. Home, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Educated by " Workers' and Winners' Soc", Cleveland, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Walker, Addie E. Born at Petersburg, Va., 1868. 
 
 Home in Norfolk, Va. Is teaching in Sussex Co., Va. 
 Has a nice ten months' school. 
 Educated by C. L. Swan. 
 
 Bedenbaugh, Jesse W. Born at Prosperity, N. C, 1866. 
 
 Is teaching near his home. Prosperity, N. C. Writes that 
 he is about to open a store thea-e. 
 
 Educated by Howard Potter Permanent Scholarship. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 287 
 
 Bruvier, John, (Sioux Tribe). Born at Sioux Point, Dakota, 1865. 
 
 Was trained in carpentry here. Had a Commencement 
 day essay, •' What next for an Indian Graduate." Is now at 
 school at Meriden, N. H., preparing himself for the study 
 of medicine. Owns 360 acres of land 
 
 Educated by " Children's Aid Soc." and S. S.of St. John's 
 Ch., Liberty, Va., Mrs. Robert Treat Paine, Jr. and Mrs. Au- 
 gustus Hemenway. 
 
 Claytor, Wm. J. • Born in Montgomery Co., Va , 1864. 
 
 He delivered an essay on Commencement day, on " What 
 Farming Can Do for the Negro." As soon as he was graduated 
 he took the position of head assistant farmer in charge of the 
 School's " Hemenway Farm," and taught in the Night School 
 there. In the spring of '91, he went to take charge of the 
 farm work and training m the State Colored Normal and In- 
 dustrial Institute, Tallahassee, Fla. 
 
 Educated by the " McAdoo Scholarship " from guests at 
 Ocean Side, Magnolia, Mass., and Ladies of First Unitarian 
 Church, Boston. 
 
 COLEV, Mack D. Born in Fremont, N. C, 1864. 
 
 Was a janitor while here. Is teaching at Lassiter's Mills, 
 N. C. Home in Fremont. 
 
 Educated by Edward Willets. 
 
 Crocker, Robert B. Born in Southampton Co., Va., 1869. 
 
 Was a waiter while here. Took a course of stenography 
 and type writing at a Philadelphia Institute, and is now em- 
 ployed on a Hudson river steamboat, and doing stenographic 
 work for its officers. Home, Ivor Station, Va. 
 
 Educated by the Marmaduke C. Kimber Memorial 
 Scholarship, and Miss S. B. Hills. 
 Eagles, John L. Bom in Wilmington, N. C, 1867. 
 
 Is a carpenter and teacher. Is teaching near his home 
 in Wilmington. 
 
 Educated by Green Hill Presb. Ch , Philadelphia, and 
 Joseph N. Bacon. 
 EvAN-S, William H. Born in Mathews Co., Va , 1864. 
 
 Was a waiter while here. Has taught at Ware Neck, Va. 
 Is now ('91,) in business for himself as caterer in Washington, 
 D. C. 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Second Presb. Ch. Germantown, Pa. 
 Foster, Benjamin F. Born in Union Co., S. C, 1865. 
 
 Is engineer by trade. Teaches near Union C. H., S. C. 
 
2aS '1 WENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 his home. AVrites May '91, "Since October '90, I have been 
 constantly engaged in farming and teaching by turns." He 
 felt encouragement in his school work, and engaged also in 
 Sunday-school, church and temperance work. Says: "I 
 have about twenty acres planted in cotton. Wheat and oats 
 look very promising. I am trying to establish a model home 
 in this community." He takes the Southern Workman ; — 
 " refreshing my memory of the place I learned to love so well." 
 Aims, " to teach every year until I secure a home ; then de- 
 vote my time entirely to farming." 
 
 Educated by South Cong. S. S., Salem, Mass , and Mrs. 
 C. P. Huntington. 
 
 Gregory, James T. Born in King and Queen Co., Va. 
 
 Teaching at Stevensvilie, Va. Home, Ark., Va. 
 Educated by Archibald Mclntyre. 
 
 Lemon, John W. 
 
 A Commencement day speaker on " Industrial Educa- 
 tion." Teaching at Gloucester C. H. Va. 
 
 Educated by All Souls' Church, New York, Permanent. 
 Scholarship, and Miss S. B. Hills. 
 
 Lewis, Harvey G. Born in Richmond, Va , 1869. 
 
 Teaching at Massie's Mills. Va. Home, Richmond. 
 Educated by Mrs. John T. Rathbun and Mrs. L Campbell 
 Harris. 
 
 Lloyd, John. Born in North Carolina. 
 
 For a year after graduation was employed at the School's 
 Hemenway Farm, as cook, and teacher in the Night School 
 there. Then went to Boston, and worked as porter on a Pul- 
 man car, but intends to return to the South and teach. Home 
 in Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Educated by Samuel Hawk, Missionary Society of Sec- 
 ond Presb. Ch., Brooklyn, N. Y., and William S. Hawk. 
 Milton, John C. Born at Bedford Springs, Va., 1863. 
 
 Is a blacksmith by trade. Is now foreman of the farm 
 blacksmith shop at the School. 
 
 Home at Bedford Springs, where he taught for a year. 
 
 Educated by F. E. Morgan. 
 
 Moton, Robert R. Born at Amelia C. H., Va., 1869. 
 
 Ever since graduating has been assistant disciplinarian at 
 the School. Spoke on Commencement day, '91, on "The 
 Race that is Set before Us." 
 
 Educated by Mrs. Amasa Stone. 
 
OF HAMPrON INSTITUTE. 289 
 
 MUNDY, Jackson, M. Born m Henderson, Ky., 1867. 
 
 A carpenter by trade. Is teaching in the colored Academy 
 at Camp Nelson, Ky., and has charge of its industrial de- 
 partment. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. T. K. Gibbs. 
 
 Phillips, James H. Born in Montgomery. Ala. 
 
 Is a student in Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. 
 Educated by Mrs. Henry Callender and Mrs. Maria H. 
 Hotchkiss. 
 
 Palmer, John H. Born in Halifax C. H.. Va. 
 
 Was a janitor while here. Is living in Boston and has 
 been employed on a palace car. 
 
 Educated by Mrs Henry Pickering. 
 
 Patterson, Thomas B. Born in Columbia, S. C, 1866. 
 
 Was assistant farmer and a teacher at the School'^ 
 Hemenway farm, for some months after graduating. Is now 
 at school in Philadelphia, (the colored High School of which 
 Mrs Fannie Jackson Coppin is principal) studying with view 
 ot a future medical course. 
 
 Educated by Dr. H. P. Stearns and Mrs. Mary Hem- 
 enway. 
 
 Price, Wm. G. Born in Charlottesville, Va., 1868. 
 
 Teaching near Cobham Depot, Va.. where, he writes, " IC 
 is difficult to get any reading matter for Sunday-school or 
 temperance work." Home. Priddj 's, Albermarle Co., Va. 
 Educated by R. Fulton Cutting. 
 
 Scott, William B. Born in Richmond, Va., 1866. 
 
 Worked in the saw mill of our Huntington Industrial 
 Works, while here. Is teaching in Strasburg, Va. Writes 
 Feb. '91 : "The first thing I thought of was to secure the 
 Southern Workman and the Aimnni 'Journal. They have 
 been a great comfort to me. 1 have an average of twenty- 
 four pupils. Three are preparing to enter Hampton, next fall. 
 I am blessed with a nice, roomy school-house with plenty of 
 blackboards, a nice stove and plenty of desks The people are 
 trying to make the school a six months one, instead of five 
 months." 
 
 . He has had some trials, but speaks on the whole with 
 great cheerfulness of his work. 
 Educated by C. J. Camp. 
 
 SpURGEON, James R. Born in Richmond, Va.,'i868. 
 
 Was class valedictorian, and delivered an essay on " The 
 
290 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Negroes in Three Classes." Is a student in Yale Law School^ 
 paying his way by his own work as a hotel waiter. He is well 
 spoken of by the Dean, in all respects. 
 
 Educated by Mrs. D. H. Poit, and Messrs. Bowler and 
 Merrill. 
 Todd, William P. Born in Lexington, Va., 1868, 
 
 Cook and waiter by trade. Is teaching in Lexington. Va. 
 
 Educated by Judge Oliver Prescott and Mrs. Prescott. 
 Tompkins, John R. Born in Mathews Co., Va., 1867. 
 
 A baker by trade. Is teaching in Benson, Md. 
 
 Educated by the Misses Newlin. 
 Trigg, Gilbert G. Born in Abingdon. Va. 
 
 Teaches in Lynchburg. Va., in the graded school of which 
 his brother, Mr. Frank Trigg, (class of 72), is principal. 
 
 Educated by Rev. John H. Denison. 
 Walden, Henry R. From Strieby, N. C. 
 
 Teaching with his wife, (whom he married before enter- 
 ing the Senior class) the American Missionary School at 
 Strieby. N. C. 
 
 Educated by S. S. of First Cong. Ch. Bridgeport, Conn. 
 
 Williams, Jksse W. Born at Snow Hill, Va„ 1864. 
 
 Had charge, for two years before graduating, and the 
 summer after, of the tailoring department at the School. 
 
 Is now working at his trade in Florence, S. C. Started a 
 shop of his own, but was burnt out. 
 
 Educated by A. S. Swords and A. S. Frissell. 
 Yates, Robert H. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1863. 
 
 A mason by trade. Is teaching at Gloucester C. H., Va. 
 
 Educated by S. S. of Cong. Ch. Warren, Mass., and Nel- 
 son Holland. 
 
 It may be asked by some reader of the above records, " Why do 
 you speak of your Indian graduates as having been ' Educated by' 
 various private individuals, when government makes annual appropri- 
 ation for education of Indians at Hampton ? " 
 
 The government ^ppropriaiion is $167 for each of 120 of our In- 
 dian students. This pays for their board and clotnins; ani incidental 
 expenses of support — to speak in general terms — ; leaving tuition and 
 industrial training to be p'ovided for them as they are for colored stu- 
 dents by scholarships, some of whose donors are named in the records 
 above. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 291 
 
 To State the case more particularly : the School's regular charge 
 to every student for board, washing and mending, furnished rooms, 
 heat and light and medical attendance at d care if sick, is $io per 
 month— which is under the actual average cost lor all this. 
 
 This makes for twelve months $120, and a maj.^rity of the whole 
 number of the Indian pupils — varying of course as to individuals — is 
 to be found at Hampton the year round. 
 
 While those who spend the summer among the Massachusetts 
 farmers (fifty at a time more or less) are then partially off our hands, 
 paying their own board by their work in most cases, nearly all re- 
 ceiving a'so wages varying from 5c cents to $5 per week, they travel 
 to and from New England at the expense of the bchool, which is also 
 responsible for their clothing, with other incidental expenses in indi- 
 vidual cases, and for general superintendence. 
 
 The work of an Indian student in any of the industrial depart- 
 ments is for some time, in most cases, of slight value to the School of 
 course, yet they are paid something fiom the first to encourage them 
 and train them in the use of money, their wages increasing in due 
 proportion with their expertness. 'Their earnings are placed to their 
 credit, one half at their own disposal, under advice, the other half 
 reserved as a fund for tools and needed appliances when they shall 
 rerurn home. 
 
 The remaining $47 of the government appropriation goes toward 
 clothing them, leaving tuition, as has been said, estimated at $70 per 
 year for any. student, to be provided by private aid. 
 
 It thus appears that the education, industrial training, support 
 and care of an Indinn student at Hampton, costs per year |i 20 + $47 + 
 $7o=$237. To make up this amount, $167 is paid by government (for 
 each of 120) and $70 by private friends, several jommg sometimes to 
 make up one scholarship by smaller gifts. 
 
 A Negro student's expenses are nearly the same, averaging less 
 for clothing; the majority paying by labor $10 per month and all be- 
 ing helped by a $70 scholarship. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Since the above Record was closed, the class of 
 1891 has gone out. It was 35 in number,— 13 young 
 women and 22 young men. Seven were Indians; more than 
 have ever graduated before at one time — three young women 
 
292 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 and four young men; three Sioux, a Sac and Fox, Winnebago, 
 Wyandotte and Pottawatomie. One more young woman ^eneca, 
 was prevented by an iiinesij irom quile couipictiii^ tlic coiirse, but v;eil 
 earned a teacher's certificate and took a position in a government 
 school at Yankton Agency, S. Dakota. One colored young woman 
 also, while not quite achieving a diploma will mak'e good record as a 
 useful woman. Of its colored graduates, 18 are of Virginia; 3 of 
 North Carolina; 2, South Carolina ; 2, Georgia; i, Alabama; and i 
 Washington. D. C. One of the young men— Moses A. Davis of Ath- 
 ens, Ga — went immediately after graduation to take charge of the 
 new department of carpentry which has been added to the State 
 Colored Normal School in Frankfort, Ky, The valedictorian, Charles 
 H. Stokes of Gloucester Co., Va,. who also took the Senior prize for 
 excellence in elementary studies, purposes to study medicine. The 
 subject of his valedictory essay was " I Can Dig." The salutatorian, 
 Kate P Henderson, a Sioux Indian girl from Poplar Creek Agency, 
 Montana, went, at the cl se of school, to teach in a government 
 boarding school in Montana Her salutatory essay was entitled " The 
 Woman with the Pretty Hands," her mother's Indian name, given 
 for her dainty sKill and generosity, wh ch the daughter hopes to de- 
 serve her^elf by beautiful and helpful work. John Pattee, of the Sioux 
 tribe, left immediately after graduation, for ihe Oualla CCherokee') 
 Agency. North Carolina, to marry Lottie P. Smith, of the Cherokee 
 tribe, wtio had been a student at Hampton for two years previous. 
 They were married at the Friends' Mission School on June 3. and 
 went immedi tely to Crow Creek Agency. S. Dakota. The bridegroom 
 has taken his land in severalty, and will have a so the position of 
 assistant government carpei ter. Their home will be a model one we 
 doubt not. The great majority are teachmg, and we look confidently 
 for good work and influence from every one of them. 
 
 The daughter of M-s. Mary Peake whose noble work is noticed 
 on page 4 calls our attem ion to the fact that her mother was not an 
 ex slave as there described. Her husband was given his freedom at 
 the age of twenty one. Mrs. Peake was herself always a free woman. 
 Her self-sacrificing work for her people is a beautiful story of the 
 early days of emancipation on this historic ground. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 293 
 
 A SUMMING Up 
 OF THE GRADUATES' RECORD. 
 
 A STUDY of the foregoing Record, closer than we can 
 -xTA- expect of most of its readers, gives some statistics 
 which they may find of interest. 
 
 The reports have been obtained, for the most part, from 
 the subjects of them, in response to letters of inquiry sent an- 
 nually by our "graduates' correspondent." We have taken 
 pains to verify them by outside testimo'iy as far as practica- 
 ble. Visits are made every year by officers of the Institute to 
 many of our graduates' schools and h -mes. They gather 
 here in large numbers at their triennial "Alumni Reunion," 
 and more or less every year. With many we have intimate 
 acquaintance. The effort is to keep in constant touch with 
 them and the superintendents who employ them, some of 
 whose kindly letters in reference to them are given in the 
 next chapter. While we cannot be responsible for individual 
 statements, and mistakes may exist, we feel confident that 
 the records in general are in purpose and substance correct. 
 
 In the twenty classes — of '71, to '90 inclusive — 723 grad- 
 uates have received diplomas : 280 young women and 443 
 young men. Of these, 25 are Indians — 8 young women and 
 17 young men — the first Indians graduating in 1882. 
 
 Of the 723 graduates, 604 report as teacheis : 80 — a trifle 
 over II per cent — report failure to teach. Of these 80, nine 
 are Indians ; which brings down the per cent of colored gradu- 
 ates failing to teach, to almost exactly 10 per cent. That 
 sixteen out of the twenty-five Indian graduates have taught, 
 IS a very good showing for them, considering the fewer op- 
 portunities to teach which have been open to them. 
 
 Of 39 graduates, (colored) we have been unable to obtain 
 any report. 
 
294 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 The total number of those who report having other reg- 
 ular occupation than teaching, is 271. Of ihese, 191 have 
 taught as well. While the balance, — 413 — do not report oth- 
 er regular occupation than teaching, the great majority find 
 employment as they can — at farming, trades or service — be- 
 tween school terms, or cultivate their own land and keep 
 house. 
 
 The principal regular occupations reported besides teach- 
 ing, and the number reporting in each, are as follows. 
 
 Of the young men : 
 
 Professions: Ministry 16; Law 17; Medicine 6; total - - 39 
 Missionary in Africa, _______ 2 
 
 Mechanical trades, ________ 42 
 
 Agriculture (as an exclusive occupation), _ _ _ _ 36 
 
 In business for selves (merchants, etc., other than above), - 23 
 
 In Government or Civil Service (U. S. A ; U. S. Dept. clerks, Cus- 
 tom house clerks. Postal clerks and carriers ; Policemen, Light- 
 house keeper. County Surveyor, Supt. of schools) - - 35 
 Book-keepers and clerks, 13, Treasurer 3, - - - 16 
 
 Music, _______--_■_ 4. 
 
 Of the young women : 
 
 Physician, (an Omaha Indian), ______ | 
 
 Missionary in Africa, ---_-_-_ i 
 
 Trained nurse, (2 colored, i Indian), _____ ^ 
 
 In business for selves (stores, millinery, laundry, gardening), 6 
 
 Dressmaking and sewing, _______ ^ 
 
 Printing, - ________ i 
 
 Music, (organist and singing), ______ 5 
 
 Housekeeper, (exclusively) but many more are keeping house for 
 
 themselves, - - - - - - - -- 19 
 
 lylatron, _________ ^ 
 
 At service (exclusively), _______ g 
 
 The total number of children reported as having been 
 tatUght by our graduates is 129,475. This number is, of 
 course, approximate. Those reported are not always differ- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 295 
 
 ent children, as successive teachers may take the same school; 
 while, on the other hand, not all report their numbers. 
 
 The numoer of schools reported is 265. This means the 
 number of places in which schools have been taught — separate 
 post iiffice addresses. In some of them, several schools have 
 been taught, sometimes several open at the same time, as in 
 cities, and neighborhoods having one post office. 
 
 Of these 265 places, 136 are in Virginia ; 58 in North 
 Carolina; 31 in South Carolina; 28 in Maryland; the rest 
 in nineteen other stales, from Florida to Wisconsin. The 
 s^'arred map on another page gives an idea of their number 
 and location. They are well represented by stars, for they 
 are radiating centres of light, not only educational but moral. 
 
 Our graduates report 2,187 <^f the pupils they have 
 taught as having themselve5> become teachers. 'Some of these 
 are no doubt reported more than once, by different graduates 
 who have taught them. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-e'ght (128) report having gone 
 on with study since graduation from Hampton : young wo- 
 men, 24; 5'^oung men 104. Of these, 28 (5 young women, 23 
 young men) have graduated at some higher school or college- 
 These numbers include ten of the Indian graduates (3 young 
 women, 7 ynung men) who have taken advanced studies, some 
 of these still pursuing their course, and three (2 young wo- 
 men, I ynung man) having graduated. Of the colored grad- 
 uates, several have graduated at Northern white colleges or 
 advanced schools and some are still studying in such insti- 
 tutions — [ in Yale Law school, 2 in Phillips Academy, Anduv- 
 er, making a good record. 
 
 The number of our graduates who are reported as mar- 
 ried is 250, t-f whom 90 have marned Hampton students, (this 
 includes one of our Indian couples). 
 
 The amount of property owned — value reported — is $167, 
 855 ; making an average of $232. [6 to each of 723 graduates. 
 This is probably an understatement. The property is chiefly 
 an land, houses and live stock. 
 
 The amount of above owned by young women is $31,115 ; 
 making an average of $111.12 to each of the 280, 
 
2g6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 The number of acres owned, reported, is 4,170^. Many 
 •more report owning land without giving number of acres or 
 value. 
 
 The largest amount of property reported byayo^Ingman 
 Is $15,000*; the largest by a young woman is $5,000. Owner- 
 ship of land is reported by 193 (142 young men, 51 young wo- 
 men) ; ownership of houses, by 1 15 (73 young men, 42 young 
 W'lmen). These figures do not include the Indians, who all 
 own land, and several of whom are householders. 
 
 The record of 45 has been on the whole u-' satisfactory 
 since graduation ; but three of them, as far as we know, crim- 
 inals against the law of the land. 
 
 Fifty-seven members of the Senior classes (ri young wo- 
 men, 46 young men) failed to receive diplomas, and are not 
 counted as graduates, though their recoid is given. Of the 
 young WDmen but one was dismissed for bad conduct; the 
 Others failing in health or scholarship, with no discredit in 
 character. Of the young men, fifteen were sent away for 
 reasons of discipline, one died at the School, 4 left on account 
 of ill health, 5 from personal reasons, and 20 fail^-d in schol- 
 arship Some have done excellently since leaving. Of the 
 greater number we do not kno-v much. 
 
 Ot the Iwenty-five Indian graduates (all living), 15 
 (6 young women, 9 young men) stand on Miss Folsom's list 
 as " Excellent ; " 4 young men as '" Good ; " 3 young men as 
 " Fair ; " i young woman as ' Poor ; " and one young woman 
 "Bad." Her definite explanation of her classification will be 
 found in her own introduction to the Record of Returned 
 Indian students on another page. 
 
 As has been said, 16 of the Indian graduates have taught 
 and one more is an industrial teacher. Five are farmers ; one 
 a logger ; 2 clerks ; i a printer in Boston ; i an engineer in 
 Syracuse; N. Y ; 2 surveyors ; i the secretary and another 
 the treasurer of their Sac and Fox nation ; i (a young w oman) 
 is government physician at the Omaha agency. One young 
 man has studied medicine, but marriage seems to have inter- 
 rupted his course. One is in Yale Law School ; one has 
 Studied law in an office and has been admitted ('91) to the 
 *rAnd it is said to have more than quadrupled in market value since his re- 
 port to us was made.J 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 297 
 
 Nebraska bar. One is preparing for college in an Eastern- 
 school. Twelve (4 young women, 8 young men) are married; 
 of one of the couples, both are Hampton graduates. Eight 
 are living off their reservation, six of them among white peo- 
 ple. Twelve are living in homes of their own. 
 
 Beside the records of graduates, reports are given of 
 twenty-five (colored) undergraduates who have done good 
 work since leaving, though, for one reason and another, (not 
 discreditable) they did not finish their course here. These 
 are specimens to which many more might be added. It is 
 diffi ult to estimate the number. Probably as many under- 
 graduates teach as graduates ; and many more who do not 
 teach are living useful lives, exerting influence for good 
 among their people. 
 
 As a matter of fact — certainly a very encouraging one — 
 the, effect of their school life is often surpiisingly evident 
 even in those — of both races — who have been but a short 
 tim:* in its atmosphere, and some of whom may have been 
 thought hopelessly dull or unsusceptible to its influences. 
 
 This is not a rose colored view of the work in the South. 
 There is a vast amount to be done and overcome, under the 
 burden of which isolated workeis sometimes labor on, as on6 
 has said, "only because it is the right thing to do, whatever 
 comes of it." All honor to them. But the truest view as well 
 as the most bracing is that which takes account of the " little 
 leaven," and the progress made in any direction. 
 
 Some light on the frequem question as to the compara- 
 tive mental endowment of black and " colored " in the Negro 
 race, is perhaps to be gathered from the unforeseen and rath- 
 er striking result of an investigation of the distribution of the 
 highest class honors since .874, when they were first awarded. 
 At Hampton, salutatory and valedictory are equal honors, 
 the one for the young women, the other for the young men. 
 Leaving out the Indian salutatorian of '86 and valedicto^ 
 rian of '89, and one year when the programme was made up 
 from graduates of previous years, we find that, of the fifteen 
 colored girl salutatorians, four were black, 3 dark, 7 light and 
 one "apparently white ' Of the fifteen young men val- 
 edictorians, 7 were black, and i dark ; and 7 were light. 
 
agS TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 In other words : of young women, 7 were dark and 8 light ; of 
 young men, 8 were dark and 7 light ; which divides the hon- 
 ors as nearly equally as possible ; fifteen to the dark and fif- 
 teen to the light. After the first decade of the School, invest- 
 igation was made with a precisely similar result. That it 
 should again appear over the whole period of seventeen years, 
 is surprising and seems significant. 
 
 Of our 723 graduates, 76 have died ; (27 young women^ 
 49 young men) a little over io)4 per cent, from '71 to '91. 
 
 The standard of health in the School has been increas- 
 ingly good; the danger from augmenting numbers having b^en 
 more than balanced by improving conditions and facilities. 
 
 The special report on. the Indian health question by Dr. 
 M M. Waldron, our resident physician since 1880, will be 
 found oil another page. As she encouragingly states in her 
 general report for '91: 
 
 " The physical stamina of the colored race, as represent- 
 ed in the School, has undoubtedly improved within the past 
 eleven years. Noticeably, ailments originating in nervous 
 "weakness and instability are much more rare. Fifteen years 
 ago hysteria was not an uncommon phenomenon, now it is 
 seldom heard of, and is very unpopular with the students, who 
 are aware that a want of nervous equipoise is supposed to be 
 a race characteristic. Only two cases of hysteria have oc- 
 curred this year ; a record that would be seldom equaled in 
 a school for the same number of white girls." 
 
 In her report for '89, Dr Waldron stated also that " scrof- 
 ula and consumption are not so frequently met [among the 
 colored students] as ten years ago. Students now often 
 come from comfortable homes and have been accustomed to 
 good food and comparatively good hygienic conditions. The 
 home life of the colored people is constantly improving, and 
 greater endurance and power to resist disease are the natural 
 result. Whatever has been gained in this direction is but 
 the sign of what is to be hoped for in the future." 
 
 We leave our readers to say how far these Records of 
 the past twenty-two years of Hampton's work for two races 
 give cheerful promise for their future in various directions. 
 
 H. W. L. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 299 
 
 Testimony of Superintendents of Education and 
 Other Leading Virginians to the 
 Results of the School's Work. 
 
 We take great pleasure in giving the following testimo- 
 ny not only to the Sch )ol and to the cordial relations it has 
 enjoyed in the state, but to the real interest in Negro ed- 
 ucation which exists among the leaders of education and 
 public opinion in Virginia. 
 
 From Governor McKinney. 
 
 Commonwealth of Virginia, Governor's Office, 
 
 Richmond. Va.. Oct. 24th, 1891 
 General S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir :— It affords me pleasure 
 to say that I am of the opinion that you are doing a good work for 
 the colored people at your Normal and Agricultural Institute, to give 
 the colored youth a practical agricultural and mechanical education 
 and in this result we should all feel a deep interest. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 P. N. McKinney. 
 
 From Hon. John E. Massey, 
 
 State Super tilt'' ndent of Education. 
 
 Department of Public Instruction, 
 
 Richmond, Va., Nov. 7th, 1891, 
 General S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir:— Your very able and in- 
 teresting report has been received and I desire to express my high 
 appreciation of the valuable work you are doing. Many of your 
 graduates are teaching in the public schools of Virginia and are 
 among the best qualified and most efficient teachers of their race. 
 You seem to understand the African race— their nature, propensities, 
 capabilities and needs— and have wisely so shaped their instruction as 
 to qualify them for the industrial, useful and practical pursuits of life, 
 while, at the same time, they are receiving literary and moral culture- 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 John E. Massey 
 
3°° TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 From Ex=State Superintendents. 
 
 From Hon. Wm H. Ruffner, 
 State Superintendent of Educntion, iSjo 82. 
 
 Lexington, Va., May 13th, 18R9. 
 Concerning the Hampton Normal and Agricultural School ; I was 
 intimately acqaainted wuh the School for twelve years, beginning 
 with 187J, and endorsed it strongly on many public occasions All 
 that I have known of it during the last seven years has only 
 strengthened my former g lod opinion 
 
 General Armstrong and his supporters in establishing this School 
 undertook— perhaps without fully knowing it— the m st difficult ed- 
 ucational work to be found in civilized society anywhere. Only those 
 who have long lived in the South can understand the difficulties 
 wh'ch surround an enterprise of this sort. But the conductors of 
 this Sch >ol have been marvelously successful in shaping their course 
 aright, in giving education adapted to the subjects of it and yet tend- 
 ing to harmony among races an 1 sections. In my opinion Gen. Arm- 
 strong has blazed the way toward as ..lution of the existing troubles. 
 
 VV. H. Ruffner. 
 
 From Hon. R M Farr, 
 State Superintendent of Education, 1882-86. 
 
 Fairfax C. H., Va., June r2th, 1889. 
 Gen. S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir : 
 
 I have been a close ■ bserver of the "race problem" in the South 
 ever since the war, especially in Virginia, and have 'ong since conclud- 
 ed that Gen. S. C. A mstrong with h s creation, the Hampton "School, 
 has done more to effectually solve the race problem than all other 
 factors combined. 
 
 He has demonstrated, not only the Negro's capac'ty to acquire an 
 educat'on, but the more important fact that education, mural and 
 mental, makes him a self reliant, honest, earnest and valuable citizen. 
 His work on the character of the race has met with unqual fied suc- 
 cess, and wherever the Hampton graduate has located, there the true 
 and better devel pment of the race has been seen and appreciated. 
 
 The School has had the happy faculty of divesting its stud nts 
 of the superstitions and vices of their race and instilling principles of 
 self respect and true manliness. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ^01 
 
 As Superintendent of Public Instruction for Virginia for four 
 yeats, I was thrown in close contact with many of the students and 
 graduates of Hampton, and the last year of my adu inistration there 
 were emp'oyed in the public schools of the State over two hundred 
 of the Hampton students and graduates as teachers, where they 
 ranked with the best. I found them industrious, sober, earnest, mor- 
 al, high toned men and women. 
 
 The influence ut the H-ampton School upon the Negro race can- 
 not be estimated. Its students are scattered all over the land and are 
 living monuments of its work, but the effect it has had in elevat- 
 ing the col-red man and in influencing the white man to do him jus- 
 tice is bey< nd estimation. Hampton School merits and sh-.uld re- 
 ceiv.'i the warm and substantia' support of all who love justice and who 
 desire to see the Negro race prosperous and valuable ci izens. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 R. M. Farr. 
 
 From Speech of Hon, John L. Ruchanan, 
 State ^upet intendiiit 1886 90. 
 At the Aivtiversary of HaDipton Ihsttiute, 1889. 
 "I made a brief visit to this Institution seventeen ytars ago with 
 the members of the Educational Association of Virginia. The Presi- 
 dent of our Association made a speech and th' n we had a reply from 
 G' neral Armstrong in which he gave the fundamental principles on 
 which this School was established and which ! can testify it has ever 
 since been evi Iving. When he attended the meeting of our Superin- 
 tendents, they all said to him. "Do send us some more Hampton 
 teachers ; they are the best we can have." 1 his is still the concurrent 
 testimony of our superintendents. I am exce« dingly gratified by the 
 force, energy and good purpi se that fiows out fr m here. There is 
 sympathy and interest in you and your work in Virginia." 
 
 From County and City Superintendents. 
 
 Our graduate teachers report much kindness end en- 
 courcgtmint from ihe Superintendt nls under v\hom they 
 teach. Our effort has alw ays b< en lo ketp in communica- 
 tion with these gfnilen(n;nd ham their impiessi(n of the 
 teachers we tend eiut. The letteis beU w are specimens of 
 many received during ihe}eaisof iLe School's wcrk. 
 
302 twenty-two years work 
 
 From the Superintendent of Accomac Co, 
 
 Keller, Va., May 13th. 1889. 
 Having repeatedly visited your School and having employed 
 your graduates in the colored schools of Accomac for the past three 
 years that I have been Superintendent of the county, I am always 
 glad to secure their services and am free to confess that, in my 
 judgment, they are doing a great work towards educating the colored 
 people of Virginia. With best wishes for your continued success, 
 
 I am very truly your friend. 
 
 John E. Mapp, M. D. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Amelia Co. 
 
 Amelia C. H., May 13th. 1889. 
 We have some teachers in this county who were educated at the 
 Hampton Institute. They are. for the most part, good teachers, and 
 give evidence that they have been well taught, both in text books and 
 the manner of imparting Instruction. I am persuaded from what I 
 have been of the work of the Institute, that it has been a grand suc- 
 cess and the source of blessing to the colored people. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 J. L. T. Holland. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Augusta Co. 
 
 I have a number of the graduates and pupils from Hampton 
 teaching in my county and I cheerfully bear witness to their good 
 work. They have been faithful and industrious. They have given 
 evidence of gcod moral training as well as good literary trdining. 
 
 I am very respectfully, 
 
 C. T. Jordan. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Gloucester Co. 
 
 Hayes' Store, Va., May 14, 1889. 
 
 The graduates of Hampton Institute, of w hom it has been my 
 
 pleasure to examine a considerable number, make my best and most 
 
 efficient teachers. I take pleasure in recommending them to my 
 
 Trustees for appointment in my colored schools. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 W. F. Hogg. 
 
of hampton institute. 303 
 
 From the Superintendent of Nansemond Co. 
 
 Suffolk, Va., May 20, 1889. 
 General S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir : — 
 
 Referring to your favor of the 8th inst., permit me to state that 
 several of your graduates have been engaged in school work in this 
 county under my supervision for several years past, and have con- 
 ducted the schools under their management very satisfactorily, show- 
 ing good results, which fact has led me to increase the number of 
 your graduates in my corps of teachers. Wishing you much success 
 in your undertakmg, I am. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Lee Britt. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Roanoke Co. 
 
 Salem, Va., May 16, 1889. 
 My long connection with our public school system has afforded 
 me fine opportunities to judge of the work at Hampton. I have been 
 familiar with its history during the past nineteen years and have 
 noted with increasing interest its solid and steady growth. * * * 
 Its graduates, so far as their work has come within my knowledge, 
 have, both in and out of the school room, borne high testimony to 
 the excellence of their training. 
 
 in my opinion, Hampton has done more towards lifting up the 
 colored people of Virginia than any other iufluence whose work has 
 fallen under my observation. 
 
 May its light never grow dim, and may it ever continue in the 
 good will and respect of all the people of this old Commonwealth. 
 
 With sincere regards. 
 Yours very trul}', 
 
 L. R. Holland. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Southampton Co. 
 
 Franklin, Va , June 10, 1889. 
 
 I have had the position of County Superintendent of Schools from 
 
 the inception of the public school system in Virginia to the present 
 
 time, with the exception of an interval of four years, and can therefore 
 
 bear testmony from the light of experience. 
 
 1 have during this time examined several hundreds for teachers* 
 licenses. * * *. Only one of ihe Hampton graduates has as yet 
 failed to secure a " first grade" certificate ; and there are two now un- 
 
304 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 der my supervision who hold ihe highest (" Professional ") grade. 
 They jyenerally exert an influence for good among their race,- com- 
 mand the respect of the whites, and I have th'js far heard of complaints 
 as^ainst onlv one as to thf:ir general bearing and conduct in their re- 
 spective communities. 
 
 I have long felt that the Hamptcn School was accompli, hing a 
 great work for Virginia and the South, and firmly believe that if the 
 entire Negro race could be brought under its benign influence, such 
 a thing as race prejudice would soon be numbered among the memo- 
 ries of the past. 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 }. F. Bryant. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Surry Co. 
 
 Petersburg, Va., May 11, 1889. 
 Gen. S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir: — 
 
 I have known the work of some of your students, have had sev- 
 eral of them teaching in Surry while I was Supt. of Schools of that 
 County, and take pleasure 'n testify! g to thtir thorough training and 
 general fitness for the profession of teaching. 
 
 Vourt; trnUr 
 
 P. D. Gilliam. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Washington Co. 
 
 Abingdon, Va., May 21, 1889. 
 Gen. S. C. Armstrong. Dear Sir: — 
 
 In reply to your inquiry as to the work of the Hampton gradu- 
 ates in W ashington County, J take great pleasure in bearing unquali- 
 fied testimony to the satisfactory results of their teaching. We have 
 had no mstance of failure among them. Not only in teaching, but in 
 general deportment as citizens, they have come up to a high standard, 
 if it were pos-ible to bring the whole colored population under the 
 ame iorating influences and training received at Hampton institute, 
 I should regard the sc-cailed race problem solved. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 R. P. Carson. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Lynchburg. | 
 
 Lynchburg, Va., May 10, 1889. 
 Gen. S. C Armstrong, Dear Sir :— 
 
 Your School has fur: ished us with a number of excellent teachers 
 and never with a very poor one. None have entered Hampton with 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 305 
 
 a real purpose to work and returned without marked improvement. 
 The Institute in my judgment has been simply indispensable to 
 the public school system of the State. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 E. C. Glass. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Norfolk. 
 
 Norfolk, Va., May 13, 1889. 
 S. C. Armstrong, Principal, 
 
 Dear Sir : — Replying to your favor of the 8th inst., will say that I 
 have several of your graduates in the public schools here, and that I 
 find them very fine teachers and thoroughly capable of training the 
 
 young minds. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 Geo. W. Taylor. 
 
 From the Superintendent of Staunton. 
 
 Staunton, Va., June 18, 1889. 
 General Armstrong, Dear Sir : — 
 
 I take pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficient work done by 
 our colored teachers educated at Hampton, For three years J have 
 observed their work and do not hesitate to say that they have been 
 our most successful colored teachers. Your school is doing a noble 
 work. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 W. W. Robertson. 
 
 From Other Leading Virginians. 
 
 The two following letters were contributed by their dis- 
 tinguished writers, who had long been valued friends of the 
 Hampton School, at a critical time of emergency occasioned 
 by a sudden and serious illness of its Principal, and were a 
 very helpful part of the appeal then published. 
 From the Right Rev. A. M. Randolph, D. D., of Virginia. 
 
 Richmond, Va., December 7th, 1886. 
 My Dear Mr. Gravatt : — In my annual address to the Epis- 
 copal Church in Virginia, I have taken occasion to say that I regard 
 the Hampton School as doing a great and blessed work for the edu- 
 cation and the Christian civilization of the Negro and Indian races. 
 I know of no institution in the country which is doing that work with 
 as much efficiency, good judgment and sound economy. This opin- 
 ion is based upon personal observation. I earnestly hope that the 
 amount needed for the endowment will be raised. 
 
 Most faithfully yours, 
 
 A. M. Randolph. 
 
306 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 From Hon. J. L. M. Curry, U. S. Minister to Spain, 
 Legation of the United States, 
 
 Madrid, November i8th, 1886. 
 T have just read in a newspaper that an effort is being made to 
 raise money sufficient for the immediate wants of Hampton Institute, 
 and to provide a permanent endowment. The latter is an imperative 
 need to place the institution on a permanent footing and beyond the 
 contingency of your health and personal exertions. No one has asked 
 me to "say a word" in approbation of this movement ; but a work so 
 eminently patriotic and Christian, you will permit me to say, should 
 commend itself to the liberality of the wise, the good, the country- 
 loving of our people. 
 
 As a factor in the mental and moral elevationof the Negroes, as an 
 agency for breaking down racial and sectional prejudices, as a potent 
 instrumentality for doing good in many directions, I ask to be per- 
 mitted to bear cordial and strong testimony in behalf of the Hamp- 
 ton Normal and Agricultural Institute. I shall rejoice as a Southern 
 man, as 'a patriot, as a Christian, if the movement for an adequate 
 endowment [;is speedily successful. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 J, L. M. Curry- 
 P. S. — My connection with the Peabody Education Fund will 
 take from this letter the appearance of immodesty. 
 
 From Rev. J. J. Gravatt, Rector of St. John's Church, 
 
 Hampton, Va. 
 Mr. Gravatt's letter, relating chiefly to the Indian work 
 of the School, may be found in full in our "Ten Years' Work 
 for Indians" published in 1888, and still to be had on appli- 
 cation to the School. 
 
 "I came to Hampton ia 1876, and since that time have had charge 
 of St. John's Church. In 1878 the Indians were placed at Hampton 
 Institute, and I was asked to take part in the religious work, as many 
 of them came from Episcopal Agencies, In addition to this connec- 
 tion with the school, I have for five years last past spent the summer 
 on the school grounds as Chaplain for the whole school. 
 
 As to the contact between the Indian and colored students in the 
 school, I have known no case of moral injury to either party. I 
 brought from the West some Indian boys who had been in a white 
 •school in Illinois, and who, from contact with bright, bad white stu- 
 dents, had become very much demoralized, and the same boys have 
 toned up and improved in everv respect here. The Indian is more 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 307 
 
 ready to follow the white than the colored man in vice. Industrially, 
 the contact with the colored race has been of great value to the Indi- 
 an. The Negro knows how to work ; the Indian needs to learn. In- 
 dustrial schools for whites have not been a marked success. 
 
 As to the condition of the population surrounding the school, of 
 which the Negroes form quite a large part, I understand from lawyers 
 and others that this community will compare most favorably with any 
 of like size. There is little crime ; less than in mining districts 
 with white people. The colored people give little trouble, and appear 
 better than in any other part of Virginia, so far as I know. Hamp- 
 ton Institute is a balance wheel, and has been exerting a quiet but 
 powerful influence for good." 
 
 From Report on Hampton Institute, 
 
 By a Committee of the General Assembly of Virginia, 
 
 November, 1887. 
 
 A committee of both houses of the State Legislature, 
 and representing both parties in them, appointed in 1887 to 
 investigate the course of the Hampton School in carrying 
 out the provisions of its charter, made a full examination 
 and a report, from whose conclusion we make the following 
 extracts. 
 
 " This institute stands as a monument, showing the untiring energy 
 and indomitable will of the principal of this school; the splendid gifts 
 and noble charities of American citizens ; the strong desire of the 
 Anglo Saxon race to educate and elevate the colored race ; the will- 
 ingness of the colored race to receive an education ; the high appreci- 
 ation of this blessing entertained by this race ; the wisdom of Virginia 
 in donating one-third of the land scrip fund to this institution ; the 
 good judgment of the law-makers of Virginia in granting such a 
 liberal charter ; the splendid achievements of human skill and indus- 
 try ; the credit of the good and loyal people of Elizabeth City county 
 and Hampton ; the great part it has played in bringing more people, 
 more money and more wealth into tke community in which it is located. 
 
 Let it flourish and prosper ; let its influence grow wider and deep- 
 er and stronger and broader, until all parts of our common coun- 
 try will feel and know its blessings towards those who have been but 
 recently made American citizens, as well as among those who have 
 not yet been made citizens of this our common country, — the Indians. 
 
 The casual reader or observer cannot comprehend the magnitude 
 and gravity of the education of the Negro in Virginia. At this 
 
308 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 period in our history, when our people aie overburdened with taxa- 
 tion ; when our finances are as yet uns;ettled ; when the cry comes 
 weUing up from all portions of our State, ' Educate the youth of our 
 land,' then law-makers and people should be thankful for aid and 
 should foster, nourish and encourage every proper means and enter- 
 prise tending to the education of the youth of our State, 
 
 4: * * * * * 
 
 From the foregoing report, and from all the depositions, reports 
 of officers of the institute, the inspection by the committee of the 
 buildings, of the school and its working, your committee respectfully 
 recommend : 
 
 1st. That it is our duty to foster, protect and encourage this 
 school as one of the best institutions in this country for the educa- 
 tion of the colored race ; and also, as Virginia has donated one-third 
 of the land scrip fund to this school, she should take care of said in- 
 stitute as far as in her power, 
 
 2d. From the splendid gifts and noble charities received by this 
 school from beyond this State, we should be careful to do nothing to 
 cause those gifts and charities to be withheld, but do all we can to en- 
 courage these donations and show our appreciation by taking the best 
 care of the school. 
 
 3d. That it would be unwise and injudicious to interfere by any 
 legislation with the chartered rights of this institute, or with its pres- 
 ent operation and management. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 R. H. Cardwell, 
 
 Chairman Joint Committee. 
 J. N. Stubbs, 
 T. S. Curlett, 
 Charles Gee, 
 AsHTON Starke, 
 
 Committee. 
 
 From Speech of ex-Gov. Fitzhugh Lee, 
 at the School's Anniversary, 1888. 
 "I rejoice that I have seen this grand w©rk done by General 
 Armstrong in the old town of Hampton. * * * i am glad slavery 
 has been abolished, glad in the interest of both races. * * * If true 
 to yourselves your manhood and the teaching of your Alma Mater, 
 you will succeed. Grander than the light of the firmament is the 
 light of education dawning in the mind. I am glad too to see the 
 Indian brought in to share the benefits of education and civilization." 
 
HAMPTON'S 
 
 jWeLVe YEARS' WoFiK 
 
 FOF{ INDIANS. 
 
3IO TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 tWeLVe YEARS' Work for iNdiaNs. 
 
 IN 1878, came unsought to Hampton Institute the new 
 call to work also for the Indian. 
 
 The history is widely known and will not be forgotten, 
 of the wise, humane and wonderfully successful work of Cap- 
 tain R. H. Pratt upon the Indian prisoners of war under his 
 charge in Fort Marion, at St. Augustine, Fla. ; the starting- 
 point of the East's present interest in the work for Indian ed- 
 ucation and civilization, and an important factor in that work^ 
 In 1875, at the close of a war with some of the wild tribes 
 of the Indian Territory — Kiowas, Comanches, Cheyennes and 
 Arrapahoes — which ended, as usual, in starvation and surrend- 
 er, seventy-five of the principal chiefs and their boldest fol- 
 lowers were selected by government to be made an example 
 of. They were separated from their friends — some bound 
 hand and foot with manacles and chains — loaded into wag- 
 ons, and driven off, they knew not whither. On the railroad, 
 all the long way to St. Augustine, Florida, they rode in grim^ 
 expectancy, chanting their songs, making their hearts strong 
 for their fate, and trying to anticipate it. One jumped from 
 the moving train and was shot dead by the guard. Another 
 attempted to commit suicide, stabbing himself five times with 
 a penknife, and others would have followed their chief's ex- 
 ample if they had not been closely watched. At last the 
 massive gates of old Fort Marion opened and closed upon 
 them. They believed it to be their tomb. 
 
 The officer in charge of this wild crew was Capt. R. H, 
 Pratt, U. S. A. He had assisted in their pursuit, was in charge 
 of them while held as prisoners at Fort Sill during the winter, 
 and had had long experience on the frontier. But, besides 
 being a soldier, with no sort of sentimentalism — either East- 
 ern or Western — about him, he was a man with a heart, with 
 faith in God and humanity. As soon as new conditions made 
 chains unnecessary, he took them off. They found that at- 
 tempts at mutiny did not escape his eye or hand. They 
 learned that they had a master, but also a friend. He put 
 them upon their honor. Their honor i 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 31I 
 
 He believed also in the " gospel of work," of constant oc- 
 cupation and disciplined activity. From morning to night 
 these caged warriors found their restless vitality fully em- 
 ployed. The stony courts of Fort Marion do not afford much 
 opportunity for agricultural experiments. He had to look up 
 other work for them. A church was to be moved in St. Au- 
 gustine. He offered the free services of his strong men. 
 With some trepidation, they were accepted. Delighted to 
 stand outside of prison walls once more, proud to be treated 
 as free men, they worked with a will. It was not a chain- 
 gang. From that day, Capt. Pratt's Indians were in demand 
 in St. Augustine. 
 
 He believed in education also — even for Indians. He 
 wrote the alphabet on the wall and gave pencils and paper 
 and required them to copy and then pronounce the letters. 
 Gentle ladies of St. Augustine — from North and South — glad- 
 ly came, day after day, to teach them. Many others came to 
 witness the transformation scene going on for three years in 
 that historic old fortress. Real, live Indians, — braves and 
 warriors — clothed in United States uniforms, going through 
 military evolutions, laboring diligently and patiently, reading 
 and writing and speaking in English, actually praying to the 
 Christian's God, actually trusted to guard their own prison 
 house ! 
 
 The three years passed ; the prison doors were opened. 
 Two photographs are in existence : of the Indians as they 
 went into — and the same Indians as they came out of Fort 
 Marion. Looking at these pictures, one is disposed to agree 
 with the warriors that the old Fort was their tomb. These 
 half-naked, crouching forms, with blankets dropping from 
 their gauntness ; with savage locks streaming over their eyes, 
 with barbaric ornaments of brass rings in their ears and on 
 their arms ; with fierce and sullen faces ; these are not even 
 the bodies " that should be," when God should re-create the 
 abject souls and give them bodies as it pleased him — straight, 
 erect, manly, with smiling, earnest faces, and hopeful, on- 
 looking eyes — as here they stand on their resurrection-day 
 with their prison gates behind them. 
 
 It is an object lesson for the world. 
 
312 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 To have been the man chosen by God to do just this 
 work, and to have done it, would have been enough to make 
 a man happy and entitle him to honor the rest of his days. 
 But Captain Pratt did not rest from his labors. He urged 
 the young braves to stay East and improve their chance to 
 continue the education so well begun. The "honorable wo- 
 men " who had helped in the work, earnestly seconded his ef- 
 forts. Others came forward — men and women — to contribute 
 to the enterprise. The consent of the War Department was 
 obtained for any to stay who chose and for whom provision 
 could be made by private benevolence. General Hancock 
 went to Fort Marion and told them, on behalf of the govern- 
 ment, that it was satisfied with their good record for three 
 years and would now give them free return to their homes. 
 The choice was put before them. Twenty-two of the younger 
 men gratefully chose to stay three years longer from their 
 homes to learn more of the white man's road. The others 
 were mostly too old for such an undertaking, but wished the 
 young men God-speed. 
 
 Of the twenty-two who remained East, four went to Syr- 
 acuse, N. Y , under care of the Rev. Mr. Wickes, who, after 
 some years of successful instruction, took them to Indian 
 Territory and helped establish them there. Three went to 
 Tarrytown, N. Y , with their kind friend Dr. Carruthers. 
 
 Capt. Pratt requested admission for the rest at Hampton 
 Institute, then the only school where they could receive a 
 training in industry and self-help as well as in English. Fif- 
 teen — chiefly Kiowas and Cheyennes — were received at 
 Hampton in April, 1878 ; two of the three who first went to 
 Tarrytown were added later. 
 
 All the prisoners were brought here first, on their way to 
 Washington ; landing at midnight on the shores of freedom. 
 
 No one who witnessed that midnight raid on Hampton 
 Institute will ever forget it. The camp was ready for the 
 raiders with coffee and words of welcome. The next night 
 old chief Lone Wolf told the large audience gathered to hear 
 him : " We have started on God's road now, because God's 
 road is the same for the red man as for the white man." 
 
 Detailed by the government to assist in starting the 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 3I3 
 
 work at Hampton, Captain Pratt remained here with his In- 
 dian students. 
 
 There was no obstacle to the reception of Indians in the 
 principles or constitution of Hampton Institute. In the liberal 
 charter granted, on its incorporation, by the State of Virginia, 
 there is no mention made of race or nationality, but its pur- 
 pose is defined to be, " For the instruction of youth in the va- 
 ious common school, academic and collegiate branches, the 
 best method of teaching the same, and the best mode of prac- 
 tical industry in its application to agriculture and the mechan- 
 ic arts ; and for the carrying out of these purposes, the said 
 trustees may establish any departments or schools in the 
 said institution." 
 
 It was felt that here would be an interesting opportunity 
 to test the broadness of the School's principles and methods ; 
 that no harm, but benefit, would result to the race for which it 
 was already working, from seeing that others could share 
 their advantages, and that it might be a new departure for 
 the Indian, calling for a helping hand on the road so long 
 barred, as much by the nation's indifference as by his own. 
 
 There were not wanting prophecies that Indians would 
 not work and would not get on with Negroes. Both predic- 
 tions were disposed of when the seventeen braves fell cheer- 
 fully into line, with spade and plow and hoe, awl and hammer, 
 side by side with their comrades of the other race. Their own 
 idea of the relation of industry to Christianity might suggest 
 wisdom to any missionary enterprise : Koba wrote from 
 Hampton, '' I pray every day and hoe onions." Bear's Heart 
 on his final return, called his people together and told them 
 that "The Bible goes right along with work." 
 
 The St. Augustines were no doubt influenced by the spir- 
 it of their friend and guide, Capt. Pratt, who said, in intro- 
 ducing them on our platform to the audience of Hampton 
 people and school officers and students • "There will be no 
 collision between the races here. These Indians have come 
 to work." Bishop Hare made some pertinent remarks on 
 this point, on a visit to us some years later. He thought 
 there would be especial advantage for the Indians, who must 
 be poor people for some time to come, to be where they could 
 
314 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 see how poor people can make a living, their shifts and re- 
 sources ; he thought a Hampton steer-cart a good object les- 
 son for Indians. Twelve years' trial has but confirmed our 
 faith in these opinions. The vast preponderance of experi- 
 ence has been of harmony and mutual helpfulness. 
 
 The experiment thus at first simply permitted by govern- 
 ment, was not left unwatched. The inauguration of the next 
 step in its far reaching results, is thus briefly described by 
 General Armstong. 
 
 "A few weeks after the arrival of the Indian ex-prisoners, 
 I called on the Hon. Carl Schurz, then Secretary of the Interi- 
 or, to suggest that the so far very encouraging experiment in 
 Indian civilisation be tried more fully by bringing some young- 
 er material, girls especially. He called in Mr. E. A. Hayt, 
 Commissioner, who stated, in effect, that the education of 
 Indian girls had been a failure, and threw cold water on the 
 plan. I urged that there is no civilization without educated 
 women, and begged the Secretary to let us try. He decided 
 to do so, and gave the necessary orders and at my request 
 sentCapt. Pratt — whom Secretary of War Robert Lincoln had, 
 on my application, detailed temporarily to help us in our Hamp- 
 ton experiment- — to Dakota, whence he brought back to Hamp- 
 ton, in November, 1878, forty boys and nine girls, chiefly Sioux. 
 
 I wish to give Mr. Carl Schurz the credit of creating, on 
 the government side, the work of eastern Indian schools. 
 This action of his was a turning point. The work then be- 
 came routine, though not without difficulties, and our Indian 
 contingent soon reached its limit of 120 aided by government 
 and from 15 to 20 by charity ; occasionally, an able-bodied 
 young man working out his entire expenses." 
 
 The Dakota party reached Hampton in November, 1878; 
 a wild looking set, most of them in full Indian costume of 
 blanket, leggings and moccasins, with disheveled locks hang- 
 ing half way to their knees or braided with strips of red flannel 
 down each side their face, yet with an expression of intelli- 
 gent and earnest desire to learn the white man's way. 
 
 President Hayes called attention to the new enterprise irt 
 his December message to Congress, saying : " I agree with 
 the Secretary of the Interior that the result of thi? interesting 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ' 315 
 
 experimeut, if favorable, may be destined to become an import- 
 ant factor in the ad vaiicement of civilization among the Indians." 
 
 The confirmation of this impression was attested by the 
 opening of the Indian school at Carlisle, in October,i879, and 
 by appropriation for still further extension of the govern- 
 ment's Indian work, and was thus acknowledged in the Pres- 
 ident's next message : " The experiment of sending a number 
 of Indian children of both sexes to the Hampton Normal and 
 Agricultural Institute in Virginia, to receive an elementary 
 English education and practical instruction in farming and 
 other useful industries, has led to results so promising that it 
 was thought expedient to turn over the cavalry barracks at 
 Carlisle in Pennsylvania to the Interior Department, for the 
 establishment of an Indian school on a larger scale. This 
 school has now 158 pupils selected from various tribes and is 
 in full operation. Arrangements are also being made for the 
 education of a number of Indian boys and girls belonging to 
 tribes on the Pacific slope, in similar manner, at Forest 
 Grove, Oregon. These institutions will commend themselves 
 to the liberality of Congress and to the philanthropic munifi- 
 cence of the American people." 
 
 Similar acknowledgment was handsomely made by Capt. 
 Pratt's Carlisle paper of Sept. '70, then called " Eadle Keatah 
 Toh," Morning Star — as follows : 
 
 "We can never forget that, when a little party of young 
 men with red skins, who had been sick and in prison, con- 
 demned and hated by the masses, were seeking the light and 
 the way to become men, the walls of Hampton Institute were 
 opened to them ; that there they were taken by the hand and 
 led forward to accomplish their hopes ; that there they were 
 treated and trained as men and brothers Hampton had the 
 courage to do this, and from this has grown Hampton's and 
 Carlisle's Indian work." 
 
 How the work has grown since then — Carlisle's from 150 
 to 700 pupils ; the government's purpose from the two or 
 three "experiment stations " to the present Commissioner's 
 wise, comprehensive plans for the education of all Indian 
 children — and above all, the growth of public sentiment, at 
 once their result and dependence — all this is matter of history. 
 
 Hampton's work, not varying much as to numbers re- 
 
3l6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 ceived, but increasing we trust, in strength and influence, has 
 been constantly put before the public by reports and inspec- 
 tion. Details of the methods and picturesquesness of the 
 school life, more extended than we have room for here, have 
 been frequently given and can be found in the columns of 
 our monthly Sffut/iern Workmatr and Hatnpton School Record, 
 or obtaineii by application to the School. Another interest- 
 ing side of the work is considered on a subsequent page of 
 this volume in a paper on "The Indian Health Question," 
 presented at the Lake Mohonk Indian Conference of 1890, by 
 Dr. M. M. Waldron, Resident Physician of Hampton Institute 
 since 1880. 
 
 Our object in the following pages is to give not merely a 
 report of Indian as of colored graduates, but — since the In- 
 dian is, in common estimation, more on trial still — a report as 
 complete as may be of every Indian student who has returned 
 home from Hampton — our whole army of returned Indian stu- 
 dents, whether vanguard, rank and file, stragglers or deserters. 
 
 This Report is prepared by Miss C. M. Folsom, our Indian 
 Graduates' correspondent, who has been connected with our 
 Indian work almost from its beginning, and has seen most of 
 the students at their homes. The Record has been made 
 with great effort and accuracy, and amended, from year to year, 
 by officials sent once or twice a year from the School to visit 
 the reservations, and by the testimony of missionaries, teach- 
 ers, government agents and others. 
 
 It is always to be remembered that, as we have heretofore 
 often said, the record of individuals may vary for better or 
 worse, back and forth. Our returned students are human, 
 and they are young, and in a transition period as is their 
 race. This is what makes the crisis of its position and the 
 importance of continuing every help. Nearly all have been 
 disappointing at times, but there are surprises in those who 
 recover themselves and rise, as well as in those who stumble 
 and wander. The record often improves. They may vacil- 
 late for the first year or two and then steady themselves. The 
 preponderance is on the side of encouragement. 
 
 We believe that on the whole, the Record, as it stands, is 
 a fair statement of the results and value and significance of 
 Hampton's twelve years' work for Indians. H. W. L. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE.- 317 
 
 RECORD OF RETURNED INDIAN STUDENTS. 
 
 bV CORA M. FOLSOM- 
 
 INTRODUCTION- 
 
 IN OFFERING these records to readers unacquainted 
 with Indian life and customs, there are some things that 
 need explanation in order to insure a just estimate of individ- 
 ual character, as well as of the work of education as a whole. 
 
 The trouble has been, and still is, that too much is com- 
 monly expected of these returned students; we require of them 
 more than we would of our own race under similar circum- 
 stances, and that is obviously not fair. 
 
 I notice too that the records of these pupils, as they come 
 to me from different people, vary according to the standard 
 often unconsciously fixed by the writer — a standard influenced 
 of course, by both personal experience and individual temper- 
 ament. This makes me feel the necessity of declaring my own 
 standard, that, in the following record, there may be no mis- 
 understanding. 
 
 I consider that a student has made a good record, has done 
 well, when he is industrious, shows a moral and religious up- 
 rightness, and makes an intelligent and conscientious use of 
 what advantages he has received. 
 
 The casual visitor or reporter on the reservation is only 
 too apt to be favorably impressed by some lazy, immoral 
 youth, lauding him as a ''gentleman" because he has pleasing 
 manners and goes about in fine clothes, white shirt and polish- 
 ed shoes, while the hard-working, self-s\ipporting young man 
 in rude flannel shirt, baggy overalls and moccasins, is pitying- 
 ly or scornfully reported upon as having gone back, perhaps 
 hopelessly, to Indian ways. Such a judgment is obviously un- 
 fair to either the Indian or the white man in a country where 
 the dude is a useless ornament and hard work means indepen- 
 dence and self-respect. Many Indians that I can hardly call 
 industrious would gladly earn that name if work could be had, 
 but farming has become so uncertain owing to the yearly fail- 
 
 k 
 
3l8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK, 
 
 ure of crops, and there are so few shops or other means of em- 
 ployment about the agency, that work sufficient for self-sup- 
 port has been beyond the range of possibility for many; the less 
 enterprising, those less fitted to fulfil the Westerner's creed 
 and "rustle for it," being generally the sufferers. 
 
 The first, and generally the severest test of character the 
 returned student has to meet is in regard to marriage and the 
 public sentiment of the less advanced Indians in regard to it. In 
 ten years, church and education together have brought about 
 a marked change in this matter, and yet the old custom is, in 
 many places, so firmly grounded that there is still cause for 
 anxiety, and much need for reform work. 
 
 Most of the tribes represented at Hampton, have now 
 taken up land in severalty, and have in so doing become citizens 
 and come under the laws of the state. The necessity for a legal 
 marriage nowbecomesapparent,andthewell-disposededucated 
 student has a conclusive argument by which he may success- 
 fully overcome the objections of his less enlightened friends ; 
 still, the old Indians are slow to see wisdom in the unusual 
 freedom this new order of things involves, and are very re- 
 luctant to relinquish the time-honored custom of providing 
 suitable wives for their sons and congenial sons-in-law for 
 themselves. Neither can they see the wisdom of any- delay in 
 in the matter, feeling it rather a reflection upon their children 
 if they remain single longer than is absolutely necessary. 
 
 Not infrequently, the girl returns to find herself already 
 pledged to some man in whom she has not the slightest in- 
 terest, biut who has so contracted with her family, that refusal 
 to comply on her part is esteemed disloyal and dishonorable. 
 A young man is also apt to find that, with fore-thought 
 unusual in other matters, his parents have provided a bride for 
 his home-coming, or that some one wishing to honor him, has a 
 daughter ready to bestow upon him, and all his diplomatic 
 powers are called into play in order to accomplish a graceful 
 withdrawal from the blessings thus thrust upon him, knowing 
 as he does that only kindness is intended. 
 
 A determination not to follow the Indian way, and a hes- 
 itation to accept the more binding obligations of the civilized 
 method, results too often in an elopement, or, as the Indians 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 319 
 
 call it, " stealing a girl," which, from any standpoint, is dishon- 
 orable and unworthy. 
 
 The young man is more apt to be drawn into this mistake 
 than the girl, because it is usually the girl's parents who 
 object to the legal ceremony, and the young man argues, often 
 in all sincerity, that he will take her by the simpler method 
 and when she has become his according to the popular custom, 
 he can then insist upon a more legal ceremony. This it must 
 .be said to his credit, he generally does. Truth also compels 
 me to add that the result is usually a happy one — an Indi- 
 an marriage being one of convenience rather than of senti- 
 ment, in spite of the few exceptions that make Indian love 
 stories so thrillingly romantic. 
 
 In regard to marriage and the sentiments and customs 
 ■connected with it, the Indian is now in a peculiar transition 
 state, and must be until education and refinement have chang- 
 ed his standard in regard to it. This is going on faster perhaps 
 than one would naturally expect. It is very seldom now that 
 we hear of a student being married "Indian fashion," but on the 
 ■contrary,we find ourselves receiving announcements of engage- 
 ments, wedding cards and newspaper accounts of church wed- 
 dings as minutely described as are those of the more advanced 
 race. 
 
 Eight years ago I attended the church wedding of a re- 
 turned student, which was then considered the correct thing. 
 The prospective bride and groom on this occasion were seat- 
 •ed apart during the service preceding the ceremony, and, when 
 called upon to come forward, went straggling down the aisle, 
 one far ahead of the other, and took their places before the 
 white clergyman at the chancel, a stove pipe between them. 
 After the ceremony was over they preceded in similar fashion 
 to their respective seats in the congregation, and at the close 
 of the service the groom, never once glancing at his bride, 
 conversed a few moments with me, then jumped on his horse 
 and was soon lost to sight, while the bride, in her bright blue 
 wedding shawl,seemed perfectly satisfied with the proceedings, 
 and after lengthy congratulations — or their equivalent — pro- 
 ceeded with her parents to her new home. This being my first 
 ■experience I was inexpressibly shocked, but found myself quite 
 
320 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 alone in such a sentiment ; to everyone else it seemed a great 
 step in civilization. 
 
 Now, within a short time, five different agencies have wit- 
 nessed quite elaborate wedding ceremonies in which Hampton 
 students have been the principal actors. These weddings were 
 preceded by acknowledged engagements and practical prepara 
 tion for the event itself and thehome-making it was to ush- 
 er in. The ceremonies were regular in every way, some being 
 exceptionally pretty in simple church decoration, wedding at- 
 tire, bridesmaids, groomsmen, ushers, wedding cake, recep- 
 tions, wedding gifts, and announcement cards. 
 
 These exceedingly festive occasions, appealing as they do 
 to the Indian love for the spectacular,as also for the social feast, 
 are greatly enjoyed by the old people and have much to do in 
 influencing their respect for the new order of things. 
 
 When I speak in my records of a "good home," I refer 
 more to the home life than to the building that shelters it. In 
 the West, the log house is still the unit of comparison, and must 
 be until the railroad brings lumber and brick within a reason- 
 able distance. Very many of the returned students have good 
 frame houses, but these have usually had exceptional advan- 
 tages either in their training or in their friends, generally both. 
 Whenastudent returns home, he seldom has any thing bet- 
 ter than a one-roomed log house, with trodden earth floor and 
 sod roof. This roof leaks mud during a long storm, but there are 
 obvious reasons why the earth floor,the cook stove, the stack of 
 bedclothes in one corner andthemuch-usedpotsandpansin the 
 other, are not injured by its contact. The old people who know 
 nothing better are satisfied, the young people who have be- 
 come accustomed to the privacy and neatness of a well-regula- 
 ted school, seek a way out of such a household, usually by 
 building a new house, or by adding another room wherein 
 they may set up an independent establishment. These form 
 a most striking contrast to the old home, and are held almost 
 sacred by the old folks, who, though they show them with 
 pride to other friends and strangers, seldom invade and never 
 molest them. These little homes where it is possible to live 
 a civilized, and even refined life, are many and are so far a- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 32I 
 
 bove the average Indian home and represent so much hard 
 planning and work that they well merit the name of good. 
 
