a A>UvWlC^.TLCv^'V^ ; L. . rr . 'OJoh^C^ vnrr-AJiM' (i/ur7Xi^(X?:> b 5^ WcXvvcy^-^ ^a/ww^ . UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE PUBLIC DOMAIN COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS By E. H. FROTHINGHAM, Forest Examiner, Forest Service. .JULY 10, 1915. LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO.. STATE PRINTERS 1916 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CO-OIMCRA'riON WFI^H THE PUBLIC DOMAIN COMMISSION OK ^IHK STATE OF MICHIGAN SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS By Ef'fL^FROTHINGHAM, I'ORE.sT Examiner, Forest K^ervick. JULY 10, 1915. S^^f^. LANSIXCj, MICHIGAN WYMvOOl' HAI.I.ENBECK CRAWFORD CO.. STATi: I'lilNTKItS 1010 s ■f D. of D. NOV 21 !916 N^ V To the Farmers of Michigan: It is alwaj'S a pleasure for the Public Domain Commission to co- operate with any of the United States departments in giving to the people of this State information which will be of benefit to them. This publication entitled "Selling Woodlot Products on Michigan Farms'' is the result of such cooperation, and we feel that the data which has been so carefully gathered and intelligently compiled by the Forest Ser- vice of the United States Department of Agriculture will be of untold value to the farmers of ^Michigan, not only in advising them as to how best to harvest and dispose of the products of their woodlots, but in stimu- lating a greater desire for larger and better woodlots. Very respectfully yours, JUNIUS E. BEAL, ALFEED J. DOHERTY, ORAMEL B. FULLER, FRED L. KEELER, WILLIAM KELLY, COLEMAN C. VAUGHAN, Members of the Public Domain Commission. 2 ?>ELLIXG WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS CONTENTS Page 'urpose of the bulletin T 'he woodlot situation in ^licb.igan 7 'he common woodlot trees 8 larketing woodlot products 8 Sizing up the woodlot 9 Choosing the market 16 Lumber 17 Sawlogs 18 Veneer 19 Handles 20 Vehiclej and veliicle parts 21 Cooperage 22 Railroad ties 23 Poles and posts 24 Small rough products 2.5 Wood for pulp 26 Excelsior 26 Wood for distillation 27 Firewood 27 Conducting the sale 28 Contracting for the sale 30 Scaling the logs 31 "Scaling out" defects 33 Shipping by railroad 33 Tow to prevent the deterioration of cut woodlot products 38 Some of the principal uses of the common woodlot trees 39 directory of Michigan firms which buy wood products "in the rough" 40 Lppendix 47 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS PURPOSE! OF THEi BULLETIN Oue of the essentials of successful farming is to know how, when, and where to market crops. Farmers are all deeply interested in this; yet when it comes to selling- wood products, most of them are at such a disadvantage thrcnigh ignorance of markets and methods of estimating and selling, that they lose sometimes two-thirds the value of their timber. Many Michigan woodlots still contain timber which represents the growth of a century. No farmer should let this valuable possession pass from him "for a song." The advantage to be gained through knowledge of marketing timber is best shown by an actual example. An 80-acre farm in south central Michigan had on it a 10-acre woodlot containing about 48,000 board feet of basswood and about 12,000 feet each of hard maple, soft maple, red oak, soft elm, ash, and beech. The trees were overmature, many of them were hollow, and the owner knew he ought to "sell them to save them." Timber on an adjacent 10 acres had previously been sold for flOO per acre, or a total of |1,000. Instead of selling on the lirst bid made, the owner, acting on the advice of an expert attached to a nearby forestry school, wrote to a number of wood-using firms in ditferent cities, from some of whom, after examination of his timber, he secured bids on the different species in his woodlot. As a result of his bargaining he received stumpage values amounting, in the aggregate, to nearly |2.000. For his red oak, bought for quarter-sawing by a firm outside the State, he re- ceived |21 per 1,000 board feet. His other trees were purchased by a veneer company, the basswood returning $19 per 1.000 board feet, ash $16, elm and hard maple |14, soft maple and beech |12. Few farmers are so situated as to be able to secure the assistance of capable, impartial advisors; and this bulletin is an attempt to supply the deficiency by acquainting them with the uses of different kinds of woodlot timber, the location of some of the principal Michigan markets, and the more important details in the sale of the products. THE WOODLOT SITUATION IN MICHIGAN. Michigan farms Avhich cut woodlot products in 1910 (43.7 per cent of all the farms) sold on an average about $50 worth apiece and consumed about the same amount.* The total value for the State was over |7,900,- 000 (not including maple sugar), or about one-twentieth of the aggregate income from all Michigan crops. The total area of Michigan farm wood- lots is nearly three million acres, which is 15.5 per cent of the total farm area. Woodlots will therefore continue for some time to be important sources of income to the State and to the farms on which they exist. ♦Bureau of Census Reports. 8 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. In spite of this evident importance to the State, woodlots are being cleared at a rate which would threaten their virtual extinction if con- tinued for the next half century. In the 30 years between 1880 and 11)10 the decrease was over 114 million acres, or at a rate of more than 1 per cent per year, so that while in 1880 the average area of woodland on each farm was about 29 acres, in 1010 it was only 11 acres. This process of clearing was inevitable and perfectly natural wherever it opened up good tillable soils for cultivation. On poorer soils financial necessity often compelled farmers to cut their timber. There has, in fact, been little or no inducement to hold salable timber or even to i>rotect and care for young growth for the uncertain value it might have 40 or 50 years in the future. The only efficient means of stemming the tide of forest destruction seems to be organized community or State effoi't directed toward pro- moting the private holding of woodlots on poor lands by equitable tax laws or to establishing community or State forests by the ])urchase of existing woodlots or of land which should be in woods. The State is already providing for future forest growth through the holding of lands w^hich have reverted for taxes. It is probable that a more general appreci- ation of the value of woodlots on poorer soils would go a long way toward perpetuating them. The best way of bringing this home to the farmers is to give them the information necessary to get the highest returns from their salable wood products. THE COMMON WOODLOT TREES. In general, oaks and pines are the commonest species in woodlots on diy, sandy soils. The pines — white, Norway, and jack, — are unim- portant or entirely lacking south of an east and west line drawn through about the middle of the lower peninsula. The oaks are most important south of this line, though, some small species grow abundantly on sandy lands to the north of it. On heavier or moister soils throughout the State, maples, birches, elms, and basswood, and, in the north, hemlock are the species which predominate in the majority of the woodlots. In the swam])s, tamarack is found throughout the State, while arborvitae (white cedar) and a little black spruce occur in the North. On cut-over and burned lands in the North, aspen and sometimes paper birch often form dense thickets, usually too small to be of any immediate value, but sometimes big enough to supply excelsior stock, box lumber, etc. These are the prevailing species, but there are others which, though less abundant, may be much more valuable, among them white ash, black walnut, butternut, hickory, and (very sparingly in the South) yellow poplar. Merchantable trees of these species are becoming very scarce. They are eagerly sought out by buyers for special industries; and the farmer who owmis good trees may, in prosperous times, expect good prices for them, even when at a considerable distance from the point of utilization. MARKETING WOODLOT PRODUCTS. The woodlot owner should not allow valuable trees to deteriorate on his hands, but he should fully satisfy himself that the deterioration has net ually started before accepting a low bid for the timber. Even if siiius of damage are found it should be remembered that timber does not tputu. arstto mnitt I • 'MiHii trante FARM WOODLOT AREA OFf/' MICHIGAN IN I91(XBY COUNTIES, ACCORDING TO EACH DOT REPRESENTS miiuvta tesean MOflTCALM • <\* * I* • • • * • * *_^_*_l<;f ««tf . « « AZ TA .OTAREA orf .;..;;• ..;.;. . ; . '. 'J;-:|:»% . )i(X BY coiJNTir.%] U » i» , *i V * I » *«i *. 'ivj o""*" rrl .• , THEI3^CENSUSth',.:.\/..\'. .|« .«. :;.•>•.•. .'icl EPRESEN TS ' * *. »l'. 'I* * '* * ' * ' ' * *'**i f^ ' /O 20 3D +0 50 5000 ACRES /X? • • L» • • •••••• • • • L* • • •.•!• • • • SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 9 ''go back" very rapidly except when the process is already far advanced. When the signs of decay are nnmistakable, therefore, a postponement of the cntting for a year or two can usually be made with safety, so as to allow a poor market to '"pick up," or in order to make further in- quiries into the manner of disposal. Young, thrifty timber should be held as long as possible. It should not be sold unless the money or the land is urgently needed, or unless the owner is sure that an exceptional price is being offered for it. There is little risk in holding good, sound, young or medium-sized timber. It is yearly increasing in amount and Value ; and if it is cut and sold too early, a sacrifice is involved. Woodlot sales may include the whole or the greater part of the stand, or may take only selected trees here and there. In the former case, a good market for' each kind of material, including the cordwood, should be found. The case mentioned on page 7 illustrates how several dif- ferent markets can be found for the different trees in a given woodlot. When only certain kinds of material are to be sold from the woodlot and the rest of the timber is to be left standing, the owner should take care not to injure the woodlot any more than is unavoidable through haphazard selection of the trees to be taken out. Sometimes it is even best not to permit the removal of all of the salable trees, when to do this would leave the stand ragged and would ex])Ose large patches of soil to sun and drying winds. Before culling the woodlot, it is a good plan for the farmer to consult the State Forester or some other person experienced in this work, or to obtain suggestions from one of the many publications relating to the care of forests. One such publication is U. S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 711, "The Care and Improvement of the Woodlot" by C. R. Tillotson, which can be obtained free of charge on application to the Forester, Forest Service, Washing- ton, D. C. Assuming that the farmer does not own a portable mill and wishes to secure the best possible return for his rough products, the steps which he will take are (1) to size up the woodlot and determine the kinds, quantities, and qualities of the salable trees; (2) to choose the markets which, considering prices and costs of shipping, will give the best re- turns for the material ; and (3) to arrange for and conduct the sale. Sizing up the Woodlot Every woodlot owner should have a good general idea of what he has in his woodlot, whether he intends to sell it at once or not. In writing to dealers for bids or in advertising timber for sale, it is necessary to state what the kinds are. and in general the amounts, sizes, and quali- ties of each kind. This information should be explicit as to the number and size of each form of product, such as logs, poles, piling, cross-ties, bolts, cordwood, etc. A general idea of the quality of the product should also be given ; this is especially important where the timber is fit for veneer, quarter-sawing, or other high grade uses. The units in which timber is usually estimated are the board foot, the cord, and the piece. It is not hard to tell how much a tree contains of the products sold by the piece ; but where logs are to be sold by board measure their contents, especially in the standing tree, are more difii- cult to estimate. Furthermore, it is hard to tell how much to deduct from the contents and quality of logs for hidden defects. If the timber 10 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. is to be 8ol(l by the bjg', at lixed prices per thousand board feet or other unit, 110 very precise estimate is uecessary ; but if it is to be sold "by the lot" or by "acreage," the owner should protect himself by making as care- ful an estimate as possible. A simple and practical method of woodlot stocktaking is given in the next few pages of this bulletin. The main