••■-•• *=. / '•^*%,%tp;//yyww.archive.Qi'g/6§tails/physicalcharactg01 st3r, . , m THE u?irry?jRsiTy of Chicago TlIE Di:CENNlAL PUBUCATIQNS PHYSICAIw CHARACTERS OF INDIANS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO ■by". PI^EDEHICK '$TABR The Decennial Publications FIRST bliUlKS Two \oJuiues of IIepobts utid eigl^t volumob of ]^^ iui.n(,\Ti(>Ns, tb« lattei coni.istii.f,' of a coUec- tiou of (^uivfr- hlty. t?l4e, quaito, VoLUMB J, The PiesuieiiC'i Reuort A. Ailiiiiinitrritiou. VotCME 11 TlipPjo^itlent'S I\epoit. B. PublicitioiL's of the Membei* of the Umversit} VoLUMJi in. Past 1, -- S_\hU'iiiat)o Tkix)log^, Chiijch flMory, Pi.ictual 1 heqlogy. I'ast 2. --l*hilu,ic)i>hy, Eilucatiou, . Volume IV PohMt'iil tcouomy, Pohtu-al Scimici , ^iisloiv, Sycivjlo<.'y, Volume V. Semitic lj.uif,'UHgcR .nid Litcialuu-h, Bihlicil and Patiiatic Greek foi iparative lit hf,'ioii VoLL'MK \ I Groek Ltm^'uago and LUjjr^itiire, Latin L.in-rddgo and Litemture, Sanskrit and Indq-Eiiiopfau C<>niparativtj Philology, Chibiicd Archoyoloijyi VoLOME VII. Uomaaco Language-) and Litt.ratiirr&, Gi iinauic Languages and J itoratuu'fc, Englihh, Liti'i.itiuc m Engli-^h. ' , " Volume, VIH Astronomy and Aatiopiiy&ics. VoLUWE. 1\, MathiMuatit^, Ph)ML>, Cht-ini^ti \, Gt\>[ogy. VoLUMU X. ZoOjogy, Auatoujy, Physiolugy, Ntnuology, Tiot.iny, Patholpgy, Biwtenology. Sl'X'OND SEKIES A sentM of \oliimi'.H era}3odMiio original i^-oarch, cou iitiug nf sv-ilxnidti • tuMtibth luipubU-jhtid documents, and tho hte Size, octavo. The bfi'ies a« a nhole vull hf i^^md ko.nc ajln J.iuiiari/ J JlWo 'Die s^para'u ailichs con- stituting llie Iiivt'»itiii.(liur,t,, hoin,ver, and the olamts i>f ttio Second SLrii.■^, uUi be pub- Ithhed ai eaou as nady THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO FOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER Tin: Decennial Publications THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF THE INDIANS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO BY FREDERICK STARR ASSOCIATE I'ROFESSOR OF ANTIIROPOL.OGV PRINTED FROM VOLUME IV CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1902 THF LIBRARY OF CONOBESS, T'vn Cooies Recsivto OCT. n ?S82 nnovainMT wttTtrf Ct JSsWt'XXo No, COPV 'g. Copi/ri(jlit 1902 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO J '2.^' PRINTED AUGUST I. 1902 DecICNN lAL PriU, It ATIONS. IV Plate I 23 24 COLOR-CHART FOR SO U T H - M E X I C A N INDIANS THE PHYSICAL ( HARAC I MRS OF IHE INDIANS OF SOUTHERN MEXKO Frederick Starr In the summer of 1895, the casual meeting with a group of Mixe Indians, at Mitla, greatly aroused (jur interest. Having occasion, six months later, to visit (Juate- mala, we determined tcts was demanded. 4 Physical Chaeactees of Indians of Southeen Mexico Our second method of investigation was by photography. As the 125 subjects passed through our hands for measurement, we selected those which seemed to best present the tribal type for photographing. Usually none were selected until enough subjects had been measured and examined for a clear idea of the type to be present in our mind. Front and side views wei'e made of each person photographed. Approxi- mately six hundred negatives of this sort were taken. A considerable selection from these has already been published, under the title Indians of Southern Mexico: an Ethnographic Album. Besides portraits to show the physical types, this work con- tains many views of villages, buildings, groups, industries, etc., etc. The second and final volume of this album is now ready for the engraver. From among the portrait negatives we have selected sixty of the most characteristic ; they represent twenty -three males and seven females, front and side view of each ; the twenty-three males included one representative of each tribe. From these negatives a series of life-size platinum- paper prints has been made, of the exact size of life, for museum use. Only fifty sets of these most life-like portraits are to be published. The reduced half-tone engravings with which this paper is illustrated were made from these same negatives. Five busts were to be made in each tribe. Molds were made directly upon the subject, and a first (pattern) bust was run before we left the town where the investiga- tion was going on. The mold was chipped away and the bust carried with us. After returning home these busts were placed, together with the photographs of the same subjects, in the hands of a competent and conscientious artist, who carefully repaired breakages or imperfections, opened the eyes, and put on the hair. The series of busts absolutely made overran one hundred, but it has been reduced to exactly one hundred by eliminating the less desirable. All the tribes are represented in this series by from two to five subjects. Four sets only of these busts are to he run, and it is expected that they will be located in as many different countries.' The tribes visited live in the states of Mexico, Michoacan, Hidalgo, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Yucatan. The list, in the order visited, is: 1, Otomis; 2, Tarascans; 3, Tlaxcalaus; 4, Aztecs; 5, Mixtecs; C, Triquis; 7, Zapo- tecs (Mitla); 8, Mixes; 1), Zapotecs (Tehuantepec) ; 10, Juaves; 11, Chontals; 12, Cuicatecs; 13, Chinantecs; 14, Chochos; 15, Mazatecs; 10, Tepehuas; 17, Totonacs; 18, Huaxtecs; 19, Mayas; 20, Zoques; 21, Tzotzils; 22, Tzendals, 23, Chols. The location of these tribes is shown upon the accompanying map, their areas being num- bered to correspond with those in the list. .The only basis of classification of Mexican Indians has been the linguistic. We have naturally been interested in seeing how far the relationships indicated by language harmonized with the evidence of physical characters. The agreement was hardly so strong as was anticipated. Where results of interest seem to be brought out, we tabu- 1 Our expeditions were limited to about three months Godinez, plaster-workers in the field ; Aug. Hubert, mod- in each of tour years: 1898, 1899,' 1900, 1901. My helpers eler; Alvin G. Synnberg, engraver ; Manuel Gonzales, field- were Bedros Tatarian, Charles B. Lang, and Louis Grabic, helper ; William L. Koehne, photographer in the studio, photographers in the field : Anselmo Pacheco and Eamon To all our thanks are due and hereby given. 54 Fredebick Starr lato the dnta regarding linguistically related tribes. It may be well to indicate here the linguistic affinities of our tribes. The latest important work upon the Mexican languages is Dr. Nicholas Leon's Linguistic Fcunilics of Mexico. According to it, the twenty-three tribes in question are grouped as follows: Xiihuatlau Family: Aztecs, Tlaxealans, Chontals(?). Taniscan Family: Tarascans. Zo<[ueau Family: Zoques, Mixes. Totoiiacan Family: Totonacs. Zajxitecau Family: Zapotecs, Cuicitecs, C'hochos, Mazatecs, Triquis, Choutalsl ?), Tcliuaii- teijecanos, Afixtecs. Othomiaii Family: Otomis. Mayan Family: Mayas, Huaxtecs, Tzendals, Tzotzils, Chols. Hviaviau Family: Juaves. Chiuautecau Family: Chinantecs. The Tepehuas, whom Oiozco y Berra leaves unclassifi«l. are not mentioned l>y Dr. Leon. They live in several ullages in the ref,'ion where the states of Hidalgo and Vera Cruz come together. Some data relative to them may ])e found in our Notes on ttie Etiinoyrapliy of Southern Mexico, pp. 83 fi (ivprintfd from the Proceedings Davenport Acaclenii/ of Sciences, Vol. VIII, 1900). They ju-cscnt much of interest, and wo hope to jirint further regarding tliem. Before presenting the actual results of our study some brief statements of method and generalizations are necessary. Stature, shouldei'-height, and height of second finger-tip (the arms hanging at the sides, with the hands open) were taken in rapid succession, to prevent change of position on the part of the subject. When, as hap- pened rarely, the subject was not barefoot, the height of the heel of the shoe was measured and subtracted from all the measures into which it entered. The shoulder- width was the bi-acromial measure Twc. face-heights were taken: one was from the line of hair and forehead to the cliiu, the other from the nasion — or the external point corresponding to it — to the chin. In South Mexican Indians the hair is usually coarse, straight, and black. This 6 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico is true of all tribes. There is, however, a little individual variation in form and color in some tribes ; such are mentioned in the descriptions of tribes. The graying of hair, with advancing age, varies considerably with tribes ; in some it is rare, in others rather common. Thinning of hair on the top of the head, as age advances, occurs in few tribes. A slight degree of waviness or curliness is sometimes to be seen, but only in one tribe, the Chontals, was it strikingly frequent. All these variations in hair growth or color are interesting, and show racial diffei-ences or indicate mixture of bloods. The growth and distribution of the beard is strikingly constant, though occasional tribal differences can be made out. Usually, the growth on the upper cheeks is scanty, scattered, and well forward ; on the lower cheeks, none ; on the chin, it varies from scanty to medium, but is apt to be localized upon the tip of the chin ; the moustache is the heaviest part of the beard, and the first to appear. To economize space we summarize the descriptions of beai-d growth, in the tribal accounts, after a sort of formula, which applies to upper cheeks, lower cheeks, chin ; moustache. The beard, but more particularly the moustache, is often lighter than the head-hair, being brown, or light brown, while the head-hair is black ; the beard also, especially the moustache, grays relatively early, and may be gray, or even white, before there is even a sprinkling of gray hairs upon the head. The eyes of Mexican Indians, like those of our own Indians, are generally of a brown so dark as to be almost black. In the matter of eye color there is little variation. Sometimes a little fading takes place with age, and brown or light brown eyes are more common in old persons than in others. Apparently "oblique" eyes, like those of the Chinese, are frequent in some tribes, but are not universal in any ; a less degree of obliquity, which in our records is designated as -J-mongoloid, or -j-mon- goloid, occurs quite commonly in some tribes where no true cases of obliquity were noted ; in one or two tribes there was observed a tendency to the opposite condition — /. c, a slight obliquity, in which the outer corner of the eye seemed lower than the inner ; in several tribes the eyes appear horizontal, and no cases, even of slight obliquity, occurred. In nearly all the tribes the eyes are widely separated, and in none were they notably close together. We need not comment at length upon the descriptive characters of the nose, lip, and ear. We may merely remark that the ears are of medium size and rather uniform, and that they rarely present those stigmata of degeneracy of which so much study has been made. They are usually well shaped and project but little from the head. The lobe is usually of fair size and well formed, though it is usually more or less attached. In recording skin color we used the little book prepared by Dr. Boas in 1892. This was withdrawn before his investigation ended, but having no better series we have continued to employ it. Only seven of its colors occur, with any frequency, among our Mexican tribes, and these we have reproduced in the accompanying color- chart, where their original reference numbers are retained. Of course, no Indian ever 56 Fbederick Starr presents a single, simple, dead color, such as are here given : these are foundation colors, which are livened up with tints of red or yellow. There is a nestable variety of color among these tribes. The records regarding the number (if cliildren bdrne are biliiw the icalitv. Records were made for all women who have had children, even for vnung mothei-s wlm had their first infant in their arms. Unmarried women below twintv-five are not recorded : women above twenty-five, but unmarried, are so recorded : married women without children, more than twenty-tive years of age, are r(>corded as barren. No serious attempt was made to secure information regarding kinds of diseases or their frequency. Such diseases, however, as piiiio, goitre, cataract, and such results of disease as pock-marking were generally recorded. In regard to pinio ami goitre the records probably give some idea of their actual frequency. We may first examine some general tables, wherein measurements or indices fnmi the diffi-rent tribes are compared, and then we may consider the data regarding each tribe in detail : TABLE I. STATURE m i^s. 100 100 100 100 100 ICX) 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 1(X) 100 10(3 Mazatecs 99 Triquis 1(X) ' Mayas 100 j Tzendals ItX) j Chols Tzotzils Tepehua.s Mi.xtec.s Chochos Cuicatecs Hua.