\.^'' t% >*.-i^.\ oO*.^>.% .A5«^'\ ^ *" .2«<»»;j. '■j. a"" .!rj»% **. x*' ♦; k \. ^^.-^i-^- J^^'i^X ^^^^cS J 5 »Jf»A ^*/ ^4.^*^^\/ %'^^^\o^ \^i^\/ ^ -0«« ^\/ %*^^%o'> ^^<^\/ %^^^*\^^ ^ "^^J^ ^^d^ ^AO^ 1^ -^ ^ ^^^^^^\/ %^^^'\^^ ^^^*^^\/ "V :ia^%"^^ .v\!k'i%V .A:iii;:.^^^ .^V.ti'iiA. (6 *€ii ;. t.o^.i^^.% Ar:i^.% 6«*.:^Ur.% /\.: ^o.^*" %.# A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH 1758-1908 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/shorthistoryofpi01chur George Washington, the first Pittshurgher A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH 1758-1908 BY SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH AUTHOR OF "OLIVER CROMWELL: A HISTORY," " PENRUDDOCK OF THE WHITE LAMBS," "JOHN MARMADUKE,' "BEOWULF: A POEM," ETC. PRINTED AT THE DE VINNE PRESS NEW YORK 1908 lUBKARYof CONaRBSS.' I wo tioples KeCHivei* SEP 21 lyua Copyright, 1908, by Samuel Harden Church CONTENTS PAGE HISTORICAL 13 INDUSTRIAL 79 INTELLECTUAL . 89 INDEX 127 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS / George Washington, the first Pittsburgher Frontisp tece PAGE William Pitt, Earl of Chatham 26 Plan of Fort Pitt 31 Henry Bouquet 52 Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764 ^3 Anthony Wayne a\ Conestoga wagon a a Stage-coach ^6 Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being hauled over the portage road 47 View of Old Pittsburgh, 18 17 50 Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers 80 The Pittsburgh Country Club 88 Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park . ; o? Entrance to Highland Park 07 The Carnegie Institute 10 1 Court-house 104 Zoological Garden in Highland Park 107 Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted) . . . ill Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women iir Design of University of Pittsburgh i lo Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh 123 Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park 12c PREFACE Some ten years ago I contributed to a book on "His- toric Towns," published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, of New York and London, a brief historical sketch of Pittsburgh. The approach of the one hundred and fif- tieth anniversary of the founding of Pittsburgh, and the elaborate celebrations planned in connection there- with, led to many requests that I would reprint the sketch in its own covers as a souvenir of the occasion. Finding it quite inadequate for permanent preserva- tion in its original form, I have, after much research and painstaking labor, rewritten the entire work, add- ing many new materials, and making of it what I be- lieve to be a complete, though a short, history of our city. The story has developed itself into three natural divisions: historical, industrial, and intellectual, and the record will show that under either one of these titles Pittsburgh is a notable, and under all of them, an imperial, city. S 1-T C Lake Placid Club, Adirondack Mountains, August 25, 1908. A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH 1758-1908 ^ A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH HISTORICAL EORGE WASHINGTON, the Father of his Country, is equally the Father of Pittsburgh, for he came thither in November, 1753, and established the location of the now imperial city by choosing it as the best place for a fort. Wash- ington was then twenty-one years old. He had by that time written his precocious one hundred and ten maxims of civility and good behavior; had declined to be a midshipman in the British navy; had made his only sea-voyage to Barbados ; had surveyed C13] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH the estates of Lord Fairfax, going for months into the forest without fear of savage Indians or wild beasts ; and was now a major of Virginia militia. In pursuance of the claim of Virginia that she owned that part of Pennsyl- vania in which Pittsburgh is situated, Washington came there as the agent of Governor Dinwiddie to treat with the Indians. With an eye alert for the dangers of the wilderness, and with Christopher Gist beside him, the young Virginian pushed his cautious way to "The Point" of land where the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers forms the Ohio. That, he declared, with clear military instinct, was the best site for a fort; and he rejected the promontory two miles below, which the Indians had recommended for that purpose. Washington made six visits to the vicinity of Pittsburgh, all before his presidency, and on three of them (1753, 1758, and 1770), he entered the limits of the present city. At the time of despatch- ing the army to suppress the whisky insurrection, while he was President, in 1794, he came toward Pittsburgh as far as Bedford, and then, after planning the march, returned to Philadelphia. His contact with the place was, therefore, frequent, and his information always very complete. There is a tradition, none the less pop- ular because it cannot be proved, which ascribes to Washington the credit of having suggested the name of Pittsburgh to General Forbes when the place was cap- tured from the French. However this may be, we do HISTORICAL know that Washington was certainly present when the English flag was hoisted and the city named Pitts- burgh, on Sunday, November 26, 1758. And at that moment Pittsburgh became a chief bulwark of the British Empire in America. II As early as 1728, a daring hunter or trader found the Indians at the head waters of the Ohio, — among them the Delawares, Shawanese, Mohicans, and Iroquois, — whither they tracked the bear from their village of Logstown, seventeen miles down the river. They also employed the country roundabout as a highway for their march to battle against other tribes, and against each other. At that time France and England were disputing for the new continent. France, by right of her discovery of the Mississippi, claimed all lands drained by that river and its tributaries, a contention which would naturally plant her banner upon the sum- mit of the Alleghany Mountains. England, on the other hand, claimed everything from ocean shore to ocean shore. This situation produced war, and Pitts- burgh became the strategic key of the great Middle West. The French made early endeavors to win the allegiance of the Indians, and felt encouraged to press their friendly overtures because they usually came D53 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH among the red men for trading or exploration, while the English invariably seized and occupied their lands. In 1731 some French settlers did attempt to build a group of houses at Pittsburgh, but the Indians com- pelled them to go away. The next year the governor of Pennsylvania summoned two Indian chiefs from Pittsburgh to say why they had been going to see the French governor at Montreal; and they gave answer that he had sent for them only to express the hope that both English and French traders might meet at Pitts- burgh and carry on trade amicably. The governor of Pennsylvania sought to induce the tribes to draw them- selves farther east, where they might be made to feel the hand of authority, but Sassoonan, their chief, for- bade them to stir. An Iroquois chief who joined his entreaties to those of the governor was soon afterward killed by some Shawanese braves, but they were forced to flee into Virginia to escape the vengeance of his tribe. Louis Celeron, a French officer, made an exploration of the country contiguous to Pittsburgh in 1747, and formally enjoined the governor of Pennsylvania not to occupy the ground, as France claimed its sover- eignty. A year later the Ohio Company was formed, with a charter ceding an immense tract of land for sale and development, including Pittsburgh. This corpo- ration built some storehouses at Logstown to facilitate their trade with the Indians, which were captured by D63 HISTORICAL the French, together with skins and commodities val- ued at 20,000 francs ; and the purposes of the company were never accomplished. Ill Washington's first visit to Pittsburgh occurred in November, 1753, while he was on his way to the French fort at Leboeuff. He was carrying a letter from the Ohio Company to Contrecoeur, protesting against the plans of the French commander in undertaking to establish a line of forts to reach from Lake Erie to the mouth of the Ohio River. The winter season was be- coming very severe, in despite of which Washington and Gist were forced to swim with their horses across the Allegheny River. On the way they fell in with a friendly Indian, Keyashuta, a Seneca chief, who showed them much kindness, and for whom a suburban town, Guyasuta, is named. Washington, in writing of his first sight of the forks of the river, says: As I got down before the canoe, I spent some time in viewing the rivers and the land at the fork, which I think extremely well situated for a fort, as it has the absolute command of both rivers. The land at the point is twenty-five feet above the common sur- face of the water, and a considerable bottom of flat, well-timbered land all around it very convenient for building. The rivers are each a quarter of a mile across and run here very nearly at right [173 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH angles, the Allegheny being northeast and the Monongahela south- east. The former of these two is a very rapid and swift-running water, the other deep and still without any perceptible fall. About two miles from this on the southeast side of the river at a place where the Ohio Company intended to erect a fort, lives Shingiss, King of the Delawares. We called upon him to invite him to a council at Logstown. As I had taken a good deal of notice yesterday at the fork, my curiosity led me to examine this more particularly and I think it greatly inferior either for defense or advantages, especially the latter. For a fort at the fork would be equally well situated on the Ohio and have the entire command of the Monongahela, which runs up our settlement and is ex- tremely well designed for water carriage, as it is of a deep, still nature. Besides, a fort at the fork might be built at much less expense than at the other place. Leaving Pittsburgh, Washington and Gist pro- ceeded in a northeasterly direction, and after a day's journey they came upon an Indian settlement, and were constrained by the tribe to remain there for three days. A group of these Indians accompanied the two travel- ers to the French fort, and on the journey a large number of bear and deer were killed. At Leboeuff Washington received from the French commander a very satisfactory reply. On the trip back the two pioneers encountered almost insupportable hardships. Lacking proper food, their horses died, so that they were forced to push forward in canoes, often finding it necessary, when the creeks were frozen, to carry their craft for long stretches overland. When Venango was reached, Washington, whose clothes were now in tat- D83 HISTORICAL ters, procured an Indian costume, and he and Gist con- tinued their way on foot, accompanied by an Indian guide. At this point an illustrious career was put in deadly peril, for on the second day of his escort, the treacherous guide deliberately fired his gun at Wash- ington when standing only a few feet away from him. Bad marksmanship saved the intended victim, and Gist started to kill the Indian on the spot; but Washington, patient then as always, sent the savage away, giving him provisions to last until he could reach his tribe. But an apprehension of further trouble from the friends of the discomfited guide impelled the two men to travel all that night and the next day, although Washington was suffering acute agony from his frosted feet. While recrossing the Allegheny River on a rude raft, Wash- ington fell into the icy waters and was saved by Gist from drowning only after the greatest efforts had been employed to rescue him. Reaching Herr's Island (within the present city limits) , they built a fire and camped there for the night, but in the morning Gist's hands were frozen. The bitter cold had now solidified the river and the two wanderers passed over it on foot. By noon they had reached the home of John Frazier, at Turtle Creek, where they were given clothes and fresh supplies. The journey was completed in three more days, and on receiving the reply of Contrecoeur, the English began their preparations for sending troops to Pittsburgh. c 193 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH IV As soon as Washington's advice as to the location of the fort was received, Captain William Trent was de- spatched to Pittsburgh with a force of soldiers and workmen, packhorses, and materials, and he began in all haste to erect a stronghold. The French had al- ready built forts on the northern lakes, and they now sent Captain Contrecoeur down the Allegheny with one thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, and eigh- teen pieces of cannon, in a flotilla of sixty bateaux and three hundred canoes. Trent had planted himself in Pittsburgh on February 17, 1754, a date important be- cause it marks the first permanent white settlement there. But his work had been retarded alike by the small number of his men and the severity of the win- ter; and when Contrecoeur arrived in April, the young subaltern who commanded in Trent's absence surren- dered the unfinished works, and was permitted to march away with his thirty-three men. The French completed the fort and named it Duquesne, in honor of the governor of Canada; and they held possession of it for four years. Immediately on the loss of this fort, Virginia sent a force under Washington to retake it. Washington surprised a French detachment near Great Meadows, and killed their commander, Jumonville. When [20] HISTORICAL a larger expedition came against him, he put up a stockade near the site of Uniontown, naming it Fort Necessity, which he was compelled to yield on terms permitting him to march away with the honors of war. V The next year (1755) General Edward Braddock came over with two regiments of British soldiers, and after augmenting his force with Colonial troops and a few Indians, began his fatal march upon Fort Du- quesne. Braddock's testy disposition, his consuming egotism, his contempt for the Colonial soldiers, and his stubborn adherence to military maxims that were inap- plicable to the warfare of the wilderness, alienated the respect and confidence of the American contingent, robbed him of an easy victory, and cost him his life. Ben- jamin Franklin had warned him against the imminent risk of Indian ambuscades, but he had contemptuously replied: "These savages may indeed be a formidable enemy to your raw American militia; but upon the king's regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is impossi- ble they should make any impression." Some of his English staff-officers urged him to send the rangers in advance and to deploy his Indians as scouts, but he re- jected their prudent suggestions with a sneer. On July 9 his army, comprising twenty-two hundred sol- C21: A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH diers and one hundred and fifty Indians, was march- ing down the south bank of the Monongahela. The variant color and fashion of the expedition, — the red- coated regulars, the blue-coated Americans, the naval detachment, the rangers in deerskin shirts and leggins, the savages half-naked and befeathered, the glint of sword and gun in the hot daylight, the long wagon train, the lumbering cannon, the drove of bullocks, the royal banner and the Colonial gonfalon, — the pomp and puissance of it all composed a spectacle of martial splendor unseen in that country before. On the right was the tranquil river, and on the left the trackless wilderness whence the startled deer sprang into a deeper solitude. At noon the expedition crossed the river and pressed on toward Fort Duquesne, eight miles below, expectant of victory. What need to send out scouts when the king's troops are here'? Let young George Washington and the rest urge it all they may; the thing is beneath the dignity of his majesty's general. Meanwhile, all was not tranquil at the French fort. Surrender was talked of, but Captain Beaujeu deter- mined to lead a force out to meet the approaching army. Taking with him a total effective of thirty-six officers and cadets, seventy-two regular soldiers, one hundred and forty-six Canadians, and about six hun- dred Indian warriors, a command less than half the number of the enemy, he sallied out to meet him. How insignificant were the armed forces with which the two HISTORICAL empires were now challenging each other for the splen- did prize of a new world I Beaujeu, gaily clad in a fringed hunting dress, intrepidly pressed on until he came in sight of the English invaders. As soon as the alert French commander felt the hot breath of his foe he waved his hat and his faithful followers disappeared behind rocks and trees as if the very earth had swal- lowed them. The unsuspecting English came on. But here, when they have crossed, is a level plain, elevated but a few feet above the surface of the river, extending nearly half a mile landwards, and then gradually ascending into thickly wooded hills, with Fort Duquesne beyond. The troops in front had crossed the plain and plunged into the road through the forest for a hundred feet when a heavy discharge of musketry and arrows was poured upon them, which wrought in them a consterna- tion all the greater because they could see no foe any- where. They shot at random, and not without effect, for when Beaujeu fell the Canadians began to jflee and the Indians quailed in their covers before the cannon fire of the English. But the French fighters were ral- lied back to their hidden recesses, and they now kept up an incessant and destructive fire. In this distressing situation the English fell back into the plain. Brad- dock rode in among them, and he and his officers per- sistently endeavored to rally them, but without success. The Colonial troops adopted the Indian method, and [233 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH each man fought for himself behind a tree. This was forbidden by Braddock, who attempted to form his men in platoons and columns, making their slaughter inev- itable. The French and Indians, concealed in the ravines and behind trees, kept up a cruel and deadly fire, until the British soldiers lost all presence of mind and began to shoot each other and their own officers, and hundreds were thus slain. The Virginia companies charged gallantly up a hill with a loss of but three men, but when they reached the summit the British soldiery, mistaking them for the enemy, fired upon them, killing fifty out of eighty men. The Colonial troops then re- sumed the Indian fashion of fighting from behind trees, which provoked Braddock, who had had five horses killed under him in three hours, to storm at them and strike them with his sword. At this moment he was fatally wounded, and many of his men now fled away