 Some of these homes where I was entertained last sum- 
 mer, were quite superior in the accommodations of civilized life. 
 In one place I was hospitably entertained by a young matron 
 whose whole education and training had been at Hampton. 
 Her husband, an excellent young Indian, had a good salary and 
 their house though small was well furnished, neat and orderly; 
 a bright, well-kept young baby keeping things lively 
 in it. As I sat with these young Indians, so refined in manner 
 and address, around their perfectly arranged table, it was hard 
 to realize that they were of the same race as those with whom 
 but a few days before, I had been eating "Indian fashion" on 
 the ground in an Indian camp, disposing of a bill of fare which 
 would not mean much to civilized ears. 
 
 This table was covered with a fine fringed damask tea-cloth, 
 and set according to the latest mode. The china was "stone" 
 but exceedingly neat in its design of tiny pink flowers; the 
 silver plated, but clean and bright. The broiled chicken was 
 brown and tender, the biscuits light and sweet; and this, with 
 butter and some delicious buffalo-berry jelly and ex- 
 cellent coffee, made a meal the most fastidious might rejoice 
 over. All this was prepared by the young housekeeper herself, 
 yet so quietly that only a flushed face told of her exertion over 
 the blazing fire in the tiny kitchen. The general air about 
 every thing was that of refinement, and as we five Hampton- 
 ians sat on the porch afterward talking over old times and 
 friends, it seemed hardly possible that these bright, intelligent 
 young people could be the children of a race over which so 
 many have become discouraged. 
 
 A very important and note-worthy fact is this: that 
 educated parents, — ex-students — without exception in my 
 observation, show an intelligent ambition in regard to their 
 children that is out of all proportion to that they seem to feel for 
 themselves. Their idea always is that his child must learn En- 
 glish, must be well brought up and put into school at the ear- 
 liest moment, and usually, that he must come to Hampton as 
 
322 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK. 
 
 soon as possible. This shows, in an encouraging way, under 
 what advantages the next generation is to start out in life. 
 
 The old Indian instinct of tribal communism and unlimi- 
 ted hospitality is still a great barrier in the way of 
 the young people and their prospect of "getting ahead in the 
 world." No sooner does a young man, or woman, get a good 
 salary then all his relations, and step-relations and relations- 
 in-law and relations by adoption, immediately spring up in pov- 
 erty and distress, and are really so needy that it requires a 
 strong heart to turn away from them. Those who have needy 
 families to help or who cannot bear to be called "stingy" and 
 "mean," impoverish themselves, while the absolutely frugal are 
 apt to make enemies and lose a certain amount of influence. 
 There are many who succeed in striking the happy mean and 
 these must command our respect. 
 
 There is a great deal said about students going "back to the 
 blanket," meaning, to Indian life. I cannot, of course, speak for 
 students of other schools whom I have not seen, but I do not 
 hesitate to say for the Hampton students, almost all of whom 
 I have seen, and for those of other schools whom I have met, 
 that there is no going back to the old way, — to the original 
 starting point, — for those who are able-bodied and have had a 
 fair amount of training. The sick are largely dependent up- 
 on their surroundings, as are some not mentally capable of 
 much training and some who may be unfortunate for a time. 
 Real education means to the student a correspondingly real 
 change of sentiment and life, and he does not care to more 
 than "play Indian" for a while. The blind man sees, and finds 
 no satisfaction in shutting his eyes again for ever. This seems 
 to be the voice of experience generally. 
 
 Experience also shows that the change from school life to 
 the life at home requires a period of adjustment, and that the 
 first few months at home must not be regarded as any sure 
 indication of what the permanent record may be. The re- 
 action to some natures is tremendous, and there are often dis- 
 couraging vacillations before the equilibrium is finally found. 
 This seems to be not so much a question of advantages at- 
 tained or of environment, as of individual character and dis- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 323 
 
 position. Poverty and discouragement and temptation await 
 them all, and they know it in the abstract, and think they are 
 ready for it, but the daily and hourly contact with many of 
 its phases is a test the best of us might shrink from. 
 
 Love of kindred is exceedingly strong in the Indian, and, 
 when guided by an intelligent purpose, is often his greatest 
 aid. The best reform work in the homes, I find to have been 
 accomplished by the gradual and quiet methods of tact and 
 patience, generally by the less conspicuous workers, and very 
 often by those whose term of training has seemed very short 
 and insufficient. 
 
 It is also a noticeable fact that, in no case, has a full suc- 
 cess been accomplished where there has not been a strong re- 
 ligious principle back of it. Religion without other training 
 has brought success, but there has been, so far, no case where 
 training without religion has proved either strong or reliable. 
 
 With every step toward civilization, the Indian meets 
 new temptations. When he adopts the "white man's Way" 
 he takes the risks with the advantages, he adopts the good 
 and the bad together, and from his physical make-up, is quite 
 as strongly drawn to ''drown his sorrows" in some objec- 
 tionable ways as are the poorer classes of any race. So the fact 
 that they do not "go back to the blanket" is not unqualified 
 encouragement. The drinking, gambling, immoral Indian 
 that will occasionally appear on these pages is no improve- 
 ment over his painted and dancing brother. 
 
 The "half-breeds," as all with white blood are called, have 
 much to contend with by inheritance and are apt to be the 
 very good or very bad; unfortunately, very frequently the 
 latter. 
 
 It will be seen that, in the thirteen years since the Indians 
 first came here, many have died or have been hampered in 
 their work by disease. A large number, especially in the 
 earlier years, when less care was exercised in their selection, 
 were found unfit to remain and were sent home after a few 
 months. I have sometimes been very brief in my record of 
 such cases, and yet I realize that it is by these bedsides that 
 the strongest and liveliest influence is often exerted, and that 
 
324 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 many of these lives seem to be cut short by death when in 
 reality they are strong and enduring in their influence — still 
 marching on in the lives of their friends and associates. 
 
 During my visits to the West where returned students 
 have welcomed me to their homes with the truest hospitali- 
 ty, I have learned to know them as I never could have done 
 otherwise, and while this intimacy has opened my eyes to 
 many details of life unseen by the casual visitor, it has only 
 served to deepen my sympathy for their struggles and my 
 sincerest respect for the many victories they have won. I am 
 constantly tempted as I write, by bits of interesting detail 
 which, lest it should be considered a breach of confidence, I 
 am forced to leave untold. The Indian naturally shrinks 
 from publicity in his personal affairs, and probably not one 
 who sees his name here, even with the best of records, but 
 will wish it had not been necessary to " put it in print." To 
 these and to any who may think I have taken undue liberty 
 with their friendship or have done any injustice, I can only 
 plead my inability to do better under the circumstances. 
 
 Hampton has never claimed more than a share of the 
 credit earned by its pupils, realizing how much is due the 
 untiring efforts of the good people at the reservations who 
 not only prepare the pupils for their Hampton course, but 
 encourage and help them where it is so much needed in their 
 lives after their return. 
 
 To them, too, we would offer most earnest thanks for the 
 interest and help they have freely accorded us in keeping 
 careful record of these students through so many years, and 
 for the advice and help and hospitality they have so cheer- 
 fully given the school's representatives in the West. 
 
 Cora M. Folsom. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 325 
 
 iNstaNtaNeoUs VieWs. 
 
 ST- AUGUSTINE PRISONERS. 
 Brought by Capt. R. H. Pratt, U. S. A. April 13, 1878. 
 
 The coming of these prisoners to Hampton has been described by 
 Miss Ludlow on page 299, as also the removal of thirteen of them to 
 form the nucleus of the Carlisle School eighteen months later. 
 
 As they returned home from Carlisle, Hampton has never counted 
 them among her returned students and has therefore never made any 
 special effort to follow them or keep their individual records. 
 
 These young men — Hampton's first Indian pupils — have, however, 
 played so important a part in the history of the School and in the 
 present movement in Indian education, that their records are of pe- 
 culiar interest and cannot well be passed over in silence. 
 
 Though not generally as full as we could wish, they represent the 
 facts as far as we have been able to obtain them. They have been 
 recently submitted to Capt. Pratt for revision, and are given just as 
 the)A returned from his hands. 
 
 Etahdleuh Doanmoe, a full-blood Kiowa, about 30 years of age. 
 From a sketch of the young man's life in the Red Man, we 
 quote the following : " In the month of May, 1875, Etahdleuh, 
 with seventy-three others, was sent by the Government of 
 the, United States to St. Augustine, Florida, where he was 
 imprisoned for three years. 
 
 His conduct from the first was most exemplary. He there 
 began learning to read and write, and at the expiration of the 
 term of imprisonment his desire for more knowledge was so 
 strong that, with sixteen of his fellow prisoners, he was placed 
 at Hampton Institute, Virginia. He was there for a year and 
 pursued his studies with earnestness. He spent a summer at 
 the home of Mr. Hyde, of Lee, Mass. When Carlisle School 
 was inaugurated in 1879, he aided materially in organizing it. 
 He was sent to his Agency to collect Kiowa, Comanche and 
 Wichita children for the School. He brought twenty-seven 
 children and remained here until the summer of 1882, when 
 he married Laura Tonadlemah, a Carlisle pupil, a daughter 
 
326 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 of Chief Red Buffalo. He was a most consistent and faithful 
 Christian, ever willing and ready to do all iii his power to ad- 
 vance his Master's cause among the pupils. He was kind to 
 all, and much loveii by those who knew him best. His earn- 
 est words in the Sabbath and weekly meetmgs were a con- 
 stant help to us all. 
 
 In the year 1882, he went back to his people, the Kiowas, 
 and there at the Agency he,by his upright life, endeared himself 
 to every one who came in contact with him. The Agents 
 highly appreciated his services. One of them, in his official 
 report said of him to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs ; 
 " Etahdleuh Doanmoe, returned to assist in the work in the 
 Kiowa and Comanche School. He is a noble young man, 
 deeply interested in the welfare of his people, particularly in 
 education, and from him I expect much valuable help." 
 
 In 1884, while he was thus working faithfully for the 
 elevation of his people, his eyes failed, and he came back to 
 Carli^e School, where he remained until the spring of 1887. 
 He then returned to the Kiowa Agency and took up a claim 
 of one hundred and sixty acres which he was having im- 
 proved and at the same time was laboring among his people 
 as a missionary. 
 
 Though the summons came suddenly, he was ready. 
 A little while before he died, he said, ' Lord, if it is thy will, I 
 would remain here and continue work among my people, but 
 if it is thy will to take me, I am ready to go. I can say * Thy 
 will be done.' He also gave directions as to his burial, and 
 some things necessary to the future comfort of his wife and 
 child. He was surely a great blessing to the Indian people." 
 His death occurred April 20, 1888. 
 
 Scholarship at Hampton given by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw. 
 
 Kobe, full-blood Kiowa, age 30. He was an unusually earnest and 
 
 conscientious young man, and the change that came over his 
 
 life while under the training of his Christian friends was one 
 
 of great interest. 
 
 He went from here with Capt. Pratt when the Carlisle 
 School was opened, but returned home Sept., '80, and died 
 soon after. 
 
 Charles Ohetoint, full-blood Kiowa, age 24, went to Carlisle with 
 Capt. Pratt in '79, remaining there until June 28, '80. 
 
 In June, '90, Carlisle reports: " Charles Ohetoint, Kiowa, 
 one of the Florida prisoners who stayed East at Carlisle two 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 327 
 
 years for more education, is now at work at the agency at ten 
 dollars a month. He hves in a tepee. He has been suffering 
 with sore eyes for years and has not been able to do much. 
 He has 23 acres of land under cultivation, but has seen hard 
 times. He has four children, two of whom are at school. 
 The others are too small. In the way of stock, he has six 
 horses, one mule, four head of cattle, and three pigs." 
 
 To-UN-KE-AH, full-blood Kiowa, age 31. He went to Carlisle with 
 Capt. Pratt in '79, made a good record there and returned 
 home March, '80. 
 
 In '86, Capt, Pratt reports : "Has retrograded some, 
 but works when he has a chance, at Kiowa Agency." 
 
 Henry Roman Nose, a ful-blood Kiowa, age 26. He remained at 
 Hampton about one year and then went with Capt. Pratt to 
 Carlisle. He remained there about two years and in '86, 
 Capt. Pratt reports that he is at Cheyenne Agency, I. T. and 
 " holds on to the civilized way the best he can. He has been 
 unfortunate, has lost his wife and child, and has been sick 
 some months himself, but is now well and respected." June 
 '90, the Carlisle paper says ; " Henry C. Roman Nose, one 
 of the Florida prisoners, from Cheyenne Agency, who came 
 to Carlisle when the school first opened in 1879, and re- 
 mained two years, says he lives in a square tent covered with 
 duck. It is his own. He has never worn Indian dress since 
 he went back, and is now serving the Government as tinner, 
 the trade he learned at Carlisle. He receives $20.00 a month." 
 
 White Bear, a full-blood Arapahoe, age 30. Went to Carlisle with 
 Capt. Pratt in '79, and returned home Jan. 26, '80. 
 
 In '86, Capt. Pratt reports : " He has gone back some- 
 what ; lives at Cheyenne Agency. Has been a scout and 
 cow-boy." 
 
 Little Chief, Con-way-kow -w'/, full-blood Cheyenne, age 31. He 
 made good progress, and when the new Indians came from 
 Dakota was one of the first to bid them welcome, and, in the 
 sign language which they understood, offer them sympathy 
 and assistance. A photograph of him as he stood, dressed in 
 his school uniform, talking in signs with two blanketed new- 
 comers, has always been one of the most effective of Hamp- 
 ton's contrasting groups. 
 
 He went to Carlisle with Capt. Pratt in '79, and returned 
 home Jan. 26, 1880. 
 
328 TWENTY- TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Capt. Pratt in '86, says : " Is doing well but lives among 
 the Indians ; farms and raises stock at Cheyenne Agency. 
 Has a good influence." 
 
 Carlisle reports in June, '90, as follows : " William Little 
 Chief, Cheyenne, one of the original Florida prisoners, was 
 here for a year and a half and is now scouting." 
 
 Soaring Eagle, Ma-ah-cMs, full-blood Cheyenne, age 31, went to 
 Carlisle from a Northern home and remained only a short 
 time. There seems to be no record of the date of his return, 
 but it is said that he has always worn citizen's clothes and 
 works when he can. In '86, he was doing well. 
 
 Howard Charlton, 31ar-cu~ve-kist, full-blood Cheyenne, age 30. 
 Went to Carlisle with Capt. Pratt in '79, and returned home 
 Jan. 26, '80, dying in camp about 1881. 
 
 Tich-ke-mat-se, Squint Eyes, full-blood Cheyenne, age 28. Went 
 to Carlisle with Capt. Pratt. Returned home -— — , and did 
 well there. 
 
 Was employed by the Smithsonian to kill birds and on 
 one such expedition was lost or killed. 
 
 White Man, Ah-sit, full- blood Cheyenne, age 28. Went to Carlisle 
 with Capt. Pratt in '79, and returned home Jan. 26, '80. 
 
 In '86, Capt. Pratt reports ; " Doing well, something of 
 a stock-raiser and farmer at Cheyenne Agency." 
 
 KoHOE, No-ho-ni-cas, full-blood Cheyenne, age 30. Went to Carlisle 
 with Capt. Pratt in '79, remaining there until March 2, 1880. 
 Is reported in '86, by Capt. Pratt as a " clerk at the 
 agency trader's. Everybody speaks well of him." 
 
 Walter Matches, Nan-hi~yurs, fall-blood Cheyenne, age 27. Went 
 to Carlisle with Capt. Pratt in '79, and remained there until 
 Sept. 10, '80. 
 
 In '86, Capt. Pratt says : " Holds on to his new life and 
 is a successful stock-raiser and freighter at Cheyenne Agency." 
 
 James Bear's Heart, Na-co-is-ta, full blood Cheyenne, age 30. He 
 alone remained at Hampton when Capt. Pratt and the oth- 
 ers left for Carlisle. Earnest, industrious and deeply religious, 
 his influence over the wild young Sioux from the West was 
 especially helpful, and he would have been glad to remain 
 longer had not a scrofulous trouble made a change seem ad- 
 visable. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 329 
 
 For weeks before his return, his mind and hands were 
 busy preparing surprises and p leasures for the friends at 
 home, especially the old mother to whom he seemed most 
 tenderly attached. On April ist, '8t, he started bravely 
 homeward with a large trunk full of gifts, a warm and com- 
 plete outfit for his mother and many articles of household 
 use that he had learned to appreciate here. His letters were 
 always bright and cheerful, tho' one could read between the 
 lines the struggle he was making with poverty, sickness and 
 lack of sympathy in his new life ; yet in spite of all, he suc- 
 ceeded in his determmation to make his home comfortable 
 and his mother happy for two years or until his death in 
 1882. Agent Miles wrote of him : " His whole heart is for 
 progress among his people, and both by preaching and prac- 
 tice he endeavors to help his people forward. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs, Wm. Smith Brown. 
 
 John Downing, a half-blood Cherokee, adopted mto the Wichita 
 tribe in Indian Territory, came alone from there Sept. 1878, 
 when about 18 years of age. Having been to school before, 
 he entered the preparatory cla&s and graduated in '82. (See 
 Record, Class of '82), and when he returned home he took the 
 first work that offered, that of Agency Policeman. After a little 
 he chose a beautiful tract of land, ten miles from the Agency and 
 building a log house upon it, started a cattle ranch and farm. 
 Pluck and hard work have brought success, and to-day he 
 lives in a beautifully made stockade house of three rooms, 
 surrounded by a flourishing orchard, of apple, peach, pear 
 and cherry trees.a vegetable garden, waving fields of corn, oats 
 and millet; has large herds of horses and cattle, (300) and 
 hogs and chickens enough to delight the heart of any farmer. 
 
 When, in '89, I visited them, I found their house an oasis 
 of comfort and luxurious fare. Everywhere I found remind- 
 ers of Hampton ; even the children knew the names of their 
 father's old teachers and friends and proudly displayed pic- 
 tures and gifts associated with them. Seated about the well 
 spread table, their little hands reverently folded, the children 
 sat with bowed heads as the father gratefully acknowledged 
 the Giver of all their blessings, and in this as in many other 
 ways showed a depth of training such as Hampton especially 
 rejoices to see bestowed upon her grand-children. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Susan Longstreth. 
 
33° TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 THE FIRST PARTY FROM DAKOTA- 
 
 Brought by Capt, R. H. Pratt, Nov. 5, 1878. 
 
 FROM FORT BERTHOLU AGENCY, N. D. 
 
 Mary Dawson, full blood Arickaree, about 24 years of age. A 
 widow who came chiefly to bring a little daughter whom 
 she wished to have educated in the best way. She returned 
 home alone after one year, leaving her child in the care of the 
 school, and died of consumption, March nth, 1880, a devoted 
 Christian woman, 
 
 Anna Dawson, Spa-Jm-na-na-da-ka, (Wild Rose), half-blood Arick- 
 aree, daughter of Mary, 9 years old. Her mother's departure 
 and subsequent death left her entirely alone in the world as 
 far as near relatives are concerned. With no one to insist 
 upon her returning to the Indian country, she soon learned 
 to call Hampton her home, and from baby and pet of the low- 
 est section passed successively thro' every class in the Indian 
 and Normal departments, being graduated in '85, at the age 
 of 16. For a year she studied and taught here, spent the next 
 year as a regular teacher in the Indian department and then 
 becoming fixed in her determination to make teaching her 
 profession, entered the Framingham ( Mass. ) Normal 
 School from which she was graduated in '89. She then re- 
 turned to Hampton as a teacher, but, after a few months, ac- 
 cepted a position in the Santee Normal Training School at 
 Santee Agency, Neb., and has since been a valued teacher 
 there. Her methods, her discipline and her bearing have 
 been above criticism, and outside the class-room she has 
 found much to do in the missionary and social life of one of 
 the most progressive of Indian schools. Between her and 
 the large corps of white teachers there seems to be no race 
 distinction ; she fills unquestioned the position her education 
 and refinement have fitted her for, and being both womanly 
 and self-reliant, is in character as well as education able to 
 support herself independently and well, a state to which, as 
 yet, few Indian girls have been permitted to attain. 
 
 Miss Dawson's development, since the days when she 
 remembers offering part of her water melon to the sun god, 
 has been full of interest, and her life while in the East has 
 done much to arouse practical sympathy in Indian education 
 and to strengthen its cause. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Wm. Smith Brown. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 33I 
 
 Sarah Walker, half-blood Gros Ventre, age 12. She passed through 
 the Indian and Junior classes and returned home in '84, at 
 her father's earnest request. Her mother had died and the 
 old grandmother who reigned in her stead not only disap- 
 proved Sarah's advanced methods of housekeeping, but 
 proved so insufficient a chaperone, that she sought refuge 
 from her many unscrupulous suitors in the Ft. Stevenson 
 School where she spent several months as seamstress. Even 
 here she had not the protection she needed and returned to 
 Hampton Nov., '85, entering the Middle class. 
 
 In '87, she again went West, this time to teach in the new 
 school started at the Crow Agency, Montana, by the Unita- 
 rians of Boston. After teaching theie a year she married 
 Geo. Pease, a half-blood Crow, employed in the same school. 
 Both retained their positions until the next summer, then 
 went home to Fort Berthold where they are still living. 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Anson P. Stokes' children. 
 
 Josephine Malnourie, half-blood Gros Ventre, age 18, the happy 
 possessor of a very few English sentences. She improved 
 very much, and just before she went away, Sep., '81, asked to 
 say 3. few words of farewell from the School platform. When 
 actually facing the large audience she was overcome with 
 stage fright and, covering her face with her hands, moaned; 
 " I'm so 'shamed!" A derisive laugh from some unsympa- 
 thetic fellow student stirred her to the quick, and uncovering 
 her face she eloquently exclaimed, " You laugh ! You don't 
 know what's in my heart!" and went on to express herself 
 most fluently. In the same spirit she has made her life what 
 it is. Soon after her return she married a white man, George 
 Grinnell, and had a very comfortable home, marble top furni- 
 ture and other luxuries, but her husband was in- 
 temperate and violent and much trouble was the result. In 
 an effort to defend herself on one occasion she did it more 
 effectually than she had intended, and has since — four years — 
 been a widow. She has four children whom she has taught 
 English and means to have educated. She is now work- 
 ing in the family of the Agent and writes that she often 
 thinks of the Hampton friends and the " way they cared for 
 her " and is trying to do her best to show them that she is 
 truly grateful. 
 
 Scholarship given by John Southworth. 
 
332 TWENTY-TWO VEARS WORK 
 
 Ahuka, White Wolf, full-blood Arickaree, age 20, an earnest, in- 
 telligent young man. He returned after his three years, im- 
 bued with a desire to do great things for his people, but his 
 health soon failed and he was not able to accomplish all he 
 had hoped. He did, however, exert a strong influence in 
 favor of schools and civilization and died a Christian death 
 in '84. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. C. O. Chapin. 
 
 Laughing Face, Tiscmifh, full-blood Arickaree, age 17, son of Yel- 
 low Horse, an old warrior. He had been to school a short 
 time at the Mission, and was a great favorite with his teach- 
 ers there. His health was never very good, but he did well 
 in school and was very quick and bright in many ways. He 
 it was who sorrowfully explained that he could not join the 
 church until " next year " because the previous summer a 
 certain boy had whipped him, and, as he declared with snap- 
 ping eyes and expressive gesture, " Next summer I fight 
 him, I almost kill him; then I'll be Christian boy." He was 
 in time, however, persuaded to adopt another plan of con- 
 sistency and returned home in 81, a simple-hearted Chris- 
 tian young man. He was not able to do much there, and 
 was tenderly cared for by his mission friends until his death 
 in '84. 
 
 Scholarship given by the American Missionary Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 Karunach, Sioux Boy, full-blood Arickaree, age 17. He returned in 
 i88-[, worked in the shoe shop at Fort Stevenson School a 
 year, saved his money and came back to Hampton indepen- 
 ently and alone, remaining until '84, when he again returned 
 and worked faithfully at his trade until his death in '88. The 
 Superintendent speaks of him as " painstaking and earnestly 
 irnbued with the desire to elevate his people." He was 
 a strong, though eccentric character, but seems to have left 
 the record of an earnest and helpful life. 
 
 Scholarship given by the Am. Miss'y. Ass'n. and Bethany 
 Mission, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 White Breast, Sayedda, full-blood Mandan, age 18. Had been 
 through the ordeal of the sun- dance and was so injured by it 
 that he was not strong enough to remain. He returned in 
 1880, worked at the carpenter's trade, opened up a farm and 
 lived an industrious, civilized life, somewhat above the Indian 
 standard. He died in 1888. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ^^^ 
 
 Kawhat Bow Legs, or Thos. Suckley, as he is now known, was a 
 brother of White Breast, a bright little boy about 12 years of 
 age. He returned in '81, and has since been to school at Ft. 
 Stevenson, N. D., Genoa, Neb., and is now at Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 In writing to one of his old teachers recently he says : 
 " This is such a bright day, so it come into my mind as I 
 look out of the window and see the green leaves from the 
 teacher's quarters, there are big trees around it, and so it 
 makes me think about Hampton School. 
 
 Scholarship given by the Am. Miss'y. Ass'n. 
 Thomas Smith, No wa-tesh, half-blood Gros Ventre, age 15. He 
 was a brother of the Agency Interpreter and spoke some 
 English when he came. Returned home in '81, found em- 
 ployment as a herder and in 1885 was assistant farmer at the 
 Agency. The missionary, Mr. Hall, in 1890 reports him as 
 good in character, industry and influence. He himself says : 
 " I am wearing citizen's clothes since I left Hampton. I am 
 farming now. I had to rustling to make my living. I have a 
 child. I want him to be in sshool and, after he grew up I 
 wanted him to be like white man." 
 
 Scholarship given by the Am. Miss'y Ass'n, 
 Arihotchkish, Lo7tg Arm, full-blood Gros Ventre, remarkably bright 
 and winning boy about 13 years old. His photograph, taken 
 on arrival in Indian dress and again a few months later when 
 the school uniform and life had created an outward and in- 
 ward change, have done much to show what education can 
 do for such children. ^ 
 
 He was the favorite son of the old chief Hard Horn, and 
 when he returned in '81, was joyfully welcomed and much 
 feted by the wilder Indians. His father soon after took him 
 off to a camp near Ft. Buford where he is said to have died 
 from exposure and Indian medicine some time in 1885, 
 
 Scholarship given by Am. Miss. Ass'n. 
 
 FROM STANDING ROCK AGENCY, N. D. 
 
 Rosa Fleets, WaSicu'win,h.i\.l-\Aoodi Sioux, age 15. She returned 
 home from the Indian School in '81, worked at the Agent's 
 house awhile and then went to live in the family of the mis- 
 sionary, Rev. Mr. Swift, at Moreau River. She came back 
 in '84, and remained until 'Z6, when she again returned to 
 Standing Rock and in '%j, married John Tiaokasin, one of 
 
334 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 our Students, and came back with him to Hampton a few 
 months later. They remained here, Hving in a cottage, until 
 '88, then returned to Standing Rock, takmg with them their 
 infant son Richard, then about a year old. They 
 have a pleasant home, a well kept baby, and visitors speak of 
 them as examples worthy of imitation. One of the Hamp- 
 ton students writes that he always likes to go to see John and 
 Rosa because " everything is clean; beds, floor, everything is 
 good in their house." 
 
 Scholarships given by H. K. Simons, Mrs. L. B. Denny, 
 and Mrs. Mary D. Ellison. 
 
 John Fleets, Zitkana-ska, ( White Bird) half-blood Blackfoot Sioux, 
 , age 1 8, brother of Rosa. He returned in i88i, and was put 
 in charge of the Agency stables, a position of considerable 
 responsibility, and has kept it steadily all these eleven years. 
 He married in '83, and has two bright children. His wife, 
 Mary Bullhead, is a leadmg member of the Woman's Society, 
 a bright, progressive woman, and helps to make his home an 
 example of civilization. 
 
 The Agent says he is an " efficient " and " most thorough- 
 ly reliable man," and " excellent " in character and influence. 
 
 Uhakeumpa, Carries Flying, or, as he now signs himself, Thomas P. 
 Fly, a full-blood Blackfoot Sioux, age 16. Reports on ar- 
 rival speak of him as " thoroughly wild, large, bold and fine 
 looking," and in full Indian dress. He returned in '81, and found 
 employment as a carpenter, working very well for two years. 
 He then married Sitting Bull's daughter, and, labor being in- 
 consistent with the dignity of his new position, he gradually 
 " returned to the blanket" for about five years. After his wife's, 
 death he held a position as sutler's clerk, and in '89 
 married a nice young Hampton girl. Alma Ramsey, and set- 
 tled down to an industrious, civilized life. During'^the trou- 
 ble with Sitting Bull in '90, he enlisted as a scout at Ft. Yates 
 and has since remained in that position. The Agent reports 
 him as "good in character, industry and influence, except 
 that he married by the Indian custom." 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. C. S. Holbrook. 
 
 John Cadocte, A^rt-/(^(i:, or //(9-y^cz- /c-y^/<?,full-blood Sioux, age 18, 
 son of Iron Feather, of Yankton Agency. His health failing^ 
 he returned home in '79, and soon after died. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 335 
 
 From CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. S. D. 
 Louis Aygenoughwea, or more correctly Eknainyanke, or Agna, 
 as he now signs himself, a full-blood Minniconjoe Sioux, 15 
 years old. He returned in '81 to his home at Moreau River, 
 but came bacic in '84. His feet and legs had been so badly 
 frozen that disease had resulted and he was advised to return 
 home in '85. He has since then been on the Agency police 
 force— for several years Lieutenant of Police. In '90, he was 
 made an Episcopal catechist under the Rev. Mr. Ashley and 
 has since served very acceptably in a camp on the Moreau 
 River. He is married, has a good home, good farm, dresses 
 well, speaks English freely, and is very gentlemanly in his 
 manners and address. 
 
 Scholarships given by Edward Tatum, Mrs. J. Whitall, 
 Mrs. Robert Treat Paine, and Mrs. Geo. Woods' S. S. Class, 
 New York. 
 
 Harry Brown, Wankicunla, full-blood, age 14, son of the Minni- 
 conjoe chief. White Horse. He returned on expiration of 
 time in '81, taught awhile in the Govt. School very accepta- 
 bly, but came back in '83 for more education. He entered 
 the Junior class, but gave it up for printing, a trade he was 
 anxious to learn. He was a boy of unusual promise, ambi- 
 tious and earnest, but over exertion brought on pulmonary 
 disease, and at his own earnest request he was returned 
 home in Jan. '85, and died there the following March. His 
 influence at home was so broad and so strong that his life is 
 to-day a familiar story among the Cheyenne River children, 
 and his father, instead of holding the school responsible for 
 his son's death, as many are apt to do, is most cor- 
 dial in his appreciation of the advantages received and 
 holds his son's Hampton friends in most grateful remem- 
 brance. 
 
 Scholarship given by Sam'l H. Seward and Mrs. Geo. 
 Woods' S. S. class, N. Y. 
 
 Henry Fisherman. Tamaheca, a full Two-Kettle Sioux, age 17, son 
 of Chas. Fisherman, the first Indian at the Agency to adopt 
 civilized dress and ways. He returned in '81, and went to 
 work with his father, who had a large wood yard on the 
 banks of the Missouri and furnished the river boats with fuel. 
 He was for several years engaged in this work, but later gave 
 it up to improve his farm on the Bad River. He is ■ quite a 
 carpenter and has found considerable employment in that 
 
336 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 capacity. He has been very successful in his quiet way, and, 
 though he has lost his hearing almost entirely, yet appears 
 very well, and, in personal appearance and manner, is as ex- 
 ceedingly neat and gentlemanly on his farm as he used to be 
 here at school. 
 
 Scholarship given by Rev. W. W. Williams. 
 
 I^EROY Shutaschnay, Suta-Sni, a full Two-Kettle Sioux, age 15. 
 He was a most forlorn little thing when he came, but im- 
 proved very much, and returned in '81. He has never been 
 strong, but has made a good record. He has applied to re- 
 turn to Hampton, but his health would not warrant it. He 
 was at one time acting Catechist at Up Tree Camp under 
 Bishop Hare, but has lived, most of the time since he was 
 married in 'Zd, on his own iarm near the mouth of the Mo- 
 reau, making a good record. In '90, he says : " I expect to 
 be a farmer all the time, but I do also wish to do a mission- 
 ary work, though there is no place for me at present." He 
 went to Grand River in '91, and is still there. 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Shumway. 
 
 John Wahn, afterwards Marshall, a half Minniconjoe Sioux, 15 
 years old. He returned in '81, and was soon after made a U. 
 S. Scout connected with Ft. Bennett. He married and lived 
 in one of the log houses at the Agency known as Scout's 
 Camp. Through his connection with the Army, he was al- 
 lowed the use of beer more than was best for him, yet he was 
 generally well spoken of by both agency and mission authori- 
 ties. He died in 1886. 
 
 Scholarship given by L. H. Slater. 
 
 Charlie White Bull, Tatanka-ska, full-bl©od, age 12. When Mr. 
 Robbins, a Hampton teacher went West to take a position in 
 the Santee School, he took Charlie with him. He came East 
 after a few years and Charlie returned to his father at Stand- 
 ing Rock, where he soon established a home. He is a bright' 
 intelligent young man, and, when in '88, the Sioux Bill was 
 presented for signature he and his father were the first to put 
 themselves on the progressive side and sign it. 
 
 Daniel No Heart, Cante-wanica, a full-blood Minniconjoe Sioux, 
 age 13. He was the only son of Little No Heart, the most 
 progressive of his tribe, and the first chief to adopt citizen's 
 dress. Daniel was not at all strong, and in '79, was sent home, 
 where he recovered and lived quietly with his father until, on 
 a hunting expedition, he was accidentally shot and killed. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 337 
 
 Samuel Swift Worm, Wamim-hiza, Whirlwind ,2i fulI-blood Min- 
 niconjoe Sioux, 14 years of age. He was delicate on arrival, 
 and in a few months returned home, dying there soon after. 
 This was all we could learn about him until '91, when I was 
 overtaken by a storm on the prairie and found refuge and 
 warm hospitality in an Indian tipi, After dinner the mistress 
 of the meal told me she had once had a boy at Hampton, and 
 from a big Indian work-bag produced a calico bundle and, un- 
 tying it, brought successively to view six or seven similar 
 wrappings, then a box, then an envelope, and last of all a 
 much handled tin-type likeness of a fine looking young boy 
 nicely dressed in full citizen's clothes. His name was written 
 in a clear graceful hand on the paper case as Samuel Swift 
 Whirlwind, Hampton, Va. As the literal translation of his 
 name would be Swift Whirlwind or Storm, it is quite possi- 
 ble that the written word "Storm" may have been read 
 " Worm " and thus his name perverted from its original 
 meaning through ignorance of the language. 
 
 From CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 ZlE-wiE Davis, Z/ffiz/^, a full-blood Sioux, age 17, daughter of Un- 
 spe-Sni. She returned after her three years' term had ex- 
 pired in Sept. '81. Her father hid prepared for her coming 
 by building a new house and opening a small store. Wishing 
 to be quite civilized also, he translated his name into English, 
 Dont-Know-How, and had his sign painted D. K. Howe, 
 Zie-wie helped her father by being his cashier and book- 
 keeper for about a year, then her health failed and she soon 
 after died. Through her influence her younger sister came 
 t) Hamp'.on, and her father is to-day one of the most pro- 
 gressive men on the Agency. 
 
 Scholarship given by j. W. Davis. 
 
 Charlie Stone, Tuncan-wicahca, a full-blood Sioux, 14 years old. 
 He was the only son of Chief Dog Back, a civilized. Christian 
 Indian, who knew his son was in consumption, but wanted 
 him to come East, hoping he might be benefited in body as 
 well as in mind. He did not improve, and returned as soon 
 as possible early in 1879. He was a gentle, sweet faced young 
 boy, too yielding to fight with disease, and died very soon af- 
 ter his return. 
 
338 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Andrew Fox, Sungina, a full-blood Sioux, nephew of head chiefs 
 Wizi and White Ghost, age 16. Returned in 1881, worked 
 in the agency carpenter shop for awhile and then took a place 
 as interpreter on a Missouri river boat. Came back in 
 '84, but was found to be badly diseased and returned in 
 two months. He soon after went to Standing Rock where 
 he married a daughter of Sitting Bull and became the old 
 chief's interpreter and secretary. During the Indian excite- 
 ment of '90, he was still with Sitting Bull, and, after the fight, 
 was captured with the rest of the band and taken to Fort 
 Snelling, where they were confined for several months. Dur- 
 ing this time Fox was put in charge of a school at the Fort, 
 taught and behaved so well that he was highly com- 
 mended by the officers in charge. S.ince his release he is said 
 by the Agent to have been "doing well," though nothing 
 more definite has been heard from him. 
 
 Scholarship given by Calvary Church, N. Y. 
 
 Frank Pamani, {Hoots-iuhih-walking) a brother of Andrew Fox, age 
 20. He returned on expiration of time with his brother and 
 worked with him in the agency carpenter shops. Instead of 
 going to their relatives, they set up an establishment 
 of their own in a vacant house, and made it understood 
 that they were apostles of law and order under a new regime. 
 Notices were posted about the very neat and well arranged 
 room requesting the friends who should call to "no 
 spit on the floor," and in other ways to kindly observe 
 rules practiced in polite society: "No play here. No sat down 
 in the bed. No chew here. No spit the floor here. Sat down 
 like man and talk like man." Frank afterward went to Stand- 
 ing Rock and there married Celeste, a young girl with no ed- 
 ucation or training. They were both anxious to come to 
 Hampton and were brought in '84, and trained with other 
 married couples. Celeste proved too delicate to remam and 
 Pamani too indifferent, so they were returned the next year to 
 Standing Rock. Frank's land bemg at Crow Creek they soon 
 removed there and still live in a good log house not far from 
 the Agency. Frank works occasionally, says he wants work, 
 but has the name of being lazy. He is devoted to the Indian 
 dance in which he is a leader. 
 
 Scholorships given by J. W. Davis, and Broadway Taber- 
 nacle, New York. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 339^ 
 
 Edward P. H. Ashley, Hnsansati, (Grey-legs), a fullb!ood Sioux, age 
 18, son of Muskrat. He returned in '81, was taken into the 
 Gov't Boarding School as an assistant with the smaller boys, 
 and soon rose to the position of teacher. Finding he did not 
 know enough to fill such a position well, he came back to 
 Hampton in Sept. '83. After a year in the Indian and another in 
 the Junior Classes, he returned in '85, but not to the school ; 
 a young cousin had been left heiress of a large property, 
 chiefly stock, and Edward found ample field for his talents in 
 assuming the responsibility of her affairs. He took up land 
 for himself and showed considerable enterprise in the man- 
 agement of their joint interests. In '88, after his cousin's 
 marriage, he transferred his services to Miss Howard's In- 
 dustrial Home, and has continued there with few breaks 
 ever since. He has never married — says he has no lime to 
 think about "such a serious importance," but has various 
 "homes" with relatives and friends, where some particular 
 room, fitted up by himself, is considered his own by special 
 agreement. He is a sort of general interpreter for everybody, 
 plays the organ at church, belongs to various societies for the ' 
 promotion of Christianity and civilization, and in harvest 
 time makes himself invaluable by his skill in managing the 
 more complicated modern machinery. He is known every- 
 where in the towns about the reservation, and, though he 
 makes many enemies by his self-opinionated ways, has the re- 
 spect due an upright, if eccentric, character. 
 
 Scholarships given by Trinity Chapel S. S., N. Y., 
 Miss Alice Van Ingen, and Bethany Mission, Brooklyn. 
 
 Lezedo Rencontre, seven-eights Sioux, age i6, son of Alex. Ren- 
 contre, Agency Interpreter. He returned in '81, worked at 
 the agency as carpenter for awhile, then married an edu- 
 cated girl and entered the Agency Boarding School where 
 both taught for some time. Later they took a camp school, 
 remaining there about two years. He has now a large farm 
 and valuable stock belonging to his father and himself at St. 
 Albans, and is considered a prosperous man. For the past 
 two years he has been the industrial teacher at White River 
 Camp, " assisting the lady teacher in various ways." His wife 
 has been very ill a long time, in consumption, and he has 
 shown himself a devoted husband, and a kind father to his 
 three little children. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Jas. M. Brown. 
 
340 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Henry Rencontre, three-quarters Sioux, brother of Alex, and un- 
 cle of Lezedo, He was recorded as 17 years of age, 
 but appeared much older. Had been to school in Yankton 
 two years. He returned in '8r, and, though not at all strong 
 did a great deal of good in a quiet way, built a house for 
 his old mother, and worked hard and faithfully for civiliza- 
 tion, education and Christianity until in his death in 1884. 
 
 Joseph Winnebago, Hotanka, (Loud Voice), now Joseph W. Thomp- 
 son, full- blood Sioux, 17 years of age. He returned in '81, 
 took a position in the agency carpenter shop and has worked 
 there faithfully most of the time smce, making an excel- 
 lent record. Soon after his return he took two sisters 
 as wives, after the Indian custom, but soon after gave up one 
 and married the other. He is constant in church services, 
 belongs to an agricultural club, and has an excellent farm at 
 old Ft. George, and considerable stock. His house at the 
 agency shows care, and his wife, a strikingly handsome wo- 
 man, and their children, are well dressed, neat and clean. He 
 is a fair example of what a little education can do for an 
 earnest and well disposed man. 
 
 Scholarship given by St. John's Church, Portsmouth, Va. 
 
 George BuSHOTTER, Otef^i, full-blood Sioux, age 16. On arrival 
 at Hampton his name was written George Bush, Oteri, the last 
 word being the Indian name of which Bush was the English 
 interpretation. As the word was written it appeared to the un- 
 initiated to be Bushotter, and as such became so fixed upon 
 him that it was useless to try and change it when the mis- 
 take was discovered some years later. 
 
 He returned West in '81, took a position in the Gov't 
 Boarding School and did well in it. In '83, he came back to 
 Hampton with quite a party he had collected, and entered the 
 Junior class. He returned home again in '85, but came back 
 the same year to enter the Episcopal Theological Seminary 
 in Alexandria, Va. The vacation months of '86, he spent 
 here as teacher and helper among the Indian boys, and re- 
 turned to the Seminary in the fall. His lack of English made 
 the study of other languages so very difficult that before the 
 close of his term the faculty advised him to give up the study 
 of theology. He found employment in the U. S. Bureau of 
 Ethnology, assisting the Rev. Mr. Dorsey, who was at work 
 on the Tetonwan dialect of the Dakota language. During a 
 summer at work with Mr. Dorsey in West Virginia, he be- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 3^1 
 
 came engaged to a white woman of the place, Miss EveHne 
 Hull, and, after his return to Washington so neglected his 
 work that he was finally discharged. Soon after, in '83, he was 
 sent by the Commissioner of Indian affairs to Ft. Stevenson 
 Industrial School, N. Dakota, and remained there as teacher 
 one year. His health gave way and he returned to Hedge- 
 ville, where he remained until his death, Feb. 2,1892. The pas- 
 tor of the Episcopal church of the place says of him : " He was 
 devoted to his people, and, though suffering repeatedly from 
 hemorrhage of the lungs, he hoped to live to benefit them. He 
 was industrious and worked at cabinet making, showing great 
 skill and talent in designing and in execution as a carver in 
 wood. A leading trait of character, at least in his last days, 
 was a gratitude and thankfulness for any and every kindness 
 and attention shown him. No one was ever better nursed or 
 had more sympathy and kindness shown in any community. 
 Like most who die of consumption, if they are Christians, his 
 growth in grace was very marked and very rapid. His life and 
 death afford encouragement to ail who are laboring for the 
 civilization and religious culture of the Indian. In his case- 
 at least, their labor has not been in vain." 
 
 Scholarships given by Jacob Heffelfinger and Mrs. Rob- 
 ert Treat Paine, Jr. 
 
 James WiCAKASACA,(ff72/^ //^t7«), afterward James Thompson, now 
 James Ferdinand, a full blood Sioux, age i6. He returned in 
 '81, found employment at Chamberlain with a store keeper 
 and did well. He came back to Hampton with Bushotter in 
 '83, and took new interest in his studies and work, but left 
 from the Junior class in '85. Since then he was worked quite 
 steadily, and in '89 was made a catechist by Bishop Hare, and, 
 with his wife, put in charge of a mission station at " The 
 Bend." He is still there, and, besides his religious work, runs 
 a good farm, owns a fair herd of cattle and horses, and is in - 
 terested in several societies started by the band of progres- 
 sive Indians of which he is an active member. 
 
 Scholarship given by ist Cong. S. S., Suffield, Ct. and 
 Trinity S. S., Boston. 
 
 Lizzie Spider, a full-blood Sioux, about 14 years old when she 
 came. She returned at the expiration of her time in '8r« 
 The next year she came East with Capt. Pratt to Carlisle, and 
 from there went to the Lincoln Institution in Philadelphia^ 
 
342 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 and from there in '8y, to the Training School for Nurses con- 
 nected with the University Hospital in that city. In '90, she 
 returned to the West, and finding no hospital position ready, 
 she entered the Gov't School at Yankton Agency as an em- 
 ploye, remaining there until her health failed. In '91, she 
 married an ex-student of Haskell, Charlie Kee, and now lives 
 at Ponca. She is in consumption, and, though amid poor 
 surroundings has the speech and bearing of a lady. The 
 sudden failure ot the many plans made for her by her East- 
 ern friends is, of course, disappointing, but need not be dis- 
 couraging. 
 
 Scholarship given by Cong'l S. S. Gt. Barrington, Mass. 
 
 Mary Kettle, a full-blood Sioux, age 16. She was not strong and so 
 returned in 1880, and died some time the following year. 
 
 Carrie Anderson, a half-blood Sioux, about 12 years old when 
 she came. Her mother insisted upon her return in '81. but 
 afterwards allowed her to go to the Genoa School, where she 
 remained two years. She returned from there in '86, and 
 married a good, industrious young man, Gilbert San Pierre. 
 They had a pleasant home near the agency, where he was 
 employed, but in '90 they went out upon their land, which is 
 already a prosperous farm, and there they have an equally 
 pleasant if rather lonely home, a few miles from the town of 
 Armour. Their neat log house is surrounded by an orchard 
 of fruit and shade trees and has altogether an air of coziness 
 seldom seen on the prairie. They have two pretty, well 
 dressed children, and everything about them is well up in the 
 scale of civilization. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. E. B. Monroe. 
 
 Oscar Brown, Cetmi-ivanjina, \0n^ Hawk), full-blood Sioux, age 
 14, son of Running Bull, ist Lieut., Sibley's Scouts. He was 
 a very promising boy, but in consumption when he came. 
 He returned Feb., ■8r, and died at St. Paul's School, March, 
 '83. A short, but very earnest young life. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. R. Russell. 
 
 David Simmons, half-blood Sioux, age 13, could speak and read 
 English. He returned in '81 from the Junior class, and has been 
 teacher, interpreter, clerk and farmer, samples of his wheat 
 one year being among the " finest in Dakota." In '89, he 
 was made an agency farmer, but gave that up to open a store 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 343 
 
 at the agency, and give more time to his own place. He is 
 a helper in the church, an officer of the Y. M. C. A., and has 
 always borne a character above reproach, winning the un- 
 qualified respect of all who know him. He remained a bach- 
 elor until the fall of '91, when he married, with all due cere- 
 mony, an educated girl — former assistant at the Government 
 School — and is making a pleasant home for her at the agency. 
 Scholarship given by Samuel Johnson. 
 
 Charles Willis, Padani. a full-blood Sioux, age 19, a brother of 
 David Tatiyopa, a native clergyman of the Episcopal church. 
 He had been a very promising pupil at St. Paul's School, and 
 was preparing to become, like his brother, a worker in the 
 church, but his health failing after about two years he 
 became discouraged and was so anxious to return home, and at 
 last became so impatient, that it was thought best to let 
 him go even though there were risks of being snow-bound in 
 the West. What was feared did happen, and in the delay he 
 took a violent cold and lived hardly two months after his re- 
 turn. His death occurred April 26, '81. 
 Scholarship given by Bishop Hare. 
 
 Edmund Bishop, full-blood Sioux, age 14, a former pupil of 
 St. Paul's School. He returned in '81, a very promising 
 young man, became a shoemaker at the Gov't School and re- 
 mained a success in that position, until accidentally shot and 
 killed while duck shooting, April, '82 
 Scholarship given by Jas. A. Smith. 
 
 George Deloria, three-quarters Sioux, age 15, half-brother of 
 Philip Deloria, a native Episcopal clergyman of character 
 and influence. He had been two years a pupil at St. Paul's 
 School. He made a poor record here, was not strong and was 
 sent bcick in '79. His record at horne has been changeable, 
 first bad, then fair. He is a carpenter and works well at 
 times. Since '85, he has been at Lower Brule Agency much 
 of the time. 
 
 Samuel Four Stars. Wicahpi-topa, full-blood. Sioux, age 19. He 
 was sent home for bad conduct in '8o.- Instead of going to 
 the bad as was expected, his pride seemed to have been 
 touched to good effect. He wore his school uniform on all 
 occasions, went regularly to church, and worked whenever a 
 chance occurred, generally as carpenter. He applied several 
 times to return to Hampton, and, in '84, came back with a 
 
344 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 party from Crow Creek, where he had been employed as an 
 agency carpenter. His record here was bad, and he was re- 
 turned again after thrf e years, in '87, to Crow Creek. He 
 seems to have done fairly well there, has been employed much 
 of the time as agency carpenter, and has also a farm of his 
 own, is married and appears much better than his school 
 record would lead one to expect. 
 
 Scholarship given by Bible Class, Zion Church, Wap- 
 pinger Falls, N. Y. 
 Joseph Cook, Tuncan-sapa, ful;-':)lood Sioux, son of Iron Lightning, 
 age 19. a former pupil of St. Paul's School. He was not 
 strong and so returned home in 1879. His record has varied, 
 being sometimes "good carpenter," or "farmer," sometimes 
 " blanket Indian " and " best dancer in Dakota." In '90, he 
 writes through an interpreter ; " I have an excellent farm, 
 and log house with shingled roof and pine floor. I am en- 
 gaged at my trade, building houses for the Indians for a dol- 
 lar a day. I liked it very much at Hampton, but I got sick 
 and before I could learn English I returned, and have been 
 sorry ever since. But I am very thankful they taught me 
 carpentry at Hampton, for by means of that I am able to earn 
 something. Whenever I work at it now it seem as if I 
 dreamed of Hampton. By means of carpentry that they 
 taught me, my wife and I have something to eat. I have 40 
 acres, a house and stable, two horses and wagon, and my wife 
 follows the customs of the whites." 
 Frank Yellow Bird, Zitka7ia-zma, full-blood Sioux, age 19, former 
 pupil of St. Paul's School. He returned home in 1881, was 
 employed at St. Paul's School for awhile, but finding no 
 work at his trade (wheelwright), went to Lower Brule and 
 obtained the position of agency wheelwright and blacksmith. 
 He married in '83, and besides his regular work at the 
 agency, built a nice log house and cultivated several acres of 
 land. He was organist at the agency church, and when 
 Samuel Medicine Bull returned home in '84, went every Sun- 
 day with him to White River camp, seven miles away, to help 
 in a Sunday-school they had organized there. He was a 
 staunch friend and influential helper of the missionaries, and 
 when he died, from an accident and blood- poisoning in Nov., 
 '84, his funeral was attended by Indians and white people 
 from far and near. 
 
 Scholarship given by Petersburg Convocation, Va. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 345 
 
 PARTIES FROM INDIAN TERRITORY AND WISCONSIN 
 
 Who CAME BY THEMSELVES IN OCT, AND NOV. 1879, 
 
 Thomas Wildcat Alford, K7io-ah-pi-ci-la, (Single-file), an Ab- 
 sentee-Shawnee from Indian Territory, about 19 yea^sof age. 
 He had been to school before and entered the Junior class here, 
 graduating in '82. (See Record, Class of '82). He returned 
 soon after and has since taught at his home, Shawneetown, 
 and at the Chilocco Industrial school, making six years of 
 continuous and successful teaching. In '88, he gave up his- 
 school to assist in the allotment of lands to his tribe. He 
 himself was the first Shawnee to take up land in severalty, 
 and has been very earnest and successful in persuading oth- 
 ers to follow his example. 
 
 Major Porter, special Agent for the allotment of land, 
 said of him : "I became acquainted wih Thomas Alford, 
 a graduate of Hampton Institute, and John King, another 
 Hampton student. By their help, after awhile we made four 
 hundred allotments before the appropriation was exhausted. 
 Without the continued assistance of these young men I 
 would have had to return home. They encourage schools, 
 send their relations, and visit the schools themselves several 
 times a year." 
 
 From axeman in the surveyor's corps, Alford soon rose to- 
 position of compassman at $4.00 a day, was in '90 appointed 
 to survey the Sac (St Fox land, and in '91, the Indian country- 
 being thrown open, was made a regular surveyor for the 
 county, appomted by the Governor. 
 
 In the mtervals of active service, he manages to keep up- 
 an excellent place, has an orchard of 100 fruit trees, 50 acres 
 of fenced land — 30 under cultivation — and pasture for 75 or 
 more head of cattle. His house and garden are surrounded — 
 most unusual sight in that country — with a picket fence, over 
 which vines are trained to form a background for the flower 
 beds that grace the front yard. The neat frame house, log: 
 kitchen, stable and sheds were built by his own hands, and, 
 from the small farm which he manages to keep up. his table 
 is amply supplied with vegetables, fruits, milk, poultry and 
 eggs. For nine years he has had the help and encourage- 
 ment of an excellent wife and now has three bright boys to^ 
 train and care for. 
 
 In '89, I spent several days at this house and found there 
 no want that industry and intelligence could supply. The 
 
346 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 house, though small, was cozy and well appointed. A home- 
 made book-case, well stocked, hung on the wall, and be- 
 neath it stood a desk so unique as to attract attention at once. 
 This I found he had made from an old sewing machine frame, 
 but was It so disguised by ingenious pigeon holes, drawers, 
 cupboards and hinged top, that one could hardly believe the 
 story of its evolution. 
 
 Character, intelligence and pluck have been rewarded in 
 a most encouraging way, and the example of this young man's 
 life has done, and is still doing, much to encourage the Indi- 
 ans among whom he lives and works. In '93, he wrote, in 
 speaking of Gen. Armstrong's illness, "to him we owe all 
 gratitude, all that we are and all the honor. There are many 
 young men of the plains to-day who praise and thank God 
 that there are such friends at the East, and that there is such 
 a school as the Hampton Institute. They may not have ap- 
 preciated its benefits while in school, but they have learned 
 to after leaving it." 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Alice M. Longfellow. 
 
 JOHN King, an Absentee-Shawnee, age 17, a friend of Wildcat com- 
 ing with him from Indian Territory. He was the heredita- 
 ry chief of his tribe and came with the idea of fitting himself 
 to help his people. He had been to school a little, but spoke 
 English with difficulty. In '84, he returned home from the 
 Middle class with the carpenter's trade well learned, and at 
 once found employment at his home, Shawneetown. A year 
 later he opened a small store which he manages successfully, 
 and has, besides, a large farm and considerable stock. In '88 
 and '89, he assisted in the allotment of lands to his tribe, and 
 washiajhly commended by Major Porter, who had the matter 
 in charge. In '91, he was made postmaster, and in '92, was 
 appointed by the Governor, Justice of the Peace for his coun- 
 ty. He has lived a quiet life, exerted an influence for good, 
 and done much toward the material advancement of his 
 people. 
 
 Scholarship given by Nathaniel Saltonstall. 
 
 Jonathan Heustice, Ta-hi-pis ka-la-ha, (Proud Striker), a full- 
 blood Pawnee from Indian Territory, 18 or more years old. 
 He had had rather a checkered career, and was not at all 
 strong, so returned April i, '81. He soon after joined an 
 Indian show under "Texas Charlie," and travelled with it 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 347 
 
 two or three years. He is now quietly settled on a farm, is . 
 married, and seems to be doing well. 
 
 Scholarship given by Am. Miss'n. Ass'n. 
 
 James R. Murie, Le-taw-ciits-je-haw-le, (Young Eagle), a full blood 
 Pawnee from Indian Territory, i6 years old. He had been to 
 school one year at home and spoke some English. He 
 entered the " Butler " primary school here, passed 
 through all the classes of the Normal department, and was 
 graduated. (See Record, Class of '83). He himself tells his 
 story : " I left Hampton in May, '83, and soon after found 
 work in the store, clerking. When the Boarding-school 
 opened I was appointed a teacher at $25.00 per month. I left 
 a good job at the store, as I was getting $45.03 per month, 
 but I wanted to show Gen. Armstrong that I was putting my 
 education into good use by teaching my own people. The 
 children I had were from six to seven years old, and right out 
 of Indian camps. I taught them by objects, then words, then 
 sentences, and also made them copy sentences. In this way 
 it was not long when my children could go to the Superin- 
 tendent and ask for what they wanted. In the fall of '84, I 
 resigned as teacher and took twenty-one of the largest chil- 
 dren to Haskell Institute, and on arriving there found we 
 were the first lot to arrive. I took my largest boys and fixed 
 up the rooms in good order for others who were coming. I 
 acted Disciplinarian and Drill -master for three months, but 
 no salary. By the first of January, I was appointed Assistant 
 Disciplinarian and Drill -master at $15.00 per month. I held 
 the place until June 31st, when I went to my home after 
 more children. One of the young girls I secured was about 
 to be married to an old man. She is now a grown lady and 
 still going to school at Haskell ; and will some day return a 
 useful woman and a help to her people. 
 
 Arriving there I found a new Superintendent in charge, 
 and he re-appointed me Assistant Disciplinarian and Drill- 
 master. Early in the spring I resigned and started back East 
 to study for the ministry. I stopped at Washington city, 
 and, while there I visited the Hon. Commissioner of Indian 
 Aftairs' Office. ' The Commisioner thought I had enough 
 education, and appointed me a teacher at the Pawnee School. 
 I started back home. Arriving at the Agent's headquarters 
 I reported to him, but he said he knew nothing about it. I 
 went home and waited around the agency for instructions. 
 
348 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 
 
 when finally I drifted back into the Indian camp. Had I 
 been weak in heart I should this day have been wearing 
 Indian clothes." 
 
 Murie then gave up his more ambitious plans and settled 
 down on his claim and started a farm. He adds : " I have 
 a farm on the Arkansas River bottom, with 12 acres in culti- 
 vation. I have bought some wire and will soon have a fence 
 around it. I also have my logs laid up lor a house, and as 
 soon as the portable saw-mill goes to running I will have 
 boards for sheathing and rafters sawed. I bought fourteen 
 bundles of shingles in Arkansas City. As soon as my house 
 is complete I shall move over there to stay. I am not in the 
 government service, atid, therefore, do not get any salary. 
 
 I am married, and we have one little boy who is now six 
 months old. We call him Fred Wallace Murie, and not Le- 
 coois or Tah-Kah. I want my little boy to grow up in white 
 man's ideas and become educated so he can help his people; 
 and also be a good citizen of this country. 
 
 Every day we are showing our people what ' Lands in 
 Severalty ' would bring us, and what good it would do us. 
 They see that it's coming on to them, and they are scattering 
 out on claims, improving their places so they can be as near 
 readv for it when it comes. I am doing all I can to help them 
 start farms, especially the young men. These young men 
 should be encouraged. 
 
 I am helping my people in any way I can, whether in 
 Government service or not ; I am always ready to help an In- 
 dian man with his machinery or an Indian woman With her 
 sewing machine ; or telling my people the story of Christ. I 
 care not where I may be just so I am working for the Indian 
 people, and for ' Our Father.' " 
 
 Scholarship given by American Missionary Association. 
 
 FROM GREEN BAY AGENCY. WISCONSIN. 
 
 Mitchell Maquimetas, Makemitas, full blood Menomonee, age 17. 
 He spoke some English when he came, and did well in school 
 and at the wheelwright's trade, but was not satisfactory in 
 character and was sent home in June, '83, for a year, at the 
 end of which lime he might return if he could show a satis- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 349 
 
 factory record. He came back Feb., '88, and was graduated. 
 (See Record, Class of '87). Since his return home he has 
 worked some at his trade, logged in winter, and opened up a 
 farm of his own near Keshena. The Agent reports that " he 
 provides for his home, and treats his wife with as much con- 
 sideration as a white man would." 
 
 Scholarships given by Misses Rose Lamb and Edith Bryce. 
 Michael Oshkeneny, Young Man, full-blood Menomonee, age 18. 
 He had been to school before, spoke English, and was highly 
 recommended by the Agent. He graduated (See Record 
 Class of '82), with Downing and Wildcatt, and returned home 
 hoping to teach. No chance then offered, so he took a po- 
 sition as clerk. The next year he taught successfully, study- 
 ing medicine with a physician meantime. Some of his pupils 
 have since come to Hampton. The next year he came back 
 at his own expense, hoping to go from here to a medical 
 school, but got into trouble in Washington and changed his 
 plans. He worked here a few months as bookkeeper and 
 then returned home. He has been employed m various po- 
 sitions since, and is generally well spoken of, though not as 
 well as his advantages would lead us to expect. 
 Scholarship paid by Miss Anna S. Hooper. 
 
 Alexander Peters, Ptyan, full-blood Menomonee, age 20. Instead 
 of returning with his friends on expiration of his time, he 
 chose to remain and prepare himself further. The illness of 
 his father, however, changed his plans, and he went home 
 July, '84, but only to stay a short time. He spent about a 
 year at Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kan., as blacksmith, then 
 returned home, married a white woman, and has since been 
 engaged in farming. His letters show unusual appreciation 
 of the advantages he has received, and he seems very much 
 in earnest in doing the best within the bounds of his ability. 
 He has three children whom he fondly wishes trained to be- 
 come useful members of society. 
 
 Scholarship given by American Miss'y Ass'n. 
 
 Charles Soman, Sonon, (Dry Grapes), a full-blood Menomonee, 
 about 16 years of age. Returned from the Junior class in 
 Jan. '82. Is a good worker and goes into the woods every 
 winter with logging parties. He is quite musical, playing 
 well on the violin and other instruments. As a member of 
 the brass band, he has played in public places and been 
 
35° 
 
 TWENTY-TWO VEARS WORK 
 
 brought into temptation hard for him, or any Menomonee, to 
 resist, and is reported as good in every respect when not un- 
 der the influence of liquor. He has never married, and has 
 several times asked to return to Hampton. He has shown 
 ■his appreciation of Hampton by a constant correspondence, 
 and by kindest attention to the School's representatives when 
 they are near him. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. W. Shaw. 
 
 SIOUX GIRLS' WHO CAME FROM DAKOTA 
 With Agent Cressy, Nov. ii, 1879. 
 
 Agnes Place-Together, full-blood, age 1 7, daughter of chief Stand- 
 ing Bear, from Standing Rock, N. D. Her health was very 
 delicate ; she returned in about a year and died soon after. 
 
 Louisa Bullhead, full-blood, age 18, from Standing Rock. She 
 was diseased when she came and returned after about a year, 
 married a good Indian and showed in her home that she had 
 learned some things of value in the East. She was, for several 
 years, an active member of the Women's Society and did 
 much to help other women into higher ways of living. She 
 died in 1889. 
 
 Sarah Medicine Rock or Sarah Waste, as she was generally 
 called, was a full-blood from Standing Rock, N. D., about 17 
 years old. An epileptic, wild and ungovernable, she was re- 
 turned as soon as possible in '79. She has been heard of at 
 Cheyenne River, but is now supposed to be dead. 
 
 Rosa Lays-out-of-doors, full-blood, daughter of a chief by the 
 same name, from Cheyenne River Agency, S. U. She was a 
 bright girl about 14 years of age, but delicate, and when her 
 uncle came with a party of other chiefs in '80, to visit the 
 School he took her back with him. She soon after married a 
 policeman, but is now dead we hear. 
 
 Mary Traversie, a bright little half-blood girl, under 12 years of 
 age, from Cheyenne River Agency, S. D. She went through 
 the Indian classes and returned home in '83; but only to stay 
 a few months, when she begged to be allowed to return and 
 was brought back. At the close of her Middle year she was 
 needed at home and so returned July 6, '86. For a time she 
 helped at home with a family of ten children, did dressmak- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 35I 
 
 ing for the Agency people, and then took a position as laun- 
 dress in the Government School for boys, teaching them to 
 wash and iron. The next year she went as an assistant to a 
 camp school at Plum Creek, 60 miles. from the Agency, taught 
 there nearly three years and was finally put in charge and left 
 alone. She worked on most earnestly and successfully for 
 another year, then in '90 married Edward Dupuis, a 
 former Hampton student. ( See Arrivals, November '84.) They 
 have a good home, luxurious for that country, a nice baby 
 whom they have named Douglas, and are well spoken of by 
 all. 
 
 Mary has always been very pretty, bright and jolly, and 
 before her marriage she received a dangerous amount of at- 
 tention, but she has shown a great deal of character in keep- 
 ing unswervingly at the line of work and life she had laid out 
 for herself. She reads a great deal, and has a fund of good, 
 natured chit-chat that makes her a general favorite with both 
 white and Indian friends. In Feb. '92, she writes that the 
 Indians at her camp — 60 miles from the military post — want a 
 church and she is on the committee appointed to see about 
 getting one regularly started. Her record has been one to 
 encourage and inspire all who are working for the elevation 
 of Indian women. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Wm. Smith Brown. 
 
 SIOUX PARTY FROM YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Brought by Maj. W. D. E. Andrus, Dec. 30, 1879. 
 
 Maggie Goulet, half blood, age 15, daughter of Henry Goulet, a 
 Frenchman. Had been to school for a time in Nebraska and 
 spoke English. She returned home from the Middle Class in 
 '83, lived about a year with the Rev. Jos. W. Cook's family, 
 and then married Mr. Edgar M. Keith, Aug. 26, '84, a 
 teacher at St. Paul's School, and went with him to take a 
 camp school at Wounded Knee, on the Pine Ridge reserve. 
 They have been wonderfully' successful there, have an excel- 
 lent school with many improvements made by Mr, Keith, and 
 a charming home and family. 
 
 During the Indian excitement of '90, the fighting at 
 Wounded Knee was so near their home that they were oblig- 
 ed to flee for safety, leaving everything they could not easily 
 carry away, to the mercy of the lawless whites and Indians 
 
352 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 who sacked the house so completely that when all was over 
 there was little to return to except a badly used building. The 
 walls had been covered with a peculiar dark red calico sewed 
 together with careful stitches, this had all been pulled down 
 and made into clothes for both whites and Indians. The 
 school day remembrances, the treasured gifts and the careful 
 accumulation of years ot patient work were all swept away; 
 still they have bravely taken up the old work and are doing 
 what they can to make the new home as much like the old 
 one as possible. Flowers bloom all the year round in their 
 little cottage and everything is neat and pretty, under the 
 skillful care of this bright young housekeeper. Outside of 
 home duties she does a great deal for the Indians, teaching, 
 by word as well as by example, how to keep a model 
 Christian home. Two of the four little girls are named in 
 grateful remembrance of Hampton days, " Winona," and "Al- 
 ice Wood." 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Henry Pickering. 
 
