Qass ' i v j ^ frksi:nti:i) hy 'i'i'i'i'ikiiillto^^^^ THE STEANGER'S GUIDE JN PHILADELPHIA TO ALL PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PLACES OF AMUSEMENT, COMMEUCIA^^ BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, AND CHURCHES, PRINCIPAL HOTELS, &c. &c. &c. INCLUDING LAUREL HILL, WOODLANDS, MONUMENT, ODD-FELLOWS*, AND GLENWOOD CEMETERIES. WITH A MAP OF THE CONSOLIDATED CITY, AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL BUILMGl ^ ♦ • » >■ PHILADELPHIA: LINDSAY & BLAKISTON. 18 6^. LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, ^J^ No. 25 SOUTH SIXTH STREET, ABOVE CHESTNUT, Keep always on hand, in addition to the books published by them, A LARGE AND VARIED ASSORTMENT OF STAISTDAKD AND MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS, IN EVERT DEPARTMENT OF LITERATURE, SUITABLE FOB PUBLIC OR PRIVATE LIBRARIES, Which they will supply AT LOW PRICES. Physicians ■will be supplied with a complete priced Catalogue of air works on Medicine, Surgery, and the Collateral Sciences. Their assortment always includes the latest works and latest edi- tions. Military Men will find at their store a full assortment of works on Military Science. Scientific Books. — Their assortment includes all the New or Standard Works on Naval Science, the Steam Engine, AgricuI-> ture, Manufactures, &c. &c. out ^^IJ ^ — y, ;Jy«*>"Pm ■■*'»i * V ^-^ ^■V''^ W*|fc^, ^ , ii ,'f I J*X / ■.i*x- CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The ».«»*€ rtouse. United States Custom House. United States Arsenal, Commissioners' Hall — South wark, Moyamensing, Kensington, Northern Liberties, Richmond, Spring Garden. Markets — High Street Market, South Second Street Market, North Second Street Market, Callowhill Street Market, Shippen Street Market, Maiden Street Market, Spring Garden Market, Girard Market, Moyamensing Market, Franklin Market, Eleventh Stre**' Mark The Fairmount W3ter-Works, Spring Garden ariu Nortnern Liberties Water-works. Gas- Works — Philadelphia Gas- Works, Spring Garden Gas- Works, Northern Liberties Gas- Works. The Navy Yard. United States Mint. Philadelphia Ptst-Office. ....... 23 CHAPTER II. FLACES OF AMUSEMENT. Acacemy of Music. Walnut Street Theatre. Arch Street The- atj e. City Museum. Sanford's Opera House. Chestnut Streei, Th iatre n« franklin Hall. Musical Fund Hall. Public Sq lares — Independence Square, Washington Square, Franklin Sq lare, The Penn Squares, Kittenhouse Square, Logan Square, JeJ irson Square, - - - - - - 48 CHAPTER III. COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS. he ] !erchants' Exchange. Banks — Bank of North America, Fa Jers' and Mechanics' Bank, the Bank of Pennsylvania, the Mt aanicg' Bank, the Philadelphia Bank, the Western Bank, tbo Gil .rd fi»nk, the ]3»nk of the Northern Liberties, Commercial (ix) X CONTENTS. Bank, Bank of Commerce, Bank of Penn Township, Southwark Bank, Manufacturers' Bank, Kensington" Bank, Tradesmen's Bank, City Bank, Consolidation Bank, Philadelphia Savings Fund, Western Savings Bank, Philadelphia Insurance Company, Equitable Insurance Company, Pennsylvania Insurance Company Union Mutual Insurance Company, Delaware Mutual Insurance Company, The Girard Life Insurance Company, The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, The United States Life Insurance, Annuity, and Trust Comijany, Vandykes Building. . . 57 CHAPTER IV. EDUCATION. University of Pennsylvania. Girard College. The Central High School, The Normal School, Grammar School. Philadelphia So- ciety for establishment and support of Grammar Schools. House of Refuge. Retreat for Imbecile Children. Academy of Pro- testant Episcopal Church. Theological Seminary of St. Charles Bgriomeo. Sunday Schools, . . . .69 CHAPTER V. ME DICAL COLLEGES. University of Pennsylvania. Jefferson Medical College. Penn- sylvania College. The Philadelphia College of Medicine. Ho- moeopathic Medical College. Female Medical College. Eclectic Medical College. The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. . 89 CHAPTER VL LITERAKY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. American Philosophical Society. The Philadelphia Library. The Athengeum. The Academy of Natural Sciences. The Mercan- tile Library. The Franklin Institute. Library of the Law Asso- ciation. College of Physicians. Library of German Society. Library of the University of Pennsjdvania. Library of Pennsyl- vania Hospital. The Apprentices' Library. Friends' Library. Spring Garden Institute. School of Design for Women. Academy of Fine Arts. Art Union. Graphic Association. Artist Fund Society. The Press. . . . . .104 CHAPTER VII. BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. The Pennsylvania Hospital. Pennsylvania Hospital for the In- sane. Friends' Asylum for the Insane. The United States Naval Asylum. Pennsj-lvania Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruc- tion of the Blind. Friends' Almshouse. Blockley Almshouse. CONTENTS. XI Moyamensing Almshouse. The Wills' Hospital. Tl)e City Hospital. Christ Clmrch Hospital. St. JoseplTs Hosptal. Tl.e Dispensaries — Fhiladeipliia Dispensary. N(»rtlierit Dis- pensary, Moyamensing Dispensary. Preston Retreat. Foster Home AssoL-i xtion. House of ludustry. The Widows' Asylum Philaileipliia Lying-in Asylum. 