^tecs Totonacs Mixes Chinantecs Otomis Zapotecs(Mitla) . Aztecs Chontals Juave.s Zoques Tarawcan.s Tlascalans Zapotecs (Teh.). , ,551.. 3 ,551.4 ,552.4 ,557.1 ,557.9 ,559.0 ,5.59.7 ,561.3 ,562.2 ,562.. S ,570. .3 ,57.3.4 ,574.4 ,.575.8 ,579.7 ,586.4 ,590.2 598.0 ,599.6 ,600.0 ,600.4 ,603.4 ,605.0 1,664 1,679 1,675 1,722 1,686 1,669 1,685 1,7.55 1,684 1,7.36 1,693 1,669 1,714 1,700 1,718 1,772 1,776 1,768 1,7,33 1,766 1,718 1,787 1,730 1,4.33 1,.351 1,452 1,403 1,436 1,445 1,470 1,421 1,4.37 1,.365 1,413 1,488 1,5.53 1,4.30 1,421 1,432 1,465 1,.391 1,473 1,442 1,450 1,493 1,476 2.32 ,329 224 320 251 225 .216 .335 248 10 17 16 18 25 19 14 25 17 ,372 77 17 281 71 19 182 73 22 162 70 21 271 69 23 298 -53 .35 .341 58 .32 312 53 29 .378 60 26 261 55 26 .325 49 36 269 49 33 295 43 .36 255 48 .32 As shown by the table, nineteen of thes below 1,000mm.; four are "below mean"' —I. tribes are of "little statures" — i.e.. ,, from i,GOO to l,()oO mm. Even the 8 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico tallest tribes of all, the Zapotecs of Tehuantepec, are only in the lowest part of this group. No tribe, as a tribe, presents a mean stature "above mean," and the greatest number of "tall" individuals in any tribe is only four. The two shortest tribes, Mazatecs and Triquis, are linguistic relations ; they are, however, linguistically related to the Tehuantepecanos, who are the tallest of the whole list. The actual differences in these statures is considerable, 53.7 mm., or something like 2^- inches. The sex difference in stature is notable. Deniker, supporting himself upon Topinard, states the usual sexual difference for mankind to be 12 cm., with a range of 7 cm. to 13 cm. Taking our trilies in the order of the table we find the difference in mean statures for the two sexes to be as follows: 98.6, 126.1, 137.2, 118.7, 11-4.9. 117.7, 124.3. 93.4, 128.8, 112.3, 97.6, 142.9, 116.0, 177.0, 124.0, 107.0, 128.4, 117.4, 136.6, 125.2, lls.6. 119.8, 95.6. The average of these differences is 122.09, showing that the women in these tribes are really shorter than the men in an unusual degree. The (tcfiidl difference is small, but even small differences in means are significant. It will also be noticed that no case nearly approaches Topinard's minimum difference of 7 cm. (70mm.), the smallest difference in our list being 93.4; there are also five cases — 137.2, 144.9, 142.9, 177.0, and 136.6 — which surpass his maximum difference of 13cm. (130mm.). A final observation of interest in regard to stature is that children, in most of the tribes, are often larger than their parents ; this may indicate a recent improvement in food-supply or mode of life. table II. arm index Mean Extremes Range o Mux. Min. 44.6 48.7 40.6 8.2 100 44.8 47.7 38.0 9.8 100 45.0 49.3 41.2 8.2 100 45.0 49.6 40.8 8.9 100 45.1 47.9 40.5 7.5 100 45.1 48.8 39.2 9.7 80 45.1 47.5 40.2 7.4 100 45.2 46.7 40.2 6.6 99 45.3 48.4 40.8 7.7 100 45.3 48.4 40.0 8.5 99 45.4 48.8 41.8 7.1 100 45.4 52.6 43.3 9.4 Extremes Mpan Max. Mil). 45.4 50.3 40.8 45.5 48.1 41.3 45.5 48.4 42.4 45.5 48.7 42.8 45.5 48.3 43.2 45.6 51.1 42.6 45.7 52.5 43.3 45.7 49.0 37.9 45.8 51.2 42.9 45.9 50.7 43.4 46.0 48.5 42.7 Range 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 Mixes Mixtecs Tzotzils Otomis Zapotecs (Mitla) Tarascans Cuioatecs Triquis Chols Huaxtecs Chinantecs Zoques Tlaxcalans .... Mazatecs Juaves Tzendals Totonacs Chontals Aztecs Zapotecs (Teh.) Tepehuas Chochos Mayas 9.6 6.9 6.1 6.0 5.2 8.6 9.3 11.2 8.4 7.4 5.9 The arm index is the proportion, or relation, between the length of the arm (found by subtracting the third from the second of the measures on the list) and the stature, the latter being 'taken at 100. The difference between the extreme indices 44.6 and 46.0 is not great ; the mean of the indices is 45.3, while the median is 45.4. 58 Frederick Starr The mean of indices of five French series given by Topinard is 45.0' ; white soldiers, measured in the United States at the time of the Civil War, gave 43.4 ; Iroquois Indians, measured at the same time, gave 45.1 ; American negroes gave 45.2. A recent examination of West Soudan negroes gave Girard 4(181 Shoshonean tribes give 44.6*. These results are not clear ; on the whole they indicate tliat our Mexican Indians have long arms as comjiared with whites, American negroes, and some United Stales Indians, but short as compaicd witli Soudnncsc negroes. TABLE III. FINGER-REACH INDEX o 8 Tribe Mean Extremes Raoge "o o is. Tribe Mean Extremes Rango ig5 Max. MiD. Max. Miu. 100 100 100 98 100 98 100 99 99 100 an Mixtecs Zapotocs(Mit.) Cuicatecs .... Triquis Juaves Tzotzils Tarascans Chinantecs . . . Chochos Otomi Chontals Zoques 102.1 102.."? 102.4 102.6 102.7 102.7 102.8 102.8 las.o 103.0 103.1 103.2 108.0 107.4 109.4 108.0 107.2 106.7 108.4 109.9 111.7 110.1 110.0 94.4 96.6 94.3 97.3 96.3 96.7 95.5 93.6 97.2 97.3 98.4 13.7 10.9 15.2 10.8 11.0 10.1 13.0 16.4 14.6 12.9 11.7 12.1 99 99 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 Tlaxcalans . . Mixes Tzendals Aztecs Huaxtecs Zapotecs(Teh.) Chols Mazatecs Totonacs Tepehuas 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.6 ia3.7 ia3.8 ia3.8 104.1 104.1 104.5 105.6 110.6 108.6 109.3 110.2 109.0 110.2 109.4 110.1 110.0 109.7 111.7 95.8 99.9 97.7 98.7 99.5 94.5 98.2 99.7 99.4 99.8 100.2 14.9 8.8 11.7 11.6 9.6 15.8 11.3 10.5 10.7 10.0 11 6 100 108.6 96.6 The finger-reach, or the measure along the horizontally out-stretched arms from the tip of the middle finger of one hand to the tip of the middle finger of the other, is approximately the same as the stature. The finger-reach index is obtained by comparing this measure with the stature, taken at 100. For series of South Europeans this index ranges from 99.1) to 104.4 ; among Livonians and Esthonians it is 106.6 and 107.4. In negroes and Iroquois Indians it rises to 108 and more. Among these Mexican tribes it ranges from 102.1 to 105.6, which cannot be considered very large. This index depends upon two elements, the shoulder-width and the arm-length. It is always less than the sum of the shoulder index and twice the arm index. This I'eduction is due to the fact that, when the arms are extended, a part of their length is lost by the sinking of the head of the humerus into the socket at the shoulder- joint. As the arms are rather long, and the should(>r-width rather great, we should expect a more notable finger-reach. Comparatively few investigators have calculated the sitting height index, and we have too little material regarding it, at hand, for satisfactory comparison. No doubt 2TOPINARD, Elements gen., p. 1,076. These means, calculated with respect to the actual numbers of cases in the series, arc: French, 4o.l ; Mexican Indians, 45.39. 1 1.' Anthropologie, Vol. XIII, p. 179. * Boas, Amei-ican Anthropologist^ Vol. I. p. ' 59 10 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico TABLE IV. HEIGHT-SITTING INDEX o § Tribe Mean Extremes a z;j Tribe Mean Extremes Raagc 6 a Max. Min. Max. Mill. 80 99 100 Chontals Zapotecs (Teh.). . 51.6 51.6 51.7 51.8 51.8 51.8 52.0 52.1 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 55.2 55.8 54.5 55.4 5.3.9 56.9 55.4 56.1 54.8 56.9 55.9 55.9 47.3 48.2 47.9 47.5 49.6 47.9 48.4 48.6 48.3 49.0 47.8 48.6 8.0 7.7 6.7 8.0 4.4 9.1 7.1 7.6 6.6 8.0 8.2 7.4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Mazatecs Zoques Cuicateos Chochos Tlaxcalans Huaxtecs Tepehuas Tzotzils Totonacs Tzendals Chinantecs 52.0 52.5 52.6 52.7 52.7 52.8 53.0 53.2 53.2 53.3 53.9 56.1 56.2 56.8 57.2 55.1 55.9 58.2 53.3 56.2 58.8 56.6 49.4 48.2 48.6 49.9 49.4 49.7 50.4 49.1 50.7 50.7 51.4 6.8 8.1 8.3 100 100 100 100 99 Aztecs Juaves Otoiiiis Tarascans 7.4 5.8 6.3 7.9 9.3 98 100 Mixes 5.6 8.2 100 100 Zapotecs(Mitla). Chols 5.3 the data for such a table exists, but we have not had time for compiling it. Boas {loc. cit.), gives the Shoshonean index at 52.2. From Verneau's measurements," we find the index for three tribes of African negroes to be 48.5, 49.2, 48.2. The mean of the indices in our table is 52.4. This is relatively high and shows that these tribes have long trunks. The impression one receives fi'om seeing these people is that they have a great sitting height, a condition to be expected among mountain tribes, where the rarity of the air would seem to necessitate ample lung capacity. We had expected to find the variation in this particular directly related to altitude. In this expectation we were disap- TABLE V. SHOULDER-WIDTH INDEX ^ Extremes ^ Extremes ^ ? Tribe Mean Range do Tribe Mean Range za Max. Min. zo Max. Min. 100 Otomis 21.5 24.6 19.4 5.3 100 Cuicatecs 22.4 24.3 20.4 4.0 99 Tlaxcalans 21.8 24.5 19.6 5.0 98 Mi.xee 22.6 25.8 20.7 5.2 100 Tzendals 21.9 24.2 19.8 4.5 100 Mixtecs 22.6 24.6 20.4 4.3 100 Tarascans 21.9 24.4 19.0 5.5 100 Totonacs 22.7 25.1 19.7 5.5 100 Aztecs 21.9 24.7 19.6 5.2 98 Triquis 22.8 25.3 20.7 4.7 80 Chontals 21.9 22 1 23.8 25.1 19.2 19.7 4.7 5.5 100 100 Huaxtecs Tepehuas 22.8 22.8 24.8 25.1 20.9 21.0 4.0 100 Chols 4.2 100 Zapotecs (Mitla). 22.1 24.3 19.9 4.5 100 Mazatecs 22.9 25.7 21.3 4.5 100 Tzotzils 22.2 24.3 19.7 4.7 99 Zapotecs (Teh.).. . 23.0 25.0 20.1 5.0 100 Zoques 22.2 25.4 19.7 5.8 100 23.1 25.3 21.0 4.4 100 22.3 22.4 25.2 24.5 20.2 20.5 5.1 4.1 100 Chochos 23.2 26.1 20.1 6.1 100 Chinantecs 5"Oulofs, Leybous et Seyreres," L'' Anthropologic, Vol. YI, pp. 510-28. 