 Mary Goulet, sister of Maggie, age 14. She returned in May, '84, 
 from the lower Indian classes, spoke English well, but, though 
 strong and willing, was not always reliable. She "visited " a 
 few months, and then married a good, industrious man, John 
 Ron dell. They lived for several years at the Agency where 
 he was employed as assistant engineer, but in '90 went out 
 upon their farm near Lake Andes. Mary is rather erratic in 
 regard to her own dress and manner, but keeps her home and 
 her little girl as neat and well ordered as any one could wish. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Mary Tappan. 
 Mary Hinman, Rattling-Hail, full-blood, age 12. She returned home 
 July 6, '85, drifted to Crow Creek, married a bad Indian, and 
 died in Oct. '86. A wild, headstrong character, upon whom 
 school discipline and quiet home influence (in Massachusetts) 
 seemed alike wasted. Yet letters of appreciation and grati- 
 tude came back to Hampton after her return home. Her life 
 was short and full of trouble. It is said that she was killed 
 by neglect and abuse. 
 
 Scholarship given by Holy Trinity, S. S. N. Y. 
 
 Katie Lemont, three-quarters blood, age 16. She returned on 
 expiration of time in '8r, and lived quietly in a good home at 
 White Swan, until in '89, she married Wm. J. Wolfe, a white 
 man, a former employe at the Agency. Her record had al- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 35J, 
 
 ways been exceptionally good until her marriage, and that 
 seems to have been a mistake in judgment for which she was 
 not wholly to blame. She lived but a short time afterward 
 . dying Aug. 16, '90. 
 
 Scholarship given by a -'Connecticut lady" through J. 
 and S. Ferguson. 
 Annie Lyaian, a half-blood, about 16 years of age, daughter of an 
 army officer. She returned after six years. Nov. 3, 1885, and 
 took a position in the Government School at Yankton Agen- 
 cy as seamstress, doing well there. She was to have gone to 
 assist Miss Howard at Crow Creek, but changed her plans to 
 many Thomas Arrow, an educated Indian, former pupil of 
 St. Paul's School, and went with him to establish a home at 
 Flandreau, S. D. Mr, Arrow is a thrifty young man, and their 
 pleasant tind well kt-pt home, on the hill overlooking the 
 beautiful valley of the Sioux River, is a model of its kind. 
 A new red barn s ands beside the neat frame house, 
 and all is surrounded by a large well cultivated farm, 
 showing not only hard work but prosperity. A little girl 
 about two years old, dressed in the most becoming of neatly 
 made clothes, completes the family circle. Mr. Arrow is or- 
 ganist of the Episcopal church in the town, and both are faith, 
 ful helpers there. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mi;s M. D. Atterbury, and Centre 
 Cong. S. S., Haverhill, Mass. 
 Lizzie Selwyn, a full-blood, age 14, niece of Chief Medicine Cow. 
 She returned on expiration of time, Sept. '81, and though too 
 badly diseased (scrofula) to do much, was always well spoken 
 of. She died in May, 1884. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Henry Rose. 
 Louisa Tasagyemaniwin, Walking Stick, full-blcod, age 14. Her 
 health suddenly failed and she returned home in '85, and died 
 soon after. She had come here from wild camp life and 
 though outwardly she seemed to have gained but little, yet 
 she had learned the "Christian way " and showed in her life 
 and death that she had found its inner meaning. 
 
 Scholarship given by S. S., of Broadway Tabernacle, N. Y. 
 Julia Upiwin, ^/r^^j^-Z^z//, a full- blood, age 14. She was an epileptic 
 and feeble minded but was kept until the expiration of her 
 time, Sept., '81. Since her return she has lived among the 
 more uncivilized of her people, and though spoken of as a 
 bad character is not held responsible for her actions. 
 
354 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 Emily West, Upikdeskawin, a full-blood, age 16, niece of Chief 
 White Swan. She returned on expiration of time, June 19, 
 83, and soon after went to St. Mary's School at Springfield, 
 S. D. She remained there only one year. About five years 
 ago she married William Wambdi, an industrious man of ex- 
 cellent character, and has made a good home at White Swan, 
 living a civilized Christian life for the sake of the childrens 
 whom she wants to have educated, she says, so that they may 
 help their people as God has helped her. 
 
 Scholarship given by Trinity Church, Boston. 
 
 Felix BeKOIST, a half-blood, age 16, son of Gabriel Benoist, a Can- 
 adian Frenchman. He had been to school and spoke fair 
 English. He returned from the Junior class to his mother's 
 home at Cheyenne River, Dec. '81, and soon after took the 
 position of Agency Interpreter there, keeping it until '86, 
 when an inherited disease, the violent attacks of which be- 
 came more and more frequent, prevented his holding so re- 
 sponsib'e a position, and he, with his wife whom he married 
 in '84, were given a camp school at the same Agency. In '89, 
 he was herding and farming and, in '91, living with, his broth- 
 er-in-law, helping him on a large ranch. 
 
 Scholarship given by Dr. Morgan, N. Y. 
 
 Jesse Bernie, full-blood, age 15, former pupil of St. Paul's School. 
 He returned because of delicate health a few months after he 
 came. He went one year to the Santee School, lived quietly 
 with his father for a few years — farming — then took up his own 
 allotment and has a home and farm of his own. He is marrien 
 and has two children, whom he is bringing up in " civilization 
 and Christianity," he say.-. He is an elder in the Presbyterian. 
 Church and is " well respected " says the Rev. Mr. William- 
 son. In appearance they are a striking family. The father 
 tall, fine looking and gentlemanly in dress, manners and con ■ 
 versation, the mother sweet-faced and gentle, and the children 
 an exceedingly bright and jolly pair. 
 
 Samuel Brown, half-blood, age 17, former pupil of St. Paul's 
 School. He returned in June '83 from the Indian school, took 
 the position of shoemaker at St. Paul's School and did well 
 there. He married an educated -girl and later went out upon 
 his farm. His record has not been good and he died Feb, 
 19, '91 in disgrace. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Jas. Whitall. Philadelphia. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 355 
 
 Daniel Mandan, a brother of Isaac, 12 years old. He was a bright 
 promising bjy, but his health failed and he was returned 
 home in '81, only to die soon after, May 31st. He leaves the 
 • record of a gentle life, closing in a Chrisfan death. 
 
 Isaac Mandan, full blood, age 14. He was not strong and was re- 
 turned in '80. He worked most of the time as a carpenter, 
 making a fair record. He died Feb. 6, '86. 
 
 Charles F. Picotte, Jr., three-quarters blood, age 15, son of Chas. 
 F. Picotte for many years the Agency interpreter at Yankton 
 Agency. He returned home in May, '84, worked on the larm 
 all summer, and came back with a party he had collected, in the 
 fall. He wi s graduated (See Record, Class of '86) and returned 
 home again, but wishing to repeat some studies of the Senior 
 term, came back a few months later. In July, 'Sj, he again 
 returned, taught a year at St. Paul's School and then went to 
 the Omaha Agency, married Marguerite La Flesche, class of 
 '8y, and took upon himself the care of a large family and 
 many allotments of land belonging to its different members. 
 In a difficult position he has done well, has had the largest 
 crops of any Indiar, and has kept every thing about his place 
 in the most approved way. He has had a tancy for the past 
 few years of wearing his hair long (for reasons which his 
 friends approve) and this has cieated some criiicism; but in life, 
 dress and bearing he has ever been above reproach, and when 
 he died after two years of patient suffering, he left only friends 
 among the tribe of his adoption. 
 
 A letter written to a Hampton friend shortly before his 
 death- his last letter, he calls it - speaks warmly and appreci- 
 atively of the advantages he has enjoyed here and the care and 
 consideration that has made his life what it has been. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. and Miss Ferguson. 
 
 George Stricker, Mahpiya-duza, (Swift Cloud,) full-blood, age 15, 
 son of Whirling Kock, Henry Stricker, one of the most pro- 
 gressive of the older Indians and a judge in the tribe. He 
 returned home in Oct. '83, drifted about Dakota for a year, 
 working here and there, expecting to return to repeat his 
 Middle year and graduate, but accepted a good place as clerk 
 at Lower Brule Agency instead. He had a good farm there 
 which he ran outside of work hours, was interested in an ag- 
 ricultural club, the Brotherhood of Christian Unity, and all 
 
35^ TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 
 
 that had to do with the elevation of his people. In '91 he 
 left Lower Brule and returned to Yankton where his land was 
 allotted, and has since been devoting himself to the improve- 
 ment of his place. He has a nice wife and children, and is 
 highly spoken of by all who know him. 
 
 Scholarship given by W. G. Low. N. Y. 
 
 PARTIES FROM NEBRASKA AND INDIAN TERRITORY- 
 
 Who came alone is June and S&pr. 1880, 
 
 FROM WINNEBAGO AGENCY, NEP. 
 
 Julia St. Cyr, a half-blood Winnebago, age 15. She had been ta 
 school before and spoke English. She returned home from 
 the Middle class, June 13, '83, taught a few months m the 
 school there, and then returned with a party of five young 
 girls and one little boy, three of whom are still under Hamp- 
 ton's care, and among her brightest and best. She was gradu- 
 ated, (See Record, Class of '85), and went home. Finding 
 nothing to do there, she went to Genoa Industrial School as 
 a pupil and afterward remained there some time as a clerk. 
 She taught at the Gov't School at home about a year, but 
 begged so earnestly to be allowed to return to Hampton that 
 she was permitted, arriving July, '87. Her experience at 
 home had been unfortunate and her conduct here so unsatis- 
 factory that we could not ;illow her to remain nor recommend 
 her 10 others. Commissioner Upshaw, however, gave her the 
 position of teacher in the Sac and Fox (Ind. Ty.) school, but 
 she remained there only a few months. 
 
 Her record has been bad. She has one child living, upoa 
 which she lavishes an intelligent mother's care and devotion, 
 and it is hoped that this may prove an influence for good- 
 
 When the little girls whom she had brought to Hampton, 
 returned home after their four years' course here, Julia- 
 though her self in disgrace, devoted herself totheir salvation^ 
 and succeeded so well that the two who were thus helped feel 
 that they owe her the greatest debt of gratitude, one of them 
 especially. Though she may not have been able to keep her 
 own character unblemished, she has done much toward re- 
 deeming her record in the saving of these two. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. K. H, Manning, Mrs. Dean. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSnrUTE. 357" 
 
 Sophie Little Bear, full Winnebago, age 12. She returned on ex- 
 piration of time, Sept. 30, '84, and. because she had nothing 
 else to do, went back to her friends and Indian life. She did 
 not, however, forget the ways she had learned to enjoy, and 
 in '87, married a Govt, school boy, Geo. Rice-Hill, and they 
 are trying, and slowly succeeding, to break away from the old 
 ways, and to have a bright, comfortable and civilized home. 
 When I visited them in '88, I found Sophie in full Indian 
 dress, and her baby bound to its board cradle and decorated 
 with Indian trinkets. It had been previously named for me, 
 and I asked as a favor " just one thing." that she would not 
 let the grandmother make holes in the baby's ears, lest when 
 she became a woman she should be ashamed. I did not even 
 exact a promise to this effect, knowing how difficult it would 
 be to keep. When, in '91, I surprised them with another vis- 
 it, I was especially gratified to find that they had not only 
 observed my particular request, but that the little girl was 
 wholly dressed, neatly and simply, in civilized garments, from 
 the rosette on her pretty cap to the proper number of buttons 
 on her black kid shoes. The father and mother had greatly 
 improved too, and showed an earnest ambition to have their 
 home nice and well ordered, and their daughter well pre- 
 pared for Hampton, when she is old enough. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. G. D. Coleman, and Evangelical 
 S. S. Athol, Mass. 
 
 William Hunter, a full-blood Winnebago, age 14, son of Andrew 
 Hunter. He returned after a year m the Junior Class, June, 
 '83, and found work in a store as clerk. In 1885, he went to 
 the Genoa Training School. (Neb)., and was later sent home 
 to collect children for that School. The next year he was 
 put in charge of the storehouse and books, became clerk 
 and remained there as a valued employe until his health failed 
 in '89. He then went home and died soon after, From a 
 Nebraska paper we quote the following : " The general store 
 room of the school is in charge of Will Hunter, Indian em- 
 ploye. His is one of the most responsible positions in the 
 school. Under his care is $5,000 worth of goods, and he man- 
 ages his stock with thq strictest business accuracy, dealing 
 out as needed for the .supply of the whole school. The room 
 is rather small and closely packed. To us it was a bewilder- 
 ing mass of blankets, calicoes, ginghams, hardware, etc. But 
 crowded as it is, you find everything in perfect order. In the 
 
358 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 office, downstairs, we were shown specimens of Hunter's pen- 
 manship, and long columns of articles, jotted down with 
 scrupulous neatness." 
 
 Scholarship given by "D.B.C." Thro'Miss M. A. Longstreth> 
 
 FROM OMAHA AGENCY, NEBRASKA. 
 
 Samuel Fremont, a full-blood Omaha, age 14. the son of Wajaepa, a 
 leader among the more progressive of the Omahas. He had 
 been injured by a horse was deforme 1, and in consumption^ 
 and was returned home July 19, i88r. He was a very inter- 
 esting character. He died May i, 1882. 
 
 William Watson, a full-blood Omaha, age 15. Returned in con- 
 sumption, April 25, 18S2. He was an orphan, and homeless,, 
 and was taken into the Mission, where he was tenderly cared 
 for until his death, May 13. 1883. 
 
 FROM SHAWNEETOWN, INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Frank Chisholm, a quarter- blood Shawnee, age 13, son of Jesse 
 Chisholm, a wealthy cattleman in Indian Territory. He 
 returned home on expiration of time, Oct., 1883, although 
 he was strongly advised to remain longer. His father had 
 died, leaving a goodly fortune in cattle to his s^n, and for 
 some time he lived upon this, wasting time and strength un- 
 til the property was gone. In '87, he applied to return, but 
 as no party was coming at that time he was obliged to give 
 it up. He has done some freighting and clerking, has a 
 good farm and stock and is a fairly prosperous young man. 
 He is married and has two sons. In '92, he writes, that he 
 has 400 acres of land near Tecumseh, Oklahoma, and two 
 town lots in Keokuk Falls. "I have been on the U. S. police 
 force one year now," he says, " and since last summer have 
 been working in the store at Econtuchka, where the Indians 
 trade. I can speak several languages now well, Sac and 
 Fox, Shawnee, Creek and Seminole." " I send my best wish- 
 es to Hampton School and wish the students, especially the 
 Indians, learn all they can. I used to be there, so I know all 
 about it, but I want the Indian boys to do ten times better 
 than I did. My time run out, and I got cranky and came 
 home, but I am sorry I done so, many times I wish I stay 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 359 
 
 longer. So I advise my best to the Indian boys not to make 
 any slips like I do." 
 
 Scholarship given by Frank Wood., Boston. 
 
 Robert Conalez, half-blood Shawnee, age lo, son of a Mexican out- 
 law and desperado. He returned with Chisholm on expiration 
 of time, Oct., '83, fell into the gang from which he had come, 
 and lived a wild, reckless life until caught and imprisoned. 
 He has lost one eye in a drunken fight, and the friends of his 
 childhood would never recognize the beautiful bright-eyed 
 little bo}^ in the dissipated, wretched man of to-day. 
 
 Scholarships given by Calvary S. S. N. Y., and Mr. 
 Frederick Marquand. 
 
 PARTY FROM ARIZONA 
 
 Brought by Sheldon Jackson, Feb. 15, 1881. 
 
 FROM PIMA AND PAPAGO AGENCY. 
 
 Antonito Azul, Ho}--iii-mia-iwoi-him, (Evening Thunder), a full, 
 blood Pima, about 30 years of age. He was the son of Soy- 
 e-vit, or Antonio Azul, head chief of the Pimas, and was 
 himself second chief. He came East to bring his own friend's 
 children, and to get what he could of education and civiliza- 
 tion to take back to his people. He spoke a very little Eng- 
 lish. After a year here his father, a splendid old chief, came 
 to visit him, stopping on the way to have his hair cut, and 
 don citizens' clothes, so that his son and grandchildren need 
 not be ashamed of him. June 19, '82, Antonito returned 
 home with trunks full of samples of various things that he 
 hoped to make use of in the industrial plans he had, devised 
 for the men and women of his tribe. 
 
 He united with the church while here, and, when he re- 
 turned, it was a serious question with him what should be 
 done about the two wives, mothers of his children, whom in 
 all honesty he had taken before he left home. Friends here 
 refused to advise him, but were gratified to learn, a few 
 months after his return, that a cottage had been erected and 
 the second wife and her children honorably and comfortably 
 established in a separate home. 
 
360 TWEN7Y-TW0 YEARS' WORK 
 
 In November, '87, the ajeit wrote : " Antonito Azul is 
 a fair representative of what the Indian citizen should be, in- 
 telligent, sober and industrious, having an intelligent appre-, 
 elation of property honestly acquired, so hard to create in an 
 Indian. As one of the results of his industry he occupies a 
 fair adobe house comfortably furnished, and uses his own 
 wagons and buggy. Last year he was given the contract for 
 furnishing the beef for the school, and the service was very 
 satisfactory. This year he will supply the beef, barley and 
 wheat necessary to this Agency. I am informed that when 
 he went to Hampton he left two wives, and that on his re- 
 turn one was provided for, but divorced. This example of the 
 chief's son aided materially in extirpating polygamy from 
 this reserve, and it is gratifying to state that there is not now 
 on either of the reservations under this agency, a single case 
 of plurality of wives." 
 
 He has been a help to the missionary, and a great power 
 for good among his own people. Every year brings excellent 
 reports of his manly spirit, and of progressive ideas illuse 
 trated in his own life. 
 
 Gen. O. O. Howard, in an article on the descendants of 
 Montezuma, says of Antonito : "His conduct was as good as 
 that of Peter the Great, for he also took a long journey and 
 studied as an apprentice that he might return and teach or 
 lead his own people into higher reaches of knowledge. 
 
 In bearing, in steady purpose to do right, from which he 
 was seldom known to deviate, in courage and straightfor- 
 wardness amid the most unfavorable circumstances, in sup- 
 pressing his natural sentiments of hatred and revenge, and 
 in striving to understand the new conditions of his tribe 
 among our increasing white people, Antonito Azul has been 
 a worthy disciple of Montezuma." 
 
 Scholarship given by First Presbyterian S. S., Bloomfield, 
 New Jersey. 
 Harry Azul, Mo-ha-ti-cal-pa-ha, eldest son of Antonito and heir to 
 the chieftainship, about 9 years old; a bright little fellow who 
 learned English very quickly. His health began to fail after 
 three years, and he was sent home at once, May 26, 1884. He 
 lived quietly at home for a few years helping his father and 
 acting often as interpreter. He is now married, has his own 
 farm and cattle ranch, and seems to be doing well in a busi- 
 ness way. The Agent in November, '87, says of him : " Har- 
 ry Azul has done well, having just completed a dwelling 
 
OF HAMPTOX INSTITUTE. 361 
 
 house which will be comfortably furnished. He owns some 
 cattle, horses and wagons, and is making the best of the op- 
 portunities presented. His life since his return has been 
 such that if emulated by Indians would result only in good." 
 
 He is, this year, the regular Agency Interpreter, and, 
 though hardly more than a child when he returned home, 
 keeps up his connection with his Hampton friends, showing 
 his appreciation of the advantages he has received. 
 
 Scholarship given by Central Cong. Church, Jamaica 
 
 Plain, Mass. 
 
 f 
 
 Charlie Matthews, nephew of Antonito Azul, about ii years of 
 age. He had much to contend with by inheritance, and it 
 was thought that he would do better with boys of his own 
 age, so in July, '85, he was sent, with other small Indian 
 boys, to the Educational Home in Philadelphia. He left there 
 July, '86, and went home. He soon after wrote to his Hamp- 
 
 "~-~- — ton tCiacher : " I am very well and have good time, and have 
 no work as a shoe shop or farmer, but as a cow-boy, taking 
 care of cattle, and I like it, but also it is a foolish work ; 
 nothing to learn. I have lots of fun on lassoing cows, and 
 that is the only fun we have, and also racing on horseback." 
 In '88, he enlisted as a scout at Ft. McDowell, Arizona, 
 and remained there until the post was abandoned in '90. 
 Since then he has been herding cattle for his grandfather 
 and others. Reports concerning him speak of him as reck- 
 less and intemperate. He himself writes, " No whiskey, but 
 smoke strong," enclosing a large photogra.ph of himself in full 
 " cowboy" costume. He says that he has not forgotten Hamp- 
 ton and its teaching, and wishes he might come back to it again 
 sometime, if only for a visit. A recent letter enclosed a two 
 years' subscription to the Souther7i Workman, for himself 
 and Harry Azul, showing genuineness of his interest. " How 
 is the old Hampton home ? " he asks ; " I have thought 
 of Hampton many a times." " Do you ever thought of us 
 here at homes of ou'rs ? " 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Jas. H. Thorp, Brooklyn. 
 
 KiSTOE Jackson, a full-blood, age 9, son of the Pima interpreter 
 Louis, a friend of Antonito's. He remained behind, after all 
 the others of his tribe had left, to learn the blacksmith's trade, 
 and prepare himself for a position promised him at the 
 Agency. In September, '88, he returned to find the adminis- 
 
362 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 tration changed and no such position opened to him. He 
 went to work digging wells and whatever else came to hand, 
 and is reported by the Missionary as " doing his best, and that 
 very well." In '90, he was on the police force, but in '91 was 
 devoting himself to his farm and doing some freighting to 
 help along. The Agent says : " He is industrious and fol- 
 lows the American plan of farming mainly." In character 
 he reports him as " excellent." 
 
 Melissa Inez, a full-blood Pima, about fourteen years of age, a rela- 
 tive of Antonito. She was a weird-looking little heathen at 
 first, but, though always eccentric in character, she 
 proved to be quite a bright and promising girl. She returned 
 in May, '85, just in time to see her father before his death. 
 She wrote : " Sometimes when I go in where he is lying I 
 would make a little pray for him, and no matter how weak 
 he is he would get right up and fold his feeble hands, for I 
 used to tell him about ' Our Father in Heaven.' " Soon after 
 this she went to a boarding school started at Tucson, and re- 
 mained there two years as a pupil. While home on a vaca- 
 tion she wrote the following account of a missionary effort r 
 " A Papago man wanted to learn about God, and I told him 
 how much I know, and he said he was going to be good, 
 keep all what God said. When I told every part I know 
 he says, ' Now I know which I never will forget it. I 
 will keep it right in my heart. I was in dark and never 
 think you will give me light.' And I looked on his face and 
 know that he really say with truth in his heart, so I give him 
 the ' Story of the Bible ' and explain to him all the pictures 
 in it, and he went home with a happy heart. I was very glad 
 too, that he believe in God. With all my heart I will say that 
 no matter if I don't write any of you, I am with you in my 
 heart." 
 
 In '91, she was employed as an assistant cook in the 
 school ac Sacaton, and was said by both agent and missionary 
 to be doing well. She was unfortunate in her first marriage, 
 but in the winter of '91 was again married in the Presbyteri- 
 an Church, still holding her position in the School. She 
 seems to have made a good name and that under many try- 
 ing circumstances. 
 
 Scholarship s given by Cong. S. S., Montclair, N. J., and 
 Mrs. James A. Smith 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 363 
 
 Santiago or James Rios, a full-blood Papago, age 19, bright and 
 promising, but consumptive and obliged to return the next 
 year. After reaching home he found himself able to start a 
 farm, then married and became quite a prosperous ra m. He 
 died a few years later. 
 
 Pablo or Paul Rios, a brother of Santiago, about 17 year; old, 
 bright but violent, intemperate and unreliable, having; lived 
 too long with Mexican half-breeds. Fearing his influence 
 here, he was provided for in Massachusetts, but in less than a 
 year sent home from' there in disgrace, October '83. He died 
 within a year afterward. 
 
 This little incident is characteristic of the boy. He 
 had been very violent, was ordered to the guard house, re- 
 fused to go, and fled to his own building, where he was found 
 behind the door, furious with rage, lying in wait to " kill," as 
 he said, the officers who were coming to force his obedience, 
 'he fiendish face and rigid form were not pleasant to en- 
 counter, but a few persuasive words caused the arms to relax, 
 and in less than a half hour the lion was a lamb, meekly went 
 to the office, delivered himself up, and walked quietly into 
 the place he had vowed a short time before he would never 
 enter. 
 
 Scholarship given by Ladies of St. Thomas Church 
 N. Y. 
 
 FROM SAN CARLOS AGENCY. ARIZ. 
 
 Robert McIntosh, full-blood Apache, about 17 years of age. He 
 had been a scout in the U. S. service, a famous runner, and 
 had been not inappropriately, nick-named " Fiery Bob." 
 Through intercourse with soldiers he had learned a little good 
 English, and a great deal that would not come under that 
 head, but was a ready speaker and a natural leader. He re- 
 turned in May, '84, arrayed in a light blue seersucker suit 
 and white helmet, purchased and donned on his own re- 
 sponsibility in Washington. He soon found employment at 
 the Agency as interpreter and teacher, and before long mar- 
 ried a chief's daughter after the Indian custom, his excuse 
 being that there was no one to perform a more legal ceremo- 
 ny at that time. He was interpreter for Gen. Miles during 
 the Apache outbreak in '86, and two years later came East 
 
364 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 with a party of Apaches as their interpreter, and was much 
 lauded by the newspapers as a fine example of the "educated 
 Indian." Though reports have generally been good, there is 
 reason to believe that his influence and conduct have not 
 always been the best, though considerably in advance of oth- 
 er members of his tribe. 
 
 Scholarship given by the Youth's Miss. Ass'n, Memorial 
 Church, Madison Avenue, New York. 
 
 Telma Voorhees, full-blood Apache, about 10 years old, the only 
 one of the party with, parents living. A bright roly-poly 
 little fellow who, with his quick mind and skillful fingers, 
 promised to be the flower of the flock. In Feb. '84, a party 
 of Apache chiefs, among them the head chief Antonio, an 
 uncle of Telma, came to Washington, and when they return- 
 ed insisted upon his going with- them. He served a short 
 time as interpreter and clerk, had pneumonia, and, as the 
 agent wrote, " had nearly recovered when his Indian friends 
 insisted upon his removal (to camp) and sang him to death 
 in one night." He was reported as " the brightest and best 
 of the San Carlos boys." 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Esther C. Mack. 
 
 Benjamin Stago, a full-blood Apache, age 13. He was bright, mis- 
 chievous, quick tempered and aftectionate, with a fund of 
 profane Spanish that told too plainly his early associations. 
 He returned in May '84, and has made a variable record as a 
 teacher, drunkard, interpreter, and prisoner, being reported 
 at short intervals as "doing well," and as "bad generally." 
 In '90, he writes from jail that he has three months yet to 
 serve there, and that he is now a "good boy." The cabinet 
 photograph of himself which he sends has the same boyish, 
 good-natured face all who ever saw him must remember. 
 Scholarship given by Dr. Kittredge's children. 
 
 Oliver Eaton, A-uto-ha-ma, a full-blood Mohave, age 17. He was 
 a promising young man, and remained East longer than the 
 others, spending a year or more with Mr. Jonathan Townsend 
 in Massachusetts. He returned home to help his sister, May 
 13, '85, soon after became a scout at Bowie Station, and 
 served also as a " good interpreter." In '87, he taught school 
 for awhile, but left to join Gen. Miles in his attempt to cap- 
 ture the last of Geronimo's band of Apaches. It was through ■ 
 his skill in following a very blind trail that the last of the fa- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 365 
 
 mous band was taken. A telegram from Gen. Miles to the 
 " New York Herald" said, " During the raid the troops fol- 
 lowed the hostiles forty-five miles over the roughest moun- 
 tains in Arizona, through intense heat and no water. It was 
 the sharpest, quickest, and most emphatic campaign ever 
 made against the Indians. Oliver Eaton, an Indian scout, a 
 graduate of Hampton school, was the trailer, and his skill in 
 keeping the trail enabled the troops to keep close to the 
 hostiles. In crossing San Pedro Valley, the hostiles travelled 
 nearly fifteen miles on tiptoe to hide the trail, but Eaton 
 held it." 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss M. B. Dwight's Bible Class, 
 Holyoke, Mass., and Payson Church, Easthampton, Mass. 
 
 William Roberts, Aquacca, a full-blood Mohave, whose age we 
 :an only guess to be 30 or more, though his official papers 
 put him at 15. Very small, his face seamed with wrinkles 
 and marred by disease, he did not seem very promising at 
 first, but an earnest determination to learn both books and 
 work soon put him among the more hopeful pupils. His 
 record since his return in May, '84. has been far better than 
 that of his brighter friends, being always " steady and trust- 
 worthy." He worked at his trade, that of carpenter, for over 
 two years, at one time getting %z a day. He died in '87. 
 Scholarship given by the Girls of Wellesley College. 
 
 David St. Cyr, half-blood Winnebago, age 17, brother of Julia, came 
 alone from the Winnebago Agency, Nebraska, May 17, 1881. 
 He studied with the Class of '85, but did not graduate. He 
 went to New York of his own accord and acted as a bell-boy 
 in the Metropolitan Hotel for a year or more, then returned 
 home to helpNhis father on the farm. In '88, he was employed 
 as clerk and interpreter at the Agency, and reported upon as 
 doing well. Since then the reports have not been so fa- 
 vorable. 
 
 Scholarship given by Central Cong. S. S., Fall River, 
 Mass. 
 
 Juan Garfield, full-blood Pima, age 22, an old friend of Antonito 
 Azulsand came here all alone July, '81, from the Pima Agen- 
 cy in Arizona. He was exceedingly earnest and faithful, and 
 made very good progress in school and shop. He returned 
 home after three years. May 14, and m his quiet, faithful way 
 made a good record until his death June 5, '87. 
 
 Scholarship given by Cong'l S. S. New Milford, Conn. 
 
366 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 PARTY OF SIOUX FROM DAKOTA, 
 
 Brought BY Gen. S. C. Armstrong and Miss Isabel B. Eustis, 
 
 Oct. 12, 1881. 
 
 CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Joseph S UNKASKA, or White Dog, full-blood, age 15, nephew of 
 chief Little No Heart, a leader among the more progressive 
 Indians. He returned after four years, July 6, '85, with the 
 smallest possible v )cabulary of English, almost no book 
 knowledge but. with a fair amount of industrial training. 
 He entered the carpenter shop at the agency, and remained 
 there until he left to take up farm work in the summer of 
 '87. He has since returned to the shop, and in '91 was a reg- 
 ular employe and doing well, being commended for his in- 
 dustry and good character. Whe 1 I last saw him he was sus- 
 perintending some digging about the agency, and was very 
 imposing in his big, otter-faced overcoat. His wife, Nellie- 
 is bright and interesting and, acting as his private secretary, 
 writes pleasant letters to her husband's old Hampton friends. 
 Scholarship given by Chas. A. Miller. 
 
 Thomas Ikinicapi, Fight for, full-blood, age 16, son of Tall Prairie 
 Chicken and nephew of Little No Heart. He returned July 
 6, '85, lived at home with his father for a year, and returned 
 to Hampton, Nov. 26, '86. He came back better prepared to 
 improve his opportunities, and, though this time he had a 
 scrofulous trouble to contend with, he made fair progress 
 and returned hime July 9, '89. The Agency phyaician took 
 him into his office as an interpreter and general helper, and 
 he remained there, doing what he could, until shortly before 
 bis death in Yi-tc, '91. He was an unusually gentlemanly fel- 
 low, kind and thoughtful, and made many friends wherever 
 he was thrown. Though far too feeble for any such effort, 
 he insisted upon rowing me across the Missouri, on my last 
 visit to him, because he realized that he could not live long, 
 and it was his last chance to see a Hampton friend and to 
 send messages of love and gratitude to those who had helped 
 to make his Hampton home the brightest part of his short 
 life. 
 
 Scholarships given by August Ullman, Miss Rose Lamb, 
 Misses M. and E.Bryce and John Nettleton. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 367 
 
 Maggie Larrabee, half-blood, age lo, a bright and promising child, 
 who would have remained longer had it been possible to gain 
 her mother's consent She returned July, '85, lived quietly 
 at home with her parents, making a yearly attempt to return 
 to Hampton, but each time failing. At last, in '90, she per- 
 suaded her parents to send her to the New Govt. School at 
 Pierre, and she spent a year there, hoping to return to Hamp- 
 ton in '91. Another disappointment awaited her, but she is 
 still there waiting for a chance this coming year. She has de- 
 veloped into a very bright, womanly girl, and has shown con- 
 siderable character in managing her own affairs. 
 
 Scholarships given by Lieut. J. H. Philbrick, U. S. A. 
 Calvary Ch. S. S. N. Y., and Hampton Club, Springfield, 
 "Mass: 
 
 William Larrabee, half-blood, age 19, brother of Maggie, who, find- 
 ing his little sister about to come to Hampton, determined to 
 come with her as her natural guardian. He returned May 26, 
 '84, became an agency herder, then blacksmith, and later the 
 regular agency interpreter, in which capacity he served during 
 the large council of chiefs who assembled at Lower Brule in 
 '88, to discuss the conditions of the Sioux Bill. In '89, he 
 became a Gov't farmer stationed at Charger's Camp, the site 
 of the new agency, and is still serving in that capacity to the 
 expressed satisfaction of those under whom he is workmg. 
 He has been twice married, both wives being ex-students of 
 St. John's School, and lives in a neat, comfortable house pro- 
 vided by Government. He has recently lost his wife, and is 
 said to have behaved recklessly since then, but we hope it is 
 nothing permanent. 
 
 Scholarship given by Justus S. Hotchkiss. 
 
 Joseph Marsh, or De March as he signs himself, half-blood, age 11, 
 came under the care of Wm. Larrabee. A very bright boy 
 whose time expired just at the wrong age. Lieut. Geo. Le 
 Roy Brown was ready to educate him, s.nd every influence 
 was brought to bear upon him to induce him to return to 
 school life, but he preferred the " free life " of the prairies 
 and has ever since engaged in some outdoor work as 
 herder, freighter or farmer. He is now an Agency herder at 
 Rosebud. 
 
 Scholarship given by Cong. S. S., Sufiield, Mass. 
 
■^'JQ TWFNTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Baptiste Gabe, half-blood, age 17, relative of Lanabee. He returned 
 May 26, '84, but soon after went to Standing Rock and found 
 employment on the agency herd. After a season of this 
 service, the Agent reported : " He is trusiworthy and reli- 
 able, and has attended to his duties in a satisfactory manner." 
 For several yeais past he has been a driver employed at Ft. 
 Bennett by the Army, and in charge of the Agency stables 
 at Cheyenne River. During the Indian excitement and trou- 
 ble of '90, he was employed as interpreter by the Army, but 
 returned to his position at the agency when the trouble was 
 over. His record has not always been the best, though year- 
 ly improving a little. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Rosa E. Rainsford. 
 
 CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Susan Carpenter, three-quarters blood, age 18. She had been to 
 school a little and spoke some English but had been rather 
 wild at home. She returned Sept , 30, '84, took a firm stand 
 for what she knew to be the best way, did much to redeem 
 her former record, and was spoken of as an excellent house- 
 keeper, both at home, and for other people. In 'S5, she mar- 
 ried Chas. McBride, and until '91, they had a pleasant home 
 at Crow Creek; considerable stock, a good farm, and were ex- 
 amples of neatness and thrift. At that time Charles became 
 infatuated with a young girl, (See his record in arrivals of 
 June, '84), and without legal cause persuaded the Agent to 
 divorce him, which he did. only stipulating that he leave 
 their child, Moses, a beautiful little boy about three years old, 
 and the most of their joint property with Susan. This sep- 
 aration began a series of domestic complications which have 
 been a discredit to most concerned, regardless of race, but 
 which promises to be an object lesson of some value to those 
 now coming out from Indian reservation law to that of the 
 state. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. Louisa Nichols, Mrs. R. H. 
 Manning. 
 
 Rebecca Mazakutf, Ratiling-Iron, full-blood, age 12, daughter 
 of Rev. Paul Mazakute, the first Sioux ordained as a clergj'^- 
 nian in the Episcopal Church. She returned home Sept. '84, 
 but came back to Hampton the following month and re- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 365I 
 
 •imained until May 28, '88, when she again returned at the 
 •earnest solicitation of her mother. She found arrangements 
 already made for her marriage with Lot Frazier, an industri- 
 ous young man, a miller at the Agency, and was married to 
 him by the church, the following September. In '90, Lot left 
 the mill and went out upon his land to open up a farm. They 
 have good crops of grain and vegetables, a comfortable 
 home and are very happy together. With liitle to encourage 
 lier and much to discourage, Rebecca has borne herself well, 
 keeping herself far above the average school-trained girl in 
 •dress, language and deportment, and in spite of sickness and 
 trouble has done much to fullfil her father's dying wish. 
 
 Scholarship given by S. S. of "The Independent ChurcW" 
 ^-(ynfta^ian) Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 John Archamkeau, half-blood, age 16, returned May '84, worked 
 diligently at his trade for a year 'and came back as an escort 
 for a party, April, '85, He returned again in Jan., '87, went 
 to the town of Pierre and there established himself as a car- 
 penter on the footing of a white man. When the Commis- 
 sioners were sent out to negotiate for the Indians' land, he 
 went to the reservation, voted with the progressives, and re- 
 turned to his business. In '89. he joined the 12th Infantry at 
 Ft. Yates, N. D,, and, during the ghost craze ani trouble with 
 Sitting Bull in '90 and '91, was in active service. He is Still 
 in the army and likes it " splendid " he says 
 
 Scholarship given by ist Presb. S. S £. Orange. 
 
 Thomas Paseca Ashley, full blood, age 16. He returned July 6, '85, 
 made a good record and came back t© Hampton from Stand- 
 ing Rock, Oct, 14, '87. He returned home again from the 
 Junior Class, Sept. 25. '89, took a position as agency police- 
 man at one of the wildest camps, where his work was highly 
 commended. In '90, he married, by Indian custom, Made- 
 line Currier, a bright, young Hampton girl, and, though they 
 were reported as having a pleasant and well kept home, their 
 influence could not be for good, nor their lives happy. In a 
 short time, Madeline ran away to Ft. Peck and Paseca soon 
 after filled her place, also illegally, by a less enlightened girl. 
 In '91, he received a prize for having the best fields in his 
 •camp, but his record of character has of course been poor, 
 though we hope he may yet redeem it. 
 Scholarship given by E. and S. Ferguson; Calvary S S., N. Y^ 
 
37© TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Samuel Cetan, Hawk, full-blood, age 21. Though brought up in 
 Indian ways and rather old to learn English and books quick- 
 ly, he made the most of his chances here. He returned July 
 6, '85, worked in the Agency blacksmith shop a year, and then 
 settled down upon his own land and now cultivates a good 
 farm. In '89, he was made a catechist by Bishop Hare and 
 does this work now in connection with his trade and farm. 
 He has a good wife and comfortable home, and shows in a 
 remarkable way what a few years of training can do for an 
 earnest man long past the prescribed " school age." 
 Scholarship given by Miss Grace Learned. 
 
 Henry Little Eagle, Wambdi-cistina, full-blood, age 17. He re- 
 turned on expiration of time July 6, '85. He did well at 
 home and came back to Hampton with his young bride, Lucy 
 Winona, Nov., '86. (See arrivals, Nov., 86). They lived in 
 one of the cottages built here for married students, and there 
 made a pleasant home, Henry doing all the heavy housework 
 in a most un-Indian-like spirit. In '88, a little daughter, 
 Martha Waldron, was born, and Sept. 25, '88, they all re- 
 turned home. Henry found employment at the Agency as 
 blacksmith, and they had a pleasant and comfortable home 
 there, both exerting an influence for good, In '91, Henry 
 left the shop, went out on his land and has since devoted his 
 whole attention to his farm and stock, being very successful 
 with both. 
 
 Though the master of considerable property and father 
 of two children, he still keeps up an interest in base ball, and, 
 with several other Hampton boys, belongs to a club that is 
 frequently invited to the different towns to play with white 
 organizations. 
 
 In the church he is an equally wide awake helper, always 
 present at one of the two chapels, and a recognized leader in 
 the singing and reponses. He also has an active interest in 
 other societies at the Agency designed to promote civiliza- 
 tion and Christianity. On his first return home, he influenced, 
 one brother, Edward, to come to Hampton, and on his sec- 
 ond return sent back another, Walter, so that for eleven 
 years Hampton has not been without its Little Eagle. 
 
 Scholarship given by Messrs. Ivison, Blakeman and Tay- 
 lor ; Parish Aid Soc. of Christ's Church, New Orleans, La. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 37^ 
 
 LOWER BRULE AGENCY, 
 
 Baptiste Bear Bird, Catka-tanka, (Big Left Hand), luU-blood, age " 
 19, son of Chief Bear Bird. He was a handsome, dashing 
 young fellow, a leader in the dance, race and other youthful 
 accomplishments at home, and came here in much the same 
 spirit. He made good improvement however, and returned 
 home in May 6, '84, He soon after married an uneducated 
 girl, and, finding that neither were as well fitted as he had - 
 thought, for the life of usefulness he had planned, came back-' 
 to Hajaptorrfour months later, bringing his wife, Julia, with 
 him. They lived in one of the cottages here for married 
 couples and did well. May 30, "86; they returned home. For 
 a year. Bear Bird was industrial teacher at the Gov't School, 
 the next year, a policeman, and then went to Crow Creek to 
 assist Miss Howard in her Industrial Home. In none of these 
 places was he an entire success, though his faults included 
 nothing more serious than wilfulness and self-confidence. In 
 '88, he was made a catechist by Bishop Hare and stationed 
 at White River, where he soon settled down to hard and 
 faithful work. The Rev. Mr. Walker says that Bear Bird has 
 been a great help to him. He preaches on the Sabbath and 
 one day each week, holds a Sunday-school, visits the sick, in- 
 structs and guides and helps whenever needed. All this be- 
 Sjides the example of a Christian home. Julia, he says, is a 
 " good woman and takes good care of her house." In '90, 
 Julfa died, leaving a delicate little girl, Grace, about two years 
 old and nearly blind. Bear Bird is himself in consumption 
 and, having no home, and no one to care for him, obtained a 
 place in the hospital at Standing Rock, and spent the winter 
 '91 and '92 there, returning to Lower Brule in the spring. 
 Writing in January he says : " I am catechist, preaching to 
 my people two times a day on Sunday and also Wednesday. I 
 have a little education from the Government so I always show 
 myself before my people and tell them to send their children 
 to school." 
 
 " I stand by these two things— Word of God and Edu- 
 cation." 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. James M. Brown. 
 
 Peter Brazeau, Tanyan -wakuwa, (Good Hunter) half-blood, age 
 18 or more. He returned home May 26, '84, and spent more 
 
372 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK ' 
 
 time than seemed necessary in visiting a large and scattered 
 circle of relatives. He did some painting, but was not able 
 to work regularly. He seems to have done fairly well, and 
 is most tenderly remembered by his relatives and friends. 
 He was a victim of scrofula, and died in May, '86 
 
 Scholarship given by Broadway Tabernacle, New York. 
 
 Benjamin Majo, Bear, full-blood, age i6, was in consumption when 
 he came, and never able to do anything at school or work. 
 Spurning "white man's medicine," as dangerous to his life and 
 health, he sent home for some "Indian medicine," which in 
 due time arrived with careful directions for its use. The 
 " medicine," about a spoonful in quantity, was an innocent 
 Jooking prescription of pounded root, sweet and spicy, and 
 was to be added to four cups of boiling water, one teaspoonful 
 to be taken several times a day. All other medicine gave 
 way to this homeopathic treatment and faith cure. After £ 
 few days, a request for cough medicine was volunteered and 
 later the remains of the Indian medicine abandoned for what 
 proved to be more helpful and comforting. Nothing could 
 do permanent good, and when spring came he returned home 
 April 25, '82, and died soon after, a convert not only to the 
 white man's medicine, but to the white man's religion. Hi; 
 brother, Frank Door, came 10 Hampton two years later. 
 
 ■Samuel Medicine Bull, T atanka-wakan , full-blood, age 20, son o 
 the old chief Medicine Bull. He returned May 26, '84, anc 
 soon after started a little house at White River, his father'; 
 camp. He also opened a Sunday-school and held an Episco 
 pal service for an increasingly large congregation. In fiv( 
 months he had so influenced his father that, instead of oppos 
 ing education and Christian work, this strong hearted old mat 
 did all in his power to further it. After a few months ii 
 which results had been attained such as seldom crown year; 
 •of labor, this young leader concluded he had not the educa 
 tion he needed and must come back to Hampton, and bette 
 fit himself for the work he found before him. With a party 
 including his sister and several other pupils of his little school 
 he returned in Nov. '84, and for two years was a most earnest 
 student. In July, '86. he returned home again, was made i 
 catechist by Bishop Hare, and stationed at his father's camf 
 where he labored before, but this time as assistant to Misse; 
 Goodale and Tileston, who went out at the same time tc 
 build up the school, while he took charge of the church. In 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 37J, 
 
 '87, he married a girl trained in civilized ways, Elizabeth Bra- 
 zeau, and in '89, left the camp and established himself at St 
 Albans, where a large number of progressive young men,, 
 largely Hampton students and their relatives, had taken land 
 and located on farms with a church and school of their own. 
 At a council of chiefs called to oppose the survey of their 
 lands, young Medicine Bull made a telling speech in favor of 
 the survey. When his father was called upon to express 
 himself, he simply replied, " My son has spoken for me," and 
 withdrew his former objections. He has never wavered in 
 his determination to serve his people as he had been taught,, 
 and besides his church work (he now has charge of the St. 
 Albans church as catechist), he has a good farm and herd,, 
 does carpentering whenever opportunity offers, and by his 
 earnestness and force of character wields an influence that is 
 very telling. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. William Fitch. 
 
 Senjamin Ohitika Brave, Bra-oc Long Feather, full-blood, age 16, 
 protege of Rev. Luke C. Walker, native missionary at Lower 
 Brule. A bright and promising boy, he only returned, July 
 6, '85, because trouble with his eyes forbade study or regular 
 work. He floated about for awhile, then opened up a farm 
 at St. Albans, married Ida Rencontre, a Hampton girl, (Se'e 
 arrivals, Oct., '8i,) and established a pleasant and thrifty 
 home there. In '87, he was appointed catechist by Bishop 
 Hare and stationed at Driving Hawk's camp, where he was- 
 also assistant teacher in the camp school. There, through 
 many discouragements, he lived and labored for four years, 
 without entirely separating himself from his farming interest, 
 until in '91 he gave up the school and applied himself wholly 
 to his farm. With Hampton and other progressive young 
 men, he belongs to a Brotherhood of Christian Unity, a base 
 ball club, an agricultural society, and various other enter- 
 prises for the promotion of Christianity and civilization. 
 
 He has made of his limited advantages a most excellent 
 use. As an example of industry, enterprise and true pro- 
 gressive spirit, he has few peers, and his influence has always 
 been strong and good. His letters have a peculiar interest. 
 
 Some time ago he wrote about his work : 
 
 " To-day I t'link about very often times. You did not 
 expect that I am living yet but I am yet living. Neither I. 
 
374 TWFNTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 did not forget you all my east friends at all day and night. 
 But still I cannot write to you very often, because I hard time 
 to live. I live very far off the Agency about 15 miles so 
 did not go to the Agency all the times, except twice a month 
 for hold of Association which we call " The Brotherhood of 
 Christian Unity." All the Christians are joining, not all of 
 them but most of them. Now at the present the officers of 
 Brotherhood of C. U... Samuel Medicine Bull President; 
 Benj, Brave, Secretary. 
 
 We work against the evil and help the good thing. We 
 have 13 Rules over our Brotherhood, that we will try to help, 
 and look for anything will happen at Agency or Reservation. 
 We are trying to do right among our people who are now in 
 negligences and ignorances of our mighty God. We hope 
 that we do more good works among our poor savage race. I 
 am very sorry for them sometime, because they do not [know] 
 what is best for them 10 do in our future life. Sometimes 
 some of my old [friends] ask me to give it up the white's way. 
 We all Hampton boys here are do better than the any other 
 Agency. We Brule boys none go back to our old life again. 
 Now I am living well with my wife and baby first rate. 
 We have a little beautiful baby whom we both love very 
 dearly. She is prettiest than any other here at Fort Hale. 
 I have not much to say at present but will try say more some- 
 time. I send my best love to you which my dear join me 
 . to send." 
 
 Benj. Brave {Ohiiika) 
 
 Scholarships given by Church of the Saviour, Philadel- 
 phia and Class of boys, Park Street S. S, Boston. 
 
 Tiyowicakte {Killed-in-the- House) , fuU-biood, son of Two Kettles, 
 age 17. In consumption when he came, and was returned 
 soon after. He came in Indian dress and long hair, from the 
 wildest of camp life, learned here the religion of Christ and 
 returned to die among the people he still loved, but with 
 a new light in his heart and a new influence in his life. 
 Scholarship given by Calvary Church. 
 
 George Wannapin, Necklace, full- blood, age 20, nephew of chief 
 Medicine Bull. He returned Sept. 20, '84, just as Samuel 
 Medicine Bull was about to come back to Hampton, and, 
 . though seemingly far from equal to such responsibility, he 
 bravely took up his cousin's work and by steady perseverance 
 and a spirit of absolute devotion, carried it on until the Misses 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 375 
 
 Goodale and Tileston arrived to relieve him in July, '86. They 
 made him their assistant, and for three years he was their 
 constant helper and friend. When Samuel Medicine Bull 
 left White kiver.Wannapin was madeacatechist, and has since 
 been employed in that capacity to the missionary's expressed 
 satisfaction. Aided by the dignity of nearly six and a half 
 feet of height and a benign and fatherly countenance, he had 
 obtained an influence which he wielded with all the wisdom 
 that fell to his share. He has a delicate little wife with no 
 educational advantages, and is reported to have resorted to 
 corporal punishment in her training. This is an offence call- 
 ing for arrest, and he being, in '91, appointed a policeman, is 
 now in honor bound to respect this law. He dresses and ap- 
 pears well and is highly spoken of by all. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Esther C. Clark, 
 
 YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Conger, IVacantkiyetuin, (Mercy) quarter-blood, age 10, 
 daughter of Cassius Conger. She returned Sept. 30, '84, re- 
 mained quietly at home with her parents during the summer, 
 and came back to Hampton in November. Her short visit 
 home inspired her with more intelligent zeal, and when she 
 next returned home. May 28, '88, though an undergraduate, 
 she had been promoted to the Senior Class and was compe- 
 tent to teach well. The next fall she was given the position 
 of assistant teacher at the government school and was so 
 successful with the young children that the primary depart- 
 ment of 80 children was put in her charge. During her 
 third year, October, '90, she married Chas. H. Bonnin, an ex- 
 cellent young man, (one-quarter Indian) the agency issue 
 clerk, but kept right on with her school. 
 
 Her wedding cards were the first ever received at Hamp- 
 ton from one of its Indian students, and the wedding, which 
 took place in the Episcopal church at the Agency, was all 
 that the most fastidious could desire — Anna Dawson, and 
 David Simmons, two Hampton students, officiating as brides- 
 maid and groomsman. They at once went to housekeeping 
 in a pretty little cottage belonging to the mission and have 
 since had a very pleasant and happy home there, a delight- 
 ful social centre for the educated young people of the agency. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Henry Rose. 
 
376 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 hJzziE Keeler, quarter-blood, age 12. A child with a most, unfor- 
 tunate inheritance, and the source of much trouble here. 
 She returned at the expiration of her time, Sept. 30. '84, and 
 the following January married Stephen Vassar, a young 
 blacksmith not very well spoken of. Domestic troubles of 
 various kinds soon followed and the result has been unhappy 
 for both parties. 
 
 Scholarship given by " Happy Helpers," Lowell, Mass. 
 
 Zallie RuLO, quarter-blood Ponca, age 15. Graduated with class 
 of '85, (See Record Class of '85) and returned home the fol- 
 lowing November competent to do well. She found no po- 
 sition such as she hoped to fill, became "discouraged," 
 she says, and was careless in regard to her good name. She 
 taught very acceptably at Rosebud for a lime, but has drifted 
 about from place to place, doing well at times but on the 
 whole has made a bad record, Heredity and early asso- 
 ciations should be considered in her case, as in others where 
 the advantages have been less conspicuous. 
 
 Scholarship given by C-^ntral Presb. S. S., Summit, N. J. 
 
 William Bean, half-blood, age 15, returned home Sept. 30, '84, and 
 became at once the shoemaker, or rather, shoe-mender of 
 the Government School. He did not find mending Govern- 
 ment brogans inspiring and left soon after, finding work in 
 the agency grist mill. In '88 the agent reports that he has 
 "entire charge of the mill, makes all the flour and keeps all 
 the books," though being under a superintendent, this re- 
 port must have been only temporarily correct. The agent 
 also reports; "He is reliable industrious and trust}'." He 
 took a wife after the Indian custom, but afterward did his- 
 best to repair the wrong and redeem his character. He has 
 always been an mfluential member of the church, active in 
 all its interests, and an officer of the Indian Y. M. C. A. at 
 the agency. After three years the mill was abandoned and 
 he went into the carpenter shop where he is still at work at 
 $25.00 a month, besides carrying on a farm of his own. He 
 is very neat in person and gentlemanly in manner and ad- 
 dress. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. Harriet Bishop; Miss Esther 
 C. Mack. 
 
 Joseph Estes, quarter-blood, age 16, a former pupil of St. Paul 
 School. He was returned Sept. 30, '84, from the Middle 
 Class, hoping he would come back and complete his course. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 3 77- 
 
 but the restraints of school life were not to his mind until 
 too late to return. He taught at the Government School a 
 year or more, married an educated girl, was active in church 
 work and, though sometimes fickle and consequently unreli- 
 able, did on the whole very well. The next two years he ran 
 the printing office for the Rev. Mr. Williamson, publisher of 
 the lapi Oaye, and then went to Santee as printer on the Eng- 
 lish edition of the same paper — the Word Carrier. Through 
 trouble with the foreman, he left there and went to the Lower 
 Brule Agency, hoping to take up land and start a farm, but 
 could not for tribal reasons. Since then he has filled various 
 positions as teacher, organist and surveyor's assistant ; in '9a 
 was one of the agency farmers at Yankton Agency and m '91 
 the regular agency interpreter at the Lower Brule Agency. 
 In '92 he married a white woman and went out to take charge 
 of a schoDl at Driving Hawk's Camp, forty -five miles from 
 the agency, and to act there also as catechist. He writes :— 
 " Ever since my return from school it has been my object tO' 
 d:i something for my race, and although I may not have done 
 much, I have always felt it a duty resting upon me to do my 
 share; now, you can see, the field has been thrown open for 
 me to do great good to my people." He has always been a 
 young man of decided ability, thoroughly upright in char- 
 acter, and a leader in whatever he undertakes, though, 
 through mistaken judgment, his talents have not benefited 
 himself or his people as truly as he himself could wish. 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. C. A. Astor. 
 
 William Saul, Heyoka-tokeca. ( Strange Clown ) full -blood, age 31. 
 He had been a catechist under Bishop Hare, but left his- 
 work and family to learn more of the English language and 
 Eastern civilization. He remained only a year, returning 
 April 30, '83. In that time he learned a great deal more of 
 civilization than he did of English, but went home with a 
 good many valuable ideas and sent his eldest child at once to 
 Hampton. He took up his church work at Santee, then was 
 removed to Yankton, and later to a station at Corn Creek on 
 the Rosebud reserve, where he has been doing excellent 
 work for several years, on a salary of $35.00 a month. He 
 has a farm of his own, has five children in school, and prac - 
 tices as well as preaches whatever of civilization he has 
 learned. He is the only Hampton student at Rosebud Agen- 
 cy and when, during the Indian excitement of '91 we heard 
 through newspaper reports that the " Hampton students" 
 
378 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 there had joined in the ghost dance and gone on the war- 
 path, we were much amused at the idea of this exceedingly 
 dignified gentlemen deporting himself in such a manner. 
 His influence then, as always, has been strongly for the right. 
 
 David Stricker, Ta-wakmikdi-wakanna, ( His holy lightning) 
 full-blood, age 16. Son of Henry Stricker, one of the 
 Indian judges. A bright boy, but wild and lazy. He was 
 sent to Massachusetts hoping that the restraints of a quiet 
 home would be helpful, but, though he did fairly well there 
 he came back not much improved and his return home was 
 recommended. On his way through Washington, Feb. 10, '85, 
 with another boy, he was advised by the Indian Office to try 
 Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kas., and both were sent there. 
 David did not remain there long, but went to Crow Creek, 
 married after the Indian custom, and, for several years, led a 
 very reckless sort of life. In '91, he went home to Yankton, 
 and turned over anew leaf with great decision, and has shown 
 so much strength of character that his friends are very hope- 
 ful for his future record, the more so, perhaps, as it is a family 
 tradition that a Stricker must sow about so many wild oats 
 before settling down to exemplary manhood. 
 
 Scholarship given by Holy Trinity S. S., N. Y. 
 
 Thomas Tuttle, Wakanyan-najin, (Standing Holy) full-blood, age 
 16, former pupil of St. Paul's School, bright and promising. 
 He returned on expiration of time and, finding nothing to do 
 at Yankton, went to Crow Creek, where he found employ- 
 ment as agency interpreter and assistant in the school. He 
 did well in both places, but later he took up his trade— car- 
 pentry. When the grist mill was started in '87, he entered 
 that as an apprentice and is still employed there at $25.00 a 
 month. The white man in charge cannot speak too highly 
 of his assistant; says he is perfectly competent to run engine, 
 mill and all by himself. In '90 he left the mill to accompany 
 a census enumerator from place to place as interpreter, and 
 to fill the p'ace of agency interpreter at Lower Brule for a 
 time, but in '91 returned to his mill and his farm. As far 
 back as '85, he took up land 10 miles or more from the agency, 
 built a log house there and started a farm. In the intervals 
 of regular work he has improved his place, used his wages 
 for farm implements, fences and stock, and has this year torn 
 down the old log house and, with his own hands, put up a 
 Beat frame building in which he means some day to live, when 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 379 
 
 the farm shall pay better than the mill. In '86 he married a 
 Government School girl, Susan Kill- Many, and has generally 
 lived at the agency near his regular work. His home abounds 
 in evidences of his own skill and ingenuity — much of his 
 furniture being the work of his own hands. In '89 he made a 
 serious mistake which injured his influence for a time, but 
 he soon recovered himself and has done his best to redeem 
 his character. With this exception, his record has always 
 been excellent, for as an intelligent, industrious, earnest 
 Christian young man he has few equals, and his example of 
 making the best use of time and money is one the Indian 
 people very much need. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. B. de Forest; Miss Mar- 
 garet E. Gale. 
 
 PARTY FROM NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Brought by Lieut. Geo. Le Roy Brown, Oct. 24. '81. From 
 
 FORT BERTHOLD AGENCY, N. D. 
 
 Susie Nagle, half-blood Mandan, 9 or 10 years old. She returned 
 on expiration of time because permission could not be ob- 
 tained for prolonging her stay, but she came back with Miss 
 Howard, Nov. 8, '85. Life at home had not been altogether 
 satisfactory, and she returned to Hampton much wiser and 
 more earnest. Trouble with her eyes prevented regular work, 
 and, Sept. 25, '89, she went to Crow Creek to be with Miss 
 Howard and help in her Industrial School. She spent the 
 summer with Mrs. Burt at the rectory and then returned to 
 Fort Berthold to be with her father, a white man. She has 
 been living there since, doing well as far as we know. 
 Scholarship given by the Misses Thurston. 
 
 Mary Walker, half-blood Gros Ventre, age 12. She returned home 
 May 26, '84, because unable to obtain permission to remain 
 longer. She went to a home presided over by a heathen 
 grandmother, and very soon yielded to the influences thrown 
 about her. Her record, as far as simple facts are concerned, 
 was for a time bad, but when circumstances are considered, 
 there is little blame due her. In the fall of 1890, she married 
 an industrious young man, brother of Susie Nagle, and there 
 is reason to hope that a better life is now open before her. 
 Scholarship given by the Misses Thurston. 
 
380 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 Deluska, Hu-ke-ga-dish tish, (Little Pole Cat), full-blood Mandan, 
 age 15. in advanced consumption when he came, and return- 
 ed in June, '83. He went back to a miserable home where no 
 one knew how to care for him properly, and, though surround- 
 ed by nothing elevating or helpful, he wrote that he was still 
 a Christian in his heart, and before his death made his friends 
 promise that, clothed in his school uniform, he should be giv- 
 en a Christian burial. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
 
 Charles Many Birds, Ba ta-ku, Mandan and Gros Ventre, age 13, 
 son of the chief Old Wolf. A bright little fellow, but a strik- 
 ing contrast to his gentle friend in physique and character. 
 He ran away from his summer home in Massachusetts in '84,. 
 determined to get back home. While standing on the plat- 
 form of a train his hat blew ol^, and, instinctively reaching to 
 catch it, he lost his balance and fell to the ground, breaking 
 his leg so that amputation was necessary. After a time 
 friends got him home, he entered the Fort Stevenson School,, 
 and died in '89. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Mary Louise Joy. 
 
 FROM STANDING ROCK AGENCY. 
 
 Rosa Bear Face, Topala (Fourth born daughter) full-blood, age 17,. 
 daughter of chief Bear Face or Mato-ite. Returned home 
 May 26, '84, and in the autumn took a camp school, where a 
 dinner had to be cooked and served to the pupils every day. 
 For a time she had Francis White Cow for assistant and was 
 so very successful that on visiting the School a skeptical sen- 
 ator was inspired to exclaim, " Well, this settles the Indian 
 question." In '^i the camp was moved, the school broken 
 up, and Rosa returned to Hampton to get more knowledge 
 and experience. The bright young girl who went home three 
 years before, came back a broken down woman, with an air 
 of patient endurance that told its tale all too plainly. Her 
 health failed so rapidly that she was returned as soon as pos- 
 sible. May I, '88. Though in confirmed consumption and so 
 ill as to be at times almost helpless, her influence upon her 
 home and friends, and upon the women and girls whom she 
 gathered around her was truly wonderful, and her life has 
 been a most potent influence in the civilization of her own 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ^St 
 
 particular people. In writing about her, the Agent says: 
 " Rosa has done more than well. She is a remarkable girl, 
 with modesty, force of character and amiableness of disposi- 
 tion to be envied by many whites with superior advantages." 
 
 Through her influence her father is one of the most pro- 
 gressive of the Sioux chiefs, her home greatly improved in 
 every way, her sisters and friends in citizen dress, and scores of 
 others have been radically helped and influenced by her noble 
 example of love and devotion to right. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Mary A. Dorman, Mrs. Put- 
 nam's School, Jamaica Plain, Mass. 
 
 Frances White Cow, Pte-san, full-blood, age 14. Returned home 
 May 26, '84, and assisted Rosa Bear Face in her school for 
 quite a while, then married a worthless fellow who treated 
 her shamefully and, in '83, was in the guard house for his of- 
 fense. She has a good name and would gladly have returned 
 to Hampton had her health allowed. Her language, her 
 bearing and her influence show that neither sickness, trouble 
 nor poverty, can pull her down to the level of those who have 
 not even her small advantages. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. N. S. Batchelder. 
 
 Fidelia Walking Medicine, P ej ihut a-matiiwin , full-blood, age 
 15. Returned May 26, '84, and, though she worked a little 
 while at the Catholic mission, made a bad record as to char- 
 acter. In '85, she was married to Chas. Le Clair, an ex-stud- 
 ent of Hampton, who went up there for her, and took her 
 back with him to Crow Creek, where his mother made them a 
 pleasant home. Fidelia has the name of being a good house- 
 keeper and is very skillful with her needle — a great help in the 
 woman's societies, and since her husband's death, Jan. 16, '91, 
 she has been assisting Miss Porter in her hospital work, in the 
 capacity of housekeeper. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. L. B. Denny. 
 
 Jennie No Ears, Noga-wanicawin, half-blood, age 15. She return- 
 ed Sept. 30, '84. and the following February married Louis Pri- 
 meau, then and now the agency interpreter, and went with 
 to him teach a day school on Grand River. She was reported 
 by the agent as " doing better than nine-tenths of the white 
 teachers," and besides, as being " one of the best cooks in the 
 country." She died at her school in May, '83, leaving a beau- 
 tiful baby whose photograph, in the neatest and prettiest of 
 
382 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 white dresses, kid shoes and ;?<? beads or ornaments, was one 
 of the first that Hampton ever received of its Indian grand- 
 children. 
 
 Scholarship given by the Salem Normal School. 
 
 Josephine McCarthy, half-blood, age 12. Returned May 26, '84, 
 lived about a year with her sister and came back April, '85, 
 remaining until May i, '88, when she went home with Rosa 
 Bear Face. Her record here was not promising and her ca- 
 reer at home (where she had no home) was not above re- 
 proach. In dress, general bearing and accomplishments, she 
 was an example to the more uncivilized, but her helpfulness 
 too often ended theTe. She interpreted for the missionary at 
 Oak Creek for a time, and then at the Mission hospital, and 
 in '89, married a Mr. Waggoner, an enlisted soldier at Fort 
 Yates, and has a pleasant home inside the Fort. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. John Southworth; Mrs. Daniel 
 Crouse. 
 