8t. Anns Widows' AsyUan. Roman Catholic Benevolent Society of Philadelphia. Tlie Orphans" Society of Philadelphia. St. John's Orphans" Asylum. St. John's Female Orphans' Asylum. Magdalen Asylums — Vlagdalen Asylum, The House of the Good Sheperti, Rosine (Vsylum. Coloured Orphans' Asylum. Provident Society. Union Benevolent Society. The Northern Association for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women. The Temporary Home Association. Soup Societies and City Trusts. Beneficial Asso- ciations — The Humane Society for the Recovery of Drowned Persons, The Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Prisons, The Colonization Society, Abolition Society, Foreign Benevolent Society . . . . . 13S CHAPTER VIII. CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. The Society of Friends. Friends' Meeting-Houses. Episcopal Churches. Presbyterian Churches. Presbyterian Board of Pub- lication. Presbyterian Board of Education, Presbyterian Board of Domestic Missions, Presbyterian House. Roman Catholic Churches. Baptist Churches. American Baptist Publication Society. Methodist Churches. Lutheran Churches. German Reformed Churches. Dutch Reformed Churches. Moravian Church. Universalist Churches. Unitarian Church. Hebrew Synagogues. The Bible. American Sunday School Union. Miscellaneous Associations. Masonic Lodges, Odd Fellows. American Mechanics. Druids. Independent order of Good Fel- lows. Improved Order of Red Men. Beneficial Societies. Temperance Societies. ..... 165 CHAPTER IX. > CEMETERIES OP PHILADELPHIA. Laurel Hill Cemetery. Odd Fellows Cemetery. Glenwood Ceme- tery. Monument Cemetery. Woodland Cemetery. . . 216 N T E N Xll CONTENTS. CHAPTER X. THE CITY GOVERNMENT, POLICE, PRISONS, ETC, The City Police Department. Select Council. Common Council. City officers. Board of Health. The Lazaretto. State Peniten- tiary for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. County Prison. Fire Department — Engine Companies. Hose Companies. Hook and Ladder Companies ..... .283 CHAPTER XI. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, ETC. Railroads. Steamboats. Ferry Boats. Bridges. Canals. Turn- pike Roads. . . . . . . . 251 PRINCIPAL HOTELS. The Continental, Jones's Hotel, The Washington House, The Girard Hotel, The Merchant's Hotel, The Franklin House, The American Hotel, La Pierre House, Eagle Hotel, &c. . . 257 CHAPTER XII, RELICS OP THE PAST. Penn's Cottage. Slate-Roof House. Loxley Hall. Old London Coffee House. Carpenter's Hall. Watson's Annals, &c. Con- clusion. Farquhar Building. Map of the City and Environs. 26C THE STRANGER'S GUIDE IN PHILADELPHIA. A WORD TO THE READER. Some may think it unnecessary to make any prefatory re- marks, by way of introduction, to a work of this character ; but when the number of " Hand-books," " Guides," &c., already pub- lished, is considered, we may surely be justified in giving the " wherefore" which has induced us to add another to the cata- logue, and thus make good our claim for a share of the publio patronage and support, which we venture to believe ourselves entitled to. To the descriptions of Philadelphia and its vicinity, which have already been published, it has been justly objected that they contain mere descriptions of buildings, &c., which, how- ever correctly written, necessarily fail to arrest the attention, or impart that information and instruction, which books of this character are expected to afford. To remedy these and similar objections, the present work has been compiled, which, while it claims to be equal to any of its predecessors in general information, will, we hope, be considered superior, on account of its illustrations and descriptive detail. The map and en- gravings have been executed with great care. The illustra- tions comprehend some of the most interesting views and ob- jects in this city and its vicinity. If the work meet the requirements of the public, our object will bo attained. 2 14 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. TALK ABOUT THE PAST AND THE PRESENT HISTORY OF THE CITY. One hundred and seventy-eight years ago, the site of Phila- delphia was a wilderness. Our beautiful city, now alive with the ceaseless hum of industry and the turmoil of com- merce, was the hunting-ground of the Indian. Behold the change ! In the year 1681, the first settlers arrived from London, in the ship " Sarah and John," Captain Smith. The following year, William Penn, its great proprietor and founder, landed at the ^' Blue Anchor," near the mouth of Dock Creek. The object this celebrated man had in establishing " the new Colony" was, using his own words, " to afford an asylum to the good and oppressed of all nations, to frame a govern- ment which might be an example, to show men as free and aa happy as they could be." ''I am," he writes, "spending my life and my money without being a sixpence enriched by my greatness. Had I sought greatness only, I had stayed at home, where the difference between what I am, and was offered and could have been there, in power and wealth, is as wide as the places are apart." Everything connected with the settlement and early history of Philadelphia, indicates the enlarged and religious mind of this Pater Patrise. The very name he chose is impressive, as importing in its original G-reek sense — " brotherly love." The plan and limits were on the most magnificent scale. Had those original plans been carried out, Philadelphia would now have been the most splendid city in the world. They were feared, however, to be too extensive, and the contemplated city was reduced to one-fourth of the original plan. The first house erected was the "Blue Anchor" tavern, THE PAST AND TUE PRESENT. 