steps are as follows : estimate the top-end diameters and lengths of all the possible logs which the woodlot, or a measured sample of it, contains, recording the sizes and numbers separately for each sj^ecies;* add up separately the number of logs of each species, each diameter, and each length;* deduct an inch or two from the diameter to eliminate the bark thickness (logs are always scaled inside the bark) ; and multiply the number of logs in each of the totals by the lumber yolume for a log of the same diameter and length, to be found in either Table 6 or Table 7. While close results in estimating can not be expected without con- siderable experience, an untrained observer can, with ordinary care, secure figures reasonably close to the actual contents of the stand. In «mall woodlots every tree may be sized up separately; in larger ones the trees on a known ]>ortion of the tract can be measured, and the vol- ume of the whole stand found by niulti])lying the volume of the logs on the saiii]>le by the number of times the sample is contained in the whole area. This method is, of course, less accurate than the measurement of all the trees, and care must be taken that the sample is an average one. The bigger the saiii])le the iinu'e accurate the results, especially when the stand contains a number of different kinds of trees in mixture; in any case, at least a quarter of the stand sluuild l)e actually gone over, tree by tree. To be sure of securing an average, it is a good plan to esti- mate a number of scattered samjiles in different parts of the tract, using care not to ]tlace them where the timber is either heavier or lighter than the average. The samples can be either stri])s. squares, or circles of known area. The strij) and the circle are usually the most convenient forms. A stri]i 4 rods wide and 40 rods long contains an acre; its width and length can be paced off, the observer advancing 2 rods and after that stopping every 4 rods, estimating each time the trees on the imaginary square, four rods on a side, at the center of which lie stands. Another convenient sam])le plot is a circle about 20 paces (59 feet) from center to circumference, containing a quarter acre. As a guide in estimating the top (small-end) diameters of the logs in a tree it is well first to measure the diameter of the trunk at about breast- height. f Then estimate and deduct the nunil)er of inches taper between the breasthigh point and the end of each successive log. It will be a great belp in judging the rate of taper of the standing trees if a few down trees of different kinds and sizes can be found and measured at regular inter- %'als of S or 10 feet along the trunk from the breasthigh point, noting the number of inches difference between successive measurements. If there are no down ti'ees available for measurement, the farmer must size up the taper for himself. The taper varies more with the size of the trees than with the species. A short, thick tree which will cut only one or two logs may have 4 inches of taper in the distance between breastheight and the small end of the ^Foimg for recording the lo£:s and finding the totals are shown on pp. 12 and 14. tBreast heiglit is preferable to stump height because it avoids the pronounced swell at the base of most trees. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 11 first IG foot log; and the taper of tlie top log may be nearly as great. A tall, slender tree may have tiy^ or 3 inches taper between breastlieight and the top of the first log, II/2 inches in the next 10 feet, and 2y2 inches in the third log. Tlie taper is normally greatest in the bottom and top logs. The best instruments for measuring diameters are a diameter tape or a pair of calipers. The diameter tape is a sliort steel tape in a case, one side graduated in inches or in tenths of feet, the other in intervals such that the exact diameter of any cylindrical object measured can be read off directly in inches. A twenty foot diameter ta})e can be obtained for approximately i{fl.75 or |2 through a local dealer in hardware or surveying instruments. The same local dealer will be able to procure tree calipers for from |3.15 to $4.50, depending on the size. This is a beam graduated in inches and tenths, with a fixed arm at one end and a sliding arm wliicli indicates on the beam the diameter of a tree held snugly between the two arms. In the absence of a diameter taj>e or calipci's, diameters can be oli- iained Avith sufficient accuiacy by taking the girth of the tree with an (U'diuary tape, graduated in inches and fractitms, and dividing by 3. The results obtained by dividing the girth by 3 will be slightly greater than the actual diameters, so that it will be necessary to subtract a small amount for trees over 7 inches in diameter. Thus y^ inch should be de- ducted for trees between S and 10 inches in diameter; 1 inch for trees from 17 to 24 inches; li/o inches for trees from 2 to 3 feet; and 2 inches for trees of larger size. If the thickness of the trees is fairly regu- lar throughout the woodlot, the measurement of a nund)er of tlu^m from time to time will train the eye of a close observer so that tlic diameters of the rest can be estimated with a|)proximate accuracy. An ordinary two foot rule held at arms length against the tree will assist the eye in est imating diameters. Although the lumber contents of cut logs are measured iitsidc the hark, it is usually easier and as accurate, in sizing up standing trees, to estimate the diameters oiit-'iidc ilic haric, and then to deduct an inch or two for the double thickness of bark when the tallies are added uj) on the summary sheet. The bark thickness ca]i be determined, roughly, by removing and measuring a few samples fiom about breastlieight on standing trees which are to 1»e cut. The thickness should of course be doubled before subtracting from the (Uitside bark diameter. The majorit}^ of logs are now cut 10 feet long where possible, with a few inches extra to allow for injuries l(» the log ends in handling. Where 10 foot logs can not be obtained because of some defect or crookedness of the tree trunk, 14, 12, 10, or even 8 foot logs can often be cut, and these should be included in the list, ^yhen 10 feet is tlie standard length, S foot logs can be recorded as "half-logs.'' Allowance must be maes a good rule is to make tlie stump height about equal to its diameter. In tallying, the logs should be kept separate by species, by diameter, by length, and jireferably by quality. A simjtle and accurate method is t(t record on a tally sheet like the one shown the logs in each tree as the estimatoi' comes to ii. It is especially desiralde to note the quality of the logs when they are tit f(U' veneer, (|uarter-sawiiig. or otiicr liigh- 3 12 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. gnule uses. The grading must be au arbitrary one, depending on the farmers' judgment and experience. Large, straight, smooth ("surface clear") logs which a])pear to be sound can be classed as grade 1; sound logs of fair size, with a slight crook, or with a branch or two near the end, fall into grade 2; all other salable logs belong to grade 3. The gi-ade number 1, 2, or 3, can be ])ut in jiarenthesis in a corner of the sp.acc ])r(>\idcd for log lengths on the tally sheet. TALLY SHEET FORM Dinincter hrcast- luKh of tree. Inches. First log. Second log. Third log. Fourth log. Species. LenRth and grade. Feet. Diameter at small end.* Inches. Length and grade. Feet. Diameter at small end.* Inches. Length and grade. Feet. Diameter at small end.* Inches. Length and grade. Feet. DiamotiT at small end.* Inches. Hard maple 18 12 12 1.5 10 14 10 11 10 18 16 10 14 10(3) l(i(2) 1(1(2) Kid) 16(1) 16(1) 16(1) 12(3) 10(2) 10(3) 10(1) 16(1) 12(3) 16(2) 16 9 12 16 11 1(1 S 8 8 14 s 11 12(3) 8(3) 10(3) 8(2) 16(1) 10(2) 12(2) 1.5 8 S 11 13 8 Hard maple Hard maple 12(2) 16(1) 8(3) 9 10 8 12(3) 12(2) 8 8 Hard maple Hard maple Hard maple 14(3) 12(3) 16(1) 16(1) 8 8 12 12 16(3) 8 Hard maple Hard maple Hard maple Etc ' 16(2) 8 'Either outside or inside bark, as the estimator prefers. It is probably simpler to make the estimate outside bark, deducting the double bark thickness when the logs are added up for scaling. The form on page 14, which shows the above logs added and scaled liy species, size, and grade, assiunes that the tally was made outside bark, and that 2 inches were deducted for doulile bark thickness. When the tally is complete for the whole stand, or Ihe measured sample of it, the number of logs of each kind, size, and grade must be added up; and if, as in the exam])le just given, the diameters of the logs were estimated outside the bark, the double bark thickness must be deducted. It is usually sufficiently accurate to assume a fixed de- duction for bark (say 2 inches, as in the form on page 14), for all species and sizes of log, based on the average thickness of bark actually cut from ditierent parts of a number of trees." The form on page 14 is a con- venient one for adding up the logs according to kind, size, and grade, and recording their lumber contents. The logs of each class are read oft' from the tally sheet, and recorded (after snl)tracting the double bark *This arbitrary deduction may be justified on the ground that the diameters of the lop; ends are estimated and not measured, are" expressed in inches and not fractions, and can therefore be regarded only as fairly close approximations. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS OxN MICHIGAN FARMS. 13 thickness) by dots or short lines in the appropriate space.f The lum- ber contents of all the logs of each class can then be easily deiermined by (1) linding in Table or 7 the board foot volnnie of a log of the same length and diameter inside hark; and (2) multiplying tliis lignre by tlie nmnber of logs. The total volume for each class may couveuiently be written into the proper space, as shown in the form, and these totals may be added across so as to give the total volume in board feet of the logs of each species and each grade. The form may be extended to pro- vide for any number of species and diameters; it may be simjdified by omitting the columns for grades if a graded estimate is not desired. tA compact method is to record the first four logs by dots forming the corners of a small square; the next four by straight lines completing the square; and the next two by diagonals, thus: :: n n mm (llog), (4 logs), (6 logs), (Slogs). (9 logs), 10 logs) The logs thus grouped by tens can be easily counted. 14 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. -6 a o > o ^•1 fe ci « S • en c; 1 II - S : Ci II d CO 1 1 1 c-i ; 1 1 y- - - s TtH 1 1 o .^ 1 ci . o o 1 "* 1 c> « 1 1 c-\ ■^ 2 s 1 II 1 -^ Cl I'll II « ai 1 1 c^ II - Sj M " » 1 1 - « II ci Cl -- CI Cl •^ ^ "1 - ; : 1 to c^ ■ CD CI O ■ g 2 •■* • t^ 05 CO • t^ r^ 1 00 00 1 ci CO -t* o .-x ^ 1 - 1 ; c s S b a c O O-PCIOOO "3 o tc -f ci o a- H to -i< CI o cc "3 o H CD-PClOcr ^ CO -r Cl c:. cc' o ^ s s 1 s 5. 3 a c c C. c a — ' — " '^^ SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 15 When the woodlot consists of only two or three species and it is not necessary or practicable to grade the logs, a more compact form of recording is possible as indicated below, which largely does away with the second operation of totaling. Where the owner knows that two or more of the species have closely similar values, they may be grouped together; but the general proportion of each should be kept in mind, since in bargaining it may happen that other prices will be offered than those Avhich the owner contemplates. Log Diameter (outside bark, small end Pine and hemlock lo«s on 1 average acre L e n K t. h i n f e e t 16 : 14 : 12 : 10 8 Inches 6 H H a " :®S 32 :20 :49 :19 27 7 SBIBIIS'-: : B S S ' :44 :31 :22 :2i n 6 8 77 :28 :bc :{zj :17 :9 O 8 9 50 " :3 : H O : c: : 18 : 7 5 10 :42 :6 :2 : 11 :16 : : :5 12 23 :7 •3 : 1 etc. : : : : A rough estimate of the cordwood contents of woodlots can be ob- tained by tallying the number of trees of each diameter and dividing by the number of trees per cord shown for different diameters in the follow- ing table. The table is compiled from existing tables for northern hard- wood trees, but will apply roughly to softwoods as well : TABLE l.-NUMBER OF TREES TO MAKE A STACKED CORD OF UNPEELED SPLIT AND ROUND WOOD IN 4 FOOT LENGTHS, 3 INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER AT THE MIDDLE.* Diameter breasthigh of tree — inches. Number of trees per cord. Diameter breasthigh of tree — inches Number of trees per cord. 3 66 40 24 20 15 11 S 6 5 . 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 17 1 7 4 18 1 5 a 19 1 3 6 20 1 2 7 21 . 1 8 22 9 9 23 75 10 24 . 6 11 25 5 12 26 4 13 27 37 14 28 34 15 29 32 16 30 . . .. 3 •Compiled Ijy G. N. Lamb, from various tables for forest grown northern hardwood trees. 