 Frank Black Hawk, Cetan-sapa, half Negro and half Sioux, age 
 15. Returned July 6, '815. Inheriting the infirmities of both 
 races, he had much to contend with, and, after a brief record 
 of good behavior, fell under bad influences, stole alcohol from 
 the physician for other men, and was sentenced to a term of 
 18 months in the State Penitentiary, Sioux Falls. From 
 there he wrote : 
 
 "Miss Folsom : I have been wanting to write to you for a 
 long time, but ever since I did this thing that has put me 
 where I am to-day, has been so strong on my mind that 
 I could not write to you. I have felt and I feel that I have no 
 more friends in the East ever since I was put in here. Why ? 
 because, after all they have done to educate me, and now I 
 am in a place where I have to stay for fourteen long months, 
 and have men stand over me with arms. They have been 
 some white ladies, who came here to see the place, but I was 
 unable to look up in their faces. I had to look down, because 
 I was a shame of myself. And I thought of the lady who paid 
 my scholarship for over three years. I wrote to her and told 
 her that I was going to live a Christian life when I came out 
 home in Dakota. And now I am in Dakota, but I am not 
 living the life that I said I was going to live, or I am not 
 helping the Indians. After I left Hampton and came home 
 in July, 1884, I did help the Indians for eighteen months all 
 I could. But they asked me many questions I was not able 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 385 
 
 to answer. Here is some of the questions they asked me. If 
 God made men and women in his own image, why is it that they 
 are so many different colors of nations in the world, and why 
 did the white people kill Jesus Christ. You say he was the 
 Son of God and could do everything. Why did he not save 
 himself when they was going to kill him. And what is the 
 reason his Father did not save him when he prayed so many 
 times, and so hard ? All of these I was not able to answer, 
 and many others. So tell the boys and girls who are there to 
 learn these questions well, so they can answer them and not 
 like me. After I stop helping the Indians, after I saw that I 
 did not have knowledge enough to help them or teach them, 
 I went to an Indian dance first, and then to a white dance, 
 and there was the first place where I put that low dirty lead- 
 ing stuff to my mouth which brought me where I am to-day, 
 and put a blot on my soul, and turn my friends away from 
 me. Now I think I am alone in the world to-day. Since I 
 was here I saw a newspaper with my name in it, and other 
 things with it. Why if I was sugar or salt I would have dis- 
 solved. But as it was I shook, I trembled and tears came in 
 my eyes. I shall see you some day and tell you all about it, 
 if nothing happens. Tell Indian scholars what whiskey will 
 bring on a man if he drinks it often, or if he drinks it once 
 and take enough of it. If they never drink it they never will 
 be in a place like this. I hope you are well and doing weU. I 
 am worse off than those that are sick. While I am pent up like 
 I am now, when I look out through the window between the 
 bars and see men and horses and everything free, I cannot 
 tell you how I feel. I have no Bible to read or no Prayer 
 Book to read, no Hymn Book to read. I am alone and lost, 
 but I hope I shall find my way out soon. I have sinned 
 against everything and everybody, but I shall take up my old 
 mind and walk in the narrow path again for the rest of my 
 life." 
 
 Frank became quite a favorite while at the penitentiary, 
 was made an assistant cook, and after his term expired, re- 
 mained there in that capacity for some time. In '88, he re- 
 turned to Standing Rock where he writes he has settled on 
 a farm, and, that as interpreter for the Indians and in 
 many ways, he has found some good to do. His record on 
 the whole has been poor. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Charles A. Miller; Cong'l S, S, 
 
3^34 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 Thomas Goodwood, {Can-waste), full-blood, age 14, came under 
 name of Yellow Elk, but took his father's name later. He re- 
 turned July 6, '83, and finding how much he needed more ed- 
 ucation came back the following November, bringing quite a 
 party with him. 'He left the second time from the Middle 
 Class, Nov. 22, '88. He at once took a position in the Agency 
 carpenter shop, married a bright young Hampton girl, Carrie 
 Elbow, (See Arrivals, Nov. '85), and has a comfortable and 
 •pleasant home. Visitors speak of the young couple as models 
 of neatness and good manners, examples worthy of imitation 
 .anywhere. 
 
 Scholarships given by T. B. Gardiner; Bethany Chapel, 
 of Reformed Church, Brooklyn. 
 
 |OHN TiAOKASiN, Looks-into-tJie-lodge, full blood, age 16. He had 
 never had any advantages before coming and returned Sept. 
 30, '84. He worked at his trade in the agency carpenter 
 shops all winter and came back to Hampton the following 
 April, intent upon learning more English and completing his 
 trade. He returned home a second time, from the Junior 
 Class, Jan. '87, but was unable to do heavy work on account 
 of trouble with his back. He took up land when spring 
 opened, married Rosa Fleets, (See Arrivals, Nov. '78) and both 
 came back to Hampton for the third time to try life together 
 in one of the Indian cottages. On March 4th, '88, a son was 
 born and christened Richard in honor of Miss Richards, the 
 •" Winona mother," and in May '89 all returned home. John 
 has been one of the agency carpenters most of the time since 
 and is soon to be put in charge of the shops at the sub-agen- 
 cy on the Cannon Ball. Their home is neat, the child always 
 clean and well dressed, and the father is spoken of as " doing 
 splendidly," as "excellent" in industry, character and influ- 
 ence. 
 
 Scholarships given by St. George Church, N. Y.; Cres- 
 cent Ave. S. S., Plainfield, N. J. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 385: 
 
 PARTY FROM INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 BROUGHT BY COL. TOWNSEND, INDIAN INSPECTOR, JUNE II, '82. 
 
 FROM PAWNEE AGENCY. 
 
 Charles Tati AH, full- blood Pawnee, age 18. A remarkably bright 
 and interesting character, but delicate in health. After two 
 years, May, '84, it seemed advisable that he go away for 
 change of air, and, as he understood their language, he de- 
 cided to go among the Arickareesat Fort Berthold for a year 
 of teaching, and then return to Hampton. Arrangements 
 were supposed to have been made for him in Washino-ton, 
 but he arrived at the agency in May, '85, a stranger with no 
 recommendation except his own word. No place was given 
 him and he was obliged to work hard on insufficient food- 
 and without help or care, and while very ill returned to In- 
 dian Territory only to die soon after he reached there. A 
 tragic ending of a very promising life. 
 
 Scholarships given by Theological Seminary, Alexandria, 
 Va., and Miss Edith Bryce. 
 
 FROM SAC AND FOX AGENCY. 
 
 Nellie Keokuk, nearly full-blood Sac and Fox, age it, niece and 
 adopted daughter of chief Moses Keokuk. She had been to 
 school before and spoke English well, but had lived too long 
 on the reputation of her famous ancestor — the old Chief Ke- 
 okuk— and had been too often styled "the Princess" to be- 
 come a very satisfactory pupil. The spirit exhibited in the 
 exclamation, "What, a Keokuk scrub a floor ! " was too thor- 
 ' oughly inborn to make the very practical life of a Hampton 
 student easy or pleasant, even with the kind heart and cor- 
 dial manner that could but attract friends. She returned 
 May 26, '84, and soon after went to Haskell Institute, Law- 
 rence, Kan. She remained there only a few months and 
 then returned home, taught a short time in the school there, 
 was taken sick and died in 1884, 
 
 Scholarships given by E.T. Gill and Mrs. Annie S. Hooper, 
 
 'Mary Adeline King, a quarter-blood Ottawa, age 15, step-daugh- 
 ■ ter of Moses Keokuk. She had been brought up among 
 
'386 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 white people, and spoke English, although a very indifferent 
 scholar. Soon after her return. May 26, '84, she made an un- 
 fortunate marriage and had a hard life until her husband's 
 death three years later. In '88 she married Leo Whistler 
 and has since been very happy in a pleasant home at the 
 agency. She says her husband is the " best of best boys in 
 the world " and her home has "everything for comfort in it." 
 She occasionally remembers Hampton friends and writes: — 
 "Oh, how I love t'ne place when it is too late to do me any 
 good, but I have always been thankful that I staid as long as 
 I did." 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss M. F. Griffeth and F. D. 
 Wheeler. 
 
 Hattie Miles, a quarter- blood Sac and Fox, age 17, sister of Thom- 
 as Miles, who came to Hampton soon after. She returned 
 May 26, '84, soon after went with Nellie Keokuk to Haskell 
 Institute, Lawrence, Kas., and remained there about a year, 
 returning to take the position of laundress in the agency 
 school. She remained there about a year, then married 
 Michael King, an employe of the school, both retaining 
 their positions for some time. Later he was appointed Mar- 
 shal and Captain of Indian Police, and they started a "hotel" 
 at the Agency. In '90 her husband died and since then her 
 record of character has been very unsatisfactory. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Annie C. Lowell. 
 
 Antoine Gokey or Gautier, Kit-ti-kul-la-ho, (Spotted Tail), three- 
 fourths Sac and Fox, about 25 years of age. He came June 
 II, '82 with a young relative Nannicooto or Johnny Couteau. 
 He had been living among drinking and gambling white and 
 half-breed men, and had habits too firmly fixed to make it 
 best to keep him here, and in Oct. '83, he returned home, 
 leaving his protege behind to receive advantages he realized 
 were beyond his own grasp. His record for industry was not 
 good, but a generous heart prompted him to do acts of kind- 
 ness that endeared him to many friends. A reckless life 
 brought on disease and in March, 90, he died. 
 
 Walter Battice, Pam-i-wa thas-kuk, seven-eighths Sac and Fox, 
 age about 19, brought up among poor surroundings yet with 
 a strong desire^for better things that led him, Oct. 26, '82, 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 387 
 
 with his friend Miles, to break away from the old life of reck- 
 lessness and come East for better training. He entered the In- 
 dian classes and was graduated from the Normal department 
 in '87. (See record Class of '87). He returned home soon after, 
 and getting together a party of boys and girls returned with 
 them to Hampton the next fall. He then entered the 
 Bridgewater (Mass.) Normal School, graduating'trom a spec- 
 ial course there in '89. The next fall he returned home to 
 take a position as teacher in the Sac and Fox school and 
 taught there a year, starting also a Sunday-school, with the 
 help of other Hampton Students, and acting as Secretary for 
 the Sac and Fox Nation on a regular salary. Intending to 
 come East the next spring he resigned his position, in favor of 
 Thos. Miles, but, failing in the first plan, opened a store in 
 partnership with another young man, still retaining his posi- 
 tion as Secretary of the Nation. Later he reorganized his 
 business, starting with a new partner in a new place near 
 Econtuchka. In Jan. '91, he married Rosa Makosato, daugh 
 ter of the chief, sending out wedding cards and having a very 
 pretty wedding at the house of a Hampton student, Mary 
 King Whistler. He has not lived up to the high standard 
 raised for him by his Eastern friends, but there is reason to 
 hope for better conditions and better success in the future. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Alice M. Longfellow. 
 Thomas Miles, Mitch-u-ier-'wi-sJiek,2LQ^2irX.Qx blood Sac and Fox, age 
 20, arrived Oct. 26, '82, with Walter Battice. He entered the 
 Junior Class, was graduated (See record Class of '85) and re- 
 turned home July 6, to take a position in the Government 
 school there. He decided in these three summer months 
 that as a physician he could be of most use to the people of 
 his tribe and came back East to prepare for that profession. 
 He spent one year in Meriden, N. H., to prepare more fully 
 for the medical school, and the next year, entered the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia where, for two years, 
 he kept above the average of his class. The second year his 
 health failed and he was advised to make a change for a year 
 received an appointment as teacher at home and returned 
 there for that year. In '89 he returned to his studies strong- 
 er in body and replenished in purse, paid his own way with 
 the Government aid of $92, and would have graduated, but 
 his eyes and health gave out again and he was obliged to give 
 up once more and return home. As this meant over two years 
 before the diploma could be expected, he married the girl 
 
388 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 (white) to whom he had been for some time engaged and to- 
 gether they returned to teach at the Sac and Fox 'school. In 
 '90 and '91 they were both at work at the school, he, besides 
 his school work, acting as Treasurer of the Sac and Fox Na- 
 tion, a position in which he had an opportunity to influence 
 wisely the older men of his tribe who would otherwise be 
 beyond his reach. Charges were preferred against him at 
 Sac and Fox, but as yet they have not been proven. In '91 
 he returned East and in '92 was graduated from the Universi- 
 ty of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Scholarship given by 2nd Congregational Sunday-School,. 
 Putnam, Ct. 
 
 FROM OMAHA AGENCY, NEBRASKA. 
 
 BROUGHT BY MISS ALICE C. FLETCHER, AUG. 22, '82. 
 
 In '82 Miss Fletcher, who had been allotting land in sever- 
 alty to the Omahas, urged that Hampton try the experiment of edu- 
 cating a few young married couples whom she should select. Accor- 
 dingly two such couples were received and given apartments in Win- 
 ona — the Indian girls' building — until model cottages could be made 
 ready. The young men were put at the carpenter's trade, taught 
 somewhat of house planning, and when, after a few months, the money 
 was given to erect two cottages, they were put to work upon them, and 
 as far as possible planned and built them themselves. The buildings 
 were purposely simple and inexpensive and fitted with homemade fur- 
 nishings, such as it would be possible to duplicate almost any where. 
 The women were as earnest as the men in this home-building and, 
 though busy with school duties much of the day, were taught the var- 
 ious arts of home makmg and home keeping, and proved most earnest 
 pupils. The success of these two couples encouraged the school" to 
 put up other cottages and take other married students, and also in- 
 spired Mrs. Sarah F. Kinney to plan an Association that should en- 
 courage young home builders by lending them sums of money, without 
 interest, sufficiently large to put up modest homes where they could 
 live civilized, comfortable lives while earning the money that their 
 houses would cost. Thus was started the Home Building Department 
 of the Woman's National Indian Association. 
 
 Nqah AND Lucy LaFlesche, both Omahas ; Noah full-blood, age 
 27 ; Lucy, half-blood, age 21, a daughter of Joseph LaFlesche, 
 a chief and leader among the progressive Ind,ians. Her fam" 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 389 
 
 ily being higher in rank than Noah's, he was obliged on mar- 
 rying her to take her name. She had been to school before, 
 and after her first year entered the Normal Department, while 
 Noah plodded on in the Indian School most faithfully. He 
 returned in the Spring of '86 to start his farm, leaving Lucy 
 behind to gain her diploma (See record Class of '86) and fol- 
 low him a few months later. 
 
 Money had been loaned by the Home Building Associa- 
 tion, the plans and estimates made here, and 'ooth Noah and 
 Philip went to work at once putting up nice two story houses 
 after their simple plans. They helped each other with the 
 heavy work and as soon as possible moved in. These homes 
 are now models after which many have patterned, and the 
 industry and good sense of these young men have been re- 
 warded in a most encouraging way. Noah has about loo 
 acres in wheat, oats, corn, flax and vegetables, a small orchard 
 of apple trees, four good working teams, good cows, ponies, 
 pigs and chickens. 
 
 One year the wheat crop failed, but generally the farm 
 has brought in enough for self support, to repay the borrowed 
 money, and to make many improvements in the place and 
 stock. They have no children, but have always "room for one 
 more" in their hospitable home. One wmter Lucy had a night 
 school for young men at her house, but it was broken up by 
 individuals moving away too far to attend regularly. 
 
 Scholarships given by Congregational Sunday School, 
 Washington, Conn., and Mr. Frank Wood. 
 
 Philip and Minnie Stabler, both full-blooded Omahas, ages 25 
 and 22 respectively. They were relatives and old friends of 
 the LaFlesches and came wiih them and under the same 
 conditions, except that their family included a bright little 
 boy, Eddie, about a year old. Minnie went as far as the Jun- 
 ior Class, and Philip only through the Indian School, and 
 both returned March 10, '85, well fitted for a life of self-sup- 
 port and usefulness. The history of their home building is 
 similar to that of the LaFlesches, already spoken of. Philip 
 has, however, four children and consequently four allotments 
 besides his own to look after, and has about twice as much 
 land under cultivation as Noah. A striking illustration of the 
 progress acquired is a long line of strong,neatly-built corn cribs 
 and grain bins which Philip has put up to contain the pro- 
 ducts, of his fields, thus keeping his grain until it commands 
 
2go TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 higher prices, instead of selhng it as"most Indians do as soon 
 as harvested. Minnie is a' most as much of a farmer as her 
 husband and has each year a vegetable garden, over which 
 she is justly proud. Eddie has been three years in the Mis- 
 sion school and says he is coming on to Hampton when he is 
 a little older. 
 
 In regard to his own history Philip says : " I do not know 
 how old I am. Our Indian fathers and mothers do not keep 
 account of how old we are, although they can judge of how 
 old we are by some great event that happened about the 
 same time. 
 
 " Before I went to Hampton I worked but not for myself. 
 I worked with my father. I did not work hard then. Some- 
 times I would be idle for two or three hours a day. After I 
 was married, then I worked for myself. I found the work too 
 hard, so I asked the Agent for work. He gave me the work 
 of a carpenter. I worked at the carpenter's trade for two 
 years. I found that hard because I could not figure and did 
 not know arithmetic. So I wanted to go to school. I asked 
 my wife and she was willing. I went to Hampton m 1882. I 
 got along very well, and helped myself. I learned the carpen- 
 ter's trade again. I was there for about three years, then I 
 came home in 188:5. 
 
 " When I came home I took a new piece of land, as the 
 old piece of land I had was bad and hilly. I had no house at 
 first, so I lived in a tent. Some friends of mine lent me 
 money and I built myself a house. I broke some of my land 
 myself and also had some one break it for me. I have no 
 acres broken. I planted about two acres of Cottonwood trees. 
 I also have about fifteen apple trees set out and thirty-eight 
 grape vines set out. I have also raspberry vines. I have 
 elms, walnut, mulberry and box alder trees, also cherry trees. 
 Whenever I saw what the white man had planted, then I 
 wanted to plant the same, so I did. I have worked hard and 
 I do all the work myself, as I have no hired man. I have 
 only three common horses to work. I want to try it all, so 
 I have cows, pigs, etc. 
 
 " I have no". earned much by my crops because the prices 
 have not been high. 
 
 " I do not wear Indian clothes ; I dress in citizen's cloth- 
 ing. I have never put on Indian dress. 
 
 "I have four children now in my family. I think to my- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 39 1 
 
 self, my children are going to be educated. I think of noth- 
 ing else but that they will be. 
 
 Scholarships given by Banyer Clarkson, Susan Longstreth 
 and Josephine Hillhouse. 
 Guy Stabler, full bloooded Omaha, age ii, a nephew of Philip, and 
 came with him. The cyclone that did so much destruction 
 in Nebraska in '85 demolished entirely his not over-comfort- 
 able home, and so injured his father that it seemed the eldest 
 son's duty to go to the assistance of the family. He returned 
 home June 22d, and has since had entire charge of the family 
 allotments, amounting to nearly 700 acres, and has himselfs 
 unaided, cultivated about 160 acres. He has not married, but 
 has a large family of relatives dependent upon him. He has 
 shown a great deal of character for one so young, has sent all 
 the children to school— the eldest being still at Hampton — 
 and has won a good name for industry and devotion to a 
 worthy purpose. 
 
 Scholarship given by Dr. Kittridge's Children and John H, 
 Nettleton, 
 
 George Green, full-blooded Onondaga, from Onondaga Castle, N. Y. 
 age 16. He was brought by Miss Remington, a missionary 
 among the Onondagas, October 10, '82, and returned October 
 6, '82, for weakness of mind brought on by epileptic fits. He 
 died soon after at a hospital in Syracuse. 
 
 SIOUX PARTY FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Brought by Rev. Thos. L. Riggs, December 23, 1882. 
 
 FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Edna Traversie, half-blood, age 10, daughter of Paul Traversie, and 
 a bright little sister of Mary (See arrivals, Nov. '79). She re- 
 mained four years, making good improvement and returned 
 home with Mary July, '86. Mary remained to help the family 
 and Edna returned to Hampton the next year, November, '87, 
 and 'was one of our most promising girls until September, '91, 
 she was called home by an urgent appeal of her parents and 
 married November ist to John Frasier, a half-blood agency 
 farmer stationed at White Horses' Camp on the Moreau. 
 Edna is all that a good housekeeper should be, and her home 
 
392 TWEN L Y-TWO years' WORK 
 
 can never be other than well kept and well managed. 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss Harriet Brayton; May Flower 
 Mission Circle, Worcester; John H. Nettleton, 
 Felicia Rivers, quarter-blood, age lo, a bright child brought up 
 among English-speaking half bloods. She returned after 
 four years, July 6, '86, and soon after went to the Roman 
 Catholic School at Crow Creek, where she remained nntil '90. 
 She then went to fill a position in the hew Government 
 Boarding School, opened in Pierre, S. D. She was well 
 spoken of there, and in '91 married a young German laborer 
 living in Pierre. 
 
 Scholarship given by First Congregational Church, Meri- 
 den. Conn. 
 William Benoist, half-blood, age 20, uncle of Felicia Rivers, and a 
 member of a large half-blood family of considerable wealth in 
 cattle. He had never had any educational advantages and 
 could not, even after he had learned their value, add a single 
 column of figure:, but would add any combination of objects 
 with the greatest rapidity and exactness, a result of experience 
 in counting cattle after a method of his own. He was a very 
 earnest scholar while here, but returned after six months, 
 June, '83, for reasons of his own He returned to his former 
 business, herding, and has been so successful that in '91 he, 
 with his brother, had a ranch so large that they were able to 
 supply a large part of the beef required at the issue of rations 
 to the Indians. Since '90 he has been the regular agency in- 
 terpreter, besides carrying on his business. He has been 
 married by Indian custom, and though he dresses well and 
 appears the gentleman in many ways, has not been able to in- 
 fluence his people as wisely as could be wished. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss J. A. Owen's S. S. Class, N. Y. 
 
 FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Maggie Bullhead, full-blood, age 14, daughter of Chief Bullhead. 
 A bright and interesting child, but so deformed by scrofula 
 that she was a pitiable sight. She returned to her father's 
 house May 26. '84, had it fixed up to suit her taste, and.though 
 very delicate, won an excellent name and in a quiet way ex- 
 erted a strong influence upon those about her. She died in 
 '87. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 393 ' 
 
 Emma, or Amy, Fallis, half-blood, age 14. A bright but delicate 
 girl, who found health and wise training in the home of a lady 
 physician in Massachusetts, where she remained a year and a 
 half. She returned October 19, '86, lived near the agency 
 with her old grandmother, repulsed in a very spirited way the 
 attentions of some white men at the agency, and in '87 mar- 
 ried an excellent young man, Morris Langdon. They have a 
 a large farm near old Fort George, a good herd of cattle, and 
 are considered very prosperous. Amy has won the name of 
 being an excellent housekeeper — an enthusiastic Indian visi- 
 tor exclaiming after leaving, " Cleanest house, good, fine !" 
 and the children, only one of whom is now living, have always 
 been well cared for in a Chrsitian home. 
 
 Scholarship given by the Hampton Club, Springfield, Mass. 
 
 Sarah Leeds, 'Wicahpe-wasttwin (Beautiful Star), full-blood, about 
 30 years of age. She had been well trained in Indian ways, 
 and though rather old to make rapid headway, was earnest 
 and patient. She returned on expiration of time, July 6, '85, 
 and soon after married Left Hand Thunder, a man long past 
 the prime of life, and began homemaking on an advanced 
 scale that was a marvel to her friends. They have a good 
 house and farm below White River and two neatly kept 
 children. They have also many conveniences not common 
 among Indians, among them a sewing machine. As a Christ- 
 ian woman, her influence is strongly felt, and her hold upon 
 her husband's respect has made a new man of him ; in fact, 
 he is so under the civilizing influence of his wife that he is 
 occasionally seen in white gloves. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Annie S. Hooper. 
 
 Ida Rencontre, ZHkanaziwin (Yellow Bird), three-quarter-blood, 
 age 17, daughter of the agency interpreter. She was not very 
 strong and spent most of her time in Massachusetts until 
 obliged to return to a blind and helpless mother November 
 25, '84. In '85 she was married to Benj. Ohitika Brave (See. 
 arrivals, October, '81), and after her mother's death went to 
 live at St. Albans, where her husband was teacher and farmer. 
 The next year he was appointed catechist and teacher at 
 Driving Hawk's camp and she assisted there until '90, when 
 they returned to St. Albans and their farm. She is highly 
 spoken of, has a pleasant house, with quite a library and two 
 well kept children. 
 
394 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 James Rencontre, three-quarter -blood Sioux, age lo, brother of Ida, 
 a bright little fellow, but exceedingly scrofulous. He was re- 
 turned May 26, '84, and soon after sent to Hope School,. 
 Springfield, S. D., where he has been more or less of the time 
 since. In '90 he returned and has been employed as a car- 
 penter at the Agency. He is now a strong, manly fellow, has 
 a farm at St. Albans, quite a wheat field and excellent ideas 
 of what an Indian citizen should do and be. 
 
 Scholarship given by Fourth Ave. Pres. S. S., N. Y. 
 
 Philip and Kate Counsellor, both full-blood, ages 25 and 19 re- 
 spectively. They came with their little son Charlie, about a 
 year old, and took up their abode in a large room prepared 
 for them in Winona. Katie devoted herself largely to house- 
 work, and Philip, though he attended school half a day, made 
 excellent progress at the carpenter's trade. They returned 
 May 26, '84, Philip taking a position at once as agency car- 
 penter. Later he took up land at St. Albans, built himself 
 what the agent calls " the best house on the reservation", was 
 made catechist by Bishop Hare and placed in charge of the 
 chapel there. Katie was made president of the Women's So- 
 ciety, which in one year raised $220 for church and mission - 
 ary work, and both have been leaders and helpers in every- 
 thing good and progressive, winning the respect of everybody 
 who knew them. Their home has been a centre of influence 
 in the St. Albans' settlement and is spoken of by all visitors 
 as a model of its kind. In the summer of '90, Katie died of 
 consumption, mourned by the whole settlement. The next 
 January Philip married Sarah White Cow, at one time a 
 Hampton student, and reorganized the old home life, but only 
 for a few months. Sarah died the following August. (See arri- 
 vals, September, '83). 
 
 Charlie has been at Hope School in Springfield, S. D. two 
 years and is a bright and promising boy. 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss Alice Longfellow and Con- 
 gregational S. S., Southport, Conn. 
 
 James GoODROAtt, Canku-waste, full blooded Sioux, age 15, half- 
 brother of Bushotter. He did not seem strong and was re- 
 turned the foUowmg June, after five months' stay. He 
 entered the Government School as a pupil, but soon after 
 ran away with one of the school girls, thus closing their ca- 
 reer as scholars. After a time they settled down to right liv- 
 mg, lames doing what he could until in '90 they went to 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 395 
 
 Pierre and both became employes of the new (Government 
 Boarding School there. In '91 they were still holding their 
 positions well spoken of by the superintendent. 
 
 David Saul, Hepan (Second Born); a full-blood Sioux, age 15, step- 
 son of Wm. Saul (See arrivals, October, '81). He returned on 
 expiration of his time, July 6, '86. He had learned the shoe- 
 maker's trade here and earned enough to buy a set of tools 
 besides. Instead of waiting for Government or his friends to 
 find something for him to do, he went to work to help him- 
 self. He wrote to Hampton : " I think I am going to have a 
 little shop in our house this winter. I ask you to send me 
 shoemaker tools." After this he was given a place as shoe- 
 maker in the Government School, but not long afterward the 
 building burned down and he had to take up his first plan and 
 establish a shop in his father's house. Mr. Saul was trans- 
 ferred to a mission post at Rosebud, and David left shoemak- 
 ing for ''farming, finding that more profitable. For the last 
 few years his record has been very unsatisfactory. 
 
 Scholarships given by H. M. Kapp; Rev. W. H. Holman. 
 
 FROM INDIAN TERRITORY AND NEW YORK IN 1883. 
 
 Frank GOODBOO, quarter blood Miami, from Shawneetown,. Indian 
 Territory, arrived by himself in February, '83. He had been 
 reared among white people of apparently doubtful character, 
 and was well versed in the language and life of that class. 
 He improved a great deal here, and after his return, April 22, 
 '89, was spoken of as " most gentlemanly and well-behaved." 
 The life of clerk in the frontier stores of Oklahoma did not 
 prove elevating, and in '89 he was hardly more than a wreck 
 through intemperance and kindred vices. Though polite 
 kind and well meaning, he was too weak to withstand the 
 temptations he allowed himself to be thrown among. 
 Scholarship given by Union S. S., Marlboro, Mass. 
 
 Charles Doxson, full-blood Onondaga, from Onondaga Castle, N. 
 Y., age 17. He arrived October 22, '83, on the basis of a work 
 student, the Onondagas having no help from the Government. 
 For two years he worked all day at the engineer's trade, at- 
 tending the Night School with the colored work students. 
 Such constant work and study proved too great a strain upon 
 
396 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 an Indian constitution, and he was taken into the regular In- 
 dian classes and then into the Normal School from which he 
 was graduated in '89 (See records, Class of '89), While here he 
 had charge of the large Corliss engine at the mill, a position 
 of considerable responsibility, and later, as janitor of the 
 Wigwam, proved himself equally faithful and trustworthy. He 
 returned home June, '89, and finding the position he had pre- 
 pared himself to take filled by another, and nothing else to do, 
 he decided to leave his own people, and, going to Syracuse, 
 soon found employment as a stationary engineer in Sweet's 
 Manufacturing Co., a good paying position which he has held 
 until recently. He is now employed in the N. Y. Central Rail 
 Road Shops, running the stationary engine. Through his in- 
 fluence several excellent young men have come to Hampton 
 on the work student basis, learned their trades and have been 
 a credit to their friend and to the school. 
 
 Scholarships given hj Congregational S. S., Beverly, 
 Mass., and Wide Awake Society, Springfield, Mass. 
 
 John Farmer, full-blood Onondaga, age 17, came with Chas. Doxson 
 October 22, '83, and like him, received no help from the Gov- 
 ernment. He spoke very little English and was not strong, 
 so that after two years at hard work all day as carpenter and 
 two hours of night school, his courage failed and he returned 
 to his home July 23, '85. Reports show that he is industrious 
 and well behaved and that he has done some excellent work 
 at his trade. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Benjamin Swan. 
 
 Thomas Bowman, Aea-la-Jw-ra-ca (Horse-from-a-distant-country), 
 a full-blood Pawnee, age 17, came alone from Pawnee Agency 
 November 3, '%•}). A remarkably promising young man in 
 every way, but though large and apparently strong, had con- 
 sumption as an inheritance, and at the first signs of breaking 
 down was returned July 6, '85, hoping a change might pro- 
 ' long so valuable a life. The reverse seems to have been the 
 result, for the following. January he died, leaving the record 
 of a true and earnest life in the hearts of all who knew him 
 here or at home. He was very skilful with his brush, and 
 many very fair water-color sketches of Indian life yet remain, 
 treasured by the friends who knew and admired the young 
 artist. 
 
 Scholars hip given by Y. M. C. A. S. S., Lawrence, Mass. 
 Gen. D. P.Wood. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 397 
 
 SIOUX PARTY FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Brought by Capt. George Le Roy Brown, September 22, 1885. 
 
 FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. 
 
 Sophie Laundet, half-blood, age 12. A bright young girl who re- 
 turned at the expiration of her term, July 6, '87, and the next 
 fall entered the Roman Catholic School at Crow Creek. She 
 remained there for three or four years and then married Chas 
 Ducharme and went to start a home on the Moreau river, 
 where she was still living in 1891. 
 
 Scholarship given by G. D. Coleman. 
 
 John Garreau, half-blood, age 17. An excellent young man and 
 very promising, but the eldest son in a large family that felt 
 it needed him at home. At the request of parents, mission- 
 ary and agent he returned October 19, '86. He at once found 
 employment at the military post, Fort Bennett, as a harness 
 maker, and worked there, while living and helping at home. 
 In '90 he married one of the best tramed of the St. John's 
 School girls, Lily Yardley, and both have still been employed 
 there much of the time, he as a man of all work about the 
 school and farm. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss J. A. Owens' S. S. Class, N.Y. 
 
 Theodore Little Boy Miller, Hoksina-czstina, full-blood, age 13 
 A bright and interesting young boy, and one from whom 
 much was expected, but whose health failed very suddenly 
 He was sent home July 6, '86, hoping he might rally in the 
 bracing Dakota air, but he died in a few months, leaving a 
 good record. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Hunting's Bible Class., N. Y. 
 
 FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY. 
 
 Rosa Blake, full-blood, about 12 years of age, daughter of Brother- 
 of-all. A sweet faced, delicate child whose health would not 
 allow her to stay long enough to fulfil her father's ambition 
 regarding her. She returned home September 30, '84, and 
 died a few months after. She was bright as a student, and 
 after being here only a few months, wrote her father a let- 
 ter that pleased him so much that he had it read aloud to the 
 
2g8 TWENTY- TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Indians assembled in the agent's office. The agent, replying 
 to the letter for the father, says to Rosa : " Your father wants 
 me to tell you he loves your letter very much. He keeps it 
 under his arm all the time. He is very proud of it. All the 
 family are well. Your pony is fat and fine ; your dog has six 
 pups. He hopes you are well and happy. He wants you to 
 learn all you can and do what the teachers want you to do. 
 He loves you in his heart and wants you to grow up a good 
 and wise woman. He wants you to write to him in English. 
 He shakes hands with you. This is from Brother-of-AU to 
 his daughter Rosa." 
 
 Hattie Cook, fuU-blOod, age 14. A bright but wayward girl, upon 
 whom neither stern nor gentle discipline seemed to have much 
 effect. After four years of patient training which showed so 
 little result, she was sent home September 20, '87. She soon 
 after married by Indian custom and has not made a good re- 
 cord. 
 
 Scholarships given by John H. Nettleton. 
 
 Lizzie Unspesni (Don't-Know-How), full- blood, age 17, daughter of 
 D. K. Howe and sister of Ziewie, one of the first girls to come 
 to Hampton. She did not seem able to remain and was 
 returned September 30, '84; soon after married by Indian cus- 
 tom at Lower Brule and seemed to have gone back to Indian 
 ways,externally atleast. About '87 she married, legally, a young 
 man of character, for some time the agency blacksmith, and 
 has since led a very different life. They now live on a farm 
 at Cedar Creek, have a good house, two very nice, well dressed 
 children, and both are highly spoken of. William is a "pro- 
 gressive " and Lizzie vice-president of the Woman's Society, 
 both throwing their influence on the right side. 
 
 Scholarships given by a Connecticut lady through J. & S. 
 Ferguson, and Mrs. Chas. N. Miller. 
 
 Santee Single Feather, W iyaka-wanj ina, (Single Feather), or as 
 he now signs himself, William Santee, full-blood, age 17. 
 A very bright, handsome and interesting young man, but del- 
 icate. He showed signs of breaking down, and was soon 
 returned, May 26, '84. He had been in the carpenter's shop 
 at the agency before he came, and returned to take the same 
 position theie. He soon after married a Government School 
 girl, Ida Briggs, and at once established a neat little home at 
 the agency. In this matter he had to endure considerable for 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 395 
 
 •conscience sake, for his wife was the granddaughter of an old 
 woman strongly opposed to the white man's way of taking a 
 wife without paying for her, and firmly refused her consent to 
 the wedding, which was announced to take place in the 
 church, until certain ponies should be given her. Santee as 
 firmly refused to commit himself to any part of the Indian 
 ceremony, but as the old lady finally learned to smile upon 
 the affair, it has been surmised that by some unceremonious 
 way an equivalent had been conceded by the young man's 
 friends. 
 
 Two or three years later he started a farm near the Crow 
 Creek and went out there to live. He has done considerable 
 carpentry for others, and his own little home, both within and 
 without, shows the mark of skilful hands. The first siory of 
 carefully hewn logs, the half- story above of lumber, and this, 
 with its shingled roof, makes the very pretty cottage a model 
 ol its kind. Every one speaks of the young man in the high- 
 est terms, and in the church and progressive work generally, 
 he is a valued helper. He has one little son, Oliver. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Grace Learned. 
 
 FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY. 
 
 Sarah Whlte Cow, or Fire Thunder, full-blood, age 20. She was 
 badly afflicted with scrofula and considerabl}^ past the age 
 when the primer hath charms, and her return home was 
 thought best. She went May 26, '84, and for several years made 
 her home with her brother,the Capt. of Police, whose namelFire 
 Thunder, she took. Her life there seemed to be a happy and 
 useful one, and she found considerable to do in the Woman's 
 Society of the church and for others. She bore the Indian 
 equivalent of " old maid " with dignity for nearly nine years, 
 when her ideal seem to have been reached in the person 
 of the Indian catechist of St. Albans, Philip Councillor, a 
 Hampton student and a man of force and character (See arri- 
 vals, December, '82). She married him January, '91, and 
 lound a large field of usefulness in his parish, but her strength 
 was not equal to the demands made upon it, and she died the 
 following August. Before her death she made a will which 
 bequeathed her household and. other property to friends, in 
 such a way that it wonld be impossible for her heathen 
 
40D TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 relatives to burn or give away her belongings according to 
 their old custom. 
 
 Charles Hoop- Cloud, Mahpiya-cajikdeska, full-blood, age 16, a 
 very bright and interesting boy who had been at school at the 
 agency and knew a little English, He was found to be in 
 consumption and returned home the following May. His re- 
 cord at home was short but telling, and showed a noble 
 Christian character. He died March, '85. 
 
 Scholarship given by Indian Aid Society, Episcopal 
 church, Providence, R. I. 
 
 Looking Eagle, Wajiibdi-wakita, full-blood, age 19. A boy with 
 few advantages, natural or otherwise, and directly from camp 
 and camp life. He proved to be consumptive and scrofulous 
 and was returned after eight months. May 26, '84. He was 
 not strong enough to assert himself, and returned to his fam- 
 ily and became one of them. Nothing has ever been heard 
 against his character, but externally at least, he " went 
 back to the blanket" until in '88 he married a Christian girl 
 in church and started a place of his own at old Fort George. 
 He now has short hair, wears citizen's clothes and belongs to 
 the progressive party. 
 
 Scholarship given by First Presbyterian S. S., East 
 Orange, N. J. 
 
 Felix Omana, or Omaha, or Bite-Off, Homna (Smells-of-Fish), 
 full-blood, age 12. Returned September 30, '84, on account 
 of scrofulous trouble with his eyes. He partially recovered 
 and earned a good reputation for industry and right living. 
 November , '88, he again came to Hampton, as Felix Omaha. 
 He was still suffering from scrofula and application to study 
 proved bad for his eyes, and he again returned July 30, '90. 
 He found employment as clerk in the trader's store and was 
 there most of the time until his death, December 20, '91. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. Mary Louise Joy; Mrs. Geo. 
 R. Russell; Mrs. C. L. S. Dickson. 
 
 Andrew Roberts, full- blood, age 21. A most earnest and devoted 
 Christian young man. He had been a short time in the agency 
 school and under Rev. Mr. Walker's especial care for some 
 time before coming East, and spoke a very little English. His 
 eyes had been so badly diseased that sight was rapidly failing 
 and h'e was never able to study much. He, however, took 
 advantage of every opportunity, and not only kept at the lead 
 of his class, but gained a great deal of outside information. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 401 
 
 His lungs being also unsound, he reluctantly turned 
 his face homeward May 26, '84, and sought a home at the 
 Government School there. He was put in charge of the 
 boys, taught them what he could and managed to learn con- 
 siderable at odd times. He was devoted to his old mother 
 and did a great deal for her and her home until his death in 
 July, '87. He was loved and respected by a large circle of 
 relatives, old and young, heathen and Christian. 
 Red Bear, Mato-luta, full-blood, age 17. Consumptive and scrofu- 
 lous when he came, and returned November 25, '84. A good 
 quiet boy, son of heathen parents, one whose opportunities 
 were too limited to make much show, but whose life seemed to 
 have undergone a decided change between the time of his 
 coming and his return to the old home. His death, which 
 occurred not long after, shows that even his one year in a 
 Christian school was worth fully all that it cost. 
 
 Scholarship given by Wm. G. Low. 
 Red Fish, Hogan-Iutn, full-blood, age 17. Son of Chief Big Mane, 
 a large, strongly-built young man, and what was still more 
 unusual, dicidedly stout. He was quick, bright and very 
 promising, but,when about to commence his second year, 
 broke down suddenly and completely and was at once sent 
 home wibh his friend, Red Bear. He lived hardly a month 
 after, dying December, 1884. 
 
 Scholarship given by B. H. Bartol. 
 Andrew Sagyeonkte (Cane-to- kill-with), half-blood, age 15. He 
 was found to be scrofulous and unruly and was returned Sep- 
 tember 30, '84. He made his home with his brother, Long 
 Turkey, who lived on an island opposite the town of Cham- 
 berlain. Andrew helped his brother chop wood to sell in the 
 town and made a good record until his death in March, 1885. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. M. W. Striker's S. S. Class, 
 Holyoke, Mass. 
 Stephen Voice of the Cloud, Mahpiya-hotona, full-blood, age 18. 
 He was an earnest, rehable boy, but consumptive and obliged 
 to return the next fall, September 30, '84. In his short stay 
 here he managed to get considerable knowledge from books 
 and otherwise, and on his return put into practice what he 
 had gained being highly commended by all. He lived 
 along, doing what he could, until February 13, '88, when he 
 died. Miss Tileston, in writing from Lower Brule Agency, 
 
402 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 said : " Since his return he has borne himself straight and well 
 as far as I can learn. Last winter he came to see us quite 
 often, though living across White River. In the spring I re- 
 member perfectly his energy at the plow, always bright and 
 earnest as well as skilful in his work. I saw him the day be- 
 fore he died, lying in a half unconscious state on the neatly- 
 kept bed, a sheet over him, but his head uncovered and his 
 clean shirt showing how, even to the last hour, he held his 
 self-respect The room was carefully swept, although all his 
 family are heathen Indians. His poor mother sat on her 
 blanket a little way from the bed, utterly heartbroken and 
 utterly ignorant of the little things she would have been only 
 too glad to do could she have known. His old grandmother 
 .sobbed with her face in her hands, and his little brother 
 waited patiently beside him to do his bidding should he 
 awake. Pinned on the white cloth which was stretched on 
 the wall all about the bed was the picture of General Arm- 
 strong, the only attempt at decoration in the b.ire room. He 
 recognized me before I left, but could not speak. 
 
 The funeral was from the school house, both rooms filled 
 as they had never been before with people who seemed really 
 to mourn the loss of a friend. 
 
 One incident of his illness was a strikmg example of his 
 life. His father wanted to call a medicine-man. Instead he 
 asked all the Christian young men to come, and they spent 
 the night in singing hymns and praying. His father never 
 spoke to him again, and yet Stephen never showed a sign of 
 regret that he had resisted the old Dakota custom. Surely 
 
 I for such the words,' Well done, thou good and faithful ser- 
 
 ; • yant,' were spoken." 
 
 WINNEBAGO CHILDREN, 
 
 Brought by Julia St. Cyr, November 2, 18S3, 
 
 FROM WINNEBAGO AGENCY, NEB. 
 
 Carrie Alexander, full- blood, age 10. Very bright and interesting 
 child, but consumptive, and on that account returned Sep- 
 tember 30, '84. She died the following February. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Mabel Bacon. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 -403 
 
 Fannie Earth, half-blood, age 9, daughter of My Soul. Returned 
 January 21, '87, on expiration of time, at her parents" re- 
 quest. A very wayward child at school, but improved very 
 much, and would have been allowed to return, as she desired, 
 the next fall had it been possible. She was married in '88 by 
 Indian custom, and now lives to all appearances as does the 
 rest of the tribe, though her letters show that a very different 
 life is gomg on beneath, and that she can see advantages she 
 has lost and urge them upon others as she could never have 
 done had she not known them herself. Her husband, White 
 Snake, is a tall, boyish-looking fellow.and they have a plump, 
 well-kept baby about a year old. Both husband and wife are 
 hardly more than children, and seem rather to be " playmg 
 house " in their neat little mat-covered hut, than really liv- 
 ing. A few years will doubtless find them much improved. 
 . Scholarship given by Winthrop S. S. Holbrook, Mass. 
 
 Grace Dkcora, full blood, age 11, daughter of Young Decora. She 
 was a bright girl, with a very unusual taste and skill in music, 
 but deformed by curvature of the spine and unable to do hard 
 work. We would gladly have kept her longer, but it was im- 
 possible to persuade her heathen parents that it was best, and 
 we were forced to let her go June 2, '87. In the home to 
 which she returned there is no chance for growth except 
 backward, and life has been hard. In her letters she says : 
 " I don't want you to think that because I live like an Indian 
 I have forgotten what I have learned. I am Christian though 
 my people are not." And agam : " I am outside like Indians 
 but inside Christian still." In '91 she married an elderly man. 
 Whirling Thunder, and is now more independent in her man- 
 ner of living, and may yet be able to live a life that shall bring 
 happiness to herself and credit to her training. 
 
 Scholarships given by Missionary Society, Brick Church, 
 Rochester, N. Y., and Caroline E. Cope. 
 
 Angel Decora, half-blood, age 13, daughter of David Decora, a 
 bright young girl who improved very much and returned June 
 21, '87. She lived with relatives over a year and came back 
 November 10, '88. and was graduated in '91. She has unusual 
 talent for music and drawing and wishes to make that her 
 specialty. She has been for a year in a pleasant home in 
 Northampton. Miss. where she assists in the housework as an 
 
404 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 equivalent for her board, and attending Miss Burnam's Schools, 
 taking a special course. She will remain East until qualified 
 to hold some position that shall make her self supporting and 
 independent of her Indian friends. 
 
 Scholarships given b}^ Miss M. Griffith, Miss A. C. Lowell. 
 
 PARTY OF GIRLS FROM CROW CREEK, 
 
 Brought by Rev. J. J. Gravatt, April 5, 1884. " 
 
 Mamie Snow, or Bowed Head, full-blood, age 8 years, neiceof Chief 
 Bowed Head. She came with her sister Lora, but was a del- 
 icate child, and on expiration of her term of three years, Sep- 
 tember 20, '87, returned to Dakota, where she soon found a 
 permanent home with Miss Grace Howard. Before the un- 
 cle's death Mamie was formally adopted by Miss Howard and 
 has since enjoyed all the advantages of a younger sister. In 
 '91 she spent a winter in New York city with Miss Howard's 
 family, sharing all that fashionable society there can afford a 
 young girl. This new experience of luxury seems not to have 
 had any ill effects, however, and life at Grace Mission later 
 was taken up and carried on in the same quiet spirit of help- 
 fulness as before. Besides being quite a housekeeper, Mamie 
 is very skilful with her needle, and has certain responsibilities 
 in the large household there that shows character and prom- 
 ise of greater usefulness later on. In the fall of '91 she entered 
 a large private school at Sioux Falls and is still there, the only 
 Indian among a large number of white young ladies. 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss Edith Rockefeller, Mr. F. B. 
 Knowles. 
 Emma Goodform, Tancan-waste, full-blood, age 19, daughter of 
 Grease. She returned July 6, '85, on account of ill health but 
 did so very well in every way, that her request to return, on 
 the physician's recommendation, was granted, and she came 
 back October 14, '87. She remained here three years longer 
 returning July 30, '90. She found employment at once as a 
 seamstress at Grace Mission, under Miss Howard's care, and 
 has been making that her home ever since. She dresses and 
 appears well and has made a good record for industry and 
 character. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Sarah R. Osgood. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 40$' 
 
 Mabel Thrown-Away, or Gray, full-blood, age 14, daughter of 
 Thrown-Away, one of the leading men at the agency. A 
 beautiful girl, bright and interesting, but subject to severe and 
 serious attacks of heart disease. She went home February 6, 
 '85, to a large heathen family, and by tact and force of char- 
 acter did a most wonderful work among her friends. Hef 
 father became a Christian, also a judge ; the children were put 
 in to school and the home changed as much as possible. Though 
 she lived but a year, her influence has never waned and her 
 whole family are still on the side of Christianity and civiliza- 
 tion. Another instance of her influence appears in the life of 
 a wild young cousin who, through love of her and respect for 
 her new ways, gave up his dancing and other objectionable 
 habits, opened up a farm, became an earnest Christian, and 
 for her sake led a new life. Being a young man of strength 
 and influence, he himself came to Hampton, and has returned 
 to teach, preach and live what he has learned. (See Homer 
 Clark, arrivals of November, '88). 
 
 Scholarship given by " H. H. Club," Brooklyn. 
 Amy Wizi, full-blood, age 14, daughter of Chief Wizi. A bright but deli- 
 cate young girl, and an only daughter, whose parents were very 
 anxious for her success. She was not strong enough to re- 
 main longer and returned July 6, '85. She has been employed 
 much of the time at the Government School and seems to 
 have given satisfaction there. Her father, by virtue of his 
 position, has a large frame house at the agency, and this has 
 been so thoroughly reconstructed by the daughter of the 
 household, that a chance visitor would find everything in the 
 neatest possible order, sewing machines, books, pictures, and 
 many little luxuries, making the room expressly assigned to 
 her exceedingly homelike and pretty. In striking contrast to 
 this stands near by an old-time log cabin, specially devoted 
 to the old grandmother and others, who do not feel quite at 
 home amid surroundings so refined and floors so very clean. 
 In speaking about the reconstruction in his household, the 
 father said to the Hampton students while on a. visit here: "I 
 did not know my house was not clean, but my daughter, she 
 knows it. She always sees and keeps things clean." 
 
 Amy was married by the Presbyterian missionary to a 
 worthless fellow, a Hampton student from Yankton, not 
 legally divorced from his former wife, and finding out her mis- 
 take returned at once to her father's house. She remained 
 
406 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 there quietly living down her misfortune until in '92, some 
 time after her former husband's death, when she was again 
 married, this time to an industrious young Hampton student, 
 Henry Jacobs. 
 
 Scholarship given by E. J. Moore. 
 Yellow Star, Wicahpi-ziiuin, or Stella Black, as she is now 
 called, full-blood, age 9, daughter of Black-in-side. She was 
 exceeding!}' scrofulous by inheritance, and was returned July 
 6, '85. After a time she was taken into the Government 
 School at the agency, and later went to the training school at 
 Genoa, Neb. In '91 she returned home and has since been 
 living quietly with her father, near the agency. She is a neat, 
 ladylike girl and speaks English easily and well. 
 
 Scholarship given by Girls' Classical School, Northampton, 
 Mass. 
 
 PARTY OF SIOUX FROM DAKOTA, 
 
 Brought by Rev. H. B. Frissell, June 28, 1884, 
 
 FROM STANDING ROCK. 
 
 Pretty Bird, Zitkana-wastcwm, full-blood, age 16, daughter of 
 Cetan-kawinge. She proved not to be a promising pupil and 
 was returned the following May. She soon after married 
 Louis Sitting Bull, by Indian custom, and lived at Grand 
 River. In '88 she left Standing Rock and went to Pine 
 Ridge where she married and is still living. Considering her 
 natural proclivities and meagre advantages she has done very 
 well, and has won many friends by her willingness to wash 
 and scrub, and to help wherever she is needed in private fam- 
 ilies, a thing so hard to find an Indian woman willing to do. 
 Scholarship given by the Misses Thurston. 
 
 Celeste Pamant, full-blood, age 18, wife of Frank Pamani (See arri- 
 vals, November, '78), and came with him to Hampton. Too 
 delicate to remain long, they returned in '85, and after a time 
 went to his old home at Crow Creek. Celeste has always 
 done well, dresses neatly in the white woman's way, keeps a 
 good house, and is verj' efficient in the woman's sewing soci- 
 ety. Her childrien^have all died in infancy, and she has had 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 407 
 
 much discouragement in regard to her husband, but appears 
 not to have let it affect her bearing nor injure her influence. 
 She has done exceedingly well. 
 
 Joseph Arrow, Wahinkpe, full-blood, age 17. Not very strong men- 
 tally and subject to most violent hysterical fits. Was returned 
 July 6, '85, and soon after went to Santee to school. In 'Z^ 
 he was at Grand River and well spoken of. Later efforts to 
 find him have been unsuccessful. We hear that he has died. 
 
 Benedict Cihila, full-blood, age 22, son of Rante-maza. He was 
 an exceedingly earnest and thoughtful young man and made 
 the very most of his year here. His lungs were diseased when 
 he came, and though he was anxious to stay, it seemed best to 
 send him back and he returned April 13, '86. Before he came 
 he had married according to the Indian custom,' and on his 
 return went back to his wife, making as comfortable and pleas- 
 ant a home as possible. Shortly before his death the follow- 
 ing January he had his marriage solemnized by the church 
 and did his best to leave a good record in every respect. 
 
 Scholarship given by Congregational S. S., Gt. Barring- 
 ton, Mass. 
 
 Lawrence Industrious, Bh'hcca, full-blood, age 18. He was earnest 
 and promising, but too delicate to stand the strain of school 
 life. He returned November 3, '85, to his home on Grand 
 River and has done very well indeed. He was for some time 
 with Miss Collins, as helper in her mission work, and did well 
 there. He has asked several times to return to Hampton, but 
 the health risks have seemed too great. In '90 he and his 
 wife acted as driver and cook for Miss Goodale on her trips 
 about the reservation inspecting schools, and won from her 
 most cordial praise. During the Indian excitement he did 
 nobly in resisting the entreaties of his heathen friends to join 
 the Ghost Dance, and has since built himself a nice house at 
 Pine Ridge and is doing well. He is said to be an "excellent 
 character,"to be "temperate and reliable." 
 Scholarship given by B. H. Bartol. 
 
 Eugene Iron Necklace, Maza-wannapin, full-blood, age 17. Son 
 of Maza-wannapin. He made good progress in his three years 
 here and returned September 20, '87. He at once took up his 
 land and went to work on it, "doing well," the agent wrote. 
 
4o8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 In '91 he enlisted in the United States Army at Fort Yates, 
 and it was said soon after, that for neatness and good English 
 he would be made a non-commissioned officer. He was highly- 
 spoken of by his officers and has altogether made a good re- 
 cord as a progressive, industrious, reliable young man. 
 
 Scholarship given by Second Congregational S. S., West 
 Winstead, Conn. 
 
 Charles Rabbit, Mastmcala, full-blood, age 19, son of He-sapa. 
 Had never known confinement and though large and appar- 
 ently strong, seemed to be breaking down and so was returned 
 September 30, '84. He entered the agency blacksmith shop 
 and worked industriously there, until shortly before his 
 death in January, '92, giving every satisfaction. His wife is a 
 member of the Blue Veil Society, an association of progressive 
 women in the Roman Catholic Church, and conducts hei 
 household in a civilized and Christian way. 
 
 Lucas Shield, WahacMtka, full-blood, age 18. Rather a bright boy, 
 but not physically strong. He returned July 6, '85, to his 
 home at Grand River, and soon after married Julia Kathleen, 
 a returned Hampton student (See arrivals, August, '86), and 
 set up a home near Miss Collins' Mission, where he occasion- 
 ally helped in school and religious work. Miss Collins writes 
 in the Word Carrier of his tragic death •.- " Like many hand- 
 some white boys he was spoiled by his friends and relatives. 
 He went away to school (Hampton), learned to talk English, 
 and when he returned was a great help in the church work. 
 He became a Christian, united with the church and was mar- 
 ried sacredly to one of our best girls, also from Hampton. 
 His trouble began when he went away on a visit to another 
 agency. A young half-breed girl, seeing his handsome face, 
 began in many ways to influence him, and finally succeeded 
 in winning him. He was fnarried to her. When the agent 
 there found out that he was married to a good woman here, 
 he ordered his return. Luke wrote a letter stating that he had 
 disgraced himself and was ashamed to return here. And so, 
 with a revolver, he ended his life. He leaves one little daugh- 
 ter." 
 
 Scholarship given by S. S. West Point, N. Y. 
 
 Jerome Wosica, full-blood, age 21, son of Iron Eye, Lieutenant of 
 Police. He was a thorough-going, honest man, and made 
 the most of his opportunities here. He returned on ex- 
 
OF HAMPTON INfiTITUTE. 409 
 
 piration of time, June 21, '87, and has since been steadily at 
 work, first in the agency carpenter shop, then on the agency 
 herd, and now on his own place and at the Blackfeet School. 
 He has had good success and is respected by all. His home is 
 neat and clean, his wife and child well cared for and he him- 
 self very neat and exemplary in appearance and life. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Susie McWilliams; Pearl St. 
 Cong. S. S., Hartford, Conn.; Ivison, Blakeman & Taylor. 
 
 FROM CHEYExNNE RIVER AGENCY. 
 
 Albert Cedar Boy, full-blood, age 17, a former pupil of the Gov- 
 ernment school and a promising boy, until inherited tenden- 
 cies made themselves too apparent. He was kept here and at 
 the Shellbanks four years, hoping to save him, but was finally 
 returned May 28, '88. He appeared well always, was very in- 
 dustrious, but did not make a good record otherwise. He 
 died July, '89. 
 
 Scholarships given by Pres. S. S., Catskill, N. Y.; Mrs. M. 
 L. Joy. 
 
 Arthur Crow Boy, Kangi-hoksina, full-blood, age 16, former pupil 
 of the Government school. He was a delicate boy, but 
 thoughtful and earnest, doing his best, which was very well in- 
 deed, at both studies and work, until he broke down com- 
 pletely and was sent home to clamorous relatives, who when 
 he did get there, were helpless to so much as feed him prop- 
 erly. He died three months later, January, '87. 
 
 Scholarship given by Dana Hall, Wellesley, Mass. 
 
 Louis Rattlini; Rib, full-blood, age 15, sonof chief Rattling Rib and 
 former pupil of the Government school. He met with an ac- 
 cident while here that made his return home seem best, and 
 he went July 6, '85. He made a good record and applied 
 to come back not long after, but it did not seem best. In 
 '90 he again applied and his request was granted, but was 
 so long in reaching him that when it did, he was holding a 
 paying position in the agency shops and the agent advised 
 his remaining there. He has since been interpreter for the 
 allotting agent, earning good wages, but is still anxious to 
 attend some school and improve himself. He dresses well, 
 appears well and has manners quite equal to a young man of 
 better opportunities. 
 
4lO TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Charles Spotted Eyes, Ista-gleska, full-blood, age 19, large, strong- 
 looking man, with weak lungs, who returned the next year 
 July 6, '85. Not finding work at home he went to Crow 
 Creek, found employment as a carpenter, and worked there 
 pretty constantly until he took up land at the Big Bend, 
 some forty miles away, and went there to live. He has a 
 beautiful wife, Nellie, one of the Government school girls, 
 and lives in a fairly civilized way. His record has, however, 
 been poor. 
 
 Scholarship given by E. C. Mack. 
 
 Yuzpu, full-blood, devoted friend and protege of Spotted Eyes, 
 gentle, delicate and unusually fine looking. He returned home 
 the next March and died not long after. 
 
 Harry Woodface,, Ite-can, full-blood, age 15, son of Iron Foot, and 
 former pupil of the Government school. He did well here 
 as a student, but returned after four years, September 25, 
 '88, hardly established enough for success. The next year 
 he was very ill and was reported to be dead, but in the fall 
 of '91, while riding over the prairie, I met a fine looking, well 
 dressed young man who had the unmistakable air of a 
 Hampton student, and who proved to be none other than 
 Mr. Woodface himself, bound for Fort Bennett, where he was 
 about to enlist as a regular soldier. He has since been trans- 
 ferred to Fort Meade and says he likes the army verj^ much_ 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. Russell. 
 
 FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY. 
 
 Ellen Burt, full-blood, age 18, a gentle, sweet-faced girl who had 
 been well trained in many ways by the missionary before com- 
 ing here. She was so very delicate that, though she begged 
 to stay, it was thought best that she should return, and she 
 reluctantly gave up her chance of an education and went 
 back the next September. She had, however, picked up a 
 great deal in her few months here, and in the two years she 
 lived after her return, did her very best to influence a large 
 heathen family to adopt the new way. Her death occurred 
 March 4, '86, but to-day every member of her family is in the 
 Church and following, to some degree, the example so devot- 
 edly set them. 
 
 Scholarship given by Congregational church, Southport, 
 Conn. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 4ir 
 
 Nancy Begs-For-Her, full-blood, age about 30. She w_is [cund to 
 be physically incapable of much progress, and so reairned tJie 
 following September. She died not long after. 
 
 Alice Sacred Iron, IVakan-maza, full-blood, age 17. A beautiful 
 girl, bright and interesting, but exceedingly fragile and obliged 
 to return the following September. She was a cousin of 
 Pretty Hand, and came to Hampton through his influence. 
 She returned to a heathen home and died about a year after- 
 wards in '87. Her husband, John Voice, decided to come to 
 Hampton (See arrivals, October, '87), and though he could 
 not remain long enough to accomplish great things, yet is to 
 some extent carrying forward the movement toward civiliza- 
 toon which she would wish from him. 
 
 Joseph Pretty Hand, Nape-waste, full-blood, age 21. A remarka- 
 bly handsome young man, bright and earnest. He had never 
 been to school and spoke no English, but made good pro- 
 gress here in both school and wofk, and returned on 
 expiration of time, June, '%"] . He found work at once in the 
 carpenter shop — a trade he knew well -but was anxious for 
 more education and came back the next fall. He was, how- 
 ever, in consumption and obliged to return in less than a year, 
 July 17, '88. Though never able to do heavy work he did 
 much to help Miss Howard in her new mission at Crow 
 Creek, and when he died the next November, at his sister's^ 
 he left a work which no man can measure. He was the only^ 
 Christian in a large and influential family, and his first thought 
 and work was for them. His death seemed to break in upon 
 the work he had hoped to do, but the seed he had planted _ 
 watered and tended by Miss Howard, has borne fruit to such 
 an extent that every member,but one, of this family of twenty, 
 is in civilized dress and home, is a member of the Church and 
 is bringing up his children in ways of civilization and Christ- 
 ianity. 
 
 Scholarship given by Calvary church, N. Y,, and Indian 
 Aid Society Episcopal Ch., Providence, R. I. 
 
 Alfred Crow, Artw^/, full-blood, age 16. A most peculiar and un- 
 prepossessing subject, but one who improved very much 
 in his three years here. He returned September 20, '87, 
 hardly prepared for great things, but with a trade and 
 a vocabulary well started. He has worked in the agency 
 carpenter shops and on his farm, and has done fairly well in- 
 dustrially. He has, however married by Indian custom and 
 has not always been well reported upon. 
 
 Scholarships given bv Mary Louise Joy; Holy Trinitv S. S., 
 
 N. y. 
 
412 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Eugene First Hail, Wasu-tokakeya, full-blood, age i8, son of Far 
 Hail. He was a bright young man of excellent character, an 
 apprentice in the agency carpenter shop. He was found to 
 be in consumption and was returned the following Septem- 
 ber. He took up his old work not long after, married and 
 lived a very exemplary life. The furniture of his house was 
 made largely by his own hands, and his record for mdustry 
 was so good that it is said he " worked until he went to bed 
 to die." 
 
 Charles Le Clair, half-blood, age 21. The only son of Mrs. Antoine 
 Le Clair — a widow of some property and influence. He had 
 had some advantages and spoke English easily, but was not 
 strong enough in any way to make his stay here seem advis- 
 able and so returned the following November. The next 
 summer he went to Standing Rock, married Fidelia Walking 
 Medicine (See arrivals of Oct. '81), who had, a year before, 
 returned from' Hampton, and brought her home to his moth- 
 er's house. They had a very pleasant home together until 
 in '88, the mother married and separate homes were estab- 
 lished. This could not long remain, for the last of nine chil- 
 dren, himself weakened by disease, was of necessity a 
 " mother's boy," and the two homes were once more united. 
 Charles was never able to do hard work, but hi 4 decided 
 ideas of neatness and order had much to do toward making 
 and keeping the house much above the average in the refine- 
 ments of civilization. After long months of patient suffering 
 he died Jan. 16, '92, and his funeral from the church was 
 largely attended, the ceremony being particularly interesting 
 and instructive. A Hampton boy, John Pattee, was in charge, 
 and six Hampton boys bore the body to its grave on the hill, 
 followed by a long line of Christian and other Indians. 
 
 Charles McBride, half-blood, age 20, son of John McBride. He 
 spoke English well and was a good student and worker, but 
 was sent home for poor health and bad conduct in less than 
 a year, July 6, '85. He worked for some time about the 
 agency, and in '86 married Susan Carpenter, a Hampton 
 girl (See arrivals, Oct., '81), and established a home and farm 
 about twenty miles from the Agency. They were industri- 
 ous, thrifty, and neat, had cni beautiful boy, Moses, and their 
 home was always a pleasant place to visit. In '89, an unfortu- 
 nate infatuation sprang up between the too susceptible hus- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 413 
 
 band and a misguided young girl, also from Hampton, a di- 
 vorce obtained of the agent, a marriage performed by a Jus- 
 tice of the Peace, and a new home established at the Agency, 
 where he was acting as clerk for the trader. In a few months 
 he tired of his young wife and leaving her returned to his old 
 home and family. His case is so well known throughout 
 the country that the Indians and half-breeds have had an 
 object lesson which will, it rightly conducted, be a valuable 
 warning to both the ignorant. and unscrupulous. 
 
 To those who would criticise this affair of " educated 
 Indians," we would only say that had the same characters been 
 unrestrained by the knowledge of better things, the affair 
 would have been even more dishonorable, though probably 
 much less conspicuous. 
 
 Scholarship given by Cong. S. S., Southport, Conn. 
 
 FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY. 
 
 John Buffalo, Tatanka, full-blood, age 25. He had come from 
 camp life, was not mentally well balanced and not strong in 
 body ; was returned the following March. He died the next 
 year. 
 
 PARTY OF OMAHAS. 
 
 Brought by Frank La Flesche, Aug. 2, 1884. 
 
 From Omaha Agency, Neb 
 
 Marguerite La Flesche, half-blood, age 21. Daughter of Joseph 
 La Flesche, chief of the Omahas. She had been to a white 
 school in Elizabeth, N. J., learned considerable from books 
 and spoke English well. She entered the Junior Class here 
 and, though always delicate, went through the school regu- 
 larly, being graduated in '87. She returned home soon after, 
 taught at the Gov't school a year and then, June 28, '88, mar- 
 ried Charles Picotte, a Sioux from Yankton Agency, whom 
 she had met here as a student. 
 
 Mr. La Flesche died in '88, leaving his own affairs^ and 
 
414 TWENTV-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 those of relatives whose property he held, in a complicated 
 state, and young Mr. and Mrs. Picotte found abundant field 
 for labor in the old home, though were never too busy to 
 lend a helping hand to the many dependents and others who 
 rtocked around them for aid and advice. 
 
 Marguerite is not only one of the best Omaha interpre- 
 ters, but has always been considered the " guide, philosopher 
 and friend " of her people, and to her they go with all their 
 difficulties and sorrows, thus giving her a wide and telling in- 
 fluence. She is a natural leader, and, though often far from 
 strong herself, has done nobly, not only in the way of direct 
 help to her people, but by a large and scattered conespond- 
 ence with societies and individuals that has done a great deal 
 toward awakening interest and bringing material aid to her 
 people. In '90, she took a position as teacher in the Gov't 
 School, and is still there laboring faithfully for the best good 
 of her people. Jn the church work she is invaluable as a 
 leader, and in all matters of public mterest her energy and 
 good sense are almost indispensable. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. ] W. Davis. 
 