15 situated near the mouth of Dock Creek, on the spot which is now the northwest corner of Dock and Front Streets. In 1684, the population was 2500 inhabitants. In the year 1701, Phila- delphia was incorporated into a city. It increased rapidly at that early day. In 1739, a resident writes, that it was the admiration of all people who saw or heard of its flourishing condition in lands, in building houses, and shipping, in manu- factures, and increase of population. At present Philadelphia extends from its southern to its northern limits twenty miles, and from east to west eight miles; about 125 square miles. Innumerable steamboats, sailboats, &c., travel along her shores — merchantmen and packets bring her the wealth of the most distant climes. Still her progress is onward. The enterprise of her citizens was never more displayed than at present. Railroads and canals pour into her lap the treasures alike of our own mountains and the great valley of the glorious West. The city is extending with wondrous strides ; year by year streets are being laid out, and houses, extc tiding away for squares, arise, as by the hand of magic, ou ground that lately " waved in golden harvest.'^ Spring G-arden and Penn, twelve years ago, were rural districts. Now look at them ! We remember rambling, five years since, througk fields immediately north of Poplar Street, where are no"?! beautiful streets, adorned with tasty, and, in many instances, magnificent houses. In the '^ west end,'' the change is no less extraordinary. Who does not remember the "duck ponds" and "commons out Broad Street?" They are gone, and houses unrivalled, in any city, for architectural taste and ele- gance, now line Vine, Race, Arch, Chestnut, Walnut, Locust, Spruce, and the intermediate streets. The Schuylkill no longer bounds us. Improvement is now in rapid march through that portion laying west of it. And 16 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. no less marvellous are the changes taking place in ail other portions of the city. Those of our citizens whose business or inclinations keep them from "rambling around," will be astonished and bewildered on visiting what they are apt to term the " outskirts of the city." A worthy gentleman, residing in Chestnut by Delaware Eighth Street, remarked to us the other day, that he lately took a walk out west of Broad Street, "and," said he, "I could not believe my eyes, I thought this could not possibly be Philadelphia. The change, sir, is most wonderful." LOCATION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION. This beautiful city is situated on a plain, bounded on the east by the River Delaware, on the west by the River Schuyl- kill, about five miles above their junction. "The city," or that part of it incorporated by the original city Charter, and under its jurisdiction, is bounded on the north by Vine Street, and on the south by Cedar or South Street. The adjoining districts of Spring Garden, Penn, Northern Liberties, Ken- sington, and Richmond, on the north. West Philadelphia, &c., on the west, and Southwark, Moyamensing, and Passyunk, on the south, were consolidated with the city, into one municipal government, in 1854. The length of Philadelphia, from the southern part to the northern part, is twenty miles, and its breadth eight miles. The soil is the very best for building purposes, consisting principally of clay of various colours and degrees of tenacity, beneath which, at different depths, of from five to twenty feet, is found coarse gravel. ^ LOCATION AND JE*NERA: DESCRIPTION. 17 Philadelphia is, perhaps, the most healthy city in the United States. The air is sweet and clear, the sky serene and seldom overcast. The streets are wide and airy, crossing at righ« angles; they surpass all others in the world, in their conve- nience for trade and accommodation for passengers, and are well paved and kept remarkably clean. At night they are well lighted with gas. This metropolis is not celebrated for her palaces, yet she pos- sesses some edifices remarkable for both grandeur and beauty. Her buildings are more distinguished for their neatness and comfort. This applies to both public buildings and private dwellings. It is the ambition of many an American belle, to be mistress of a " Philadelphia three-story brick.'