16 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Choosing the Slarket After fiiuliiig unt what tlie woodlol contains, the next thing to do is to ascertain for wliat nses each l^ind of material will bring the best ])rice. An index showing the nses of each species is given on pages r>l)40. The farmer shonld loctk np all the local wood nsing indnslries like saw- mills, firewood dealers, pnl]» mills, frnit box and l)askct factories, rail- roads, etc., and obtain the prices they will ])ay tor the varions kinds of lindier he has to sell. It is a good i)lan to impiire of neighbors who ha\(' had dealings with, local bnyers. It is very often ])Ossibk' to get bt'lter ])i-ices than those olVered by local dealers, however. The woodlot owner shonld investigate the avail- able markets not only within wagon hanl of his lot bnt also at jioinls some distance away; valnable logs can often be shi]t]>e(l 100 nules or more with profit. It is easy to secnre i)rices for ditferent ]>ro(lncts by writing to all the firms in towns and cities not too far away r.-hich are mannfactnring special articles and which seem to offer a good nnirket. In snch. letters, the kinds, amonuts, and general qnalities of the timber available shonld be stated as clearly as p(jssible, and inqniry shonld be made abont the point of delivery, — whether on board cars at the shipping ])oint or at the destination. In the latter case, the ship]ier pays the freight, and this amonnt mnst be dedncted fi'om the ])rice offered in com- paring the retnrns to l»e derived with those which local sales wonld yield. In most shi]»ments, carload lots are reqnired. AVhen bnyers are sent by the firms in rcsjxmso to letters, however, they may accept loss amonnts, making np the carload from other farms in the vicinity. It is, (»f conrse, ])ossible for two or more farmers to combine and make n]) carload lots, sharing the freight charges between them. On pages 41 to 4(1 is given a directory of Michigan indnstries which bny wood in rongh forms — logs, bolts, billets, ties, posts, ])oles, etc. While this list is necessai-ily not qnite np to date, most of the establish- ments are ])robably still in the market. For convenience in reference, the firms are arranged by towns, and the towns by connties, in alpha- betical order for the n]»i)er jteninsnla and for the northern and sonthciti parts of the lower peninsnla. This will make it easy for the farmer to find ont what firms bny rongh wood in his own and adjacent connties. In writing for l)ids he shonld not confine himself to these, bnt shonld also aiq)roacli firms mannfactnring specialized articles, like veneei-, handles, etc., in any i>art of the State. The directory does not inclnde sawmills or wood yards, since it is assnmed that the farmer is already acqnainted with snch of these estab- lishments as are in his vicinity. It is rarely practicable to ship any great distance for these nses. In the list, the kind of i^rodnct s
uri)oses, especially when of hemlock, }»iue, or other s(»ftwo(»(l. Some small mill o]>erat()rs make a business of Inlying uji farm logs and selling the culls to farmers for about -flT per thousand feet. The following ligures, gathered at random from a few firms in the southern |>ai-t of the State, show pr-ices jiaid in 1014 for different species and giades of farm hnnber delivered at the company's yards: TABLE 2.-PRICES PAm FOR FARM LUMBER BY A FEW FHiMS IN SOUTH CENTRAL MICHIGAN, 1914. Oak, red and white, Ists and 2nds, 1 inch himber Oak, red and white. No. 1 common, 1 inch lumber Oak, red and wliitc. No. 2 common, 1 inch lumber Oak, red and white. No. 1 common and better, 1 inch lumber. (Ij inch and IJ inch oak lumber, Ists and 2uds, $2 or S3 more). Oak, white, Ists and 2nds, 3-.3j inch plank. . Oak, white, No. 1 common, 3-35 'ri'^h plank. Elm, rock, Ists and 2nds, 3-3| inch plank. . . Elm, rock. No. 1 common, 3-3^ inch plank. . Elm, soft, Ists and 2nds, 3-3 J inch plank. . . Elm, soft. No. 2 common, 2 inch plank Elm. soft. No. 2 common and better, 1 inch hunber. Maple, hard, Ists and 2nds, 4 inch plank Maple, hard, Ists and 2nds, 3-3| inch plank Maple, hard, No. 1 common, 3-3j inch plank Maple, hard. No. 2 common and better, 4 inch plank . . Maple, hard. No. 2 common, 2 inch plank Maple, hard, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber. Maple, soft, Ists and 2nds, 3-3j inch plank Maple, soft. No. 1 common, S-SJ inch plank Maple, soft. No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber. Basswood, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber. . Beech, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber Black ash. No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber. . White pine. No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber. Poplar, No. 2 common and better, 1 inch lumber .137-39 32 20 22 2.5 20 23 25-26 10 23 Hii'wlogs Selling logs by the thousand board feet is a very desirable method, since by it may be avoided the eri-ors usually incident to estimating and the uncertainties introduced in the sawing o]»eralion. The prices ])aid f(n" logs of a given species dejieml on the size and ([uality of the logs, and are usually fixed by bargain. The farmer should i)rotect himself by finding out what ])rices have been obtained by neighbors who have sold logs, and also by corres]>ond(Mice ov intcn-view with dealers in logs for other ])urposes than lumber, such as veneer, handles, etc. As a rule, there are no standard grades of logs, but the price is fixeort have been bought at about .f.")!") ]»(m- thousand board feet, f. o. b. shii>]»ing |>oint; especially line maple and elm logs brought *«*«iaa8g&«^ SELLING WOODLOT I'ROUUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 19 as lii^h as |40 per thousand. The minimnm size of such Jogs is 24 inches inside bark at the small end; and the requirements are about the same as for veneer logs — they must be sound and surface clear, but a slight crook is allowed. In the southern part of the State, high grade hard ma])le logs, 20 inches and more in diameter, often bring from .|23 to |2G, delivered at the mill. In 1014, some buyers paid for the common species, such as hard and soft maple, soft elm, and basswood, a fixed price of $20 per thousand Ixtard feet, delivered, for good logs, and |10 for poor logs. One such company paid from |20 to |25 per thousand for good white ash logs. Where the farmer has ash, oak, walnut, cherry, basswood, or especially good logs of hard maple and elm, it is decidedly advisable to consider the special uses for which such logs might be suitable before selling to sawmills. Aeneer and handle companies are often able to pay con- siderably more for them than sawmills will, — often enough to make shijunent profitable. There are certain defects which are apt to be overlooked and which unfit apparently good logs for the most paying use. White oak, for example, is apt to be wormy in some parts of the State, which spoils it for quarter sawing. Wormy logs can often be sold to advantage to vehicle manufacturers for wagon rims. Veneer Veneer logs must be sound, so that they can be held firmly at the ends in the machines. They must be at least 10 inches in diameter inside Itark at the small end ; and some companies specify minimum diameters of 12 or 14 inches. Often two grades are specified: No. 1 logs, which must be surface clear, straight, and with not over two knots; and No. 2 logs, including all usable logs that fall below these specifications. In dealing Avitli veneer companies at a distance the farmer should take pains to find out just what the minimum requirements are for logs of 1 lie second grade; otherwise he will be in danger of having his lower grade logs graded out and refused at the destination, which would in- volve either the complete loss of the logs or a payment of shipping charges in returning them. Standard log lengths, wiih a minimum of 8 feet, are usually required. Average prices paid for veneer logs by Michigan buyers in 1014 were as follows : TABLK 3.-VENEER LOG PRICEP PER inoo BOARD FEET, F. 0. B. MILL, I014-MICHIGAN. Diameter at small end, inside hark. Species. All sizes 10 to 14 inches and up. 17 inches and under. 18 to 24 inches. 25 to 28 inches. 29 to 34 inches. 35 inches and up. $1S .SO 3.5 00 24 66 20 80 Yellow poplar Birch Elm .$20 00 24 2.5 $21 80 2.5 25 17 50 §21 80 29 .50 19 50 $22 90 32 75 25 50 $''3 45 White oak 3fi 75 Red oak 29 50 14 00 19 20 20 00 135 00 Ash Cherry 20 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TIk-sc were ;ivei;i,u(' pi'iees. Sometimes dealers in veneer logs reeeive ;is liii;li as |4r» or |r)5, deiieiuliiig on size and qnality, for mixed oak logs, bnt the dealers rarely pay more than the above ])riees for their material. Farmers favorably sitnated may be able to command better prices for large, sonnd, synnnetrieal logs. The veneer industry re- (Uiires the highest class of logs and on an average pays a bettei* y)v\cG for such logs than other industries. An exception is high grade oak and sycamore logs for (piarter-sawing, which may bring even higher pi-ices. Nearly all the nati\-e sjiecies are nsed for veneer. Veneer frcmi snch woods as basswood and elm is nsed chielly for iho manufacture of l>oxes. crates, and other jtackages. TIh^ furniture and linisliing indus- tries pay highei' |)rices and use the high-class tinishing woods, such as oak, walnut, and cherry. Several comiianies make both kinds (d' veneer. il fiiidlcs The factories manufacturing wooden handlers of various kinds are one ecial kinds; plane liiMidlcs. toi' exam]de, are made very largely of apjdewood. Where strength is a requisite, second-growth Avood is often specified. Thus, in the manufacture of cant hooks and peaveys. second-growth maple and SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 21 rock elm are usnallj required, and the billets for the handles are, as a rule, split in order that no cross-grain may be left in them. Some beech is also used in making logging tools. Handle companies bny very largely in the log or bolt tlirough buyers who get the material from farmers. Firms using hickory have to go to other States for the bulk of their raw material, since there is compara- tively little good hickory timber left in Michigan. Farmers owning good young stands containing considerable hickory can well atford to hold them and care for them in view of the steadily decreasing suj^ply and increasing demand. The same is true of thrifty, rapidly growing, young ash timber. For fork and hoe handles, the specifications often designate only second-growth ash. The requirements are high, and as a rule the smallest sizes taken are: length 4 feet and a few inches, diameter (• inches at the small end. The logs must be nearly straight, and with no knots or branches showing on the surface. Manufacturers of scythe snaths use elm and white ash, with some beech and maple for tholes. The elm is mostly rock elm, with some tough soft elm. The log requirements of one company Avere : diameter (small end) 12 to 30 inches, length 5i/£. feet and up. logs to be straight and smooth. This comi)any paid a good price for farm timber, on the stump, Avith the understanding that it must be good to l)e accepted. Toj) logs of inferior grade were left in the woods. Vehicles and vehicle imrts A^ehicle manufacturers draw the greater part of their sui>j»lies from the general lumber market: much of it — es])ecial1y hickory and white oak — is supplied by southern jobbers in roughly shaped sawed products and split billets. Nevertheless, some vehicle makers draw largely from farm woodlots, and when this is the case it usually constitutes One of the desirable markets for the farmer to investigate. Most of the ma- terial tlius bought, however, is in the form of rough planks from portable mills. Some of the uses to which the various s]>ecies are i)nt in veliicle mak- ing ai-e as follows : Rock elm — sleigh runners, sled l)eams. sled poles, evencrs. single-trees, brake blocks, etc. Soft elm — wagon box bottom cleats, etc. Hard maple — wagon axles, plank for wagon ami sled Ixnlies and beams, bolsters. Soft maple — Avagon box bottom cleats, etc. Oaks — gearings, sills, bed pieces. White oak — reaches, tongues, etc. Birch — hubs. Rasswood — Avagon box boards. White ash — wagon poles and bodies. Shagbark hickory — axles, single trees. Second-growth hickory — spokes. Whitewood (yellow poplar) — wagon bodies. White pine — wagon box bottoms. Norway pine — wagon box bottoms. 