60 Fbedeeick Stabr 11 ]K)iiited. It is true that the Chontnls, Tehuaiitepecaiios, Mayas, and Juaves, who live ill places near sea level, are short in sitting height, thus seeming to sustain our suppo- sition ; but the Huaxtecs (linguistically related to the Mayas), who also live at a sliglit elevation, have a long trunk. Aztecs and Otomis live on the high plateau, but are near the lowland tribes in sitting-height index. We were cunstantlv imjin^ssed by the a])parent fine development of chest in many iiidividiials, aiul (■x|)t'ctc(l to find tlic slKiuldtT-iiidcx lai-gc and varying with altitude. The actual figures liardly meet our expectations. Compared with the indices given in Topinard (lor. vit., \). lOS'i) they are rather large. The measurements taken at the time of our Civil War give white Americans 18. li and ISM); Iroquois Indians, IX.S, and American negroes 21.3. All of these fall below our minimum, the Otomis. at 21."). Boas's Shoshoneans {loc. cH.) gave 23.2, which agrees with our maximum for the Chochos. We do not understand how the Chochos have so small a finger-reach index; with the greatest shoulder width index and next to the maximum arm index they ought to be close to the maximum. We suspect some error here, but have sought in vain to locate it. • ' The cephalic index, unquestionably the most quoted datum in anthropology, T.\BLE VI. CEPHALIC INDEX 100 100 I 100 j 100 j 100 ! 100 ! 99 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 80 1(K) lU) 1(K) IIK) 100 100 100 Tzendals Tzotzils Otomis Aztecs Tarascans Zoques Triquis Tlaxcalans Chochos Chols Zapotecs (Mitla), Zapotecs (Teh.).. Cuicatecs Mi.xes Mixtecs Chontals Mazatecs Chinantecs Tepehuas Huaxtecs Juaves Mayas Totonacs 76.8 76.9 77.6 78.9 79.4 80.2 80. .3 80.5 80.5 80.8 81.0 81.1 81.3 81.8 81.9 83.2 83.2 83.7 84.0 84.4 84.5 85.0 86.4 82.7 85.1 86.5 88.3 89.5 92.4 87.2 93.6 95.7 89.2 89.5 90.1 97.5 96.1 93.5 93.9 96.4 92.4 95.7 93.7 94.6 95.8 68.0 68.5 69.5 69.0 71.3 69.4 72.6 70.9 74.0 72.4 73.5 73.3 72.5 71.7 74.5 75.6 74.8 74.0 75.2 75.7 74.3 75.2 76.5 18.5 14.3 15.7 17.6 17.1 20.2 19.9 16.4 19.7 23.4 15.8 16.3 17.7 25.9 21.7 18.0 19.2 22.5 17.3 20.1 19.5 19.5 19.4 iSi lis ill 59 13 65 15 &3 17 56 .35 53 .32 47 .^^ 61 12 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico ranges in these tribes from 76.8 to 85.9. Adopting Topinard's nomenclature, we find no dolichocephalic or sub-dolichocephalic tribes, five mesaticephalic, seventeen sub- brachycephalic, and one supra-brachycephalic. Here we have no lack of material from other parts of the country for comparison, as cephalic indices of North American Indians have been published by many observers. Deniker may profitably be consulted. The Eskimo of the far North and the Botocudo of Brazil are true dolichocephals ; the Indians of the United States are mostly sub-dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic; among some of the southern tribes the index rises. Our series, however, probably give the highest indices recorded, and the Mayas and Totonacs no doubt are the most brachycephalic of North American tribes. It will be noticed that there is no TABLE VII. facial INDEX 100 99 100 99 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 Aztecs Tlaxcalans .... Tarascans Zapotecs (Teh.) Huaxtecs Cuicatecs Chochos Zoques Chontals Mixtecs Chols Tzotzils 77.0 86.5 78.0 91.3 78.1 87.9 78.7 88.0 79.1 96.7 79.3 96.8 79.8 95.7 79.9 92.2 79.9 93.7 80.0 92.0 80.4 90.7 80.6 93.4 67.5 68.7 69.3 70.5 72.6 68.9 70.4 70.0 71.2 69.0 19.1 22.7 18.7 17.6 24.2 28.0 26.3 22.8 23.4 22.1 19.6 24.5 Mixes Zapotecs (Mitla) Triquis Otomis Totonacs Juaves Tzendals Mazatecs Tepehuas Chinantecs Mayas EXTEE>rES Mean Max. Min. 80.8 94.1 70.1 80.8 89.5 68.3 80.8 92.3 66.3 81.0 92.3 71.7 81.4 94.7 73.8 81.5 92.5 74.3 81.6 94.5 65.6 81.7 93.0 72.2 82.1 93.5 73.1 82.2 94.2 73.3 as. 4 95.0 59.6 24.1 21.3 26.1 20.7 21.0 18.3 29.0 20.9 20.5 21.0 35.5 TABLE VIII. FACIAL INDEX (b) ■3S Tribe Median Extremes zo Tribe Median Extremes 5SO Max. Min. Max. Min. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 80 100 Aztecs Tlaxcalans . . Tarascans . . Mixes Zoques Otomis Cuicatecs . . Zapotecs (T.) Zapotecs(M.) Tzotzils .... Chontals . . . Chols 119.5 120.5 121.1 122.9 123.2 123.5 123.8 124.1 124.3 124.7 124.7 124.9 135.5 138.0 135.2 138.4 1.37.5 1.38.4 1.38.3 1.37.3 139.0 144.4 •138.4 140.5 98.4 103.8 103.1 110.5 109.0 108.3 104.0 106.8 108.6 107.5 108.1 108.8 37.2 34.3 .32.2 28.0 28.6 30.2 34.4 30.6 30.5 37.0 30.4 31.8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 Juaves Huaxtecs . . . Tepehuas . . . Chochos . . . . Totonacs . . . Chinantecs . Mixtecs Mazatecs . . . Tzendals . . . Triquis Mayas 124.9 125.1 125.4 125.5 125.6 125.7 125.7 125.9 125.9 126.6 1.30.4 139.4 147.5 150.8 141.7 138.8 146.2 143.5 143.2 144.4 143.5 147.1 107.0 115.5 103.6 113.5 114.0 106.9 108.6 105.6 104.9 105.7 111.5 32.5 32.1 47.3 28.3 24.9 39.4 a5.o 37.7 39.6 37.9 35.7 62 Frederick Starr 13 agreement in this ii>sj)tH't between tribes of the same linguistic family. Mayas and Huaxtecs stand near the upper end, while Tzendals and Tzotzils, tliinr linguistic relatives, are at the lower end. Wo shall make no comments regarding the facial indices. The first is found by taking the height, from hair-line to chin, at 100, and computing the proportion of the maximum — bizygomatic — breadth. In the second the height, from the nasion to the chin, is taken at 100 and compared with the same breadth. TABLE IX. NASAL INDEX 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 1(X) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 Juaves Chols Chontals Zoques Mayas Huaxtecs Mixes Totonacs Chinantecs .... Zapotecs (Teh.) Cuicatees Aztecs Tepehuas Mazatecs Tlaxcalans Zapotecs (Mitla) Tarascans Chochos Mixtccs Otomis Tzendals Tzotzils Triquis Mean EXTBEUES Range ^f 1 ,.23 Max. Mill. 76.0 100.0 62.2 ,37.9 20 71 76.4 106.9 58.6 48.4 22 64 77.2 94.0 61.5 .32.6 8 61 77.4 95.3 61.1 .34.2 16 69 77.5 93.0 &3.3 29.8 12 73 78., 3 102.5 57.1 45.5 9 73 78.8 102.3 56.4 46.0 12 70 79.1 97.7 60.7 .37.1 7 72 79.6 97.8 .59.3 .38.6 9 68 80.0 102.1 64.2 .38.0 9 65 80.2 1(X).0 65.4 34.7 5 70 80.5 104.8 61. 1 43.8 6 72 80.7 97.7 63.0 .34.8 3 72 80.8 102.0 61.4 40.7 6 61 81. G 109.3 63.3 46.1 9 56 81.9 102.3 65.3 37.1 3 64 82.6 102.4 67.7 34.8 4 60 82.6 102.3 60.0 42.4 4 62 83.1 97.9 67.2 .30.8 7 65 83.1 104.5 66.0 .38.6 4 55 83.8 102.2 64.1 .38.2 4 51 84.8 104.5 63A 41.2 6 43 86.5 107.5 67.2 40.4 3 .37 9 14 11 15 15 18 18 21 23 25 25 22 25 33 35 .33 .36 .34 28 41 45 51 The nasal index is of the greatest interest. The actual form of the nose among these tribes varies greatly, as will be evident from study of the tribal descriptions. Many of the tribes have finely aquiline noses, which range from the large, prominent, and relatively thin nose of the Juaves, to the small, flat, and broad nose of the Triquis. None of the tribes is leptorhinian, and only among the Juaves and the Chols do we find as many as one-fifth of the individual cases in that category. On the other hand, only one single mean index places its tribe — the Triquis — among the platyrhinians, and only fifty-nine out of tiie ninety-nine subjects are so. The rest of the tribes are niesoi-hinian. Deniker gives tlie nasal indices of but few American tribes, and those 63 14 Physical Chakactees of Indians of Southern Mexico FIG. 1. OTOMI; HL'IXyril>l-"KAN, STATE OK MEXICO are all mesorhinian. Boas's Shoshoiieaiis at !s;5. 1 coiiu-ide witli tlie Mixtecs, and come between the Chochos and Otomis. We now turn to the data relative to each trihe: the tribes are taken up in the order in which they were visited, and in which they are numbered upon tlu' sketch-map. THE OTOMIS The Otomis are of little stature, only one subject deserving the characterization "tall;" they are mesaticephalic, and have absolutely the longest heads of all the tribes visited; the nasal index, at 83.0, marks them as mesorhinian, although many indi- vidual cases are platyrhinian ; the shoulder- width index is the least observed. To the eye there appear to be two well-marked types of males. The first is taller, lighter, broader-nosed than the other, and has eyes that are widely separated and often oblique. The broad nose may be wide and flat at the tip, or it may be what we have designated "beaked" — with the ridge extending down beyond the alse as a central, hooked, body, from which the alse open out rather broadly. While the nose is wide and low, it is often aquiline ; at the root it is flat-convex or squarish. The beard on the upper cheeks is scanty, lacking altogether on the lower cheeks, is scanty on the chin, and medium on the upper lip. As is frequently the case among Mexican 64 Fki: i)i;u n k Sr \ ku 1o FIG. 2. OTOMI WO.MAN: HUIXQl'IU'K.VX. ST.\TK OF MKXICO TABLE X. OTOMIS Men (100) Women (28) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. 1,579.7 1-718 1.421 1.455.7 1,528 1,278 612 1.559 827 .355 190 1.52 178 115 144 50 46 67 1.324 Height of shoulder Tip of .seeond linger Finger-reaeh Height, sitting Width of shoulders Length of head Breadth of head Height of face irn Height of face (?)i 1,315.2 602.2 1,629.0 819.7 3.38.3 189.7 147,2 176.1 114.1 140.7 50.0 41.6 64.1 1.438 681 1,776 890 .380 203 160 196 124 150 58 48 76 1,165 ! 1,202.3 527 .550.8 1,419 1,481.4 752 774.1 m^ .322.7 180 181.7 1.36 144.6 l.")4 164. 2 1114 105.8 130 l.Ti.l 1,079 486 1..351 698 296 173 1.32 141 90 127 Height of nose Breadth of nose 43 34 53 43. G 38.4 60.1 .38 .32 54 Arm index Finger-reach index Sitting-height inde.x .... Shoulder inde.x Cephalic index Facial index (a) 45.0 ■ 103.0 51.8 21.5 77.6 81.0 123.5 49.6 110.1 56.9 24.6 85.1 92.3 1.38 4 40.8 97.3 47.9 19.4 69.5 71.7 . 108.3 66.0 44.7 101.7 53.1 22.1 79.0 78.3 127.6 47.8 105.3 56.9 '23.7 86.2 86.4 1.39.8 41.9 96.7 50.9 20.2 69.7 68.1 119.1 &3 1 1 104 5 88.2 i 117.9 73.9 65 16 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico FIG. :s. TARASCAN (YOUNG TYPE): SANTA FE DE LA LAGUNA, STATE OF MICHOACAN tribes, the beard among the Otomis shows greater variation in form or texture, in color, and in turning gray, than the hair of the head. Both, however, show much variation: in more than 30 per cent, of the subjects the beard varies from the normal straight and black condition ; in something over 20 per cent, of subjects the hair of the head varies. The head is long. The skin is a light yellow or whitish, curiously ruddy, and blotched with red, purple, or blue. The face is flat and broad. — The other type is little, dark brown (Ifi), and has a much more agreeable facial expression; the eyes are less widely-spaced, and the eyebrows often meet; the root of the nose is flat, depressed, and often squarish ; the nose is narrower and better-shaped than in the previous type. The individual represented in the cut belongs to this little type. Women are more uniform, and, on the whole, are darker than the men. They more resemble the second than the first male type. They are little; from yellow- brown to dark brown ( 16) ; the face is flat, the nose broad and flat, the cheek-bones wide, and the heads absolutely long. The head-hair grows low upon the forehead, and the forehead itself is frequently grown with a fine black down; the eyebrows often meet. The heads of the women, and of the little men, are peculiarly high — as well as long — though this appearance is increased in men by the mode of cutting the hair. (The hair on the upper third of the head is left uncut while the rest is trimmed. ) Eighteen women who had been mothers had had one hundred and twenty -one children. 