^ To live within his own family free from interruption, contest, or in- trusion, to have his house clean and comfortable, his apart- ments adapted to their several purposes, and in every respect convenient, is our citizen's delight; to effect all these, the builder exerts his utmost skill. There is — and we say it without fear of contradiction — no other city, the inhabitants of which enjoy so many of the accommodations art can afford, as those of Philadelphia. Let foreigners talk of their splendid palaces, mansions, and rich dwellings ; theirs is but the parade of pomp and vanity, ours is social comfort. Most of the houses in this city are built on a uniform plan, being generally three stories high. Within the last few years, however, there has been a decided advance in the style of building, and our streets are now being adorned witli edifices that are unrivalled for taste, elegance, and convenience. The original plan of this city was made by Thomas Holmes, and surveyed in 1683, in which nine principal streets were a aid out running east and west, and twenty running north and flouth. Market, or High Street, intended for the principal dwellings, is 100 feet wide, Broad is 113, Arch Street 2* 18 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 66, ^ront 60, and the rest 50 feet wide. The intermediate streets were subsequently laid out. For a correct plan of all of whio.h, see the accompanying map. Dock Street is the only one not crossed at right angles in the city. This marks the course of the once "Dock Creek." In olden times, trade and commerce, to a considerable extent, centred along its banks ; vessels came up as far as Third Street. Early writers speak frequently of the " beautiful prospect along the green banks of the pretty Dock Creek." In the winter, it was a fine " skating-place for the boys." Subsequently tan-yards, &c., took up their location here, soon rendering it a place " dan- gerous to the health of the city." It was finally filled up in 1784. In the original plan, Penn desired to preserve a clear view of the River Delaware from Front Street, restricting the buildings east of it to the height of the banks. What a noble promenade and exchange walk this would have formed ! It was also his intention " that each house should stand in the middle of its lot, so as to leave room for a garden, &c., that Philadelphia might be a green country town, which might never be burned down, and always be wholesome !" What a splendid appearance our streets would now present, if this idea had been carried out ! However, we must take the city as it is, and be thankful that it is so ; for few can rival it in the health, comfort, pleasure, and happiness of its inhabitants. Our city is not so thickly populated, for its extent, as some others. The streets are wide, and the inhabitants of every class enjoy more room than usual in large cities. Not only the merchant, wealthy manufacturer, and persons well to do in the world, occupy each an entire dwelling, but tradesmen of the most humble class can have a house to themselves In 1840, the population of the city and county was 258,037. The city and county was consolidated into one great city, June, 1854; population at present, 1862, 700,000. The total num- ber of dwelling-houses in Philadelphia is about 75,000. THE COAL TRADE. 19 The wonderful increase of the city can be estimated by the fact, that there has been, on an average, over 2000 buildings erected annually for the past three years. The last four years our commerce has increased rapidly. At present there is a line of packets between this port and London, and four lines of sailing packets to Liverpool. One line of two fine steamers running to Charleston, S. C, and Savannah, Greorgia. One, viz., the Union Steamship Co., between Norfolk, Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia, of four large steamers.* One to Boston, viz., the Philadelphia and Boston Steamship line, of three splendid vessels, one to Hart- ford, Conn. The New York and Philadelphia Independent Steamship line, via Cape May, of three Steamers, several lines of propellersj via Canal to New York, and one line to Balti- more. Most of these vessels have been built in Philadelphia, and are unsurpassed as substantial sea-boats. The total number of ships, barques, brigs, schooners, steamers, barges, &c., entered in this port during the last year, was about 30,000. The value of imports, during the same period, $28,000,000. The Coal Trade. — During the year 1856, the total value of anthracite coal sent to market at tide water, amounted to over thirty-one millions of dollars. Who can estimate the immense increase of this valuable trade twenty years hence, when steam, to a great extent, shall have taken the place of sails, in vessels navigating the ocean and our extended coast. The following statement shows the present extent of this branch of domestic commerce. The quantity of coal sent to market from the Lehigh, in 1859, was 1,628,243 tons. From the Schuylkill, 3,004,903 tons. Wyoming Region, 2,569,694 tons. Pine Grove, 195,000 tons. Lykens Valley, 139,200 tons. Shamokin, 180,000 tons. Short Mountain, 41,739 tons. Broad Top, 130,387 tons. Trevorton, 124,250 tons. Cumberland, 719,211 tons. Little * These Southern lines have been withdrawn for the present. 