from the hopeless action, not waiting to hear their general's fainting order to retreat. Washington had had two horses killed and received three bullets through his coat. Being the only mounted officer who was not disabled, he drew up the troops still on the field, directed their retreat, maintaining himself at the rear with great coolness and courage, and brought away his wounded general. Sixty-four British and American officers, and nearly one thousand privates, were killed or wounded in this battle, while the total French and Indian loss was not over sixty. A few prisoners captured HISTORICAL by the Indians were brought to Pittsburgh and burnt at the stake. Four days after the fight Braddock died, ex- claiming to the last, "Who would have thought it!" VI Despondency seized the English settlers after Brad- dock's defeat. But two years afterward William Pitt became prime minister, and he thrilled the nation with his appeal to protect the Colonies against France and the savages. William Pitt, the great Earl of Chatham, the man for whom our city is named, was one of the most indomit- able characters in the statesmanship of modern times. Born in November, 1708, he was educated at Eton and at Oxford, then traveled in France and Italy, and was elected to Parliament when twenty-seven years old. His early addresses were not models either of force or logic, but the fluent speech and many personal attrac- tions of the young orator instantly caught the attention of the people, who always listened to him with favor; and it was not long before his constant participation in public affairs developed the splendid talents which he possessed. Wayward and affected in little things, Pitt attacked the great problems of government with the bold confidence of a master spirit, impressing the clear genius of his leadership upon the yearning heart of A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH England in every emergency of peace or war. Too great to be consistent, he never hesitated to change his William Pitt, Earl ot Chatham tactics or his opinion when the occasion developed the utility of another course. Ordinary men have been more faithful to asserted principles, but no statesman more frequently departed from asserted principles to 1:26] HISTORICAL secure achievements which redounded to the honor of the nation. During the thirty years in which Pitt exer- cised the magic spell of his eloquence and power over the English Parliament, the stakes for which he con- tended against the world were no less than the domin- ion of North America and of India. In the pursuit of these policies he fought Spain and subdued her armies. He subsidized the king of Prussia to his interests. He destroyed the navy of France and wrested from her the larger part of her possessions beyond sea. Having al- ways a clear conception of the remotest aim of national aspiration, he was content to leave the designing of operations in detail to the humbler servants of the gov- ernment, reserving to himself the mighty concentration of his powers upon the general purpose for which the nation was striving. The king trusted him, the Com- mons obeyed him, the people adored him and called him the Great Commoner. He was wise, brave, sincere, tolerant, and humane ; and no man could more deserve the honor of having named for him a city which was destined to become rich and famous, keeping his mem- ory in more enduring fame than bronze or marble. VII Pitt's letters inspired the Americans with new hope, and he promised to send them British troops and to sup- C27] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ply their own militia with arms, ammunition, tents, and provisions at the king's charge. He sent twelve thou- sand soldiers from England, which were joined to a Colonial force aggregating fifty thousand men, the most formidable army yet seen in the new world. The plan of campaign embraced three expeditions : the first against Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton, which was successful ; the second against Ticonderoga, which succeeded after a defeat; and the third against Fort Duquesne. General Forbes, born at Dunfermline (whence have come others to Pittsburgh), commanded this expedition, comprising about seven thousand men. The militia from Virginia, North Carolina, and Mary- land was led by Washington, whose independent spirit led the testy Scotchman, made irritable by a malady which was soon to cause his death, to declare that Washington's "behavior about the roads was no wa3^s like a soldier." But we cannot believe that the young Virginian was moved by any motive but the public good. On September 12, 1758, Major Grant, a High- lander, led an advance guard of eight hundred and fifty men to a point one mile from the fort, which is still called Grant's Hill, on which the court-house now stands, where he rashly permitted himself to be sur- rounded and attacked by the French and Indians, half his force being killed or wounded, and himself slain. Washington followed soon after, and opened a road for the advance of the main body under Forbes. Fort [28;] HISTORICAL Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, had just been taken by General Amherst, with the result that supplies for Fort Duquesne were cut off. When, therefore, Captain Ligneris, the French commandant, learned of the ad- vance of a superior force, having no hope of reinforce- ments, he blew up the fort, set fire to the adjacent buildings, and drew his garrison away. On Saturday, November 25, 1758, amidst a fierce snowstorm, the English took possession of the place, and Colonel Armstrong, in the presence of Forbes and Washington, hauled up the puissant banner of Great Britain, while cannons boomed and the exulting vic- tors cheered. On the next day, General Forbes wrote to Governor Denny from 'Tort Duquesne, now Pitts- burgh,' the 26th of November, 1758," and this was the first use of that name. On this same Sunday the Rev. Mr. Beatty, a Presbyterian chaplain, preached a ser- mon in thanksgivmg for the superiority of British arms,— the first Protestant service in Pittsburgh. The French had had a Roman Catholic chaplain. Father Baron, during their occupancy. On the next day Forbes wrote to Pitt with a vision of prophecy as follows : c^y PiTTSBOURGH, 27th Novcmr, 1758. I do myself the Honour of acquainting you that it has pleased God to crown His Majesty's Arms with Success over all His. Enemies upon the Ohio, by my having obliged the enemy to bura 1 Local controversialists should note that the man who named the city spelt it with the final h. C293 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH and abandon Fort Du Ouesne, which they effectuated on the 25th :, and of which I took possession next day, the Enemy hav- ing made their Escape down the River towards the Missisippi in their Boats, being abandoned by their Indians, whom I had pre- viously engaged to leave them, and who now seem all willing and ready to implore His Majesty's most Gracious Protection. So give me leave to congratulate you upon this great Event, of hav- ing totally expelled the French from this prodigious tract of Country, and of having reconciled the various tribes of Indians inhabiting it to His Majesty's Government. I have used the freedom of giving your name to Fort Du Ouesne, as I hope it was in some measure the being actuated by your spirits that now makes us Masters of the place. . . . These dreary deserts will soon be the richest and most fertile of any possest by the British in N? America. I have the honour to be with great regard and Esteem Sir, Your most obedt & most hum^e. serv*. Jo : Forbes. VIII As a place of urgent shelter the English proceeded to build a new fort about two hundred yards from the site of Fort Duquesne, which is traditionally known as the first Fort Pitt, and was probably so called by the garri- son, although the letters written from there during the next few months refer to it as ''the camp at Pittsburgh." This stronghold cut off French transportation to the Mississippi by way of the Ohio River, and the only re- maining route, by way of the Great Lakes, was soon [30] HISTORICAL afterward closed by the fall of Fort Niagara. The fall of Quebec, with the death of the two opposing generals, Montcalm and Wolfe, and the capture of Montreal, Plan of Fort Pitt ended the claims of France to sovereignty in the new world. The new fort being found too small. General Stan- wix built a second Fort Pitt, much larger and stronger, designed for a garrison of one thousand men. The A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH Indians viewed the new-comers with suspicion, but Colonel Henry Bouquet assured them, with diplomatic Henrv Bouquet tergiversation, that, "We have not come here to take possession of your country in a hostile manner, as the French did when they came among you, but to open a 3 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH large and extensive trade with you and all other nations of Indians to the westward." A redoubt (the "Block- house") , built by Colonel Bouquet in 1764, still stands, in a very good state of preservation, being cared for by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The protection of the garrison naturally attracted a few traders, merchants, and pioneers to Pittsburgh, and a permanent population began to grow. But the indigenous race continued to resent the ex- tension of white encroachment; and they formed a secret confederacy under Pontiac, the renowned Ot- tawa chief, who planned a simultaneous attack on all the white frontier posts. This uprising was attended by atrocious cruelties at many of the points attacked, but we may take note here of the movement only as it affected Pittsburgh. At the grand council held by the tribes, a bundle of sticks had been given to every tribe, each bundle containing as many sticks as there were days intervening before the deadly assault should be- gin. One stick was to be drawn from the bundle every day until but one remained, which was to signal the outbreak for that day. This was the best calendar the barbarian mind could devise. At Pittsburgh, a Dela- ware squaw who was friendly to the whites had stealth- ily taken out three of the sticks, thus precipitating the attack on Fort Pitt three days in advance of the time appointed. The last stick was reached on June 22, 1763, and the 1:34;] HISTORICAL Delawares and Shawanese began the assault in the after- noon, under Simon Ecuyer. The people of Pittsburgh took shelter in the fort, and held out while waiting for reinforcements. Colonel Bouquet hurried forward a force of five hundred men, but they were intercepted at Bushy Run, where a bloody battle was fought. Bouquet had fifty men killed and sixty wounded, but inflicted a much greater loss on his savage foes and gained the fort, relieving the siege. As soon as Bou- quet could recruit his command, he moved down the Ohio, attacked the Indians, liberated some of their prisoners, and taught the red men to respect the power that controlled at Pittsburgh. In 1768 the Indians ceded their lands about Pitts- burgh to the Colonies, and civilization was then free to spread over them. In 1774 a land office was opened in Pittsburgh by Governor Dunmore, and land warrants were granted on payment of two shillings and six pence purchase money, at the rate of ten pounds per one hun- dred acres. IX Washington made his last visit to Pittsburgh in Octo- ber, 1770, when, on his way to the Kanawha River, he stopped here for several days, and lodged with Samuel Semple, the first innkeeper, whose hostelry stood, and still stands, at the corner of Water and Ferry Streets. [353 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH This house was later known as the Virginian Hotel, and for many years furnished entertainment to those early travelers. The building, erected in 1764 by Colonel George Morgan, is now nearly one hundred and forty years old, and is still devoted to public hospitality, but the character of its patronage has changed from George Washington to the deck roysterers who lodge there be- tween their trips on the river packets. At the time of Washington's visit the lower story of the house was divided into three rooms, two facing on Ferry Street, and the third, a large room, on Water Street, and in this latter room was placed, in the year of Washington's stop there, the first billiard table ever brought to Pitts- burgh. The mahogany steps from the first to the second floors, which were once the pride of the place, are still in the house. ^ According to Washington's journal, there were in Pittsburgh in 1770 twenty houses situ- ated on Water Street, facing the Monongahela River. These were occupied by traders and their families. The population at that time is estimated at one hun- dred and twenty-six men, women, and children, besides a garrison consisting of two companies of British troops. In October, 1772, Fort Pitt was ordered abandoned. The works about Pittsburgh, from first to last, had cost the British Crown some three hundred thousand dollars, 1 On going again to look at this house, which I have seen many times, I find that it was recently demolished to make room for railway improvements. HISTORICAL but the salvage on the stone, brick, and iron of the ex- isting redoubts amounted to only two hundred and fifty dollars. The Blockhouse was repaired and occupied for a time by Dr. John Connelly; and during the Revo- lution it was constantly used by our Colonial troops. X With the French out of the country, and with Wil- liam Pitt out of office and incapacitated by age, the Colonies began to feel the oppression of a British policy which British statesmen and British historians to-day most bitterly condemn. America's opposition to tyr- anny found its natural expression in the Battle of Lex- ington, April 19, 1775. The fires of patriotism leapt through the continent and the little settlement at Pitts- burgh was quickly aflame with the national spirit. On May 16th a convention was held at Pittsburgh, which resolved that This committee have the highest sense of the spirited behavior of their brethren in New England, and do most cordially approve of their opposing the invaders of American rights and privileges to the utmost extreme, and that each member of this committee, respectively, will animate and encourage their neighborhood to follow the brave example. No foreign soldiers were sent over the mountains to Pittsburgh, but a more merciless foe, who would attack [37] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH and harass with remorseless cruelty, was impressed into the English service, despite the horrified protests of some of her wisest statesmen. American treaties with the Indians had no force against the allurements of for- eign gold, and under this unholy alliance men were burnt at the stake, women were carried away, and cabins were destroyed. With the aim of regaining the friendship of the In- dians, Congress appointed commissioners who met the tribes at Pittsburgh; and Colonel George Morgan, Indian agent, writes to John Hancock, November 8, 1776: I have the happiness to inform you that the cloud that threat- ened to break over us is hkely to disperse. The Six Nations, with the Muncies, Delawares, Shawanese, and Mohicans, who have been assembled here with their principal chiefs and warriors to the number of 644, have given the strongest assurance of their determination to preserve inviolate the peace and neutrality with the United States. These amicable expectations were not realized, and General Edward Hand came to Pittsburgh the next year and planned an expedition against the Indians. Colonel Broadhead took out Hand's expedition in the summer and burned the Indian towns. The depreciation of paper currency, or Continental money, had by this time brought the serious burden of high prices upon the people. The traders, who de- HISTORICAL manded apparently exorbitant rates for their goods, were denounced in public meetings at Pittsburgh as being "now commonly known by the disgraceful epi- thet of speculators, of more malignant natures than the savage Mingoes in the wilderness." This hardship grew in severity until the finances were put upon a more stable basis. In 1781, there was demoralization and mutiny at Fort Pitt, and General William Irvine was put in com- mand. His firm hand soon restored the garrison to obe- dience. The close of the war with Great Britain in that year was celebrated by General Irvine by the issue of an order at the fort, November 6, 1781, requiring all, as a sailor would say, ''to splice the mainbrace." This order read as follows : The commissioners will issue a gill of whisky, extraordinary, to the non-commissioned officers and privates, upon this joyful occasion. The Penn family had purchased the Pittsburgh re- gion from the Indians in 1768, and they would offer none of it for sale until 1783. Up to this time they had held the charter to Pennsylvania; but as they had maintained a steadfast allegiance to the mother coun- try, the general assembly annulled their title, except to allow them to retain the ownership of various manors throughout the State, embracing half a million acres. In order to relieve the people of Pittsburgh from go- [39: A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ing to Greensburg to the court-house in their sacred right of suing and being sued, the general assembly erected Allegheny County out of parts of Westmore- land and Washington Counties, September 24, 1788. This county originally comprised, in addition to its present limits, what are now Armstrong, Beaver, But- ler, Crawford, Erie, Mercer, Venango, and Warren Counties. The Act required that the court-house and jail should be located in Allegheny (just across the river from Pittsburgh), but as there was no protection against Indians there, an amendment established Pitts- burgh as the county seat. The first court was held at Fort Pitt; and the next day a ducking-stool was erected for the district, at "The Point" in the three rivers. In 1785, the dispute between Virginia and Pennsyl- vania for the possession of Pittsburgh was settled by the award of a joint commission in favor of Pennsyl- vania. A writer says that in 1786 Pittsburgh contained thirty-six log houses, one stone, and one frame house, and five small stores. Another records that the popu- lation "is almost entirely Scots and Irish, who live in log houses." A third says of these log houses: "Now and then one had assumed the appearance of neatness and comfort." The first newspaper, the Pittsburgh "Gazette," was established July 29, 1786. A mail route to Philadel- phia, by horseback, was adopted in the same year. On C403 HISTORICAL September 29, 1787, the Legislature granted a charter to the Pittsburgh Academy, a school that has grown Anthony Wayne steadily in usefulness and power as the Western Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and which has in this year (July 11, 1908) appropriately altered its name to Uni- versity of