22 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. The grades demauded vary considerably, some fimis taking No. o com- mon and better, others only clear Inmber, As a rule, planks are speci- tied, bnt some l-iucli Inmber is also taken. The proi)ortionate amounts taken by companies which used local rough products in 11)11, and the prices paid for them are as follows, for a few of the native species : TABLE 5— PRINCIPAL MICHIGAN WOODS USED IN VEHICLE MAKING AND THEIR PRICES, 1911. Species. Value per thousand board feet. Maple. . . . Oak Ash, white. Ehn, rock. Hornbeam . White pine $12 (logs) 13-30 (logs and plank) 2.5-30 (logs) 30 (plank) 30 (logs) 30 (plank) These j»rices are, of course, obsolete, and are only inserted to give a general idea of the values of the species by reference to the lists given on other pages of this bulletin. Vehicle manufacture affords a good market for hornbeam, which how- ever, is a small tree not commonly found of sufficient size to produce the 7 inch, 16 foot logs required. It is used for tongues for the ''big wheels" used in logging in tlie northern part of the State and elsewhere. Blue beech (sometimes called hop hornbeam or water beech) is occasion- ally l)ought, when of sufficient size, for making spokes, felloes, and other parts of heavy wagons. The common beech is also used for felloes. Cooperage Slack barrel cooj)erage offers a much larger market for Michigan wood- lot trees than tight barrel cooperage. Many different s])ecies are used for the forniei', but the latter takes only white oak, both for staves and headings. The following si>ecifications ]uiblished by a firm outside the State will serve to show what the requirements are, in general, for tight barrel stave and heading bolts. SPECaFICATIONS FOR WHITE OAK STAVE BOLTS. All stave bolts to show a 3-inch heart face. White oak stave bolts to be made full 30 inches long, not over inches from heart to sap, and not under 41/0 inches from heart to sap; to be made from sound green trees, not under IS inches in diameter. Timber must be straight and all defects worked out. Knot, seed and worm holes, windshakes, splits, dead timber, pecks, and short bolts will be classed as culls. Bolts to be ricked close. All bolts must be barked. SPECIFICATIONS FOR WHITE OAK HEADING BOLTS. Bolts shall be full 22 inches long, and measure 10 inches from heart edge to outside of sap ; to be not less than 10 inclu's across sap side. Bolts shall be ricked close. Knots, seed holes, wind shakes, splits, dead timber, Getting out barrel stave stock. Method of splitting the tree sections into "qiiartcnMl ' bolts. • — *-,. Y -^'*\r'Uy .M ' "^-•^^^1 Barrel stave stock. Bolts i)ileil in woods, ready for liauliiiK to the mill. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 23 pecks, and short bolls will be classed as culls. Bolts with five to teu straight worm holes will be accepted. For slack barrel cooperage the specifications are similar, but not so severe. For example, the stave bolts do not have to be quartered, as they do for tight barrel cooiierage, for which the staves must be straight grained. Cross grained or twisted grained bolts are acceptable for slack stave and heading manufacture, unless the defect is sui'Hcient to weaken the product materially. Bolls contaiuing sound knots, bird pecks, sap stain, and other minor defects, which Avould cause their rejection for tight barrel staves and headings, are accepted for slack cooperage. Slack cooperage establishmenls turn out large quantities of lime, cement, apple, potato, and other fruit and vegetable barrels, butter tubs, etc. In order of the amounts used the species made into staves in 1912* were pine, beech, elm, maple, birch, basswood, spruce, ash, oak, cotton- wood, tamarack, hemlock, and balsam fir. The species used for heading, also in order of amounts used, were pine, beech, basswood, ma])le, cotton- wood, elm, ash, birch, oak, hemlock, chestnut, sycamore. For hoo])S, the species used were elm (!)5 per cent), beech, ash, oak, nuiple, and bass- wood. Head linings — thin strips used to hold the heading in place — were mostly of elm, rock elm being preferred. Railroad Ties The demand for ties fluctuates considerably, but there are usually standard prices offered which are much the same for the different roads. Many different si)ecies are used, including white oak, walnut, and cherry. For these valuable species better prices can ordinarily be obtained for some other use; but when the logs are knotty and crooked no other use may be possible. The hearts of logs, which contain the lower grades of lumber, can often be utilized for this purpose, although it is question- able whether the value would not be greater in low grade lumber than in ties. Regular No. 1 ties are 8 feet long, 8 inches wide, and 6 inches thick. The ties used on the Lake Shore Railroad are SVo feet long, 9 inches wide, and 7 inches thick. Switch ties are 7 by 9 inches in end dimensions and of different lengths. The requirements of the company and the prices paid should be ascertained before a sale is made or the timber is cut. The best prices are those paid for white oak ties, which are used by the railroad without preservative treatment, and ordinarily bring from 55 to 60 cents apiece when cut to standard specifications and de- livered along the right-of-way. "Treatment ties" are mostly of beech, birch, hard maple, and tamarack. Before using they are treated with a wood preservative. No. 1 treatment ties, hardwood, brought in 1914 about 48 cents apiece; No. 2 ties, hardwood and tamarack, for use on side tracks, brought about 38 cents. Quantities of white cedar ties are bought by railroads in the northern part of the State. The Northwestern Cedarmen's Association specifica- tions for 1912 require that "a standard tie shall be 0-inch face and wider, 12 inches from small end, G inches thick and 8 feet long, sawed ends. Ties made different from these specifications shall be regarded as special contracts." *"Wood-using Industries of Michigan," by Hii Maxwell; 1912. Published by the State of Michigan In cooperation with the Forest Service. 24 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Ties are either sawed or hewed. Hewing- is wasteful, since a good (leal of the best wood in the log, suitable for lumber, is elii|)])ed otT. the amount of Avaste being greater, of course, with large than with small logs. Furthermore, tie hewing is a difficult job for an untrained axeman, and it is doulttful if farmers not alieady exi)erienced would be wise in attempting it. Before deciding to have his logs sawed into ties the farmer should satisfy himself that the value in lies is at least as great as that in lumber. A good deal depends on the (pialitv of t!ie sawing. Logs of desirable species, well sawed into giaded lumber, will undoubtedly bring better prices than if sawed into ties, although the log hearts may in some cases have a higher value as ties than as low grade lumber. F(U' less desirable hunber sjx'cies such as beech, on the other hand, ties at 4S cents ai)iece may afford the best possible u>^g. Poles (Hid Posts {white cedar) Of the native trees, while cedar (arborvi(ae) is the only one used ex- tensively for jioles. This is a common swamjt tree iu the northern part of the State. It cond)ines the (pialitics of duialdlity, lightness, strength, and form, which are requisites of ]K)les and i)osts. Fall and winter, wlien the swamps are frozen up, are the best seasons in which to cut cedar. The stum]>s should be cut high enough to avoid any pronounced (rook. Peeling is most easily done in the s^n'ing, but it is better to do it in the winter to facilitate drying. Poles cut and peeled during the late fall and winter should be laid in a single layer on a ]iair of skids large enough to keep them well otT the ground. P)y the first of May a large l)art of the moisture will have dried out, and the weight of the ]>oles thus considerably reduced. The reduction in freight weight will more than equal the expense of holS. The standard specifications of the Northwestern Cedainien's Associa- tion for 1012 may lie summarized as follows: All ])OSts and poles must be cut from live tim1)er and peeled, and must be reasonably sound. In posts, ''pipe rot" ami other rot defects that do not impair the strength for use in fences are allowed. In large ]»oles a certain amount of butt rot is allowed, not exceeding 10 per cent of the area of the butt, ])rovided it does not plainly im]>air the strength of the pole above ground. The tops of jjoles must be reasonably sound. Three classes of materials are recognized: "posts,'' 7 and .'*> feet buig; "■large posts and small ]ioles," from 10 to 20 feet long by 4 or 5 inches to]) diameter; and "standard telegraph, telephone, and electric poles," 25 feet or longer, by 4 inches or more in top diameter. Some latitude is allowed in the size sjiecifications: ])osts may l)e 2 inches less in length, and, if seasoned, 14 inch less in dianuMer; ])oles may be Yj inch short for each 5 feet in length, and G inches short for any length greater than 20 feet; and the top diameters of seasoned ])oles may be slightly less than s]iecified — V^. inch less for 4 and 5 inch poles, % inch for (> inch poles, and 1/10 inch for 7 inch ])oles. No such latitude in diameter SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 2.5 is allowed, however, for green, fresli-ciit, or water-soaked material wbicli iniLst c(»ine up to, or exceed, the full diameter specifications. '"Sweep" or crook, one way. is allowed, but must not exceed 4 inches for posts and for poles np to 10 feet long. For 18 and 20 foot poles a 4 inch crook, one way, is allowed, and it may be measured from a point 4 feet from the butt. For larger poles, a one way crook of 1 inch for every 5 feet in length is allowed, and it may be measured from a point (> feet from the butt. The crook is measured by tightfy stretching a tape line from top to bottom or other specified point (4 or G feet from the butt) on the post or ]»(»le, on the side where the sweep is greatest, and then measuring the distance, at the point where it is greatest, between the tape and the pole. Foles must be reasonably sound and Avell proportioned for I heir length. Large, sound knots are allowed, if trimmed smooth. "Wind twist" is no defect unless very unsightly and exaggerated. Prices of cedar poles and posts vary, and should be learned im- mediately before the sale. Practically all the Michigan sjtecies are used for posts, the values of the dilferent kinds depending on durability. Next to cedar, white oak is probably the most durable of the more common species. Where obtainable, black locust makes extremely durable posts; and black wal- nut, also, is a good post tree. But since these species are usually of much greater value for other uses, it is a mistake to use them for posts except as a means of utilizing rough or small material good for nothing else except fuel. The greatest consumption of posts cut from woodlots is on the farms themsehes. Considered as a source of posts alone, a small, thrifty woodlot oflen proNcs a valuable adjunct to the farm. SiiKill roiif/Ji products In the northern jiart of Michigan the industries which draw their sup})lies wholly or ]iartly from faim woodlots are much less numerous and less specialized than in the southern part of the State. The prices are lower, since the su]»i>ly is greater, the demand less, and the length of railroad haul to the consumer so great as, in many cnses, to imj^ose prohibitive freight cliavgcs. The i>roducts used are apt to be in the form of relatively short bolts, llumgl! considerable quantities of logs are also taken. Among the industries which take quantities of rougii products otherwise of small value are pulp mills, excelsior factories, wood- distillation plants, and lime kilns. The market is not, of course, limited to the northern part of the State. With the ])ossible excei)tion of wood distillation, these industries are represented also by firms in central or southern Michigan. One of the features of these inarkets is that they alford a means of disjiosing not only of small trees but also of large, straight, sound branches of big trees cut for other purposes. This is especially the case with hardwood trees, whose tops often afi'ord large ([uantities of cordwood, salable for fuel and distillation, and sonfe- times for excelsior and pulpwood. The importance of these markets to woodlot owners in northern .