30 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. Schuylkill, 362,102 tons, being a total of 7,626,820 tons for the year. Showing an increase, in 1859, over the preceding year, of 617,600 tons. The increase for the years 1861-62, will, it is evident from present appearances, be much larger. The MANUFACTURES of the metropolis are very important, both as regards their magnitude and value ; indeed, the manu- facturing facilities of Philadelphia are unrivalled. Her vicinity abounds in immense water-power, and coal is to be obtained from our own mines at a low price. These, with the advantages of a home market, must continue to offer inducements to the manufacturer that cannot be equalled elsewhere. The goods and wares manufactured here consist of every variety. Articles of elegant use are brought to more than the ordinary degree of perfection. The following statement, showing the capital invested in manufacturing, value of the raw material consumed, number of hands employed, wages paid, and the value of the annual product of this branch of industry in this City and Dis- tricts, during the year ending June 1st, 1850, is taken from the Census returns, furnished us by the late Marshal of. the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, viz. : Capital invested in manufacturing, $32,737,911 ; value of the raw material used, including fuel, &c., $33,515,366; average number of male hands employed, 43,304; average number of females employed, 14,804; average monthly cost of male labour, $1,062,799 ; average monthly cost of female labour, $208,584 ; value of the annual products, $62,815,011. These estimates embrace only those establishments pro- ducing articles to the annual value of over $500. We close these remarks with the following extract from the last Report of the Philadelphia Board of Trade. After alluding to the canals, railroads, and other improvements, connected with the city, together with those in contemplation, it goes on to say : MANUFACTURES. 21 " It is to be hoped that Philadelphia will not be content with what she has done. Her commercial destiny exacts some- thing more than self-complacent reflections on what she has accomplished ; for surely, if there is a spot on the face of the habitable globe, on which Nature, in the collocation and accu- mulation of her stores of mineral and agricultural wealth, has smiled benignantly and munificently, it is on this city. If intelligent foreigners, having the control of European capital, could be induced to scale the walls by which the pretensions of neighbouring communities endeavour to hide us from view, and come here and examine for themselves the resources and capa- bilities of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania — study, as suspiciously as they please, the social and moral character of her citizens, whether commercial men or not — ^find them, as they will, with rare exceptions, homogeneous as a population, of purely Ameri- can conservative sentiment, untainted by the fanaticism and dis- loyalty which exists in one direction, and oppressed by none of the social institutions which exist in another; — if capital from abroad, following the most purely selfish instinct, were to come here, seeking investments, nowhere could they be found more secure than in the internal commerce, the manufactures, the mining enterprises of Pennsylvania — ^in her public stocks, or in her real estate." LINDSAY & BLAKISTON PUBLISH MRS. LEE'S YOUNG PEOPLE'S LIBRARY— 4 volumes— containing: THE AUSTRALIAN WANDERERS, THE AFRICAN CRUSOES, THE ANECDOTES OF ANIMALS, THE ANECDOTES OF BIRDS, FISHES, 4c Twenty Illustrations ; bound in cloth, gilt backs to match. Price, for the sett, in boxes, $3; for any volume separately, 75 cents. AUNT MARY'S LIBRARY — 10 volumes — by Mrs. Hughes— containing: LIZZIE LINDEN, GENEROSITY, GIPSY FORTUNE-TELLER, FRANK WORTHY, MOTHER'S BIRTH-DAY, YOUNG SAILOR, MAY MORNING, PROUD GIRL HUMBLED, HOLIDAYS IN THE COUNTRY, YOUNG ARTIST. Each with a Colored Frontispivce ; bound in eloth. Price, per sett, in boxes, $2.60. Ml 'ji'ij.li lilliiiiliiliil! '''■' . Il'l llili .;ti|i,i'U')'l"i iiiiiii! ,l'i!ii'i''iii;iil fti'iiiii^^^^^^^^^^^ * PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 23 CHAPTER I. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The State House, or Independence Hall. — This m* teresting relic of the past desbrves especial notice, and few strangers leave our city without visiting its venerated halls. It was commenced in 1729, and completed in 1734. The size, style, and rich interior decorations of such a building, at so early a day, are an evidence of the public spirit of our former citizens. The architecture and plan of this edifice are from designs by J. Kearsely, the same who drew the plan of Christ Church. The builder was E. Wooley. The original cost was £5600. The two wings were erected in 1740. Al- though frequently renovated, it presents the same appearance now, that it did in 1776. In the east room of the first story, the immortal Declaration of Independence was passed by Congress, July 4th, 1776. There are places which possess, in a peculiar degree, the power of awakening sensations in the mind. In their efiect, we acknowledge the influence which has been so beautifully desig- nated, the ^^ magic of a scene. ^^ Such an influence did we ex- perience, standing in this *' relic of olden days." Everything in the room leads the mind back to the memorable time — to that decisive act, which has consecrated this room to undying fame. We see those patriotic men pondering on the magnitude of the step about to be taken. Some of them seem to waver. Silence — deep and solemn silence, reigns throughout. See *' that aged man'' arise. He '' casts a look of inexpressible interest and unconquerable determination" on his fellow-pa- triots. He addresses them. Hear him ' *' There is a tide 24 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. in the affairs of men, a nick of time; we perceive it now be- fore us. That noble instrument upon your table, which insures immortality to its author, should be subscribed this very morn- ing, by every member in the room. He who will not respond to its call is unworthy the name of freeman ! Although these hairs must descend into the tomb, I would rather, infinitely rather they should descend thither by the hand of the public executioner, than desert, at this crisis, the sacred cause of my country." He ceases, but the fire of patriotism is kindled afresh in every bosom, and " forthwith the glorious deed is done.'' We behold these noble men peril their lives, their fortunes, and sacred honour, in the just and holy cause.* John Hancock takes up the pen and signs his name in a large, bold hand, and then rises, saying : " There ! John Bull can read my name without spectacles, and may now double his reward for my head. That is my defiance !" Who does not love to read the history of his native land, and dwell with pleasure upon the exploits of her heroic sons ? Is it to be wondered, then, that this room, so intimately connected with our national existence, recalls a hundred scenes from the past ? This is the shrine of American liberty ! Long may it remain an object of veneration to future millions of freemen ! Th-e west room, on the same floor, is at present occupied by the Court of Common Pleas. Proceeding up stairs, we come to the " Lobby," famed in colonial days as being the scene of many a sumptuous feast.. The large room to the westward was the Senate chamber of the first Congress. In the rooms fronting Chestnut Street, to the east, the Committees of Congress in 1776 met to prepare their various reports. The "Lobby" at that time extended the entire length of the building eastward from the landing; a * That venerable patriot was John Witherspoon of New Jersey, a distinguished mtuister of the Presbyterian Church, a lineal descendant of the celebrated John Knox. PULrjiO BUILDING 8. 25 room is now partitioned oflf it. In this Lobby, the American officers captured at the battle of Germantown, were confined. In it, too, many a noble fellow, wounded at the battle of Brandywine, breathed his last. (This portion of the building was fitted up as a temporary hospital immediately after that battle.) The whole of this story has lately been fitted up for the Se- lect and Common Councils, which bodies have been greatly en- larged by the act of the legislature, consolidating the city and 30unty into one great city. The original steeple was taken down in 1774, the woodwork being found in a state of decay. The present one was erected in 1828, and is as near like the old structure as circumstances would permit. It contains an excellent clock, the four dial- plates of which are of ground glass, in a single plate of seven feet six inches diameter. They are illuminated at night, in the summer to eleven, and in the winter to ten o'clock. The hours are struck on a fine-toned hell, which is also used to give the alarm and indicate the dirof tlnn of fires. The "Old Bell,'^ cast parpusoly for this edifice when first erected, is carefully preserved in the Hall of Independence, on the first floor. It was imported from England in 1752, " but got cracked by the stroke of a hammer in trying the sound." It was recast, under the direction of Isaac Norris, then a promi- nent member of the colonial Assembly : to him we are indebted for the prophetic inscription which it bears. "The motto of our Father bancl, Circled the world in its embrace,' 'Twas Liberty throughout the land, Aui good to all their brother raxntx Long here— within the pilgrim's bell, Had lingered — though it often pealed— Those treasured tones that eke should tell, Whcu Freedom's proudest serpil was Sfefthidl'* :6 PHILADELPHIA aS IT IS. This bell, (of which our engraving is a correct sketch,) is memorable, as being the first to proclaim the glad tidings of liberty in the United States. About 2 o'clock, p. M., on the 4th of July, 1776, its joyous melody floated clear and musical on the air, announcing the passage of that '^ Act," the influ- PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 2? ence of which is to last through all time. Subsequentlj U was fractured; and it is now preserved as a hallowed relic of the past. The panoramic view of the city from the steeple is strikingly beautiful. The jBrst story of the east wing, contains the offices of the Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of the State, the Kegister of