 Susan La Flesche, half-blood, age 18, half sister of Marguerite, and 
 had been to the same school before coming here. She en- 
 tered the Middle Class and was graduated in '86, receiving 
 the Demorest medal for excellence in elementary studies, and 
 the honor of being salutatorian of her class. Through the 
 Hartford Indian Association she entered the Woman's Medi- 
 cal College in Philadelphia and completed the course there 
 two years later. Being one of the six successful candidates 
 for the position of house physician in the Woman's Hospita, 
 in Phila., she remained East for that experience, until fall 
 when she was appointed Government physician at the Omaha 
 Agency School and went home in that capacity. She has 
 been very successful in her work, gaining confidence of both 
 Indian and white people. Besides her work as physician she 
 finds a great deal to do for the people, advising the men in 
 civil and political questions, is very enterprising about get- 
 tmg up entertainments and societies among the young, and 
 does a great deal in the homes of the people. In another 
 year a hospital will doubtless be erected at the agency, 
 and in that she will start a training school for young Indian 
 nurses. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mr J. W. Davis and Miss's Soc. 
 Smith College. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 4I5 
 
 Josephine Barnabv, quarter-blood, age 19. Had been to the 
 Omaha Mission school and entered the Junior Class here. 
 She was graduated in '87, and went to New Haven to take a 
 course in nursing at the Training School there. She was very 
 successful for about a year, then met with an accident which 
 made further work of that kind unadvisable and prevented 
 the completion of her course. She then went to Dakota as 
 an assistant to Miss Collins in her mission at Grand River. 
 There she learned considerable of the Dakota language, 
 taught, and did general missionary work in the church and 
 homes. During an emergency, m which the Standing Rock 
 hospital had no one in charge, she was called there, and 
 through over work broke down in health again and returned 
 to her mother at Omaha. The next year she took a position 
 in the Mission school where she had received her first in- 
 struction and taught there a year, assisting Dr. La Flesche 
 also, when necessary. Jan. 8, '81, she married John L. Von 
 Felden, a white man of excellent repute, and is now living at 
 Hermon, Neb. She has a pretty pleasant home there, is an 
 excellent housekeeper and has a nice young baby. 
 
 Scholarships given by North Cong, S. S., St. Johnsbury, 
 Vt.; Mrs. B. W. Putnam's School and friends, Jamaica Plain, 
 Mass. 
 
 Nettie Fremont, He-a-we, full-blood, age 13, daughter of Wa-jae- 
 pa, a man of strength and influence in his tribe. A quiet lit- 
 tle grrl, bright but delicate, returned on expiration of time, 
 July '87. She was anxious to come back but we advised her 
 against it, and she went to Carlisle and then to a home in 
 the country provided through the school's outing system. 
 Scholarship given by the Misses Thurston. 
 
 .Samuei, Baxter, T heumba^egt kae , (Flashing Liaihtning) full-blood, 
 age 21. He had betn travelling with a show and had become 
 so demoralized by the experience that physically and other- 
 wise he was unfit for student life. He returned home in less 
 than a year, June 22, '85, took up land, married, and now has 
 a good place and the respect of his fellow citizens. In '89, 
 he was appointed assessor of taxes for his county and strll 
 holds that position. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mr. A. H. Nye, and Richard K. 
 Noyes. 
 
 David Wells, Ingthunhimgasha, (Catching Thunder), full-blood, 
 age 21 . He had been through an experience with the show 
 
4l6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 similar to Baxter's with much the same result, and returned 
 July, '87. He had the good fortune to marry a nice sensible 
 girl and has had that encouragement to work and live well. 
 His record has been very good indeed, even more than that 
 when the disadvantages of his old life is considered. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. C. Laud and Bethany Mission 
 S. S., N. Y. 
 
 George Ramsey, Onshrdtrwa/can, iull-hlood, age 14, son of Tae~on- 
 kaha, one of the non-progressive Indian^ of his tribe, but 
 who was very ambitious for his son. The boy was delicate 
 and mentally undeveloped. In '85, we sent him with some 
 others to a school in Philadelphia, where we hoped he would 
 get along better, but he was so homesick for his Omaha 
 friends that he was soon returned. He remained at Hamp- 
 ton until July 17, '88, and then went home, a scrupulously 
 neat, gentlemanly and well disposed young man. He has al- 
 ways lived at home with his father, on a good farm, and has 
 done well in many ways. His domestic relations have at 
 times been rather confused, but are getting into better shape 
 now. He has much to discourage him, but has done well 
 under trying circumstances. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. C. W. Snow; Miss M. A. 
 Wales; xMrs. C. Laud; Fifth Ave. Pres. Ch., N. Y. 
 
 Gary Myers, quarter-blood, age 14, a half brother of Josephine Bar- 
 naby. Bright, willing but unreliable, he was returned July 
 21, '87. In '88, he went to Carlisle, where he became quite a 
 leader and was for sometime spoken of as a very proraisipg 
 young man. He was, however, expelled from there in March, 
 '91. He has since travelled with a base ball club and in the 
 fall of '91, went to Omaha City where he has found work as a 
 book agent, but has now returned home, we hear. 
 
 Scholarship given by Pres. S. S., Poughkeepsie, N. Y_ 
 
 Susan Burt, full-blood, age 18, ^. girl who had had no advantages 
 before, but who returned, July, '87, a complete contrast to her 
 former self. She found employment at the Mission school 
 for a time, and then married a very excellent young man 
 from the Carlisle School, Noah Lovejoy. They have a pleas- 
 ant home provided through the Conn. Home Building Assn., 
 and are well spoken of by all who know them. 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Henry Pickering. 
 
 Milton AND Nancy Levering, both full-bloods, ages 30 and 15 re- 
 spectively, a most strikingly ill-mated couple. They lived 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 417 
 
 harmoniously here for three years, and returned on expira- 
 tion of time, July '87. Very soon after, Milton met a bright 
 young half -blood girl, who had been at Carlisle, and in the 
 fall eloped with her, both, joining a show and travelling 
 through the Western States. Nancy went to the Mission 
 school where she found employment, and did very well in- 
 deed. The Omahas had not long before been declared citi- 
 zens of Nebraska, aud Nancy petitioned for a divorce on the 
 ground of desertion. This being the first case of an Indian 
 divorce it was slow in being considered and granted, but in 
 '89, she was given legal freedom and allowed to take another 
 name. She then left her position as employe at the school 
 and came East again as a student. Milton knew that his re- 
 turn to the Agency would brmg the law upon him and kept 
 away until the divorce was granted, then returned and is now 
 engaged in farming. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. C. A. Wakeman, and Youth's 
 Miss'n Asso., Memorial Pres. Ch., N. Y. 
 
 PARTY OF SIOUX FROM S. DAKOTA. 
 
 Brought bv Rev. J. J. Gravatt and C M. Folsom, Nov. 4, 1884. 
 
 CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. 
 
 CORABELLE LITTLE Bl ACK- FooT, full-blood, age i6, a daughter of 
 Little Black Foot, a man very anxious to have his daughter 
 educated. She had been to school at St. John's Mission at 
 . the agency and had learned enough to make her an appreci- 
 ative pupil here, but her health was very uncertam and she 
 was obliged to return home July 6th, '85, She went to her 
 father's home, and, though not ab'e to do much, lived until 
 March 18, '58, and left a good name for character and general 
 influence. 
 
 Edward Dupuis, half-blood, son of Fred Dupuis, a wealthy cattle- 
 man with a large Indian family. He had never been to school 
 much, and though his family opposed it until the last mo- 
 ment, he bravely stood out for what he thought was best and 
 came awav. He was earnest and reliable, but when .a letter 
 
415 
 
 TWENlV-lWu YKARS WORK 
 
 cams enclosing money, and saying that his m ither was very 
 ill and wanted him at once, he could not wait for the neces- 
 sary permission to be given, but started off without it, telling 
 frankly before he left that he should not wait for the permis- 
 sion that would of necessity delay him a day or two more. 
 His mother's illness w-s relieved by his appearance and he 
 has since lived at home on his father's ranch where he has 
 his share of laud and stock, including domesticated buffalo. 
 In '80, he married Mary Traversic, a Hampton girl, (See ar 
 rivals Nov., '79), who had been teaching near his place for 
 several years. They have a nice home, furnished with every 
 comfort, and have the respect of those who know them. 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. B. De Forest. 
 
 Charles Marshall, full-blood, age 18, a young man with no advan- 
 tages but deeply in earnest in his desire to attain them. He 
 had come on horseback 30 miles to overtake the party at the 
 agency, and finding it gone, had galloped after, overtaking us 
 while we were waiting tor a boat to take us down the river. 
 He would not be discouraged but re-mounting his pony 
 sped back to the agency, and just before the boat arrived 
 came flying back, bade his pony a most affecting farewell, 
 and flushed with triumph presented, what he supposed to be. 
 his passport, but which proved to be the physician's yerdict 
 of " unsound," and therefore, quite the reverse. His disap- 
 pointment when he lear.l:^d the words that the paper really 
 bore was so intense and his avowal that he warned to go 
 "even if he died there" s > apparently sincere, that we de- 
 cided to take him on to where a more thorough examination 
 was possible, and finally brought him on to Hampton. He 
 proved to be slow, but patient, earnest and persevering, in 
 school and work and remained four years without a break in 
 his school duties for illness, returning Sep. 25, '88. He 
 worked for a time at his trade in the agency carpenter shops, 
 opened up a farm on Bad River and belongs to an associa- 
 tion there which has for its object the promotion of civiliza- 
 tion and Christianity. He has not married but lives with- his 
 relatives. 
 
 Scholarships given by Misses Edith and Mary Brycc; Mrs. 
 Geo.B. De Forest. 
 
 Wahacanka, (Shield), full-blood, age 19. Large, handsome, manly 
 fellow, who clad in his buffalo coat seemed the very person- 
 fication of youthful strength and dignity. He proved, how- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ^'g^ 
 
 ever, to be unsound and failed so rapidly that he wa^s r^" 
 turned in three months, Feb. 6, '85. He drifted down tfe^ 
 Lower Brule, and in '88, was living there with relatives. HJfe' 
 hair had grown long and he appeared much as he did before 
 his little trip East. He is said to be a quiet, industrious 
 farmer — on the progressive side as far as his influence goes. 
 
 James Doffit, or Dolphus, half-blood, age 9. A bright litt'e fel. 
 low who had been taught to dance and sing for public enter- 
 tainment. His mother, an Indian, was so anxious to get him 
 away from such associations that she brought him 30 miles 
 and insisted upon our taking him under our care. 
 
 The Indian school in Philadelphia was considered a bet- 
 ter place for so young a child, and be was sent with three 
 others, July i, '85. In '90, he returned home and when I 
 saw him in Oct. '91, he was a tall, fine looking boy, helping 
 his father on a large ranch by the river. He has written that 
 he wants to come to Hampton now he is a big boy, and it is 
 hoped that sometime he may do so. 
 
 Luther Van Meier, quarter-blood, age 13, son of an excellent half- 
 blood woman, who wished her son educated at a distance 
 from his associates. He had been here only a few months 
 when his father, a clever white man, wrote the boy, giving 
 him every direction for running away, even to the minutes 
 detail, and providing him also with money. The boy carried 
 out his father's plan— except that he left the letter behind — 
 and ran away, Feb., '85. A brother, John, was for a time 
 in the Philadelphia school and had Luther with him there for 
 a year or more. In '91, he was with his father in Montana, 
 herding or driving cattle. 
 
 CROW CREEK AGENCY. 
 
 James Fire Cloud, full-blood, age 18, son of Daniel Fire Cloud, 
 sexton and helper at the Crow Creek church and later a 
 pupil here. (See arrivals, Apr., '85). James was a bright little 
 fellow and we were sorry to lose him when it seemed best 
 that he should return with his family. He has since been at 
 Hope School, Springfield, S. D., and is now a big manly boy. 
 Scholarship given by Morgan children, N. Y. 
 
 Louis AND HiANNAH BuCK, full-blood, ages 36 and 25 respectively' 
 with two children, Eugene, age 3, Eddie, age r. An earnest. 
 
420 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 indiastrious and interesting couple— typically Indian. The 
 ■'" baby was delicate and soon died, and the other child seemed 
 "■ likely to follow; the mother, through anxiety and trouble, 
 ' broke down and all were returned the following February. 
 
 Within a year afterward both mother and child died. 
 Louis 'has worked most industriously since his return, has for 
 several years been mail and stage driver between the agency 
 ■ and Chamberlain, and has a farm of his own. He is' now 
 married again, has a good home, and is on the progressive 
 side of social and religious questions. 
 
 LOWER BRULL AGENCY. 
 
 Edgar and Nellie Lee, full-bloods, ages 19 and 14, relatives of the 
 Medicine Bulls. Edgar was hysterical and lazy and proved so 
 troublesome that both were returned the next February. 
 Nellie died suddenly in '86. Edgar has posed as a leader and 
 reformer, but, having neither tact or true purpose, found his 
 followers looking for wiser guidef. In '91, he enlisted in the 
 U. S. Army at Ft. Randall. 
 
 Margaret Hotoninyankewin, (Runs Shouting), or Fallis as she 
 was afterward called, full-blood, age 15, a bright, strikingly 
 handsome girl, especially in Indian dress. She had been a 
 pupil of Samuel Medicine Bull, .and, though the reigning 
 Jbelle of the camp, came away to school through his influence. 
 She made quite remarkable improvement, but was consump- 
 
 i -,tive and obliged to return home Jan. 12, '87. She at once 
 
 became an object of attention among certain white men at 
 Tthe agency, her home influences were poor and she earned 
 ethe name of being a great " flirt," but showed a great deal of 
 strength of character in the way she conducted herself and 
 kept up to her new standard. By her own desire, however, 
 she left home again and. went .to the Genoa school, remain- 
 ing there two years. Soon after her second return home 
 from school, '91, she married an excellent young man, Clark 
 Spotted Bull, and both are doing what they canto make a 
 pleasant and exemplary home. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mr. J.. S. Hotchkiss and the Stoke s 
 Children. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 421 
 
 Julia Bear Bird, lapioiawin, (Many Words), full-blood, age i6. 
 She came with her husband (See arrivals, Oct., '8i) improved 
 very much, and returned home March 30, '86. She was not 
 at all strong and died Aug. 23, '90, leaving a little daughter a 
 few months old. 
 
 Scholarship given by a Connecticut Lady, through J. and 
 S. Ferguson. 
 
 YANKTON AGENCY. 
 
 Mary Lyman, quarter-blood, age 13, sister of Annie and Henry. 
 Though industrious, kind-hearted and willing, yet because of 
 her influence over the other girls, she was sent home before 
 her time had expired Oct. 19, '86. Her record for a time was 
 not good, but since her marriage in '87 to Samuel Packard, 
 an industrious young man with some education, she has 
 steadil)' improved and is now a nice housekeeper, a careful 
 mother, and her house at the agency is well spoken of in 
 every way. She is a very pleasant young matron to meet 
 and has many friends at the agency. Her record has been 
 one of encouragement. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Mary A. Tappan. 
 
 Daniel Bubuna, full-blood, age 18. He improved very much.but was 
 obliged to return before expiration of time, Jan. 12, '87, 
 because his health seemed to be failing. He has lived most 
 of the time with his lather on their farms at Choteau Creek, 
 married a sister of the Indian missionary, Philip Deloria, and 
 has made a very fair record. He dresses and appears well 
 and is most cordial in his remembrance of Hampton days and 
 Hampton friends. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Margaret E. Gale. 
 
 Joseph Beaupre, fourth-blood Chippewa.age 24. He had been work- 
 ing at the gency. was anxious to attend school, and 
 came a distance to join the party. As permission had been 
 given to bring Sioux only, he could not join the party as an 
 Indian, but was so earnest about it that he was accepted on 
 the basis of a work student, independent of Government aid. 
 . Faithful and industrious, not brilliant, he remained Jour 
 years, returning Sep. 25, '88,. He soon after went to Omaha 
 to help Chas. Picotte, also a Hampton student, remained 
 
422 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 there a year or more, then found employment in the town of 
 Bancroft, and is now living with Thomas Sloan, a Hampton 
 student, running his place while he attends to his law prac- 
 tice and surveying interests. 
 
 Scholarship given by Roswell P. Flower. 
 ChA-RLES Johnson, full-blood, age 19, bright and interesting boy^ 
 but proved to be unsound and was returned July 6. '85, to 
 h|is old home at Cheyenne River, where he died of consump- 
 tion, Oct. 25, '86. He was never able to do much, but seems 
 to have left the impress of an earnest character upon the 
 memory of his friends. 
 
 Scholarship given by " John Walker Scholarship," Theo. 
 Sem. Alexandria. Va. 
 
 PARTY FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 
 Brought by John Archambeau, April 17, '85. 
 Daniel and Emma Fire Cloud, Mahpiya-peta, full-bloods, ages 
 30 and 28 respectively. They had two sons already here, and 
 brought with them two more, Tommy aged 6, and Walter 
 aged I. They occupied a little cottage built for them here, 
 and won the respect of all, both students and officers, by the 
 real interest and earnestness they manifested in everything 
 that could by any possibility help them or their people. In 
 less then a month after they came the eldest son, to whorti 
 they had been so recently united, died very suddenly, and a 
 succession of trials followed, but nothing seemed to shake 
 their faith or purpose. A baby was born the next year, but 
 soon died, and the mother's health failing, all returned home 
 Oct. 19, '86. Mr. Fire Cloud was at once made catechist by 
 Bishop Hare, and for a time assisted Mr. Burt in the 
 church, where he had been sexton before coming away. Mrs. 
 Fire Cloud died early in '87, and the home was broken up 
 until in '88, he married an excellent Christian woman and 
 was put in charge of a church at the Western Camp. His 
 home is a model of neatness and thrift, and his church pros- 
 perous and interested. James and Tommy have been attend- 
 mg Hope School at Springfield, S. D , and are large,fine look- 
 ing boys. Walter has died and two others have been added 
 to the family since the return from Hampton. 
 
 Scholarships given by Parish Aid Society, Christ Ch., 
 New Orleans, La ; Ladies of St. Thomas Ch., New York; 
 Miss Mabel Bacon. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 423 
 
 PARTY FROM DAKOTA. 
 
 Brought by Johx Tiaokasin April 21, 1885. 
 FROM STANDING ROCK. 
 
 Matthew Young Eagle, Wambdi-cistma, full-blood, age 18, son of 
 Chief Two Bears, a bright and promising young man. He 
 returned on expiration of time May 20, '89, and found em- 
 ployment for a time in the carpenter shop at the agency- 
 Later he went out upon a farm near the Cannon Ball and 
 has since lived there with his brother. He has always borne 
 an excellent name, and is a young man of influence for his 
 own and for his father's sake. 
 
 The Congregational missionary writing of him says : 
 " He is one of the most promising of the Hampton boys, but 
 not physically strong. He is a young man of strong charac- 
 ter and very popular. He is a lay reader of the Episcopal 
 church and has been doing excellent work in building up the 
 nucleus of a church on the Cannon Ball River." 
 
 Bishop Walker of North Dakota, speaking of this work, 
 told of a letter he had received from young Eagle asking him 
 to come and advise them. " I went " he says " to this place 
 on the Cannon Ball River, and there I found grouped to- 
 gether about fifty men and women. 
 
 Among them were three young fellows who had been at 
 Hampton and one had been at another school. They had 
 come back from school, and called the people together, and 
 had told them of the happiness of becoming Christians. For 
 a year or more they had gathered the people together week 
 by week, and had read a part of the Episcopal service and a 
 portion of the Bible, and had tried to tell them what it 
 meant. They had come back with no special instruction to 
 do so ; but they were impressed with the duty that rested on 
 them as Christian men to be missionaries to their own peo- 
 ple. They had sung and prayed and told the story of the 
 gospel in their own tongue. It was to me a most touching 
 sight as I saw these people. They said that several of the 
 Indians wanted to be baptized. I hesitated about it. I asked. 
 a great many questions ; and I found to my amazement that 
 these young men who had been at Hampton had become so 
 infused with the Chir.5tian idea that they were able to impart 
 it to these heathen people, —for they were all pagans. They 
 had taught them so much religion that I found I could safely 
 admit all who presented themselves for holy baptism, and 
 
424 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 then and there I admitted them into the Christian Church. 
 A report dated Apr. 13, '92, says of him : " He is a good 
 interpreter and uses the English language willingly and well. 
 He has been in the Congregational Mission Hospital for sev- 
 eral weeks. He remamed at his work too long before putting 
 himself under a doctor's care. He has been very sick but 
 has improved so rapidly that he may be able to resume his 
 work." 
 
 Scholarship given by the " Lana Ac Tela Society," New 
 York. 
 Standing Crow, Kangi-naj in, full-blood, age 26, son of Left-Hand- 
 Bull. He was faithful and earnest, but too old to learn rap- 
 idly; an excellent worker, but not very strong. He returned 
 April, 13, '86, and at once found work in the carpenter shop, 
 where he is still employed, making six years of faithful serv- 
 ice there. He is married to a nice girl, a member of the Blue 
 Veil Society of the Catholic Church. He is a member of the 
 Society of St. Joseph and is reported upon as " excellent " in 
 industry and character, and that his influence is of a " very 
 high order." 
 
 Charles Ota Akdi, Brought-plenty, full-blood, age 18, son of Long 
 Arms. Not brilliant, but faithful. He was returned July 6, 
 '86, and in many ways merited the record given of him as 
 "doing finely." The English language seemed a sealed book 
 to him, until on one occasion, and only one, he went to a 
 white town, and with others, became decidedly intoxicated. 
 During this abnormal condition he spoke English with great 
 fluency, showing that an impression had been made on some 
 part of his brain, though it has never since been manifested — 
 the same conditions not having been resorted to. OnOct. 14, 
 '87, he came back to Hampton with a party of young men he had 
 influenced to come also, and plodded on faithfully for three 
 years until July 30, '90, when he again returned. He is said 
 to be a " good young man," but slow and unprogressive in 
 all save dress ; in this he is a model of neatness and taste. 
 Scholarship given by 2nd Cong'l Ch. Chicopee, Mass. 
 
 Four Swords. Sagye-topa. full-blood, age 20, son of Iron Bull. He 
 had never had any advantages and was not strong enough to 
 remain long. He returned April 13, '86. entered the harness 
 ;shop at the agency and was reported as " bearing a first class 
 name." In '88, he worked for Major McLaughlin, winning 
 
CF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 425 
 
 praise for his faithfulness. Later he re entered the harness 
 shop, but left that for his farm about twelve miles awa}'. For 
 one of his meagre advantages he has done exceedingly well. 
 Scholarship given by the " Willing Worker?," East 
 Orange, N. J. 
 
 Ho-Waste, Good Voice, full-blood, age 20, son of Fool Bear. A 
 bright earnest boy, but not strong enough to remain, and he 
 turned |uly 6, '86. He encountered the severest ridicule 
 from his friends, and many stories are told which show de- 
 votion to his new way of living, and his efTorls at persuading 
 his family and friends to follow his sxample. In '2>S, he was 
 in trouble through thrashing, rather more Severely than was 
 considered necessary, a man who ofifered insult to his sister, 
 but was acquitted by the judges and rather applauded for his 
 pluck He has taken good care of his widowed mother, has 
 a farm of his own, and is reported upon as doing well. The 
 Rev. Mr. Freeland writes : " We went to see Ho- Waste, 
 whose wife was at home, and did the honors of their brand 
 new house with a grace and manner which well set off her 
 pleasant face and neat appearance. She must be a very fine 
 woman, or her husbend mutt have made her so — for tidier a 
 house could not be, and every article was in- its place, from 
 the great horn spoon (presumably the original article) which 
 hung above the table, 10 the dear little papoose ::winging in 
 the tepee hard by." 
 
 Lucy Huhana, full blood, daughter of Afraid-of-Soldiers. Strong 
 and willing, but unreliable. She was returned July 25, '88, 
 with the feehng thatit was useless to try longer to' help her. 
 She made a bad record at home and in less than a year died, 
 leaving however, many warm friends who we;e attracted by 
 her kind heart and willing hand. 
 
 Scholarships given by The Happy Helpers, Lowell, Mass.; 
 First Cong. Ch., Ouinc;, 111. 
 
 Alma Rajvisey, half-blood, age 17, a bright girl who got a great deal 
 from 1 er three years' schooling. She returned Sep , 25, '88, 
 and in '89 married Thomas Fly, a Hampton student who re- 
 turned in '81, (See Uhakiumpa, arrivals of Nov. '78), and has 
 influenced him to become an industrious man, and to make a 
 comfortable home. With much against her. she has strug- 
 gled on until now she has things much more as she has 
 
426 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 learned to want them. In Dec. '91, her husband gave up his 
 position as scout, and buying some Dakota books went out to 
 an Indian village twelve miles away, and has, without a salary, 
 been teaching the people t'> read the Bible in their native 
 tongue. Alma's influence has also led her brother to come 
 here to school, and in many ways she has shown the value of 
 her training to herself and her people. 
 
 Scholarship given by Emanuel Miss'y Soc. Rochester, 
 N.Y. 
 
 Maggie Goodwood, Tarca-skawin, (White Sheep) half-blood, age 
 16, daughter of Good- Wood, and sister of Thomas. She was 
 a quiet girl at first and not strong, but managed to learn 
 English very soon On her return, Oct. 19, '86, she found 
 employment in the family of the agent and remained in that 
 kind of service until she a^in returned to Hampton, Oct. 14, 
 "^l . Her health was better this time, and she improved ac- 
 cordingly, until after two years she again showed signs of 
 breaking down, and returned home, Sep. 25, '89. Rather 
 than go into camp she worked for a white family at the 
 agency awhile and thea married Mad Bear, son of the old 
 chief Mad Bear, colleague of John Grass. She writes that 
 she was married " in church," and has a happy home, near 
 the Gov't Farm School. 
 
 Scholarship given by H. H. Club, Brooklyn. 
 
 Louisa Long Girl, W/nj'an-/tanska'zu/n,lu\l-h\ood,agc 18, daughter 
 of Grasping Bear, a chief. Rather a handsome girl from 
 camp life, bright at work and studious, but not strong. She 
 was returned the following November, and not long after 
 married James Wakpamni, a " progressive " leader with some 
 schooling and familiarity with the English language. She has 
 a very good home, dresses neatly in white woman's dress — 
 and is bringing up her one little boy in Christian, civilized 
 ways — even to the English language. She is reported to be 
 a "good housekeeper," and in character and influenqe to 
 have made an "excellent record." 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Serena Rhinelander. 
 
 Agnes Red Eagle. Wambdi-dutawin, full-blood, age 18, daughter 
 of Running Hawk, a friend and constant companion of Louisa^ 
 but in consumption and obliged. to return at the same -time, 
 Nov. 3, '85. She went to school at Grand River for awhile 
 then married, made rather a discouraging record at first, but 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 427 
 
 has since done very well. She is said to be very " particular 
 to keep to civilized dress," has a good home at Grand River 
 and belongs to the Woman's Society — an organization of 
 Christian and civilized women started by Mrs. McLaughlin, 
 the wife of the agent. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Julia Rhinelander. 
 
 PARTY FROM PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Brouht by Mrs. J. Bellanger Cox from the Boys' Education- 
 al Home*, July i, 1885. 
 
 Charles Clifford, half-blood Sioux, from Pine Ridge Agency, S. 
 D , age 18. Had been about a year in Philadelphia, entered 
 our Indian school and left from the Middle Class of the Nor- 
 mal Department, May 28. '88. He at once joined his father, 
 a wealthy ranchman, and has done well for himself. He has 
 a nice home, an excellent wife, and is highly spoken of by 
 those who have visited and known about him. 
 
 During the ghost dancing in '90 and '91, he wrote us sev- 
 eral interesting letters in regard to it. In one of them he 
 sp»ke of his effort to show the Indians their mistake and of 
 his lack of success, giving one a very fair idea of the difficul- 
 ties these young people have to meet in their religious teach- 
 ing. 
 
 "The poor ignorants were made to believe that by danc- 
 ing this Ghost Dance, after awhile the white men, who have 
 stolen their lands and are now starving them to death, will be 
 driven from the face of the earth, and that a new Christ will 
 come and bring back with him the buffalo and all the variety 
 of game in the old days. They were also told by their proph- 
 . ets, (the chief Ghost dancers) that the new Christ will help to 
 gain victories over all nations," 
 
 " I do all I can to prevent the spreading of this false re- 
 ligion, but the Indians wont listen to me at all. I have told 
 them of our Saviour as far as I could, but I believe I made 
 them believe in their new Christ all the better, because when 
 I told them the story of our Saviour, they would compare 
 
 This institution, origiaallir^ a home for soldiers' orphans, was reopened for 
 Tvaifs and younff Indian boys in '83 or'-'84. Amotig their number weie some 
 older boys not easily manag^ed there and so were brought here by Airs. Cox, 
 the lady in charge, and left as pupils of this school. 
 
428 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 it with the story of their Christ, and say that he is the 
 same Christ come again the second time to save the Indians 
 from the land of bondage, lil<e Moses saved the children of 
 Israel from the hand of the Egyptians. They were told by 
 their prophets that this Christ came to whites the first time 
 to prepare them for the life to come, but they despised Him 
 and hang Him upon a cross and put Him to death, so he 
 gave up His work among the whites, who are now slowly 
 starving the Indians to death to get them out of their way." 
 In '91, he was made one of the Agency larmers, teaching 
 the Indians to cultivate their land, and has also a good place 
 of his own. He is interested in all progressive movements 
 among the Indians and sets them a good example of a Chris- 
 tian home and civilized living. 
 
 Scholarship given by Misses Mary and Edith Bryce. 
 
 John Poor Elk, full-blood Sioux, from Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., 
 age 18. A very excellent young man, but in consumption, 
 and returned home after a few months. He died not long 
 after. 
 
 Albert Marshall, half-blood Sioux from Cheyenne River Agency, 
 S. D , age 20. Had been in Philadelphia about a year work- 
 ing as a carpenter. He had had considerable experience at 
 home as " cowboy," knew well the language and the ways 
 of the rougher class, but had very few advantages beyond this. 
 A poor student of books, passionate and restless, as well as 
 consumptive, he was sent to Massachusetts, hoping he might 
 get some good from a quiet life there ; but in a fit of temper 
 he left his place, lound another, and finally left for home 
 without the knowledge of the school authorities, Oct., '87. 
 He has since been a herder at the Cheyenne River Agency 
 and at Rosebud, has been interpreter for army officers, and in 
 '91, was an enlisted scout at Ft. Bennett, S. D. His record 
 in many essentials of civilized life has been poor. 
 Scholarship given by Wm. G. Low. 
 
 Paul Prairie Chicken, full-blood Sioux, from Cheyenne River 
 Agency, S. D., age 20. A very large, stout young man, but 
 consumptive. He learned some English and seemed very 
 earnest in all his duties, but was obliged to return home for 
 health reasons, Jan. 12, '87. .He has since lived at Bad River, 
 but being both sick and unambitious has not done as well as 
 was expected. In '^i, he had grown immensely stout, and. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 429 
 
 though the nominal head of a. family, was physically unable 
 to do much for their support, and has not the force of char- 
 acter to overcome the many obstacles in his way. 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Andrew Mills. 
 
 PARTY FROM OMAHA AND WINNEBAGO. 
 
 Brought by Noah La Flesche, July 26, 1885. 
 
 Madeline Scott, quarter- blood Omaha, age 43, a widow who came 
 to bring three nieces and learn something of industrial work. 
 She was an intelligent and reliable woman and took advan- 
 tage of her every opportunity, but was obliged to return 
 April 13, '86, with her youngest niece. 
 
 She did nursing among the people about Omaha Agency 
 for a time, ihen went to the Osage Boarding School in Indi- 
 an Territory as seamstress, and the next year was made ma- 
 tron for the little boys. In '90, she married VVm. A. Stephen, 
 but is still employed at the school as before. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Susan Longstreth. 
 
 Elsie Fuller, eighth-blood Omaha, age 15, daughter of Stephen 
 Fuller, a broom-maker, and a nicce of Madeline Scott. She 
 had been brought up among white people, and spoke English 
 only. She spent two years in the Indian and one in the 
 Normal Schools, returning May 28, '88. 
 
 She soon after married Alfred Bruce, a young white man 
 living at Barada. Neb., and gives the following sketch of her 
 life: 
 
 " Before I went to Hampton I always helped my father 
 work in the field, and hardly ever worked in the house, as I 
 had an older sister who worked in the house. I went to a 
 district school two months and learned to read a little before 
 I went to Hampton. Since I have been home I have been 
 ' very busy all the time. I came home in June '88, and helped 
 
 my parents at home, and March 4th, '89, I was married. 
 We live now on a rented farm, the house has only one small 
 room and is a story and-a-half high, it is very unhandy and 
 warm in hot days. I have one little girl, her name is Bes- 
 sie, and when she is old enough to go to school, I shall send 
 her t.o Hampton. If we raise good crops this year we hope 
 to go up to the Omaha Reservation, and improve my land, 
 
430 TWEN'IY-rWO YEARS WORK 
 
 if it is possible. My 40 acres are so very rough that there 
 is only about 5 or 6 acres that could be cultivated at 
 all. I don't know if I can get land for my little girl or not. 
 If I can I will try and get it better than mine and we can live 
 on it until she gets big." 
 
 Scholarships given by Cong'l Churches, Mcriden, Ct. 
 and Montclair, N. J. ', 
 
 Emma AND Annie Fuller, sisters of Elsie, ages 8 and 6, bright 
 children, but requiring constant care. Annie was not 
 strong, and after a fall of thirty feet over the banisters, strik- 
 ing on her head, she added headache to her other infirmities, 
 and was sent home in charge of her aunt, Madeline Scott, 
 April 13, '86. Emma remained until her time expired, May 
 28, '88, and soon after both went to Grant Institute, Genoa, 
 Neb., where they were still at school in the fall of '91. Em- 
 ma is a large, strong girl, quite a favorite at the school; An- 
 nie is still delicate, but has improved in many ways. 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Theo. Irving's School. 
 
 Grace Pilcher, eighth-blood Omaha, age 16, daughter of John: 
 Pilcher, interpreter and farmer. She was a quiet girl, spoke 
 English well when she came, and returned from the Middle 
 Class Sept. 25, '88, to take a position as teacher in the Govt. 
 School. She taught there faithfully and acceptably until she 
 was relieved by her sister Etta in 1890. She had married a 
 young man from the Carlisle School, Wm. Springer, in March, 
 and when her school closed in June, went to housekeeping on 
 their farm. Both are well spoken of, have a good home and 
 are influential in all progressive movements. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Julia Rhinelander. 
 
 James and Minnie Hamilton, full and eighth-blood Omahas, ages 
 21 and 20, son of Sindehaha, a councilman, and daughter of 
 • John Pilcher. They lived here in one of the small cottages, 
 both going regularly to school for awhile, James in the Indian 
 classes and Minnie, who spoken English well, in the Junior. In 
 '87, a baby, Frank, was born, and at once became a general 
 pet. James learned the carpenter's trade, and July' 17, '88, 
 went home for the summer to see about his land and pro- 
 spective home. He returned in November, and spent anoth- 
 er year at his work and studies, and July 9, '89, all went 
 home together. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSllTUTE. 43 1 
 
 James availed himself of a loan from the Home Building 
 Association and has built a nice two-story frame cottage on 
 his land near Bancroft. They moved into it last fall and are 
 now setting an example to all ab^ut them of industry and 
 good living. Frank has grown to be a big brother to another 
 baby, and has all the enterprise and daring that his baby- 
 hood foretold. He rides a horse b?.reback with the greatest 
 ease, though his little legs are hardly long enough to make 
 . the operation at al! safe. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. Sarah M. Sage; Ladies Be- 
 nevolent Soc. of 1st Unitarian Church, Worcester, Mass. 
 
 Irish and Stella Leming, full-blood Omahas, ages 24 and 18. 
 Irish had been travelling with a show, and was wild and 
 broken down. Stella was of meek-and quiet spirit and also 
 delicate in health. Neither were able to do much and the 
 next April, (after the birth of a baby, christened Isabel Eu- 
 tis) they were sent home. Both died within a year. 
 Scholarship given by Mr. John H. Nettleton. 
 
 Albert Fontenelle, half-blood, age 29. He had been to school 
 before and spoke English well. He entered the Junior Class 
 and did well there, but was unable to overcome his fondness 
 for drink, and was returned the next January in company with 
 another boy similarly affected. On their way through Wash- 
 ington their plans were changed by the Commissioner, and 
 they were sent to Haskell Inst., Lawrence, Kas. Fontenelle 
 was graduated there, valedictorian of his class, the next year, 
 and then returned to Hampton. He entered the Middle 
 Class here, and was graduated in '89. He returned home 
 soon aftf r and spent a year in a business college in Omaha 
 City. In '91, he was with his mother at the Osage Agency, 
 Indian Ty., and smce then we have not heard directly from 
 him. 
 
 Scholarships given by " A Friend ' in Church of Holy 
 Trinity, N. Y.; First Congl S. S., Southing on, Conn. 
 
 Eugene Fontenelle, half-blood, age 25, brother of Albert. He was 
 graduated from here in '88, and after a summer at horne, came 
 East to take a law course at Cornell University. He re- 
 mained but one year, returning home to marry. He after- 
 ward assisted Dr. Henschel in his work at the agency. In 
 '90 and '91 , he was industrial teacher at the Oniaha, School. 
 He has a charming young wife and two beautiful children, 
 and every incentive to a useful life. 
 
 Scholarship given by Calvary Baptist Church, N. Y. 
 
432 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 WINNEBAGO. 
 
 John Bear, fuU-blood Winnebago^ age 21, soji of Little Bear. He 
 '' himself tells the story of his coming: " When I was 17 years 
 
 old last time I was school out West. That time my mother 
 die so I am stay the school. I try to help my sisters and 
 brother to keep house, that reason I am stop the school. I 
 don't know how long I was at the school. I went four, five 
 and six months. Sometimes .whole winter I didn't go to 
 •school.. That, reason I didn't learn much that time. We 
 study reading books, arithmetic, and we write writing books. 
 That is all we study out West, We never try to talk Eng- 
 lish. And not very long after that I .heard this school. 
 Then I began to think of the school again, because I didn't 
 talk any English. I want to talk English, that reason I like 
 to go to school some other place Sol am tried but no- 
 body help me. Since that time I tried hard to come here. 
 I told agent I wanted to go to school. He said I am too big 
 to go to school. 
 
 I didn't give up. I thought I try to pay for my own way, 
 but I didn't know where I go get money. So think about. 
 I know oneway. I had $5.00. I take that $5.00, I went to 
 Sioux City. I buy some to eat candy, different kind nuts 
 and some apple, SDOi^thinj else. Then get back home. That 
 time Indian they have payment money. So I sold all those 
 things what had buy in Sioux City. I gain $6 oo, so 1 didn't 
 do anything with that little money. So I went to Sioux 
 City again. I buy more than what I buy before, then next 
 day I got back ai>ain I sold again. That I do all that sum- 
 mer, last time was Fourth of July day. I gain thirty-two 
 dollars. So I save hundred and thirty dollars. Not very 
 long that Julia St. Cyr went back from this school. So I 
 went to see her about this school, asked her all about it. She 
 said she want me to come out here. So I did." 
 
 He left from the Junior Class, returning chiefly to see 
 about his land. May 28, '88. During that summer he married 
 Cora Frenchman, a half-bl66d girl of little education, and 
 returned with her to Hampton, Nov. 16, '88. (See arrivals of 
 that date.) They lived in one ' of the small cottages and 
 made a very pleasant home there, both attencling school. On 
 Dec. 24th, a son' was born, named Thorrias Morgan, in honor 
 * ■ of the Corrimissioher of Indian Affg-irs-, who Was hsre at the 
 time. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 
 
 433 
 
 April, '90, they all returned home. John did some work on 
 his farm, some carpentering, and in the winter came to Wash- 
 ington with a party of chiefs on business. In '91, he had a 
 neat little cottage near Emerson, and somewhat of a farm. 
 A great deal has been expected of him, and he has not been 
 all that his ambitious friends hoptd, but he has a clean 
 record and has done infinitely better than would have been 
 possible without the traming he has had. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Chas. A. Miller. 
 Charles Bonapak'I e, full- blood, age 20, a bright young man with 
 considerable more English at command than his friend Bear, 
 but not so steady or reliable. He did badly here and was 
 sent home, Jan. 12, '87 He has since worked his farm, has a 
 prosperous air, and is generally well-spoken of by those who 
 know h'm, for his kindness of heart and generous impulses. 
 
 SIOUX PARTY. 
 
 Brikight p>v Rev. J. J. Gravatt, August 8, 1885, 
 
 FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Claymore Arpan, half-blood, age 19, son ()f Pierre Arpan, a very 
 intelligent and reliable boy, who the last year of h's stay here 
 had charge of one of the divisions of the V\ igwam as janitor, 
 which cuty includes superv'ision of the boys' rooms and their 
 conduct in them. He returned from the Junior Class, Sept. 
 25, '89, expecting to return ; nd finish his course, but instead 
 oi the letter annout cing his plans, came one telling of his 
 sudden death. He is most kindly remembered by all who 
 knew him at home, as well as by a large circle of friends here 
 and in the North. 
 
 Scholarship given by Broadway Tabernacle, S. S., New 
 York. 
 
 FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Thomas Frost, .4;-,!'7£'cr;//v, (Frost-covered) son of Standing Bear. 
 An earnest pupil, but past the school age. He made good 
 headway at his trade, carpentry, and returned to Standmg 
 
434 TV'. ENI Y-TVVO YEARS WORK 
 
 Rock, Sept. 20, '87, where he had a wife, and child. He at 
 , once found employment in the agency carpenter shop and 
 
 did well there, He was married by the priest of the Catholic 
 r church and has a very fair home near the agency. He soon 
 
 had his little boy dressed in full citizen's clothes, and earned. 
 ■ the name of being an industrious, earnest and leliable man. 
 
 In '91, he enlisted as a scout and did good service during the 
 
 trouble with Sitting Bull. He is now a regular enlisted acout 
 
 at Fort Yates. , , ' 
 
 Scholarship given by St. George's Ch., New York. 
 
 LOWER BRULE AGENCY, 
 
 Leon and Susan De Sheuquette, half-bloods, ages 22 and 19, a 
 pleasant young couple who lived in one of the cottages here 
 a year. Leon had trouble with his back, which prevented 
 his doing any work, 'and they returned home July 6, '£6. In 
 '87 and '88, they assisted Miss Goodale and Miss Reed in 
 their school at White River Camp, as industrial teacher and 
 cook, and later, when Miss Goodale became Supervisor of 
 Indian Schools, travelled with her as driver and cook. 
 
 In March, '91, Susan died very suddenly, and since that 
 time Leon has been emplo3'ed at the agency, having charge 
 of the stables and stock hi December, he married Mary 
 Kenned3^ an excellent girl and former student of Genoa 
 Their wedding in the church was one of unusual interest 
 everything being conducted i'l the most approved fashion. 
 Scholarship given by Ivison, Blakeman and Taylor. 
 
 George and Thomas Tompkins, half-bloods, ages 20 and 15, 
 brothers of Susan De Sheuquette. Neither were strong in 
 health and both returned July 6, '86. George has since 
 worked quite regularly in the agency blacksmith shops, and 
 " Tommy " lived with the De Sheuquettes helping about their 
 place when Leon was engaged at school. Both have since 
 been married in church, have farms of their own and are 
 well-spoken of by the agency people, 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Henry Mackey. 
 
 Van Metre Kennedy, half-blood, age 15. He had been to school 
 before and spoke fair English, so that after a year in the In- 
 dian School he was graduated from the Normal Department 
 
OF HAMP'ION INS'I 1 I'Ui E. 
 
 435 
 
 in '9F. He scon after left Hampton, and went to visit his 
 father, whom he had not seen since a very young child, a 
 white man, a blind broom-maker in western New York. In 
 the fall he returned to his sisters at Lower Brule, and has 
 since been doing what he can with the idea of improving his 
 land there. , 
 Scholarship given by Mrs, Geo. Wood's S. S. class. 
 
 JOSEPH'AND Ei.LEN Ellis, half and full-bloods, ages 21 and 19, a 
 mismated couple, who were returned home the next Novem- 
 ber. They soon separated and went to different agencies, 
 Joseph to Yankton and Ellen to Cheyenne. Joseph is re- 
 ported upon as industrious,. upright and doing well. ' He has 
 been much of the time in charge of the stables at Ft. Randall, 
 and was highly spoken of by Capt. Conrad in charge there. 
 Ellen, after reports of two marriages, has disappeared, we 
 know not where. 
 
 Wesley Hunts\[an, half-blood, age 22, a bright and enterprising 
 youuii; man, but not very strong. He returned July 6, '86, 
 obtained a responsible place in the agency stables, having en- 
 tire charge of the stock connected with them. In '88, he 
 married a white woman and they lived comforta'oly and pleas- 
 antly at the agency until early in '91, when he gave up his 
 position and went out upon his farm in St. Albans. There 
 he built a neat frame house and there they were living ver};- 
 pleasantly in the fall of '91. They have two bright children, 
 and have a good standing among the progressive Indians. 
 
 The "John Walker Scholarship," Theo. Sem , Alexan- 
 dria, Va. 
 
 SOLOMC'N Yellow Hawk, full-blood, age 10, not a tractable child by 
 any means, but greatly improved on his return, Sept. 25, 
 '88. He lived at home with his father for awhile, and, 
 though he has had times of being very earnest and in- 
 dustrious, has not done well on the whole, being careless 
 about his personal appearance and conduct. He is 
 however, young, and may improve v/ith experience. In 
 April, '92, he writes that he has bought seeds and tools and 
 is about to start a farm of his own. He says also that he 
 ■ has given his father money for seeds and that he also will 
 have a farm this year. 
 
436 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 FROiM YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Samuel C. De Fond, Cinyekudan, (Little Brother), three-quarter 
 blood, age 18, for three years a pupil of St. Paul's School, 
 and of the Santee Training School, a young man of unusual 
 promise in every way except in health. He was never well, 
 but so earnest in his desire to succeed, that hampered as he 
 was by hemorrhages, weakness and sleepless nights, he 
 pushed on with unconquerable pluck, refusing to give up or 
 to go home until forced to do so by the physician. He re- 
 turned from the Middle Class, May 28, '88, and at once fourid 
 a.good home with Mrs. Johnston at St. Paul's School. He 
 taught thert as soon as he was able, doing very acceptable 
 work for a year. He also assisted the Rev. Mr. Cook in 
 translating Wayland's Moral Science into the Dakota lan- 
 guage, and in doing other writmg. In '90, he became one of 
 the agency farmers appointed to teach the Indians to culti- 
 vate their allotments. In writing about this work he says : 
 
 "There are ten farmers, and Cc^ch one has a district in 
 which he visits and, instructs. They are thirty miles long 
 and four wide. We went round visiting every day, and tell 
 them to do this and that, and also tell them to dig wells. 
 Now we have fifty wells dug on the reserve. Besides all this, 
 we take down their property, number of land under cultiva- 
 tion, locate their farms and houses, and many other things." 
 
 Later, in June, '91, he was called to take a place of con- 
 siderable responsibility at the agency, that of assisting the 
 issue clerk, and is still holding that position to the expressed 
 .satisfaction of the Agent. 
 
 In Aug., '91, he married a bright young school girl, 
 Sophie, and together they have established a pleasant and 
 comfortable home in a little frame cottage at the agency. 
 
 Though it had always been his hope to study for the 
 ministry, he gave that up as soon as he knew he could never 
 be well again, and has settled down to making the most of 
 his life in other ways. He plays the organ at church, is an 
 excellent interpreter and writer, and is interested in all things 
 that pertain to the elevation of his people. Though never 
 strong or well he has made the most of his life and has the 
 admiration and respect due unlimited pluck, great earnest- 
 ness of character and a perfectly upright life. 
 
 Scholarship given by Trinity S. S., Boston. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 437 
 
 Edwin Yellow Bird, Taukanwangapapi, full-blood, age 19, brother 
 of Frank, who left in '8f, and did such good work at Lower 
 Brule. Edwin had been a pupil at St. Paul's School, but 
 since then too long his own master, and being not at all 
 strong, was returned Oct. 19, '86. He worked on and off 
 about the Agency, and in '89, went to Haskell Inst., Lawrence, 
 Kas., where he remained about a year. In '91 he enlisted in 
 an Indian Company tinder Lieut. Seay, U. S. A., and was 
 stationed at Ft. Randall. His commanding officer spoke well 
 of him. 
 
 Scholarships given by Richard K. Noyes, and Mrs. A. H. 
 Nye. 
 
 Charles H. Jones, Tawamiciskaiia, full-blood, age 17, had been to 
 the Gov't school a short time, and when he returned home 
 Sept. 25, '88, went directh'- there again. He remained only a 
 short time, going off with a " medicine show," and becoming 
 so careless that in many other ways he made 'a poor record. 
 In '91, he enlisted in the same company as Edwin Yellow 
 Bird, and they have since been together at Fort Randall. He 
 writes that he is " doing for straight," and has been promoted 
 already to ist Corporal. 
 
 Schola;rships given by Cong. S. S., Sufhcld, Ct.; Cong. 
 S. S., Fall River, Mass ; the Rev. Samuel Scoville. 
 
 George ESTES, Ma/oksn, quarter- blood, age 11, 3^oungest brother of 
 Joseph. He had been, since a very young child, under the 
 care of St, Paul's Mission at Yankton Agency and was a 
 good scholar. He left here on expiration of time, Sept. 25, 
 '88, from the Middle Class. We had hoped he would gain 
 inspiration and earnestness at home and come back, but he 
 seemed to prefer the freedom of the reservation to the school 
 room, and has since been most of the time with his relatives 
 at Lower Brule Agency, where he has been helping on their 
 farms, and since November, 'gr, has been a clerk at the 
 agency trader's store. His record has been good. During 
 the trouble with the Ghost Dancers in '90 and '91, he wrote 
 us a very interesting sketch of the affair, giving the song • and 
 illustrating the costumes by drawings of his own. 
 
 Scholarship given by Willie and Charlie Kittridge. 
 FROM FLANURAU, S. D, 
 
 Hannah Arrow, full-blood, age 16, daughter of Francis Arrow, a 
 citizen Indian. She improved very much in her three years 
 
438 ^WENTV TWO years' WORK 
 
 here, and returned Sept 25, '88. In '89, she married an excel- 
 lent young man, John Lovejoy, and they have a good home 
 and farm near the town of Egan, S. D. They seem to be do- 
 ing exceedingly well in every Avay. Hannah has two jolly 
 little children just like herself, whom she manages with the 
 most charming abandon, and yet so wisely, that in health and 
 neatness they show very plainly the mother's care they must 
 receive. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Annie L. Thorpe. 
 
 FROM SISSETON AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 William Stevens, WaJwhiin, full blood, age 20. He had been a 
 pupil at the Santee School, and made a good record here 
 until his health required his return home, Oct. 20, '86. He 
 has worked some at his trade — blacksmith— and has the 
 name of being " industrious and pleasant in manner." It 
 is said that "everyone likes him," but in more important 
 ways his record has been far from good. 
 
 Scholarship given by Woman's Home Miss'y Ass'n, 
 E- Somerville, Mass. 
 
 JOHN T. Walker, Mahpiyaiahepiya, full-blood, age 22, a fine maniy 
 fellow who came with Stevens from the Santee Normal 
 School, but was not well and returned the following Novem- 
 ber to his home at the Sisseton Agency. In March, '91, he 
 writes from there : " I am now attending school in S. I. I. B. 
 S:hoDl. I wa5 mirried la?L tw3 years ajfo. but shs died on 
 August 27, 1889." His own health was never good and June 
 5, '91, he died, Jan , '91. 
 
 FROM PONCA AGENCY, NEB. 
 
 Logan Spider Weston, full-blood, age 16, son of Elijah Spider, and 
 brother of Lizzie, one of our first Indian pupils. He had been 
 to school before, made good progress here, and bore an ex- 
 cellent character. He returned Sept. 25, '8S, on expiration 
 of time, and soon after went to the Santee School, where he 
 was employed for a time and did very well. He later went 
 to Grant Inst., Genoa, Neb., in a short time became an as- 
 sistant in the harness shop, and is still there, highly endors- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 439 
 
 ed by the Superintendent. He has hoped to return to Hamp- 
 ton to complete his education, but is so successful with his 
 trade, that his friends have encouraged him to keep on with 
 that His record of character has always been excellent. 
 . Scholarship given by Mrs. A. M. Van Santvoord. 
 Cora Rulo, one-eighth blood, age 15. sister of Zallie and Charles. 
 She returned from the Junior Class; Ma)' 28, '88. but did not 
 do well, She was married in '90, to David Sherman, and 
 now lives at Ponca Ag■enc3^ 
 
 Scholarship given by " Fishers of the Bosphorus," Con- 
 stantinople, Turkey. 
 
 PARTY FROM STANDING ROCK, N. D. 
 Brouciht by Miss Grace Howard, Nov. 8, 1885. 
 
 Carrie Elrow, full-blood, age 19. a bright, pretty girl, industrious 
 and earnest, but delicate in health. She spent a year in Mass- 
 achusetts, and returned much improved in every way. She 
 spoke English freely and was quite skilful in housework and 
 sewing. She returned home, Sept. 25, '8S, and was not long after 
 married to Thomas Goodwood, a Hampton student, well pre- 
 pared to make her a comfortable home. (See arrivals, Nov., '81). 
 A visitor to their house at Cannon Ball, says that it is " as neat 
 as any house could be ; pictures, books, lace curtains, clean 
 sheets on well-made beds, etc ," adding also that " Carrie is 
 not looking well, but seems very happy." In the summer of 
 '91, she received a sewing machine as a reward for keeping 
 the " neatest house on the reserve." The Agent speaks of 
 bath Thomas and Carrie as " excellent in every way, and very 
 helpful." 
 
 Scholarship given by the Misses Caroline and Olivia E. 
 P. Stokes. 
 
 Kate Running Girl, full-blood, age 20, had had'no advantages and 
 . was too delicate to get much from the school. She returned' 
 after eight months, July 6, '86, and in '87 was reported as 
 having been " married to an excellent husband," young chief 
 Bear Coat, who is also a policeman, and as a "good woman, 
 doing well," and keeping one of the "neatest houses on the 
 reservation." 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss E. W. Davenport. 
 
440 'J'WRNTY-TWO YEARs' WORK. 
 
 Charles Pretty Flute, full- blood, a^e 20, bright, earnest and am- 
 bitious. H2 return3d on expiration of tim^, May 28, '88, and 
 at once found employment as wheelwright and carpenter at 
 the agency. For the past yeir he has been living on his 
 farm at Cannon Ball, working at his trade only'occasionally. 
 He is said to speak " goad English," to have an " excellent 
 record," and to be " remarkably superior to those about him 
 in camp." He is married, and his wife, though uneducated, 
 is a helper also in the society started by Young Eagle, Pretty 
 Flute and others at that camp. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. G. W. Bramwell. 
 
 Jack Blue Boy, full-blood, age 23. He returned on expiration of 
 time, Sept, 88, and soon after found work in the harness 
 shop at the agency, where he has remained steadfastly ever 
 since. As the report says, " this speaks well for his faith- 
 fulness and skill." He is married, speaks English and has a 
 " clean record," they say. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. Harriet A.Campbell and Mrs- 
 Geo. A. Hoyt. 
 
 PARTY FROM INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 Brought by Dudley Talb:)t, Aug. 21, 1S85. 
 
 John" Haus, half-blood Pottawattomie, age 15, had had almost no 
 educational advantages before coming here and was slow as 
 a student, though an excellent worker. He was offered a 
 position as assistant instructor in the Technical Shops here, 
 but decided to return home instead, leaving in Nov., '90. 
 He went to his father, a store -keeper in Lexington, I. T., and 
 assisted him in the capacity of clerk for awhile. Leaving 
 there he went to his mother at Sacred Heart Mission, and 
 has been interesting himself in his own .and his brother's 
 land. 
 
 Scholarship given by Eddie Browning. 
 
 Robert Bald an, quarter-blood Pottawattomie, age 2r, a quiet, 
 earnest young man, but not at all strong, and was returned 
 July 6, '86, He lived quietl}^ at home with his family, at 
 Shawneetown and with his brother, ran a farm of over one 
 hundred acres, until in the winter of '91, he fell a victim to 
 an epidemic that visited his agency and died. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Grace H- Learned. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 44 1 
 
 Daniel Chilson, quarter-blood Pottawattomie. a<?e 15, from 
 Shawneetovvn. He hil been to school about three years. 
 and having gDod coni:Tiaii of English, was graduated after 
 four years here. (See records, Class of '89.) He went from 
 here to Washington, secured apposition as principal teacher — 
 the place vacated by Thos. Alford — and returned home, Jul)?- 
 9th. He worked in a store until school opened, and then 
 resigning his position in tavor of a lady of superior age and 
 experience, to3k the place she had formally filled as assistant. 
 He taught there until Januarv, when, through trouble for 
 which he was responsible, he left and has since been work- 
 ing as clerk and farmer about Shawneetown. In '91, he 
 married a nice girl, Mideline Tupan, and has since done bet- 
 ter. J n' December he wrote: "Young friends, those of you 
 whose homes are in this pirt of the country, prepare vour- 
 selves — now is the time — for you will not hnd this territor}'' 
 the same as when you left it. " We have towns now erowina: 
 up in this country, and you all know what comes with towns, 
 saloons — whiske3'S comes, you all know what an evil that is, 
 and what a curse it is to our race. So arm yourselves while 
 there, that 3-ou may stand against the evils and temptations 
 you will meet after you return, and also to help others." 
 
 Scholarship given by Cong. S. .S., New Milford. Conn. 
 Am33 Foreman, eighlih-blood Delaware, a^j 2t, Eirnest in his de- 
 sire to improve, but not physically strong enough to remain. 
 He was returned the next November and died in '85. 
 
 Charles Foreman, eighth-blood Delaware, age 15, brother of Amos. 
 A bright boy, brought up among a rough class of white peo- 
 ple, and with much to unlearn. This was slow and hard work, 
 but a good heart and perseverance have brought about a decid- 
 ed change The summer of '8g. he spent with iVlr. Farrar, in 
 Lmcoln, Mass, and in '93. went a^^ain, remaining there ever 
 since. On expiration of his time, Aug '90, he was dropped 
 from the school roll, and is now independent. Ve is spoken 
 of as "con 5cientious, trusty, reliable," and as a "faithful 
 worker," 
 
 Scholarship given by J. E. Fisher and C. B. Knevals. 
 
442 TWENTY-TWO YEARS .WOKK 
 
 , Reuben TowNSEND, full-blood Wichita, age 17, a former pupil ol 
 Chilocco. He was a good scholar, and in every way an ex- 
 cellent boy, but physically unable to do hard or confining 
 work. He spent every summer in the North, and the whole 
 of his fourth year with the Gold family in Cornwall, Conn.- 
 where he improved so much that he -returned to Hampton 
 comparatively well It was thought best that he return to 
 the Territory and he was sent back July 9, '89. Instead of 
 going to the place he called home as was expected, he got 
 off the train at Arkansas Cit)^ and went to the Chilocco 
 School where he was taken in at once as a pupil and won much 
 favor there. When the school reopened in ihe fall, he was 
 so much impressed with the lack of religions exercises, such 
 as he had been accustomed to here, that he obtained permis- 
 sion to institute a prayer m2^tin^2:, which he did. His success 
 in this, and in other ways, showed unusual earnestness, tact 
 and devotion, ani when he died, April 26, '93, he was 
 greatly missed by both teachers and schoolmates. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Helen Porter. 
 
 Henry VVali,ace, half-blood Comanche, age 20 or more. Had 
 had a peculiar wandermg life which seemed not to have done 
 him harm, only as it gave him most peculiar ideas of people 
 and things and made the spirit and life of the school almost 
 incomprehensible to him. He spoke English fairly well but 
 knew nothing of books. His health was not good, and in '87 
 he returned to the West, and for a long time nothing was 
 heard from him. At last, in '89, a touching letter came from 
 him written in Texas, but the reply sent to the address given 
 was returned unopened and simply marked '■ dead." In '92 
 came a letter ^n English so broken as to be almost unintelli- 
 gible, showing kind remembrances of old friends but giving 
 no personal news, and no address other' than Washington, D. 
 C. It is surmised that he is again with a travelling show. 
 Scholarship given by Cong'l S. S. Southport, Conn. 
 
 Thompson Wildcat Alford, full-blood Absentee-Shawnee, age 
 14, a brother of Thomas who came in '79. His second 
 name' seemed so much more appropriate, and expressed so 
 well the youth's nature, that in spite of all efforts to adopt 
 the more dignified one, he is still known as Wild Cat 
 by all his old friends — and all were friends of the impulsive, 
 mischievous, honest and open-hearted boy. Many and various 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 443 
 
 were his sins and punishments, but his happ)^ good nature 
 always brought him out smihng and willing to be good as 
 long as he could. He went home July, '89, to work a year 
 and " steady down " a little, and, if he made a good record, re- 
 turn again. The record was good, but as no party came East 
 he went to Chilocco instead, where he is still a student and 
 very highly spoken of by the superintendent. 
 
 Scholarships given by South Ch. S. S., Andover, Mass.; 
 Cla-s cf boys, Park St., S. S., Boston ; J E. Fisher and C. B. 
 Knevals ; Ladies of Dana Hall, Wellesley. 
 
 Samuel Perry, full-blood Absentee-Shawnee. age 19. Not promis- 
 ing as a student, but industrious, ambitious and earnest. He 
 realized his inability to succeed through books and gave 
 ' his time to his trade— tailoring — and English. He returned 
 July 9, '89, on expiration of time, but finding his father had 
 died, and himself practically homeless, he went to Haskell 
 Inst., Lawrence, Kas , with a p^rty, and remained there for 
 several months. He organized there a student's prayer-meet- 
 ing or Y. M. C. A., and debating society, something on the 
 Hampton plan, and was very highly spoken of by teachers 
 and superintendent until the next winter, when suddenly, 
 without apparent cause, he disappeared. He has since been 
 livmg at Shawneetown and Skiatook, is married, and has a 
 farm. His domestic relations have been unfortunate and 
 bad.' 
 Scholarship given by Misses Ellen and Margaret Collins, 
 
 Bex Rich, full -blood Otoe, age 23, had been to school in Nebraska 
 and spoke Engl sh well, but was wild and ungovernable and 
 was returned as soon as possible, Feb. 2, '86. He has since 
 been in jail under charge of killing his wife. 
 
 Joseph Leclair, half-blood Pottawattomie and Ponca, age 23, a 
 student of Chilocco, speaking very fair English. He seemed 
 anxious to learn, but had not been suitably endowed by na- 
 ture and returned, Nov, '85, to the school from which he 
 came. In '89 he was still there as a student, but has since 
 left and ha^ been wandering about, first working awhile at 
 one place and then at another, generally at Sac and Fox. 
 
 William Masters, full-blood Pawnee, age 18. He had been travel- 
 ing with a show and was unfit for school or work and returned 
 home the following February. He is married and is said to 
 be a farmer. 
 
444 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Rush Roberts, full blood Pawnee, ;8, a tall.slenderyoung man with 
 very little strength of body, but earnestly desiring to improve 
 himself. He was returned Sept. 22, '87, and died not long 
 after. 
 
 Scholarship given bv Payson Church, Easthampton. 
 Mass. 
 
 Ernest Lushb.^ugh, full-blood Pawnee, age i5 or more. Good 
 character but weak body. Was returned Nov. 3, '89 to the 
 school from which he came — Chilocco — and in '89 was still 
 there as policeman, whose duty it is to bring back run-away 
 boys. He has for the past year been a'so night watchman at 
 the school, and the superintendent speaks of him as 
 an " earnest Christian man 'and industrious as far as his 
 health will allow. In '92 he writes, on the typewriter.that he 
 is an assistant in the office. He says : " I received your little 
 note and the view of Hampton and was very much interest- 
 ing to see the view of my school. Well, this is my work 
 which I will show you, I am trying hard to get a success to 
 my work. I am thankful that I accomplish in my work, and I 
 am sorry that I not stay to finish my study in that school. 
 But still remember the Hampton boys and girls too, and I 
 thank our Father which is in heaven, that he gives us in our 
 life to be happy. ... I am very glad to say this, that I am a 
 Christian of the Y. M. C. A., of the Chilocco Indian school." 
 
 Richard Powless, age 20, Oneida, from Green Bav Agency, Wis- 
 came alone Oct. i, '85, entered the Junior Class and was 
 graduated with the Class of '88 (See Record, CI ss of '88) and 
 returned home the following July. He taught a year or more, 
 being very successful in building up .an enthusiastic school 
 where old methods had hitherto prevailed. He later joined 
 the party of surv.-yors sent out to survey the Oneida Reserv- 
 ation and to allot the lands. There was considerable contro- 
 versy at the lims regarding this measure, and Richard found 
 ample need of all his knowledge of white people and their laws 
 i-1 explaining, and helping to a satisfactory conclusion, the 
 -'.vork of the Government and the people. In the summer of 
 '89 he went to the Pacific coast, but returned home after a 
 few months and in '90 obtained a position at the Riverside 
 Press, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., in Cambridge, Mass , and in 
 '91 was earning good wages, reading regularly in the Y. M 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 445 
 
 C. A. Library and attending some lectures at the college. He 
 has been earnest, hard-working and plucky, and has ev^ery 
 prospect of success. 
 
 Scholarships given by B. H. Bartol, and Young People's 
 Aid Society, Portland, Maine. 
 
 Albert Morgan, full blood Omaha, age 13. Had been to school 
 in Baltimore, and was brought here because too delicate and 
 homesick to remain there. He was ill most of the time here al- 
 so, and returned home [uly 6, '86. He was a gentle, quiet 
 ■ child, and his letters from home to his friends here have been 
 full of appreciation and love for the school. He has asked 
 several times to come back, but his condition would not war- 
 rant the risk. In '91 he was travelling with a show of the 
 Wild West nature and has not been heard from since. 
 
 PARTY OF SIOUX FROM STANDING ROCK AGENCY.. 
 
 Brought bv J. H. McDowell, Aug. 19, 1886. 
 