66 Frederick Starr 17 FIU. 1. TARASCAN OIKL: SANTA FK DK L\ l.\'.l \ \ -T \TE OK MICHOACAN THE TARASCANS The Tarasrans are among the taller of these tribes, less than half, forty-nine, being of little stature; only two subjects, however, were tall. Though taller than their neigh- bors, the Otomis, their heads are shorter. Among the men we may distinguish a well- defined youthful, and an equally definite older, type. In the youthful type, which holds until thirty or thirty-five years, and which )ii(iii persist through life, the skin is of a fine, dark brown ( 1()|; the face is large; the nose is broad, with round nostrils, which open to the sides, and which are separated from the face level, behind, by a well-defined ridge of flesh; the eyes are often mongoloiil; the lips are thick and [)rotrude somewhat; there is little of the fine, black, foreheuil down, even in childi-en. — In the older type the face lengthens; the nose becomes narrower; the nostrils face downward, and the ridge of flesh behind them disappears; the eyes straighten. The hair is straight and black, but two cases showing any degree of graying; one- fourth of the cases show a slight tendency to waviness. The eyes are generally well separated. The beard distribution is remarkably uniform. It is scanty and of moderate length iipon the upper chei^ks; there is none or little on the loW(>r cheeks, and when there is any it is well forward: on the ti[i of the chin there is a nietliuni or scanty sliort growth; the moustache is scanty or mediuni. and of moderate length. 67 18 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico The ear is well-shaped, and stands off somewhat from the head; the l^order of the helix is thin and, above, is rolled inward, below is flat; the lobe is rather large, attached, and round-triangular. Twenty-one women have had one hundred and fifty-two children, of whom one hundred and one have died. Families are quite frequently large ; the largest included in this enumeration consisted of thirteen children. Women are frequently fat. Goitre occurs to a considerable extent. In Uruapan only those living in the ward of San Juan are affected. We examined six cases there, of whom three were males and three females. Three of these cases were deaf and two were imbecile; one female examined, who was sixty years of age and unmarried, has two brothers — whom we did not see — of whom one is a deaf-mute, the other is goitrous. At Capdcuaro, a quite purely Tarascan town, the disease is common. It seemed as if every man we met was more or less affected; some of the cases were notably developed. Men- (100) Women (?i)) Mean Max. Mill. Mean Max. Mill. 1,600.4 1,327.6 603". 9 1,645.8 833.5 351.7 184.3 146.5 178.2 115.0 139.1 48.0 40.1 63.3 1,718 1,429 660 1,794 903 392 199 158 199 128 151 59 46 74 1,450 1,203 494 1,525 739 319 169 138 158 102 128 41 53 1,481.8 1,223.9 566.2 1,519.9 790.8 324.3 179.5 142.2 169.6 107.8 133.7 43.4 37.0 61.4 1,602 1,326 642 1,664 860 .351 190 149 181 117 143 48 43 71 1,381 Height of shoulder Tip of second linger 1,110 495 1,431 727 Width of shoulders 294 170 Breadth of head Height of face {a Height of face [b, 1.34 154 99 128 39 32 55 45.1 102.8 52.0 21.9 79.4 78.1 121.1 82.6 48.8 108.4 55.4 24.4 88.3 87.9 135.2 102.4 39.2 95.5 48.4 19.0 71.3 69.3 ■ 103.1 67.7 44.3 102.2 53.3 21.8 79.2 78.9 124.1 85.1 46.0 108.2 55.8 23.6 84.3 88.5 1.32.0 95.3 42.3 Finger-reach index Sitting-height index, 92.1 50.6 20.0 Cephalic index Facial index (a) Facial index [h] 75.7 72.3 116.2 73.0 THE TLAXCALANS In stature the Tlaxcalans are only surpassed by the Zapotecs of Tehuantei)ec and twenty-one out of the hundred are above the mean stature of mankind. The head is well shaped although, frequently, there is a curious bulging of the forehead above the glabella. In skull-form they are intermediate, forty-two subjects being mesaticephalic and fifty sub-brachycephalic. The skin color is a fine dark-brown (16), shading at times toward yellow-brown or red-brown. The hair is black and straight; few 68 Fbedebick Starr 19 FIG. .-,. TLAXCALAX: TLAXCALA, STATE OF TLAXCALA subjects — only six — were distiiic-tly gray and only one of these was white; seven- teen showed a slight tendency to waviness or curliness; middle-aged men rather frequently showed thinning of hair on top of head and some degree of temporal bald- ness. The beard formula is none (or scanty), none or scanty and well forward on the cheeks, medium for scanty) on tip and central line of chin; moustache rather full and often of fair h^ngth. The beard on the cliin is first to turn gray, then that on the lower cheeks: these may be quite gray before the moustache begins to turn; the beard as a whole may be gray or even white, before the hair of the head is sprinkled with gray. While the hair itself is usually straight, the beard hair is often inclined to become curly. The eyes are dark Ijrown, but moderately spaced, and rarely mon- goloid; there is unusually frequency of lighter brown eyes, 16 per cent. The line of union between the nose and the forehead is rather high and from narrow to medium ; the root of the nose is little depressed; the nose itself is aquiline, frequently; the beaked nose, already described, is rather common. The lips are thin or of medium thii-kness and are nearly vertical. The ears rarely project to a notable degree from the head, and are, often, quite close to tlie licad; they are round; the upper border of the helix is thin and rolled in; the lower part of the border is tlat and of medium tliirkiiess; the lobe is of fair size, round, and attaclied. Women present little that calls for c-omment. Their eyes, like thos(> of tlie men, 69 20 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico \ FIG. G. AZTEC; rUAUHTL.VNTZI.N'CO, ST.VTE OF I'UERLA TABLE XII. TLAXCALANS Men (100) Women- (2.5) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Stature Height of shoulder Tip of second finger Finger-reach 1,603.4 1,329.5 600.7 1,656.0 845.5 ,350.6 185.2 149.1 179.7 116.3 140.1 49.4 40.1 65.1 1.787 1,503 696 1,977 910 400 210 163 205 129 154 60 47 75 1.493 1,223 519 1.5.38 774 309 175 1.37 • 161 105 125 43 .34 56 l,4a3.6 1,225.2 563.9 1,507.0 789.5 323.5 179.3 143.5 168.4 108.5 1.30.5 43.8 .35.6 59.8 1.571 1,276 610 1,612 839 ,353 187 153 184 118 139 51 .39 68 1,413 1,168 527 1,400 722 Width of shoulders 299 172 Breadth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (b) Breadth of face 1.35 151 102 123 39 Breadth of nose .32 54 Arm inde.x Finger-reach index Sitting-height index 45.4 103.2 52.7 21.8 80.5 78.0 • 120.5 81.6 50.3 110.6 55.1 24.5 87.2 91.3 138.0 109.3 40.8 95.8 49.4 19.6 70.9 68.7 103.8 63.3 44.5 101.6 53.2 21.7 79.9 77.2 120.3 81.3 47.9 108.4 55.0 23.8 84.5 83.7 131.0 90.4 42.5 94.6 50.8 20.3 Cephalic index 75.4 68.4 107.8 68.6 Frederick Starr 21 Kv'Ji^ "V ^ AZTEf WOMAN: CUAUHTLANTZINCO. STATK OF rUEBLA are rather often brown, and not almost hlaok; this occurred in '20 per cent, of cases. Nineteen mothers had borne one hunchvd and sixteen cliil(h'(>n, of whom just lialf liad died. Tlie lartrest family in the series was of eiirhteeii ciiildren. Two wciuicn were barren. THE AZTECS The Aztecs I'xamined were, unfortunately, from close by TInxcala. ("uauhtlant- ziiu-o is a ••nuuli' town." df jiost-comiucst origin. lis ]io]iulation was drawn from Chohila and Tlaxcala. There should then l)e little diti'erence between our TIaxcalan and Aztec series; real differences wouhl ])oint to a true Aztec type, lying on the other side of the observation from the TIaxcalan. stature .\rm Fiuger-reach Sitting-hci*?ht .Shouldc Aztec b590.2 -45.7 103.(5 51.8 21.!» Tlaxcahi 1603.4 45.4 103.2 52.7 21 .S The significant variations are in stature, sitting-height index, cephalic index, and nasal index. The Tlaxcalans are taller, more dolichocephalic, and broader-nosed than the Cholultec-Tlaxcalans of Cuaiditlantzinco. Presumably a ])urer Aztec type would be shorter, more; brachycephalic, and narrower-nosed. The same remarks concerning hair — color, form, and distribution — already made regarding Tlaxcalans apply to the Aztecs. Fifteen per cent, of eyes among men were 71 S().5 Facial 77. llit.5 Nasal 80.5 7S.'.I 78. 12()..5 8l.() 22 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico lighter than normal, 8 per cent, among women. One case of strabismus and one of cataract occurred among the hundred subjects. The line of union between the nose and forehead was high and of medium breadth : the tip of the nose was rather thick. The lips were often thick and somewhat projecting. Ears rarely project notably, but the lower part of the ear often stands off somewhat. The helix border is thin and rolled-in above, thick and flat below; the lobe is rather large, attached, and round — tending to square or triangular. To twenty-four mothers one hundred and forty children were born, of whom only sixty had survived; one woman was barren. Three women out of the twenty-five were stout. TABLE XIII. AZTECS Mex (100) Women (25) Jlcan Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Stature Height of shoulder Tip of second finger .... Fingerreach Height sitting Width of shoulders Length of head Breadth of head Height of face (o) Height of face lb) 1,590.2 1,318.8 591.3 1,648.9 825.8 350.0 185.7 146.5 179.5 115.6 138.1 1.776 1,498 696 1,797 887 390 200 158 200 1.33 151 60 47 1,465 1,209 508 1,485 754 ,304 174 1.34 162 101 124 41 a3 .54 1,161.8 1,211.8 558.7 1.503.2 762.2 .325.1 179.1 142.8 171.0 107.0 1.31.9 45.4 .36.4 61.0 1,527 1,271 601 1,587 824 357 185 156 187 119 145 54 43 67 1,.339 1,118 495 1,.363 704 299 171 133 159 98 123 Height of nose Breadth of nose Length of ear 50.0 40.0 63.9 .39 34 55 45.7 .52.5 43 3 44.6 102.4 52.1 22.1 79.4 76.7 122.5 80.0 47.4 107.1 55.0 24.1 87.7 83.6 134.2 95.5 41.0 Fingerreach index Sitting-height inde.x . . . Shoulder index Cephalic index Facial index (a) 103.5 51.8 21.9 78.9 77.0 119.5 80.5 110.2 98.7 55.4 47.5 24.7 19.6 86.5 69.0 86.5 67.5 1.35.5 ' 98.4 90.1 50.2 20.1 72.2 70.0 110.0 Nasal index 104.8 61.1 68.0 THE MIXTECS The Mixtecs are of little stature, mesati- to sub-brachycephalic and mesorhinian. The hair is straight, black, and abundant. Five cases were gray; thirteen were sprinkled with gray ; one was brown ; nine showed a tendency to waviness and six to curliness. The forehead is high, but the apparent height is frequently due, in part, to forward baldness. The beard was gray in twelve cases, sprinkled with gray in eleven, and relatively light-colored in three. The distribution of the beard was: none to scanty, none or scanty to medium, medium; medium to full. The beard on the chin was often confined to the very tip. There were sixteen subjects with brown eyes ; obliquity of the eyes, in any degree, was observed but six times. The line of union 72 Frederick St.\rr FIG. s. .MIXTEC: YODOCONO, .ST.\TE OF 0.\X.\C.\ TABLE XIV. Men- (ino'i Women (Kl Mpan Max. Miu. Mean Max. Min. Stature 1..561 3 1.7.55 1,421 1,179 526 1,.342 7.32 318 156 135 157 101 1.30 41 .35 57 1,467.9 1,206.6 .543.5 1,493.5 774.2 .■?29.5 179.5 143.9 164.0 105.3 1.35.7 44.9 .37.1 61 3 1,.580 1,.301 .594 1,.588 853 .3.59 190 1.55 180 118 142 50 43 1,367 1,1.31 493 1,403 716 298 171 1.35 139 93 128 Height of shoulder Tip of second finger ... Finger-reach Height, sitting Width of .