\[ichigan lies in the fact that they present a source of income during the period in which the lands are being cleared and put on a productive basis; a period often of great financial hardship. Even when the farmer can get only the equivalent of day wages for his products these markets 26 SELLING WOODLOT TRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. are distiuctly ii.seful ; aud siuce wood can be cul often to better advantage in the winter than in the snmmer. a means of securing an income dur- ing the unproductive season aud at the same time clearing the productive areas for cropping is presented. When the earlv struggle of clearing is over, liowever, the woodlot assumes the same importance to the farm that it has farther south, — for shelter from hot and cold winds, supply of fuel, posts, etc., for the farm, and eventually as the source of a re- current income from the sale of the products to specialized industries which may spring up in the vicinity or within a profitable shipj)ing distance. Wood for pulp. — Industries reporting the manufacture of Avood pulp in Michigan have in the past specified only softwoods — spruce, balsam, hemlock, white pine, jack pine, tamarack, — to which may be added a little "])oplar" or aspen. There is a likelihood that certain other hard- woods besides aspen will be used in the near future, as is now being done in many other States. Pulpwood dealers buy either unsplit bolts, by the cord, or logs, by the thousand board feet or cord. The wood is taken either peeled or unpeeled, some companies specifying one or the other, but many of them taking both at a difference of a dollar a cord in favor of peeled material. Bolts are bought in 4-foot lengths, with diam- eters at the small end of 4, 5, or G inches. The cord is the standard cord of 128 cubic feet — a stack 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, with usually 3 or 4 extra inches in height to allow for settling. Logs may be 8 or 16 feet long. Spruce is the most valuable of the pul])woods, but the amount of spruce in Michigan is so small that it is d(»ubtl"ul whether it will figure to any extent in woodlot sales. At uortheni points prices of from |5 to -fO.hO per cord f. o. b. shipping point were offered for unpeeled spruce bolts in 1912, while spruce delivered at Detroit brought |!).85 per cord. Hemlock pulpwood sold for |3.5U rough and 14.50 peeled, l)a]sam for |4 or |5 rough, tamarack for from 13.25 to .f4, aud white pine for about 13.25 per cord. Excelsior. — Excelsior manufacturers buy chiefly basswood and aspen, or poplar. Some spruce, balsam, "whitewood" (yellow poplar), wilhnv, and Balm of Gilead, is also bought, and often a little tamarack and birch is accepted, although these are inferior s])ecies for the purpose and are not wanted in any amount. The ])referred species is basswood, which comprises about half the wood used for excelsior. For the northern farmer, however, it is in reference to asjieu that the excelsior market is most important. Asi)en {"]»oi)ple" or ''poplar") is a small tree which has sprung up in great quantities over cut and burned areas in the north. Twenty-five or thirty years after a fire the asjien is about large enough for excelsior bolts, although much more can be cut from stands 10 or 15 years older. When farm lands contain stands of small, thrifty as])eii not yet big enough for bolts, it is decidedly worth while to hold them for the comparatively short period necessary to give the trees value. Excelsior wood is bought in bolts 37 or 55 inches long, either peeled or unpeeled. Specifications usually require the bark to be removed "un- less otherwise agreed in writing." Bolts from 4 to 8 inches in diameter are taken uus]>lit; from 8 to 12 inches in diameter they should be split in Iwo; aud when over 12 inches they should be split to the heart into ]>ieces <; lo 8 inches wide on ihe bark side. I'^nither requirements are " 1 -t ■t. > ■ ■ •# ^^- l-li&.?- s> ^^^: ^' ^ 15 ..V - ■ . I f,-':^-' SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 27 that the bolts be ''out from live timber, free from giiarls, doze, rot, and large knotss.. . .Bolts should be ])i]ed up in rauks with a space of about two feet between piles and on poles to keep them up from the ground until they are seasoned and ready to ship. All culls and bolts under 4 inches in diameter will be thrown out."* I'rices paid for 37 inch excelsior bolts in 1914, delivered to factories in Grand Eapids, were about as follows: Bass wood (peeled), per cord |r)..50-|0.00 Aspen (peeled) , per cord 5.00 Aspen (unpeeled) , per cord 4.00 At Grand Rapids there is a limited marketf for BG-iuch bolts of soft elm, basswood, and soft maple for the manufacture of fiber ''biiuler," to be used in place of hair in plaster block making. These bolts must be between 8 and 36 inches in diameter, with solid centers to take the dogs of the lathe; pieces with ''dozy" centers are culled out and rejected. The bolts may be limby, if the limbs are trimmed flush with the bark, but they must be straight and the ends must be square. Double heart is no defect. The bolts are bought from farmers or jobbers; and in 1914 the prices offered, delivered at the factory, were fO when the bolts were mainly soft elm, and from |5 to 15.50 when mainly basswood and soft maple. Wood for distillation. — Hardwood distillation for the manufacture of charcoal, wood alcohol, and acetates consumes a large amount of cord- wood of maple, beech, and birch, and offers a means of disposing of the top wood, small trees, and low grade logs left after disposing of the more valuable products. This material is taken with the bark on in lengths of 4 feet or 50 inches, and to minimum diameters of usually 3 or 4 inches. The price paid ])er standard cord of distil]ati(m wood de- livered at the factory is in the neighborhood of |3 or |4. Most of the companies get their material largely from the cutover areas of the big lumber companies, and some of them require that the wood shall be "body-wood," with only a small mixture of branches. Pieces over 6 inches in diameter must be split in a manner generally similar to that described under "Excelsior." Firewood. — Probably no other form of woodlot material has brought such large aggregate returns as firewood ; and yet this is, in the majority of cases, the least paying use to which good fog timber can be put. It offers, however, practically the only means of disposing of branch and top wood, defective logs and slabs, of some species throughout the State and of all species in some parts of the State. The best fuel wood is hickory; high prices are paid for it, but its promise for much more exacting and remunerative uses is so great that the farmer who has it in his woodlot should hesitate to sell for firewood any but the lowest grade timber and the refuse left in logging. This is also true of other woods, such as ash, oak, walnut, cherry, basswood, rock elm, and even thrifty second-growth hard maple, yellow birch, and soft elm. Beech is generally less valuable than most of the other species for many uses, and second growth and defective beech trees can often be cut from a woodlot and sold- to advantage as cordwood. This affords a means of improving overstocked woodlots by thinning out the trees and giving the most desirable of them more light and growing Tfj^'" P\'"t®*i specifications furnished by the Excelsior Wrapper Co., Grand Rapicia, Mich, tlhe Alabastine Co., Grand Rapids; associated with the Michigan Gypsum Co. 5 28 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. space. Thinnings should not, however, be made so heavy as to admit a great deal of light into the woodlot, except when the soil is plentifully stocked with young trees which will shade the ground.* In selling fuel wood there are two units, both called "cords," which are apt to be confused, with danger of loss to the seller. These are the "standard" cord and the "stove-wood" cord. Both are piles S feet long and 4 feet high, but the standard cord consists of 4 foot lengths, so that the pile is 4 feet wide; while the stove-wood cord consists of IG inch lengths, so that the pile is IG inches wide. The solid volume of a cord of stove-wood is thus only about a third that of a standard cord. Since the shorter the pieces, the less the amount of crookedness, a cord of stove- wood will actually contain a little more than one-third the volume of a standard cord. Cords made up of thick pieces contain more wood than those of small ]deces, while round sticks give a higher wood volume than split ones of about the same size. Considerable maple and beech body wood is shipped from upper Michigan ports in 4 foot lengths, but in the southern part of the State stovewood lengths are more often under- stood in woodlot sales. The price of wood for fuel de]>ends on its heating value, the rate at which it burns, and its abundance and availability. Compared with coal, the heating value of dilferent species is about as follows: one ton of coal is equal to a standard cord of hickorj^, oak, beech, birch, hard majde, ash, elm, locust, or cherry; a cord and a half of sycamore or soft maple; and two cords of cedar, poplar, or basswood. The greater abundance of wood and the smaller population in the northern part of the State give it a somewhat lower value than in southern Michigan. Wholesale values for stove wood in some of the cities in the central and southern counties average from |2 to 12.50 ])er cord. Ivetail prices run from |3 to |3.75 i)er cord. By working up a direct market for his wood among town consumers the farmer can frequently better his sales by 50 cents or ifl a cord. Stovewood of beech, birch, and maple usually brings from .|2.25 to |2.50 per cord, Avholesale. The bi'st second-grovrth oak and hickory often sells to dealers for no more than |2.50 per coid. I'^lm and other f^ofter woods usually sell for from .f2 to |2.25 i)er cord. Mxceid where sawmills have accumidated slab-wood in excess of the demand, hard- wood slabs from portable mills can ollcii be (lis])os('ay high prices for it. Low as the prices are, however, they may make it possible^ for farmers to clean up their clearings and make day wages in doing it. Tin- ])rices are aj.t to be from .f2 to |2.75 i>er cord of 4 foot lengths. CONDUCTINCJ TUB SALE. Tind)er may be sold either standing ("on Ihe stumj)") or felled and cut into logs, bolts, ties, or other ]>roducls. Standing lindicr may be sold either by "the lot," by "acreage," or by "stumpage." Selling by the lot or by acreage is the easiest method, but it ])resents the greatest like- *See U. S. Department of Agriculture farmer's bulletin 711 — "The Care ami Improvement of the Woodlot," which can be obtained free of charge on application to the Forester, Washington, D. C. s&>« SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 29 lihood of the farmer losing a large part of the value of the timber. He is very apt to sell for what he thinks a "good oft'er'' without taking the trouble to find out for himself just how much of each species of tree the woodlot contains, and what the best market for it is. The buyer naturally pays as little as ])Ossible for it, and since he is experienced in sizing up timber he is much better prei)ared than the farmer to estiniaie at a glance the value of the woodlot. In some regions "acreage" prices of from |50 to |100, according to the amount, quality, and situation of the timber, are customarily offered by ]»ortable mill operators. The acreage i)rice may be all that the stand is worth, and the buyer may be l)erfectly honest in computing for himself only a fair ju'ofit. On the other hand, if the buyer is unscrujuilous the farmer who does not know his timber is at a very great disadvanlage in this method of selling. Furthermore, much is usually to be gained if the farmer, instead of selling through a "middleman," deals directly with the manufacturer for whatever materials he can, and sells the rest, in the log or by stumpage. (o a local sawmill, wood yard, or other purchaser. Scales of stumpage (standing timber) are much preferable, since these involve an actual estimate of the standing timber, which is paid for by the tree, or by estimated contents in board feet or other unit. The owner should protect himself by making his own estimate of the stand, in some such way as described on pp. \) to 15. Having done so, and having found out for himself what values he can command for his rough jiroducts in different markets he is, of course, in a position to bargain with local buyers for a lump sum, on the basis either of acreage or of the entire lot. As a result of such an investigation he will often jjrefer to sell parts of his stand to a number of different dealers in specialized industries, such as veneer, handle, or Avoodenware manufacturers. Tn most cases, ])robably, the sale of cut products will be the most satisfactory method of all. Such sales are made either on delivery by (he farmer of material cut by himself, or on the scale or tally of timber which is being cut in his Avoodlot by the bu.yer. In either case a unit pi'ice for each species and form of material is agreed upon in advance. When logs- are sold the unit is the thousand feet, board measure, scaled according to a specified log rule. The Doyle and the Scribner rules are those most used, and of these the Scribner is preferable, since it gives more accurate results with the smaller logs. These rules are given on pp. 31 and 32. To protect himself the farmer should check all scaling, and an understanding as to deduction for defects should be reached in advance of cutting. This is discussed on p. 33 under the heading of "Scaling." In selling to portable mill operators a good basis is the thousand feet of lumber, actually sawed out at the mill. The sale on delivery of tind)er cut by the farmer himself has a great deal to recommend it. The farmer pays the cost of cutting and delivery, and the prices he receives should therefore be greater by the amount of the labor cost, often a consideral)le item. Since woods work can be done in the winter and at odd times when the regular farm work is nol ])ressing and teams and men otherwise idle can be used, the difference in price to be realized may be considered a clear gain. By doing his own cutting the farmer may also conduct it in such a way as to im- prove the condition of his woodlot, a matter in which the contractor or sawmill employee would have no interest. 