Pittsburgh. A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH In 1791, the Indians became vindictive and danger- ous, and General Arthur St. Clair, with a force of twenty-three hundred men, was sent down the river to punish them. Neglecting President Washington's im- perative injunction to avoid a surprise, he led his com- mand into an ambush and lost half of it in the most disastrous battle with the redskins since the time of Braddock. In the general alarm that ensued. Fort Pitt being in a state of decay, a new fort was built in Pitts- burgh at Ninth and Tenth Streets and Penn Avenue, — a stronghold that included bastions, blockhouses, bar- racks, etc., and was named Fort Lafayette. General Anthony Wayne was then selected to command another expedition against the savages, and he arrived in Pitts- burgh in June, 1792. After drilling his troops and making preparations for two years, in the course of which he erected several forts in the West, including Fort Defiance and Fort Wayne, he fought the Indians and crushed their strength and spirit. On his return a lasting peace was made with them, and there were no further raids about Pittsburgh. XI The whisky insurrection demands a brief reference. Whisky seems to be a steady concomitant of civiliza- tion. As soon as the white settlers had planted them- [423 HISTORICAL selves securely at Pittsburgh, they made requisition on Philadelphia for six thousand kegs of flour and three thousand kegs of whisky — a disproportion as startling as Falstaff's intolerable deal of sack to one half-penny- worth of bread. Congress, in 1791, passed an excise law to assist in paying the war debt. The measure was very unpopular, and its operation was forcibly resisted, particularly in Pittsburgh, which was noted then, as now, for the quantity and quality of its whisky. There were distilleries on nearly every stream emptying into the Monongahela. The time and circumstances made the tax odious. The Revolutionary War had just closed, the pioneers were in the midst of great Indian troubles, and money was scarce, of low value, and very hard to obtain. The people of the new country were unused to the exercise of stringent laws. The progress of the French Revolution encouraged the settlers to account themselves oppressed by similar tyrannies, against which some of them persuaded themselves simi- lar resistance should be made. Genet, the French demagogue, was sowing sedition everywhere. Lafay- ette's participation in the French Revolution gave it in America, where he was deservedly beloved, a prestige which it could never have gained for itself. Distillers who paid the tax were assaulted; some of them were tarred and feathered ; others were taken into the forest and tied to trees; their houses and barns were burned; their property was carried away or destroyed. Several Us] u HISTORICAL thousand insurgents assembled at Braddock's Field, and marched on Pittsburgh, where the citizens gave them food and submitted to a reign of terror. Then President Washington sent an army of fifteen thousand troops against them, and they melted away, as a mob will ever do when the strong arm of government smites it without fear or respect. XII It was not long after the close of the Revolutionary War before Pittsburgh was recognized as the natural gateway of the Atlantic seaboard to the West and South, and the necessity for an improved system of transportation became imperative. The earliest method of transportation through the American wilderness re- quired the eastern merchants to forward their goods in Conestoga wagons to Shippensburg and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and Hagerstown, Maryland, and thence to Pittsburgh on packhorses, where they were ex- changed for Pittsburgh products, and these in turn were carried by boat to New Orleans, where they were exchanged for sugar, molasses, and similar commodi- ties, which were carried through the gulf and along the coast to Baltimore and Philadelphia. For passenger travel the stage-coach furnished the most luxurious method then known. HISTORICAL The people of Pennsylvania had given considerable attention to inland improvements and as early as 1791 they began to formulate the daring project of construct- ing a canal system from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being hauled over the portage road with a portage road over the crest of the Alleghany Mountains. In 1825, the governor appointed commis- sioners for making surveys, certain residents of Pitts- burgh being chosen on the board, and in 1826 (February 25th) the Legislature passed an act authorizing the com- mencement of work on the canal at the expense of the [47] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH State. The western section was completed and the first boat entered Pittsburgh on November lO, 1829. Sub- sequent acts provided for the various eastern sections, including the building of the portage railroad over the mountains, and by April 16, 1834, a through line was in operation from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. The termini of the road were Hollidaysburg, 1,398 feet be- low the mountain summit, and Johnstown, 1,771 feet below the summit. The boats were taken from the water like amphibious monsters and hauled up the ten inclined planes by stationary engines. The total cost of the canal and portage railroad was about ten million dollars, and the entire system was sold to the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company in 1857 (June 2^th) for $7,500,000. The importance of canal transportation in the popular mind is shown by the fact that in 1828, when the Pennsylvania Legislature granted a charter to the Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad Company (which never constructed its road) , the act stated that the purpose of the railroad was to connect Pittsburgh with the canal at Massillon, Ohio. The railroad quickly superseded the canal, however, and when men perceived that the mountains could be conquered by a portage road, it was a natural step to plan the Penn- sylvania and Baltimore and Ohio railroads on a system of easy grades, so that all obstacles of height and dis- tance were annihilated. The Pennsylvania Railroad was incorporated April 13, 1846, and completed its [48] HISTORICAL roadway from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh February ij", 1854. The canal was for a time operated by the Penn- sylvania Canal Company in the interest of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company, but its use was gradually abandoned. The division from Pittsburgh to Johns- town ceased to be operated in 1864, and that portion which was in the Juniata Valley was used until 1899, while the portion lying along the Susquehanna River was operated until 1900.^ Other railroads came as they were needed. The Baltimore and Ohio received a charter from the State of Maryland on February 28, 1827, but did not reach Pittsburgh until December 12, i860, when its Pitts- burgh and Connellsville branch was opened. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad was built into Pittsburgh July 4, 1851, and became part of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway in 1856, that line reaching Chicago in 1859. The Pittsburgh, Cincin- nati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (the "Pan Han- dle") was opened between Pittsburgh and Columbus, Ohio, October 9, 1865. The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, now a part of the New York Central Lines, was opened into Pittsburgh in February, 1879. The Wabash Railway completed its entrance into the city on June 19, 1904. 1 There is an interesting relief map of the portage railroad of the Pennsylvania Canal in the Carnegie Museum. 1:493 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH XIII In 1784 the town was laid out and settlers, among whom were many Scotch and Irish, came rapidly. The town was made the county seat in 1791, incorporated as a borough in 1794, the charter was revived in 1804, View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817 and the borough was chartered as a city in 1816. The first charter granted to Pittsburgh in 1816 vested the more important powers of the city government in a common council of fifteen members and a select council of nine members. In 1887 a new charter was adopted giving to the mayor the power to appoint the heads of departments who were formerly elected by the councils. On March 7, 1901, a new charter, known as "The Rip- per," was adopted, under the operations of which the 1:503 HISTORICAL elected mayor (William J. Diehl) was removed from his office, and a new chief executive officer (A. M. Brown) appointed in his place by the governor, under the title of recorder. By an act of April 23, 1903, the title of mayor was restored, and under the changes then made the appointing power rests with the mayor, with the consent of the select council. The following is a list of the mayors of Pittsburgh : 1816- 1817- 1825- 1828- 1830- 1831- 1832- 1836- 1839- 1840- 1841- 1842- 1845- 1846- 1847- 1849- 1850- 1851- 1853- 1854- 1856- 1857- 1860- 1862- 1864- 817, Ebenezer Denny 825, John Darragh 828, John M. Snowden 830, Magnus M. Murray 831, Matthew B. Lowrie 832, Magnus M. Murray 836, Samuel Pettigrew 839, Jonas R. McClintock 840, William Little 841, William W. Irwin 842, James Thomson 845, Alexander Hay 846, William J. Howard 847, William Kerr 849, Gabriel Adams 850, John Herron 851, Joseph Barker 853, John B. Guthrie 854, Robert M. Riddle 856, Ferdinand E. Volz 857, William Bingham 860, Henry A. Weaver 862, George Wilson 864, B. C. Sawyer 866, James Lowry A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH 1866-1868, W. S. McCarthy 1868—1869, James Blackmore 1869-1872, Jared M. Brush 1872—1875, James Blackmore 1875-1878, William C. McCarthy 1878-1881, Robert Liddell 1881-1884, Robert W. Lyon 1884-1887, Andrew Fulton 1887-1890, William McCallin 1890-1893, Henry I. Gourley 1893-1896, Bernard McKenna 1896-1899, Henry P. Ford 1899-1901, William J. Diehl 1901, A. M. Brown (Title changed to Recorder) 1901 — 1903, J. O. Brown (Recorder) 1903, W. B. Hays (Recorder; served about one week under that title) 1903—1906, W. B. Hays (Mayor again) 1906—1909, George W. Guthrie A movement to consolidate the cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny together with some adjacent boroughs, was begun in 1853-54. I^ failed entirely that year, but in 1867 Lawrence ville, Peebles, Collins, Liberty, Pitt, and Oakland, all lying between the two rivers, were annexed to Pittsburgh, and in 1872 there was a further annexation of a district embracing twenty-seven square miles south of the Monongahela River, while in 1906 Allegheny was also annexed; and, as there was litiga- tion to test the validity of the consolidation, the Su- preme Court of the United States on December 6, 1907, declared in favor of the constitutionality of the act. HISTORICAL XIV The first national convention of the Republican party was held in Pittsburgh on February 22 and 23, 1856. While this gathering was an informal convention, it was made for the purpose of effecting a national organ- ization of the groups of Republicans which had grown up in the States where slavery was prohibited. Pitts- burgh was, therefore, in a broad sense, the place where the birth of the Republican party occurred. A digres- sion on this subject, in order that the record may be made clear, will probably not be unwelcome. In 1620, three months before the landing of the Mayflower at Provincetown, a Dutch vessel carried African slaves up the James River, and on the soil of Virginia there was planted a system of servitude which at last extended throughout the Colonies and flourished with increasing vigor in the South, until, in the War of the Rebellion, Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proc- lamation put an end forever to slavery in America. When the builders of our Government met in the Con- stitutional Convention of 1787, slavery was a problem which more than once threatened to wreck the scheme for an indissoluble union of the States. But it was compromised under a suggestion implied in the Consti- tution itself, that slavery should not be checked in the 1:533 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH States in which it existed until 1808. In the meantime the entire labor system of the South was built upon African slavery, while at the North the horror of the public conscience grew against the degrading institu- tion from year to year. By 1854 the men in the free States who were opposed to slavery had begun to unite themselves by political bonds, and in the spring and summer of that year, groups of such men met in more or less informal conferences in Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Maine, Massachusetts, Iowa, Ohio, and other northern States. But it was at Jackson, Michigan, where the men who were uniting their political fortunes to accomplish the destruction of slavery first assembled in a formal convention on July 6, 1854, nominated a full State ticket, and adopted a platform containing these declarations : Resolved : That, postponing and suspending all differences with regard to political economy or administrative policy, in view of the imminent danger that Kansas and Nebraska will be grasped by slavery, and a thousand miles of slave soil be thus interposed between the free States of the Atlantic and those of the Pacific, we will act cordially and faithfully in unison to avert and repeal this gigantic wrong and shame. Resolved : That in view of the necessity of battling for the first principles of Republican government, and against the schemes of an aristocracy, the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth was ever cursed or man debased, we will cooperate and be known as "Republicans" until the contest be terminated. On January 17, 1856, "the Republican Association of Washington, D. C," referring to the extension of [543 HISTORICAL slavery into Kansas and Nebraska as "the deep dis- honor inflicted upon the age in which we live," issued a call, in accordance with what appeared to be the general desire of the Republican party, inviting the Republi- cans of the Union to meet in informal convention at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856, for the purpose of perfecting the national organization, and providing for a national delegate convention of the Republican party, at some subsequent day, to nominate candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency, to be supported at the election in November, 1856. The Republican party met accordingly for the first time in a national convention in Pittsburgh on the date appointed, and was largely attended. Not only were all the free States represented, but there were also delegates from Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Kentucky, and Missouri. John A. King was made temporary chairman, and Francis P. Blair permanent chairman. Speeches were made by Horace Greeley, Giddings and Gibson of Ohio, Codding and Lovejoy of Illinois, and others. Mr. Greeley sent a telegraphic re- port of the first day's proceedings to the New York "Tribune," stating that the convention had accom- plished much to cement former political differences and distinctions, and that the meeting at Pittsburgh had marked the inauguration of a national party, based upon the principle of freedom. He said that the gath- ering was very large and the enthusiasm unbounded; A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH that men were acting in the most perfect harmony and with a unity of feeling seldom known to political as- semblages of such magnitude; that the body was emi- nently Republican in principle and tendency; and that it combined much of character and talent, with integ- rity of purpose and devotion to the great principles which underlie our Government. He prophesied that the moral and political effect of this convention upon the country would be felt for the next quarter of a cen- tury. In its deliberations, he said that everything had been conducted with marked propriety and dignity. The platform adopted at Pittsburgh demanded the repeal of all laws allowing the introduction of slavery into free territories; promised support by all lawful measures to the Free-State men in Kansas in their re- sistance to the usurped authority of lawless invaders; and strongly urged the Republican party to resist and overthrow the existing national administration because it was identified with the progress of the slave power to national supremacy. On the evening of the second day, a mass meeting was held in aid of the emigration to Kansas. The president of the meeting was George N. Jackson, and D. D. Eaton was made secretary. Horace Greeley and others made addresses, and with great enthusiasm promises of aid to the bleeding young sister in the West were made. This record seems to show beyond question that the Republican party had its national birth at Pittsburgh [56] HISTORICAL on February 22, 1856, and that it came into being dedi- cated, as Horace Greeley described it at that moment, to the principle of human freedom. A later formal con- vention, as provided for at Pittsburgh, was held at Philadelphia on June 17, 1856, which nominated John C. Fremont, of California, for President, and William L. Dayton, of New Jersey, for Vice-President. This ticket polled a total popular vote of 1,341,264, but was beaten by the Democratic candidates, — James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for President, and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President, who polled 1,838,169 votes. This defeat of a good cause was probably a fortunate piece of adversity, for the men who opposed slavery were not yet strong enough to grapple the monster to its death as they did when Lincoln was nominated four years later. It was the high mission of the party in 1856 and i860 to stand against the extension of slavery, and in 1864 against all slavery as well as against the destruction of this Union; and in 1868, against those who wished to nul- lify the results of the war. Its later mission has been full of usefulness and honor. XV Among the eminent men who visited Pittsburgh in by- gone days we find record of the following : [57 3 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH 1817, President Monroe 1825, General Lafayette 1833, Daniel Webster 1842, Charles Dickens 1848, Henry Clay 1849, President Taylor and Governor Johnston 1852, Louis Kossuth i860, Prince of Wales (now King Edward VII) 1861, President Lincoln 1866, President Johnson, Admiral Farragut, General Grant, and Secretaries Seward and Welles In 1845 (April 10th), a great fire destroyed about one third of the total area of the city, including most of the large business houses and factories, the bridge over the Monongahela River, the large hotel known as the Monongahela House, and several churches, in all about eleven hundred buildings. The Legislature appropriated $50,000 for the relief of the sufferers. In 