Wills, the*Recorder of Deeds, and the Clerk of the Orphans* Court. In the second story is the room used for the sittings of the Supreme Court of the State for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, together with the offices of the Recorder of the city, and the District Attorney. In the first story of the west wing, are the offices of the Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, the Clerk of the District Courts, the Clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions, and the Sherijff's office. The second story of this wing contains the County Auditor's, the County Treasurer's, and the County Commissioners' offices, and a chamber used for the sittings of the County Board. The building on the southwest corner of Chestnut and Fifth Streets is the City Hall. When are we to have a better one ? It contains the Mayor's Court and offices, the City Clerk's, the City Treasurer' s,-|*and the Watering Committee's offices; the Commissioner of City Property, and the City Commissioners' offices, together with the offices of the Clerk of the Select Council, and the Clerk of the Common Council, and a neatly fitted up Council chamber. That on the south-east corner of Chestnut and Sixth Streets is at present used for the sittings of the Nisi Prius Court, the District Courts, and the Court of Quarter Sessions. The Law Library is located in the second story. Thii building was the " Old Congress Hall." Here Washinigton bade farewell to public life, and delivered that memorable * This office is now in the Philadelphia Bank building. t This office has recently been removed to the Qirard Bank building. 28 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. add fess, which will ever be cherished as a sacred legacy by his admiring countrymen. UNITES STATES CUSTOM HOUSE. The Custom House, formerly the United States Bank, situated on the south side of Chestnut above Fourth Street, is a splendid marble edifice. It has two fronts, one on Chest- nut, and one on Library Street, each ornamented by eight fluted columns of the Doric order, 27 feet high, and 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, supporting a heavy entablature of the same order. It is in imitation of the celebrated Parthenon at Athens. The structure is built upon a platform, 87 feet in front and 161 feet deep. The view from Chestnut Street is much enhanced by its elevation and recession. It bears altogether the features of unassuming grandeur, and chaste simplicity. The principal apartment is 81 feet long by 48 wide, richij ornamented by fluted Ionic columns, and sculptured embel- lishments. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 29 This beautiful edifice was commenced in 1819, and completed in 1824, at an expense of about $500,000. The United States government purchased it at about one half of its original cost. This building is considered one of the purest specimens of Doric architecture, erected in modern days. Custom House Stores are located in Granite Street below Dock, and at the Patterson Stores, Front and Lombard Streets. United States Storekeeper's Office, Front Street near Lombard. This is the principal Warehouse Department of the Customs. The United States Appraisers' Oppicb is also in the same building. United States Inspectors op Customs and Tidewaiters. — There are several of these officers distributed throughout the three commercial districts, viz., the upper, the lower, and the middle district. Warden op the Port. — By an Act of Assembly, the Governor is authorized to appoint one master warden, whose term of office extends to three years ; thirteen assistant war- dens are appointed by the City Councils and Commissionera of the adjoining districts annually. The duty of these officers is to grant licenses to pilots, to make rules for their government, and to decide all questions of dispute between them and the owners and captains of vessels ', to determine the construction and extent of wharves, &c. An appeal from their decision to the Court of Common Pleas can be made, provided it is done within six days after judgment. The Governor also appoints Inspectors to superintend and inspect various articles of merchandise for exportation, viz., shingles, lumber, ground barks, distilled spirits, beef and pork, flour, fish, butter, lard, flaxseed, grain, &c. He also appoints a Harbour Master, to direct the mooring of ships, and the order in which they shall load and unload at the wharves, &o. 3* so PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. City Tobacco Warehouse. — This immense establishment extends from Front to Little Dock Street, and from Spruce to Dock Street. It is used for the storage and inspection of tobacco. The United States Arsenal, on the Schuylkill, or, more properly speaking, the United States Army Clothing Depot, is situated on the banks of the Schuylkill below the Naval Asylum. The buildings consist of four large storehouses oi brick, three stories high, forming a hollow square. This is the dep6t from which the United States Army receives its supply of clothing, camp-equipage, &c. There is not a pound of powder, nor a single weapon of war fare on the premises, notwithstanding