30 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Coiilrdctiitf/ for ilw sale Even ill small sales, it is always best to put tlie agreements into writ- ing. In this way a great deal of disagreement and financial loss may be avoided. In making the contract the seller must have fully in mind the terms of the sale; and the contract may call to the farmer's atten- tion important details which would otherwise have been overlooked. The essential conditions of a comjdete contract relate to (I) description and location of the timber, (II) price and manner of payment, (III) conditions of cutting and removal, and (IV) title and means of settling disputes. Under the third heading comes the duration of the contract, the size and character of the timber to he cut, and the method of mark- ing to designate it, method of scaling, designation of what material is to be considered merchantable and must be removed from the woods (to prevent the leaving of any more low grade or refuse stutl' than necessary or desirable), and protection against injury to any trees left standing. The contract should i)rescribe the estimated amount of timber to be sold, and its condition, whether living or dead or both. It should specify the unit of sale — 1,000 board feet of logs or lumber, cords, ties, poles, etc., — and the amount to be paid, per unit, for each species of timber sold. Such items as the kind of log rule to be used, and the size of the cord (IG-inch or 4-foot lengths, etc) should be clearly designated, and the time at which the payment shall be made, should also be entered. The contract should give the amount to be allowed for trimming log ends, in excess of which the logs are to be scaled as though a foot longer. If the timber to be sold is to be marked, the contract should prohibit the removal of unmarked timber. If only the trees above a cer- tain diameter are to be sold, this diameter should be specified, as well as the height at which it is to be measured, as "1 foot above the ground" or "at breast height (4^^ feet)." Low cut stumps and close utilization into the top should be required, together with the exercise of due care on the i)art of the ])ur(^haser to ])revent fire from spreading. A j)rovision retaining title to all timber covered by tlie agreement should be included. Other clauses which might be included are those requiring that the timber shall be scaled in "the presence of the seller or his authorized agent; that log lengths shall be varied so as best to utilize the timber; that unmarked trees, if cut, shall be paid for at double the stated price; that tops left in logging shall remain on the tract for the use of the seller (or, if desirecCshall be utilizt'd by the purchaser). In selling by lump sums the provisions relating to scaling and unit prices may, of course, be omitted, but not the total amount to be paid. It is assumed that the farmer will precede any luni]) sum sale by a careful estimate of his stand and an inquiry as to the price, on the stump, which he should receive for each kind of product; with this knowledge he will be pre- pared to sell ''by acreage" or ''by the lot." A sample contract for woodlot sales is contained in TJ. S. Department of Agriculture farmer's bulletin 715, "Measuring and Marketing Wood- lot Products," which can be secured free of charge on ai»])licatioii to the Foresler, Forest Service, Washington, D. O. SELLING WOODLOT I'llODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 31 Healing the logs ''Scaling" logs iiioiins deterininiug their apinoxiiualc coiilciils in inmber by nica.surino; Uiem and applying volume fignies already worked out. Tables containing these figures are called log rules, and tlie two in most common use are the Scribner and the Doyle log I'ules. The Scribner is undoubtedly the better rule for woodlot use, since it gives a fairer scale (o the small logs. These rules are given in Tables t» and 7. TABLE 6.— SCRIBNER LOG RULE. Diameter inside bark, small end of log. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38, 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Inches. Length of lof;, in feet. Contents in board feet. 7 10 14 16 18 21 10 14 18 22 24 28 13 17 23 28 32 36 1!) 25 30 35 42 48 26 33 38 45 54 62 32 41 48 56 64 72 3lan to nundjcr the logs with the lumber crayon as they are scaled, and to record the same number opposite the respective volumes in the notebook. This makes it possible, in case of dispute, to go back to any individual log for the purpose of remeasurement. ''Scaling out" defects Log rules are made for sound logs and do not take into account de- fects; consequently the amount of defect must be estimated and deducted from the full scale. When the defect is rot or hollow at the center of the log it may be ''scaled out" either (1) by giving the log a volume corre- s])onding to that of a log an inch or more smaller or a foot or two shorter, the amount to be gauged by the estimated amount of the defect ; or (2) by deducting from the full scale the amount of board feet which would be contained in a board as long as the log and a little wider and thicker than the defect. Where the log is hollow or badly rotten at the heart, as is apt to be the case in old basswood trees, the defect may be scaled as though it were a small log. and the volume then subtracted from the full scale of the log. When the heart is sound but the sapwood is rotten or badly checked, only the heart should be scaled. Crooked logs cut ont a large per cent of short and bark-edged pieces of very little value, and it is necessary to deduct from the full scale the amount which in the opinion of the scaler would be lost in cutting. The scaler should sight along a curved log, noting where the saw will square it sufficiently to cut boards on both sides affected by the curve. Curve is much more serious in short than in long logs. In crooked logs 16 feet or more in length, little need be deducted from the full scale, since most of the shorter boards manufactured will still be long enough for sale. f^liipj)ing hi/ railroad The two essentials in determining the cost of shipping woodlot ])roducts are the rate per 100 pounds to the destination and the weight of the materials to be shipped. The shipping charge, as for any other farm product, is simply the rate multiplied by the nnmber of 100 pounds in the weight. Freight rates on wood products are low; since different roads have different rates, and these are not strictly uniform according to distance, they should be ascertained in advance of the sale from the local freight agent. At the same time the luinimum carload weight to which the rate ap])]ies should be ascertained. The minimum weight usually exceeds 30,000 pounds and is sometimes as great as 60,000 ;jl SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. j)()uii(ls. Less than carload lots caii, of course, be shipped, but at a greak'i- exi)euse per 100 pounds. When one farmer has less than a carbiad lo sell, two or more may combine in order to take advantage of the lowei- rate. Freight rates over two or more lines are higher than when the same distance is covered by only one railroad. Such combined rates can l)e worked out and other information secured on inquiry of frcighl agents. The approximate weights per 1000 board feet of lumber and logs, and per cord of bolts, for different species of trees are shoAvn iu table 8. Table 9 gives the weight per stack of green and air-dry bolts of different species and different lengths. The advantage of shipjiing air-dried material is at once apparent. Not all the native species are given in the table, but their weight may be quite closely estimated by comi)arison Avith some of the others. For instance, the weigh! of aspen would be about the same as that of coltouAvood, that of soft ma])le about the same as that of cherry, etc. The figures iu these tables are not given as weights adopted by any railroad company, but only as average weights upon which the timber owner may base his preliminary estimates of the cost of shipping. TABLE 8.-WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS WOODLOT PRODUCTS. Lumber (per 1 000 board feet ) Logs per 1 , 000 board feet log scale. Doyle rule. species. 1 inch thick. Diameter inside bark at small end, 12 inches. Diameter inside bark at small end, IS inches Diameter inside bark at small end, 24 inches. butts, etc., 90 cu. ft. per cord. Green. Air Dry. Green. Dry. Green. Dry. Green. Dry. Green. Dry. Ash, white Basswood Beech Birch, yellow . . Cherry, black . . Chestnut Cottonwood . . . Klra, soft Elm, rock Gum, red Hickory Locust, black . . Maple, sugar. . Mai)le, red. . . . Maple, silver. . . Oak, red o.ak, white .... Sycamore Yellow poi)lar. . Tupelo Walnut Willow Pounds. 4,000 3,400 4,000 4, SCO 3,S00 4,000 3,000 4,000 4,000 3,900 5,200 4,S00 4,700 4,300 3,.S00 5,400 5.200 4,300 3,200 5,. 500 4,300 4,300 Pounds. 3,500 2,100 3,000 3,700 3,000 2,. 500 2,200 2,900 3,300 2,S00 4,300 4,100 3,000 3,000 2,800 3,000 4,000 3,000 2,400 3,000 3,000 2,100 Pounds. 11.100 9,500 12,700 13,200 10,. 500 12,000 10,700 11,200 12,000 10,700 14,700 13,300 12,900 11,900 10,500 14,800 14,400 12,000 8,800 15,100 11,900 11,800 Pounds. 9,700 5,900 10,100 10,300 8,300 7,000 0.300 8,000 9,200 7,800 11,900 11,400 10,000 8,200 7,800 10,100 11,000 8,300 0,500 8,400 8 , 200 5,900 Pounds. 7,700 6,600 8,900 9,200 7,300 8,800 7,. 500 7 , 800 8,800 7,. 500 10,300 9,300 9,000 8,300 7,300 10,300 10,000 8,400 0,100 10,500 8 , 300 8,200 Pounds 6,800 4,100 7,000 7,200 5,800 4,900 4,400 5,000 0,400 5,. 500 8,300 7.900 7,000 5,700 5,400 7,000 7,700 5,800 4,. 500 5,900 5,700 4,100 Pounds. 0,600 5,000 7,. 500 7,800 6,200 7,. 500 6,300 0,000 7,. 500 6,300 8,700 7,900 7,000 7,100 6,200 8 , 800 8,. 500 7,100 5,200 8,900 7,100 7,000 Pounds. 5,700 3,500 6,000 6,100 4,900 4,100 3,700 4,700 5,500 4,600 7,000 6,700 5,900 4,900 4,600 6,000 6,. 500 4,900 3,900 5,000 4,900 3,500 Pounds. 4,300 3,700 5,000 5,100 4,100 4,900 4,200 4,400 4,900 4,200 5,700 5,200 5.000 4,700 4,100 5,800 5,600 4,700 3,400 5 , 900 4,700 4.600 Poun.ls. 3.800 2,300 3 , 900 4,000 3,200 2,700 2,. 500 3,100 3,600 3,100 4,600 4,400 3,900 3,200 3,000 3,900 4,300 3,200 2,. 500 3,300 3 , 200 2,300 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 35 TABLE 9.-WEIGHTS PER STACK OF BOLTS. GREEN AND DRY, OF DIFFERENT LENGTHS AND DIAMETERS AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF WOOD. Species. Dia- meter. Inches. Length of bolt — feet. 2i 3 cord). (■} cord). 3^ 4 4i ' 5 (g cord). (1 cord). (1 J cords). (1| cords). 5i (1| cords). m cords). Weight per stack — pounds. Weight per cu. ft. Pounds. Ash, white: Green Air dry Basswood: Green Air dry Cottonwood: Green Air dry Eim, rock and white: Green Air dry Hickory, shagbark Green Air dry 2,600 3,200 3,700 4,200 2,800 3,300 3,900 4,400 2,900 3,400 4,000 4,600 2,300 2,800 3,200 3,700 2,400 2,900 3,400 3,900 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 2,300 2,700 3,200 3,600 2,400 2,800 3,300 3,800 2,500 2,900 3,400 3,900 1,400 1,700 2,000 2,300 i,rm 1,800 2,100 2,400 1,500 1,800 2,100 2,500 2,600 3,100 3,600 4,100 2.700 3,200 3,700 4,300 2,800 3,300 3,900 4,400 1,500 1,800 2,100 2,400 1,600 1,900 2,200 2,500 1,600 1,900 2,300 2,600 2,700 3,200 3,700 4,300 2,800 3,400 3,900 4,500 2,900 3.500 4,000 4,600 1,900 2,300 2,700 3,000 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200 2,100 2,500 2,900 3,300 3,500 4,200 4,900 5,600 3,700 4,400 5,100 5,900 3,800 4,500 5,300 6,100 2,800 3.400 4.000 4,500 3,000 3,600 4,100 4,700 3,100 3,700 4,300 4,900 4,800 5,000 5,100 4,200 4,400 4,500 4,100 4,300 4,400 2,600 2,700 2,800 4,600 4,800 5,000 2,700 2,800 2,900 4,800 5,000 5,200 3,400 3,600 3,700 6,300 6,600 6,800 5,100 5,300 5,500 5,300 5,. 500 5,700 4,600 4,800 5,000 4,500 4,700 4,900 2,800 3,000 3,100 5,100 5,300 5,500 3,000 3,100 3,200 5,300 5,600 5,800 3,800 4,000 4,100 7,000 7,300 7,600 5,700 5,900 6,100 5.800 6,100 6,300 5,100 5,300 5,500 5,000 5,200 5.400 3,100 3,300 3,400 5,600 5,900 6,100 3,300 3,500 3,600 5,900 6,100 6,300 4,200 4,400 4,500 7,700 8,100 8,300 6,200 6,500 6,700 6,300 6,600 6,900 5,600 5,800 6,000 5,500 5,700 5,900 3,400 3,600 3,700 6,100 6,400 6,600 3,600 3,800 3,900 6,400 6,700 6,900 4,600 4,800 4,900 8,400 8,800 9,100 6,800 7,100 7,300 48.1 42.1 41.3 25.8 46.5 27.3 48.6 34.6 63.8 51 5 .Stacks arc 4 feet hi.uli by 8 4 feet long make a standard cord, lengths a cord and over. foot long, made up of bolts of difl'orcnt while shorter lengths make ".short i-ords. sizes. r.o ' and loUL 36 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. Tables 10 and 11 give the approximate cost per 1000 board feet of shipping green and air dry logs and lumber, respectively, to distances snch that the freight rates per 100 lbs. are from 2 to 10 cents. TABLE 10.