1889, the great flood at Johnstown, accompanied by a frightful loss of life and destruction of property, touched the common heart of humanity all over the world. The closeness of Johnstown geographically made the sorrow at Pittsburgh most poignant and pro- found. In a few hours almost the whole population had brought its offerings for the stricken community, and besides clothing, provisions, and every conceivable thing necessary for relief and comfort, the people of Pittsburgh contributed $250,000 to restore so far as possible the material portion of the loss. HISTORICAL In the autumn of 1908 a series of imposing celebra- tions was held to commemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Pittsburgh. XVI In 1877, the municipal government being, in its per- sonnel, at the moment, incompetent to preserve the fundamental principles on which it was established, permitted a strike of railroad employees to grow without restriction as to the observance of law and order until it became an insurrection. Four million dollars' worth of property was destroyed by riot and incendiarism in a few hours. When at last outraged authority was prop- erly shifted from the supine city chieftains to the in- domitable State itself, it became necessary, before order could be restored, for troops to fire, with a sacrifice of human life. For some months preceding the riots at Pittsburgh disturbances among the railroad employees, especially the engineers and brakemen of freight-trains, had been frequent on railroads west and east of this city. These disturbances arose mainly from resistance to reductions in the rates of wages, made or proposed by the executive officers of the various railroads, and also from objec- tions of train crews to regulations governing the trans- portation system. A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, some time after the panic of 1873, reduced the wages of its em- ployees ten per cent., and, on account of the general decline in business, made another reduction of ten per cent, to take effect on June 1, 1877; these reductions to apply to all employees from the president of the com- pany down. The reductions affected the roads known as the Pennsylvania Lines west of Pittsburgh, as well as the Pennsylvania Railroad, and similar alterations were also made on the New York Central and the Bal- timore & Ohio Railroads. The changed conditions caused a great deal of dissatisfaction among the train- men, but a committee was appointed by them, which held a conference with Mr. Thomas A. Scott, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and agreed to the reduction, reporting its conclusions to the trainmen. On July 16th an order was issued by the railroad company that thirty-six freight-cars, instead of eigh- teen, as before, were to be made up as a train, without increase in the number of the crew, and with a locomo- tive at the end to act as a pusher, assisting the one at the front, making what is technically called "a double header." The train employees looked upon this order as doubling their work under the decreased pay of June 1st, and in its effect virtually tending to the discharge of many men then employed in the running of freight- trains. The strike which followed does not seem to have been seriously organized, but was rather a sudden [60] HISTORICAL conclusion arrived at on the impulse of the moment, and was probably strengthened by a wave of discontent which was sweeping over the roads to the east and west, as well as by an undercurrent of hostility toward the railroads exhibited by some of the newspapers. As far back as July 23, 1876, a Pittsburgh paper, in publish- ing an article headed "Railroad Vultures," had said: "Railroad officials are commencing to understand that the people of Pittsburgh will be patient no longer; that this community is being aroused into action, and that presently the torrent of indignation will give place to condign retribution" ; and in another paragraph the same paper had said: "We desire to impress upon the minds of the community that these vultures are con- stantly preying upon the wealth and resources of the country; they are a class, as it were, of money jugglers intent only on practising their trickery for self aggran- dizement, and that, consequently, their greed leads them into all known ways and byways of fraud, schem- ing, and speculating, to accomplish the amassing of princely fortunes." These intemperate utterances were the first seeds of popular sedition. It was not until 8.30 o'clock on the morning of the 19th that the real trouble began. Two freight-trains were to start at 8.40, but ten minutes before that the crews sent word that they would not take the trains out. Two yard crews were then asked to take their places, but they refused to do so. The trains were not taken [61] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH out, and the crews of all the trains that came in, as the)^ arrived, joined the strikers. As the day wore on the men gradually congregated at the roundhouse of the road at Twenty-eighth Street, but did not attempt or threaten any violence. The news of the strike had spread through the two cities, and large numbers of the more turbulent class of the population, together with many workmen from the factories who sympathized with the strikers, hastened to Twenty-eighth Street, and there was soon gathered a formidable mob in which the few striking railroad employees were an insignificant quantity. When the railroad officials found their tracks and roundhouse in the possession of a mob which defied them, they called upon the mayor of the city for protection, to which Mayor McCarthy promptly re- sponded, going in person with a detail of officers to the scene of the trouble. When the police arrived on the ground they found an excited assemblage of people who refused to listen to their orders to disperse, and the mayor made no serious effort to enforce his authority effectually. There was no collision, however, until a man who had refused to join the strikers attempted to couple some cars, when he was assaulted. An officer of the road who undertook to turn a switch, was also as- saulted by one of the mob, who was arrested by the police. His comrades began throwing stones, but the police maintained their hold of their prisoner, and con- 1:613 HISTORICAL veyed him to the jail. A crowd then gathered in front of the police station and made threats of rescuing their comrade, but no overt act was committed. The mob, which had by this tim.e become greatly enraged, was really not composed of railroad employees, who had contemplated no such result of their strike, and now generally deplored the unfortunate turn which the affair had taken. It was for the most part composed of the worst element of the population, who, without any grievance of their own, real or imagined, had gathered together from the very force of their vicious inclina- tions and the active hope of plunder. The strikers held a meeting that evening, at which they demanded that the ten per cent, should be re- stored, and the running of double headers abolished. In the meantime, the railroad authorities, perceiving the inefficiency of the local police powers, and alarmed at the still-increasing mob and the vicious spirit which it displayed, invoked the aid of the sheriff of the county. At midnight Sheriff Fife came to Twenty-eighth Street with a hastily summoned posse, a part of which de- serted him before he reached the scene of action, and ordered the rioters to disperse, which they, with hoots and jeers, defiantly refused to do. The sheriff then sought aid from the military, and General A. L. Pear- son issued an order to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth regiments of the National Guards of Pennsylvania, with headquarters at Pittsburgh, to assemble at half 1:633 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH past six the next morning, armed and equipped for duty. Sheriff Fife also telegraphed to the State au- thorities at Harrisburg, stating that he was unable to quell the riot, and asking that General Pearson be in- structed to do this with his force; and Adjutant General Latta issued the orders accordingly. General Pearson marched his forces to the Union Depot and placed them in position in the yard and on the hillside above it. The mob was not, however, deterred by this action, as the troops were supposed to be more or less in sympathy with the strikers, and were expected to be disinclined to fire upon their fellow citizens if they should be ordered to do so. The employment of local troops at this mo- ment constituted a grave mistake in the management of the riot. The governor had, however, been telegraphed to, and had ordered General Brinton's division of troops to leave Philadelphia for Pittsburgh. This became known to the mob, which was still increasing in numbers and turbulence, and the calling of troops from the east drove them to fury. The feeling had spread to the workingmen in the factories on the South Side, where a public meeting was held, and demagogical speeches made, upholding the action of the strikers; and five hundred men came thence in a body and joined the crowd. At this critical moment the mob received an endorse- ment that not only greatly encouraged it, but incited it C64] HISTORICAL to extreme violence. A local newspaper, on Friday, the 20th, in the course of an editorial headed "The Talk of the Desperate," which formulated what was assumed as the expression of a workingman, used this language : This may be the great civil war in this country between labor and capital that is bound to come. . . . The workingmen every- where are in fullest sympathy with the strikers, and only waiting to see whether they are in earnest enough to fight for their rights. They would all join and help them the moment an actual conflict took place. . . . The governor, with his proclamation, may call and call, but the laboring people, who mostly constitute the mili- tia, won't take up arms to put down their brethren. Will capital then rely on the United States Army *? Pshaw ! Its ten to fifteen thousand available men would be swept from our path like leaves m a whirlwind. The workingmen of this country can capture and hold it, if they will only stick together, and it looks as though they were going to do so this time. Of course, you say that capital will have some supporters. Many of the unemployed will be glad to get work as soldiers, or extra policemen; the farmers, too, might turn out to preserve your law and order; but the working army would have the most men and the best men. The war might be bloody but the right would prevail. Men like Tom Scott, Frank Thomson— yes, and William Thaw— who have got rich swindling the stockholders of railroads, so that they cannot pay honest labor living rates, we would hang to the nearest tree. Although the paper in a later edition suppressed that part of the editorial, and the other papers of the city reframed from any editorials that might increase the excitement, yet the mischief had been done, the unfor- tunate words had been widely read, and the more intel- ligently vicious of the rioters proceeded to make the most of them. A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH The eastern troops left Philadelphia on Friday night and arrived at the Union Depot on Saturday afternoon, tired and hungry. After a scant and hasty lunch they were placed out along the tracks to the roundhouse where the great bulk of the mob was assembled. In order to secure and protect the building and tracks it was necessary that the crowd should be forced back. When the troops undertook this movement some stones were thrown and a few soldiers were hit. Then one of the subordinate officers gave an order to fire, and about twenty persons were killed and thirty wounded, three of whom were children. When the rioters beheld their associates attacked, their rage passed all control, and the troops were closed in upon and driven into the roundhouse. Encouraged by this retreat, the mob took steps to burn them out. Many cars loaded with whisky and petroleum were set on fire and sent down the track against the building, and fire was opened on it with a cannon which the crowd had seized from a local armory. General Brinton came personally to one of the windows of the round- house and appealed to the mob to desist, warning them that if they did not he must and would fire. The rioters paid no attention to his appeal, but continued their as- saults, whereupon General Brinton gave orders to his men to fire at those who were handling the cannon, and several of them were killed and wounded. Incendiar- ism, having been inaugurated, went on through the [66;] HISTORICAL night, whole trains being robbed and then burned. The troops held their position until Sunday morning, and then retreated out Penn Avenue to Sharpsburg, where they went into camp. During Saturday night and Sunday morning the mob seemed to have taken possession of the city. They broke open several armories and gun stores, and sup- plied themselves with arms and ammunition. The banks were threatened, and the city seemed about to be pillaged, the business part of the city being filled with bands of rioters who uttered threats of violence and murder. On Sunday morning the roundhouse and all the locomotives which it contained were destroyed by fire. The Union Depot, the grain elevator, the Adams Express building, and the Pan Handle depot were also set on fire and consumed. The firemen who hastened to the scene and attempted to extinguish the flames were met by armed men and driven back. At half past twelve on Sunday morning a committee ap- pointed by a citizens' meeting tried to open a consulta- tion with the mob, but were promptly driven away. The committee found that they were not dealing with dissatisfied railroad employees but with a mob of the worst of the city's population, there being neither or- ganization nor leader, but each man or party of men doing what the frenzy of the moment suggested. When it seemed as if the whole city was to be destroyed, some of the original strikers were persuaded to attend a meet- [673 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ing of the citizens at four o'clock and arrange to aid in suppressing the incendiarism, and they did this with such a good spirit as showed that the railroad strikers were not a part of the mob and did not countenance its violence. At this meeting the mayor was authorized to enroll five hundred police, but the accounts of the day show that the ranks filled up slowly. The state of ter- ror continued through all of Sunday night, and on Monday morning the mob was still in an unorganized control. Throughout the thirty-six hours from Saturday night until Monday morning a most unusual state of public mind developed here and there which seemed like a moral epidemic. There was almost a wholesale appropriation of goods from the burning cars by men and even women who would at other times have shud- dered at the idea of robbery; and after the riot was sup- pressed goods were for some time voluntarily returned by persons who had taken them unreflectingly, having at length recovered their moral perceptions, which had seemingly been clouded by the vicious influence of the mob. On Monday morning, however, the uprooted law seemed to be recovering a portion of its dissipated majesty. During the night posters had been placed conspicuously throughout the city, on which was printed the law under which the citizens of Allegheny County were liable for all the damage done by the mob [68] HISTORICAL or arising from its actions. At eleven o'clock in the morning, a meeting of citizens was called at the Cham- ber of Commerce, to form a Committee of Public Safety to take charge of the situation, as the city authorities, the sheriff, and the military seemed powerless to control it. This committee presented the following address to the public : The Committee of Public Safety, appointed at the meeting of citizens held at the Chamber of Commerce July 23d, deeming that the allaying of excitement is the first step toward restoring order, would urge upon all citizens disposed to aid therein the necessity of pursuing their usual avocation, and keeping all their employees at work, and would, therefore, request that full compliance be ac- corded to this demand of the committee. The committee are im- pressed with the belief that the police force now being organized will be able to arrest and disperse all riotous assemblages, and that much of the danger of destruction to property has passed, and that an entire restoration of order will be established. The committee believe that the mass of industrious workmen of the city are on the side of law and order, and a number of the so-called strikers are already in the ranks of the defenders of the city, and it is quite probable that any further demonstration will proceed from thieves and similar classes of population, with whom our working classes have no affiliation and will not be found among them. It is to this end that the committee request that all classes of business be prosecuted as usual, and our citizens refrain from con- gregating in the streets in crowds, so that the police of the city may not be confused in their effort to arrest rioters, and the mili- tary be not restrained from prompt action, if necessary, from fear of injuring the innocent. While the rioters had by this time been somewhat restrained by the resolute action of the committee, yet C69: A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH they were, although dispersed as a body, holding meet- ings and still breathing sullen threats of further out- rage and murder. The strike had spread to the Pitts- burgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway, and its trains were for two or three days virtually stopped; in other sections of the country the railroad troubles were in- creasing, and the committee thought best to call Major- General Joseph Brown and Colonel P. N. Guthrie, of the Eighteenth National Guards, into consultation. Under their advice a camp of the military was formed at East Liberty, to be held in readiness for any further outbreak. Mayor McCarthy, at last inspirited by the determined men who urged him to his duty, enrolled five hundred extra police, and issued a proclamation in which he said : I have determined that peace, order, and quiet shall be restored to the community, and to this end call upon all good citizens to come forward at once to the old Cit}' Hall and unite with the police and military now organizing. I call upon all to continue quietly at their several places of business and refrain from partici- pating in excited assemblages. A proclamation had also been issued by Governor Hartranf t, and he had come to Pittsburgh to address the rioters, and subsequently two or three thousand troops were ordered by him to Pittsburgh, and were encamped near East Liberty for several days. Under these vigorous measures quiet