-shoulders Length of head Breadth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (b) 1,291.0 ^.yx>■2 SI.-. 7 ;i");i.7 182.5 149.4 178.4 113.5 142.5 49.9 40.6 a3.9 1,.345 &58 1,790 895 .388 196 162 200 127 154 59 48 75 Height of nose Breadth of nose 40 .34 56 44.8 102.1 52.2 22.6 81.9 80.0 125.7 &3 1 47.7 108.0 56.9 24.6 96.1 92.0 143.5 97 9 .38.0 94.4 49.0 20.4 74.5 70.0 108.6 67 2 45.1 101.7 .52.7 22.4 80.2 82.8 129.3 82 7 47.7 106.2 58.9 23.6 &5.9 97.1 148.3 97 (! 43 Finger-reach index Sitting-height index. . . . Shoulder index Cephalic index Facial index (a) Facial index {h) 97.2 49.5 20.7 75.5 73.3 114.4 65 9 73 24 Physical Oharacteek of Ixdiaks of Southern Mexico / FIG. ii. TEIQUI; CHICAHUAXTLA, STATE OF OAXACA lietween the nose and the forehead varies from high to medium and is of medium width; while the nose is frequently aquiline, the tip is wide and flat. The lips are moderately thick and project somewhat. The ears are round and close to the head, though they tend to stand off considerably below. The helix border is thin and slightly turned-in above, rather thick and flat below; the lobe is large, round, and attached. The face is often absolutely large and is broad and heavy below. The color of the skin is dark brown — from 13 to 10. In women there is, quite often, a growth of fine, black down upon the forehead. Twenty-two women had had one hundred and tweiity-two children, of whom seventy- seven still lived. Two women were unmarried and one was barren. THE TRIQUIS The Triquis present one of the best marked types of Southern Mexico. They are next to the shortest among the tribes examined, are mesati- to sub-brachycephalic, and have the highest nasal index observed — 86.5. They are well-built and finely muscled. The hair is black and straight, only fifteen persons showing graying or light color and but five showing any tendency to waviness or curling. The beard appears late, men of thirty often having almost none. On the upper cheeks there is none or scanty, on 74 Fki K St.\RR FHi. 111. THKn'I WOM.W": fllK'Ain-AXTL A STATK OK O.WACA TABLE XV. TRIQUIS Men (99) Women (25) Mean Max. MiD. Moan Max. Mill. Stature 1,551.4 1,281.2 578.6 1.592.4 802.1 355.7 ia3.6 147.5 172.5 110.1 140.6 47.7 41.1 62.0 1,679 1,429 6.56 1.728 881 4a3 198 167 197 129 151 58 49 73 1..351 l.(J97 466 1.434 691 312 163 135 154 97 128 40 33 54 1.425.3 1,172.3 535. f) 1,464.0 756.4 .319.9 179.4 142.0 162.9 104.1 1.32.5 42.8 38.3 58.2 1..557 1,284 675 1,597 834 .•541 199 155 179 112 144 49 44 64 1..316 Height of shoulder Tip of second finger i.oa3 451 l.:?25 Hei^;ht, >itliri>; 692 Width of :^houlders Length of head Breadth of head Height of face (a) Hcitrlit of face (hi 291 164 1.35 150 94 125 Height of nose 36 .34 47 45.2 102.6 52.1 22.8 80.3 80.8 126.6 86.5 46.7 108.0 56.1 25.3 92.4 92.3 j 143.5 1 107.5 40.2 97.3 48.6 20.7 72.6 66.3 105.7 67.2 44.6 101.8 53.0 22.4 79.2 81.4 127.5 89.7 47.8 106.5 55.4 24.5 89.6 88.1 1.37.2 110.2 .37.9 Finger reach index Sitting height index Shoulder index Cephalic index 88.7 48.9 20.4 71.3 73.1 116.9 76.6 75 26 Physical Characters t)F Indians of Southern Mexico r FIG. 11. Z.VPOTEC: TLACOLUL.V. ST.VTE OF OAXACA the lower elieeks none in seventy-one cases, on the chin it is scanty to medium: the moustache is of medium growth. The eyes are dark brown and are truly mongoloid in one-half the subjects. The nose varies little; it is finely aquiline, but is low and, at the tip, flat and wide; the line of junction with the forehead is rather high. The lips are frequently thick, but do not project much, as the thickness is largely vertical. The forehead is quite high, and in women is likely to be covered with fine black down. The legs of men are apt to be notably hairy. The skin is dark brown (16), and is smooth and soft. The oblique eyes and some degree of projection of the lips are more marked in young than in older subjects. . The round ears are quite closely set to the head: the border of the helix above is thin and roUed-in or flat, below it is flat and thick to thin; the lobe is relatively large, attached, and round — varying to square or triangular. In women the nose is less frequently aquiline and is often short and fat at the tip. The lips are thick and, often, project. Prognathism, in part due to large front teeth, appears rather commonly among them. Twenty-two mothers had borne one hundred and eleven children, of whom sixty-five have died. One woman was barren. The hair rarely turns gray or grows thin before the age of fifty years. Old persons appear fairly preserved. This is the more surprising as the tribe is terribly 76 Frederick Stare 27 FKi. IJ. ZAPOTEC WOMAN; MITLA. STATE OK OAXAl^'A addicted to druiikenin'ss. We incline to attribute this abuse of intoxicants to climatic conditions. Cold and heavy fogs sweep up the mountains from the coast daily and their chill penetrates to the very bone. Wherever, in the high mountains, fogs are abundant and precipitation occurs almost constantly, we find the same c(jnditions. The Mixes and the Chinantecs, in their magnificent, forest-clad, abundantly-watered mountains, are almost equally addicted to drink. THE ZAPOTECS The population of Mitla is ordinarily considered Mixtec-Zapotec, rather than truly Zapotec. If the Zapotecs of Tehuantepec are typical, these of Mitla certainly occupy an intermediate position between them and the Mixtecs. The tpye is not well- defined. The average stature, 15S6.4, places them in the category of " little statures;" the finger-reach is rather low; the cephalic index is sub-brachycephalic ; the nose is mesorhinian. The hair is black, but it varies in form toward wavy or curly in one case out of four. There is no beard on the upper cheeks in GO jier cent., none on the lower in ()9 per cent., of cases; there is a medium beard growth on the tip of the chin; the moustache is heavier at the ends, being short and scanty at the middle. After fortv years the beard growth is heavier, but merely emphasizes this distribution. 28 Physical Chakacteks of Indians of Southern Mexico In twenty subjects the eyes were brown instead of dark brown. Oblique eyes are uncommon; only six cases presented any degree of obliquity. The nose is large, but is seldom aquiline; rather, the bridge is long and straight or slightly sinuous; the line of junction with the forehead is from high to medium. Lips are of moderate thick- ness, and project but little. Ears are round, and vary much in their relation to the head ; the upper border of the helix is thin and rolled in, the lower border is flat and varies from thick to thin; the lobe is large, attached, and round to triangular. Cheek-bones are, not rarely, prominent, and broad lower faces are common. One case of cataract was observed. The male subject illustrated on the preceding page (Fig. 11, p. 2(jj was exhibited at the eleventh session of the Congress of Americanists as a type, reproducing, as it does, in many ways that shown in ancient works of art. He is hardly a good example of the type, as we have defined it, as his aquiline nose and rather heavy beard are exceptional. The women of the tribe present no special features for detailed comment. Twenty mothers had borne one hundred and twenty-five children, of whom fifty-eight were still living. Two women were unmarried, and one was childless. These Zapotec women present a notable frankness and gayety, as compared with the women in the preceding tribes, and are only equaled (and surpassed) in this regard by their sisters in the Tehuantepec district. TABLE XVI. ZAPOTECS Mes (1001 Women (2.5) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Stature Height of shoulder Tip of second linger. . . Finger-reach Height, sitting Width of shoulders 1,586.4 1,.S10.2 593.0 1,623.8 8,30.5 .352.6 183.5 148.7 177.6 113.5 141.0 49.3 40.3 62.5 1,772 1,494 705 1,788 910 392 200 167 202 127 155 57 50 74 1,432 1,195 512 1,451 740 .318 171 1.38 • 157 100 125 41 a3 49 1,474.9 1,212.0 557.0 1,505.0 782.8 .330.2 175.8 144.3 169.7 106.8 134.8 45.3 .36.8 58.5 1,570 1,.329 628 1,661 853 ,358 182 158 188 123 144 50 45 70 1,403 1,131 505 1,.380 722 296 166 Breadth of head Height of face {at Height of face (b 1.34 146 100 127 Height of nose 41 ,30 Length of ear 53 45.1 102.3 52.3 22.1 81.0 80.8 ■124.3 81.9 47.9 107.4 55.9 24.3 89.2 89.5 139.0 102.3 40.5 96.6 47.8 19.9 73.5 68.3 108.6 65.3 44.3 101.9 53.0 22.3 82.0 79.6 126.5 81.2 48.3 108.1 55.8 24.3 89.1 91.0 1.34.3 95.2 .39.1 Finger-reach inde.\ Sitting-height index 96.9 50.6 20.5 75.7 Facial inde.x (a) 71.2 107.3 66.6 Fredebick Starb 29 FIO. Kl. MIXK: COATLAN, STATK OF OAXACA THE MIXES The Mixos aro of little stature, and are exceptionally strongly built; their muscles are well developed, and their men are famous as carriers; the cliest development is good. The arms ai-e the shortest observed (i-t.l)), but tlu'ir finger-reach (103.3) is fairly high. The liair is black and straight: there were fifteen cases of gray, or gray-sprinkled hair, and sixteen with a tendency to wavy and curly. Twelve subjects had really gray, and nine gray-sprinkled beards; there were eight cases of black-brown, brown, or red-brown beards. The beard on the upper cheeks is scanty, on the lower cheeks there is none or it is scanty, on the chin it is medium or scanty ; the moustache is medium. The moustache appears first, the chin Ijcard next; when — as is common in older subjects — there is a medium, or even full, growth on the upper and lower cheeks, there is a clear space between. The eyes are dark brown, with S {)er cent, of lighter occurrences: they are rarely oblique — in about 5 percent.; they are widely separated. The line of union of the nose and forehead is high and of medium width; the nose is fat, flat, and broad, with nostrils somewhat transversely spread. The mouth is large and lips are thick and projecting; the mouth is rarely kept closed. Prognathism is common. The lines from the sides of the nose to the ends of the lips are deeply creased. Ears are often irregular and are usually close to the head; the 79 30 PHYSIC.A.L Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico upi)er helix border is rolled in and thin, while the lower border is flat and thick; the lobe is large, attached, and round. The face is low and is broad across the cheeks. The skin is dark brown, (13) being most common and (16) next. The female ij]>e was noted as "wide face above; lower face wide; nose broad and flat ; nostrils nearly circular and close to the face. " This description applies as well to the youthful male type. To twenty-three mothers, one hundred and sixty children were born of whom eighty -four still lived; the largest family contained sixteen children. , The occurrence of erythrism at Ixcuintepec is famous through the Mixe country. In one family are several red-heads; we saw two males of this family. The hair was a rich and handsome blackish red — in the shade, in a dull light, it would pass for black ; in good light the red was evident. Among our hundred males four had cata- ract (one, an old man, had both eyes affected). One woman was goitrous. Goitre is not infrequent in this region of fine mountain brooks. At Camotlan, with a popula- tion of 113 persons, there were six cases of goitre — four females and two males; there were three deaf-mutes, who were not children of goitrous parents; and there was one case of congenital deformation, with no legs and with deformed arms and hands. Our measurements, taken at Ajutla, Juquila, Ixcuintepec, and Coatlan. no doubt represent the type adequately, but we regret that the work was not done at Ocotepec, where the people appear to be exceptionally pure and the ty})e finely marked. TABLE XVII. MIXES Men (100) Women- (25) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. 