— COST OF SHIPPING OREEN AND AIR DRY LOGS, PER THOUSAND BOARD FEET (DOYLE SCALE), WITH RATES OF FROM 2 TO 10 CENTS PER 100 POUNDS. (Costs given are for logs measuring 18 inches in diameter at the small end. For_ 12-inch logs add 40 per cent, and for 24-inch logs subtract 15 per cent of the costs given. Weights used are those shown in Table 8.) Species. Rate in cents per hundred pounds. 3. 4. 1 5. 6. 7. 8. 0. Cost of shipping per 1,000 board feet. Ash Basswood. . . . Beech Bircli, yellow. . Cherry, black . Cottonwooil . Elm Hickory / Green. . 1 Air dry. f ( 1 reen . . \ Air dry. f Green. . \ Air dry . f Green . . \ Air dry. f Green. . \ Air dry. f Green . . \ Air dry. ( (ircen, . \ Air dry. ( (ireen. . ( .Air dry . ., , ( Green . M^l'''-' ^"^^'^ lAirdrv. Oak, red Oak, white. . . Sycamore "^'elliiw pi>plar. Walnut f Green. . \ .\\r dry. I Green. . \ .Mr dry. f Green. . 1 Airdrv. Green. . .■\ir dry. f Green.. 1 Air dry. .S.^.O0 2 . 72 2 f.4 1,04 ?, .50 2 . 80 3 , 08 2.02 2.32 3.00 1.70 3 32 1 2,40 4 12 3.32 3. GO 2.80 4.12 2.80 4.00 3.08 3,36 2,32 2 44 1,80 3,32 2,28 S3. 8,5 3.40 3 30 2 , 05 4 4,i 3 , ."0 4 , 00 3 , OO 3 , 0.") 2 , 00 3 7.-. 2 20 4,1.5 3 00 .5 l.i 4,15 4 . .50 3 . 50 5,15 3.. 50 5.00 3. 85 4,20 2.90 4 15 2 , 85 $4.02 4.08 3 1)0 2,4li 5 34 4,20 4 38 3,48 4 50 2 , 04 4 9.S 3 . 00 18 4 . 08 0.18 4 . 20 0,00 4 , 02 5 01 3,48 3 . 00 2 70 1 OS 3 42 $5,30 4,75 4,02 2 87 23 4 00 0,44 5 , 04 5 11 4 00 5,81 4.20 7.21 5 81 30 4.00 7.21 4,00 7,00 5 , :!0 5 SS 4 . 00 4 27 3,1- $0,16 5 44 $0,03 12 5 28 3,28 5.04 3 . 00 7.12 5 , 00 8 01 6.30 7,36 5 , 70 8 2S 6.48 5 84 4,04 6,57 5.22 6 00 3 , 52 0.75 3.96 04 4 , 80 7.47 5 40 8 24 04 9.27 7.47 7.20 5,00 8.10 6 30 8,24 5.()0 27 0.30 8 00 0,16 9.00 0.03 0,72 4,04 7,56 5,22 4,88 3,60 5,49 4,05 6 64 4,5li 7 47 5 13 $7 70 6 Ml 0.00 4 10 8 90 7,00 9,20 7,20 7 50 4 40 8 30 0(10 10 30 8 30 00 7 00 10,30 7.00 10,00 7,70 8,40 5 Ml (J 10 4 50 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 37 TABLE Il.-COST OF SHirPING GREEN AND AIR-DRY 1-INCH LUMBER, PER THOUSAND BOARD FEET, WITH RATES OF FROM 2 TO 10 CENTS PER HUNDRED POUNDS. Weights used are those shown in Table S, columns 1 and 2. Species. Rate in cents per hundred pounds. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Cost of sliippiug per 1,000 board feet. Ash. Basswood Beech Birch, yellow. Cherry, black . Cottonwood . . f Green. . . \ Air dry. f Green . . . \ A'\T dry. j Green. . . \ Air dry . f Green. . \ .\ir dry . f Green. . ' \ Air dry . ( Green. . ' \ Air dry. •SO E"" {2:^^yv "'^•^-y {««-■ M'^P'-.-^- I2i;^djy. I Green . \ AiT dry. / Green . . \ .\ir dry . Oak, red... Oak, white. Y«>'- poplar {G«-^- Walnut ) Green. . \ .\ir dry . 1,08 $1.20 1.05 1.02 .63 1.38 1.08 1.44 1.11 1.14 .90 1.08 .66 1.29 .93 1.5G 1.29 1.41 l.OS 1.62 1.08 1.56 1.20 1.29 .90 1 . 29 .yu SI. 60 1.40 1.36 .84 1.84 1.44 1.92 1.48 1.52 1.20 1.44 .88 1.72 1.24 2 . 08 1.72 1.S8 1.44 2.16 1.44 2.08 1.60 1.72 1.20 1.28 .96 1.72 1.20 S2.00 1.75 1.70 1.05 2.30 1.80 2.40 1.85 1.90 1.50 1.80 1.10 2 . 15 1.55 2.60 2.15 2 . 35 1 . SO 2,70 1.80 2.60 2.00 2.15 1.50 1,60 1 . 20 2,15 1.50 $2.40 2.10 2.04 1.26 2.76 2.16 2.28 1.80 2.16 1.32 2.58 1.86 3 12 2 . 58 2.82 2.16 3 24 2.16 3 12 2.40 2.. 58 1.80 1 92 1.44 2.58 1.80 $2.80 2.45 2.38 1.47 3.22 2.52 3.36 2.59 2 , 66 2,10 2.52 1.54 3.01 2.17 3.64 3.01 3.29 3.78 2.52 3 64 2.80 3 01 2.10 2.24 r68 3.01 2.10 $3.20 2 80 2 72 L6S 3.68 2.88 3.84 2.96 3.04 2.40 2.88 1.76 3.44 2.48 4.16 3.44 3.76 2.88 4.32 2.88 4 16 3.20 3.44 2.40 2.56 1.92 3.44 2.40 .$3 . 60 3.15 3.06 1.89 4.14 3.24 4.32 3.33 3.42 2.70 3.24 1.98 3.87 2,79 4.68 3.87 4.23 3.24 4.86 3.24 4.68 3.60 3.87 2.70 2.88 2.16 3.87 2.70 S4.00 3.. 50 3.40 2.10 4,60 3.60 4 . 80 3 . 70 3.80 3.00 3.60 2,20 4 30 3 10- 5,20 4 30 4.70 3.60 5,40 3 60 5 20 4 00 4 30 3 00 3 , 20 2,40 4 , 30 3 00 Tlie average aiiioinit of forest prodnots of any kind eoni carload varies with tlie size and load capacit}^ of tlie car and <»f tlie material. The farls; slack barrel cooperage; railroad ties ("treatment"). Oak, white and bur — veneer for finish and furnituie; handles; vehicle parts; agricultural implements; tight and slack bari-el cooperage; railroad ties; car timbers. ]*ine, jack, red, and white — boxes; buckets and kegs; slack barrel staves and headings; woodpulp. I'oplar, yellow — veneer for packages; excelsior. Spruce, black and white — woodpulp; excelsior; boxes. Sycamore — veneer for packages, finish, etc.; slack barrel headings; baskets. Tamarack^ — l)0xes; pails and tubs; slack barrel staves; railroad ties ("treatment"); ship knees; woodpulp; excelsior. ^^'alnut, black — veneer for finish and furniture; woodenware and novel- ties; gun stocks. DIRECTORY OF MICHIGAN FIRMS WlllCri BUY WOOD PRODUCTS "iN THE ROUGH." The following list of wood-using firms which buy rough products is supplied for the use of woodlot owners in finding the best markets for their timber. It is based partly on reports received by the Forest Ser- vice within recent years and juirtly on directories of firms compiled from other sources. The list is as complete as it could be made, Avith- ont, however, including sawmills. These were omitted because of the large number scattered throughout the State, most farmers knowing already those in their immediate vicinity. A numl)er of firms whicli miglit buy lumber sawed from fai-m woodlots are also unavoidably omitted. While the list is as nearly up to date as possible, there are ])robably a few of the concerns which have ceased operating. The list is divided into three ])arts : the Ui)]>er Peninsula, the northern part of the Lower Peninsula, and the southern ])art of the Lower Penin- sula. In each of these divisions the counties* are given in al])habetical order, and the cities and towns in each county are arranged, also in al|>habetical order, beneath the county name. The Avoods used by each firm are given in the right hand column, so far as they could be learned fi'om the re]toi'ts submitted. The kind of industry and of wood used are indicated by a1)breviations, the exi)lanation of which is given at the head of the table. *The location of the difTereiit couufies is sliowii on tlie wood lot area map for' 1010, pap:e S. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 41 TABLE 12.-MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS "IN THE ROUGH." (Abbreviations used.) Industries. Agr.imp. = Agricultural implements. Pulpwd. = Pulpwood. Wd. ware = Woodenware and novelties, dairymen's supplies, etc. Sp.-Ath. = Sporting and athletic goods. Inst. = Instruments, professional and scientific. T. coop. = Tight cooperage. SI. coop. = Slack cooperage. Wd. dist. = Wood distillation. P. M. P. = Planing mill products, sash, door and blinds. Misc. = Miscellaneous. Species. Asp. = Aspen. Bals. = Balsam fir. Bass. = Basswood. Bee. = Beech. Bir. = Birch. B. eld. But. Ced. Che. Hem. Boxelder. Butternut. Cedar. Cherry. Hemlock. Hick. = Hickory. Ho. = Hornbeam. J. p. = Jack pine. Map. = Maple. N.p.= Norway pine. 0. = Oak. Pop. = Poplar. R. ced. = Red cedar. R. 0. = Red oak. Sp. = Spruce. Tarn. W. bir. W.ced. W. 0. W.p. Wit. Tamarack. White birch. White cedar. White oak. White pine. Willow. County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Upper Peninsula. Alger: Munising. Munising. Munising. Chippewa: Rudyard . Delta: Escanaba Escanaba. . . Escanaba Escanaba Escanaba Gladstone. . , Gladstone | Veneer Masonville , P. M. P Veneer Pulpwd SI. coop., veneer. P.M. P. Veneer Ties, poles, posts. Wd. ware, veneer. Poles SI. coop Wd. dist Newhall . Wells... Wells... Dickinson: Hardwood. Houghton: Oskar Oskar Luce: McMillan . Newberry . Mackinac: St. Ign.ace. Marquette: (iwinn Little Lake . Marquette. . Marquette.. Marquette. . Menominee: Hermansville . Ingalls Menominee. . Menominee. . Menominee. . Menominee. . , Menominee. . . Cedar products. . . Wd. di.st Vehicles, P. M. P. Ties, poles, posts . Wd. dist. Wd.di.st. SI. coop. Wd. dist. Ties, telegraph poles. P.M. P. P.M. P. Wd. dist. P.M. P. Boxes. . . Poles, posts Ties, poles, posts . Ties, poles, posts. Telephone poles. . Ties, poles, posts . Poles Pulpwd Great Lake Veneer Co Munising Paper Co., Ltd Superior Veneer & Cooperage Co. . . Guis, Harry Bird's-Eye Veneer Co Eriokson & Bissell Escanaba Mfg. Co National Pole Co Northwestern Cooperage & Lbr. Co . Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., The Northwestern Cooperage & Lbr. C!o Escanaba Lbr. Co National Pole Co Mashek Chem. & Iron Co Stephenson, I., Co Anderson, P.J Burkman & Sons, Nels Eilola, Frank Northern Cooperage & Lbr. Co Newberry Chem. Co Connor & Bissell Gwinn Lbr. Co Goodman. B. J Pioneer Iron Co Consolidated Fuel & Lbr. Co Sambrack, F. W., & Son Perrigo & Soas Wisconsin Land & Lbr. Co Carley, Ira Craford Cedar Co Girard Lbr. Co Huebel, C. J., Co Marinette & Menominee Paper Co.. Peninsular Box Co W.p. Ced. Map. Ced. Hem. Cod. Ash, Elm, But., Wil., B. eld.. Map,, Bee., Bir., W. p., N. p., Hera., Sp., Bals., Ced., Bass., Asp., Ho., Pop. Ced. W. p., Hera. W. p., Sp., Hera., Bir., Tarn., O., B.ass. W. p., Sp., Hem., Map., Bir., Tam. 0., Bass., Elm, Ash. Hem., Bir., W. bir., N. p. Ced. Ced. W. ced. Hem., W. p., W. bir., N. p., J. p., Bala 42 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TABLE 12. -MICHIGAN KIKMS WlUt'H BUV WOOD PRODUCTS "IN THE ROUGH."— Continued. Uuuuty and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. UpvcT Peninsula.- Continued. Ontonagon: Ewing Ontonagon Schoolcraft: Manistique. . . . Manistiquc. . . . 1'. M.P P. M.P Boxes Ties, poles, posts Leech, M. F Noble-Corwin Lbr. Co . Goodwillie Bros Wliite Marble Lime Co Hem., Map., Bir., Tarn. Hem. Hem., Map., Bass., W. p., W. bir. Ced., Hem., Tam. Northern part of Lower Peninsula. Alpena: Alpena .Mpcna Alpena Aljjcna Alpena Antrim: Elk Rapids Mancclona Mancelona Arenac: Au Gres Au Gres Au Gres Omer StandLsh Standish Benzie: Benzonia Frankfort Honor Honor Lake Ann Thorn psonville. . Thompsonville . . Thompsonville. . Thompsonville. . Charlevoix: Baysboro Boyne City Boyne City Boyne City Boyne Falls Boyne Falls Charlevoix East .lordan. . . . East Jordan . . . . East Jordan . . . . East Jordan . . . . East Jordan . . . . Cheboygan: Cheboygan Cheboygan Cheboygan Cheboygan Cheboygan Tower Tower Ties Pulpwd Veneer Handles, Fixtures, P. M P., vehicles, Misc Veneer Wd. dist Wd. dist Wd. dist SI. coop P. M.P SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop Wd. ware Ties Veneer SI. coop Wd. dist Veneer Wd. ware Handles SI. coop Wd. dist SI. coop Ties, posts P. M.P Wd. ware Wd. ware, P.M. P.... Chairs, handles Handles, ties Wd. dist SI. coop SI. coop Boxes, P. M.P Pulpwd Tics, poles SI. coop Ties, poles, posts SI. coop Handles Eales Bros. & Co. . . . Fletcher Paper Co. . . Michigan Veneer Co. Northern Planing Mill Co Walker Veneer & Panel Works. W. bir.. Ash, W. p., N. p , Sp., Ilcui. Map., Bir. Lake Superior Iron & Chem. Co. Antrim Chemical Co Antrim Iron Co Goodchild, E Herman Bros Herman Bros. & Johnson Rouse, E.J International Milk Products Co. Michigan Cooperage Co-, Ltd. . . Sweltzer & Maise East Shore Woodenware Co. . Guelph Patent Cask Co Sevmore & Peck Co Habbler, Wm., Co Desmond, F. C Dixon, E. M., &Co National Wood Dish Co Piqua Handle Mfg. Co., The. Tam. Map., Bee. Map., Bee Map., Bee., Bass. Elk Cement & Lime Co Boyne City Chemical Co Elm Cooperage Co., The White, W. H., & Co \ Ced. Newson, James W. p. Williams, G. G., Woodenware Co ' Mai>. Wallace, Wm Ced., W. p. Bennett Handle Co Bir , Map., Bee. Black Land & Lumber Co Bir., Map., Bee. East Jordan Chemical Co East Jordan Cooperage Co Haight, A. M., Co Cheboygan Novelty Turning Works.. W. liir., Ced.. Po|), Cheboygan Paper Co i Lombard & Rittenhouse | Ced. Nelson Lumber Co . Rittenhouse, John, Co . Forest Lumber Co Stratton, D. A Ced. Bee., Bir., Map. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 43 T.\BLE 12.— MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS "IN THE ROUGH."— Continued. County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Northern part of Lower Peninsula.