was in a few Don HISTORICAL days restored, although the Committee of Public Safety continued to hold sessions and to take steps not only to prevent any further demonstrations, but to arrest and bring to punishment a number of the prominent rioters. Claims for losses in the riot were made on Allegheny County in the sum of $4,100,000, which the commis- sioners settled for $2,772,349.53. Of this sum $i,6oo,- 000 was paid to the Pennsylvania Railroad, whose claim for $2,3 1 2,000 was settled for that sum. In addi- tion to the buildings already specified as burned, there were 1,383 freight-cars, 104 locomotives, and 66 pas- senger coaches destroyed by fire. Twenty-five persons in all were killed. The lesson was worth all it cost, and anarchy has never dared to raise its head in the corporation limits since that time. XVII The Homestead strike and riot of 1892 is another inci- dent of false leadership in industrial life which must be chronicled here. For many years the Carnegie Steel Company, whose principal works were situated at Homestead, just outside the present boundaries of the city, had em- ployed a large number of skilled workmen who be- longed to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, and had contracted for their employ- A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ment with the officers of that Association. On July i, 1889, a three years' contract was made which was to terminate at the end of June, 1892. The workmen were paid by the ton, the amount they received depend- ing on the selling price of steel billets of a specified size which they produced. If the price of these billets ad- vanced, the wages they received per ton advanced proportionately. If the price declined, their wages also declined to a certain point, called a minimum, but a decline in the selling price below this minimum caused no reduction in wages. The minimum was fixed in the contract at $25.00 per ton. At the date the contract was made the market price of the billets was $26.50 per ton. As the time drew near for the contract to expire, the Carnegie Company, through its chairman, Mr, Henry C. Frick, submitted to the workmen belonging to the Association a proposition as the basis of a new contract. The three most important features of the proposed con- tract were, first, a reduction in the minimum of the scale for billets from $25.00 to $22.00 ; second, a change in the expiration of the date of the scale from June 30th to December 31st; third, a reduction of tonnage rates at those furnaces and mills in which, by reason of the introduction of improved machinery, the earnings of the workmen had been increased far beyond the liberal calculation of their employers. At those places where no such improvements had been made, no reduction in 1:723 HISTORICAL tonnage rates was proposed. The company gave as a reason for reducing the minimum that the market price of steel had gone down below $25.00 per ton, and that it was unfair for the workmen to have the benefits of a rise in the market above $25.00, and share none of the losses of the company when the market price fell below that figure. Indeed, the company contended that there ought to be no minimum as there was no maximum under the sliding scale. The workmen insisted that there ought to be a minimum to protect them against unfair dealing between the company and its buyers, as they had no voice or authority in selling the products of their labor. The reason for changing the time for closing the con- tract was that the company's business was less active at the end of the calendar year than in midsummer, and that it was easier to complete new arrangements for em- ployment at that time. Another reason was that the company often made sales for an entire year, and con- sequently contracts for labor could be more safely made if they began and ended at times corresponding with contracts made with their customers. The workmen opposed this change in the duration of the contract on the ground that in midwinter they would be less able to resist any disposition on the part of the company to cut down their wages, and that in the event of a strike, it would be more difficult to maintain their situation than it would be in summer. They claimed, therefore, l73l A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH that the change in time would be a serious disadvantage to them in negotiating with their employers. They proposed to the company, as a counter proposition, that the contract should end the last of June, as had for- merly been the case, and that if any change was to be demanded, three months' notice must be given them, and that, if this was not done, the contract, which was to run for three years, should continue for a year longer; in other words, from June 30, 189^, until June 30, 1896. This suggestion was rejected by the company. But the company then proposed to make the minimum $23.00 per ton for steel billets, and the Association, through its committee, named a price of $24.00, refus- ing to concede any more. While these negotiations were pending, the superin- tendent of the Homestead Steel Works had concluded contracts with all the employees, except three hundred and twenty-five of the highest skill, who were employed in three of the twelve departments. All the others were to be paid on the former basis of remuneration without any reduction whatever. Of the three hundred and twenty-five high-priced men with whom contracts had not been made, two hundred and eighty would have been affected by the tonnage reductions and about forty- five more by the tonnage reductions and scale minimum. Under the proposed readjustments those who re- ceived the low grades of compensation and the common laborers would not have been touched in their earnings. 1:743 HISTORICAL The actual controversy was thus narrowed down to a small number of men, less than ten per cent, of those employed at Homestead. During the remainder of the month of June other steps were taken to effect an agreement, but the rela- tions between the officers of the company and the work- men, instead of improving, grew worse. On the 28th the company began to close the different departments, and on the last day of the month work in all of them ceased. On July 1st the striking workmen congre- gated about the gates, stopped the foremen and em- ployees who came to work, and persuaded them to go away. The watchmen of the company were turned away from the works; guards were placed at all the entrances, the river, streets and roads entering the town were patrolled by strikers, and a rigid surveil- lance was exercised over those who entered the town or approached the plant. When the sheriff came on July 4th and attempted to put deputies of his own selection in possession of the works, to guard them for the company, he was opposed by a counter force, the striking workmen proposing to place guards of their own and give indemnity for the safety of the property; but this the sheriff declined because it would enable the strikers to keep any new non-union men from taking their places. On July 5th, when the sheriff sent twelve deputies to take possession of the works, they were driven away. 1:75] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH In the meantime Mr. Frick had begun negotiations as early as June 20th with Robert A. Pinkerton, of New York, for the employment of three hundred watchmen to be placed in the works at Homestead. They were brought from Ashtabula to Youngstown by rail, thence to Pittsburgh by river. On the evening of July 5'th, Captain Rodgers' two boats, with Deputy Sheriff Gray, Superintendent Potter, of the Homestead works, and some of his assistants, on board, dropped down the river with two barges in tow, until they met the Pinkerton men. When the boat, with the barges in tow, ap- proached Homestead in the early morning of the 6th, they were discovered by a small steamer used by the strikers as a patrol, and the alarm was given. A short war of words was followed by firing on each side, which resulted ultimately in the death of three of the Pinker- tons and seven of the workmen, and the wounding of many on each side. After a brief fusillade those on shore fled in various directions, and the Pinkerton men retreated into their barges. About five o'clock in the afternoon the Pinkertons surrendered, being allowed to take out their clothing, but their arms and supplies fell into the possession of the Homestead people. The barges were immediately set on fire and burned, and in their burning the pump-house belonging to the Carne- gie Company was also destroyed. The Pinkerton men, now being practically prisoners of war, were marched up-town to the skating-rink for temporary imprison- [763 HISTORICAL ment. The sheriff was notified, and he came down that night and took the prisoners away. He then informed the governor of Pennsylvania of what had occurred, and called upon him for troops to enforce the law and restore public order. Governor Pattison made a prompt response to this appeal, as his duty under the law re- quired him to do. On the morning of the 12th the sol- diers of the State militia entered Homestead. As soon as they arrived the Carnegie Company took possession of its works, and began to make preparations to resume work with non-union men. It was difficult to secure employees, and several months passed away before the company was able to obtain all the men it desired. At first the new employees were fed and housed within the enclosure, and this plan continued for several weeks until their number had increased to such a degree that they felt secure in going outside for their meals with the protection afforded by the sheriff's deputies. The company made an effort to employ their old workmen and fixed a time for receiving applications for employment from them. When the time had ex- pired, however, which was on July 21st, not one partici- pant in the strike had returned. At a later period many of the old employees returned to work. By the close of July, nearly a thousand men were at work at Homestead. On July 23d Mr. Frick was shot in his office by Alexander Berkman, an anarchist, who was not, and never had been, an employee. The chairman recovered from his A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH wounds and his assailant was sent to the penitentiary. The last of the troops were not withdrawn until October 13th. At that time the mill was in full opera- tion with non-union men. Though the strike was ended in October, its formal termination by the Amalgamated Association was not declared until November 20th, when the disposition of the strikers to return to work was very general. Assum- ing that the strike lasted nearly five months, as the monthly pay-roll of the mill was about $250,000, the loss to the striking employees for that period was not far from $1,250,000. No estimate of the loss sustained by the company has been published. The cost to the State in sending and maintaining the National Guard at Homestead was $440,256.31. 1:78:] INDUSTRIAL Pittsburgh has thus passed through many battles, trials, afflictions, and adversities, and has grown in the strength of giants until it now embraces in the limits of the county a population rapidly approaching one mil- lion. This seems a proper moment, therefore, turning away from the romantic perspective of history, to at- tempt a brief description of Pittsburgh as we see her to-day. In order to give value to the record it will be necessary to employ certain statistics, but the effort will be to make these figures as little wearisome as possible. The present population after the annexation of Alle- gheny (December 6, 1907) is estimated at 550,000, and if we were to add McKeesport with its tube mills, Homestead with its Carnegie works, and East Pitts- burgh with its Westinghouse plants, all of which lie just outside of the present corporate limits, the popula- tion would be 700,000. In 1900 we can give the popu- INDUSTRIAL lation definitely (omitting Allegheny) at 321,616, of whom 85,032 were foreign born and 17,040 were negroes. Of these foreign born 21,222 were natives of Germany, 18,620 of Ireland, 8,902 of England, 6,243 of Russian Poland, 5,709 of Italy, 4,107 of Russia, 3,553 of Austria, 3,515 of German Poland, 2,539 of Wales, 2,264 of Scotland, 2,124 of Hungary, 1,072 of Sweden, 1,025 of Austrian Poland, and 154 Chinese. II It has already been said that the city is a gateway from the East to the West and South, and as such it is the center of a vast railway system. The principal railroads serving Pittsburgh are the Pennsylvania, Bal- timore and Ohio, the New York Central Lines, and the Wabash System, and she has also a numerous fleet of boats plying the three rivers. Coal is brought to the city by boats as well as by rail, and great fleets of barges carry it and other heavy freight down the Ohio. A ship canal for the establishment of water transportation be- tween Pittsburgh and Lake Erie (127.5 miles) has been projected. The railroads carry through Pitts- burgh over eight per cent, of all the railroad traffic of the United States; and have a particularly heavy ton- nage of coal, coke, and iron and steel products ; while a large proportion of the iron ore that is produced in the A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH Lake Superior region is brought here to supply Pitts- burgh manufactures. The total railway and river ton- nage is greater than that of any other city in the world, amounting in 1906 to 122,000,000 tons, of which about 12,000,000 tons were carried on boats down the Ohio. Her tonnage is equal to one half the combined tonnage of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The following table will be very interesting as showing the extraordinary fact that the tonnage of Pittsburgh exceeds the com- bined tonnage of the five other greatest cities in the world (1902) : Pittsburgh 86,636,680 tons London 17,564, 1 10 tons New York 17,398,000 " Antwerp 16,721,000 " Hamburg 15,853,490 " Liverpool 13,157,720 " Total 80,694,320 " Pittsburgh's excess 5,942,360 " Pittsburgh has freight yards with a total capacity for more than 6o,000 cars. Its harbor has a total length on the three rivers of twenty-eight miles, with an average width of about one thousand feet, and has been deep- ened by the Davis Island Dam (1889) and by dredg- ing. Slack water navigation has been secured on the Allegheny River by locks and dams at an expense of more than a million and a quarter dollars. The Monon- [82;] INDUSTRIAL gahela River from Pittsburgh to the West Virginia State line (91.5 miles) was improved by a private company in 1836, which built seven locks and dams. This property was condemned and bought by the United States Government in 1897 for $3,761,615, and the Government is planning to rebuild and enlarge these works. Pittsburgh is surrounded by the most productive coal-fields in the country. The region is also rich in petroleum and natural gas, and although the petroleum in the immediate vicinity has been nearly exhausted, it is still obtained through pipes from the neighboring regions. The first petroleum pipe line reached Pitts- burgh in 1875. Pittsburgh is also a port of entry, and for the year ending December, 1907, the value of its imports amounted to $2,416,367. In 1806 the manufacture of iron was begun, and by 1825 this had become the leading industry. Among the earlier prominent iron industries was the Kensing- ton Iron Works, of which Samuel Church (born Febru- ary 5, 1800; died December 7, 1857) , whose family has been resident in Pittsburgh from 1822 to the present day, was the leading partner. In the manufacture of iron and steel products Pittsburgh ranks first among the cities of the United States, their value in 1905 amount- ing to $92,939,860, or 53.3 per cent, of the total of the whole country. Several towns in the near neighbor- C83] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH hood are also extensively engaged in the same industry, and in 1902 Allegheny County produced about 24 per cent, of the pig iron; nearly 34 per cent, of the Besse- mer steel ; 44 per cent, of the open hearth steel ; 53 per cent, of the crucible steel; 24 per cent, of the steel rails, and 59 per cent, of the structural shapes that were made that year in the United States. In 1905 the value of Pittsburgh's foundry and machine-shop products amounted to $9,631,514; of the product of steam railroad repair shops, $3,726,990; of malt liquors, $3,166,829; of slaughtering and meat-packing prod- ucts, $2,732,027; of cigars and cigarettes, $2,297,228; of glass, $2,130,540; and of tin and terne plate, $1,645,570. Electrical machinery, apparatus, and sup- plies were manufactured largely in the city, to a value in 1905 of $1,796,557. The Heinz Company has its main pickle plant in Pittsburgh, the largest establish- ment of its kind in the world. Pittsburgh's first glass works was built in 1797 by James O'Hara. In 1900, and for a long period pre- ceding, the town ranked first among American cities in the manufacture of glass, but in 1905 it was outranked in this industry by Muncie, Indiana, Millville, New Jersey, and Washington, Pennsylvania; but in the dis- trict outside of the limits of Pittsburgh much glass is manufactured, so that the Pittsburgh glass district is still the greatest in the country. In Pittsburgh or its immediate vicinity the more important plants of the [84] INDUSTRIAL United States Steel Corporation are located, including the Carnegie Works at Homestead. Just outside the limits also are the plants of the Westinghouse Com- pany for the manufacture of electrical apparatus, of air-brakes which George Westinghouse invented in 1868, and of devices for railway signals which he also invented. Alexander Johnston Cassatt, one of the greatest of the Pennsylvania Railroad presidents, and perhaps the most far-seeing and resourceful of all our captains of industry of the present generation, was born here. James McCrea, the present wise and conservative president of that road, lived here for twenty years. Andrew Carnegie, Henry Phipps, and Henry C. Frick were the strongest personalities who grew up with the Carnegie steel interests. George Westinghouse, whose inventive genius, as shown in his safety appliances, has so greatly reduced the hazards of railway travel and of operation, has long been one of the industrial and social pillars of the community. John A. Brashear, astronomer and educator, the maker of delicate instru- ments, is a well-beloved citizen. Pittsburgh ranks high as a banking center. She is the second city in the United States in banking capital and surplus, and leads all American cities in proportion of capital and surplus to gross deposits, with 47.1 per cent., while Philadelphia ranks second with 26 per cent. In 1906, there were one hundred and seventy-nine A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH banks and trust companies in the Pittsburgh district with a combined capital of $72,058,402, and a surplus of $87,044,622. The gross deposits