1,574.4 1,714 1,423 663 1,809 905 422 200 160 200 131 155 62 48 79 1,553 1,458.4 1,195 ' 1,199.2 520 i 538.2 1,456 1 1,478.9 752 : 774.0 309 ; 322.9 165 1 178.3 140 ' 142.9 154- 1 167.0 103 105.6 132 ia3.3 1,648 1,346 617 1.712 855 .365 188 1,326 Height of shoulder Tip of second finger Finger-reach Sitting height Width of shoulders 1,.302.2 583.8 1,628.1 822.4 357.4 184.5 1,073 454 1,385 681 288 165 Breadth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (b) 150.7 177.0 116.8 143.5 49.7 39.0 02. 2 153 132 184 152 117 93 143 118 41 31 50 44.4 34.9 60.6 49 i 37 Breadth of nose 40 ! 30 73 i 49 44.0 103.3 52.1 22.6 81.8 80.8 122.9 78.8 48.7 108.6 54.8 25.8 97.5 94.1 138.4 102.3 40.6 99.9 48.3 20.7 71.7 70.1 110.5 56.4 44.7 101.3 53.0 22.1 80.1 79.9 126.4 79.0 46. G 1 42.4 Finger-reach inde.x Sitting-height index 105.9 97.1 55.6 49.8 24.4 • 20.6 Cephalic index Facial index (a) Facial index {b) 87.2 88.1 144.0 100.0 74.1 71.8 111.9 66.6 Fkederick Starr 31 FIG. II. TKIUW.NTKI'EC ZAPOTEC; S.\X UL.V.S, ST.VTK OF O.W.VCA THE ZAPOTECS OF TEHUANTEPEC The Zapotecs of Tehuanteiiec probably present the finest Zapotec type, although they probably have some admixture of Spanish blood. They are (he tallest tril)e visited, having a mean stature of IfiOo; in cephalic index they are close to the Mixtec- Zapotecs of Mitla; they are mesorhinian. The hair was gray, or turning to gray, m seventeen cases, and was brown in three; the usual formula — "black, straight" — fails in 48 percent, of cases. The distribution of beard is much as usual: less than half had anv beard mi llic n|ipi'r cheeks, three-f'ourtlis had iKine un the lnwer cheeks, forty-six had a meiliuai, and thirty-six a scanty, growth on the chin, while three- fourths had a medium moustache growth ; 37 per cent, of the subjects have light or gray beard. Eyes are usually dark brown, but there were seventeen cas(>s of brown. light brown, or gray; few- are oblitjne in any degree. The line of union betweiii 1lie nose and forehead is from high to medium and rather narrow; though the nose is long and high, it is often flat and thick at the end. The lips vary from medium to thick and project somewhat. The ears are, rather frecjuently, irregular, and project from the head; the edge of the helix is thin and rolled in above, thick (or thin) and fiat })elow; the lobe is large, attached, and variable in form. A certain narrow, large- featured, hatchet face is rather common, and is represented in the cut. The skin color 81 32 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico TABLE XVIII. ZAPOTECS (TEHUANTEPECANOS) Men (99) Women (25) Meau Max. Min. Mean Max. Mill. stature Height of shoulder Tip of second finger Finger-reach Height, sitting Width of shoulders 1,605.0 1,325.2 589.7 1,666.9 8.30.0 ,361.2 ia5.3 150.2 181.1 114.8 142.4 50.2 40.1 &3.7 1,7.30 1,448 6a3 1,826 905 395 199 163 201 1.32 155 58 49 77 1,476 1,220 520 1,4.54 765 .314 171 1.39 160 99 129 42 .34 52 1,509.4 1,245.8 569.5 1,540.1 793.4 333.0 176.6 145.6 171.8 107.4 136.0 44.7 .36.2 59.3 1,6.30 1,349 630 1,729 852 362 191 155 191 116 150 .50 42 64 1,403 1,157 530 1,415 754 295 158 Breadth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (b) Breadth of face 1,33 149 99 125 40 Breadth of nose 29 52 45.7 103.8 51.6 23.0 81.1 78.7 124.1 80.0 49.0 110.2 .55.8 25.0 89.5 88.0 1.37.3 102.1 ,37.9 94.5 48.2 20.1 73.3 70.5 106.8 64.2 44.7 101.9 52.6 22.0 82.5 79.2 126.7 81.0 47.6 107.8 55.2 23.8 92.4 87.9 140.2 93.3 42.0 Finger-reach index Sitting-height index Shoulder index 95.6 49.2 19.2 76.3 Facial index (a) Facial index {b) 73.5 118.9 a3.o varies but the commonest tint is (16) and the next is (13), so it may hv described as dark brown. Women give the impression of being larger and better built than the men. Tlys is not actually the case, but the maximum stature of the women is greater than the mean stature of the men. This is true of only four other tribes in the list — Mixes, Mixtecs, Triquis, and Tarascans. In enterprise and vivacity the women are distinctly superior. For personal beauty the Tehuantepec women are famous: all travelers emphasize the fact and some assert that they are the handsomest women in the world. Much of this favorable impression is due to their fine forms, their free and graceful movement, and their straightforward and fearless manner. Women of middle age tend toward stoutness and some cases of real obesity occur. We have already stated that the Mitla Zapotecs are intermediate between the Tehuantepecanos and the Mixtecs. The accompanying table shows this: Stature Mixtecs 1561.3 Zapotecs (M.) 1586.4 Zapotecs (T.) 1605.0 In only three of these nine details do they occupy any but the intermediate place, and in those three the difference between the two Zapotec types is small. Facts, then, bear out the common idea that the people of Mitla are a Mixtec-Zapotec mixture. 82 Arm Finger-reach Sitting Shoulder Cephalic Facial (')) Nasal 11.8 102.1 52.2 22.6 81.9 80.0 125.7 83.1 45.1 102.3 52.3 22.1 81.0 80.8 124.3 81.9 45.7 103.8 55.8 23.0 81.1 78.7 124.1 80.0 Feedebick Starr 33 THE JUAVES These sea-side, lagoon-frequenting Indians j)resent a well-marked type. Their average stature falls just short of " below mean: "' the cephalio index is just shoit of su[)ra-brachyc-{>plialy ; their nasal index, while the least observed, is still mesorliinian. The hair is straight and black; there were nine cases of gray hair, and twenty -eight that were more or less wavy or curly. The beard presents greater variation: there were fifteen cases which were somewhat gray and thirty-two which were brown (n- black-brown. There was total lack of Ix'ard on the upper cheeks in sixty-nine cases, and straggling iiairs in twenty-two; there was no l)earil on the lower ciiceks; on the chin the growth varied from medium to scanty, but was contined to tiie tip and a vertical median linr. ( )ut of nine cases that present a medium growth on th(> u[)[)er cheeks, eight were gray or l)rown; in the few cases where there was a scanty growth on the lower cheeks, all were gray or brown. These facts raise the sus[)icioii of mixture of bloods in cases of notable beard growth. The eyes are dark brown; in the eight cases where brown eyes were observed, the hair or beard was gray, bnjwn, or black-brown, straight-wavy, or straight-curly; the eyes show no tendency to obliquity. The nose is enormous, prominent and aquiline; this is true even in women and boys; among the latter, however, it is lower and .somewhat flat. The line at the junction of nose and forehead is high and from narrow to medium; the bridge is often narrow; the tip is rarely thick and is, sometimes, even hooked. The mouth is large, the lips thick, T.\BLE .\1.\. -n AVES Men (100) Women (25) Mean Man. Min. Mean Max. Min. Stature Height of .shoulder Tip of second finger Finger-reach 1,599.6 1,.322.9 592.8 1,644.4 8;50.9 .3.54.8 181.3 153.1 177.1 116.2 145.0 50.3 38.1 64.3 1,7.33 1,451 678 1,775 897 .393 199 171 200 129 160 58 45 77 1,473 1,217 535 1,473 770 314 162 140 162 104 134 42 32 55 1,463.0 1,203.0 539.2 1,505.5 782.6 ,326.2 172.3 148.2 167.5 106.8 1.37.4 44.7 .^5.7 58.3 1,5,37 1,281 .599 1,595 821 .351 ia3 164 182 116 150 51 41 64 1,375 1,103 478 l,.3a3 739 Width of shoulders... Lenfith of head Breadth of h.-ad Heifjht of face (a) Height of face (6) Breadth of face Height of nose 296 1.55 1.33 149 94 121 .38 .30 Ear length 53 .\rm index Finger reach index Sitting height index . . . Shoulder index Cephalic index Facial index (o) 45.5 102.7 51.8 22.3 84.5 81.5 124.9 76.0 48.4 107.2 53.9 25.2 93.7 92.5 139.4 42.4 96.3 49.6 20.2 74.3 74.3 107 4.5.0 102.9 53.4 22.2 86.0 &3.1 130.3 47.9 106.8 .56.0 24.1 95.9 91.0 144 9 42.3 98.8 51.2 20.1 76.2 75.2 115.6 100.0 62.2 80.2 93.0 65.2 83 34 Physical Chaeactees of Indians of Southern Mexico FIG. i:.. JUAVE: SAN" MATEO DEL MAR, STATE OF OAXACA and the upi)er li]) often projects. The cheek-bones are high ; the lower face varies and may be 1 >road or narrow. Ears vary little and are not large ; the upper part of the car frequently stands well off from the head — the lower part rarely does; the upper part of the border of the helix folds over, sometimes closely and flattened; the lower part is flat and thin, though the very edge may be thickened and slightly raised; the lobe is large, attached, and triangular. The skin color is commonest at (16), then at (18). The women show rather more variation than the men; they are lighter in color, there being twice as many at (18) as there are at (10). As regards fecundity, twenty-four women had borne one hundred and fifty-seven children, of whom more than half (eighty-six) were dead. Two women out of twenty-five had cataract of the eyes. Especial interest attaches to this tribe of Indians. Their manner of life is peculiar; they have a language whose affinity with other Mexican languages is unknown, and they are believed to have come from somewhere farther south — from Central America or South America. Francisco Belmar has recently published a study of the language of the Juave tribe, and Nicolas Leon has prepared a summary of what has heretofore been written about them. 84 Frederick Starr 35 FIU. IC. JIAVK WOMAN: SAN MATKO DKI. MAR, STATK UK OAXACA THE CHOXTALS A first glanco gives the imi)ression that the Chontals are sadly mixod. Their frequently curly hair, light skin, and light eyes suggest blood mixture. As their c-hief town lies upon a uuich traveled high-road, the possibility of such a mixture is admitted. But if it has taken place the work has been thorough, and the resulting type is quite as uniform as many of those in southern Mexico. Usually the range in character and indices is considered indicative of purity or mixture. In our nine general tables the range in stature is the only ma.rimiiiii shown by the Chontals; in four indices the range is considerable, though not a maximum; in four the range is less than that of one-half of the tribes, and in two of these (one of them the nasal index) it is relatively small. The type, then, is tiot a bad one. If there is notable mixture, probably negro l)looil, as well as white, is present. The Chontals, with a stature of l,r)',)S.O mm., are near near the taller end of our trilies; they are sub-brachy- ce[)halic; the nasal index is low. The hair is black and straight, but in thirty-five cases out of eighty it showed variation in form and in sixteen out of eighty cases showed variation in color. Ten cases were distinctly curly, while three were brown or dark brown. The beard was gray, or sprinkled with gray, in thirty subjects; it was curly in several. Many subjects had no beard on the upper cheeks, but thirty-one 85 36 Physical Characteks of Indians of Southern Mexico Y i^ fig. 17. CHONT.VL: TEQITIXI.STL.W, STATE OF OAXACA TABLE XX. CHONTALS Men (80) Women (23) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. 