 James Bear Robe, Matohasma, full-blood, age 18, son of Thunder 
 Hawk. A remarkably exemplary boy in every way. but in 
 poor health. He returned much against his wishes. May 28, 
 '88, and immediately went to a Catholic School in Minne- 
 sota, but his health failing there too, he returned home and 
 went to work in the carpenter shop. He has built up his 
 own home, done a great deal for the young men about him^ 
 and has accomplished a work among his people such as few 
 others have been found equal to. He applied several times 
 to return to Hampton, but it did not seem best, knowing the 
 condition of hi-s lungs. The Missionary says of him : " For 
 the first two years after his return from Hampton he was 
 one of the best dressed boys on the reservation. He kept his 
 uniform looking new and bright for over two years. Soon 
 after his return from Hampton, he made two good ash bed- 
 steads for his mother's house, which would be a credit to 
 the Workmanship of any journeyman carpenter. He worked 
 for several years in the agency carpenter shop and was a good 
 and industrious workman. Last spring ill health compelled 
 him to give up his work and be out of doors more of the 
 time. He died in September, 1891." 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. E. E. Hardy. 
 
446 TWKNTY-'IWO years' WORK. 
 
 Claud Bow, Itazipa, (Jumping), full-blood, age 23, son of Pretty 
 , .Bear. He had been teaching the very little that he knew, to 
 a small camp school, and came to hampicn for a fresh sup- 
 ply, lie had been injured in childhood zvA was badly de- 
 formed, but, though rather eccentric at times, had a steady 
 purpose lor which he worked very faithfully. He returned 
 home on expiration of time, July 9, 'S9, after awhile started a 
 tailor sl;iop on his own responsibility and started out in busi- 
 ness for himself by making unilorms for the base ball club, 
 most of whom were Hampton boys. He did not find his 
 trade sufficient for self-support and is now on a farm at Can- 
 non Ball. He is one of the leaders in the Ind an Christian 
 Association spoken of more fully in Young Eagle's record. 
 As secretary of the socieiy he has recently sent us a long 
 list of names of the Indians, 56 miCn and 43 women, who are 
 full members, saying by way of mtroduction : " 1 have no- 
 tify you with my true words, so that you will examine to our 
 society. Since 1890 we arrive with our association am.ong 
 Qur people on the Cannon Ball River, N. D. Since that time 
 we have no help or any missionary to our societ}^ except our 
 Bishop Walker from Fargo, N. D. I'm very glad to report 
 that he is always trying to help us long with our society and 
 gave us many hymn books and. some prayer books, so that 
 we will be stronger than we ever before." 
 
 Scholarship given by Olivet Mission, Brooklyn. 
 
 Antoine De Rgckbrain, J/r?/<:"<^;/, (Dare), half-bleod, age 15, son 
 of Chas. De,Rockbrain. A bright boy, with some English. 
 He returned on expiration of time, Sept. 25, '89, and has 
 done remarkably well. He himself writes : '" I first worked 
 with the agency Doctor as interpreter, but soon went to 
 teaching one of the agency schools.- While I was teaching 
 the Sitting Bull fighi began, so I had to stop. Then I was 
 enlisted as a scout at Fort Yates, and I was sent out last win- 
 ter with the 8th Cavalry. Now I am back teaching my same 
 school again. ■ My attendance is 48, including boys and girls, 
 and I am glad to say that I am doing well." And again 
 May, '92, •• 1 was more than happy to hear from my old 
 Hampton home again. I am very glad to hear that you are 
 all pleased with my work out here. I feel encouraged to 
 hear from my friends and I thank )'ou very much for the ad- 
 vice you gave me." " I am getting along very nicely with 
 my work at the present time. My salary has been increased 
 
OF HAMPrOJI INSTITUTE. 44/ 
 
 since 1 wrote to you last. 1 am now getting §60.00 per 
 montlT. I am studying all the time while I am tt aching. I 
 study every night, and I have learned a good dewl s'nce I re- 
 turned. I think if I returned to Hampton now, I will be able 
 to make the Middle Class. I learned- by studying different 
 books." 
 
 Tlie missionary, Mr. Reed, says: " He is now teaching 
 in a Govt, day school at Spotted Horn Bull's camp, on the 
 Grand River, about 60 miles from its mouth. There are 
 about thirty pupils in the school. He makes some use of 
 the Kindergarten methods. I think he has in him the mak- 
 ing of a good teacher. 
 
 The general appearance of the school was good. The 
 shawls of all the girls were taken and hung on nails near the 
 teacher's desk, and the boy's hats were not used as cushions, 
 but hung on nails also." ■ 
 
 Another report says that he speaks" perfect English, is 
 neat and tidy, self-supporting, and looks like an mdustrious 
 white man." 
 
 Scholarship given by Plymouth S. S., Rochester, N. Y. 
 Paul Elk, /////(r//, full- blood, age 20, son of Holy Elk Face. He 
 was in consumption and returned after two months. He 
 had never had an}' advantages before coming, and his life 
 'has not been materially changed by his trip East, though he 
 is said to be " doing as well as his health will permit." 
 Casslmer'Fire Elk, Hcrakapi-hi, full- blood, age 23, son of Red Fox- 
 He had been a medicine man and besides being consumptive 
 and a great care, made considerable trouble attempting to 
 -practice his art here upon the students. He wds returned 
 in two months and has not made much of a record in any 
 way — is sick much of the time. He is said to " dress neatljr 
 in white man's costume," but to be " rather indolent." 
 Martin Hawk. Ccian, full-blood, age 22, son of Bear's Ear. He was 
 too unbalanced and hysterical to be a promising pupil and 
 ■ returned home Sept. 25, '88. He worked at the Agency for 
 a time as a blacksmith and did some farming, making a very 
 lair record for industry. He married properly and had a fair 
 home near the Agency — a log house with boar-d floor. The 
 Agent speaks of him as " very good " in character and influ- 
 ence. 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss Bertha VaugMan and Miss 
 Leslie W. Hopkinson. 
 
448 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Jerome Iron Bear, Mafo-masa, full-blood, age 12, son of Shave 
 Head, one of the police killed during the capture of Sitting 
 Bull, Dec. 15, '90. Jerome was never strong here and re- 
 turned home, Jan. 12, "87. After his father's death he at 
 once assumed the responsibility of the household, farm and 
 stock, and has done remarkably well. He speaks English 
 freely and is highly spoken of by all. 
 
 John Runnino-With, Agna-inyanke, full-blood, age 23, son of 
 Scattering. He did fairly well here and returned on expira- 
 ration of time, Sept. 25, '89. He soon found work as black- 
 smith at the Agency, dressed neatly, spoke English readily, 
 and became quite prominent in the St. Joseph's Society of 
 the Roman Catholic church. In '91, he went to Fort Peck 
 on a visit, found work and has since remained theie. His 
 influence is said to have been "very good." 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Andrew Mills. 
 
 James Shot Twice. Nonpaopi, full-'blood. age 19, son of Short Face. 
 A big, strong, young man, slow at books, but faithful at his 
 work. He was at first called by his Indian name, but its us- 
 ual pronunciation sounded so much like " No Puppy" that 
 it invariably caused a smile, and he adopted its English 
 equivalent. He returnd on expiration of his time, Sept. 25, '89, 
 and made, by his earnest determination to do the best he 
 knew how, a very fair record for industry and purpose. He 
 at once built himself a house, married, started a farm, and, 
 though very much handicapped by his lack of English, was 
 reported by the Agent as " exercising an actively good in- 
 fluence." The Congregational missionary says, " Early in 
 the spting of '89, he was working for a larmer at the mouth 
 of the Cannon Ball, planting corn, and, being ambitious and 
 not accustomed to the work, over-strained himself and was ver}'- 
 sick for a month or more. He was up and about, but gradu- 
 ally grew worse, until he died," in July, '91. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Christian Association, and has left a good name. 
 Scholarship given by Bethany Mission S. S., New York. 
 
 Mary Bird, Z/taua-.uin, full-blood, age 17. A strong, hardworking, 
 earnest girl who improved much in many ways. She re- 
 turned on expiration of time. Sept. 25, '89, to a poor home 
 and degrading influences, but rose above them and made a 
 decided stand for beiter ways of living. She married a 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 449' 
 
 young blacksmith or harness maker, James Wapobleca, taught 
 him English and made as good a home as possible. They 
 are said to be a " model couple " always doing well. The 
 agent is quoted as saying that Mary is " one of the very best 
 girls who has returned from Hampton." James died after a 
 long illness, Feb., '92. 
 
 Scholarship given by " The Margaret Shepherd Society" 
 of Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Fannie Cross Bear, Psicawin, (Jumping), full-blood, age 17, daugh- 
 ter of chief Cross Bear. She returned on expiration of time, 
 Sept. 25, '89, but only lived a few months. The missionary 
 wrote : ■' She was a great sufiferer, but patient in her suffer- 
 ing and her Hampton training was not lost." 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Sam'l Lawrence. 
 
 Katherine Cross Bear, age 14, sister of Fannie. She was a beau- 
 tiful young girl, gentle and ladylike always, but not very 
 strong. She returned to a home presided over by her fath- 
 er's two wives, and, though she had much to contend with, 
 was spoken of in the highest terms by both agent and mis- 
 sionary. She is now well married to Leo Kutepi. A visitor 
 to her home sajs that her "house is clean and herself neat 
 and ladylike — not at all Indian in appearance or manner" 
 also that though she " has no moral support where she is 
 she has ' stuck it out' remarkably," 
 
 Scholarship given by Students of Bryn Mawr College. 
 
 Madeline Currier, Tawahintka, full-blood, age 18, daughter of 
 Red Track Dog. She was a bright, pretty girl, quiet and 
 well-behaved. She returned on expiration of time, Sept. 
 25, '89, and not long after was married by Indiand cus- 
 tom to Thomas Paseca Ashley, (See arrivals, Oct., 'i"]^, a 
 young man whose advantages would lead one to expect bet- 
 ter things of him. Their house was neat and clean, showing 
 excellent housekeeping; both spoke English well and had in 
 many ways an excellent influence. After a few months, 
 Madeline left Thomas and went to Fort Peck, remained 
 there some time, and then went to Poplar Greek, where she 
 was still living when last heard from. 
 
 Scholarships given by Misses Thurston ; H. H. Club, 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 Annie Eagle, Wambdiwin, full-blood, age 16, daughter of Chief 
 Shot-the- Enemy. A bright but wayward girl, her home 
 
450 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 record has been in keeping with that made at school. She 
 returned Sept. 25, '89, and was married soon after to a young 
 man. Bull Far by name, and, surrounded by a large unpro- 
 gressive family, has not had much chance to show her capa- 
 bilities. She writes often to her Hampton friends and seems 
 to feel a warm appreciation of what they have done for her. 
 Her record has never been worse than inability to rise above 
 her surroundings. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mr?, Henry Pickering; Lyndon 
 Hall School, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
 
 Happy Road, Tacankn yuskipiwin, full-blood, age 16, an unhappy 
 misncmer. She wept for two months, night and day, and 
 then returned home, Oct, '86. Her record is that of the or- 
 dinary Indian woman, 
 
 Clara Virgin. Wiiasnawin, full-blood, age 21. She was a warm 
 friend of Happy Road and so much in sympathy with her 
 that she, too, wept most of the time, and being also con- 
 sumptive, was returned with her friend two months later. 
 She is well married and living at Standing Rock, where she 
 is said to be a good househeeper, and to exert a decidedly 
 progressive influence, 
 
 Julia Kathleen, .SW<5£ra-/2//'«, full blood, age 21, daughter of Kill 
 Many. She returned to her home at Grand River, June 21, 
 '87, and soon alter married Lucas Sheild, (See arrivals, June 
 '84) and both assisted Miss Collins in her mission work there 
 until 1S90. After the loss of her husband she went to friends 
 at Sisseton Agency. She is now married there and has al- 
 ways made aj.ood name and record. Soon after her hus- 
 band's death she wrote : " "^hen you write to me it makes 
 my heart sad, for I remember i.ampton and I wish to go 
 back. Nothing is so good for our people as schools. I had a 
 little daughter three years old that in my heart I gave to 
 Hampton, but she is dead and my heart is sad. The old 
 Dakota customs are bad fur our people. They hold us back 
 from the new life. I never enter into them any more. My 
 child is in heaven and it is my desire to live so that I shall 
 meet her there. I have lived like a Christian ever since I re- 
 turned from Hamptpn, 1 always go to school and to church. 
 My husband is dead. He committed suicide. I am now alone. 
 1 want you to pray for our people. We bless the name of 
 ' Armstrong.' " 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs Mary Dorman. 
 
or HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 451 
 
 Lucv No Ears, N&ga=~^amca, half-blood, age 15, sister of Jennie, 
 who came in '81, and did such excellent work until her deaths- 
 Lucy was a kind-hearted, faithful girl, but weak in mind, and,, 
 though kept until May 20, '89, was returned with the feeling" 
 that her life was destined to be an unhappy one. Her record 
 of character has been exceedingly bad, but the" Agent is 
 hoping to get her into an institution, where she can have the 
 protection she needs. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Samuel Lawrence. 
 
 Annie Red Cane, Tasagye-luia, full-blood, age 14, daughter of 
 Runs After. She seemed to be much needed by her friends^ 
 in May, '88, and was returned to her mother at Crow Creek. 
 She not long after contracted an unhappy marriage there, 
 and, leaving her husband, returned with a party to Hamptorl 
 without permission or approval, Nov. 10, '89. She did better 
 during her second term, but was returned again July 27, '91. 
 So far her lecord has not teen gcod, but we hope she may 
 redeem it. 
 
 Scholarships given by Wm. E. Dodge ; Mrs. Mary D.- 
 Ellison. 
 
 PARTY OF OMAHAS 
 
 Brought by Marguerite La Flesche, Oct. 15, 1886, 
 
 FROM OMAHA AGENCY, NEB. 
 
 Thomas Sloan, eighth- blood, age 23. He had been about the world 
 a great deal, having had rather an adventurous life, and 
 enough schooling at odd times to enter the Junior Class here, 
 being graduated in '89, (See record. Class of '91). He re- 
 turned home soon after, fixed up his place, and being ap- 
 pointed County Surveyor, took up that work with energy, 
 earning nearly a hundred dollars a month. He had read a 
 little law while here, and continuing it under direction, was 
 admitted to the bar April, '91, and, forming a partnership 
 with his instructor, entered regularly into legal practice. 
 
 The firm of Chase and Sloan, Pender, Neb. has been en- 
 terprising and successful and promises greater things later on. 
 In Jan. '91, he married a young white woman from St. 
 Louis, and since then they have a pleasant and comfortable 
 
452 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 home in the town. 
 
 Scholarships given by Dr. Ingersoll Bodwitch ; Hamp- 
 ton Ind. Assn. of Harvard Annex. 
 
 George Adams Parker, full-blood, age i8, or more. He was son 
 Jf heathen parents and had had no educational advantages 
 whatever. Being both physically and mentally incapable of 
 much progress he was returned Jan. 12, '87. Always anx- 
 ious to do well, he has by faithful, hard work and determined 
 purpose out stripped many better equipped men. To quote 
 from a translated letter : 
 
 "Since I returned from Hampton, I have never worn a 
 blanket, or worn long hair, or dressed in Indian clothes, but 
 1 have always tried to be neat and have dressed in citizen's 
 clothes. I am not married. There are over ten in our family. I 
 do what I can to help my people, and I told the Omahas not to 
 go to the dances, but go to work, as that was the only way in 
 which they could get a living. Some of them do not like me 
 because I told them that, and I also told them to behave 
 ' themselves and do right. 
 
 I united with the church here over four years ago, and 
 attend the church and prayer meeting just as regular as I can, 
 I went to the eastern land because I wanted to get an educa- 
 tion, but my strength gave out. Some days it makes me feel 
 very sad, because I think, now I might be working and know 
 something. Sometimes when I hear how well some of the 
 Hampton boys are doing, it makes my heart feel sorry, be- 
 cause I had to come back before I learned anything. I shall 
 try hard all the time and work. Then I shall be able to 
 make something for myself." 
 
 Charles Moncravie, half-blood, age 17, He had a serious and 
 contagious eye trouble which forbade all work, and after 
 three months' treatment was returned home. He afterward 
 went to the Carlisle School, in Pennsylvania, and was highly 
 spoken of for some time, but was in '91, expelled from there 
 with others. He has since been with his mother at Osage 
 Agency, Indian Territory. 
 
 Henry Moncravie, age 14, brother of Charles, but far less promis- 
 ing in character. He was kept here until expiration of his 
 three years' term, and returned for bad conduct and harmful 
 influence. He soo& afterwards went to Carlisle, and seemed 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 453 
 
 to improve for awhile, but was finally expelled from there 
 with his brother in '91. He too is with his mother in Indian 
 Territory. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. James M. Brown. 
 
 PARTY OF PAWNEES. 
 
 Brought from Indian Territory by Walter Battice 
 
 Oct. 24, 1886. 
 FROM PAWNEE AGENCY. 
 
 Julius Cesar, full-blood, age i6. He had been to school a little 
 and was very earnest in his desire to learn, but, though brave 
 and manly in spirit was not strong in body, and obliged to 
 return on expiration of time, Sept. 24, '89. He has since 
 worked steadily at his trade, carpentry, and has won a good 
 name for industry, character and influence. 
 
 Scholarship given by Unitarian S. S. Germantown, Pa. 
 
 Peter Sun Chief, full-blood, age 15. A boy with a character simi- 
 lar to his friend Ceasar's, only subdued by disease, more 
 gentle and patient. He returned home after a year here 
 Sept. 20, '87, and died not long after. 
 
 Scholarship given by State St. Bap. Bible School, Spring- 
 field, Mass. 
 
 Alfred Murie, full-blood, age 19, brother of James, one of our early 
 Indian graduates. He had been to two schools, giving him 
 six years of training before coming here, and, when he was 
 returned from here after another three years, Sept, 24, '89, 
 he had not advanced beyond the Indian school. His record 
 at home has been rather unsatisfactory, though he has worked 
 well at times on his farm and at freighting. He married by 
 Indian custom soon after his return, but afterward had the 
 marriage solemnized in church, and has tried in many ways 
 to do well. 
 
 Scholarship given from " Murray Fund," through D. S« 
 Taber. 
 
454 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 PARTY OF INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Brought by Dudley Talbot, Nov. 14, 1886. 
 
 FROM SHAWNEETOWN. 
 
 Frank Foreman, full-blood Absentee-Shawnee, age 18. He had 
 been to school at home and was capable, but indifferent. He 
 returned on expiration of time, Sept. 24, '89, and soon after 
 went to Haskell Inst., Lawrence, Kan. His record has been 
 fair. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. J. B. Houston. 
 
 Harry Hunter, half-blood Absentee-Shawnee, age 20. He had 
 been to White's Institute, Wabash, Ind. and was well started 
 on the road to success, but lacked the steadfastness of pur- 
 pose to keep on at any very encouraging pace. He was re- 
 turned after three years, Sept. 24, '89, and has since made a 
 record in keeping with that made at school. He has been 
 clerk and salesman in a store at Shawneetown and it is said 
 " would be steady if he got steady work." He has married 
 according to the Indian custom, and thus thrown his moral 
 influence on the wrong side, though in many ways he has 
 tried to do well. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Grace H. Learned. 
 
 Andrew Johnson, quarter-blood, age 14, son of Jacob Johnson. 
 He had been to school at Wabash, Ind., and made a steady 
 and marked improvement each year while here. He was 
 graduated in '91, and soon after went to Indian Territory, 
 where he had an appointment in the Boarding School at 
 Otoe Agency. An attack of chills and fever prevented his 
 taking any work, and, though he has done what he could on 
 his own place, has not yet been able to do the work he had 
 prepared himself for. He is earnest and intelligent, and it is 
 expected that he will make his life tell strongly for good yet; 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. Whiting's Bible Class, N. Y. 
 " A Friend '' ; and First Pres. S. S. Orange, N. J. 
 
 FROM SAC AND FOX AGENCY. 
 
 Charles Conally, half-blood, age 25, or more. He had been a 
 policeman at the agency, and, though earnest in his desire to 
 'learn, was not physically capable of much advancement. He 
 was returned the following September, took up the position 
 he had left on the police ferce, and attended to his duties as 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 455 
 
 long as he was able. He died within a year after his return. 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Henry Mackey. 
 
 David Bad Fish or Avery, full-blood, age 15. He had been to school 
 six years, but was too lazy to amount to anything, and added 
 here very little to his store of knowledge. He was kept un- 
 til the expiration of his time, and returned Sept. 24. '89. He 
 not long after went to Haskell Inst., Lawrence, Kan., and, 
 though spoken of as exceedingly unsatisfactory, was still 
 there in the spring of '92. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. H. M. Knapp. 
 
 Frank Kt OCUK, three-quarters-blood, age 15, son of Charles, and 
 grandson of the chief, Moses Keokuk. He was bright as 
 a student, but inherited so much that w.as weak and bad, that 
 there was little hope for real success. He was returned after 
 four years' trial here, and has since been living at home. He 
 has become very deaf and is given over to dissolute ways. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Robert Townsend and Friends 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Alice Moore, quarter-bloed, age 18, daughter of Rienzi Moore. 
 She made fair progress here and returned two years later to 
 fill the place left vacant in the houshold by the death of her 
 step mother. The next fall she entered the Govt, school as 
 laundress and did very satisfactory work there, keeping her- 
 self and her department up to a high standard of neatness 
 and order. In '90, she married an industrious white man and 
 has a good home at Econtuchka. From the first she has tak- 
 en a strong stand for the better way, and has done well. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Mary A. Tappan. 
 
 Cassie McCoy, quarter-blood, age 20. She had been married, and 
 through many trying experiences in life, and though ambi- 
 tious to do well, was not fit for student life. She spent a 
 year at the Hartford Training School for Nurses and re- 
 turned home Sept., 24, '89. She worked out for a time, but 
 old associations were too strong for her unsettled resolves, 
 and her record has been far frOm satisfactory. She is mar- 
 ried to a white man by the name of Eaton. 
 
 Scholarship given by Girls' Classical School, Northamp- 
 ton, Mass. 
 
 Lydia Monroe, half-blood, age 18, a half sister of Cassie, but an 
 utter contrast in character. She had been to White's Inst., 
 Wabash, Indiana, and was well fitted by training and charac- 
 
456 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 ter, to become a useful and helpful woman, had not an inheri- 
 tance of scrofula made any outlay of physical strength im- 
 possible. Through discomfort and pain she worked on here, 
 and would have been glad to remain had it seemed best to 
 keep her. Soon after her return, Sept. 24, '89, she found 
 work in a private family and did well in every way. In '90. 
 she married a white man, Mr. Hamblin, and has a comfort- 
 able and pleasant heme. Her record has always been good. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Susan Longstreth, 
 
 Frank Gautier, half-blood Menominee, age about 17. He came 
 at his own -expense Oct. '86, with Michael Oshkeneny of the 
 class of '82, from Green Bay Agency, Wis., and returned 
 home as independently a few months later, Jan. 4, '87. He 
 had had school advantages before, and after his return be- 
 came clerk in his grandfather's store at the agency. He mar- 
 ried a white woman not long after, and they had in '88 a very 
 pretty and pleasant home near the store where he now has an 
 interest beyond that of clerk. 
 
 PARTY FROM DAKOTA. 
 
 Brought by the Rev. J. J. Gravatt, Nov. 26, 1886. 
 
 FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. 
 
 Edwin and Ellen Phelps, full bloods, ages 32 and 30. Both had 
 been missionary helpers under the American Missionary As- 
 sociation, but needed more English and a larger experience 
 of civilized life. They came to Hampton as helpers in the 
 Indian department, but it was soon found that they were bet- 
 ter qualified for pupils than instructors and were regularly en- 
 rolled as such. The)' had three children when they came, 
 Matteos aged 10, Gideon aged 9, and Ella aged 4, the latter 
 deaf and dumb. They were given a cottage to themselves 
 and kept house under supervision. A child was born in the 
 winter which lived only a few days, and in June 2r, '87 they 
 all returned to a mission station sixty miles from the agency 
 where they have remained ever since, the younger boys at- 
 tending school at Oahe. They are both highly spoken of by 
 the missionaries, under whose supervision they are working 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 457 
 
 Mr. Phelps is the son of Elizabeth Winyan, one of the 
 early converts while the Sioux were still in Minnesota. Dur- 
 ing the Indian uprising of '62 she won the lasting gratitude 
 of her mission friends, by swimming the river to carry food to 
 them while they were in hiding, risking her life at every ven- 
 ture. She was always one of the most faithful workers of 
 the mission and took great pains in the bringing up of her 
 son Edwin. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss E. W. Davenport. 
 
 James and Antoinette Paypay, half and full bloods, ages 21 and 18. 
 James was the son of Mrs. Geo. Paypay, wife of the native 
 Episcopal minister at Cheyenne River, and had been well 
 brought up. Antoinette had been a pupil of St. John's 
 School. They lived here in one of the cottages, James 
 working half a day at the carpenter's trade, and Antoinette 
 attending school when not engaged in family duties which 
 were increased in '87 by the advent of a son, whom they 
 named Fred. In July, '89 all returned home, but soon after 
 separated, James remaining at the agency as carpenter, 
 where he is well-spoken of as industrious and reliable, and 
 Antoinette going to her friends in camp. Neither have made 
 a very satisfactory record. Fred has been adopted by Carrie 
 Half and has a good home with her. 
 
 Scholarships given by W. F. A. and The Misses Sill; 
 The Lana Ac Tela Society, N. Y. 
 
 Carrie Half, full-blood, age 16. She had been for some time a pu- 
 pil of the St. John's School for Girls at Cheyenne River and 
 showed her excellent training. She was hardly strong enough 
 for school life and returned on expiration of time from the 
 Junior Class. Very soon after her return she married the 
 native Episcopal clergyman, Rev. Geo. Paypayf and be- 
 came a very enthusiastic helperin his parish. Her letters to 
 Hampton friends are always bright and cheery and full of the 
 work she finds to do for her people. Their present parish 
 is sixty miles from the agency at White Horse's Camp 
 There they have a. nice little church, a pleasant home neatly 
 and prettily furnished and kept, and are a telling influence 
 for good in a community where their work is much needed 
 and well appreciated. 
 
 Scholarship given by Hampton Club, Springfield, Mass. 
 
458 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 Moses Icato, also called Oluka and Galloping, full blood, age 20, 
 son of Short Runner, a large, strong looking man, earnest 
 and industrious, but with no educational advantages. He 
 seemed to be breaking down two years later and was returned 
 to his home at Bad River, Sept. 25, '88, He improved in 
 health, started a farm, and with some other Hampton boys 
 formed a Y. M. C. A. on a small scale and did considerable 
 good work. In '91 he met with an accident to his foot and 
 was for several months very ill. 
 
 Scholarship given by the " Lana Ac Tela " Society, N. Y. 
 
 FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY. 
 
 Lucy Little Eagle, full blood, age 18. As Lucy Winona she was 
 of the bright class of Indian girls, but as Mrs. Little Eagle 
 sadly deficient in what her husband considered essential to 
 their future happiness and prosperity. For her sake and his 
 own he brought her to Hampton (See arrivals Oct. '81) and 
 she well repaid him for his wisdom. Since their return home 
 with their baby Martha, Sept. 25, '88, they have lived in three 
 or four places but everywhere Lucy is spoken of as a good 
 housekeeper, and a helper among the women. Mrs. Burt, the 
 missionary, speaks especally of her work in the women's so- 
 ciety and her skill in cutting and making garments. They 
 have now two children and live in a comfortable, neatly kept 
 house surrounded by a fence, something seldom seen in that 
 free country. 
 
 Scholarship given by Parish Aid Society, N ew Orleans 
 La. 
 
 Edward Little Eagle, full-blood, age 18, brother of Henry. He 
 was a faithful student,but, unlike his brother, slow and unen- 
 ergetic. He returned on expiration of time, Sept. 25, '89, as- 
 sumed charge of the home affairs and has done exceedingly 
 well there. He dresses nicely, appears well, attends church 
 regularly and has shown more character than his School 
 friends had expected. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. A. T. E. Kirtland. 
 
 FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY. S. D. 
 Joseph La Roche, half-blood, age 20. A most excellent young man 
 who came to learn more of the trade he had commenced in 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 459 
 
 the agency blacksmith shops. He returned on expiration of 
 time, Sept. 25, '89, and immediately went to work a.gain at the 
 agency. Later he went out to the Bijou Hills and started an- 
 independent shop there, but sickness (inflammatory rheumat- 
 ism) interfered with that and he returned with his pretty 
 young wife, Hope, to the agency, where as soon as he was 
 able he again entered the shops. In the fall of '90 he was 
 still working hard at his trade, and living in a cottage not far 
 away. His child, a bright little girl, he has named, in grateful 
 remembrance of his school day friend, Josephine Richards; so 
 with such parents and such a namesake, there is reason 
 to expect great things. One most striking proof of Joseph's 
 skillful hands is a box buggy of two seats, arranged for two 
 horses, made entirely by himself, wood work, iron finishings 
 and all. This he owns, and when driving his family behind 
 his own team, he looks like a well-to-do gentleman; no one 
 can gainsay his right to self-respect at least. 
 
 Scholarship given by Scott B. and Mrs. S. J. Hurtt. 
 
 FROM YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Pierre Archambeau, half-blood, age i8, brother of John, but very 
 different in character, being a gentle, quiet boy. He returned 
 for ill health Sept. 25, '88, and was taken in by Mrs. Johnston, 
 matron of St. Paul's School, and tenderly cared for, until in 
 the winter he went to his home some distance from the agen- 
 cy and died there Jan. 1889. 
 
 Scholarship given by ist Pres S. S., E. Orange. 
 
 John Bruyier, half-blood, age 20. Had been a pupil of St. Paul's 
 School, Yankton, and at Jubilee, 111., and entered the Junior 
 Class here. During his Middle year he had an opportunity 
 to assist in the Bureau of Ethnology and spent several 
 months in Washington, helping with translations, etc., in the 
 Dakota language. Very musical in his nature and attain 
 ments, he was here a leader in all musical efforts, a membe 
 of the choir of St. John's Church in Hampton, and often or- 
 ganist there. 
 
 He decided during his second year to study medicine 
 and after graduation in '90 and a summer in charge of 
 the Wigwam here, he went to Meriden, N. H., to 
 
460 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WQRK 
 
 better prepare himself for medical studies. He is hoping by 
 another year to enter a medical school. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Robert Treat Paine, Jr. 
 
 James Garfield, full-blood, age 21. He had been a pupil of the 
 Government School and at the Santee Normal, and did 
 well here. He returned on expiration of time Sept. '89, and 
 was soon after employed by the Rev. Mr.Williamson as a teach- 
 er at White Swan. He did good work there, but has since 
 given it up for his farm and other duties. 
 
 Scholarships given by Cong'l S. S., New Milford, Conn.; 
 Geo. C. Lord and Chas. Dean. 
 
 Char les Kealear, half-blood, age 16. He had been a pupil of St. 
 Paul's School at Yankton Agency, and at Jubilee, 111., enter- 
 ered the Junior Class here and was graduated in '89 (See 
 Record Class of '89). He returned home the following July, 
 and soon after went to Standing Rock to assist the Episco- 
 pal missionary there in his work at St. Elizabeth's. He 
 acted as interpreter, organist and teacher — some of his pupils 
 coming to Hampton through his influence and help. In the 
 spring of '90, he went home to help his father with farm work, 
 and in the fall took the position of industrial teacher ac the 
 Government School, leaving there to assist as teacher at St. 
 Paul's, where he had formerly been a pupil. In the summer 
 of '92, he helped the representative of Grant Institute in get- 
 ting up a party for that school and, joining it, went there him- 
 self to assist in the industrial department. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. John E. Lodge; Mr. Frank 
 Wood. 
 
 Baptiste Lambert, three-quarter blood, age 32. A man brought 
 up in Indian ways; his education neglected until late in 
 life. Exceedingly earnest in his desire to improve himself, he 
 soon outstripped many a more favored youth. He had been 
 for two years a pupil at a white school in Jubilee, III, where 
 he " improved every moment," says one of his teachers there. 
 He entered the Indian School here and left from the Junior 
 Class, July 9, '89. He was a faithful Bible student and an 
 earnest worker among the boys at Hampton, leading them in 
 their Y.M.C. A. meetings. Soon after his return he was made a 
 catechist ander the Rev. Joseph W. Cook and assisted him 
 in his work at the agency. He married not long after and 
 with his bright }-oung wife, Annie Ellis, a girl educated and 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 46 1 
 
 trained b3'thb missionaries there, set up housekeeping in a 
 pretty little cottage at the agency, belonging to the Mission. 
 In '81 he was temporarily removed to the church at White 
 Swan and put in charge of the work there. He is now a can- 
 didate for deacons orders, has the respect of every one, white 
 and Indiari, and is doing a strong and telling work among 
 his own people. The history of his life is exceedingly inter- 
 esting, and goes to show what real sincere effort can do for 
 these people even when '■far beyond the so-called school age. 
 Scholarships given by Frank Wood ; Trinity S. S., Bos- 
 ton ; St, George's Church. N. Y. 
 
 Fred La Rochelle, eighth-blood, age 15. He had been to St. Paul's 
 School and as a pupil was bright and promising, but his char- 
 acter was such that it was thought best not to keep him long- 
 er and he returned home Aug. 17, '88. He has since been 
 living at home working occasionally. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Abby W. May. 
 
 Henry H. Lyman, IIoA^snm,ha.U-hlood, age 19. Had been for years 
 a pupil, and a teacher, at St. Paul's School and one year at Ju- 
 bilee, 111. He entered the Junior Class here and'was gradu- 
 ated m '89. (See Record Class, of '89.) He did not wish to re- 
 , turn home, but went North hoping for an opportunity to study 
 
 further. Law was his choice and in the fall the way was opened 
 for him to enter the Law School of Yale University, and he 
 graduated there in '91. Of him the Dean wrote : " The Fac- 
 ulty of Yale Law School have found Henry Lyman studious, 
 thoughtful, conscientiously faithful in attending upon the 
 School exercises, uniformly correct in deportment, respected 
 and self-respecting, and quite up to the average of his class 
 in intelligence." After a winter in New York, doing office 
 work, an attack of grippe brought on lung trouble, and, at his 
 physician's advice, he returned after a visit to Hampton in 
 the spring, to Dakota, where the air is expected toretore him 
 to health and usefulness. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mr. Justuss Hotchkiss ; Mrs. 
 Henry Dexter; Miss Margaret E, Gale. "John Walker's 
 Scholarship," Alexandria, Va. ; 
 
 Charles Rulo, quarter- blood, age 18. He had been to several 
 schools before coming, but entered the \^idian School here. 
 
462 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK. 
 
 In '90 he returned heme for the suttittief ahd in June '91, left 
 from the Middle Class and went North to earn his own liv- 
 ing. He has had various experiences, but in the spring of 
 '92 was a paper hanger in New York City. He returned to 
 the West June, '92. 
 
 Scholarship given by Ladies of First Church, Bostoir.. 
 
 Jeanette Stricker, Pte-dutatLtn, full- blood, age 16 or more. Sh© 
 had been to schcol before a^ White's Institute, Wabash,. Ind.,, 
 and, though delicate in health, managed in a quiet, earnest: 
 way to keep up fairly well with her work in and out of school. 
 As she did not improve it was thought best to send her back, 
 to the West and Sept. 20, '87, she returned home, and sooni 
 found employment in the Government School there. Natur- 
 ally dignified and holding herself rigidly to her new standard 
 of dress and deportment she was nicknamed "The Queen," 
 and referred to as an "old maid " but she only smiled and 
 kept en as she had begun, in '89 she went to Grant Institute 
 Genoa, Neb., and was assistant matron there until her health, 
 failed, and she again returned home in '90, and again found' 
 employment in the Government School, this time as assistant, 
 matron. She is still there, still nicely dressed, still precise: 
 and proper in manner and address, and still setting an ex- 
 ample of patient persistence in improving herself and her peo- 
 ple. She herself gives a bit of her history. She says • " The 
 first I went to school is at White's Institute, Wabash. Indi- 
 ana. I have been three years and returned home but I have 
 no place to work any at home so I went to Hampton to study 
 more again and learn more things. And then I go back to 
 the reservation and teach them what I learn from the school. 
 When I can talk English and dress like whites, then I 
 thought of myself way back in the old Indian ways as I was 
 before; the Indian had paint their face, wear beads around 
 the neck ; as they do, just the same I did before those things; 
 and Indian dance, it was when I was thirteen years old. 
 
 When 1 came home from Hampton I stand towards my peo- 
 ple and teach them what I learn from the school and to do 
 what is right before my people and behavior constantly. I 
 have been teach that, is only half an year to teach, but my 
 health is not strong again, so I put down my work and stay 
 at home to wait until when I get well again. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 463 
 
 When I was at home I go to visit round the reservation 
 to see how they Indian live; the Indian some of live in nice;, 
 houses but whether nobody did not clean up ; these things 
 are not clean. 
 
 I am dress like whites, never seen my old Indian dress since 
 I been school. I never take off my citizens clothes eight or 
 nine years, I wear citizen's clothes constantly at home and 
 every place I go." 
 
 Scholarships given by Britain Miss. Soc, Smith College. 
 First Cong'l Ch. Nashua, N. Y. 
 
 FROM FLANDREAU, S. D. 
 
 Mosis CULBERTSON, half-blood, age 19, step son of David Weston,, 
 a catechist of the Episcopal church, one of the most pro- 
 gressive of the older Indians. Moses was a former pupil of St. 
 Paul's School and made good progress here. He left from the 
 Middle Class July 19, '9c, because of failing health, and re- 
 turned to his home, hoping to find benefit from the change,. 
 He taught occasionally through the winter, played the organ 
 during the organist's absence, became interested in a band 
 and baseball club, and rather a leader among the young men. 
 He invested his share of money, paid by the Government for 
 land sold many years ago, in land, and sowed it with wheat 
 which brought him a good interest. During the harvest he 
 drove a three horse self-binder in the hot sun for some fime 
 and undid in a short time much of the gain in health accomp- 
 lished before. He was still enterprising and "planning to 
 make the most of his life and talents^when he was finally 
 obliged to give up. Shortly before his death he had a friend 
 write to Hampton for him. asking that he might have a word 
 of reply from his old " home " before his death. The wish- 
 ed for letter was sent at once, but returned with the sad news 
 that it had come just too late. He died March 11, '92. 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss Alice M. Longfellow; Union 
 S. S., Marlboro, Mass. ; Cresent Ave. S. S„ Plainfield, N. J. ; 
 Miss Susie W. McWilliams, 
 
464 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 OMAHAS AND WINNEBAGOS. 
 
 Brought by Rev. H. B. Frissell, July 14. 1887. 
 FROM OMAHA AGENCY, NEB. 
 
 Lucy and Ida Mitchell, full-blood, mother and daughter, ages 25 
 and 7. Lucy had been left a widow, and, feeling the need of 
 an education, came on, bringing her child with her. She 
 made excellent progress herself, and the child, though pain- 
 fully diseased at first, improved under wise care until she was 
 really a promising girl. Lucy would have been glad to re- 
 main longer, but her mother needed her care and she was in 
 duty bound to go. In the fall after her return, July '90, she 
 took a position at the mission where Ida could attend school, 
 and worked there faithfully until her health failed and she 
 was obliged to give it up. She then married Charles Wells, 
 an excellent young man who cared for her most tenderly un- 
 til her death in the spring of '92. Ida is expecting to come 
 to Hampton, it being her mother's wish that she do so as 
 soon as left an orphan. 
 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. Dean Sage ; Mrs. C. W. Dav- 
 enport ; Mrs. Annie L, Thorp. 
 
 Eva Mitchell Cox, full-blood, age 25. She had had no advant- 
 ages and was in many ways unfit for school life. She spent 
 nearly two years in an excellent family at the North and re- 
 turned July 9, '89. She has had considerable trouble since 
 then, and though she has not the respect due an upright char- 
 acter, is said to be an excellent worker and improving her 
 ' record. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Annie C. Lowell. 
 
 Etta Pilcher, eighth-blood, age 14, daughter of John Pilcher and 
 sister of Graee who was still here when Etta arrived. She 
 had been at school before, spoke only English, was a good 
 scholar, and was graduated in '90. She returned home soon 
 after and taking her sister's place as teacher at^the Omaha 
 Government School, remained in that position until the 
 spring of '92, when she was to give place to an older teacher, 
 one who could better control her pupils. Etta has done well 
 and deserves much credit for the stand she has taken and 
 continues to hold. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Florence Browning. 
 
OF HAMPTOJf INSTITUTE. 465 
 
 George and Mary Miller, full and half-bloods, ages 23 and 25, 
 Mary, being the daughter of Louis San Souci, the old inter- 
 preter, had the advantages of knowing the English language, 
 but George had had no such help, and was very anxious to 
 learn to read and write, to speak English, and to learn the car- 
 penter's trade. They lived here in a cottage, attended school 
 and learned a great deal, though family cares kept Mary much 
 of the time at home. They had two children, Eddie, aged 3, 
 and John, aged 1%, and later a little girl was added to the 
 family. They all returned Nov, '88, and for a time lived with 
 Mary's parents while George worked at the school as carpen- 
 ter. The next year the Bureau of Ethnology wanted a native 
 helper and George came on, spending some months in Wash- 
 ington assisting in work upon the Omaha language. 
 
 During the winter of '91, and '92, Mar}^ was ill with rheu- 
 matism and George had to take care of wife and children, do 
 all the cooking and, in the intervals of housework, chop wood 
 to sell. He has a farm started and has done exceedingly 
 well in every way. 
 
 Scholarship given by State St, Baptist Bible School, 
 Springfield, Mass. 
 
 Fred Mongravie, eighth blood, age 13, brother of Charles and Hen- 
 ry and of the same character. He remained until expiration 
 of his three years, term and returned home, only to come back 
 East to Carlisle where his brothers were at that time. He 
 ran away from there in '91 and has since been with the rest 
 of the family in Indian Territory. 
 
 Scholarships given by Boys' Mission Circle, Bridgeport, 
 Conn,, and Mr. George F. Winch. 
 
 FROM WINNEBAGO AGENCY. 
 
 John Clay, half-blood, age 18. He had been to school at Mt. Ham- 
 ill, Iowa, and spoke English well, but had formed drinking 
 habits which he had not the strength of character to over- 
 come. 
 
 He was returned after a summer with helpful friends in 
 the North, Oct. 24, '88 and has since been traveling with 
 a show, working at the agency, and at times doing very well. 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Henry W. Farnum. 
 
466 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Reuben Dan Rice, half-blood, age 18. He had also been to the 
 Iowa school and spoke good English, but though straight- 
 forward and honest, was addicted to drink and so uiagovern- 
 able that only bars could keep him within the bounds of 
 propriety. He exhausted the discipline of the school and was 
 returned Sep. 25; '88. He soon after went off with a show and 
 has led a wild life since. He seems to remember Hampton 
 most kindly, and has asked to come back and try again. 
 
 William Henry Harris, half-blood, age 17, old friend and school- 
 mate of Dan Rice, and in sympathy with him in all bad habits, 
 but unlike him, a hypocrite of rare talents in that particu- 
 lar line. He was returned with Dan Sept. 25, '88, and soon 
 after started with a party to Carlisle, but his character being 
 found out, he was stopped and returned to the agency. He 
 has since posed as a leader and general adviser, but has done 
 nothing more practical in the helpful line. His record has 
 been bad. 
 
 Walter Decora, full-blood, age 19, a friend of the above set, but 
 disposed to do well. After their return he improved very 
 much and returned home Sept. 30, '90 well started in industry 
 and education. He soon after went to Grant Institute, Ge- 
 noa, Neb., and is still there, making good us3 of his time and 
 being well spoken of by those in charge. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Elizabeth B. Stevens. 
 
 Frank Tebo, full-blood, age 18, son of Stagoyheka. He was not 
 considered at all promising as a pupil, but was industrious, 
 and faithful, willing and obedient. He returned Sept. 25, '89 
 went to work at once, and has made quite a remarkable rec- 
 ord as the first Winnebago to get a marriage license and mar- 
 ry according to Christian and civilized custom. His wife, a 
 very handsome girl, had been a pupil at Genoa, and being in 
 sympathy with him in his desire for the best things, has made 
 their home considerably above that of the average Indian 
 farmer's. In all respects Frank has done well and is an ex- 
 ample to the young men of his tribe. 
 
 Scholarship given by Indian Association, Worcester, 
 Mass. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 467 
 
 SIOUX PARTY. 
 
 Brought by Rev. J. J. Gravatt, andC. M. Folsom Oct. 14, 1887. 
 
 FROM STANDING ROCK, N. D. 
 
 James and Eagle Face All-yellow, full bloods, ages 21 and 20- 
 They had started life together but a short time before coming 
 here, and, though hardly fit for the responsibility, were put 
 into a cottage here to keep house by themselves under guid- 
 ance. The wife was ill much of the time, and both were re- 
 turned the next year, Sept. 25, '88. Mrs. All-Yellow died in '90, 
 leaving a little boy about four years old. James has been do- 
 ing well at his trade, working faithfully in the agency carpen- 
 ter shop, and in the stables. 
 
 The agent sajs he is one of his " most helpful and relia" 
 ble employes." 
 
 Scholarships given by Arthur Dixwell ; Students of Bryrr 
 Maur College. 
 
 Peter Black Hawk, Ceiaii-Sapa, half Sioux and half Negro, age 
 14, brother of Frank who came in '81. He returned after 
 four years, July 30, '90, and has really done far better than 
 was expected. He lives most of the time with his brother 
 Baptiste, looks neat and appears well and has earned consid- 
 erable money as laborer and office boy. The agent speaks of 
 him as " very good." 
 
 Scholarships given by 2nd. Cong'l S. S., W. Winstead, 
 Conn. ; Cong'l S. S., New Milford, Conn. 
 
 Barney Red Stone, Bdoka, full-blood, age 17. He was an earnest- 
 hard working fellow here, and alter his return, July 9, '89' 
 did very well, most of the time "exerting an influence" that 
 was said to be " very good." In '91, he was not doing quite 
 as well, and in January '92, was shot by a jealous Indian and 
 killed. The missionary writes : " Barney seems to have been 
 careless of appearances though many say he had given his 
 slayer no just cause for jealousy. He was well liked and 
 worked for some time in the carpenter shop at the agency." 
 Scholarship given by ist. Pres. S. S.. Poughkeepsie, N.Y, 
 
 Frank Wankicun, half-blood, age 18, son of Frank La Framboise. 
 He was an earnest, industrious and exemplary young man. 
 He remained here four years and returned, July 30, '90, to 
 help his widowed mother, who seemed in special need of her 
 
468 TWENTY TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 son. He went to work immediately on his mother's farm, 
 hoping to get things so ordered that h,e might return in the 
 fall, but it was impossible. He has built a good house, has a 
 large crop of grain, corn, and potatoes and considerable stock. 
 He has never married, but lives quietly with his mother, earn- 
 ing the respect of all, and exerting a strong though quiet in- 
 fluence for good. In character, industry and influence his 
 record as given by the agent is written " excellent. " 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss Helen Porter ; The Little 
 Dorcas Soc, Providence, R. I. 
 
 Martin Tiakan, Changi7ig Thunder, full-blood, age 14, son of Chief 
 Changing Thunder. A gentle, sweet faced boy who won sym- 
 pathy and respect for his plucky struggles with pain and dis- 
 ease. He returned home June 16, '90 and died a few months 
 later. 
 
 Scholarships given by Ind. Ass'n., Gt. Harrington, Mass.; 
 Cong'l S. S. New Milford, Conn. 
 
 Joseph Pleets, Hoksila, half-blood, age 15, brother of John and 
 Rosa. He was the most stubborn boy ever known at the 
 school, but remained here four years returning much improv- 
 ed in many ways, July 30, '90. He at once found work at his 
 trade in the carpenter shop. He is now living with his sister 
 ' and working with his brother at the agency stables. He is 
 said to be " neat and clean " and to have made a " fine record 
 as workman in every way." 
 
 Scholarship given by Pres. S. S., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 John Left Hand, Heytihara, full-blood, son of Left Hand Bull. 
 He was consumptive and returned May 28, '88, going to his 
 father's house and living there quietly for some time. He 
 has since married by Indian custom, and, though he has a 
 farm and works at times, has not made a very good record. 
 
 FROM CROW CREEK. 
 
 Bessie Swift, half-blood, age 18, a bright young girl and former pu- 
 pil of the Government School. She was neither strong nor 
 earnest and returned Sept. 25, '89 on expiration of time. She 
 ■ was taken into the Grace Mission by Miss Howard and re - 
 
 • mained there most of the time until the following August. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 469 
 
 She then became entangled in a flirtation with Chas. Mc- 
 Bride (See arrivals June, 84) and, after allowing him to ob- 
 tain a divorce from his wife, was married to him in June '91. 
 Before this very serious mistake, she had shown herself de- 
 voted to the best interest of her people, had gotten several 
 children into school, and nursed with great patience and de- 
 votion a long and serious case among the less civilized of the 
 Indians. She is neat in dress, ladylike in manner, and ex- 
 cept for this misguided step, has made a good record. 
 
 Scholarships given by Smith College; Mrs. Browning; 
 Winthrop S. S. Holbrook, Mass. 
 
 John Red Hawk, Cetan-duta full-blood, age i8, brother of one of 
 our early students, Fidelia Wftlking Medicine. He had 
 been visiting her at Crow Creek and came from there to 
 Hampton, He returned on expiration of time July 30, '90 to 
 Standing Rock where his parents are living. He is now married 
 and seems to be doing well. 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss'y Soc. Smith College ; Ladies 
 of Dana Hall, Wellesley. 
 
 Hei^iry Jacobs, half-blood, age i8, an orphan. He returned on ex- 
 piration of time July 30, '90, not far advanced in studies, but 
 with his trade well started, and soon after found employment 
 in the agency carpenter shop. He was still working there in 
 the summer of '91, was neatly dressed while at work, and 
 unusually well dressed while off duty. He lived in a tipi by 
 himself near his work, until in '92 he married Amy Wizi (See 
 arrivals, April '84) and has since had a nice home under skill- 
 ful hands. Henry has always borne a good name for indus- 
 try and devotion to the best interest of his people, and much 
 is hoped from this union of Hampton trained forces. 
 " The Warren Scholarship," Brooklyn. 
 
 Henry Long Feather, Wiyaka-hanska, full-blood, age 19, a good 
 
 ' ■ student and worker, but not strong enough to remain longer 
 
 and was returned Sept. 25, '89. Unwilling to give up his 
 
 education, he' went to Grant Inst., Genoa, Neb , remaining 
 
 there until he was again obliged to return home in '90. 
 
 - - Not long after, he was put upon the police force at the 
 
 " ■ agency, and was still serving acceptably in that capacity in 
 
 ■^ the summer of '91, He then seemed well and strong, and ap- 
 
47° TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 peared very manly, as, dressed in the uniform of a Govern- 
 ment policeman he rode about on his large, handsome 
 horse, his revolver hangmg conspicuously from a well cartridg- 
 ed belt. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss C. H. V. Cockcroft. 
 John Voice, Htj/ikiyap/, iuWhlood, age 26, rather old for the first 
 steps of an English education, but with a devotion to his wife's 
 memory (Alice Sacred Iron, arrival of '84) that led him to de- 
 sire advantages he had learned to value through her. His pro- 
 gress was neither rapid nor striking, but his quick observation 
 took in enough to show him where he had been wrong, though 
 it did not supply the remedy. He returned on expiration of 
 time, Sept. 25, '90, to his old friends. He did some work, but 
 a chronic lameness prevented anything very active, and he 
 naturally drifted back toward the old way. He married Alice's 
 sister, a bright and pretty young girl with no education, and 
 lives' with her father's family near the agency. They have a 
 pretty baby, nicely dressed and neatly kept, showing an effort 
 at better things for their child. John at one time jomed the 
 Indian dances but has since give them up and works when 
 he is able. 
 
 ONEIDAS. 
 Brought by Dr. A. L. Johnson, July 9, 1888. 
 FROM ONEIDA, WIS. 
 Amelia Skenandore, age 17, daughter of Solomon Skenandore. 
 She had been to schojl before, spoke English well, and made 
 good progress here in school and other duties. She returned 
 May 19, '91, to a home where she was very much needed 
 and has made the record of a bright womanly girl, not afraid 
 of hard work. She has been very helpful in sickness to oth- 
 ers outside her own family, and is highly spoken of for her 
 devotion to the mother of a friend still at school. 
 Scholarship given by Miss Annie L. Thorpe. 
 Ellen Baird, age 19, daughter of John Baird. She had been to 
 school before but knew so little English, that her progress 
 here, though excellent, was not very rapid. She was a gentle, 
 sweet-faced girl, earnest in her desire to improve herself 3.nd 
 very helpful to others. She returned on expiration of time 
 to help her family, and in Feb., '91,^ surprised her Hampton 
 friends by marrying Jonas Skenandore. (See next record.) 
 Scholarship given by S. S., Church of the Pilgrims. 
 
DF HAMPTON INSTITUTE.' 47 1 
 
 Jonas Skenandore, age 21, son of Nicholas Skenandore. He had 
 been to school, spoke English fairly well and was anxious to 
 learn the machinist's trade, but a taste for liquor which he 
 seemed unable to control, always put his influence on the 
 wrong side, and he was returned June 17, '91. He has since 
 worked well, and in Feb., '91, married Ellen Baird, a very 
 lovely girl, and it is hoped that better influences will bring 
 about better results. 
 
 LvMAN PowLEsS, Taiietolus, age 19, son of Peter Powless. He had 
 been to school, spoke English, and made a very good record 
 here, leaving from the Middle Class. In the summer of '91, 
 he went home at his own expense and returned in the fall 
 with a bride. Complications in the case made their turn home 
 seem best and both went back Dec. 17, '91. They have since 
 been living on a farm and are said to be doing well. 
 
 Scholarship given by " Willing Workers," Orange, N. J- 
 
 Kate Henderson, lVino7ia, [First-born], full-blood, age 19. She 
 had been left a little orphan, adopted by a Mr. Henderson, 
 and sent away to school when quite young. She was brought 
 here by a friend, July g, '88, from Poplar Creek, Montana, 
 and remained three years, being graduated in '91, salutatorian 
 of her class. The story of her life has been a pathetic but 
 hopeful one, and she left the school, July 27, to join Mrs. and 
 Miss Gorten and take the position of assistant teacher in a new 
 Government school at Fort Belknap, Montana, to which they 
 also were going as matron and teacher. Her work there has 
 been a success and she intends to continue it in another 
 place where circumstances will be more favorable. Besides 
 quite a gift for teaching, she has had a good musical training 
 which adds much to her value as a helper among her people. 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. VV. H. Camp; The Misses 
 Thurston. 
 
 FROM INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Brought By Dudley Talbot, Oct. 13, 1888. 
 
 Thomas Pratt, half-blood Pawnee, age 18. He was not a promis- 
 ing boy in any respect and was returned July 30, '90. He 
 
472 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 soon after went to the Chilocco School, from which institu- 
 tion he had come to us, and was still there when last heard 
 from, working well in the tailoring department. He is said 
 to be a " professing Christian, out a little irregular in his de- 
 votions." 
 
 Scholarship given by Roswell P. Flower. 
 
 Henry Ward Beecher, full-blood Pawnee, age 20. He had been 
 to school some before coming here, but was consumptive and 
 obliged to return, Sept. 24, '89. He did some farm work and 
 earned a good name before his death the following December. 
 Seholarship given by Soc. Christian Endeavor, ist 
 Cong'l Ch., Danbury, Conn. 
 
 Wilson Moore, full-blood Pawnee, age 17. A most promising boy, 
 earnest and ambitious, but consumptive. He remained as 
 long as possible and returned, July 30, '90, full of enthusiasm 
 and earnest purpose, which seems not to have been greatly 
 diminished by the difficulties he has had to encounter. He 
 has been doing what his strength will allow on his farm, and 
 exerting an influence toward education and Christianity thct 
 has won high praise from those who know him. 
 
 Scholarship given by State St. Baptist Bible School, 
 Springfield, Mass. 
 
 William Mo'^re, Neconwatuck, quarter- blood Sac & Fox, age 17, 
 son of Rienzi Moore and brother of Alice. He had been a 
 student at Chilocco, but entered the Indian classes here, 
 leaving, March 29, '92, from the Middle Class. He returned 
 to his friends at Keokuk Falls, Oklahoma, and, though he 
 finds the outlook rather discouraging, still hopes to be able 
 to use his education to some purpose. 
 
 Scholarships given by Misses Edith and Mary T. Bryce, 
 E. A. Williams. 
 
 Cooper Wilson, full-blood Shawnee, age 20 or less, grandson of the 
 old chief of the Shawnees, White Turkey. He was an unus- 
 ually bright and handsome fellow, but an inherited tendency to 
 insanity made itself apparent during his second year here, and 
 he was returned Sept. 24. '89. He has times of being perfectly 
 sane, but keeps himself apart from his friends, living alone in 
 a little house on his grandfather's land. 
 
 Scholarship given by Bethlehem Missionary S. S.,Uni- 
 ■/ versity PlaceCh., N. Y. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 473 
 
 Mary Charley, full-blood Shawnee, age 15, a bright and capable, 
 but headstrong girl, who returned on expiration of time, July 
 27, '91. She went back to encounter many discouragements 
 and temptations,'but has held herself remarkably well, hop- 
 ing to return again to Hampton. Earlv in. '92, she went to 
 Chilocco and is still there continuing the education she has 
 learned to value. 
 
 Scholarships given by Miss E. Candler; Dr. Morgan's 
 Children. 
 
 FROM gUAPAW AGENCY. 
 
 Mary Jane White Crow, three quarters-blood Seneca, age 16, 
 daughter of White Crow, a chief of the tribe. She 
 had been to school most of her life, and, though 
 always delicate, improved very decidedly during her three 
 years here. An illness during her Senior year put her so far 
 behind in her studies that she gave up the hope of gradu- 
 ating, and took a position in the practice teaching school. 
 When an application for a teacher to take Mercy Conger's 
 place at Yankton Agency was presented she decided to ac- 
 cept it and went out alone to Dakota. May 19, '91 bravely 
 determined to succeed in her work among a strange tribe 
 and with a class of Indians of whom she knew neither the 
 language nor customs, She has had her discouragements 
 and hardships, but is still at work there most successfully, 
 highly commended by those capable of judging her work. 
 She is a girl of rare intelligence and character and will al- 
 ways succeed wherever placed. 
 
 Scholarships given by Smith College ; Children's Mis- 
 sionary Society of Turkey and Bulgaria. 
 
 SIOUX FROM DAKOTA. 
 
 Brought by Rev. J. J. Gravatt, Nov. 10, 1888, 
 
 FROM STANDING ROCK AGENCY. 
 
 Daniel Issador Delay, or Daniel D. Ankle, full-blood, age 19, a 
 bright, earnest and most promising boy, but delicate in 
 health and obliged to return for a year, June 16, '90. He 
 went to work at once on his farm, devoting himself to his 
 
474 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 mother and her family, seiit his younger brother Matthew 
 back here to school, and by earnest, faithful work has won 
 warm praise from those who have been watching him. " He 
 is a manly, self-respecting fellow, neat and gentlemanly " 
 writes one ; " Good in character and excellent in influence'' 
 says another. In Sept., 'gi, he enlisted in the 22nd Infantry 
 stationed at Ft. Yates, and, as interpreter for the command- 
 ing officer, has had a chance to make himself very useful. 
 He writes that he enjoys his work and shows a very real in- 
 terest in the affairs of his Company. In speaking of the 
 other students at the Agency he says, " I am the only un- 
 lucky man among them, all are married except I." 
 
 Scholarship given by the Happy Pilgrims, Shekomeko 
 
 '; N. Y. 
 
 Maurice Martin, full-blood, age 18. He was a bright boy but not 
 strong enough to remain longer and returned June 16, '90. 
 He went to work on his farm near Oak Creek and has been 
 very successful with his corn and hay. He has not married, 
 but lives by himself in his own house, and assists at the 
 Episcopal Mission near by. During the excitement in 
 connection with the ghost dance and Sitting Bull's capture, he 
 wrote most interesting letters from an Indian's standpoint, 
 telling the stories just as the heathen Indians told them to 
 him, but adding, " I try hard and tell them the true Christ 
 and try to lead in the right way my people much as possible, 
 and will tell them our Saviour has come to save all the world, 
 and I will be strong and brave and patient for the right as 
 : you tell me." He has lived up to his determination to a re- 
 
 markable degree, and his record is one of great encourage- 
 
 . ' ment, showing how much may come from one seemingly un- 
 
 prepared even for small service. The Agent reports him as 
 •' excellent " in character and influence. 
 
 Scholarship given by Misses Mary and Edith F. Bryce. 
 
 Herbert Welsh, Mahpiya-mato, (Cloud Bear) full-blood, age 22, 
 son of Chief Two- Packs. He had been to school a little, 
 just enough to show him his need of more education, and 
 was so earnest in his desire to improve himself for the bene- 
 fit of his people, that though past the school age, and not 
 physically strong, he obtained special permission and came 
 to Hampton. The first year here he gained forty pounds in 
 weight, which filled out to normal proportions his six-and-a- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTF. 475 
 
 half feet of height. A most earnest and industrious student, 
 he let no opportunity for self improvement pass by, and at 
 the end of his three years here had gained a great deal and 
 returned home with unabated earnestness. He at once found 
 work as catechist at St. Elizabeth's Episcopal Mission on 
 Oak Creek, and, when the Rev. Philip Deloria was called 
 away, took up his work and has carried it on most success- 
 fully. The lady in charge writes of him : " You will be in- 
 terested to know that he acts as my interpreter and gives the 
 boys a daily drill exercise after their recitations are over. I 
 wonder if I can write anything to his praise to you who have 
 known him for three years, when he has only been a few 
 months with us.' He has been all you said, earne t, reliable 
 and steadfast. He takes his meals at the school and rooms 
 at the mission house ; practices church music with us on 
 Thursday evenings, instructs the children in the church cate- 
 chism on Friday evenings, and on Sunday evenings is with 
 us occasionally when we meet to sing for the children's pleas- 
 ure. In this way we see so very much to commend ! " 
 Scholarship given by Miss Mable Learned. 
 Joseph White Plume, Itecinhin-ska, full blood, age 20, son of White 
 Plume. An earnest, intelligent young man who did his best 
 here for three years, and returned at the doctor's advice, 
 much against his own wishes, but with the hope of return- 
 ing after a year. He has been steadily and faithfully at work 
 on his place near his cousin, Jerome Wosica, also a Hampton 
 boy, and has remained unmarried for the express purpose of 
 keeping himself free to return to school when able. Besides 
 his farm work, he has found opportunity to help Herbert 
 Welsh in his mission work, and has been generally an influ- 
 ence for good. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Minnie Wilcox and Miss Mol- 
 lie E. Bruce. 
 Paul Porcupine, Pahin, full-blood, age 19, son of Red Bull. A 
 peculiar mind, and character but faithful and industrious. 
 Though he absorbed English readily and learned to under- 
 stand it fairly well, he was never able or willing to use the 
 simplest sentences, and went home practically as ignorant as 
 when he came. He has worked well on his place near the 
 Episcopal Mission and is said to be very neat, tidy and well 
 disposed. He is the kind of boy who often surprises his 
 friends by doing remarkably well. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Arthur Dixwell. 
 
47^ TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 John Lariat, Ikanwicake, (Throws the Rope), full-blood, age 22, son 
 of Chief Eagle. He had been to school a short time and was 
 an earnest student here. His family moved down to Crow 
 Creek, and both parents being ill he was needed at home and 
 returned on expiration of time, July '91. He has not been 
 very well since, but is well spoken of by those who know 
 him there. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Arthur Dixwell. 
 
 FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. 
 
 Thomas Lee, full- blood, age 18. He was in consumption when he 
 came, but did his best in school and work until his return 
 Sept. 25, '89. He died about two months later, and a letter 
 sent to him was acknowledged by his father and his family 
 some time after his death as follows : 
 
 " You gave a letter to Thomas Lee, and in it you re- 
 membered him with goodness. That woke up my mind and 
 I am very glad. My son Thomas Lee died on the 23rd of 
 Nov., '89, therefore I am sad yet. That is all I am going to 
 say. We shake hands with you with gladness, 
 
 Samuel Lee, White Buffalo, 
 
 William Lee. 
 
 David Lee. 
 
 Harry Lee. 
 
 Joseph Lee." 
 Scholarship given by Mr. John Sparhawk, Jr. 
 
 George Grey Cloud, Mahpiya-hoia, full-blood, age 24. son ©f Red 
 Crow. He had never had any educational advantages, but was 
 so earnest in learning everything possible, that despite seri- 
 ous eye trouble, he kept ahead of many younger boys, and 
 when he was obliged to return July 27, '91, was well advanced 
 for a three years' scholar. He went to his home where civi- 
 lization had not yet entered, and began by having his share 
 of the house and its belongings neat and clean and well or- 
 dered. He has worked in the agency shops and hopes- to 
 return to school another year and get a little more education 
 the better to prepare himself for a stronger and broader 
 - work later on. * 
 
 Scholarship given b};- Mrs. Harriet A. Campbell. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 477 
 
 John Pattee, half-blood, age 21. He had been for three years a 
 pupil at Wabash, Indiana, and later a carpenter in the agency 
 shops at home. The happy possessor of a large, strong frame, 
 a good mind and an irreproachable character, he soon be- 
 came a natural leader here and of service to the school. He 
 went through the three Normal classes without repeating, 
 was graduated with the class of '91, and soon after returned 
 home, stopping at Cherokee, N. C, to see Lottie Smith (See 
 arrivals, Aug., '89), and take her back home with him as Mrs. 
 Pattee. For more than a year he had been saving money 
 and making plans for this event, and when the time came had 
 a position awaiting him in the agency carpenter shop and 
 everything well ordered. 
 
 He found things at home not quite as represented, but 
 though disappointed, he was not discouraged. He took up 
 land, worked regularly in the carpenter shop, built an addi- 
 tion to his little house and as soon as possible founded a 
 home there on the best possible basis. He is a trusted help- 
 er to the missionary, has established an agricultural and stock 
 raising club, and another of a social nature, helping the 
 young men to better business ideas and the young people 
 generally in ways of Christian civilization. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Arthur Dixwell. 
 
 FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Homer Clark, Hoyuze, (Fisher), full-blood, age 18. He had been a 
 wild young man of a heathen family, but through the influ- 
 ence of a young cousin returned from Hampton, he had 
 given up the old way and was anxious to prepare himself for 
 work as a catechist. He was most earnest as a student, but 
 constantly hampered by ill health, and reluctantly returned 
 home, July 30, '90. He was at once made 'catechist under 
 Rev. David Tatiyopa and given a district known as Box-El- 
 der, where he has ever since been laboring with conskierable 
 success. He was soon after his return elected one of the 
 three judges by the Indians and served a year in that capaci- 
 ty, though, because it interfered with his religious work, he 
 resigned the position the next year. Every member of his 
 family except his father has been brought into the "church 
 through his influence, the 4ast to come being his father's two 
 
478., TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 wives. Since then the father has been very iH, attributing^ 
 his misfortune to his son's bad influence over his wives. In- 
 stead of living in a more congenial place, Homer still makes 
 his father's house his home, hoping in time to overcome the 
 old man's heathen prejudices and complete the work he has 
 undertaken. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss Sally Fairchild. 
 
 FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY. 
 
 Joseph De Smit, half-blood, age 25, son of John De Smit, an Indiarr 
 judge. He was a tall, strongly made young man, but deaf 
 and consumptive. He was returned the following July, and 
 soon after went to Cheyenne River Agency. Both troubles 
 increasing, he has since been incapable of doing anything, 
 even for himself. 
 
 RUEBEN Thompson, full-blood, age 18, brother of James, one of the 
 early Hampton students. He was not physically able to re- 
 main and returned home July 30th, '90. He has since worked 
 well when able and has done what he can toward right living 
 and exerting an influence for good. 
 
 Scholarship given by Bethany Chapel Miss'n Soc, of 
 Reform Ch., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Peter Bear Heart, Cante-mato, full-blood, age 18, son of Bear 
 Heart. A quiet, faithful student, he made fair progress here,, 
 and returned to his father's home at St. Albans. He has 
 worked there ever since, doing well and winning a good 
 name. He is exceedingly neat in appearance, very polite and 
 gentlemanly in deportment and a helper among the Christian 
 Indians at the settlement where he lives. 
 
 Scholarship given by Miss G. H. Learned. 
 
 Robert Big Mane, full-blood, age 16, son of Matthew Big Mane, 
 one of the progressive chiefs at that agency. He had been 
 to school before, and made good progress here until the 
 summer of '91, when he showed the first signs of breaking 
 down and was at once returned, July 27th. He has not been 
 well since, but has lived quietly at home with his parents,, 
 helping in the lighter duties of the farm and home. 
 Scholarship given by Mr. H. B. Silliman. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 479 
 
 FROM YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Angelique Cordier, half-blood, age 21. She had been to school 
 before, had been an assistant in Miss Collin's mission work 
 at Standing Rock, and was earnest in her desire to make the 
 most of herself. She returned on expiration of time to her 
 brother's home near Armour, S. D., and was just in time to 
 help them through a trying crisis in their family affairs. 
 While here she had made dressmaking a special study and is 
 well skilled in that art. In '92, she went to Crow Creek to be 
 with Lottie Pattee and has made herself especially valuable 
 there by her knowledge of household duties and general use- 
 fulness. 
 
 Scholarship given by Girls' Classical School, Northamp- 
 ton, Mass. 
 
 FROM SISSETON AGENCY, S. D. 
 
 Gabriel and Elizabeth Robertson, half-bloods, ages 19 and 22. 
 Gabriel was the son of Daniel Robertson and Elizabeth the 
 daughter of Rev. Charles Crawford, both helpers in the mis- 
 sion work at the agency. While here they lived in one of 
 the cottages devoted to such couples, but did not prove 
 promising or strong, and were returned the following July. 
 Neither have done especially well. 
 
 Norman Robertson, half-blood, age 22, son of Thomas Robertson 
 and cousin of Gabriel. He did well here and returned from 
 the Middle Class on expiration of time, July 27, '91. 
 
 The Agent writing about him in June, '92, says : " He 
 has assisted at the desk in this office much of the time, writes 
 a fair hand and is quite accurate in copying both figures and 
 and writing. I am of the opinion that his influence is good 
 with the other young men here." 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Arthur Dixwell. 
 
 FROM WINNEBAGO AGENCY, NEB. 
 
 Cora Bear, half-blood Winnebago, age 19, daughter of John French- 
 man. She had married John Bear soon after his return from 
 Hampton (See arrivals, July, '85), and finding herself un- 
 
480 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 skilled in household arts such as he desired, gladly came 
 with him to Hampton to perfect herself in his eyes. They 
 lived in a cottage here and both made good progress. Not 
 long after the advent of a son, Thomas Morgan, all returned 
 home, April i, '90, and have, since their house was finished, 
 been living near the town of Emerson, Cora has much to 
 contend with in relatives who are constantly interferring and 
 making trouble, but with few exceptions their domestic life 
 has been satisfactory. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mr. John Nettleton. 
 
 FROM ONEIDA, WIS. 
 
 Mary Anton e, age 10, daughter of John Antone. She had been to 
 school in Keshena, and came on with a large party, most of 
 whom are still here. She returned home because much 
 needed there, March, '82, and has since been devoting herself 
 to the needs of her family. Quite a large number of young 
 people have applied to come to Hampton through her influ- 
 ence. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Moses Pierce. 
 
 PARTY FROM INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Brought by C. M. Folsom Oct. i, 1889. 
 
 Peter Bourassa, three-fourths Pottawatomie, age 19, from Qua- 
 paw Agency, Ind, Ter. He had been a student at Chilocco 
 and was at that time an employe in the carpenter shop. Dr. 
 Dorchester, the Superintendent of Indian Schools, was an- 
 xious that he should have the advantage of Eastern training 
 added to his Chilocco education and urged his coming to 
 Hampton. Not wishing to be helped by Gov't when he was 
 able to pay his own way, he came at his own expense, using 
 for this purpose half the monery he had earned at Chilocco. 
 The following November his step father died and his mother 
 needed him to settle up affairs on a large ranch, and so re - 
 gretfully he turned his back upon the education he had learn- 
 ed to value, and went home, also at his own expense. He 
 had hoped that after a few months he might return to school 
 life, but he was unable to make satisfactory arrangements at 
 home and so gave up his cherished plan, and settled down to 
 
I . : .1 
 
 io]X^ BsH 
 
 H to tnsc ^ 
 
 
 63. .■jjfJOt^diiff t- 
 
 
 ■ ■■ r 
 
 
 iiau utuuuic engaged to John 
 
•LoGATION-i^OGCUPATIOlS- of RETUI^NED INDIRN^- 
 
 FROMTHf Hampton KahdA.Ih3titut&, Hampton,"Va. 
 
 Indian Kesepvations 
 
 i n D a\ota , "N etr-as k;a , 
 and Indian Territofy, 
 Showing iheloeatiori 
 at present of Hamplor\ 
 Students, reported upon 
 in Twenty-iwo years work 
 of Hampton Institute ", 
 (a book of 350papes 8f 
 4 maps, printed attt\e 
 Normal School Press, tlamp\oi\,Va. 
 PKice^ioo . 
 
 ^■J^j * Represents "teachers, Caiecliisbs, 
 
 I? '^ I'i/ ui '*"'' a^tlioriJ-ed miss'ionaTies 
 
 ;sV<Jlg 
 
 \\S,^ Z . Trades, professions, clerks, 
 ni school employes, 
 
C\Ql 
 
 Ma 
 
 -•'^' "t- 9 rl J- •; o i^-i 
 
 Pe' 
 
 / i 
 
 >? 
 
 ;Ajr~ — - 
 
 
 ' !'"-) 
 
OF HAMPTON INSlITUTE. 481 
 
 the duties devolving upon the head of a family. In '90 he, mar- 
 ried an educated giri, had a good farm and herd, and in "92, 
 writes, " I still practice my trade, carpentry, and have plenty 
 of work," adding "I am blessed with good health and a pleasant 
 wife who makes a cheerful home." 
 
 John Block, half-blood Caddo, age 15, son of Philip Block. He 
 had been to Haskell and Chilocco and came here from the 
 latter school, where he was highly recommended. He was 
 very bright and promising in every way. but heir to a violent 
 temper which at times he was unable to control. After two 
 outbursts here he was taken to Wabash, Ind., where they 
 were willing to give him another trial. He did well there for 
 a while, but after a few months got into trouble and left, re- 
 turning to his old home at the Cheyenne & Arapahoe agen- 
 cy. He has been hard at work there and regrets more and 
 more his lost opportunities. 
 
 John Whistler, Wethena, eight-blood Pottawatomie, age 20, son of 
 Joseph Whistler. He had been to school several years and 
 entered the Middle class here, being graduated with honors in 
 '91. He was anxious for further education and after a sum- 
 mer working at his trade at the Riverside Press, Cambridge 
 Mass., he went to Meriden, N. H., where, through a scholar- 
 ship and his own labor, he is preparing himself for higher 
 studies later on. His record has been excellent, and being 
 bright, independent and reliable he will undoubtedly do weil. 
 Scholarship given by Mr. Justus S. Hotchkiss 
 
 Lottie Smith, three-eights, Cherokee, age 19, daughter of the chief of 
 the Cherokee band in North Carolina. She had had a romantic 
 history and came away through the influence of Prof. Paint- 
 er who had been visiting the schools there. She arrived 
 Aug. 29, '89 well grounded in the three Rs, was quite an ac- 
 complished musician, having a sweet voice and playing the 
 piano, organ and guitar with unusual skill. She was also a 
 girl of rare strength and sweetness of character and, though 
 never strong, made excellent progress here in every way. She 
 left from the Middle Class Feb. 12, '91, to attend through 
 a serious illness, the missionary who had for years stood in a 
 mother's place to her, and after this friend's recovery took a 
 position as teacher in the school where she had once been a 
 pupil. 
 
 While at Hampton she had become engaged to John 
 
482 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Pattee (See Arrivals, Oct. '88) and after his graduation in 
 June '91, he went to Cherokee, and after a pretty ceremony 
 on the rose covered porch of the Mission School in sight of a 
 large gathering of Indians, she was borne away to the " Land 
 of the Dakotas." The Rev. and Mrs. Burt opened hospitable 
 doors to them, and until their own little house was complet- 
 ed, they found a pleasant home with these friends, Lottie as- 
 sisting with the house-hold duties and winning Mrs. Burt's un- 
 stinted praise and friendship. A little cottage near the shop 
 was added to, and fitted up, by John himself and they have 
 now a model home where they are of necessity the observed 
 of ail observers. Both are natural social leaders and their 
 home is the centre of attraction for Hampton and other 
 returned students. In church and other needed work they 
 are able and willing helpers and wield an influence for good 
 that none can measure. On April i8th a little daughter came 
 to claim a share in their interest and' she seems to have 
 brought much happiness with her, not only to the young fath- 
 er and mother but to the two Hampton friends who were 
 there to bid her welcome. Miss Porter and Angelique Cordier, 
 Lottie's old friends. 
 
 Scholarship given by Hon. Byron Weston. 
 
 FROM ONEIDA, WIS. 
 
 July 20, '89. 
 
 George Hill, age 18, son of Peter Hill and brother of Electa who 
 who had come the year previous. He had been to school at 
 Martinsburg. Va , was a fair student, a good Worker and had 
 he been able to control his appetite for liquor would have 
 done well. After a fall of this kind in Dec. '91, he left the 
 school rather than be found out and punished, and going to a 
 small place where he was unknown, found work and wrote 
 back to Hampton that he should not return to school or 
 home until he had made a record that neither his friends nor 
 his family need be ashamed of. He was still at work on this 
 line durmg the spring of '92. 
 
 Scholarships given by W, F. A. and the Misses Sill. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 483 
 
 FROM ONEIDA. N. Y. 
 
 Oct. II, '89. 
 
 Nl'CH'GLAS Skenandore, a full-blood, age 19, son of Abram Sken— 
 andore and brother of Chapman, who had been here a year.. 
 This tribe having no government aid, he was obliged to en- 
 ter the school, like his brother and others, on the work stud- 
 ent basis, working all day and attending night school until 
 enough money had been earned to pay the tuition of succeed- 
 ing terms. He was very earnest, and by hard study and 
 work made fair progresss. Going North to work at his 
 trade, lor the summer he was so successful that he has since 
 remained there a well-paid employe of the Edison Electric 
 Works in Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 FROM ONEIDA, WIS. 
 
 Oct. 20, '89. 
 
 Tames Skenandore, age 18, son of Jacob Skenandore. He had been 
 to school at Martlnsburg, Va., and was a promising boy in 
 many ways. His father had died and it seemed the son's du- 
 ty to return to his family and in July '91 he went. His rec- 
 ord at home has been that of a dutiful son. 
 
 Scholarships given by First Presb. S. S., Rochester, J{. 
 Y.; Hampton Indian Ass'n. Harvard Annex. 
 
 PARTY FROM DAKOTA. 
 
 Brought by Rev. C. W. Freeland, Oct. 28, '89. 
 
 FROM STANDING ROCK, N. D. 
 
 Benjamin Goodfur, full-blood, age 21. He came with his sister 
 Mary and would have remained longer but his health would 
 not permit. Since his return July 27, '91, he has been at 
 work on his place at Oak Creek, near the Episcopal Mission, 
 and has done very well in industry and mfiuence. He always 
 dresses neatly, uses all the English he can command and in 
 his quiet way is doing exceedingly well. 
 
 Scholarship given by Misses E. and M. Collins. 
 
 Kill Crow Indian, or Crow Man, full-blood, age 21. He was di- 
 seased when became and never able to do any thing atj 
 
TWENTY-TWO YEARS \\ ORK 
 
 school or work. He was returned July 27, '91, and has since 
 been living near the farm school. He is not well and has not 
 had a chance to do much yet. 
 
 Scholarship given by Y. P. S. C. E., Montclair, N. J. 
 
 CHEYENNE RIVER, N. D. 
 
 John and Irene High Bird, full-bloods, ages 17. They had been 
 married by force and were not at all congenial or happy to- 
 gether. After several months of domestic unhappiness here 
 they were returned to separate. John found work in the 
 carpenter shop and, being a well disposed young man, has 
 done fairly well. Irene returned to her family and has since 
 married again. Her record has never been good. 
 
 Scholarship given by Parish Aid Society of Christs Ch., 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 James Crow Feather, Kaiigi- Wiyaka, full-blood, age 20, son of 
 Crow Feather, a bright and earnest young man but not strong 
 enough to keep up with his school duties. He was returned 
 home the next July. He has since been doing very well, has 
 worked hard on his own place and for his father and has 
 won a good name thus far. 
 
 , Scholarship given by Misses Mary and Edith Bryce. 
 
 FROM CROW CREEK, S. D. 
 
 Wallace Ashley, full- blood, age 18, son of Muskrat. He did well 
 here at school in every way and returned to his father's 
 home July 27, '91. He was much needed there and has found 
 plenty of work to do. His work and influence have been good, 
 and he may return again to Hampton. 
 
 Ida Stone, Tuncan, full-blood, age 20, daughter of White Face. 
 She returned after two years, having spent one year in the 
 North, and went at once to her brother, the Rev. David Tat- 
 iyopa, and to Grace Mission where she found employment at 
 times. A few months later she married Gray Bear, a man 
 considerably older than herself and is said to have a well kept, 
 orderly home. 
 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. M. B. Phillips. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 485 
 
 FROM LOWER BRULE. S. D. 
 
 Philip Big Mane, Majuuizcakm, full-blood, age 15, son of chief Big 
 Mane. He came while his brother Robert was still here and 
 developed rapidly into a large strong boy, rather too unset- 
 tled for a model pupil, but on the whole doing well. During 
 the spring of '91, he showed signs of breaking down and was 
 returned home with his brother July 27, '91. He has been 
 living at home with his father, an excellent man of the pro- 
 gressive order, and has been doing well as far as known. 
 Scholarship given by Mr. J. S, and Miss C. J. Curtis. 
 
 FROM STOCKBRIDGE, WIS. 
 Lizzie and May Palmer, ages 17 and 14,. Two sisters who came 
 alone Oct. 31, from their home among the Stockbridges of Wis- 
 consin, They were nearly white and had been brought up 
 mainly among white associates. The elder was capable but 
 indifferent, the younger delicate and unable to do much, and 
 both were returned the next August. Lizzie has married, 
 not well, and May has been living at home with her parents, 
 anxious to return to Hampton, or to enter some other school 
 and complete what she has learned to value — an education. 
 Scholarships given by Mrs. M. E. Mossman, N. Y.; Mr. 
 Arthur Dixwell. * 
 
 THOSE WHO HAVE RETURNED FROM PARTIES 
 BROUGHT BY REV. C. W. FREELAND, 
 
 Aug. '90, and Sept., '91. 
 
 William Sky, full-blood, age 19, from Santee Agency, Neb. An in- 
 teresting character but hampered by a diseased body. He 
 was never able to attend school or do any work, and, though 
 he made many friends by his pluck and amiable ways, was 
 obliged to return home May 19, '91. He went soon after 
 to Flandreau, where he had friends, and in February, '92, 
 died there. A very short time before his death he wrote in 
 acknowledgment of some Christmas remembrance, saying 
 that he could live only a short time longer and sending his 
 " best wishes " to all his Hampton friends. 
 
 Minnie Wilgus, full-blood, age 17, from Crow Creek Agency, S. D. 
 She had been a pupil of the Govt. School at the agency, but 
 was not fitted to remain here and returned home July 27, '91, 
 She has since married Joseph Williams, a man of doubtful 
 character, but has herself been well spoken of. 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. Sarah Osgood. 
 
486 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 Augustus Green, half Sioux half Oneida, age 19, came from Oneida, 
 Wis. Sept. 13, '91. He was an eccentric character and so 
 diseased that his speedy return was decided upon. His 
 friends and allotment being at Fort Totten, N. D., he was 
 returned there March 15, '92. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 487 
 
 SUlV|IVl/\F(Y- 
 
 In reducing the foregoing individual records to figures 
 we follow .our yearly custom and grade each record as 
 excellent, good, fair, poor or bad. 
 
 The Excellent are either those who have had exceptional advant- 
 ages and used them faithfully, or those who by great earnestness and 
 pluck have won an equally wide and telling influence for good. 
 
 The Good — the great majority — are those who have done their best 
 and exerted a decidedly good influence, even though it may not have 
 been very wide. They have married legally, have been honest, indus- 
 trious and temperate, and lived a life to which we can point as an ex- 
 ample for others to follow. 
 
 The Fair are the sick and unfortunate, those who have had few 
 advantages and from whom no better could be expected. 
 
 The Poor are those who have not done as well as they should ; 
 have married after the Indian custom while knowing better; have 
 fallen from weakness rather than from vice; and some who are recov- 
 ■ering themselves after more serious falls. 
 
 The Bad are those who have done wrong while knowing better, 
 yet, with few exceptions, those from whom no better was expected.' 
 
 According to this grading the record stands: 
 ExceUent, 98 \ "] 
 
 Good, 219 |- Satisfactory, 408 | 
 Fair, 91 ) \ Total, 460. 
 
 Bad!"' 17 \ Disappointing, 52 j 
 
 From this we see that over 88 per cent, have done as 
 well as could be expected, more, as will be seen from the in- 
 dividual records, exceeding our expectations than falling be- 
 low them. And here I must add that the grading is done 
 from a more minute knowledge of individual character than 
 the printed records can be ma'de to show. I have tried to 
 make each one faithful enough to insure a reasonably fair 
 judgment in the mind of the casual reader, but that I shall 
 have succeded in every case is most improbable. Things too 
 detailed for so brief a record and others not suitable for such 
 
488 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 
 
 a publication, often shade a seemingly o-(7(?^ record into a low- 
 er grade, or q. fair record into one considerably higher. The 
 average in either case will be about the same. 
 
 There has been necessarily so much changing about in 
 regard to trades and occupations of various sorts that statis- 
 tics in regard to past employment cannot be made to mean 
 much; I therefore give simply the table as it has stood for 
 the past year — that of '91 and '92. 
 
 Teachers 9, School employes 9 - - - - - 18 
 
 Attending other schools - - - - 17 
 
 Attending higher schools in the East - - - - 5 
 Supporting themselves at the East - - _ 8 
 
 Regular Missionaries 3, Catechists 12 - - - - 15 
 U. S. Soldiers 6, Scouts 3, Postmaster i, Mail Carrier i, 11 
 Agency employes, viz : 
 
 Physicians 2, interpreters 4, issue clerk i, police 4, dis- 
 trict farmers. 2, in charge of stables 3, herders 2, carpen- 
 ters 16, wheel-wrights and blacksmiths 7, harnessmakers 
 2, tinsmith i, miller i - - - - 45 
 
 Independent workers, 116, viz: 
 
 Engineers 2, surveyors 2. lawyers 2, merchants 4, clerks 
 6, carpenters 5, printers i, painters i, freighter i, loggers 
 4, laborers 7, house servants 2, ranchers 6 - - - 43 
 Farmers -"""-- 73 
 
 Girls married and in good houses ----- 46 
 There has been — not counting the present class of '92 — 31 
 normal graduates, to girls and 21 boys, all of whom 
 are now living. Of this number 17 have taught from 
 one to six years, 2 are now physicians, 2 lawyers, 4 in higher 
 schools and all but two doing credit to their training in some 
 field of usefulness. Add to these seventeen graduates wha 
 have made teaching their profession, the 27 under-graduates 
 who have been regular teachers, some five, six or seven years, 
 and the much larger number of school employes, mission as- 
 sistants, catechists and ministers, and we find that Hampton 
 has had a large per cent, of students engaged in carrying on 
 its work in a directly educational way. 
 
 That the Indian does appreciate his advantages is shown 
 by the fact that of the 460 students returned, many of whom 
 were physically incapable of continuing their school life, 165 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUlC. 4?g 
 
 have voluntarily remained at the School after their time had 
 expired; 56 have returned for a second term of years and 70 
 have gone to other schools after leaving Hampton. 
 
 The spiritual side of the work received its test in the 
 ghost craze of '91 and came out victorious; light and truth 
 had triumphed over darkness and superstition in a may to 
 surprise even the most sanguine. At Standing Rock where 
 Hampton had the largest number of returned students and 
 where the excitement was strongest and most personal, only 
 one, and he from another agency, was in any measure drawn 
 into the trouble. 
 
 In regard to it, Major McLaughlin, the agent there for 
 many years wrote: 
 
 " I have the honor to state that all the returned (Hampton) stu- 
 dents remained loyal to the Government and firm friends of law and 
 order throughout the excitement, except Andrew Fox. who is natural- 
 ly a worthless fe low, Sitting Bull's secretary, and consequently one 
 of his supporters. All the other returned Hampton students at the 
 agency are doing very well. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Reed, missionary at the same agency, bore 
 similar testimony, saying : 
 
 " The longer I remain in this Indian country the less reason I 
 have to lind fault with returned Hampton students. Their conduct 
 here during the late Indian trouble was admirable. I know of only 
 one who had any sympathy with the ' Messiah craze.' They had a 
 marked influence which kept their parents out of it. You have no 
 need to be ashamed of your boys. You hear from them now ; you 
 will hear from them in the future. They are bound to be a blessing 
 to their people." 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Cleaveland of the Episcopal church writes 
 at about the same time; 
 
 " My investigation was especially with reference to the late war. 
 I found but one Hampton student who had gotten mixed up at all in 
 the ghost dance craze and kindred evils. The rest seem to have all 
 firmly stood their ground and tried faithfully to convince their peo- 
 ple of the untruth, danger and evil of the craze." 
 Bishop Hare of Souih Dakota says : 
 
 " 1 cannot shut my eyes to the incalculable service which well 
 conducted Eastern boarding schools have done the Indians, and I am 
 filled with alarm when 1 hear it su.wested that their work should be 
 
49° TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 either discontinued or crippled. " " They have placed a practical 
 argument in favor of Indian education before which skepticism 
 has fled, and they have sent back to the Indian country a large 
 number of young people who have been of great service intellectually, 
 morally and practically to their people." 
 
 I am aware that much testimony can be produced on the other 
 side. The reasons are not hard to discover. Some students do turn 
 out badly, and such cases make deep impressions. 
 
 Indian youth, like white young people, when they come back to 
 their homes from school or college, are apt to have an exaggerated 
 sense of their own importance and want to have their way. They 
 have ideas of their own, and are harder to manage than ignorant In- 
 dians : a disagreeable thing to incompetent guides. They know too 
 much to be easily cheated, and they have too much independence to 
 submit to being treated like dogs. To some this is inconvenient. 
 
 In a word, these students are in their green-apple stage. People 
 who bite them of course make faces. But let them alone or give them 
 the sunshine of a kind and considerate friendship, and they will be- 
 come ripe and mellow. 
 
 Bishop Walker, of North Dakota, in an address delivered 
 at Washington, said : 
 
 " There are men who ask me if it is not a fact that the Indians 
 when converted in Eastern schools, lapse on returning West. My an- 
 swer is that a converted Indian is generally a truer Christian than the 
 average white man. I speak from practical knowledge. I find they 
 are willing to make sacrifices for their faith that the white man is not. 
 When they know what Christianity brings to them in this life and in 
 the life to come, they long to have their friends know the truth that 
 is such a source of peace to them. I was called to a place on the Can- 
 non Ball River, and there I found grouped together about fifty men 
 and women. Among them were three young fellows who had been 
 at Hampton, and one who had been at another school. They had 
 come back from school, and had called the people together, and told 
 them of the happiness of becoming Christians. For a year 
 or more they had gathered the people together week by week, and I 
 found to my amazemant that the^e young men who had been at 
 Hampton had become so infused with the Christian idea, and had 
 taught them so much religion, that I could safely admit all who pre- 
 sented themselves for holy baptism and then and there I admitted 
 them into the Christian Church. That shows that the influence of 
 that school goes out in ways we know not of." 
 
 Miss M. C. Collins for i8 years a missionary among the 
 Sioux says most emphatically: 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 49I 
 
 "The Hampton Stadents here have no cause to be ashamed. I 
 wish there were a hundred where there is one. There would then be 
 no Indian problem and soon we missionaries could go home." 
 
 Miss Alice C. Fletcher, for so many years a worker among 
 Indians of different tribes says : 
 
 " The record has been such as to demonstrate the advantage 
 which their few years of dwelling in the dense atmosphere of civiliz- 
 ation at the East has been to these young persons." And later. — 'I 
 desire again to bear testimony to the advantages which an education 
 off the reservation gives to an Indian man or woman. The difference 
 between the young people of the same age and apparent ability, who 
 have had the different kinds of training, has been marked in my ex- 
 perience here. This tribe (Nez Perce ) were wholly unprepared for 
 my advent, and could not believe that 1 had been sent to allot them, 
 they never having asked for allotment. I read and explained the law, 
 but the returned students took the law, read it for themselves, assured 
 the people it was true, and recounted how they had heard of it while 
 at school among the white people. These students are a great help 
 to their people and to my work.' " 
 
 Miss Grace Howard, founder of the Grace Mission for 
 girls at Crow Creek, S, D. says : 
 
 " I could show you home after home, occupied by Hampton stu- 
 dents, built by themselves and beautifully kept. The young men and 
 women in them are models — anybody might be pround of them. 
 They are object lessons to their own people and show to others what 
 can be made of Indians." 
 
 Dr. Dorchester, the Government Superintendent of Ind- 
 ian schools, after four years of constant contact with returned 
 students at their homes says: 
 
 " I have been on the lookout for returned Indian students, all the 
 way from the British Line way down to the San Carlos Agency, [Ari- 
 zona.] I want to say concerning Hampton students —and I must be 
 careful not to make this statement a reflection on other Eastern 
 schools — they have not been exceeded at least, by any, for the charac- 
 -ter, stamina and religious bearing that they have manifested on the 
 various reservations. To say there have been no failures would be to 
 say too much, and these teachers would not want me to say this ; but 
 to say that there are very many bad failures I could not ; they could 
 be numbered very easily. As compared with students of white col- 
 leges there have been fewer failures of students from Hampton than 
 in students who have gone out to their homes from the white colleges, 
 
492 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 and I believe there is a larger per cent, of students who are doing well 
 than from most white colleges." 
 
 General Morgan has recently struck the key note of the 
 whole work by saying: 
 
 "If we take into account the changes which have been wrought in 
 public sentiment and individual lives on the reservations where re - 
 turned students are found living in any considerable numbers, we shall 
 find that they have represented a force uplifting, strong and enduring 
 enough to prove the value of their education from every standpoint. 
 These influences, if continued for a few years and reinforced by the 
 pupils who, hereafter returning home from Hampton, will add to the 
 nucleus of civilizing work, cannot fail to be powerful levers in the up- 
 lifting of their respective tribes." 
 
 Of the 640 students returned in thirteen years, no 
 have died. This at first seems a large number, but on com- 
 paring it with other schools and colleges it is not extraordi- 
 nary. Miss Collins, for eighteen years a mission worker 
 among the Sioux in the capacity of preacher, teacher, nurse, 
 and doctor, says in reply to the question 
 
 WHAT KILLS THE INDIAN? 
 
 " I think, if it is looked into fully, as many die in ard frcm th 
 boarding schools and days schools at home, as from Eastern schools. 
 In my village one returned student has died in three years. In that 
 time three children have died who attended the day school, and twen- 
 ly-one persons who had never attended any school ; all but eight of 
 those were over school age. Five were grown young men, and one 
 young woman, and the others of school age. Now, my experience is 
 this, that it is not the school nor the climate that kills. 
 
 Fanny Crossbear [from Hampton] is dead. She went to school ; 
 while away one brother here died. Since she returned, another died, 
 and now a third half grown brother is suffering from epileptic fits, 
 and will soon die. Those three never went to school. 
 
 Harry Little Eagle returned from Santee school and died ; but 
 while he was away, two nearly grown cousins and a five-year old 
 brother died, who never attended school. 
 
 It is now p'ain to our Indians who think, that it is not the schools 
 nor the climate that kills. I can tell you what it is, in part. 1st. It 
 is the ration system. These people here draw their beef on Saturday, 
 their bread, sugar and coffee, etc., on Monday. On Saturday and 
 Sa.bbath they gorge themselves with beef. They add quantities of 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 493 
 
 coffee, strong as lye, to it on Monday, and they eat until all is gone 
 constantly. Then, for about five days, they have almost nothing to 
 eat, often eating boiled corn alone for days; and as this year's corn is 
 scarce, they go hungry. This, of course, weakens the system and 
 brings on disease. 2d. In the past, they had tents, always good air 
 and when the slops thrown on the ground made the tents filthy it 
 was an easy matter to move it. Now they have the cabin, and the 
 slops are thrown on the ground as usual, but the house is never 
 moved, and this foul, disease-breeding air is taken into the lungs con- 
 stantly. In winter the cabin is kept hot as a furnace, and the air 
 hick with diseased germs. Will any one say that such surroundinos 
 are healthy? No, indeed. The home is the place where disease is 
 contracted. 3d. There are other Causes which are well known, 
 which I will not mention. Unless Christian homes are built amono- 
 the people, and the people taught the value of cleanliness and pure 
 air, they will all die. 4th. The old time Indian here smoked, but not 
 tobacco. He had the bark of the red willow. The Indian of to-day, 
 from the five-year old boy to the great grandfather, will smoke tobac- 
 co pipes and cigarettes. This brings to the children the worst form 
 of nervous disease. I can assure you that I have no faith in the doce 
 trine that the children are healthier in the home school. 
 
 Talk about students dying ! The Indians will all die if somethino- 
 is not done soon to make them respect the laws of man and of God, 
 
494 
 
 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 THe iNdiaN HeALtH QUESTION- 
 
 \A paper presented at the Lake Mohonk Indian Conference?)^ 
 
 BY DR. MARTHA M. WALDRON, 
 
 Resident Physician of the Hampton Institute. 
 
 The Indian health question is one of acknowledged im- 
 portance, not only touching our sympathies for the race, but, 
 in a practical way, the question of what it is possible and best 
 for us to do for the Indian, to make his future hopeful, or, 
 perhaps, to insure his having a future. 
 
 The experience of the Eastern school physician touches 
 the subject at the interesting and often repeated question: 
 " What is the effect of education and civilized training, East- 
 ern training in particular, upon the Indian youth? How does 
 it find him, and what does it do for him?" The question is 
 vital, for the hope of the youth is the hope of the race. 
 
 Since taking the medical charge at Hampton, ten years 
 ago; four hundred and ninety-nine Indians have been under 
 my care, from many different tribes and agencies, chiefly from 
 Dakota, and of ages varying from infancy to twenty-five years 
 or over. One encouraging point may be noted, to begin with: 
 the condition of Indian pupils on arrival at Hampton has 
 greatly, improved within the past ten years. This is due 
 chiefly to the following causes : greater experience in select- 
 ing material and less difficulty in obtaining it, greater thor- 
 oughness on the part of agency physicians in some localities 
 and the fact that blanket Indians are now seldom brought. 
 
 In the first party, of J^orty Indians, which I was called up- 
 on to examine at Hampton, in October, 1881, there were three 
 boys in confirmed phthisis, — one so far advanced that he was 
 never able to enter school. There were many other cases of 
 incipient phthisis and active scrofula. It is not probable that 
 such a party could now pass inspection and reach Hampton. 
 It is now exceptional for Indians in confirmed phthisis to be 
 sent to Hampton, although in every party there are many 
 who show an unmistakable tendency to the disease, and oth- 
 ers in whom it has just begun. 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 495 
 
 As a rule, students who are sound on arrival at Hampton 
 do well ; and many instances might be cited of individuals, 
 who have arrived unsound, who have improved constantly 
 under treatment, and who have finished the course satisfact- 
 orily. 
 
 Immediately on the arrival of a party, after baths and 
 clean clothes have been given, each new comer passes through 
 a careful medical examination, with special reference to con- 
 dition of heart and lungs and evidences of scrofula. No Ind- 
 ian is marked unsound unless a condition of actual disease 
 exists, though in some cases, in which the family history has 
 been known, consumption could fairly have been predicted : 
 as, for example, in the case of one student, all of whose near 
 relatives, as far as known, had died of phthisis. In such 
 cases, phthisis would undoubtedly develop, sooner or later, 
 under any circumstances. 
 
 According to the condition of the Indian, as determined 
 by examination, his trade is assigned, and special diet, when 
 necessary, prescribed. From the time of arrival, instruction 
 in the hygiene of every-day life is carefully given, — to the 
 girls in their homelike " Winona Lodge," to the boys in their 
 building, called the " Wigwam." It is easy to forget how 
 great a problem to the Indian, common, every-day matters, 
 which are second nature to us, may be. To learn to eat, drink, 
 and sleep correctly, to wear clothes, and learn to adapt them to 
 changing seasons, seems at first a simple matter; but it ceas- 
 es to seem so when we have seen an Indian eat enough at one 
 meal to last him all day, when we have seen him lie down, 
 with his head tightly wrapped in a blanket, put on over all 
 the clothes worn in the day, to sleep in a room admitting as 
 little air as its construction will permit; or when we have 
 known a boy, in some warm day of winter or early spring, to 
 take off all his extra winter clothing, and lie upon a wet bank 
 to sun himself. As for changing the clothing because it is 
 wet, the idea is not a natural, but an acquired one. 
 
 Provision has been made for the comfort and welfare of 
 the sick by a convenient and pleasant hospital, given and 
 furnished by King's Chapel Society, Boston, which also 
 
496 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 makes the gift perpetual by its promise to keep up all sup- 
 plies of furniture, bedding, etc. The buildingis an inestimable 
 blessing to the Indian and all concerned in the care of his 
 health. 
 
 It is an exceedingly encouraging and significant fact that 
 students in our normal school classes have firmer health than 
 those in the Indian school. The normal school Indians, us- 
 ually from thirty to forty in number, — the present year fifty- 
 seven, — have either been a long time at Hampton or have 
 been in some Western school before coming East. Having 
 learned in some measure to take care of their health, and 
 having borne the transition period, they are able to bear any 
 ordinary strain. 
 
 A question often asked the doctor is, " What are the dis- 
 tinguishing characteristics of the Indian temperament and 
 nervous organization ? " The much vaunted stoicism of the 
 Indian under pain I have seen, but it has not impressed me 
 as being especially a race characteristic. Indian boys and 
 girls are much like white boys and girls in this respect. Some 
 are realheroes, while others will hardly bear the prick of a pin. 
 Wounds are no mystery to them, and do not usually alarm 
 them. They have witnessed many wounds and recoveries. Their 
 stronger nature is not touched by such accidents; and super- 
 ficial, personal peculiarities are what we observe. But serious 
 illness and approaching death touch deeply the central fatal- 
 ism of the Indian character. Here they show a really char- 
 acteristic disregard of pain and the approaching change; and 
 their peculiar stoicism, superstition, and fatalism step in, and 
 play an important and sometimes decisive part in a serious, 
 but not necessarily fatal, illness. For the Indian does not 
 cling to life. " What is to be, will be," he thinks; and, not 
 fearing to die, he gives himself up to death without a strug- 
 gle. I have, however, seen an Indian, in whom was no super- 
 stition or fatalism, but the purest Christian faith and, longing 
 to live, face death consciously for weeks without flinching, 
 saying, simply and bravely, "I am on either side: just what 
 God wills." 
 
 An Indian boy's "hysteric fit " — as, for want of a better 
 term, we call it — is a unique phenomenon. These nervous 
 
OF HAMPTON INS'lII'UTE 4f7 
 
 paroxysms into which the viciim is swept or into which, as it- 
 sometimes seems, he throws himself, vary in detail; but in 
 all cases there are pronounced hysterical symptoms. .Tlie pa- 
 tient is sometimes violent, — howling, and hurling himself 
 about the room, regardless of danger to himselt or others. 
 In this state, he may seize any object, thrust it into his mouth, 
 and try to swallow it. I have seen a glass in which water 
 had been brought, crushed and chewed like a cracker. At 
 other times, or alternating with the violent phases, the pa- 
 tient will lie in a state of apparent unconsciousness for several 
 hours. A boy in the hospital, with a convalescent's appetite, 
 refused to begin his breakfast unless four slices of bread and 
 butter should be put upon his plate at once. A new nurse 
 who happened to be in attendance, told the boy to begin with 
 two thick slices which he already had, and more would be 
 brought. Whereupon the boy, with scarcely another word, 
 turned his face to the wall, and did not speak, eat or drink, 
 and scarcely moved, for thirty-six hours. The temperature 
 and pulse were normal during this period, though previous 
 to it and after it there was a daily rise of temperature. On 
 coming to himself, the boy was as well as he had been. He 
 asserted that he had no knowledge of anything which had 
 happened or the efforts to rouse him. Nervous excitement, 
 from any cause may bring on these attacks, which seem prac- 
 tically the superlative degree of want of self-control. When- 
 they occur from nervousness induced by a pulmonary hemor- 
 rhage, the complication is especially unfortunate, and fright- 
 ful to witness. I have never seen one of these seizures in an^ 
 Indian of the better class. They indicate an unstable nerv- 
 ous equilibrium. They also indicate a direct need in the ed- 
 ucation of the Indian. Perhaps the Indian life of peril and' 
 uncertainty has left this blot on the brain for the processes 
 of civilization to efface. 
 
 These fits are looked upon with great awe by the more 
 superstitious Indians, and, indeed, with more or less awe by 
 nearly all Indians; and, intheir camp life, those who are able 
 to throw themselves into such conditions are reverenced ; as 
 having peculiar relations with the spirit world, and, as "med- 
 icine men," exercise a pernicious influence. No doubt the 
 
g TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 
 
 subjects are to some extent self-deceived, feeling the explo- 
 sion of nerve force an impulse to chaotic action and uncon- 
 scious of the subjective part played by themselves. The par- 
 oxysms usually occur in students of noticeably nervous tem- 
 perament, and'are often associated vv^ith weakness and instabil- 
 ity of character. These students need a quiet and symmetri- 
 cal physical and mental training, by regular exercise, togeth- 
 er with strict mental discipline. They are interesting cases 
 to subject to the Elmira Reformatory method of treatment 
 by building up character by physical development. 
 
 Within the past four years, but four boys have died at 
 Hampton. All of these have died of phthisis, after long and 
 painful illness. Three of them were unsound on arrival. Two 
 had had severe hemorrhages before coming East. During 
 the same period, one delicate little girl has also died of phthi- 
 sis. She was not marked unsound on arrival; but, as symp- 
 toms of tubercular disease developed within a few months, 
 her soundness at that time is very improbable. The girls in 
 school are less subject to sickness than the boys; probably 
 owing to the fact that, in their own homes, they have been ac- 
 customed to more regular exercise, have suffered less from 
 exposure, and, therefore, have a sounder development. The 
 full-blood Indians have less endurance than the half or mixed 
 bloods; and, when attacked by tuberculosis or any form of 
 scrofula, they perish more quickly. This is the reverse of 
 the condition seen in the Negro race, in which pure bloods 
 are less subject to phthisis than mulattoes and lighter shades. 
 The Negro, whether full-blood or not, has greater physical 
 stamina than the Indian, though much less than the Anglo- 
 Saxon. 
 
 The well-attested fact that consumption is the scourge of 
 the Indian in the climate of Dakota, where pulmonary diseas- 
 es among whites are almost unknown, points conclusively to 
 the fact that there has been and is that, in the peculiar con- 
 ditions of the Indian life, which engenders the disease. 
 Those who best know what the home life of the Indian is, do 
 not think that it is school or civilization. Western or Eastern, 
 that kills him, but rather the cumulative effect of the vice and 
 ignorance of generations. Christian civilization is the only 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 
 
 499 
 
 cure for that inheritance. Yet when an Indian dies at the 
 East, or a returned student dies, the fact is spoken of as if 
 the effort to civilize and Christianize had destroyed. 
 
 This is the testimony of Miss Collins, for ten years mis- 
 sionary in Dakota, writing from there in regard to tliis mat- 
 ter. " I think," she says, "if the matter is looked into fully, 
 as many die in and from boarding schools and day schools at 
 home as from Eastern schools. In my village, one returned 
 student has died in three years. In that time, three children 
 have died who attended the day school, and twenty-one per- 
 sons who never attended any school. ' Five of these were 
 grown young men, and one young woman, and the others of 
 school age. Now, my experience is this,'' she adds, " that it 
 is not the school nor the climate that kills. Fanny Crossbear 
 (from Hampton) is dead. ' She went to school. While away, 
 one brother here died. Since she returned, another died, and 
 no.w a third half grown brother is suffering from epileptic 
 fits, and will soon die. Those three never went to school. 
 Harry Little Eagle returned from Santee school and died; 
 but, while he was away, two ne-irly grown cousins and a five- 
 year-old brother died, who never attended any school. It is 
 now plain to our Indians who think, that it is not the school 
 nor the climate that kills." 
 
 The late Dr. Given, for years resident physician at the 
 Carlisle School, and of wide experience in the West, says: 
 "■ From extended observation, it is safe to say that one out of 
 every ten, or four thousand of the forty thousand children of 
 school age, are disqualified, either mentally or physically, 
 from attending school, and the large majority of these are 
 hopelessly diseased." Under the conditions, such testimony 
 is not surprising. The testimony ot intelligent Indian par- 
 ents at Hampton is that a very large proportion of feeble in- 
 fants are born only to die, in the camps. Others, less feeble, 
 survive, to becoine diseased adults. 
 
 A marked deterioration in strength from the oldest to 
 the youngest child is often seen, as the result of want of 
 proper care of the mothers, who are early broken down and 
 aged. 
 
c;oo TWF.NTY — TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 If the Indian were not physically what he is, all the ac- 
 cepted theories in regard to ihe generation and development 
 of scrofula, tuberculosis, and other forms of disease, would 
 be practically disproved. The semi-civiliza! ion which has 
 been forced upon him, has given him the close cabin or hut,, 
 with tight box- stove, in place of the airy wigwam and open 
 fire. It has given him squalid poverty in place of a practical 
 abundance. No wonder if all are tainted with constitutional 
 w^eakness, if not disease; that even the best physical speci- 
 mens of the race succumb, and that disease often lurks under 
 an apparently magnificent physique. The last fact is of not 
 infrequent occurence. To it may be attributed many mis- 
 takes in bringing East unsound Indians. The outward ap- 
 pearance is often completely deceptive; the fine proportions 
 inherited from some stalwart ancestor having survived the 
 health of an organism poisoned from babyhood. 
 
 The conditions of the Indian life have also developed 
 physical peculiarities of another nature. The muscular 
 strength of the Indian is far in excess of that of his vital or- 
 gans; as the death of many a boy who has won in a race or 
 wrestling match, and then paid the penalty with his blood, in 
 a fatal hemorrhage, could testify. 
 
 Other conditions pave the way for disease. The skin of 
 the camp Indian is seldom bathed for purposes of cleanliness, 
 and, whether with or without the careful painting, which is 
 occasional, it can but imperfectly fulfil its share in the func- 
 tion of excretion which skin and lungs legitimately perform 
 together. The Indian reminds one of the child which was 
 covered with gold-foil to personate an angel, and died in a 
 few days from pulmonary inflammation, caused by stopping 
 the action of the glands of the skin. The Indian has been slow- 
 ly poisoned, generation after generation, by the same cause, 
 and is daily dying from it. What the effect of this partial 
 loss of function of the skin may be upon the lymphatic sys- 
 tem is an interesting question. 
 
 The skin of the Sioux Indian is naturally delicate and of 
 fine texture. Its treatment by filth and paint has reduced it 
 to almost pathological sensitiveness. Sensitiveness of the mu- 
 
OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 501 
 
 cous membrane follows, as a natural consequence; and con- 
 gestions from slight causes pave the way for disease. 
 
 There is reason to rejoice in the suggestion of General 
 Morgan, that elementary physiology and hygiene should be 
 taught in the government schools. If such instruction is giv- 
 en and practiced in all Indian schools, among the children 
 and growing youth, the present generation will possess a 
 weapon of defence against the inherited enemy. 
 
 Education in living; correct moral standards, — this is 
 what the Indian needs, this is what he is dying for the want 
 •of, and this the Indian educated at the East is carrying back 
 to his people. 
 
 In Eastern schools, with their full staff of workers and all 
 agencies for good, embracing the summer outing in an intel- 
 ligent family, there is, in addition to the regular discipline 
 and instruction of the school, a sort of education by insensible 
 absorption of ideas and the common sense of every-day life, 
 which, to tlie Indian pupil, is of inestimable value. Those 
 who come from Western schools, are on a plane where noth- 
 ing is lost. Western training enhances the value of every op- 
 portunity at the East; and the Indian, on his part, at the 
 East, has wonderfully taught and interested thousands, 
 whose ideas, kindly, but vague, would otherwise have borne 
 no fruit of helpfulness. 
 
 With the majority of Indian pupils, there is an earnest 
 desire to help their people. How rapidly they may be fitted 
 for their work, the number and excellence of Indian schools 
 will determine. Many are alread}^ equipped, and doing with 
 their might what their hands find to do. The fact that forty- 
 two Hampton girls are already well married — twenty-five of 
 them to Hampton boys — suggests a solid foundation for and 
 impetus to the Indian work such as it has never had before. 
 The first thought of these married pupils is for their children, 
 and they know how to think. 
 
 The more thoroughly the contagious nature of tubercu- 
 losis is established, the more terrible the present condition of 
 the Indian appears. It is stated on good authority that tub- 
 erculous cattle are constantly sold to and consumed by the 
 
502 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 
 
 Indians. Their only hope is in a common knowledge of ev- 
 ery-day affairs, which shall protect them from their enemy^ 
 the unscrupulous white man, and in knowledge of physical 
 and moral laws, with the improvement of home conditions 
 which must follow. To withhold education is to condemn to 
 death. 
 
 I believe that the Indian has shown sufficient capacity, 
 not only for mental and moral, but also for physical improve- 
 ment, to stimulate our best efforts. The doom which threat- 
 ens his extinction is the same which swept from the earth the 
 ancestors of our race, by hundreds of thousands annually, by 
 the Black Death, — no mysterious providence or predestina- 
 tion, but ignorance of physical and moral laws and the strain 
 of a transition period. Having forced upon him the evils of 
 civilization, we owe him its good part. As has been truly 
 said, " The only expiation of an old crime is a new virtue." 
 
INDEX 
 
 O F 
 
 INDIAN STUDENTS. 
 
 GIRLS 
 
 Alexander, Carrie 402 
 
 All Yellow, Jane Eagle Face. 467 
 
 Anderson, Carrie 342 
 
 Antone, Mary 480 
 
 Arrow, Hannah 437 
 
 Baird, Ellen 470 
 
 Barnaby, Josephine 415 
 
 Bear, Cora 479 
 
 Bear Bird, Julia 421 
 
 Bear Face, Rosa 380 
 
 Begs-for-her, Nancy. 41^ 
 
 Bell, Cora (see Little Black 
 
 Foot 417 
 
 Bird, Mary 448 
 
 Blake. Rosa 397 
 
 Bowed Head, Mamie 404 
 
 Buck, Hannah ... 419 
 
 Bull Head, Louisa 350 
 
 Bull Head, Maggie 392 
 
 Burt, Ellen 410 
 
 Burt, Susan . . 416 
 
 Carpenter, Susan 368 
 
 Charley, Mary 473 
 
 Cook, Hattie 398 
 
 Conger, Mercy 375 
 
 Cordier, Angelique 479 
 
 Councillor, Katie 394 
 
 Cox, Eva 464 
 
 Cross Bear, Katherine 449 
 
 Cross Bear, Fanny 449 
 
 Currier, Madeline 449 
 
 Davis, Ziewie 337 
 
 Dawson, Anna . . 330 
 
 Dawson, Mary 330 
 
 Decora, Angel 403 
 
 Decora, Grace 403 
 
 De Sheuquette, Susan 434 
 
 Eagle, Annie 449 
 
 Earth, Fanny 403 
 
 Elbow, Carrie 439 
 
 Ellis, Ellen 435 
 
 Fallis, Margaret 420 
 
 Fallis, Emma 393 
 
 Fire Cloud, Emma . . 422 
 
 Fire Thunder, Sarah (see 
 
 White Cow) 399 
 
 Fremont, Nettie 415 
 
 Fuller, Annie 43° 
 
 Fuller, Elsie 429 
 
 Fuller, Emma 43° 
 
 Goodform, Emma 404 
 
 Goodwood, Maggie 426 
 
 Goulet, Maggie .. 351 
 
 Goulet, Mary • . 352 
 
 Giay, Mabel (see Thrown 
 
 Away) 405 
 
 Half, Carrie 457 
 
 Hamilton, Minnie.... 430 
 
 Happy Road 45° 
 
 Henderson, Kate 47 ^ 
 
 High Bird, Irene 484 
 
 Hinman, Mary 352 
 
 Hotoninyankewin, Margaret 
 
 (see Fallis) 420 
 
 Huhana, Lucy. 425 
 
 Inez, Melisse 362 
 
 Kathleen. Julia 45° 
 
 Keeler, Lizzie 376 
 
 Keokuk. Nellie 3^5 
 
 Ketile, Mary 342 
 
504 
 
 INDEX 
 
 K lag, Mary Adeline 
 
 La Flesche, Lucy 
 
 La Flesche, Marguerite 
 
 La Flesche, Susan 
 
 Larrabee, Maggie ... 
 
 Laundet, Sophie 
 
 Lays-out-doors, Rosa 
 
 Lee, Nellie , , 
 
 Leeds, Sarah 
 
 Leming, Stella 
 
 Lemont, Kate 
 
 Levering, Nancy 
 
 Little Bear, Sophia 
 
 Little Black Foot, Corabelle. 
 
 Little Eagle, Lucy 
 
 Long Girl. Louisa ... 
 
 Lyman, Annie 
 
 Lyman, Mary 
 
 Malnourie, Josephine 
 
 McCarthy, Josephine 
 
 McCoy, Cassie 
 
 Mazakute, Rebecca 
 
 Medicine Rock, Sarah 
 
 Miller, Mary 
 
 Miles, Hattie 
 
 Mitchell, Eva (see Cox) ... 
 
 Mitchell, Lucy 
 
 Mitchell, Ida 
 
 Monroe, Lydia 
 
 Moore, Alice 
 
 Nagle, Susie 
 
 No Ears, Jenny 
 
 No Ears, Lucy 
 
 Palmer, Lizzie 
 
 Palmer, May ... . . 
 
 Pamani, Celeste 
 
 Paypay, Antoinette . . 
 
 Phelps, Ellen 
 
 Pilcher, Etta 
 
 Pilcher, Grace 
 
 Place Together, Agnes .• 
 
 Pleats, Rosa 
 
 • 385 
 
 ■ 388 
 
 • 413 
 
 • 414 
 
 ■ 367 
 
 • 397 
 
 • 350 
 420 
 
 393 
 431 
 352 
 416 
 
 357 
 417 
 458 
 426 
 
 353 
 42 [ 
 
 331 
 
 382 
 
 455 
 368 
 
 350 
 
 465 
 3S6 
 464. 
 464 
 464 
 455 
 455 
 379 
 381 
 
 45 f 
 485 
 485 
 406 
 457 
 456 
 464 
 430 
 350 
 333 
 
 Pretty Bird 
 
 Ramsey, Alma 
 
 Red Cane, Annie 
 
 Red Eagle, Agnes 
 
 Rencontre, Ida ... 
 
 Rivers, Felicia 
 
 Robertson, Elizabeth 
 
 Rulo, Cora 
 
 Rulo, Zallie 
 
 Running Girl, Kate 
 
 Sacred Iron, Alice . . 
 
 Scott, Madeline 
 
 Selwyn, Lizzie 
 
 Skenandore, Amelia 
 
 Smith, Lottie 
 
 Snow, Mamie (see Bowed 
 
 Head) 
 
 Spider, Lizzie 
 
 Stabler, Minnie 
 
 St. Cyr, Julia 
 
 Stone, Ida 
 
 Strieker, Jeanette 
 
 Swift, Bessie 
 
 Tasagyemaniwin, Louisa. . . , 
 
 Thrown Away, Mabel 
 
 Tiaokasin, Rosa (see Fleets) 
 
 Traversie, Edna 
 
 Traversie, Mary 
 
 Unspesni, Lizzie 
 
 Upiwin, Julia 
 
 Virgin, Clara * ,. 
 
 Walker, Mary 
 
 Walker, Sarah 
 
 Walking Medicine, Fidelia. . 
 
 West, Emily 
 
 White Cow, Frances 
 
 White Cow, Sarah 
 
 White Crow, Mary jane 
 
 Wilgus, Minnie ... 
 
 Wizi, Amy 
 
 Yellow Star 
 
 Ziewie, (see Davis) 
 
 406 
 425 
 
 451 
 426 
 
 393 
 392 
 479 
 439 
 376 
 
 439 
 411 
 429 
 
 353 
 470 
 481 
 
 404 
 341 
 389 
 356 
 
 353 
 405 
 
 333 
 391 
 35*^ 
 398 
 
 353 
 450 
 
 379 
 331 
 381 
 
 354 
 381 
 399 
 473 
 485 
 405 
 406 
 337 
 
5^5 
 
 BOYS. 
 
 Agna, Louis 335 
 
 A huka George 332 
 
 Alford, Thomas 345 
 
 Alford, Thompson 442 
 
 All Yellow, James 467 
 
 Agard, Louis 509 
 
 Archambeau. fohn 369 
 
 Archambeau, Joseph 509 
 
 Archambeau, Pierre ... ... 459 
 
 Arihotchkish 333 
 
 Arpan, Claymore 433 
 
 Arrow, Joseph 407 
 
 Ashley, Edward P 339 
 
 Ashley, Thomas (see Paseca). 369 
 
 Ashley, Wallace 484 
 
 Avery, David (see Bad Fish) 455 
 Ayger.oughwea, Louis (see 
 
 Agna) 335 
 
 Azul, Antonito 359 
 
 Azul, Harry 360 
 
 Bad Fish, David 455 
 
 Baldan, Robert 440 
 
 Bdttice, Walter 386 
 
 Baxter, Samuel 415 
 
 Bean, William 376 
 
 Bear, John 432 
 
 Bear Bird, Baptiste 371 
 
 Bear Robe, James. . .. .... 445 
 
 Bear Heart, Peter 478 
 
 Bears Heart, James 328 
 
 Beaupre, Joseph 421 
 
 Beecher, Henry Ward 472 
 
 Benoist, Felix 354 
 
 Benoist, William 392 
 
 Bernie, Jesse 354 
 
 Big Mane, Philip 485 
 
 Big Mane, Robert 478 
 
 Bishop, Edmund 343 
 
 Black Hawk. Frank 382 
 
 Black Hawk, Peter 467 
 
 Block, John 481 
 
 Blue Boy, Jack 440 
 
 Bonaparte, Charles 433 
 
 Bourassa, Peter 480 
 
 Bow, Claude 446 
 
 Bowman, Thomas 396 
 
 Brazeau, Peter 371 
 
 Brown, Harry 335 
 
 Brown, Oscar 342 
 
 Brown, Samuel 354 
 
 Bruyier, John 459 
 
 Bubuna, Daniel 421 
 
 Buck. Louis, Eugene and 
 
 Eddie 419 
 
 Buffalo, John 413 
 
 Bushotter, George 340 
 
 Cadocte, John 334 
 
 Caesar, Julius 453 
 
 Cetan, Samuel 370 
 
 Cedar Boy Albert 409 
 
 Cante Wanica, Daniel (see 
 
 No Heart) . . 336 
 
 Charging Thunder (see Ti- 
 
 akan) ... 468 
 
 Charleton, Howard 328 
 
 Chilson, Daniel ,441 
 
 Chisholm, Frank 358 
 
 Cihila, Benedict 407 
 
 Clark, Homer 477 
 
 Clay, John 465 
 
 Clifford, Charles 427 
 
 Conalez, Robert 359 
 
 Conolly, Charles 454 
 
 Cook, Joseph 344 
 
 Councillor, Philip and Char- 
 lie 394 
 
 Crow, Alfred 411 
 
 Crow Boy, .Arthur 409 
 
 Crow Feather, James 484 
 
 Crowman, John 483 
 
 Culbertson, Moses 463 
 
 Decora, Walter 466 
 
 De Fond, Samuel -. 436 
 
5o6 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Delay, Daniel 473 
 
 Deloria, George 343 
 
 Deluska 380 
 
 De Marsh, Joe (see Marsh). 367 
 De Rockbrain, Antoine.... 446 
 
 De Sheuquette, Leon 434 
 
 De Smit, Joseph , 478 
 
 Doffit, James 419 
 
 Downing, John .... 329 
 
 Doxson, Charles 395 
 
 Dupuis, Edward . 417 
 
 Eaton, Oliver 364 
 
 Eknainyanke, Louis (see Ag- 
 
 na) 335 
 
 Elk, Paul 447 
 
 Ellis, Joseph 435 
 
 Estes, George 437 
 
 Estes, Joseph 376 
 
 E-tahd-le-uh 325 
 
 Farmer, John 396 
 
 Fire Cloud, Daniel, Thomas 
 
 and Walter 422 
 
 Fire Cloud, James 419 
 
 Fire Elk, Cassimir. 447 
 
 First Hail, Eugene 412 
 
 Fisherman, Henry 335 
 
 Fly,Thomas,(seeUhakiumpa) 334 
 
 Fontenelle, Albert 431 
 
 Fontenelle, Eugene 431 
 
 Foreman, Amos 441 
 
 Foreman, Charles 441 
 
 Foreman, Frank 454 
 
 Foul Star, Samuel 343 
 
 Four Swords 424 
 
 Fox, Andrew 338 
 
 Fremont, Samuel 358 
 
 Frost, Thomas 433 
 
 Gabe, Baptiste 368 
 
 Garfield, James 460 
 
 Garfield, Juan . . 365 
 
 .Garreau, John 397 
 
 Gautier, Frank 456 
 
 Gokey, Antoine 386 
 
 Goodboo, Frank 395 
 
 Goodfur, Benjamin 483 
 
 Good Road, James 394 
 
 Green, Augustus 486 
 
 Green, George 391 
 
 Grey Cloud, George 476 
 
 Goodwood. Thomas 384 
 
 Good Voice, (see Ho-waste). 425 
 
 Hamilton, James . 430 
 
 Harris, William Henry 466 
 
 Haus, John 440 
 
 Hawk, Martin 447 
 
 Heustice, Jonathan 346 
 
 High Bird, John 484 
 
 Hill, George .. 482 
 
 Hoop Cloud, Charles 400 
 
 Hunter, Harry ...;... ,.. 454 
 
 Hunter, William 357 
 
 Huntsman, Wesley 435 
 
 Ho-waste 425 
 
 Icato, Moses 458 
 
 Ikinicapi, Thomas 366 
 
 Industrious, Lawrence 407 
 
 Iron Bear, Jerome 448 
 
 Iron Necklace, Eugene 407 
 
 Jackson, Kistoe 361 
 
 Jacobs, Henrj' . 469 
 
 Johnson, Andrew-. . . , 454 
 
 Johnson, Charles 422 
 
 Jones, Charles 437 
 
 Karunach, Henry 332 
 
 Kawhat 333 
 
 Kealer, Charles 460 
 
 Kennedy, Van Metre 434 
 
 Keokuk, Frank 455 
 
 King. John 346 
 
 Kill Crow. (See Crowman,.. 483 
 
 Kistoe, (see Jackson) 361 
 
 Kobe 326 
 
 Kohoe •■ 328 
 
 La Flesche, Noah 388 
 
iNDKX 
 
 5°7 
 
 Lambert, Baptiste 460 
 
 Lariat, John 476 
 
 La Roche, Joseph 458 
 
 La Rochelle, Fred 461 
 
 Larrabee, William 367 
 
 Laughing Face . 332 
 
 Le Clair, Charles 412 
 
 Le Clair, Joseph 443 
 
 Lee, Edgar, 420 
 
 Lee, Thomas 476 
 
 Left Hand, John 468 
 
 Leming, Irish ..., 431 
 
 Levering, Milton 416 
 
 Little Boy, Theodore 397 
 
 Little Chief 327 
 
 Little Eagle, Henry 370 
 
 Little Eagle, Edward. ...... 458 
 
 Looking Eagle 400 
 
 Longfeather, Henry 469 
 
 Lushbaugh, Ernest 444 
 
 Lyman, Henry 461 
 
 Matches, Walter 378 
 
 Mcintosh, Robert 363 
 
 McBride, Charles , 412 
 
 Mandan, Daniel 355 
 
 Mandan, Isaac 355 
 
 Many Birds Charles 380 
 
 Maquimetas, Michael 348 
 
 Marsh, Joseph 367 
 
 Martin, Maurice 474 
 
 Marshall, Albert 428 
 
 Marshall, Charles 418 
 
 Matthews, Charles 361 
 
 Mato, Benjamin 372 
 
 Masters, William 443 
 
 Medicine Bull, Samuel 372 
 
 Miles, Thomas . .... 387 
 
 Miller, George, Eddie and 465 
 
 John 
 
 Miller, Theodore (see Little 397 
 Boy) 
 
 Monroe V.'lsoi 472 
 
 Moore, William 472 
 
 Morgan, .^Ib.-rt 445, 
 
 Murie, Alfred . . . . . 45:;, 
 
 Murie, [ames R. y.jy 
 
 Myers, Garry 416 
 
 Moncravie, Charles 452 
 
 Moncravie, Henry 452 
 
 Moncravie, Fred 465 
 
 No Heart, Daniel 336 
 
 Ohettoint, Charles 326 
 
 Ohitika, Benjamin 373 
 
 Omaha, Felix ... . 400 
 
 Oshkeneny, Michael 349 
 
 Ota Akdi, Charles 424 
 
 Pamani, Frank. 338 
 
 Parker, George 452 
 
 Raseca, Thomas 369- 
 
 Pattee, John 477 
 
 Paypay, James 457 
 
 Perry, Samuel 443 
 
 Peters, Alexander 349 
 
 Phelps, Edwm, Gideon and 
 
 Matteos 456 
 
 Picotte, Charles F ... . 355 
 
 Pleets, John 334. 
 
 Pleets, Joseph 468 
 
 Poor Elk, John 428 
 
 Porcupine, Paul 475. 
 
 Powless, Lyman 471 
 
 Powlcss, Richard. 444 
 
 Prairie Chicken, Paul 428 
 
 Pratt, Thomas 471 
 
 Pretty Flute, Charles, 440 
 
 Pretty Hand, Joseph 411 
 
 Rabbit, Charles 408 
 
 Ramsey, George 416 
 
 Rattling Rib, Louis 409 
 
 Red Bear 401 
 
 Red Fish 40 c 
 
 Red Hawk, John 469 
 
 Red Stone, Barney 467 
 
5o8 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Rencontre, Henry 340 
 
 Rencontre, James 394 
 
 Rencontre, Lezedo 339 
 
 Rice, Reuben Daniel 466 
 
 Rich, Benjamin 443 
 
 Rios, Paul 363 
 
 Rios, Santiago - 363 
 
 Roberts, Andrew 400 
 
 Roberts, Rush 444 
 
 Roberts, William 365 
 
 Robertson, Gabriel 479 
 
 Robertson, Norman 479 
 
 Roman Nose, Henry 327 
 
 Rulo, Charles 461 
 
 Running- With, John 44S 
 
 Sagyeonkte, Andrew 401 
 
 Saul, David 395 
 
 Saul, William 377 
 
 Shield, Lucas 40S 
 
 Shield, V\ahacanka 418 
 
 Shot Twice, James 448 
 
 Simmons, David 342 
 
 Single Feather, Santee . . . 398 
 
 Skenandore, James 483 
 
 Skenandore, Jonas 471 
 
 Skanandoah, Nicholas 483 
 
 Sky, William 485 
 
 Sloan, Thomas 45 [ 
 
 Smith, Thomas 333 
 
 Soaring Eagle 328 
 
 Soman, Charles 349 
 
 Spider, Logan 438 
 
 Spotted Eyes, Charles 410 
 
 Squint Eyes (see Tichke- 
 
 matse) 328 
 
 Stabler, Guy ... 391 
 
 Stabler, Philip 389 
 
 Stago, Benjamin 364 
 
 Standing Crow 424 
 
 St. Cyr, David 365 
 
 Stevens, Willftm 438 
 
 Stone, Charles 337 
 
 Strieker, David 378 
 
 Strieker, George 355 
 
 Sun Chief, Petet ... 453 
 
 Sunkaska, Joseph 366 
 
 Shutaschnay, Leroy 336 
 
 Soaring Eagle 328 
 
 Tatankaska, Charles (See 
 
 White Bull; 336 
 
 Tatiah, Charles 385 
 
 Tebo, Frank 466 
 
 Tompkins, George 434 
 
 Tompkins, Thomas 434 
 
 Thompson, Reuben, 478 
 
 Thompson, Joseph W. (See 
 
 Winnebago) 340 
 
 Tiakan, Martin 468 
 
 I Tich-ke mat-se 328 
 
 j T iyowicakte 374 
 
 I Tiaokasin 384 
 
 To-un-ke-ah 327 
 
 Townsend, Reuben 442 
 
 Tuttle, Thomas 378 
 
 Uhakeumpa 334 
 
 Van Meter, Luther 419 
 
 Voice of the Cloud, Stephen. 401 
 
 Voorhees, Telma 364 
 
 Voice, John 470 
 
 Walker. John T 438 
 
 Wahacanka. (See Shield ) . . 418 
 
 Wankicun, Frank 467 
 
 Wallace, Henry 442 
 
 Watson, William 358 
 
 Welsh, Herbert 474 
 
 Wahn, Joseph 336 
 
 Wannapin, George. 374 
 
 White Breast 332 
 
 White Bear 327 
 
 White Man 328 
 
 White Bull, Charles 336 
 
 Wells, David 415 
 
 Winnebago, Joseph.... .. .. 340 
 
INDEX 509 
 
 Wilson, Cooper 472 ' Yellow Bird, Edwin .437 
 
 White Plume, Joseph 475 
 
 Whistler, John 481 
 
 Wosica, Jerome 408 
 
 Woodface, Harry 410 
 
 Yellow Bird, Frank 344 
 
 Yellow Hawk, Solomon.... 435 
 Young Eagle, Matthew.... 423 
 Yuxpu 410 
 
 The following records were accidentally omitted from page 382. 
 