were $395,379,783, while the total resources amounted to $593,392,069. Pittsburgh, with clearing-house exchanges amounting to $2,640,847,046, ranks sixth among the cities of the United States, being exceeded by the following cities in the order named : New York, Chicago, Boston, Phila- delphia, and St. Louis, and often on a given day ex- ceeds those of St. Louis. ni The tax valuation of Pittsburgh property is $609,- 632,427. She mines one quarter of the bituminous coal of the United States. With an invested capital of $64 1 ,- 000,000, she has 3,029 mills and factories with an annual product worth $551,000,000, and 250,000 employees on a pay-roll of about $ 1 ,000,000 a day, or $350,000,000 a year. Her electric street-railway system multiplies itself through her streets for four hundred and ninety- two miles. Natural-gas fuel is conveyed into her mills and houses through one thousand miles of iron pipe. Her output of coke makes one train ten miles long every day throughout the year. Seven hundred pas- senger trains and ten thousand loaded freight cars run to and from her terminals every day. Nowhere else in the world is there so large a Bessemer-steel plant, cruci- 1:86] INDUSTRIAL ble-steel plant, plate-glass plant, chimney-glass plant, table-glass plant, air-brake plant, steel-rail plant, cork works, tube works, or steel freight-car works. Her armor sheaths our battle-ships, as well as those of Rus- sia and Japan. She equips the navies of the world with projectiles and range-finders. Her bridges span the rivers of India, China, Egypt, and the Argentine Re- public; and her locomotives, rails, and bridges are used on the Siberian Railroad. She builds electric railways for Great Britain and Brazil, and telescopes for Ger- many and Denmark. Indeed, she distributes her varied manufactures into the channels of trade all over the earth. C87] INTELLECTUAL I But while these stupendous industries have given Pittsburgh her wealth, population, supremacy, and power, commercial materialism is not the ultima thule of her people. Travelers who come to Pittsburgh, forgetting the smoke which often dims the blue splendor of its skies, are struck with the picturesque situation of the town, for they find rolling plateaus, wide rivers, and narrow valleys dropping down from high hills or precipitous bluffs throughout the whole district over which the city extends. Yet the surpassing beauty of nature is not more impressive to the thinking stranger than the work of man who has created and dominates a vast industrial system. The manufactories extend for miles along the banks of all three rivers. Red fires rise heavenward from gigantic forges where iron is being fused into wealth. The business section of the city is wedged in by the rivers, its streets are swarming with people, and there is a myriad of retail houses, wholesale houses. A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH banks, tall office buildings, hotels, theaters, and railway terminals ; but right where these stop the residence sec- tion begins like another city of happy homes — an im- mense garden of verdant trees and flowering lawns divided off by beautiful avenues, where some houses rise which in Europe would be called castles and pal- aces, with scarce a fence between to mark the land lines, giving an aspect almost of a park rather than of a city. There are many miles of asphalt streets set off with grass plots. On the rolling hills above the Monon- gahela River is Schenley Park (about four hundred and forty acres) with beautiful drives, winding bridle paths, and shady walks through narrow valleys and over small streams. Above the Allegheny River is High- land Park (about two hundred and ninety acres) , con- taining a placid lake and commanding fine views from the summits of its great hills. It also contains a very interesting zoological garden. Close to Schenley Park are Homewood and Calvary Cemeteries and near High- land Park is Allegheny Cemetery, where the dead sleep amidst drooping willows and shading elms. Connect- ing the two parks and leading to them from the down- town section is a system of wide boulevards about twenty miles in length. On the North Side (once Alle- gheny) is Riverview Park (two hundred and seventeen acres) , in which the Allegheny Observatory is situated. A large number of handsome bridges span the rivers. The Pittsburgh Country Club provides a broad ex- panse of rolling acres for pastoral sports. [90] INTELLECTUAL II In Schenley Park is the Carnegie Institute, with its new main building, dedicated in April ( 1 1, 12, and 13) , 1907, with imposing ceremonies which were attended by several hundred prominent men from America and Europe. This building, which is about six hundred feet long and four hundred feet wide, contains a library, an art gallery, halls of architecture and sculp- ture, a museum, and a hall of music ; while the Carnegie Technical Schools are operated in separate buildings near by. It is built in the later Renaissance style, be- ing very simple and yet beautiful. Its exterior is of Ohio sandstone, while its interior finish is largely in marble, of which there are sixty-five varieties, brought from every famous quarry in the world. In its great entrance hall is a series of mural decorations by John W. Alexander, a distinguished son of Pittsburgh. The library, in which the institution had its beginning in 1895, contains about 300,000 volumes, has seven im- portant branches, and one hundred and seventy-seven stations for the distribution of books. Mr. Edwin H. Anderson inaugurated the library at the time of its creation, and, after several years of successful service, was followed by Mr. Anderson H. Hopkins, and he by Mr. Harrison W. Craver, who is now the efficient A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH librarian. The Fine Arts department contains many casts of notable works of architecture and sculpture, sufficient to carry the visitor in fancy through an al- most unbroken development from the earliest times in which man began to produce beautiful structures to the present day. It is now the aim of this department to develop its galleries on three lines: first, to gather early American paintings from the very beginning of art in this country; second, to acquire such portraits of eminent men as will, in the passage of years, make these halls to some extent a national portrait gal- lery; and, third, to obtain such pieces of contemporary art as will lead to the formation of a thoroughly repre- sentative collection of modern painting. The Art Gallery is already rich in this latter purpose, and is renowned for its annual competitive exhibits which are open to the artists of all countries for prizes offered by the Carnegie Institute. Mr. John W. Beatty, Director of Fine Arts, has made the building up of this depart- ment his ripest and best work. The Museum embraces sections of paleontology, mineralogy, vertebrate and invertebrate zoology, entomology, botany, compara- tive anatomy, archaeology, numismatics, ceramics, textiles, transportation, carvings in wood and ivory, historical collections, the useful arts, and biological sciences. Its work in the department of paleontology is particularly noteworthy as it has extended the bound- aries of knowledge through its many explorations in the C923 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH western fossil fields. The success of the Museum is largely due to the energy and erudition of Dr. W. J. Holland, its amiable director. In the music-hall, a symphony orchestra is maintained, and free recitals are given on the great organ twice every week by a capable performer. When the orchestra began its work thirteen years ago, it is doubtful if there were very many persons in Pittsburgh, other than musical stu- dents, who knew the difference between a symphony, a suite, a concerto, and a fugue. To-day there are thousands of people in this city who can intelligently describe the shading differences in the Ninth Sym- phony and give good reasons for their preference as between the two movements of the "Unfinished." The first conductor of the orchestra was Frederic Archer, for three years, who was followed by Victor Herbert, for three years, and then came Emil Paur, who is now in charge. The Technical Schools embrace a School of Applied Science, a School for Apprentices and Journey- men, a School of Applied Design, and a School for Women, and already possess a capable faculty of one hundred and fifteen members, and a student body numbering 1,916. Dr. Arthur A. Hamerschlag is an enthusiastic and capable director of this educational scheme. The Institute is governed by a Board of Trus- tees, of which William N. Frew is President, Robert Pitcairn, Vice President, Samuel Harden Church, Secretary, and James H. Reed, Treasurer. Charles C. 194:1 INTELLECTUAL Mellor is chairman of the Museum committee, John Caldwell, of the Fine Arts committee, George A. Mac- beth, of the Library committee, and William McCon- way, of the Technical Schools committee. The annual celebration of Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute has become one of the most nota- ble platform occasions in America, made so by the illus- trious men who participate in the exercises. Some of these distinguished orators are William McKinley and Grover Cleveland, former Presidents of the United States ; John Morley and James Bryce, foremost among British statesmen and authors; Joseph Jefferson, a be- loved actor; Richard Watson Gilder, editor and poet; Wu Ting Fang, Chinese diplomat, and Whitelaw Reid, editor and ambassador. At the great dedication of the new building, in April, 1907, the celebration of Founder's Day surpassed all previous efforts, being marked by the assembling of an illustrious group of men, and the delivery of a series of addresses, which made the festival altogether beyond precedent. On that occasion there came to Pittsburgh, as the guests of the Institute, from France, Dr. Leonce Benedite, Di- rector Musee du Luxembourg; Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, Member of the French Senate and of the Hague Court of Arbitration; Dr. Paul Doumer, late Governor-General of Cochin China, and Dr. Camille Enlart, Director of the Trocadero Museum; from Ger- many, upon the personal suggestion of his Majesty, [95] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH Emperor William II, His Excellency Lieutenant-Gen- eral Alfred von Loewenfeld, Adjutant-General to his Majesty the Emperor; Colonel Gustav Dickhuth, Lecturer on Military Science to the Royal Household; Dr. Ernst von Ihne, Hof-Architekt Sr. Maj. d. Kai- sers; Dr. Reinhold Koser, Principal Director of the Prussian State Archives, and Prof. Dr. Fritz Schaper, sculptor; from Great Britain, Mr. William Archer, author and critic; Sir Robert S. Ball, Director of Cam- bridge Observatory; Dr. C. F. Moberly Bell, manager London "Times" ; Sir Robert Cranston, late Lord Pro- vost of Edinburgh; Sir Edward Elgar, composer; Mr. James Currie Macbeth, Provost of Dunferm- line; Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary Zoological Society, of London ; Sir William Henry Preece, Con- sulting Engineer to the G. P. O. and Colonies; Dr. John Rhys, Principal of Jesus College, University of Oxford; Dr. Ernest S. Roberts, Vice Chancellor of Cambridge University; Mr. William Robertson, Member Dunfermline Trust; Dr. John Ross, Chair- man Dunfermline Trust, and Dr. William T. Stead, editor "Review of Reviews" ; and from Holland, Jonkheer R. de Marees van Swinderen, Envoy Ex- traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, and Dr. Joost Marius Willem van der Poorten-Schwartz ("Maarten Maartens"), author. Mr. Andrew Carnegie has founded this splendid In- stitute, with its school system, at a cost already approxi- 101 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH mating twenty million dollars, and he must enjoy the satisfaction of knowing it to be the rallying ground for the cultured and artistic life of the community. The progress made each year goes by leaps and bounds; so much so that we might well employ the phrase used by Macaulay to describe Lord Bacon's philosophy: "The point which was yesterday invisible is to-day its start- ing-point, and to-morrow will be its goal." The Insti- tute has truly a splendid mission. Ill ' The University of Pittsburgh was opened about 1770 and incorporated by the Legislature in 1 787 under the name Pittsburgh Academy. In 1819 the name was changed to the Western LTniversity of Pennsylvania, but, holding to the narrower scope of a college, it did not really become a university until 1892, when it formed the Department of Medicine by taking over the Western Pennsylvania Medical College. In 1895 the Departments of Law and Pharmacy were added and women were for the first time admitted. In 1896 the Department of Dentistry was established. In 1908 (July 1 ith) the name was changed to the LTniversity of Pittsburgh. The several departments of the LTni- versity are at present (1908) located in different parts of the city, but a new site of forty-three acres has been INTELLECTUAL acquired near Schenley Park on which it is planned to bring them all together. These new plans have been drawn under the direction of the chancellor, Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, whose faith in the merit of his cause is bound to remove whole mountains of financial diffi- culties. The University embraces a College and Engineering School, a School of Mines, a Graduate Department, a Summer School, Evening Classes, Sat- urday Classes, besides Departments of Astronomy, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry. It now has a corps of one hundred and fifty-one instructors and a body of 1 , 1 38 students. IV The author ventures to repeat in this little book a suggestion which has been made by him several times, looking to a working cooperation or even a closer bond of union between the Carnegie Institute and the LTni- versity of Pittsburgh. In an address delivered at the Carnegie Institute on Founder's Day, 1908, the author made the following remarks on this subject: The temptation to go a little further into the future first re- quires the acknowledgment which St. Paul made when he wrote of marriage : "I speak not by authority, but by sufferance." There will soon begin to rise on these adjacent heights the first new buildings of the Western University (now University of Pitts- burgh), conceived in the classic spirit of Greece and crowning A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH that hill like a modern Acropolis. With its charter dating back one hundred and twenty-five years the University is already ven- erable in this land. Is it not feasible to hope that through the practical benevolence of our people, some working basis of union can be effected between that institution and this"? Here we have painting, and sculpture, and architecture, and books, and a won- derfull)^ rich scientific collection, and the abiding spirit of music. We have these fast-growing Technical Schools. And yet the entire scheme seems to be lacking something which marks its un- finished state. The Technical Schools do not and should not teach languages, literature, philosophy, and the fine arts, nor the old learned professions, but these must always rest in the Uni- versity. Should not one school thus supplement the other"? And then, the students on each side of this main building would find available here those great collections which, if properly demon- strated, would give them a larger opportunity for systematic culture than could be offered by any other community in the ^ world. For we should no longer permit these great departments of the fine arts and of the sciences to remain in a passive state, but the}' should all be made the means of active instruction from masterful professors. Music, its theory, composition, and per- formance on every instrument should be taught where demonstra- tions could be made with the orchestra and the organ. Successful painters and sculptors, the elected members of the future faculty, should fix their studios near the Institute and teach painting and sculpture as well as it could be done in Paris or Munich. Archi- tecture should thrive by the hand of its trained votaries, while science should continue to reveal the secrets of her most attractive mysteries. Then, as the ambitious youths of the ancient world came to xAthens to obtain the purest culture of that age, so would our modern youths, who are already in the Carnegie Technical Schools from twenty-six States, continue to come to Pittsburgh to partake of the most comprehensive scheme of education which the world would obtain. Believing firmly in the achieving power of hopeful thought, I pray you think on this. Doo] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH V In the East End is the Pennsylvania College for Women (Presbyterian; chartered in 1869), which has one hundred and two students. On the North Side (Allegheny) are the Allegheny Theological Seminary (United Presbyterian; founded in 1825) , which has six instructors and sixty-one students; the Western Theo- logical Seminary (Presbyterian; opened in 1827), with sixty-four students and twelve instructors, and a library of 34,000 volumes; and the Reformed Presby- terian Theological Seminary (founded in 1856) . There are five high schools and a normal academy and also the following private academies : Pittsburgh Acad- emy, for both boys and girls ; East Liberty Academy, for boys ; Lady of Mercy Academ}^ for girls and for boys in the lower grades; the Stuart-Mitchell School, for girls; the Gleim School, for girls; the Thurston School, for girls ; and the Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy. The Phipps Conservatory (horticulture) , the largest in America, and the Hall of Botany are in Schenley Park and were built by Mr. Henry Phipps. There is an interesting zoological garden in Highland Park which was founded by Mr. Christopher L. Magee. The Pittsburgh "Gazette," founded July 29, 1786, and consolidated with the Pittsburgh "Times" (1879) [102;] INTELLECTUAL in 1906 as the "Gazette Times," is one of the oldest newspapers west of the Alleghany Mountains. Other prominent newspapers of the city are the "Chronicle Telegraph" (1841); "Post" (1842); "Dispatch" (1846); "Leader" (1870; Sunday, 1864); "Press" (1883) ; and the "Sun" (1906). There are also two German dailies, the "Volksblatt und Freiheits- Freund" and the "Pittsburgher Beobachter," one Sla- vonic daily, one Slavonic weekly, two Italian weeklies, besides journals devoted to society and the iron, build- ing, and glass trades. The publishing house of the United Presbyterian Church is located here, and there are several periodical journals published by the various religious bodies. The city has some very attractive public buildings and office buildings and an unusual number of beauti- ful churches. The Allegheny County Court-House, in the Romanesque style, erected in 1884-88 at a cost of $2,500,000, is one