1,598.0 1,325.0 595.2 1,648.6 825.4 351.7 180.3 149.9 177.6 113.7 141.7 50.5 39.0 62.4 1,768 1.488 678 1,821 905 386 192 160 200 129 151 56 47 73 ! 1,391 1.480.6 1,5&3 1,305 612 1,609 857 347 185 153 188 115 148 53 44 77 1,383 Height of shoulder Tip of second finger 1,141 540 1,415 728 308 162 139 . 145 102 126 45 32 55 1,218.6 548.8 1,503.6 788.0 326.4 176.1 144,5 170.0 107.7 137.5 46.0 36.5 61.0 1,130 483 1,410 Height, sitting Width of shoulders 749 298 177 Breadth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (b) 132 155 100 124 40 30 52 45.6 103.1 51.6 21.9 83.2 79.9 - 124.7 77.2 51.1 110.0 55.2 23.8 93.5 93.7 138.4 94.0 42.6 ; 45.1 48.4 106.5 55.1 24.1 87.7 87.5 136.2 91.6 42.7 Finger-reach index Sitting-height inde.x .... 98.4 47.3 19.2 75.6 70.4 108.1 61.5 101.5 53.1 22.0 82.0 81.0 127.6 79.4 95.7 50.7 20.1 76.6 72.0 Facial index (b) 114.8 63.2 Frederick Stark 37 KKt. IS. CHONTAL WOMAN: TEQUIXISTLAN, STATE OF OAXACA subjects showed a scanty to medium i^rowtli ; only a third had any at all on tht> lower cheeks; more than half had a medium growth upon the chin; five-eighths had a medium and almost all the others a full moustache. This remarkable predominance of the moustache over the rest of the beard appears real, and not the result of shaving. The eyes are dark brown; only seven varied (one of these was blue-gray); they are widely spaced and are horizontal. The nose is large and rather long, often somewliat convex along the ridge; the root is high anil narrow. , '10(1 often presents a broad plateau, pinched up into a narrow ridge just where it joins the forehead. The ii|)s are thin to medium ; the upper lip is vertical or slightly projecting. The ear is round, stands off from the head, and is thin and rather open ; the upper border of the helix is thin and rolled inward, the lower bonier is thick to thin and tiat ; the lobe varies in size and attachment, but is usually round. The color of the skin varies somewhat in individuals, but the commoner shades are represented by (13), (23), and (Ki) in our color-plate. Women fairly present the same type. More than one-half of them gave skin color at (13). Their lips are more frequently fhir is rulled in and thick above and Hat below; the lobe is large, slightly attaehed, and round. Tlie lower face is often lieavy and projecting. The color of the skin is (juite constant at (23). Overgrown exani|ilis of the youthful type occur; big, babyish fellows. A coarse, light type is also found. The Chochos gave us the ini[)ressi()n of being extremely cowardly. Women prescmt llie same tendency to obliquity of t]i(> eyes, broadness of nose, and lliickness and projeclii>n of li|is that the men do; they prrscnt the same uniformity in color, at the same shade. Twenty mothers in our series had hoi-nc ninety-ont' children, of whom forty-six hatl died; one woman was unmarrird. THE MAZATECS The Mazatecs. with a stature of 15-51.8 mm., art' the shortest of the tribes examined. They are suh-brachycephalic and mesorhinian. The head is frequently flattened behind, giving great apparent height. The hair is black and straight; only three cases were gray and five sprinkled with graj' ; thirteen subjects presented slight degrees of waviness or cnrliness; the hair was occasionally tliin on to|) of the head. The beard was gray in four, sprinkled with gray in six, and lirownish in seven, cases. The beard growth on the upper cheeks was medium, on the lower cheeks none, on the chin medium to scanty; the moustache was medium. The beard ap])ears late, and subjects from twenty-six to twenty-eight yeai-s of age often have none at all, or a scanty growth upon the chin (xnut and the upper lip. The face, at the cheek-bones, is wide, often as wide as tlie maximum cranial width. The nose is generally aquiline, though neither lai-ge nor prominent; the line of junction of the nose and forehead is high to medium and of medium width; the tip of the nose is often l)road and flat. The eyes are dark brown and widely separated; in twenty-eight subjects they were more or less oblique. The lips range from medium to thick and there is some progna- thism. The lower jaw is frequently wide and heavy-angled. The ear is round, and stands well off from the head; the border of the upper part of the helix is thin and rolled in, while that of the lower part is thick (-thin) and flat; the lobe is large, attached, and round-triangular. The skin color is most freipicntly at Cl'.l): next in frequency is (13-23); seventy-five of the cases fall within these two shades. Women present much the same type, but are more frequently prognathic. They tend to stoutness, and middle-aged women are sometimes fat. In our series were three barren women and one unmarried woman; seventeen motheis had borne ninety children, of whom forty-seven still survived. Three or four ca.ses were pock-marked. About the same number of persons were affected by purple i>iiilhalic index Kacial index (a) Facial index {/)) Nasal index 1.570.3 1,693 1,413 1,472.7 1,5:« 1.40.3 1.296.. 3 1,390 1,147 1,213.0 1,273 i.m; 582.8 656 515 555.1 617 .")()2 i,a'50.o 1,791 1,478 l,,m3.8 1,572 1..398 a30.8 916 7.'?8 774.5 827 731 .359.2 396 324 327.2 357 :«-) 177.8 196 162 169.4 180 1.55 150.1 164 140 145.8 158 1.38 177.5 194 154 167.9 180 155 113.4 1.30 101 103.8 113 '.M! 141.9 152 134 1.34.2 143 129 48.9 56 43 42.4 48 .38 38.1 44 28 35.2 40 31 63.5 71 57 58.9 64 54 45.3 48.4 40.0 44.7 48.9 41.9 103.7 109.0 99.5 102.0 1(X).5 97.7 52.8 55.9 49.7 52.5 54.1 50.4 22.8 24.8 20.9 22.1 23.4 20.6 84.4 95.7 75.7 86.2 93.8 77.9 79.1 96.7 72.6 80.3 87.7 72.8 125.1 147.5 115.5 128.5 140.6 118.1 78.3 102.5 57.1 a3.2 97.4 72.3 LofC. 99 50 Physical Chaeactees of Indians of Southeen Mexico FIG.-JU. JIAVA; TEKAX, STATE OF YUCATAN THE MAYAS The Mayas are of little stature, with not one tall subject in the series. Their arms are the longest observed, and the finger-reach is the maximum, at 105.(5. They are next to the maximum in shoulder-breadth index. Their facial indices are the largest of our list, and their cephalic index next to the maximum. They have been characterized elsewhere as '■ short, dark, and brachycephalic." Short and brachy- cephalic they certainly are, but hardly dark. There are no cases at (16), so com- monly reached by some of our tribes; the most frequent color is (23) or (23) to (24). The hair is black and straight ; in six cases the color was lighter or gray, and in fifteen cases it showed a tendency toward wavy or curly. The beard was lighter in nineteen cases. The growth of the beard is moderately strong, and its distribution much as usual — scanty to medium on the upper cheeks, absent from the lower cheeks, scanty or medium upon the chin, and medium to full in the moustache. The eyes are dark- brown and widely separated; one-half the subjects presented a notable obliquity, though the character tends to disappear with age; in children it is almost universal and well marked. The nose is aquiline, though low, flat, and wide; the bridge is long, sometimes sinuous^ and often projects as a central beak beyond the alse. Lips are of moderate thickness and do not project much. The ear is well shaped and 100 Frederick Starr 51 stands well off from the head; the helix border is thiek, and is rolled in above and flat below; the lobe is of fair size, and is attached in about one-half tlie cases. While the heads are brachycei)halic, they are rarely flat behind. The subject represented in the cut on the preceding page (Fig. 20) ])reseiits a well marked snb-tyjie which is rather common. In this tyj^e the large round eyes are widely spaced, and almost stand off from the sides of the face; the nose projects but little, and tin- cliin still less, so tliat tlic iirotile prcsfiits an almost continuous simple curve. It is claimed that pure Mayas have a purple spot in the sacral region, on the back, which is called by the native name iiHs. If such a spot exists it is [)robably an infantile character like the similar spots which have been described among Japanese, Eskimo, and other mongoloid peoples. We examined three subjects expressly to find this sjK)t and found no trace of it ; the youngest of our subjects, however, was ten years old, and it is not unlikely that babies may be marked in this fashion. Among the hundred subjects examined by us we noticed that the little toe is often extremely short. The women of this tribe present no features which call for special comment. Twenty-three mothers out of the twenty-five of our list had borne a total of one hundred and thirty-three children, of whom fifty-five had died; one woman was unmarried. TABLE XXVIII. MAYAS Men (100) Women (2.i) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Stature 1,552.4 1,283.0 567.7 1,641.2 8a3.7 362.1 181.8 154.1 173.4 110.6 144.2 48.6 ,37.5 61.7 1,675 1,410 661 1,758 887 :»2 107 168 191 124 1.56 (50 42 76 1,4.52 1,182 ■497 1,495 755 318 165 1.35 1.52 99 1,35 42 .33 50 1,415.2 1,165.2 528.4 1,482.4 728.9 .325.4 174.9 148.7 174.7 101.2 136.9 4:3.3 35.2 61.2 1.500 1,246 595 1,560 793 35:3 m3 161 186 108 145 .52 41 73 1,331 1,074 460 1,415 677 287 1C)7 Height of shoulder Tip of second finger Finger-reach Height sitting Width of shoulders Breadth of head Heigth of face (a) Height of faeo(6) Breadth of face 141 1.55 91 i:?o .37 Breadth of nose 29 56 46.0 105.6 51,7 23.1 a5.o a3.4 1.30.4 77 . 5 48.5 111.7 54.5 25.3 94.6 95.0 147.1 93.0 42.7 100.2 47.9 21.0 75.2 .59.6 111.5 &3.3 44.9 104.7 51.5 22.9 85.0 78.4 1.35.4 81.8 49.1 111.4 55.2 24.8 89.4 87.7 152.1 105.1 42.9 Finger-reach inde.ic Sitting height index .... ShoiddiT index Cephalic index Facial index (a) Facial index (b) 99.6 48.6 20.6 78.6 71.5 126.1 68.8 101 52 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico ZOQUE: TUXTLA HUTIKHREZ. STATK OF CITIAPAS THE ZOQUES The type of the Zoques is not clearly defined. They are among the taller tribes, having a mean stature of 1,(5(10 mm., and only forty-nine of the hundred subjects fall- ing within the group of little statures. In regard to all other measurements they occupy an intermediate position. The skin color is light ; ( 23j is the most common tint, and (23-13) is next in frequency; women are a little lighter than men. The hair grays rather readily, and cases where it is slightly wavy or curly are not rare. The beard is scanty and straggling, or is entirely absent, although the moustache is fairly abundant. The eyes are dark brown and widely spaced; even a slight amount of obliquity is uncommon, and when it occurs is mostly in young subjects. The root of the nose is seldom depressed, but it is never really high; the bridge is straight, with a suggestion of concavity in young subjects, but becomes boldly aquiline and prominent in old persons. The upper lip is often notably, the lower feebly, developed; the lips project little, and when they are thick the thickness is vertical. The chin is often weak. The lower face is frequently broad, even as much so as the face at the level of the cheek-bones. The rather low forehead is frequently retreating, and, when this character is combined with wide cheek-bones and a slight occipital flatness, gives an impression of acrocephaly. This combination is not rare. The ear stands well off 102 Fbederiok Stabb 53 TABLE XXIX. ZOQUES Men (100) 1 Women (2.