— Continued. Clare: Clare Temple Crawford: Frederick Grayling Grayling Grayling Grayling Emmet: Alanson Carp Lake Cecil Harbor Springs. . Harbor Springs. . Harbor Springs. . Levering Pellston Pellston Petosky Petoskv Van Gladwin: Butman Grand Traverse: Interlochen. . . Traverse City. Traverse City . Traverse City . Traverse City. Iosco: Au Sable . . Iosco Oscoda.. . . Whitmore . Kalkaska: Kalkaska. . . Rapid Run. Leelanau: Buttons Bay . Manistee: Arcadia. . Eastlake. . Filer City. Manistee. Manistee. Manistee. Manistee. Mason: Ludington. Ludington. Ludington. Ludington. Missaukee: Jennings. . Montmorency: Atlanta Ogemaw: Marion Ro.se City . . . Rose City . . . Rose City . . . West Branch. West Branch . SI. coop SI. coop., ties SI. coop Wd. dist Dowels Wd. dist P. M.P Ties SI. coop. SI. coop Handles SI. coop Handles, P. M. P SI. coop SI. coop., handles Wd. ware, handles Pulpwd Wd. ware Ties, posts Wd. dist SI. coop V'eneer Wd. ware, boxes, veneer. Boxes, P. M.P Veneer Ties Wd. dist Poles, posts P. M.P Handles Shingles Boxes Veneer SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop Veliicles SI. coop SI. coop Veneer Veneer Wd. ware Poles, SI. coop Wd. dist SI. coop SI. coop P. M.P SI. coop Wd. dist SI. coop., P. M.P Shoe Rhoades &. Shafer Temple Mfg. Co Walsh Mfg. Co Crown Chemical Co Grayhng Dowel Co Grayhng Wood Products Co Sailing & Hanson Co Markham, M. S Hunt, M.M Emmet Lumber Co Clark, W. J., & Sons Harbor Springs Lbr. Co Harbor Springs Woodenware Co. . Levering Stave Mfg. Co Jackson & Pindle Pellston Turning & Mfg. Co Bear River Paper & Bag Co Washburn Mfg. Co Van Every Bros Thomas, Arthur E Wyhe Cooperage Co., Ltd Beitner, Wm., & Son (estate) . . . . Oval Wood Dish Co South Side Co Wells-Higman Co Loud's, H. M., Sons Co Iosco Turpentine Co Loud's, H. M., Sons Co Leslie Bros Kalkaska Handle Co Madden, Jerry, Shingle Co Denster, Leo Arcadia Furniture Co Peters, R. G., Salt & Lbr. Co. . . . Filer & Sons Buckley & Douglas Lbr. Co., The Overpack, S. C Sands (Louis) Salt & Lumber Co . State Lumber Co Carrom-.Archarena Co Ludington Basket Co Ludington Woodenware Co Stearns Salt & Lbr. Co Cadillac Wyllyo, Charles Walsh Mfg. Co Joslin & Stark Rose City Mfg. Co Rose City Wood Distillation Co. . Batchelor Timber Co Chicago Last & Die Co Bee., Map., Bir. Hem., Map., Bir., Bass., Bee. Bir., Bee., Map. Bir., Bee., Bass., Map. Map. Ced. Map. Map., Bu-., W. p. W. p.. Hem., Tarn. W. p.. Hem., Bee., Tam. Bir., Map., Bee. Bass., Pop. Ash, W. 0., Elm, Ho., W. p. Map., Bee. N. p. Map., W. p. Map. 44 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TABLE 12.— MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS "IN THE ROUGH "—Continued. County and town. Industry. Wood used. Northern part oj Lower Poiinsula.— Continued. Osceola: Eyart Eyart Otsego: Gay lord Gaylord Sailing Vanderbilt Waters Presque Isle: I hiaway ( liiaway ( >naway Onaway Rogers Rogers Wexford: Cadillac Cadillac Cadillac Cadillac Cadillac Hattietta Manton Me.<;ick Mesick Handles Handles Shoe. . . Shoe. . . P. M. P Handles P. M. P Handles, P. M.P. yehicle; Ties, posts, poles SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop Wd. dist Handles SI. coop ^'enee^ Wd. dist SI. coop Shoe Handles SI. coop Champion Tool & Handle Co Map., Bee., Elm. Eyart Tool Co ' Map., Bee. Crawford. McGregor & Canbv Co., Da.>-ton Last Block Co Jensen, L Olds & Hixson Stephenson. Henry, Co American Wood Rim Co. . . . Chandler, Geo. M Gardner Peterman & Co. . . . LobdelKt Churchill Mfg. Co. Fuhrman, Gustaye H Loud-Haeft Lbr. Co Cadillac Chemica Co- . . . Cadillac Handle Co., The. Cadillac Mfg. Co Cadillac \'eueer Co., The. Cummer-Diggins Co Fellers Bros Willi.am Bros. Co Mesick Turning Works. . . Tripp, L. J Map., Bass. Map. Map., Hem., W, p. Bee., Bir., Map. Hem., W. p. Map., Bir. W. ced. Ash, Bee., Bass., Che., Elm, Bir., Map Hem Map., Bass. Map. Sovthcrn part oj Lower Peninsula. Allegan: Douglas Hooper Barry: Hastings Bay: Bay City Bay City Bay City Bay City Bay City Bay City Bay City Bay City Kawkawlin Pinconning Pinconning Berrien: Benton Harbor. . Benton Harbor. . Niles Branch: Athens Bronson Coldwater Coldwater Coldwater Sherwood Veneer. . SI. coop. Wd. ware . Weed.. E. E.. & Co. Deal, Jas Hodge, E. Wd. ware, SI. coop Bonsfield & Co. Misc 1 Goldie Mfg. Co Veneer I Hanson Ward Veneer Co. Michigan Cedar Co. Michigan Pipe Co Michigan Turpentine Co Seyerance, H. B Standard Hoop Co., Ltd McGinness. John SI. coop I Jennings, Edward si. coop I Sandusky Cooperage & Lbr. Co . Ties, poles Tics, poles, posts Wd. dist Vehicles SI. coop SI. coop Boxes 1 Colly Hinckley Co. . . Veneer Thayer, Geo. B., Co . Pulpwd French P.aper Co. . . . SI. coop \'cncer SI. coop T. coop Handles, Sp.-Ath. P. .M. P Snyder & Bisbee Frederick, W.H.,& Co.. Calkins, B.H„& Son Co. Coldwater Cooperage Co . Nellenberg, J. B., & Sons. French. J. Vi'.. & Sons, . . . Ash W. p., Bass., Map., Bir., Bee., Hem., Tam., Pop., Ash. Map. Ced. Bee., Hem., Elm, Map., Pop. Hick., Map., Elm, Bass. W. 0., R. o. SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 45 TABLE 12.— MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS "IN THE ROUGH."— Continued. County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Southcrti part oj Lower Peninsula.— Continued. Cass: Dowagiac. . Glennwood . Eaton: Charlotte. Genesee: Clio... Gratiot: Middleton. Huron: Sebewaing. Ionia: Belding . Ionia. . . Lyons.. . Matherton. Isabella: Mt. Pleasant. Shephard Jackson: Jackson. Kalamazoo: Augusta. . Kent: Ada Algoma. . Edgerton. Grand Rapids Grand Rapids Grand Rapids Grand Rapids Grand Rapids Kent City Lowell . . . Lenawee: Adrian . . Fairfield . Pahnyra. Macomb: Leno.x Lenox Mt. Clemens. Mt. Clemens. Richmond. . . Romeo Mecosta: Big Rapids . Monroe: Monroe . Montcalm: Vickeryville. Muskegon: Montague. . Muskegon. . P. M. P SI. coop., T. coop Handles P. M. P SI. coop SI. coop Veneer Veneer .\gr. imp., handles, Sp.- Ath SI. coop Veneer SI. coop Handles Veneer Veneer SI. coop SI. coop Ties, poles, posts Veneer Wd. ware Ties, poles, posts Ties, poles, posts Coffins Wd. ware Handles Veneer, SI. coop Boxes, Handles, P. M. P Sp.-Ath SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop Veneer Ties, poles SI. coop Veneer Pulpwd Doal & Murphy Hampton Stock Farm Co Fenn Mfg. Co Stevens, C Middleton Cooperage Co Liken & Bach Belding Basket Co Stafford, E. H., Mfg. Co Lyons Handle Co Middleton Cooperage Co GorhamBros. Co., The Bell, Edwin, Co., The .American Fork & Hoe Co .\ugusta Basket Co Kent Basket Co Curtis, G.S Rice, Geo Dregge, Groover Lbr. Co Grand Rapids Veneer Works Rex Mfg. Co Union City Lbr. Co Warner-Newton Lbr. Co Side, R. J Michigan Bent Rim & Basket Mfg. Co Cherrv, J. M White Bros ' Eringer Vogt Co., The Harr, F Lenox Hoop Co Snook & Mark Snook, T. W., Son Haar, A Struthers Cooperage Co Hood & Wright Sterling, W. C, ct Sons Chittenden, C. E., & Co Miller Package & Fruit Co Central Paper Co W. p., Pop., Bass. Map., 0., Ash, Ehn. W. p., 0. Ash, 0., Hick. Ash. Ced. W. p., ash. Bass.,Map.,Bee.,Ash, Elm, W. o., R. o. Ash. Map., Hick., Ash, Bass., 0., Pop. 46 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. TABLE 12.— MICHIGAN FIRMS WHICH BUY WOOD PRODUCTS "IN THE ROUGH."— Concluded. County and town. Industry. Firm. Wood used. Southern part of Lower Peninsula.— Continued. Oakland: Holly . . . Pontiac . Ottawa: Grand Haven . Saginaw: Saginaw Saginaw Saginaw Saginaw Saginaw Saginaw Saginaw Saginaw Saginaw St. Clair: Marine City. . Port Huron. . . Port Huron. . . St Joseph: Wasepi Shiawassee: Durand Owos.so Owosso Tuscola: Mayville Reese Vassar Van Buren: Decatur Decatur Decatur Hartford Hartford Lawrence Lawton Paw Paw South Haven. . Washtenaw: Milan Ypsilanti Wayne: Detroit Detroit Detroit Detroit Detroit Detroit Detroit Vehicles, car Boxes, handles, Sp.-Ath Veneer Misc Boxes, Wd. ware, Inst. . Hd. ware Poles, posts Poles, posts SI. coop SI. coop. Misc SI. coop SI. coop SI. coop Posts Pulpwd P.M. P. SI. coop Bo.xes, handles, Sp.-Ath Agr. imp., handles Bo.xes SI. coop Boxes SI. coop SI. coop., veneer SI. coop SI. coop Boxes, SI. coop SI. coop Veneer SI. COO)) Boxes, veneer P. M. P Agr. imp., handle.s, Sp. Ath Telegraph poles Ties, poles, posts Ties, poles, posts Pulpwd Ties, poles, posts Wd. ware SI. coop Holly Bending Co... Pontiac Turning Co. Grand Haven Basket Factory . Berst Mfg. Co Lufkin Rule C'o., The PaLmerton, F. G., Woodenware Co. Phillips & Seelev Porter Cedar Co Saginaw Heading & Veneer Co U. S. Tie Plug Co Wyhe, J. T., & Co Mead Cooperage Co Baker, S., & Sons Hayes, T. J., Co Michigan Sulphite Fiber Co . Palmer, Geo. W. Hercules Hoop Co. Turnerman, J. N. . Wood, M., &Co.. Haines, .Arthur Pardee, Lawson Butcher Folding Crate Co. Decatur Hoop & Lumber Co. Hinckley-Roberts Co Peusinger, J. W Hartford Stave Co Walker, L.P Wallace & Lockwood Lawton Basket & Box Co. . . Deal, Jos Pierce-Williams Co., The. ... Lamkin, 0. P. . Deikuim, C. W. Brownlic & Co Detroit Cedar & Lbr. Co Detroit Lbr. Co Detroit Sulphite Pulp & Paper Co. Grace Harbor Lbr. Co Perfection Mfn. Co National Mfg. Co W. c, R. 0. Map., Hick., Ash, Ehn. Bir. N. p., Bass., Map. W. p., Bass. Ced. Elm, Map., 0., Ash, Hick., Bass., Pop. W. p., W. 0., R. 0. Map., Ehn, Ash. Ash, 0., Hick. Ehn. Bee., Map. Bee, Map., Bu-. Bee., Map., Bass., Bir., ,\sp. W. o., Bass. Ash, Hick. Bass., Map., Bir. PERCENTAGE OF MICHIGAN FARM LAND IN WOODS,ACCORD- ING TO THE CENSUS OF 1910 REGION I- FARM LAND LESS THAN 10% WOODED II REGION n- FARMLAND FROM 10% TO 20% WOODED Y///A REGION in- FARM LAM D FROM 20T^^ TO 40^0 WOODED ^^^ REGION IV-FARMLAND FROM -tO^o TO 60% WOODED ^^^ REGION V-FARM LAND FROM 60^ TO SOroWOODED SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. T.iBLE 13.— PRINCIPAL BUYERS OF BL.^CK WALNUT LOGS IN THE UNITED STATES. 47 State. Town. Firm name. New Haven Belvidere Cairo Chicago Kankakee Rockford Fort Wayne Indianapolis IndianapoUs Lawrenceburg Baltimore Boston Singer Mfg. Co. Folev & WilUams. Indiana Veneer & Lbr. Co. Batesville Lhr. & Veneer Co. Maryland Massachusetts Williamson Veneer Co. Mason & Hamlin. National Casket Co. Massachusetts Chicopee Falls J. Stevens Arms & Tool Co. J. W. Stein Organ Co. Hood & Wright. East St. Louis Missouri St. Louis Pickerel Walnut Co. Ohio The Ohio Veneer Co., 2624 Colerain Ave. Ohio Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin Piqua Philadelphia Oshkosh George W. Hartzell. A. H. Fo.\ Gun Co. Paine Lumber Co., Ltd. APPENDIX. FACTS RELATING TO THE AVOODLOT SITUATION IN MICHIGAN. The agricnltnral development of a heavily wooded region is a slow and difficult process. The first farms in southern and central Michigan, as throughout most of the East, undoubtedly contained a great deal more woodland than tilled land. As the zone of pioneering was pushed farther north, more and more of the woodlot area in the longer settled sections was cleared for cultivation. The progress of agriculture can therefore be roughly gauged by the proportiou of the total farm land which is in woods. This proportion is shown for Michigan in the map of "woodlot regions" (page 48). Each of these "regions'' consists of coun- ties having similar proportions of woodland to total farm land, accord- ing to the 13th census (1910). The different regions are shown by shad- ing, the heaviest shading representing that in which the farms are from 60 to 80 per cent wooded. Tables 14 and 15 and Diagram 1 are based on these regions, so that the chief facts relating to the status of wood- lots in any part of the State can be easily ascertained after locating on the map the ''woodlot region' in which the area falls. 48 SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. ^ t- 1^ o •* O ^ ^— ^ ^'^ c: c= o oc ^ ic c^ z: r: T-l c H.J Q k.k^^ ki ^ S8^l 51 ^5> 5 ~" "■ "■ ^ S3idD\/ O O O O C) (\i -^ SELLING WOODLOT PRODUCTS ON MICHIGAN FARMS. 49 The table shows that where the woodlots are largest, larmiug is least important; laud values are lowest; the perceutage of improved farm laud is least; aud the value received for woodlot products ou the average farm is greatest. Just the reverse is true of the regions with the smallest proportion of wooded farm laud. The figures given in the last line of the table bring out forcibly the importance of the woodlot in the dif- ferent regions. They show that while woodlot products comprised 6.4 per cent of the value of all farm incomes in the entire State, the wood- lot income from region IV was over a fifth aud that from region V over a fourth of the total farm income in these counties. How the growth of farming has affected Michigan woodlots is shown in Table 15, which gives the actual acreage in farm woodland in 1910, and the per cent of increase or decrease in farm woodland area in the thirty years from 1880 to 1910. TABLE 15.— FARM WOODLAND IX MICHIGAN, BY WOODLOT REGIONS. 1910, AND PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN AREA SINCE ISSO. Woodlot regions. Farm woodland area, 1910. Increase or decrease, 18S0- 1910. I .\cres. Per cent. 209.209 53.9 decrease. II 1 . ()9S , 04:; 46.6 decrease. Ill IV 216,211 SS.6 increase. V 20,2.')5 J * Total 2.927,554 I 34.2 decrease. *Alger county, with GS.6 per cent of its farm land wooded, was not organized iu ISSO. aud no comparison is possible. The deduction which this table appears to justify is that for the present, at least, the farm woodland area can be expected to increase only in those regions where farming has not yet occupied large areas. Elsewhere the decrease will be rapid as more and more of the woodlot area is claimed for cultivation. !!J!|aii:!;;:;:i;:;i;::;:; liiliii;!-;^:::: lillillliiij !it« tit ■ ^ Gay lord Bros. • ■ ^^^^2 ' J Makers 'j^" \nlTf!^ "" P^T. JAN, 21, 1908