of Henry H. Richardson's master- pieces. The Nixon Theater is a notable piece of archi- tecture. The Post-Office and the Customs Office are housed in a large Government building of polished granite. The city has twenty or more hospitals for the care of its sick, injured, or insane, ten of which have schools for the training of nurses. There is the Western Pennsyl- vania Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb in Pittsburgh, which is in part maintained by D03] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH Court-house the State, where trades are taught as a part of the edu- cational system. The State also helps to maintain the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, the INTELLECTUAL Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Women, and the Home for Colored Children. Among other charitable institutions maintained by the city are the Home for Orphans, Home for the Aged, Home for Released Con- victs, an extensive system of public baths, the Curtis Home for Destitute Women and Girls, the Pittsburgh Newsboys' Home, the Children's Aid Society of West- ern Pennsylvania, the Protestant Home for Incurables, the Pittsburgh Association for the Improvement of the Poor, and the Western Pennsylvania Humane Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Children, and Aged Persons. Under the management of Wo- men's Clubs several playgrounds are open to children during the summer, where competent teachers give in- struction to children over ten years of age in music, manual training, sewing, cooking, nature study, and color work. The water supply of Pittsburgh is taken from the Allegheny River and pumped into reservoirs, the high- est of which is Herron Hill, five hundred and thirty feet above the river. A slow sand filtration plant for the filtration of the entire supply is under construction and a part of it is in operation. In this last year the Legislature has passed an act prohibiting the deposit of sewage material in the rivers of the State, and this tardy action in the interest of decency and health will stop the ravages of death through epidemic fevers caught from poisoned streams. A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH VI Pittsburgh maintains by popular support one of the four symphony orchestras in America. She has given many famous men to science, literature, and art. Her astronomical observatory is known throughout the world. Her rich men are often liberal beyond their own needs, particularly so William Thaw, who spent great sums for education and benevolence; Mrs. Mary Schenley, who has given the city a great park, over four hundred acres in the very heart of its boundaries; and Henry Phipps, who erected the largest conserva- tory for plants and flowers in our country. There is one other, Andrew Carnegie, whose wise and continu- ous use of vast wealth for the public good is nearly beyond human precedent. If Pittsburgh people were called upon to name their best known singer, they would, of course, with one accord, say Stephen C. Foster. His songs are verily written in the hearts of millions of his fellow-creatures, for who has not sung "Old Folks at Home," "Nelly Ely," "My Old Kentucky Home," and the others? Ethelbert Nevin is the strongest name among our musical composers, his "Narcissus," "The Rosary," and many others being known throughout the world. Charles Stanley Reinhart, Mary Cassatt, and John W. Alexander are the best known among our painters. [106] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH Henry O. Tanner, the only negro painter, was born in Pittsburgh and learned the rudiments of his art here. Albert S. Wall, his son, A. Bryan Wall, George Hetzel, and John W. Beatty have painted good pictures, as have another group which includes William A. Coffin, Martin B. Leisser, Jaspar Lawman, Eugene A, Poole, Joseph R. Woodwell, William H. Singer, Clarence M. Johns, and Johanna Woodwell Hailman. Thomas S. Clarke is a Pittsburgh painter and sculptor. Philander C. Knox, United States Senator, and John Dalzell, member ot the House of Representatives, are promi- nent among those who have served Pittsburgh ably in the National Government. VII And how about letters'? Has Pittsburgh a litera- ture? Those rolling clouds of smoke, those mighty industries, those men of brawn, those men of energy, that ceaseless calculation of wages and dividends — can these produce an atmosphere for letters? It seems unthinkable. Yet hold! Only the other day on the train a man who has been a resident of New York for thirty-five years remarked in this author's presence that "Pittsburgh is the most intellectual city in America." He had never visited Pittsburgh and the author did not and does not know his name. "How about Boston?" INTELLECTUAL asked another traveler. "Boston used to be, but is not now," he answered. Then I, in my timid and artless way, ventured to ask him why he spoke thus of Pitts- burgh. "Because," said he, "distant as I am from Pitts- burgh, more inspiration in artistic and intellectual things has come to me from that city than from any other place in America." But that may have been his dinner or the cigar. Literature I once attempted to define as the written record of thought and action. If this be an adequate definition, then Pittsburgh writers have substantially enriched the field of literature in every department, and given our city permanent fame as a place of letters. As we begin our survey of the local field, the wonder grows that the literary production is so large, and that the character of much of it is so very high. Let Pegasus champ his golden bit as he may, and beat his hoof upon the empty air, Pittsburgh men and Pittsburgh women have ridden the classic steed with grace and skill through all the flowered deviations of his bridal paths. This is scarcely the place to attempt a critical estimate, and it would be an ungracious and a presumptuous task for me to appraise the literary value of that work with any great degree of detail. The occasion will hardly permit more than a list of names and titles ; and while pains have been taken to make this list complete, it is possible that some books may have been overlooked, but truly by inadvertence only. A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH VIII Perhaps the most important piece of literature from a local pen is Professor William M. Sloane's "Life of Napoleon." This is a painstaking and authoritative record of the great Frenchman who conquered every- body but himself. Dr. William J. Holland, once chan- cellor of the University of Pittsburgh, now director of the Carnegie Museum, has given to the field of popular science "The Butterfly Book" — an author who knows every butterfly by its Christian name. Then Andrew Carnegie's "Triumphant Democracy" presents masses of statistics with such lightness of touch as to make them seem a stirring narrative. His other books, "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain" and "Round the World" present the vivid impressions of a keen traveler. His "Life of James Watt" conveys a sympathetic por- traiture of the inventor of the steam engine. His "Gos- pel of Wealth" is a piece of deep-thinking discursive- ness, although it really seems a superfluous thesis, for Mr. Caraegie's best exposition of the gospel of wealth unfolds itself in two thousand noble buildings erected all over the world for the diffusion of literature; in those splendid conceptions, the Scottish Education Fund ; the Washington Carnegie Institution for Scien- tific Research; the Pension for College Professors, [no] u A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH which has so much advanced the dignity and security of teaching; the Pension for Aged and Disabled Work- men; the Hero Fund, with its provision of aid to the injured and to the worthy poor; the many college en- dowments; and, greater than all, the Peace Palace at The Hague, through which he will make his appeal to the conscience of civilization during all time to organize and extend among the nations of the earth that system of arbitrated justice which has been already established within the borders of each State. But if I continue to group our Pittsburgh authors in this arbitrary fashion, those who come at the end will think I mean the last to be least. Therefore, let me pursue the theme indiscriminately, as I meant to do all along had not that same Pegasus, in spite of my defi- ance, run away at the very start. IX The first Pittsburgh book that I can find in my hur- ried review of the field is "Modern Chivalry," by Hugh Henry Brackenridge. The third volume of this book was printed in Pittsburgh in 1796, the first two having been published in Philadelphia. This writer's son, Henry M. Brackenridge, was also an author, having written "History of the Late War between the United INTELLECTUAL States and Great Britain," "History of the Western Insurrection called the Whisky Insurrection, 1794," "Journal of a Voyage up the River Missouri, Per- formed in 1811," "Recollections of Persons and Places in the West," and several other books. Neville B. Craig wrote a "History of Pittsburgh," published in 1851, which is still a work of standard reference. An- other "History of Pittsburgh" was brought out some ten years ago under the editorship of Erasmus Wilson, who has also published a volume of "Quiet Observa- tions," selected from his newspaper essays. But the most important, painstaking, and accurate "History of Pittsburgh" which has yet been published is the one by Miss Sarah H. Killikelly, published in 1906. Another book of hers, "Curious Questions," is an entertaining collection of many queer things that have occurred in the world's history. Robert P. Nevin wrote "Black Robes" and "Three Kings." Professor Samuel P. Langley was for many years in charge of the Allegheny Observatory and won fame while here as a writer on scientific subjects. Also the first models of his flying machine were made while he was a resident in Pitts- burgh. W. M. Darlington wrote "Fort Pitt" and edited the journals of Christopher Gist, who was Wash- ington's scout when the Father of his Country first came to Pittsburgh. "Two Men in the West" is the title of a little book on travel by W. R. Halpin. Arthur G. Burgoyne, a newspaper writer, has published "All D13:] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH Sorts of Pittsburghers." George Seibel has written three beautiful plays which have not yet been produced because the modern stage managers seem to prefer to produce unbeautiful plays. One of these is "Omar Khayyam," which was accepted and paid for by Richard Mansfield, who died before he could arrange for its production. Another is "Christopher Columbus," and he has just finished an important tragedy entitled "CEdipus," dealing artistically with a horrifying story, which has been accepted for early production by Mr. Robert Mantel. Mr. Seibel has published a monograph on "The Mormon Problem." Charles P. Shiras wrote the "Redemption of Labor," and a drama, "The Invisi- ble Prince," which was played in the old Pittsburgh Theater. Hartley Campbell was the most prolific writer of plays that Pittsburgh has yet produced, and his melodramas have been played in nearly every thea- ter in America. H. G. Donnelly, well known as a play- wright, was also a Pittsburgher. Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart is a young author who is coming to the front as a writer of successful dramas, stories, and books. Her plays, "The Double Life" and "By Order of the Court" have been produced, and a novel, "The Circular Stair- case," has just appeared from the press. My own little play, "The Brayton Episode," was played by Miss Sarah Truax at the Alvin Theater, Pittsburgh, June 24, 1903, and by Miss Eleanor Moretti at the Fifth Avenue Theater, New York, January 15, 1905. u A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH Rev. W. G. Mackay wrote tales of history under the title of "The Skein of Life." Father Morgan M. Sheedy and Rev. Dr. George Hodges, who used to strive together in Pittsburgh to surpass each other in tearing down the walls of religious prejudice that keep people out of the Kingdom of Heaven, have each given us several books on social and religious topics com- posed on the broad and generous lines of thought which only such sensible teachers know how to employ. Among Dr. Hodges' books are "Christianity between Sundays," the "Heresy of Cain," and "Faith and Social Service"; while Father Sheedy has published "Social Topics." That devoted student of nature, Dr. Benjamin Cut- ler Jillson, wrote a book called "Home Geology," and another, "River Terraces In and Near Pittsburgh," which carry the fancy into far-off antiquity. Professor Daniel Carhart, of the University of Pittsburgh, has given us "Field Work for Civil Engineers" and "Trea- tise on Plane Surveying." From J. Heron Foster we have "A Full Account of the Great Fire at Pittsburgh in 1845." Adelaide M. Nevin published "Social Mir- ror," and Robert P. Nevin "Poems," a book with mood and feeling. Dr. Stephen A. Hunter, a clergyman, is the author of an erudite work entitled "Manual of Therapeutics and Pharmacy in the Chinese Language." Walter Scott, who, after taking a course at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, came to Pittsburgh in 1826, was D163 INTELLECTUAL a very distinguished preacher and author. His greatest reputation was gained in his work in association with Alexander Campbell in establishing the principles of the now mighty congregation known as the Christian, or Disciples, Church. His books are: "The Gospel Restored," 'The Great Demonstration," and "The Union of Christians." A memoir of Professor John L. Lincoln, by his son, W. L. Lincoln, gives a record of a life so spent that many men were truly made better thereby. Father Andrew A. Lambing, President of the Historical Soci- ety of Western Pennsylvania, has written useful mono- graphs on the early history of this region, and he is one of the first authorities in that field. He has also com- posed books on religious subjects. E. W. Duckwell wrote "Bacteriology Applied to the Canning and Pre- serving of Food Products." Richard Realf was a poet "whose songs gushed from his heart," and some of them hold a place in literature. His "Monarch of the Forges" breathes the deep spirit of industrial life as he found it in Pittsburgh. Mr. Lee S. Smith, now (1908) president of the Chamber of Commerce, has published an interesting book entitled "Through Egypt to Palestine," describ- ing his travels in the Orient. Our men who have written most knowingly on in- dustrial topics are James M. Swank and Joseph D. Weeks. A young writer, Francis Hill, has published A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH a very readable boys' story, "Outlaws of Horseshoe Hole," and Arthur Sanwood Pier has published "The Pedagogues," a novel satirizing the Harvard Summer School. Rev. Henry C. McCook's very successful novel, "The Latimers," is an engaging study of the whisky insurrection of early Pittsburgh days. Thomas B. Plimpton is remembered by some as a writer of verse. Judge J. E. Parke and Judge Joseph Mellon have written historical essays. Josiah Copley wrote "Gath- ering Beulah." Logan Conway is the author of "Money and Banking." He has also written a series of essays on "Evolution." Miss Cara Reese has pub- lished a little story entitled "And She Got All That." Miss Willa Sibert Cather has just published her "Poems." Charles McKnight's "Old Fort Duquesne; or Captain Jack the Scout" is a stirring book that has fired the hearts of many boys who love a good tale. William Harvey Brown's story, "On the South African Frontier," was written and published while he was a curator in the Carnegie Museum. Pittsburgh has produced a group of standard school- books — always of the very first importance in the lit- erature of any country. Among these are the books by Andrew Burt and Milton B. Goff, and a series of read- ers by Lucius Osgood. Henry J. Ford's "Rise and Growth of American Politics" is a well-studied work. Henry A. Miller's Di8] m' feft ,1^^"- A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH "Money and Bimetallism" is a conscientious statement of his investigations of that question. Judge Marshall Brown has written two books, "Bulls and Blunders" and "Wit and Humor of Famous Sayings." Frank M. Bennett's "Steam Navy of the United States" is a use- ful technical work. L. C. Van Noppen, after pursuing his studies of Dutch literature in Holland, came to Pittsburgh and wrote a translation of Vondel's great Dutch classical poem "Lucifer." Vondel published the original of this work some ten or fifteen years before Milton's "Para- dise Lost" appeared, and critics have tried to show by the deadly parallel column that Milton drew the in- spiration for some of his highest poetical flights from Vondel. It is probable, however, that Milton was un- conscious of the existence of Vondel's work. S. L. Fleishman has translated the poems of Heine with tenderness and feeling. Ella Boyce Kirk has written several educational pamphlets. Morgan Nev- ille published a poem, "Comparisons." From that Prince Rupert of the astronomers. Professor James E. Keeler, who has made more than one fiery dash across the borderland of known science, we have "Spectro- scopic Observations of Nebulse." That truly gifted woman, Margaretta Wade Deland, was born in Pitts- burgh in 1857 and resided here until her marriage in 1880. Among her books are "John Ward, Preacher," "The Story of a Child," "Philip and His Wife," and INTELLECTUAL "Old Chester Tales." Jane Grey Swisshelm wrote the recollections of an eventful experience under the title "Half a Century of Life." Nicholas Biddle composed a studious "Life of Sebastian Cabot," and another book, "Modern Chivalry." Mrs. Annie Wade has written poems and stories. The city has fathered many able writers against slavery and intemperance, among whom was William H. Burleigh, who wrote "Our Country." William B. Conway wrote "Cottage on the Cliff." From Rev. John Black we have "The Everlast- ing Kingdom," and Rev. John Tassey published a "Life of Christ." William G. Johnston's interesting book, "Experiences of a Forty-niner," was published in 1892. John Reed Scott has published two successful novels, "The Colonel of the Red Hussars " and "Bea- trix of Clare." Martha Fry Boggs wrote "A Romance of New Virginia." Then there are "Polly and L" by Cora Thurmston; "Free at Last" and "Emma's Tri- umph," by Mrs. Jane S. Collins; "Her Brother Don- nard," by Emily E. Verder; "Essays," by Anna Pier- pont Siviter; "Human Progress," by Thomas S. Blair; "Steel: A Manual for Steel Users," a useful mono- graph by William Metcalf; and "Memoir of John B. Gibson," by Colonel Thomas P. Roberts. Then there are some poor things from my own pen, if, in order to make the record complete, I may add them at the end— "Oliver Cromwell: A History" (1894); "John Marmaduke : A Romance of the English Inva- A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH sion of Ireland in 1649" (1897) ; "Beowulf: A Poem" (1901) ; 'Tenruddock of the White Lambs," a novel (1903) ; "The Brayton Episode," a play (1903) ; "The Sword of the Parliament," a play (1907) ; and this, "A Short History of Pittsburgh" (1908) . And such is the list. Imperfect though it may be, it is the best that I have been able to compose. But how large and full the measure of it all is ! History, biog- raphy, philosophy, religion, nature, science, criticism, government, coinage and finance, art, poetry, the drama, travel, adventure, fiction, society, education, all avenues of human activity, all themes of human specu- lation, have been covered in books written with more or less interest and power by men and women of Pitts- burgh. Much of this volume of production is ephem- eral, but some of it on the other hand is undoubtedly a permanent addition to the world's literature. X One word more before leaving this subject. Litera- ture has not until recently enjoyed that degree of at- tention from the public press of Pittsburgh which it deserves. It ought to be the concern of every human unit in the nation to receive honest guidance in the de- velopment of literature; for literature, once again, is the written record of thought and action. Mobs will [122;] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH melt away when the units in the mob begin to think, and they will think when they read. Then will the law be paramount, and then will our institutions be safe. Thousands of our serious people annually sub- scribe for literary reviews of one kind or another in order that they may follow the rapid expansion of the written record of the thought and action of the world, when the whole department might be covered so admir- ably by our daily newspapers. Should not the news- paper give each household practically all it needs in criticism and information outside of the printed books themselves? How easily we could spare some of the glaring and exaggerated headlines over the daily record of crime, misconduct, and false leadership, which in- flame the mind and the passions with evil fire, and how joyfully we would welcome instead an intelligent, con- scientious, comprehensive, discriminating, piquant — in short, a masterful discussion from day to day of the written record of the thought and action of the world as unfolded in its statesmanship, its oratory, its educa- tion, its heroism, and its literature. XI And so my little story of Pittsburgh comes to an end. It is the story of a great achievement in the building of a city, and the development of a community within its A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH boundaries. I have sometimes heard a sneer at Pitts- burgh as a place where undigested wealth is paramount. I have never beheld the city in that character. On the contrary, I have, on frequent occasions, seen the assem- blage of men native here where a goodly section of the brain and power of the nation was represented. There is much wealth here, but the dominant spirit of those who have it is not a spirit of pride and luxury and arrogance. There is much poverty here, but it is the poverty of hope which effort and opportunity will transform into affluence. And especially is there here a spirit of good fellowship, of help one to another, and of pride in the progress of the intellectual life. And with all of these comes a growth toward the best civic character which in its aggregate expression is probably like unto the old Prophet's idea of that righteousness which exalteth a nation. [126] INDEX Adams, Gabriel, Mayor, 51 Alexander, John W., 91, 106 Allegheny, made county-seat, 40; county-seat changed to Pittsburgh, 40; annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 Allegheny Cemetery, 90 Allegheny County, erection of, 40; iron and steel products of, 84 Allegheny Observatory, 84, 99 Allegheny River improved, 82 Alleghen}^ Theological Semi- nary, 102 Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 71, 78 Amherst, General, captures Fort Frontenac, 29 Anderson, Edwin H., 91 Archer, Frederick, 94 Archer, William, 100 Armstrong, Colonel, raises Eng- lish flag over Fort Duquesne, 29 Artists, list of, 106 Astronomical Observatory, 91, 106 Authors, list of, 112 [1 Ball, Sir Robert S., 96 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, 49, 60, 81 Barker, Joseph, Mayor, 51 Baron, Father, 29 Beatty, John W., 92, 108 Beatty, Rev. Mr., 29 Beauj eu, Captain, attacks Braddock's army, 22; killed, 23 Bell, C. F. Moberly, 96 Benedite, Leonce, 95 Bennett, Frank M., 120 Biddle, Nicholas, 121 Bingham, William, Mayor, 51 Black, John, 121 Blackmore, James, Ma^^or, 52 Blair, Francis P., ^^ Blair, Thomas S., 121 "Blockhouse," built by Bouquet, 34; occupied by Dr. John Connelly, 37 ; used by Colo- nial troops in Revolution, 37 Boggs, Martha Fry, 1 2 1 Bouquet, Colonel Henry, builds "Blockhouse," 34; leads army at Battle of Bushy Run, 35 Brackenridge, Henry M., 112 273 INDEX Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 112 Braddock, General Edward, marches upon Fort Duquesne, 21; wounded in battle, 24; his army defeated, 24; death of, 25 Braddock's defeat, effect of on Colonies, 25 Brashear, John A., 85 Breckenridge, John C, 57 Broadhead, Colonel, 38 Brown, A. M., Recorder, 52 Brown, Joseph, 70 Brown, J. O., Recorder, 52 Brown, Marshall, 120 Brown, William Harvey, 118 Brush, Jared M., Mayor, 52 Bryce, Right Honorable James, 95 Buchanan, James, 57 Burgoyne, Arthur G., 113 Burleigh, William H., 121 Burt, Andrew, 118 Bushy Run, Battle of, 35 Caldwell, John, 94 Calvary Cemetery, 90 Campbell, Alexander, 117 Campbell, Bartley, 114 Carhart, Daniel, 116 Carnegie, Andrew, 85, 96, 106, 1 10 Carnegie Institute, 91, 99 Carnegie Steel Company, 7 1 , Carnegie Technical Schools, 91, 94 Cassatt, Alexander Johnston, 85 Cassatt, Mary, 106 Cather, Willa Sibert, 1 18 Celeron, Louis, 16 Charitable institutions, 103 Chatham, Earl of (William Pitt),25, 29, 37 Church, Samuel, 83 Church, Samuel Harden, 94, 114, 121 Civil War, 53 Clarke, Thomas S., 123 Clay, Henry, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Cleveland, Grover, 95 Coffin, William A, 108 Collins annexed to Pittsburgh, Collins, Jane S., 121 Composers, list of, 106 Constant, Baron d'Estour- nelles de, 95 Constitutional Convention, 53 Contrecoeur, Captain, visited by Washington, 17; his reply re- ceived by English, 19; cap- tures fort at Pittsburgh and names it Fort Duquesne, 20 Conwa)/^, Logan, 118 Conway, William B., 121 Copley, Josiah, 1 18 Country Club, 90 Court-house, architect of, 103; cost of, 103 Craig, Neville B., 113 Cranston, Sir Robert, 96 Craver, Harrison W., 92 Dalzell, John, 108 Darlington, W. M., 113 Darragh, John, Mayor, 51 28] INDEX Daughters of American Revolu- tion, 34 Davis Island Dam, 82 Dayton, William L., 57 Defiance, Fort, built by Gen- eral Wayne, 42 Deland, Margaretta Wade, 120 Denny, Ebenezer, Mayor, 51 Denny, Governor, 29 Dickens, Charles, visits Pitts- burgh, 58 Dickhuth, Colonel Gustav, 96 Diehl, William J., Mayor, 52 Dinwiddle, Governor, sends Washington to Pittsburgh, 14 Donnelly, H. G., 114 Doumer, Paul, 95 Duckwell, E. W., 117 Dunfermline, 28 Dunmore, Governor, opens land office in Pittsburgh, 35 Duquesne, Fort, built and named by French, 20; cap- tured by English, 29; blown up and burned by French, 29 ; taken possession of by Eng- lish, 29; name changed to Fort Pitt, 29 East Liberty Academy, 102 Ecuyer, Simon, leads attack on Fort Pitt, 35 Elgar, Sir Edward, 96 Emancipation Proclamation, 53 England, war with France, 15 Enlart, Camille, 95 Fang, Wu Ting, 95 Farragut, Admiral, visits Pitts- burgh, 58 Fleishman, S. L., 120 Forbes, General, captures Fort Duquesne, 14; names captured fort Pittsburgh, 14, 29; his letter to Pitt announcing cap- ture and renaming of Fort Duquesne, 29 Ford, Henry J., 118 Ford, Henry P., Mayor, 52 Foster, J. Heron, 116 Foster, Stephen C, 106 Founder's Day, 95 France, war with England, 15 Franklin, Benjamin, 21 Fremont, John C, 57 French Revolution, 43 Frew, William N., 94 Frick, Henry C, 72, 76, 77, 85 Frontenac, Fort, captured by General Amherst, 29 Fulton, Andrew, Mayor, 52 Gilder, Richard Watson, 95 Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington to Pittsburgh, 14 ; hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19; saves Washington from drowning, 19 Gleim School, 102 Goff, Milton B., 118 Gourley, Henry I., Mayor, 52 Grant, General U. S., visits Pittsburgh, 58 Grant, Major, defeated at Grant's Hill and killed, 28 Great Meadows, Battle of, 20 Greeley, Horace, §^, 56, 57 Greensburg, 40 Guthrie, George W., Mayor, 52 29 H INDEX Guthrie, John B., Mayor, 51 Guthrie, P. N., 70 Guyesuta, 17 Haihnan, Johanna Woodwell, 108 Hall of Botany, 102 Halpin, W. R., 113 Hamerschlag, Arthur A., 94 Hancock, John, 38 Hand, General Edward, plans expedition against Indians, 38 Hay, Alexander, Mayor, 51 Hays, W. B., Recorder and Mayor, 52 Heinz Company, 84 Herbert, Victor, 94 Herron Hill Reservoir, 105 Herron, John, Mayor, 51 Herr's Island, 19 Hetzel, George, 108 Highland Park, 90 Hill, Francis, 1 17 Hodges, George, 1 1 6 Holland, W. J., 94, 1 10 Homestead Steel Works, 68 Homestead strike, 7 1 Homewood Cemetery, 90 Hopkins, Anderson H., 91 Hospitals, 103 Howard, William J., Mayor, Hunter, Stephen A., 116 Ihne, Ernst von, 96 Indians cede land about Pitts- burgh to Colonies, 35 Irvine, General William, placed in command of Fort Pitt, 39 Irwin, William W., Mayor, 51 Jackson, George N., 56 Jefferson, Joseph, 95 Jillson, Benjamin Cutler, 116 Johns, Clarence M., 108 Johnson, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Johnston, Governor, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Johnston, William G., 121 Johnstown Flood, 58 Jumonville, death of, 20 Keeler, James E., 120 Kensington Iron Works, 83 Kerr, William, Mayor, 51 Keyashuta, Indian chief, 17 Killikelly, Sarah H., 113 King, John A^, ^^ Kirk, Ella Boyce, 120 Knox, Philander C, 108 Koser, Reinhold, 96 Kossuth, Louis, visits Pitts- burgh, 58 Lady of Mercy Academy, 102 Lafayette, Fort, built, 42 Lafayette, General, visits Pitts- burgh, 58 Lambing, A. A., 117 Langley, Samuel P., 113 Lawman, Jaspar, 108 Lawrenceville annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 Leboeuff, Fort, 17 Leisser, Martin B., 108 Lexington, Battle of, 37 Liberty annexed to Pittsburgh, Liddell, Robert, Mayor, 52 30] INDEX Ligneris, Captain, surrenders Fort Duquesne, 29 Lincoln, Abraham, visits Pitts- burgh, 58 Lincoln, John L., 117 Lincoln, W. L., 117 Little, William, Mayor, 51 Loewenfeld, His Excellency Lieutenant General Alfred von, 95 Logstown, storehouses built by Ohio Company, 16; captured by French, 16 Louisburg, capture of, 28 Lowrie, Walter B., Mayor, 51 Lowry, James, Mayor, 5 1 Lyon, Robert W., Mayor, 52 "Maarten Maartens," 96 Macbeth, George A., 94 Macbeth, James Currie, 96 Mackay, W. G., 116 Magee, C. L., 102 Mail route to Philadelphia established, 40 Mansfield, Robert, 114 Mantel, Robert, 114 Mayflower, landing of, 53 McCallin, William, Mayor, 52 McCarthy, William C, Mayor, McCarthy, W. L., Mayor, 52 McClintock, Jonas R., Mayor, McConway, William, 95 McCook, Henry C, 118 McCormick, Samuel Black, 99 McCrea, James, 78 McKenna, Bernard, Mayor, 52 McKinley, William, 95 [1 McKnight, Charles, 1 18 Mellon, Joseph, 118 Mellor, Charles C, 94 Metcalf, William, 121 Miller, Henry A., 118 Milton, John, 120 Mitchell, P. Chalmers, 107 Monongahela River improved, 83 Monroe, President, visited Pittsburgh, 58 Montcalm, death of, 3 1 Moretti, Eleanor, 114 Morgan, Colonel George, 38 Morley, John, 95 Murray, Magnus M., Mayor, 51 Necessity, Fort, built by Wash- ington, 2 1 ; captured by French, 21 Neville, Morgan, 120 Nevin, Adelaide M., 1 16 Nevin, Ethelbert, 106 Nevin, Robert P., 113, 116 Newspapers, list of, 40, 1 13 New York Central Lines, 60, 81 Niagara, Fort, fall of, 31 Nixon Theater, 103 Oakland annexed to Pittsburgh, O'Hara, James, 84 Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad, 49 Ohio Company formed, 16 Osgood, Lucius, 118 Parke, J. E., 118 Paur, Emil, 94 30 INDEX Peiirson, A. L., 63 Peebles annexed to Pitts- burp;h, ^"2 Penn family, purchased Pitts- biirpjh region from Indians, 39; their title annulled, 39 Pennsylvania, dis[)ute with Vir- ginia settled, 40 Pennsylvania and Ohio R. R. Co. incorporated, 48 Pennsylvania Canal, j)roposed, 47; construction authorized, 47; canal completed, 48; ter- mini of, 48; ])ortage railroad, 48; cost, 48; sold to Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company, 48; abandoned, 49 Pennsylvania College for Women, 102 Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany, 48, 49, 60, 81, 85 Pennsylvania, Western Univer- sity of. See ITniversity of Pittsburgh Pettigrew, Samuel, Mayor, c^\ Phip[xs Conservatory, 102 Phipps, Henry, 8^, 102, 106 Pier, Arthur Stanwood, 1 18 Pinkerton, Robert A., 76 Pitcairn, Robert, 94 Pitt annexed to Pittsburgh, c;2 Pitt, Fort, building of first fort, 30; building of second fort, 31 ; abandoned, 36; mutiny at, 39; (General William Irvine ])ut in command, 39; first court held, 40 Pitt, William, Earl of Chat- ham, 25, 29, 37 Pittsbm-gh, site selected for fort, 13, 14; site claimed by Virginia, 14; said to have been named by Washington, 14; French attempt to make settle- ment, 16; explored by Louis Celeron, 16; Washington's first impressions of, 17; first permanent white settlement, 20; captured by Contrecoeur, 20; named Fort Duquesne, 20; captureci from French by English, 29; name changed to Pittsburgh, 29; first Fort Pitt built, 30; second Fort Pitt built, 31 ; attacked by Indians under Simon Ecuyer, 35 ; land ceded to Colonies by Indians, 35"; land office opened, 35; made county seat, 40; first court held, 40; ducking-stool erected, 40; size of in 1786, 40; mail route to Philacielphia established, 40; new fort built and named Fort Lafayette, 42 ; town laid out, ^o; incorpo- rated as a borough, ^o; char- tered as a city, ^"0; new charter adopted in 1887, '^o; "Ripper" charter adopted, 5'o; list of mayors, 5 1 ; first Repub- lican Convention, '^'3; distin- guished visitors, ^8; great fire, 58; railroad riots, 59; consolidation of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, '^2; present population, 79, 81 ; tonnage compared with other cities, 82 ; surrounded by rich coal and gas fields, 83; imports in 1 907, 83 : manufacture of iron 1 INDEX begun, 83; iron and steel statistics, 83, 84, 86; value of various products, 84; first glass works built, 84; rank as a glass-producing center, 84; as a banking center, 85; tax valuation of property, 86; public buildings, 103; hos- pitals, 103; charitable institu- tions, 103; water supply, 105 Pittsburgh Academy, 41, 98, 102 Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad, 49 Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Canal, 81 Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, 49 Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 49 Pittsburgh Country Club, 90 Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 49 Pittsburgh Harbor, 82 Pittsburgh Orchestra, 94, 106 Pittsburgh riots, 59 Pittsburgh, University of, 41, 98 Plimpton, Thomas B., 118 Pontiac plans attack on whites, 34 Poole, Eugene A., 108 Poorten-Schwartz, Joost Ma- rius Willem van der ("Maar- ten Maartens"), 96 Preece, Sir William Henry, 96 Quebec, fall of, 31 Realf, Richard, 1 17 Rebellion, War of, 53 Reed, James H., 94 Reese, Cara, 118 Reformed Presbyterian Theo- logical Seminary, 102 Reid, Whitelaw, 95 Reinhart, Charles Stanley, 106 Republican Association, 54 Republican Party, founding of, 52; first Convention, ^^; first candidates, 57 Rhys, John, 96 Richardson, H. H., 103 Riddle, Robert M., Mayor, 51 Rinehart, Mary Roberts, 114 "Ripper" charter, 50 Riverview Park, 90 Roberts, E. S., 96 Roberts, Thomas P., 121 Robertson, William, 96 Ross, John, 96 St. Clair, General Arthur, sent against Indians, 42; de- feated, 42 Sassoonan, 16 Sawyer, B. C, Mayor, 51 Schaper, Fritz, 96 Schenley, Mrs. Mary, 106 Schenley Park, 90, 91 Scott, Walter, 1 16 Seibel, George, 114 Semple, Samuel, 35" Seward, William H., Secretary of State, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Sheedy, Morgan M., 116 Shiras, Charles R., 114 Singer, William H., 108 Siviter, Anna Pierpont, 121 Slavery, introduction into D333 INDEX United States, 53; abolished, 53 Sloane, William H., 1 10 Smith, Lee S., 117 Snowden, John M., Mayor, 51 Stanwix, General, builds new Fort Pitt, 31 Stead, William T., 107 Stuart-Mitchell School, 102 Swank, James M., 117 Swinderen, R. de Marees van, 96 Swisshelm, Jane Grey, 121 Tanner, Henry O., 108 Tassey, John, 121 Taylor, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Thaw, William, 106 Thomson, James, Mayor, 51 Thurmston, Cora, 121 Thurston School, 102 Ticonderoga, capture of, 28 Trent, Captain William, estab- lished first permanent white settlement in Pittsburgh, 20 Truax, Sarah, 1 14 Turtle Creek, 19 Uniontown, fort at, 21 United States Steel Corpora- tion, 85 University of Pittsburgh, 41, Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy, 102 Van Noppen, L. C, 120 Venango, 1 8 Verder, Emily E., 121 Virginia, claims site of Pitts- burgh, 14; sends Washington to retake Fort Duquesne, 20; dispute with Pennsylvania settled, 40 Volz, Ferdinand E., Mayor, 51 Vondel, 120 Wabash R. R. Co., 49, 74 Wade, Annie, 121 Wales, Prince of, visits Pitts- burgh, 58 Wall, A. Bryan, 108 Wall, Albert S., 108 Washington, George, the first Pittsburgher, 13; first visits Pittsburgh, 13, 17; his visits to Pittsburgh, 13, 14, 17, 35; said to have named Pittsburgh, 14; first impres- sions of site of Pittsburgh, 17; hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19; shot at by his Indian guide, 19; saved from drowning by Gist, 19; sent to retake Fort Duquesne, 20; directs the re- treat of Braddock's army, 24; commands militia at Fort Duquesne, 28; last visit to Pittsburgh, 35; warns General St. Clair against Indians, 42; sends army to suppress whisky insurrection, 44 Wayne, Fort, built b}- Gen- eral Wayne, 42 Wayne, General Anthony, sent against Indians, 42; builds Fort Defiance and Fort 1^34-1 W 98 INDEX Wayne, 42; defeats Indians, 42 Weaver, Henry A., Mayor, 51 Webster, Daniel, visits Pitts- burgh, 58 Weeks, Joseph D., 117 Welles, Gideon, Secretary of Navy, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Western Theological Semi- nary, 102 Western University of Penn- sylvania. See University of Pittsburgh Westinghouse Company, 85 Westinghouse, George, 85 Whisky insurrection, 42 William II, Emperor of Ger- many, 101 Wilson, Erasmus, 113 Wilson, George, Mayor, 51 Wolfe, death of, 31 Woodwell, Joseph R., 108 Zoological garden, 102 [135] .•-^•♦/" %*^^-'> v^^y %5^-v \ r6 *^ \ c«*.^ar*«b J^.'l^m^X <''*,-^ai> a^i* ^/ 'J,.-^??*/ \'T^\/ %*^^*/ % ^^% ^o \d> v^^^y v^f^*/ v^^v ^ <.--?:!-\o*" *o.*J!«k:'a' '^.-'f.^'^o*-" V*^^\< ^^-n^ -^o^ ^*^^*. 4.' *^^*^ ^^'^-^^ .0* >''''.^o ^^'\ \,^^ V ^^"^^\y %.^^^*\^^ v*^^\t?^ ^o^ '^0' ^<^ y %^^^\o^ V^v V^*/ \ ^>lk:jyS^ J^yJi^^^^ J'^lk'lz.^. .4?^.:iaC%^ ^ 3»^.»,!.:^'* %.** C^***** 7 ^ jUO AUG 1989 ■ <"> ♦iQjBlgSI* ^ ^ ♦, €-^ ^ v