^)) Mi-an Max. Mill. Mi-an Max. Min. 1,600.0 1,.316.8 .591.0 1,651.8 841.8 .356.9 182.3 146.2 175.7 113.2 1.39.5 62.3 37.8 62.4 1,766 1,420 646 1,785 908 .393 196 161 194 127 154 76 44 76 1,442 1.474.8 1,.586 1,.300 618 1,619 845 .367 185 151 193 113 141 51 .39 64 1..372 Height of shoulder Hill of second tinger .... Kint;er-re,aeh Hi'it,'lit, sittinfc Wulth of shoulders Leiif,'th of head I!reinlth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (6) Breadth of face Heiglit of nose Breadth of nose Ear length 1,182 501 1,469 721 318 171 132 1.55 102 127 54 32 54 1,210.5 564.0 1,497.5 791.0 .3.31.1 175.7 143.1 172.0 106.5 1.38.0 46.0 .35.2 58.5 1.120 498 1..398 717 298 ia3 1.35 154 97 125 40 31 53 45.4 103.2 52.5 22.2 80.2 79.9 123.2 77.4 .52.6 108.6 56.2 25.4 43.3 96.6 48.2 19.7 43.8 100.9 53.7 22.4 47.5 106.2 .56.4 23.8 86.3 84.8 140.2 42.0 Finger-reach index Sitting height index .... 94.0 50.5 20.1 Cephalic index Facial index (a) 89.5 m.\ ! 81.4 92.2 , 69.5 ' 77.9 137.5 j 109.0 126.1 76.7 70.7 116.3 95.3 1 61.1 76.9 1 92.5 64.0 from tlie head; tlm upper sccUdii of the helix border is thin and rolled in, while the lower section is thick and tint : the lolie is large, attached, and ronnd (-square); it is not unfrequently free. Women present few peculiar features for consideration. Their nose is large and aquiline in a degree unusual in the sex; they are somewhat prognathic, though the lips protrude little, being thick vertically. Large families — ten, twelve, thirteen children — are not rare. Among our subjects were five unmarried women; the remain- ing twenty had borne one hundred and forty-three children, of whom tifty-six had died. The number of unmarried women is the largest we have observed. Woukmi generally show great asymmetry of shoulders, one being much higher tlian the other; a woman not thus affected is the exception. We attribute the condition to tlie peculiar mode in which these women carry babies. The child is slung at one side, lumg in a cloth band, which ])asses over the o[)posite shoulder. Pinto is a cominon disease among Zoques, occurring in both mm and women. No cases of tlie red iorni were seen, but the white and the liine were t'reciuent. and frequently occur in the same individual. The blue is most noticeable ui)on the face, where it forms connected patches, confluent reticulations, and " powder-dotting." Where blue pinto aib-cts the face, the hands and feet are quite likely to be blotched with white. In a few cases both kinds affected the extremities, which wi-re sometimes a mass of distinct or indistinct color-blotching. Thirteen cases were noted among the hundred men. and six among the twenty-five wimien. 103 54 Physical Charactebs of Indians of Southern Mexico ( )ii account of their linguistic relationship a comparison of the indices of the Zoques and Mixes becomes interesting. When we place the indices side by side we find a fair amount of agreement. .\rni Finger-reach Sittinf?-heiffht Shoulder Zoque 45.4 103.2 52.5 22.2 Mixe 44.6 104.3 52.1 22.6 Cephalic Facial W Nasal 80.2 79.9 123.2 77.4 81.8 81.8 122.9 78.8 THE TZOTZILS In most respects the Tzotzils occupy an intermediate position. They have a great sitting height, short arms, and noses that are next to the broadest observed. They give the impression of having long heads, and in reality are only surpassed in actual head-length by the Otomis; as their stature is twenty-two millimeters less than that of the Otomis, this impression is really justified. The head is, however, relatively narrow. More than half of the subjects have the color (23 ) ; more than half the remainder are at ( 23-13 j; they are notably lighter than their neighbors and linguistic relatives, the Tzendals. There were fourteen cases where the hair was more or less gray, but only one where it was anything but straight. The beard is rather abundant; upon the upper cheeks there is a medium growth, the lower cheeks are generally bare, the chin beard is medium or even full, the moustache growth is medium. The eyes are widely separated and often oblique. While the focm of the nose is quite uniform, the line of its junction with the forehead varies; on the whole it is of medium height table XXX. tzotzils Men- (100) Women (2.5) Meau Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Stature Height of shoulder Tip of second finger Finger-reach Height, sitting Width of .shoulders 1,559.0 1,291.0 588.2 1,603.4 a30.3 346.9 188.1 144.6 175.2 113.3 140.9 48.1 40.5 62.1 1,669 1,421 671 1,725 890 379 200 156 201 132 156 60 46 76 1,445 1,165 507 1,447 745 309 177 • 135 152 99 130 42 a3 54 • 1,441.3 1,181.3 545.4 1,452.6 783.6 320.1 179.7 1.38.1 166.8 106.0 132.7 43.1 .35.5 58.1 1,530 1,281 593 1,562 872 .350 191 147 187 117 144 48 .39 65 1,373 1,129 508 1,340 734 280 172 Breadth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (b) 130 151 100 124 Height of nose 38 33 Ear length 52 45.0 49.3 41.2 96.7 49.1 19.7 68.5 69.0 107.5 63.4 44.0 100.7 54.2 22.1 76.8 80.3 125.3 82.6 47.2 105.2 60.5 24.1 81.9 89.4 142.5 100.0 41.2 Finger-reach index Sitting-height index .... 102.7 i 106.7 53.2 58.3 22 2 24 3 95.3 51.0 20.4 Cephalic index 76.9 ■ 80.6 82.7 93.4 71.9 71.6 Facial index (b) 124.7 84.8 144.4 104.5 110.7 73.3 104 Frederick Starr 55 11(1. 2S. TZOTZIL: THAMrLA, STATE OF CHIAPAS and width, hut cli-arly ttmds to high and medium or even high and narrow; tlu' nose itself is low and fiat, with a short and thick tip. The lips are thick, and the u[)per lij) often projects notably. Ther(^ is little prognathism. The ear, which lies close to the head, is little and well shaped; the border of the helix is thick, and is rolled inward above, flat below; the lobe is large, attached, and round. Women show few points which need consideration. Tlieir nose is lower and thicker at the tip; tlicir lips are nion' projecting; they present greater prognathism: and their ears stand iA\' more. The answers secured regarding families are entitled to no consideration. THE TZENDALS In stature at I")")?.! the Tzendals are among the shorter of Tene- japa have mixed more than those of Chanuila. In both of the facial indices the Tzendals are superior; this greater face-breadth, associated with a slightly less cephalic index, is curious. The tribes are quite close together in sitting-height, which is rather large. Though the Tzendals are a little shorter, they have longer arms and n greater finger-reach than the Tzotzils. There is a greater diiference in shoulder-width than we should expect. TABLE XXXI. TZENDALS Men (100) \ Women (K) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. 1,557.1 1,286.7 547.3 1,613.3 a30.0 .342.2 187.7 144.1 173.0 112.1 140.8 47.9 39.9 62.2 1,722 1,503 &56 1,827 921 .398 202 159 196 131 156 60 50 72 I,4a3 1.4.38.4 1,548 1,-3.38 Height of shoulder Tip of second tinker. . . . Finger reach 1,153 1,175.2 515 .521.3 1,419 1,455.6 7.38 772.0 1,276 1,094 .567 ; 457 1,563 1,311 824 ! 720 Width of shoulders Length of liead Breadth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (6) 295 164 128 154 98 127 40 a3 52 .318.3 180.7 1.37.0 162.3 101.8 131.1 42.2 35.6 57.7 .352 197 144 177 111 1.37 48 41 64 295 171 113 153 95 126 37 Breadth of nose .32 49 Arm index Finger reach index Sitting height index Shoulder index Cephalic index Facial index (a| Facial index {b) Nasal index 45.5 103.4 5;i.3 21.9 76.8 81.6 125.9 83.8 48.7 109.3 58.8 24.2 86'4 94.5 144.4 102.2 42.8 97.7 .50.7 19.8 68.0 65.6 104.9 64.1 45.3 101.1 53.6 22.0 75.9 80.9 129.0 84.6 51.2 43.0 106.8 96.0 56.0 50.9 23.6 20.6 82.4 66.4 87.5 72.7 141.0 117.1 97.5 , 68.7 THE CHOLS In stature, the Chols fall between their neighliors and linguistic relatives, the Tzotzils and Tzendals, in the list of little statures at l.~)'u.U — with 7o percent, of the subjects below l,()00mm. The arm index is moderate, but the tinger-reach index, 103.8, is rather high. The cephalic index is far away from that of all linguistic rela- 107 58 Physical Characters op Indians of Southern Mexico FIG. 30. CHOL: TUMH.VL.V. .ST.VTE OF CllI.M'.VS TABLE XXXII. CHOI.: Mex (1001 Women (25) Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Stature Height of shoulder Tip of second linger. . . . Finger-reach Height, sitting Width of shoulders Length of head Breadth of head Height of face (a) Height of face (b) Breadth of face Height of nose Breadth of nose 1.557.9 1.288.4 580.7 1,614.0 817.8 346.7 182.5 147.5 175.8 113.2 141.2 48.8 37.1 60.4 1,686 1,423 685 1,775 897 391 202 159 195 128 157 58 48 70 1,436 1,184 506 1,289 725 289 165 134' 155 101 128 41 31 53 1,413.2 1,165.6 523.1 1,4.38.1 748.1 310.5 177.1 141.6 166.2 103.2 130.2 45.0 .34.2 58.4 1,485 1.247 605 1.538 854 343 188 153 181 114 139 50 41 69 1,305 1,067 449 1,356 680 289 167 128 150 92 122 40 29 51 Arm index Finger-reach index Sitting-height index .... 45.3 103.8 .52.4 22.1 80.8 . 80.4 124.9 76.4 48.4 109.4 55.9 25.1 95.7 90.7 140.5 106.9 40.8 98.2 48.6 19.7 72.4 71.2 108.8 58.6 45.4 101.7 52.8 21.9 80.0 78.5 126.5 76.1 53.5 106.7 64.1 23.9 90.0 84.6 139.5 89.1 41.7 94.9 46.4 20.5 Cephalic index Facial index (q) Facial index (b) 73.5 70.7 111.5 61.7 108 Fkedekick Stabb 59 tives. Tlie t'undauieiitiil foloring is (23), darkening in individual cases to (23-13). These t\v(i shades tx'cur in two-thirds of the subjects, and no case varied far from theui. Tlierc were but three cases in which the hair showed any tendency to wavy or curly; there was no baldness, and only one case of gray and one of gray-s])rinkled hair. The beard on the ujjper cheeks is medium, on the lower cheeks none, on the ciiin siaii1\ : the moustache is of medium quantity and rarely attains to any length; shaving is quite general: Hve beards were more or less gray, and tw(j were of a brownish color. The eyes are dark bi'own and widely separated; while twenty-tive cases showed a slight obliquity, not one was truly mongoloid. There was one case of strabismus. The nose is quite largt- and prominent; it is aquiline, sometimes extremely so; its index is the lowest but one in the list; the line at the junction of the nose and the forehead varies from high to medium and from narrow to medium; when it becomes lower it also becomes wider; but there is no tendency to low, wide forms. The lips are of medium thickness or even thin, and project little or not at all. The ears are round and well formed, and stand fairly off from the head; the upi)er border of the helix is rolled inward, but o])ens downward and is flat in the lower part — it is everywhere thick: the lobe is of medium size and attached — varying in form from triangular to nnnid- triangular. The stature of the females is about itO per cent, of that of the mali's; their arm index is the same, l)ut their tinger-reach index is less. Their color is a little lighter at (28) and (23) to ( 15) ; it has more of a reddish tinge. Among our twenty-five women was an undue [jroportion of old women — showing three cases of gray hair. There were no unmarried women in our series. Twenty-four mothers had borne one hundred and two children, of whom tifty-nine had died. 109 hJECKMAN BINDERY INC nil QO