 Joe Archambeau, half-blood, age 10. An exceedingly bright little 
 fellow who returned May 26, '84. We hoped he would con- 
 tinue a school life which opened so promisingly, but he found 
 a mother and sister at home who needed his help, and a good 
 position as clerk in the trader's store all ready for him. He 
 soon put up a nice two-roomed log house with floor and all 
 necessary conveniences, and had a comfortable and pleasant 
 home there with his mother for years. In '90, he married 
 and went to Grand River, where he started a new home on 
 his own allotment and has there a good farm and consider- 
 able stock. In industry, character and influence, he has al- 
 ways been highly spoken of by all, white and Indian, old and 
 young. 
 
 Scholarship given by the Morgan children and 2nd Cong 
 S. S,. West Winsted, Conn. 
 
 Louis Agard, half-blood, age 17, son of a white cattleman of the 
 same name. He was returned June '83, lor bad conduct, and 
 soon after took up his old trade of horse-breaking and herd- 
 ing. Bright and enterprising he meant to do well, but drink 
 and the wilder habits of cow-boy life had a hold upon him 
 too strong to be broken without greater effort than he was 
 capable of making. His record has been changeable, good 
 and bad, in keeping with his instability of character. 
 Scholarship given by Mrs. C. A. Holbrook. 
 
N D E X 
 
 FOR 
 
 DONORS OF SCHOLARSHIPS 
 
 Donors of scholarships for students named in this book, will find 
 the names of those they have thus helped to an education, on the 
 pages indicated below. It is to be remembered that this is not a rec- 
 ord of the thousands of Hampton's Negro students who have receiv- 
 ed the benefits of such help from generous friends of the School, but 
 only of those cf them who are graduates (classes of '71-go) and a few 
 others. (See remarks on this point, page 21) The " Record of Return- 
 ed Indian Students " is complete up to date given. For explanation 
 of Indian " scholarships," see page 290. 
 
 In examining records of twenty years or more, mistakes are likely 
 to occur, The name of one person may sometimes be repeated because 
 found with different spelling or initials, and it is possible that some 
 may be inserted as donors of scholarships to whom copies only of 
 scholarship letters have been sent, as matters of interest to those who 
 have given to the School in other ways. We hope that what errors 
 we have made are on the side of over-fullness from some such reason. 
 If any more serious ones, of commission or omission, shall be noticed 
 by any one, we shall be extremely grateful for information of them. 
 
 We would again request attention to the full explanations on 
 pages 21 and 290, mentioned above. 
 
 Abbe, Mrs. Fred R i77> 214 
 
 Adamson, Wm 130 
 
 Aitken, Mr. and Mrs. John 
 
 115, 184, 250 
 
 Alexander, Miss [anetta. 260, 266 
 
 Alexander, Mrs. "S. M 268 
 
 Alexandria, Va, Theological 
 
 Sem 282, 385, 422, 435, 46r 
 
 Allen, G. W 260 
 
 Allen, the Misses 267 
 
 Alley, John B 40 
 
 American Miss'y Association 
 
 332. 333.347, 34§, 349 
 
 Ames, Rev.Chas. G 58 
 
 Anderson, Miss Anne 142 
 
 151, 168, 205. 
 Andover, Mass. S. S. of South 
 
 Church 443 
 
 Ansonia, Ct. S. S., Congrega- 
 tional Church 260, 264 
 
 Astor, Mrs. C. A 377 
 
 Atherton, Wm 214 
 
 Athol, Mass., Evangelical S.S. 357 
 
 Atterbury, Miss M. D 353 
 
 Auchincloss. Henry B 272 
 
 Bacon, Joseph N. 30, 49, 109, 175, 
 287. 
 
INDEX 
 
 5" 
 
 Bacon, Miss Mabel 402, 422 
 
 Baker, J. W 221 
 
 Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Weaker. 
 39. 43. 17^ «6, 97, 99. 133. 151. 
 132, J 55, 194, 201,204,257,264. 
 
 Baldwin. C t^ 109 
 
 Barnes, W. E, 100 
 
 liarney, A. H 17 8, 181 
 
 Barrows, H. F "143 
 
 Bartol, B. H.45, 138, 151, 195, 272, 
 
 274,401, 407, 445. 
 Bartol, Mrs. C. A, (or E. H.) 29, 97 
 192. 
 
 Bassett, C. W 117 
 
 Batchelder, Mrs. N. S Z^i 
 
 Bcebe, E Pierson 128213,241 
 
 Beebe, Mr. and Mrs. Jas. M..30, 
 52, 173. 278 
 
 Benedict, Charles 167 
 
 Benedict, Mrs , Bible Class of. 166 
 
 Benson, Misi ridrriet S 125, 
 
 156, 181. 
 
 Benson, Mrs. H. F 95 
 
 Bent. =). f 34 
 
 Beverly, Mass , Cong. S. S. 281, 396 
 Bishop, Mrs. and Ladies. ... 33 
 
 Bishop, Mrs. Harriet 376 
 
 Blair, John I. Jr 238,272 
 
 Blair, Airs. M. A 214 
 
 Blakesley, A. M 133 
 
 Bloomfield, N. J., First Presb. 
 
 s. s 363 
 
 Blojmfield, N. J , Westmin- 
 ster S. S 284, 285 
 
 Borden, M. CD 283 
 
 Borden, (Shortbridge, B, & 
 Co.) 73 
 
 Boston, " First (Unitarian) 
 Church." 246, 250,253, 259, 263, 
 265, 278, 282, 287, 462. 
 
 Boscon, Park Street S. S., 
 Class of Boys 374- 443 
 
 Boston, Triniiy Church and 
 
 s. s 341. 354-461 
 
 Boston, " West Boston Char- 
 ity School " 277 
 
 Boston, " West Church " 225 
 
 Boston, Sanitary Commis - 
 sion, Ladies of (thro. M'ss 
 
 Abby May) 46, 176 
 
 Boswell, Charles 165 
 
 Bowditch, Dr. j. IngersoU. . 186, 
 283, 452. 
 
 Bowler and Merrill, Messrs... 
 
 Bradley, N. L 
 
 Bramwell, Mrs. G. W 
 
 Brayton, Miss Harriet 
 
 Brewer, Mrs. Chas 
 
 Bridgeport, Ct., " Boys' Mis- 
 sion Circle " 
 
 Bridgeport. Ct.. First Cong. 
 Church S, S 
 
 Bridgeport, Ct., North Cong. 
 Church S.S 194. 202, 
 
 Brigham, Hon. L. F. ... 93, 
 
 Bright, LMr. and Mrs. Wni E, 
 
 Brimmer Hon. Martin ...97. 
 215., 
 
 Bronson, Miss Mary ... 105, 
 
 Brookfield, Mass., Cong S. S. 
 
 Brookline, Mass., " Young 
 People's Benevolent Soc, . 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Atlantic 
 
 Ave., Cong. S, S 
 
 Br .oklyn. N. Y., Bethany 
 
 Chapel of Ref. Ch 384, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Bethany- 
 Mission 332. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y\, Church of 
 the Pilgrims 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., First Presb. 
 Ch. S. S 137. 138. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Lafayette 
 Ave. S S 217, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Miss. Soc, of 
 Second Presb, Ch 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Olivet Mis- 
 sion 
 
 Brooks, Rt. Rev. Phillips, 
 D. D 28, 47.63. 141. 
 
 Brown, Mr. and Mrs. James 
 M 339- 371. 
 
 Brown, Mrs. Theodore 
 
 Brown, Mrs. Wm. S. 223, 329, 
 
 351- 
 
 Browning, Eddie 
 
 Browning, Miss Florence.. 
 
 464. 
 
 Browning, Mrs 
 
 Bruce, Mi-=s Mollie E 
 
 Bryce, Misses Mary and Edith 
 
 349, 366, 385, 418, 428, 472, 
 
 484. 
 Bryn Mawr College ...449' 
 
 290 
 
 268 
 
 440 
 
 392 
 
 37 
 
 465 
 
 290 
 
 205 
 158 
 207 
 170. 
 
 182 
 188 
 
 174 
 
 216 
 478 
 
 339 
 
 470 
 
 245 
 280 
 288 
 446 
 173 
 453 
 330. 
 
 440 
 286. 
 
 469 
 
 475 
 
 474. 
 467 
 
512 
 
 Bryson, Mrs. P. M. . 38, no, 160, 
 242. 
 
 Buffalo. N. Y., First Presb. 
 Church 280 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Harbor Mis- 
 sion S. S 270 
 
 Bull, Mrs. S. R. and Miss 
 Anne 284 
 
 Burnside, the Misses. 59, 82, 158, 
 222. 
 
 Butler, Miss Eliza 146 
 
 Butler, Nathan 193 
 
 Bvington, Miss Alice. . 205, 240, 
 "286. 
 
 Callender, Mrs. Henry ' 102, 289 
 Cambridge, Mass., " The Mar- 
 garet Shepherd Soc", 449 
 
 Campbell, Mrs. Archibald 62, 82 
 Campbell. Mrs. Harriet A, 440, 476 
 
 Camp, C. J 289 
 
 Camp, Mrs. W. H 471 
 
 Canandaigua N. Y., " Ladies' 
 
 Home Miss'y Soc.'' 275 
 
 Candler, Miss E 473 
 
 Canfield, Mrs ... 35 
 
 Canfield, Mrs..P. S. L 48 
 
 Canfield, Mrs. P. W. S... . 44, loi 
 
 Capen, S. B 187, 260 
 
 Capen's Miss, School 277 
 
 Carpenter, foseph.. .. ... 218 
 
 Carr, Samuel 194 
 
 Carter, Mrs. R. W 1 1 5 | 
 
 Catlin, Miss '. . 87 { 
 
 Catskill, N. Y., Presb. S. S.. 409 I 
 
 Chapin, Mrs. CO 332 
 
 Charleston, Mass., Winthrop 
 
 Ch. and S. S 265 
 
 Chase, Geo. W ...... iio, 148 
 
 Chase, A 101,151,260 
 
 Chase, S. E. (Supt. of S. S. at 
 
 Newton, Mass.)..' 117 
 
 Chicopee, Mass., Second 
 
 Cong. Ch 424 
 
 Child, Mrs. Lydia Maria, 70, 117, 
 
 128. 
 Claflin, Hon. Wm.. 29, 51, 78, 79 
 
 Clarke, B. G 258 
 
 Clarke, C. H 259 
 
 Clarke, Mrs. A. L ... 91 
 
 Clark, Miss Esther C 375 
 
 Clark, Mr. and Mrs. E. W . . 47, 58. 
 
 86, 170. 
 
 Clark, Mrs. Henry W . . 117, 135 
 
 Clarkson, Banyer 391 
 
 Cieaveland, Miss A. E 221 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, " Workers 
 
 and Winners' Soc".. 247,286 
 Clinton, Mass., Cong. Ch. S. 
 
 S 215 
 
 Clinton, Mass., " First Evan- 
 gelical Church" S. S . . 181 
 Coates, Benjamin. 61, 108, 151, 196 
 Coates, Miss Beulah .. 66, 163 
 Coates, Miss Mary. . 173, 206, 284. 
 
 Cobb, H. E '95.231 
 
 Coburn, Geo. W . . 128 
 
 Cockroft, Miss C, H. V ... 470^ 
 
 Coffin, Mrs. C. F 42 
 
 Coffin. W. E 88 
 
 Coageshall, H. E 128,172 
 
 Coggswell, Miss Frances H . . 267 
 Cole, Mrs. Thomas. . 61, 123 , ^3, 
 
 209. 
 Coleman, Mr. and Mrs. G. D. 
 
 357. 397 
 
 Collins, Erastus 135, 
 
 Collins, Mrs. Eliza 43.98- 
 
 Collins, Misses Ellen and 
 
 Margaret . . .... 443, 483 
 
 Collins, Miss Mary A 28 
 
 "Concord Friends," .. .... 231 
 
 " Connecticut lady, a (thro. 
 
 J. and S. Ferguson),.. .. 353 
 Constantinople, Turkey, 
 
 Children's Soc , " Fishers of 
 
 the Bosphorus " 439 
 
 Coolidge, A. L . 184 
 
 Coolidge, J. Randolph 275 
 
 Cooper. Mrs 54 
 
 Cope, M. C 90 
 
 Cope, Miss Carolme E 403 
 
 Corliss, Geo. H 185 
 
 Crosby, Rev. Arthur . . . 148, 171 
 
 Grouse, Mrs. Daniel 382 
 
 Cummings, John. 39, 104, 199,242 
 Curtis. Mr. and Mrs. Geo. 40, 54, 
 
 147, 155, 216, 256, 280. 
 Curtis, Mrs. J. S. and Miss C. 
 
 J 485 
 
 Curtis, Mrs. Mary E. H ... 254 
 
 Curtis, Mrs. Solomon 146 
 
 Cutting, R. Fulton. 226, 277, 289 
 
 Daggett, H. L ... 38 
 
 Dana, Rev. J. Jay 261 
 
INDEX 
 
 5'3 
 
 251, 460 
 .... 178 
 (42, i( " 
 
 Danbury, Ct., First Cong. Ch. 
 
 " Y. P. S. C. E." 472 
 
 Danforth, Mr 273 
 
 Danvers, Mass., First Cong. 
 
 S S 267 
 
 Davenport, Miss E. W. 225, 439, 
 
 457. 464. . 
 " David Livingstone Scholar- 
 
 siiip" 14, 
 
 Davis, J. W.. 186, 241, 252, 337 
 
 338, 414- 
 " D. B. C." (thro. Miss M. A. 
 
 Longstreth) .. 164,358 
 
 Dean, Ciias. (Geo. C. Lord 
 
 and — Executors) 
 
 De Forest, Benjamin . . 
 De Forest, Dr. John.. 
 De Forest, Mrs. Geo. B. 379, 418 
 
 Delano, Capt, J. C 62 
 
 Denison, Rev. John H . . 228, 249, 
 
 255, 290. 
 
 Dennison, J. M 39, 86, 188 
 
 Dennis, Rodney .. 166 
 
 De Wolf, Miss C 156 
 
 Denny, Mrs. L. B.. . 280, 334, 381 
 
 Dexter, Mr.-^. Henry ....,461 
 
 Dexter, Mrs. Theodnsia M. . . 220 
 Dickerman, Mrs. J. A . 146, 187, 
 
 T94. 263. 
 Dickson, Mrs. C. L. S . . . . . 400 
 Dixwell, Arthur. . . .467, 475, 476, 
 
 477, 479- 485- 
 Dixwell, Mrs E. B. LB.... 274 
 Dodge, Arthur Murray. . 237, 243, 
 
 254, 280. 
 Dodge, Hon. Wm. E. 42,76, 84, 
 
 98, 142, 145. 195. 273- 45 
 Dominick, H, Blanchard 
 Dornian, Mrs. Mary . 
 
 Downes, W. E 
 
 Downing, Chas . . 
 Downing, fames W. . . 
 Dwieht, Miss M. B.'s 
 
 Franklin St. Church. . 177, 
 
 East Somerville, Mass,, Wo- 
 men's Home Missionary 
 Soc 280, 
 
 Eldredge, John 
 
 Eliot, Samuel 
 
 Ellis, Chas 
 
 Ellison, Miss Mary D... 334. 
 
 Ely, Z. Stiles 
 
 Emerson, Miss Ellen 
 
 Endicolt, Wm . . 28, 68, 98, 
 ]8_7, 2i8. 
 
 Endicott, Wm. Jr., 
 
 Eustis, Mrs. Wm 
 
 Everett, Miss Anna S . . . . 
 
 184 
 
 381, 450 
 
 . - 84 
 
 . . . , 271 
 
 84 
 
 Bible 
 Class 365 
 
 Easthampton, Mass., " Pay 
 
 son Church " 365, 444 
 
 Eastman, Ml, 37 
 
 East Orange, N. J., First 
 Presb. S. S. 369, 400. 459. 
 
 East Orange, N. J., •' Wilhng 
 Workers " 425, 471 
 
 East Somerville, Mass , 
 
 232 
 
 438 
 
 91 
 
 267 
 
 75 
 451 
 272 
 191 
 166, 
 
 -J- 
 176 
 172 
 
 Fairchild, Miss Sallie 478 
 
 Fall River, Mass , Central 
 
 Cong. S. S 365-437 
 
 Farmington, Ct., Cong. Ch. 
 
 and S. S 286 
 
 Farnsworth, Ezra.. 56,115, 128, 
 
 174. 
 Farnum, Henry W 274, 282, 465 
 
 Farnum, Miss A R 176 
 
 Fainum, Miss Elizabeth 89 
 
 Farnum, Mrs. Eliza H.. 79, 159 
 Faulkner, Mr. James R.. 115, 135, 
 176. 
 
 Faulkner. Mrs. Geo 224 
 
 F"earing, Mrs. Albert 50 
 
 Fellows, Kichard S 272 
 
 Felton, S. M... . 50, 100, 176. 205, 
 251. 
 
 Ferguson, E. and S 369 
 
 Ferguson, Miss Edith 244 
 
 Ferguson, Mr. and Miss 355 
 
 Field, John W Si, 182, 235 
 
 Fisher, J. E 441,443 
 
 Fiske, Mrs. Geo. J 141, 237 
 
 Fitchburg, Mass , Cong. Ch. 
 
 S. S 180, 202 
 
 Fitch Jonas 49 
 
 Fitch, Mrs. William 373,415. 
 
 473- 
 
 Flower, Roswell P 421, 472 
 
 Forbes, John M 64, 135, 171, 
 
 186, 201. 
 Ford, (Messrs. Hough and F.) 
 
 ... , 267, 283 
 
 Foster, Hiram 16- 
 
 Fountain. Gideon 20^ 
 
 Fowler, Mrs. Jeanette 167 
 
5H 
 
 INDEX 
 
 "Friend".. 179,269,281,431,454 
 
 Frissell, A. S 279,290 
 
 Frost, Ruf us S 247 
 
 Furness, Rev. Dr. W. H 41 
 
 Gale, Miss Margaret E... 282, 379, 
 421, 461, 
 
 Gammel, Mrs. Win 148 
 
 Gardiner, T. B 3S4 
 
 Gates, Isaiah, (Messrs. Sam- 
 uel Horn and — ) 59 
 
 Germantovvn, Pa., Second 
 
 Presb. S. S . 287 
 
 Germantown, Pa., Unitarian 
 
 S. S .. 453 
 
 Gibb, John 108 
 
 Gibbs, Miss Georgia Barker. . 221 
 Gibbs, Mrs. T. K.... 178, 229, 289 
 " Gilbert, S. E 's Scholarship" 264 
 
 Gill, E. T 385 
 
 Ginna. Daniel F. and Miss 
 
 Bessie T 277 
 
 Goodv-vin, Chas. C 198 
 
 Goodwin, Wm. P 215 
 
 Great Barrington, Mass. 
 
 Cong. S. S 342, 407 
 
 Great Barrington, Mass., Ind- 
 ian Assoc , 468 
 
 Greenbaum, Messrs 93 
 
 Green, Samuel 137 
 
 Griffeth, Miss M. F 386 
 
 Griffith, Miss M 404 
 
 Griffith, Miss Susan D ..... . 260 
 
 Griggs. Mrs. Stephen 109 
 
 Grover, Mr. and Mrs. W. O. 
 ,39, 7 I, 83, 89, 90, 127, 161, 176, 
 IS2, 193. 
 
 Halstead, W. M 140 
 
 Hamilton, John L 270 
 
 Hardwick, B. C 245 
 
 Hardy, Alpheus. .... 86, 186, 197 
 
 Hardy, E. E 445 
 
 Hare, Rt. Rev. Wm 343 
 
 Harris, Mrs I.Campbell 288 
 
 Hartford, Ct., Fourth Cong. 
 
 Ch. and S. S 44. 152 
 
 Hartford, Ct., Park Church S. 
 
 S 270 
 
 Hartford, Ct., Pearl St. Cong. 
 
 S. S 409 
 
 Harvard Annex, " Hampton 
 
 Indian Assoc, of. . 283,452,483 
 
 Hastings, Edward 54 
 
 Hathaway, E. S 123 
 
 Haverhill, Mass., Centre 
 
 Cong. S. S 353 
 
 Hawk, Samuel... , 288 
 
 Hawk, Wm. S 288 
 
 Hawley, Miss Emeline 254 
 
 Hawley, P. K and M. M 74 
 
 Hayes, Mrs. Rutherford B.. , . 124 
 
 Hazard, Mrs. Annie 134 
 
 Hazard, Roland 211 
 
 Heffelfinger, Jacob 341 
 
 Hemenway. Augustus... 29, 135 
 Hemenway, Mrs. Mary.. 33,555 
 
 76, 129, 214, 22S, 256, 257, 280,, 
 
 282, 283, 286, 2S7, 289. 
 Hemenway, Miss Edith.. 37,53, 
 Hemenway, Mrs. C. P.. 36,63, 
 
 155, 183. 
 Henry, Mrs. Pauline. .. . 119, 173 
 
 Herring, Mrs. Mary B 207 
 
 " H. H. Club" . 405,426,449 
 Hillhouse, Miss Josephine . 391 
 Hills, Miss S. B..., 284, 287, 28S 
 
 Hills, Mrs. Ellery.... 231 
 
 Hilton, Wm 42 
 
 Holbrook, Mass:, " Winthrop 
 
 S. 6." „ . . 403, 469 
 
 Ho' brook, Mrs. C. S 334 
 
 Holbrook, Mrs. E, M 219 
 
 Holden, Jas. C ....: 86 
 
 Holland, Nelson 290 
 
 HoUister, E. H. (Estate of) 
 
 260, 269 
 
 Holman, Rev. W. H. . . 395 
 
 Hooper, Miss Alice S 124,164 
 
 Hooper, Miss AnnS.. 185, 349 
 Hooper, Mrs. Anna S. . 198, 276, 
 
 385.393- 
 Hopkinson, Miss Leslie W. . 447 
 Horn, Samuel, (V. essrs. H. 
 
 and Isaiah Gates) .... 59 
 
 Hotchkiss, Justus. . 282, 367,420, 
 
 461, 481. 
 Hotchkiss, Mrs. Maria H . . . . 289 
 Hough and Ford, Messrs. . . 267, 
 
 283. 
 
 Houghton, W. S 193,216 
 
 Houston, J. B 454 
 
 Howard: E. H 265, 285 
 
 Howe, J . C. and Co 34 
 
 Howell, M., Children of . . . 268 
 Howe, Mrs. Geo. 117, i2g 
 
INDEX 
 
 515 
 
 Howland, Edward . , 91 
 
 Rowland, Geo 16 
 
 Hoyt, -Mrs. Geo. A 440 
 
 Hubbard, Mr. and Mrs. C. T. 
 
 ■• 243 
 
 Hubbell, Mr 273 
 
 Hungerford, T. L 154 
 
 Hunting's, Mrs. Bible Class... 397 
 Huntington, Mr. and Mrs. C. 
 
 P . 113,247, 261, 262, 278, 279, 
 
 Hulburt, W 96 
 
 Hurtt, B. Scott, and Mrs. S. 
 
 J 259, 273, 459 
 
 Hyde, Park S. S 117 
 
 Hyde, VVm 234 
 
 Ireson, The Misses . . 240, 284 
 Irving, Mrs. Theodores 
 
 School 430 
 
 Ivison, Blakernan and Taylor, 
 
 Messrs , . , 370, 409, 434 
 
 JamaicaPlains,Mass Central 
 
 Cong. Ch 36 [ 
 
 Jesup, Morris K. . . . 138, 169, 264 
 
 Johnson, Francis H 267 
 
 Johnson, Mrs, 58 
 
 Johnson. Mrs. C. A.. 31, 59, 201 
 229, 250, 267. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel 28,93,343 
 
 Jones, Edward C 29 
 
 Jones, F 28, 54 
 
 Jones, Frederick .. ... 172, 183 
 [ones, Mrs. Gulielma ...82, 123 
 
 Jones, Jacob P 74, 162 
 
 Jones, J, M... 29, 112 
 
 Joy, Mrs. Mary Louise. 380, 400 
 409, 411. 
 
 Justice, V/. W 88, 134 
 
 Kendall, Chas. S 185 
 
 Kendall, H. L 71, 184 
 
 Kendall, Miss H. W 226,276 
 
 Kidder, Henry P. 39, 48, 87, 11 j, 
 145, 165, 208, 241. 
 
 Kimber, A.M 54 
 
 Kimber, Marmaduke C. (Me- 
 morial Scholarship) 287 
 
 King, H. M. 280 
 
 Kinsley, Mrs. E. W 198 
 
 Kirtland, Mrs. A. T. E 458 
 
 Kittredge, Mrs. C. J. ...49, ic6 
 Kittredge, Rev. Dr., Children 
 
 ,°^ -■■■■■■• 364, 391 437. 
 
 Knapp, H. M 395.455 
 
 Knevals, C. B 441 , 44^ 
 
 Knowles, F. B 404 
 
 Knox, Mrs. J. S. B 105 
 
 Lamb, Miss Rose 349, 366 
 
 'Lana Ac Tela Society," N. Y. 
 
 , „ 424.457458- 
 
 Lane, L Kemson 257 
 
 Land, Mrs. C 416 
 
 Lawrence, Amos, A.. 34. 95, 139 
 Lawrence, A. A. Estate of. . 282 
 Lawrence, Mass. Y. M.C. A. 
 
 Sunday-school 396,, 
 
 Lawrence, Mrs. Samuel. 449, 451 
 
 Lawrence, Wm, R , . 35 
 
 Learned, Miss Grace H. 2,70 399, 
 
 440, 454. 478. 
 
 Learned, Miss Mabel 475 
 
 Leavitt, James T 229, 284. 
 
 Leavitt, Rev. G. R loZ, 116. 
 
 Lent, Wm. B 257,271- 
 
 Lewis, Enoch. 128: 
 
 Lewis, Miss E. W 6S, 224, 231- 
 
 ' Lewis, Miss Maiy 160, 205 
 
 Lewis, Miss Sarah. 132, 207, 278 
 Liberty, Va. Children's Aid 
 
 Soc and S. S, of St. John's 
 
 Church 287 
 
 Lilley, R. D 225 
 
 Little, James A 31 
 
 Little, Mr. and Mrs. James L. 
 
 31, 161. 
 "Little Pilgrim Missionary 
 
 Society " 212 
 
 Little, Samuel 2^0 
 
 Lodge, Mrs. John E. 179, 28r, 460 
 Longfellow, Miss Alice M. 
 
 179, 187, 208, 256, 346, 3S7, 394, 
 
 463- 
 
 Longstreth, Miss Mary An- 
 na. 43, 55, 141, 178, 255. 
 
 Longstreth, MissM. A. Estate 
 of 27& 
 
 Longstreth, Miss M. A.'s 
 School 62 
 
 Longstreth, Miss Susan. 182, 329,. 
 391, 429, 455. 
 
 Lord, Geo. C, and Chas. Dean, 
 Executors ...251, 460. 
 
 Low, W. G. .....356,401,428 
 
 Lowell, Mass ; "Happy Help- 
 ers .. 376. 42s 
 
5i6 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Lowell, Mass., S. S. of Uni- 
 versal ist Church 200 
 
 Lowell, Miss Anna C. 56, 70, 171, 
 
 273, 386, 404, 464. 
 "Lucy Osgood School".... 128 
 
 Lyman, C. C 172 
 
 Lyman, Mrs. David 276 
 
 Lyman, Theodore 63, 243 
 
 Lyon, Mrs. John E 91 
 
 Mackey, Henry 434,455 
 
 Mackie's, the Misses, Young 
 
 Ladies' School 277, 285 
 
 Mack, Miss Esther C. 364, 376, 
 
 410. 
 Magie, Miss Phoebe T. 144, 284, 
 285. 
 
 Mandell, Edward C 28, 71 
 
 Manning, Mrs. R. H,... 356, 368 
 Marlboro, Mass. Union S. S. 395, 
 
 463. 
 Marshall, Mrs. Benjamin. 74, 114, 
 
 125. 
 Marquand, Frederick 72, 167, 
 
 -^4. 359- ^ ^^ ^ 
 
 Mason, Miss Ellen F. .51, 86, 162 
 
 Mason, Miss Ida 180 
 
 Mather, Roland i33- -or 
 
 Maxwell, Dr. W. H 236 
 
 May, Miss AbbyW 147.461 
 
 Mayo, E. R 207, 229, 243, 285 
 
 "Mc Adoo Scholarship" (from 
 guests at Ocean Side, Mag- 
 nolia, Mass.) 287 
 
 McDougall, Mr 273 
 
 Mclntyre, A- W. 106, 126, 141, 
 
 156, 196, 288. 
 McWilliams, Miss Susie W. 
 
 409, 463 
 
 Mead, Chas. L 227 
 
 Means, Mrs. Charlotte H.. . . 112 
 Means, Rev. Jas. H. 74, 157, 200, 
 
 232. 
 Meriden. Ct, First Cong. Ch. 
 
 392, 430- 
 
 Merrill, E. H 98 
 
 Merrill, (Messrs. Bowler and 
 
 M)... ; 290 
 
 Metcalf, Mrs. W. H 188 
 
 Miller. Mr. and Mrs. Chas.A. 
 
 278, 366, 383. 398.433- 
 
 Mills, Andrew 429, 448 
 
 Minturn, Mrs. A. M 123,176 
 
 Miskey, Wm. F 41 
 
 Moen, P. L 182,234 
 
 Monroe, Mr. and Mrs. El- 
 bert B. 124, 164, 248, 255, 342 
 Montclair, N. J. Cong. Ch. 
 
 and S. S. 174, 362, 430. 
 Montclair. N. J. First Cong. 
 
 S. S. . . 260 
 
 Montclair, N. J. Presb. S. S. 
 
 362 (Kistoe Jackson). 
 Montclair, N. J., S. S. of St. 
 
 Mark's M. E. Ch 275 
 
 Montclair, N. ]., Y. P. S. C. E. 
 
 of Trinity Presb. Ch. . . . 484 
 
 Moore, E. J. .. 406 
 
 Moore, W. H 183 
 
 "Morgan Children, The" 
 
 200, 419, 473. 509 
 
 Morgan, Dr 354 
 
 Morgan, F. E 288 
 
 Morgan, Griffiths 33. 5^ 
 
 Mossman, Mrs. M. E 485 
 
 Mower, Miss C . 42 
 
 Mudge, E. R. — Sawyer & Co. 
 
 32, 60, 141. 
 •'Murray Fund," (thro' D. S. 
 
 Taber) 217, 453 
 
 Nashua, N. Y. First Cong. 
 
 Ch 46 3 
 
 Natick, Mass. Cong. S. S. 
 
 218, 283. 
 Nettleton, John H. 277, 366, 39i> 
 
 392, 39S. 431. 480- 
 
 Newell, Clarence D 257 
 
 New Haven, Ct., Davenport 
 
 S. S 230 
 
 New Haven Ct., United Cong. 
 
 Ch 277 
 
 Newlin, Mrs. Thomas 179 
 
 Newlin, the Misses. 61, 62, 114, 
 
 124, 228, 264, 290. 
 
 Newman, the Misses 38 
 
 New Milford, Ct. Cong. S. 
 
 S. 185, 280, 365, 383, 441, 460, 
 
 467, 468. 
 New Orleans, La. Parish Aid 
 
 Soc. of Christ Church, 370, 
 
 422, 458, 484. 
 Newton, Mass. Channing S. 
 
 S 65 
 
INDEX 
 
 517 
 
 Newton, Mass. Eliot Church 
 S. S. 1S9, 195, 218. 
 
 New York. All Souls' Church 
 and S. S. 175, 178, 234, 260, 
 268, 288. 
 
 New York, Bethany Mis- 
 sion S. S 285, 416,448 
 
 New York, Broadway Tab- 
 ernacle and S S. 338, 353, 372, 
 
 453- ■ 
 New York, Calvary (Baptist) 
 
 Ch. and S. S 270, 431 
 
 New York, Calvary (Episco- 
 pal) Ch. and S. S. 338, 359, 367, 
 
 369, 374, 4' I. 
 New York, Fifth Ave. Presb. 
 
 Ch 416 
 
 New York, Fourth Ave. 
 
 Presb. S. S . . . 394 
 
 New York, Holy Trinity S S. 
 
 352, 378. 41 r. 
 New York, Memorial Church 
 
 and Youths' Miss'y Soc. 
 
 231, 364, 417 
 New York, Park Ave. Presb. 
 
 Ch 278 
 
 New York, St. George's Ch. 
 
 286, 3S4, 434. 461 
 New York, St. Thomas Ch. 
 
 363. 422 
 New York, Trinity Chapel 
 
 S. S 339 
 
 New York, University Place 
 
 Ch. Bethlehem Miss'y S. S. 472 
 New York, Westmifister Be- 
 nevolent Assoc .. 173 
 
 Nichols, Geo A 44 
 
 Nichols, Mrs. Louisa .. .. 368 
 North Adams, Mass., Cong, 
 
 S. S 216, 277 
 
 Northampton, Mass.. 'Girls' 
 
 Classical School," 241, 406, 455, 
 
 479 
 Northampton, Mass., Miss 
 
 Capen's School 277 
 
 Northampton, Mass , Mis- 
 sionary Society 226 
 
 North Brookfield.Mass Cong. 
 
 S. S 174, 284 
 
 Notman. Peter 270 
 
 Noyes, Richard K.. .. 415,437 
 Nye, Mr. and Mrs. A. H. 
 
 415. 437 
 
 Orange, N. J. First Presb. 
 
 S. S 454 
 
 Orange Valley, N. J. Cong. 
 
 Ch ". 247 
 
 Osgood, Mrs. Sarah R. 286, 404 
 
 485. 
 Owens, Miss J. A's S.S. Class. 
 
 392. 397 
 Pame, Mr. and Mrs. Robert 
 
 Treat, 136, 195, :^6o, 287, 335, 
 
 341, 460. 
 
 Paine, Mrs.' C. J . 85, 146 
 
 Parker, R. H 191 
 
 Parker, S. E 136 
 
 Parish, Dillwyn, 70, 113, 127, 143, 
 
 154. 169, 218. 
 
 Patterson, Miss C 87 
 
 Peabody, Frank in, 148 
 
 "Pennsylvania Abolition So- 
 ciety." 81,87,117,166,180,189. 
 
 201, 217. 256, 272. 
 Perkins, Mrs. Geo. C . . 176, 185 
 Perkins, Mrs. Henry .... 175 
 "Petersburg Convocation." 
 
 Va .' 344 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. "Church of 
 
 Our Saviour" 374 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. Green Hill 
 
 Presb, Ch 287 
 
 Philbrick, Lieut. [. H, (U. S. 
 
 A) 367 
 
 Phillips, Mrs M. B 4^4 
 
 Pickering, Mrs. Henry. 142, 289, 
 
 352,416,450. 
 
 Pierce, Mrs. Moses 480 
 
 Pierson,Gen. and Mrs. W. S. 
 
 168, 181, 243, 
 Plainfield, N. J. Crescent 
 
 Ave, S. S 384, 463 
 
 Pollard, Hon. J. G. 7S, 128, 161 
 
 Pond, F. L 112 
 
 Pond, Mrs. C. T 118 
 
 Porter, Miss Helen. 86, 172, 251, 
 
 442, 467. 
 Portland, Me. Young Peo- 
 ple s Aid Soc 445 
 
 Ponsmouth, Va. St. John's 
 
 Church ..... 340 
 
 Post, Mrs. D. H 290 
 
 Potter, Howard 115, 213 
 
 Potter, Howard, Permanent 
 
 Scholarship" ... 286 
 
 Pouhkgeepsie, N. Y. First 
 
5i8 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Presb. Ch. S. S .416, 467 
 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. "Lyn- 
 don Hall School " 450 
 
 Powers, Thomas H 104 
 
 Pratt, Pascal P . 280 
 
 Prescott, Judge and Mrs. Oli- 
 ver. 61, 160, 184, 210, 290. 
 "Prout's Neck Scholarship." 255 
 Piovidence, R. I. Indian Aid 
 
 Soc. in Episcopal C h. 400, 411 
 Providence, R, I. "Little 
 
 Dorcas Soc' 468 
 
 Putnam, Ct, Second Cong. 
 
 Ch. S. S 232, 3S8 
 
 Putnam, Mrs. B. W.'s School 
 
 and Friends 246, 381,415 
 
 Putman, Mrs. Mary Lowell. 
 
 90, 196 
 
 Putnam, Mrs. M. S 42 
 
 Quincy, Hon. and Mrs. Jo- 
 
 siah . 44, 66 
 
 Quincy, 111., First Cong. Ch. 
 
 425 
 Quincy, Mass., First Cong. 
 
 S. S ... 241 
 
 Rainsford, Mrs. Rosa E ... 368 
 
 Rathbun, Mrs. John T 288 
 
 Reed, Mrs. Amos 174 
 
 Reed, Mrs. Martha C. . 142. 180 
 Rhinelander, Miss Julia 427,430 
 Rhinelander, Miss Serena.. 426 
 
 Rice, A. H 196 
 
 Rice, Mr. C. B 79 
 
 Richardson, Mrs. Hannah. 
 
 7i.79 
 
 Rich, Gen. G. B 273 
 
 Richmond, Miss Caroline. 
 
 120, 284 
 
 Richmond, Mrs Anna 120 
 
 Rickrood, C. S ... 191 
 
 Ridgeway, Thos 43 
 
 Riley, Gen. A. W .... 257,270 
 
 Robbins, S P 191 
 
 Roberts, Mrs. Geo. and Son. 226 
 Rochester, N. Y., Brick Ch. 
 
 Missy Soc 403 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. , Emmanuel 
 
 Missy Soc 426 
 
 Rochester. N. Y., First Presb. 
 
 Ch. and S. S . . 257, 4S3 
 Rochester, N. Y. Plymouth 
 
 . S. S ". 447 
 
 Rochester, N. Y., bt. Peter's 
 
 Presb Ch 272 
 
 Rockefeller, Miss Alta ..... 282 
 Rockefeller, Miss Bessie... 248 
 Rockefeller, Miss Edith .. 404 
 Rodman, Miss Susan ... 70 
 Rogers, Mrs. Maria De W. 
 
 97, 156. 
 Rogers, Prof. Fairman. 107, 230 
 
 Rogers, Robert 73 
 
 Ropes, Miss 49 
 
 Ropes, Mrs 35 
 
 Rose, Mrs. Henry. 174, 191, 207, 
 
 220, 263, 353, 375. 
 Rotch, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. ]. 
 
 35> 263. 
 Russell, Mrs. Geo. R. 48, 118, 
 
 127, 128, 150, 176, 210, 282, 342, 
 
 40 J, 410. 
 Sage, Mrs. Dean. 22S, 356, 431, 
 
 464. 
 Salem. Mass., South Cong 
 
 S. S 288 
 
 Salem, Normal School . ... 382 
 
 Salisbury, Stephen.. ...... 137 
 
 Saltonstall, Nathaniel .... 346 
 
 Sanitary Commission, Ladies 
 
 of (thro. Miss Abby May). 
 
 4.6, 176. 
 Sawyer (Mudge, S — and Co.; 
 
 32, 60, 141, 
 Scoville, Rev. Samuel , .... 437 
 Scudder, Rev. Evarts.. 114, 156 
 Scull, David — Sons of ... . 49 
 Scull, Moses p. and E. 109, 134 
 
 Sears, Mr 42 
 
 Sellew, Mrs. T. G '. 218 
 
 Severance, S. L ... 209 
 
 Seward, Samuel H 335 
 
 Shannon, MiSs Mary C. 267, 278 
 
 Sharpless, Chas, L. . 105, 183, 186, 
 
 Shaw, Mrs. Geo. H. 62. 83, 85. 
 
 113, 161. 188, 192, 199 209, 350, 
 
 380. 
 Shaw, Mrs. Quincy A. 140, 141, 
 
 145, 189.326. 
 Shaw, Mrs. Robert G. 170, 176, 
 
 210. 
 Shekomeko, N. Y. "The 
 
 Happy Pilgrims " 474 
 
 Sherman. Roger 79 
 
 " Shortbridge, Borden and 
 
 Co." 73 
 
 Shumway, Mrs ... 336 
 
5^9 
 
 Silliman, H. B 478 
 
 Sill, the Misses 457,482 
 
 Simons, H. K 334 
 
 Simpkins, Mr. and Mrs. John 
 
 184. 222. 
 
 Simpson, M. H 168, 212 
 
 Simijson, Mr. and Mrs... 59,76 
 
 Skidmore, W. L 243, 274 
 
 Skinner, Mrs Mary L. . . 158, 178 
 Slater, John F. — Fund. 209,211, 
 
 220. 221, 229, 234, 243. 247, 256, 
 
 261, 278, 280, 282. 
 
 Slater, L. H 336 
 
 Slosson. Mrs. Anna T 160 
 
 Small, Rev. A. C 114 
 
 ■"'Smart Scholarship," the.. 271 
 Smith, College. 241, 265, 414, 463, 
 
 469, 473. 
 
 Smith, C. S 220 
 
 Smith, Elizur 233 
 
 Smith, Rev. and Mrs. J. A. 
 
 •Jt47, 343. 362. 
 Smith, Wellington . 99, 201, 263 
 Smith, William Alexander.. 247 
 
 .Sm u Her, Miss Ciirrie F 279 
 
 Snow, Mrs. C W 416 
 
 Southington, Ct. First Cong. 
 
 Ch. and S. S. 181, 244, 259, 281, 
 
 431. 
 Southport, Ct. Cong. S. S. 394. 
 
 413,442. 
 Southworth, Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 John 331, 382 
 
 Sparhawk, John, Jr 476 
 
 Spaulding, Mrs. H. M 192 
 
 Spear, Mrs. C. V 173 
 
 Spencer, Chas 45, 130 
 
 Spencer, Mrs, C. L . . ... 99 
 Spjoner, Wm. B. . . . 45, 102 
 Springfield, Mass., "Hamp- 
 ton Club" 367, 393, 457 
 
 Springfield, Mass., South 
 Cong. Ch. "Wide Awake 
 
 Soc." 281, 396 
 
 Springfield. Mass., State St. 
 Baptist "Bible School." 
 
 453. 465. 472. 
 
 Stanley, Henry 242 
 
 Stanley, Miss Laura F 179 
 
 Starr, C. j . . 100, 195 
 
 Stearns, Dr. H. P 289 
 
 Stevens, Mrs. Elizabeth B.. 466 
 Stewart, Lispenard 286 
 
 St. Johnsbury, Vt., North 
 
 Cong. S. S 246, 41 5 
 
 Stokes, Mrs. Anson P.— Chil- 
 dren of 33 r , 420 
 
 Stokes, the Misses Caroline 
 
 and Olivia E. P 439 
 
 Stone, Mrs. Amasa 235, 244, 251, 
 288. 
 
 Stone, Mrs. A.J 284 
 
 Strawbndge, |ustus C. 185,279 
 Stiiker, Mrs. M. W., Sunday 
 
 School Class of 401 
 
 Strong, David 268 
 
 Sturgis, James 47 
 
 Sufiield, Ct. First Cong. S. S. 
 
 341. 367, 437 
 Summit, N. J. Central Pre>b. 
 
 S. S 227, 376 
 
 Swan, C L 111,286 
 
 Swan, Mrs Benjamin 396 
 
 Swords, A. S 290 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y. Presb. S. S. 468 
 Syracuse, N. Y. S. S. of In- 
 dependent (Unitarian) Ch. 369 
 Talbot, Hon. C. P . . 65, 172 
 
 Talcot, James. 166 
 
 Tapley, Mr. and Mrs. Amos 
 
 P. . . 4r, 67, 1 1 1, 170, 198, 274 
 Tappan, Miss iVl. A. 382, 421, 455 
 
 Tappan, Mrs. M. A 46 
 
 Tatum, Edward 94, 335 
 
 Terry, M rs Valeri a 167 
 
 Terryville, Ct., Cong. S. S . 133 
 
 Thompson, W. H 54 
 
 Thorpe, Mr. and Mrs. ] H. 
 
 165, 361. 
 Thorpe, Mrs, Annie L. 438, 464, 
 
 470 
 Thurston, the Misses. 379, 406, 
 415. 449.471. 
 
 Tileston, Mrs 35,86,143 
 
 Torry, Elbridge 147 
 
 Towne, M iss 142 
 
 Towne, Mrs. Maria R . 103 
 
 Townsend, Mrs. Robert and 
 
 Friends 455 
 
 Treat, Atwater 215 
 
 Truesdale, John P 102 
 
 Tudor, Mrs. Fcnno 224 
 
 Twombly, Rev. Alexander S. 
 
 91, 126, 176, 191 
 Utica, N. Y. First Presb. Ch. 
 Miss'y Soc 280 
 
520 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ullman, August 366 
 
 Vail, Rev. R. P. H 280 
 
 Van Ingen, Miss Alice .. . . 339 
 Van Santvoord, Mrs. Anna 
 
 M 260, 439 
 
 Vassar College. . . . 263, 278, 279 
 Vaughan, Miss Bertha . . . 447 
 Waite, Miss Ella R. and 
 
 Friends 237 
 
 Wakeman, Mrs. C. A 417 
 
 Walbridge, Mr 273 
 
 Waldron, D. A 56, 107 
 
 Wain, Miss Annie. 131, 190, 221 
 
 258, 416. 
 "Wales, Miss M. A. 120, 126, 187, 
 Wappinger's Falls, N. Y. Bi- 
 ble Class of Zion Church. 344 
 
 Ward Samuel S 100,157 
 
 Ware, Mass., East Cong. S. S. 216 
 
 Warner, Redwood 46 
 
 Warren, Mass., Cong S. S.. 290 
 "Warren Scholarship" the.. 469 
 
 Warren, S. D 107, 167 
 
 Washburn, Miles 210 
 
 Washburn, Mrs. Israel. 133, 205 
 "Washburn Scholarship" the 276 
 Washington, Ct. Cong. S. S. 389 
 Waterbury,Ct Cong. S.S. 177, 279 
 Waterbury, Ct Sec^md Cong. 
 Church and S. S .... 180, 182 
 
 Waterston, Mrs. R. C 54 
 
 Wayland, Mrs. M. W. R ... 264 
 
 Webster, J, K 103 
 
 Wellesley College. 365, 409, 443, 
 469. 
 
 Wells, Edward 129, 167 
 
 Wells, Miss Mary W. .. . 129,167 
 Wendell. Miss S. H . . . . 123, 176 
 
 Weston, D. IVl 53 
 
 Weston, Hon. Byron— Per- 
 manent Scholarship. . 280, 482 
 
 West Point, N. Y , S.S 408 
 
 West Winsted, Ct Second 
 Cong. S. S. 408, 467, 509. 
 
 W. F. A 457, 482 
 
 Wheeler, F.D 386 
 
 Wheeler, Mrs. T. D 231 
 
 Whitall, Mr. and Mrs. James. 
 
 127, 134, 237, 284, 335, 354 
 
 Whitcomb, Henry 56 
 
 White, Mr. and Mrs. James, 
 
 * 37, 92, 1 15, 251 
 
 White, Mrs "'79 
 
 White, Mrs. Joseph M 137 
 
 White, S S 74 
 
 Whiting, J. J 262 
 
 Whiting, Mrs., Bible Class 
 
 o{ _ 454 
 
 Whitin, John C 147 
 
 Whitney, A. R 263 
 
 Whittemore, Mrs. J. H 281 
 
 Wigglesworth, the Misses. 95, 105 
 
 Wilcox, Miss Minnie 475 
 
 Willetts, Edward 287 
 
 WMlletts. Samuel 104 
 
 Williams, E. A . 472 
 
 Williams, John E 98 
 
 Williams, Miss Clara 42 
 
 Williams, Miss M. Josepha. . 267 
 
 Williams, Rev. W. W 336 
 
 Wilmarth, Mrs. H. D 284 
 
 Winch, Mr. Geo. F 465 
 
 Windsor,Ct Cong.S S. 168, 221, 231 
 Win slow, Mrs Myron ("For 
 
 a Boston lady.") 224 
 
 Witherbee.Mrs. Frank S. 228, 276 
 Woburn, Mass., First Cong. 
 
 S. S . . 174 
 
 Wolcott, H. F 143 
 
 Wolcott, Mr and Mrs. ]. 
 Huntington. 74, 94, Ji6, 138, 
 222, 257, 279. 
 Wolfe, Miss Charlotte D . . . 97 
 Wood, Frank. 241, 281, 359, 389, 
 460. 461. 
 
 Wood, Gen. D. P . . 396 
 
 Wood, Miss Juliana.... 122,262 
 
 Wood, Mrs. George 251 
 
 Wood, Mrs. George. S. S. 
 
 Class of 335, 435 
 
 Wood, Mrs. J.B 39 
 
 Wood, Richard D. 44, 74, 136, 234 
 Worcester, Mass., All Saints' 
 
 Parish . ... 278 
 
 Worcester, Mass., First Uni- 
 tarian Ch 431 
 
 Worcester, Mass., " Indian 
 
 Association " 466 
 
 Worcester, Mass., "May- 
 flower Mission" 392 
 
 Worcester, Mass , Union Ch. 
 
 S. S 172 
 
 Worcester, Mass., Young La- 
 dies of 263 
 
 W^right, James A. 92, 149,230, 265. 
 
iNdex of cL/\ss records 
 
 Class of 
 
 71 
 '72 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 86 
 
 87 
 88 
 
 89 
 '90 
 
 Younsf 
 
 women 5 
 
 " 8 
 
 " 4 
 
 " 1 1 
 
 " 9 
 
 " 1 1 
 
 " 20 
 
 " 19 
 
 " 1 1 
 
 " 20 
 
 " 18 
 
 " 26 
 
 " 1 1 
 
 " 17 
 
 " 20 
 
 " 6 
 
 " 23 
 10 
 
 " 14 
 
 " 17 
 
 Total 'yi-'go "' 
 Class of '91 
 ' '■ " 92 
 
 men 14 
 
 " 15 
 
 " 15 
 
 " 9 
 
 " 32 
 
 " 30 
 
 " 30 
 
 " 34 
 
 " 28 
 
 " 18 
 
 " 23 
 
 " 34 
 
 " 19 
 
 " 20 
 
 " 21 
 
 " 8 
 
 " 15 
 
 " 28 
 
 " 24 
 
 " 27 
 
 2S0 
 
 13 
 18 
 
 Page 
 Total 19) .... 23 
 
 23)- 
 19) 
 20) . 
 
 40 
 
 40. 
 
 50). 
 
 53). 
 39)- 
 38). 
 41). 
 60). 
 30), 
 37)- 
 
 • 34 
 
 39 
 
 45 
 
 61 
 
 79 
 
 99 
 
 119 
 
 141 
 
 157 
 
 173 
 
 190 
 
 202 
 
 4() 22a 
 
 14) 
 
 38). 
 
 38). 
 
 38). 
 
 44)- 
 
 444* " 724* 
 22 35 
 20 38 
 
 239 
 245 
 262 
 277 
 284 
 
 291 
 
 Total '71-92 " " 3fi " 486 " 797 
 
 *The final award of a diploma to a young man from whom it was 
 withheld for a time, but who redeemed it by a subsequent good record 
 adds one to the number counted in the summing up of the (Jradu 
 ate's Record on page 293. 
 
 Of the class of '92, which has gone out since these Records were 
 finally closed, 5 (2 girls, 3 boys) were Indians, making our Indian 
 Normal School graduates 37 in number, up to date of publication. 
 
 H. W. L. 
 
SO|\lGS Of JVJO Fi/\CES 
 
 FROM 
 
 'CABIN aNd plantation soNgs as sUNg bY 
 tHe Hampton students." 
 
 A book of 117 pages cf Negro, Indian and other race songs. Published (1891) by G. P. 
 Putnam's Sons, New York. On sale also at School : sent postpaid on receipt of price, 5octs. 
 
 glo - ry Ha] - le - lu - jah ! 1. 'Tis the old ship of Zion, Hal - le 
 
 
 
 
 -1^ 
 
 -r9- 
 
 
 \e 's /I te_f !s 
 
 h — h — h — h — h — h 
 
 ]/—\/^—\^—U—]/—]/ 
 
 — N ;:- 
 
 -^- 
 
 — 1-5 1 — 
 
 ~i « — 
 
 
 jah, 'Tis the old ship of Zi - on, Hal - le - lu - jah. 
 
 ig — « — — I 
 
 ■F y — y— t— = 
 
 V — ^ — ,>-^-f5*- 
 
 2 what ship is this 
 
 That will take ns all home ? 
 glory Hallelujah ! — Cho. 
 
 3 She has landed many thousand. 
 And she'll land as many a more. 
 
 O glory Hallelujah \—CTxo. 
 
 4 T)o you think she will be able 
 For' to take ns all home ? 
 
 glory Hallelujah \—Cho. 
 
 5 yes, she will be able 
 For to take us all home. 
 
 glory Hallelujah \—Cho. 
 
CABIX AXB PLANTATION SONGS. 
 
 a 
 
 Wn% Wm, s'mttt ^Ijariot. 
 
 ^^eE,;tij^i~^^g^:|§~:i^i==eli==^ii 
 
 -0- -iS>- 
 
 Ol\ swing low, sweet clia - ri - ot, Svring low, swret clia - li - ot 
 
 ^se: 
 
 \-0- -IS- 
 
 
 p'' 
 
 f ' p. w 
 
 -i — r 
 
 f ' ^, ,5? 
 I J I 
 
 
 -^ .-<£>• -*■ -^ 
 
 t;^ -^- 
 
 Swiug low, sweet elia-ri - ot, Itlon'twaut to leave me be-li!n.'!. 
 
 r^---S — f " -T"- - i ^ — ' — ■"- -r'5'-r- 
 
 4 -^ : — » — ^ — 9 I ®- -.--* — 9 —'- & — - 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^jipH 
 
 A ^_ _v_ 
 
 a 
 
 -A— - 
 
 -0--.-0- 
 
 -*- -^ -^ -S"- 
 Oh cle good ole chariot swing so lov.-, Good olc cliariot swing so low, 
 
 1 » . -9- ' -0- ~ ^•#--*-'-*- 
 
 ;i_N' |»- - - g ||g g - • - 19 » g — <5> j 1 ^ — - ®— J 
 
 7 a^ vg' i»~ 
 
 1*- -#■ t9- 
 
 Ai^: 
 
 Oil de good ole chariot swing so low, I don't want to leave mo behind. 
 
 « — * — -a 
 
 )n' 
 
 --^_ 
 
 D.C. 
 
 
 
 2 Oh de good ole chariot will take ns all home, 
 
 I don't want to leave me behind. 
 Cho. — Oh swing low, S7.eet chariot, &c. 
 
HAMPTON AND ITS STUDENTS. 
 
 SBalfeing in M iLigi)t. 
 
 BEFBAIN. 
 
 -Moderato. 
 if; 1^"^ S w S w 
 
 ^:=r^ 
 
 —J -h — f<-iJ-3 — N 
 
 
 -- N- 
 
 -•— 
 -* — 
 
 We are 
 
 A. 
 
 walk - ing in de light, We are 
 
 1^" ^ 1^ f^ ^ 1 h 1^ 
 
 £■ -^ _g_ "fi S I "^ -*" 
 
 
 walk - ing in de 
 
 t J:^:^ A^ 
 
 Walk- ing 
 
 ±^ 
 
 in de light, Walk - ing 
 
 -^-^--^^ 
 
 ri ^^-1— r-^-- ^— ^— ^^— -^n 
 
 — \- g — ^ — — N — ^ — N — N-* I—f 
 
 light. We are walk - ing in de light, We are walking in de light of 
 
 s' N 1^ S 
 ^ K N S 
 
 1 ^ ^ 
 
 -0- -»■ S- 
 
 -0 
 
 -»■ d I -9- -»■ 
 
 
 fc ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ± jL jL-± A. 
 
 =ifib: 
 
 ,_y. 
 
 :p-?»^ 
 
 
 in de light Walk-ing 
 
 
 V— 1^- 
 
 V_[^: 
 
 in de light, Walk in de Light of 
 
 rt 
 
 2. FINE. 
 
 SOLO. 
 
 -^— ^- 
 
 :=^ 
 
 God, 
 
 *We are 
 
 God. 
 
 \ 2. If re 
 i 3. But 
 
 Hal 
 
 e - lu - jah 
 li-gion was a thing dat 
 I thank God it 
 
 §:* 
 
 God. 
 
 -m — 0. 
 
 Chil-dren,we are 
 
 IHi: 
 
 CHOJtzrs. 
 
 de Lamb 
 money could buy 
 is not so. 
 
 Wearewalkina in de lis 
 
 ( Je-sus died for 
 it. A De rich would live and de 
 
 '^ 
 
 i:zt=rtz:^- 
 
 L pffi ff. 
 
 ^ M. .s. .&. 
 
 { De rich and poor to 
 
CABIN AND PLANTATION SONGS. 
 
 SSEalliing hx Ije %l\%\}X,—Ooncluded. 
 
 CHORUS. 
 
 D. S. after each verse 
 
 -N- 
 
 g — a — I — e^^^^g — -9 « 1 — I — « « 
 
 
 eb - erj man, ) 
 poor would die, > We are walk 
 gether must go, ) 
 
 -^ #. 
 
 --:^^%i 
 
 --^^^- 
 
 t--=t 
 
 ing in de light. "We are 
 ^ ^ .^ ^ V -^ 
 
 :Kt 
 
 -'7-5: 
 
 liEFIiAIlsr.—Moderato. 
 
 ±=.-A~:^zr~ 
 
 -J^A^ 
 
 « — # a — L — — L 
 
 Stay in de field, Stay. in de 
 
 — N- 
 
 — I— 
 -«L— 
 
 war-rior, 
 N N \ 
 
 is=ij==^: 
 
 field, 
 
 ^^'-H 
 
 :r: 
 
 :t 
 
 un-til 
 
 -^ -I— 4— 
 
 life: 
 
 war-rior, 
 
 ^ i*^ s 
 
 stay in de 
 
 -\ 
 
 field. 
 
 
 ^^: 
 
 SOLO.— Chanting rapidly. 
 
 CHORUS. 
 
 'tilde war is ended. 1. 
 
 jv 
 
 g±=±: 
 
 — h«-r-»-^— J^' 
 
 Mme eves are turnd to f x-i -i„^„, • 
 - T TT 'i 1 1 J. - tii de war is 
 
 I de Hebbenly gate un- - \ 
 
 ;tg=rt^ 
 
 
 # — 19 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 To Refrain. 
 
 *f?=^^Jt 
 
 end-ed. I'! 
 
 3 _ 
 
 keep on my way or I'll be [ , ., 
 too late, un"- - - - ^ "^ 
 
 ■»- ' -9- -^ 
 
 end-ed. 
 
 -b- 
 
 de war is 
 
 ■*■__ ■*■_■ 
 
 U I ■ i^ I 
 
 2 De tallest tree in Paradise, nntil de war is ended, 
 
 De Christian call de Tree of Life, until de war is ended. — Bef. 
 
 3 Green trees burning, why not de dry ? until de war is ended, 
 My Saviour died, why not I ? until de war is ended. — Ref. 
 
 -^; 
 
CABIN AND PLANTATION SONGS'. 
 
 
 Ij Figlit-ing on, Hal-le - lu - jtili ! Wo tire al-moit down to clo hhorc. 
 
 
 
 Jli:VRAIN. 
 
 — M-F/^-H-d- 
 
 i^i? - --'g-Fgg Eg?- n~^~g^i'M~^' H~n ~^"Fg^~,'^~r^rg~g- 
 
 _i2.- 
 
 , I ^ , /^ /^ t:^ .tsi. ./i^ii. rf". raj. .<&<. c^ 
 
 Fighting: on. 
 
 Fighting on, Hal-le - In - jah ! We are almost down to do ;^ hore. 
 
 jlc-,7 
 
 @ — g 
 
 ?^^^=E=SE!^E^fe£^i=l=3=i 
 
 1. Ilal-le-lu-jah to the Lamb, Je-sus died for eb-'ry man.? y',-, 
 i^'. lu my room right by my bed, Jesus take mc wiisn I'm dead. C 
 
 :g 
 
 SOLO. 
 
 =d: 
 
 
 
 -b-1,^— -^ 
 
 ^; H^ 
 
 -^ ^- — ^- 
 
 , , T J- 1 I, i He died for you. He died for me. 11 
 
 al - n_iost dojni t^o de^shore.j ^^j^^^^ j ^^/^^^ -^^^ ^^j^.^„^, shore.i'll 
 
 __ .5? — I ^^ — I 1 — 
 
 t ^' 
 
 r- 
 
 :k^^^ 
 
 — I 1 ,nj — r — 
 
 - g<— ^ — ^— — 
 
 CHonvs. , I . -^ 
 ■ — I ^— I — '■ 1^- 
 
 To He f rain. 
 
 _3_t:^ — L„il — «ii_L^. — S— '^(S' — 0— ^-T-^<S'-.- 
 
 ,±±ifez 
 
 fb'ed to save <1e whole world free. ) ^^ ^^^ .^^ _ ^^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^o de shore. 
 
 bless ray Lord for ev - er - more 
 
 -I I » — r-i^ ' r*^ r^ 33 
 
CABIN AND PLANTATION SONGS. 
 
 i^oi)i3l!i) \\xfM^ Xre trouble I'bc Seen. 
 
 ( This song was a ftivorite in the Sea Islands. Once when there had been a good deal of ill 
 feeling excitetl, and trouble was ajDi^reheuded, owing to the uncertain action of the C4overnnient 
 in regard to tUe couhscated lauds ou the Sea Islands, Gen. Howard wat; cailed iipou to aildress the 
 colored people earnestly. To prepare theni to listen, he asked them to sing. Immediately an old 
 woman ou the outskirts of the meeting began " IS obody knows the trouble I've yeen," and the 
 whole audience Joined in. The General was so affected by the iilaintive melody, that he foimd it 
 d.iiiciut to maiuiain his otScial dignity.) 
 
 d^ mi;;" t''z • 'g — a* s> r v~ 
 
 "I^- 
 
 '^ t t ~^ ' ^ 
 
 lo trou-blo I've seoD, l\o -boJ- y knoTi-a bi^t 
 
 Kf?- 
 
 " -^ -^- -a- 
 
 Je - iAis, Nobod - y know J tiJ (rouble I've seen. Glory Hal-ie -hi- jan! 
 
 '^^ — &. — ^—:::~zz — zziiz — — '■ ^ — ^ 
 
 ^i- - — & ^H s—i 
 
 T^ ~0 
 
 Bom3 - times Tin al - most to de grouu', 0:2, yes, 
 I have my tri - als liera be - low, Oil, yes, 
 
 Lord. 
 Lord. 
 
 2 One ("lay when I was wiilkin' aloug, Oh yee, Lord- — 
 De element opened, ;in' de liove came down, Oil yes, 
 I never sball forget dat day, Oh yes, Szc. 
 When JesiLS washed my sins away, Oh yes, &c. 
 
 Cho. — Oh, nobody knows do trouble I've seen, &c. 
 
 &c. 
 
AUegro. 
 
 CABJN AND PLANTATION CONGS. 
 
 i>\mx ^^ISrigljt Mmitz'' SDng/-- 
 ^. > > > _> 
 
 -^- -<»■ -+ -iS^ -(5'- 
 
 lia. 
 
 > > > > 
 
 
 Repeat ad libitum. 
 
 =:q=q=z^z=:^=n- 
 
 3=3=3El£E3=3E5 
 
 Ha. 
 
 Swwx '' aMar S^m\%'''- 
 
 KH/ ' ~* g 
 
 :t:=J 
 
 J^w . 
 
 --»—0 ^__j-^J_^— - 
 
 Repeat ad libitum. 
 
 3^3E^3; 
 
 -S- -iS- 
 
 Ha. 
 
 )lCitlX *'?i 
 
 r^ 
 
 > > 
 
 > 
 — ^ — *— 
 
 ^ 
 
 1* 
 
 f 
 
 ,'?^ 
 
 _^ ^- 
 
 T ^» 
 
 :^ 
 
 5 t ^ 
 
 -r-~F= 
 
 
 -t= 
 
 t 
 
 — « 9 — 
 
 — « 9 — 
 
 * t: 
 
 .si ce wo tan na ma ni na 
 
 -S>- 
 
 
 tau na mo ni na ni ya kna ya kna wa ii kta Si 
 
 /^ i^;^,__^ Repeat ad libitum. 
 
 
 3= 
 
 ce o Avo tan na ma ni ma ni ya kna wa ii kta. 
 
 Translated— Brother-in-law^ zoalk straight forward^ I will try and follow you. 
 
 Note.— I have indicated as far as possible the actual tones of the above song's. It is impossi- 
 ble to put in notation the literal manner in which they are sung, as it depends entirely on the 
 singer to ch:inge as his fancy dictates. 
 
 •' Sing throughout to the tone produced by saying Ha through the nose, and as throaty as 
 poseible.,^ 9 01 'i 
 
■^^ts^^v 
 
 
 \V ^ 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 o^ 
 
 ^■(yl 
 
 c-o^:. 
 
 
 ?:^ -n^- 
 
 \' 
 
 Oo. 
 
 1^ 
 
 o 
 
 ^•n