its general name. United States Arsenal, near Frankford. This is an im- mense establishment, used for the storage and manufacture of the munitions of war. The powder magazine is one of the largest in the United States. Since the act of consolidation forming the whole county into one great city, perhaps the largest in the world, the old local halls have been appropriated to different purposes of a scientific or other useful character. LINDSAY & BLAKISTON PUBLISH TOBACCO: ITS USE AND ABUSE. THE USE AND ABUSE OF TOBACCO, by John Lizars, late Professor of Sur gery to the Royal College of Surgeons, &c. &c. Price, 38 cents. This little work is reprinted from the Eighth Edinburgh edition, in the preface to which the author remarks : " The object of the author will be attained, if his observations have an appreciable tendency in arresting the progress of excessive smoking, by drawing the attention of the public to so important a subject. It is difficult to estimate either the pernicious consequences produced by habitual smoking, or the number of its victims among all classes, old and young." ALCOHOL: ITS PLACE AND POWER. ALCOHOL : ITS PLACE AND POWER. By James Miller, P.R. S. E., Professor of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh; President of the Medico-Chirurgical Society ; Author of Miller's Principles and Practice of Surgery, &c. Ac. One volume, 18mo. Price, 50 cents. " I never got a patient by water drinking, but thousands by atrong liquors." — Dr. Gregory. PUBLIC BfJlLDINOS. n LATE commissioners' HALL, SPRING GARDEN. This building is situated at the northwest corner of Thir- teenth and Spring Grarden Streets, and is one of th» most im- posing in the county. 82 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS MARKETS. Few cities can boast of markets better supplied with the bounties of nature than Philadelphia. Let the reader, particu- larly if a stranger, take a tour of observation through them, especially on Wednesday and Saturday mornings, and he will behold an exceedingly interesting and gratifying spectacle. He will find those buildings well supplied with all kinds of meat, poultry, game, fish, vegetables, fruit, &c. There are inspectors appointed by the city and district authorities, whose duty it is to enforce the regulations respecting the weight, &c., to see that no unwholesome food is ofi'ered for sale. The locations of the markets are as follows : Eastern Market. — Corner of Fifth and Merchant Streets. Franklin Market. — Tenth Street above Chestnut. This market, one of the most beautiful of its kind, is adorned ir front by a handsome statue of Benjamin Franklin, executed in freestone, and about ten feet in height. The great philosopher is represented as holding in his right hand a lightning rod, while his left is resting upon a pile of books, against which is leaning a kite, a fitting emblem of his great achievements in electricity. Western JVIarket. — Corner of Sixteenth and Market Streets. Broad Street Market. — Broad below Kace Street Kace Street Market. — Race below Broad Street. Kater Market. — Corner of Sixteenth and South Streets. People's Market. — ^Pine Street near Nineteenth. Avenue Market. — Ridge Avenue above Broad Street. Fairmount Market. — Twenty-second and Spring Glarden Streets. Delaware Avenue Market. — Water and Dock to Spruce Street. MARKETS. 83 Farmers' Western Market. — Twenty-first and Market Streets. Green Hill Market. — Seventeenth and Poplar Streets. Union Market. — Second above Callowliill Street. These market buildings have all been constructed in the handsomest and most durable manner, their ej^tire structure, and especially their internal arrangements, having been con- fided to the most competent hands, whose constant aim has been throughout to keep in view the comfort and convenience of both buyer and seller. And the well-finished brick-work, the complete window and doorway arrangements, and their numerous ornamental pieces, make their outside appearance quite imposing. And though this is nothing more thai* becomes the markets of a great emporium like Philadelphia, yet when compared with those of other cities, it may well be said that our system is perhaps the best in the world. The markets on the old plan are as follows : South Second Street Market extends from Pine to South Streets. North Second Street Market extends from Coates to Poplar Streets. Callowhill Street Market is situated in Callowhill Street, between Fourth and Seventh Streets. Shippen Street Market extends from Third to Fifth Street. Maiden Street Market, Kensington, Maiden Street, be- tween Broad and Manderson Streets. Spring Garden Market, Spring Garden Street. Extensive ranges of light and graceful market-houses line this elegant avenue, from Marshall to Twelfth Street. GiRARD Market, Girard Avenue, from Tenth to Twelfth Street. Moyamensing Market, extends from Prime to Wharton Street 84 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. Franklin Market, Franklin Avenue, Kensington, con- sists of two ranges; one extending from Hancock Street to the Grermantown Road, the other from Crown Street to the Frankford Road. Eleventh Street Market, Moyamensing, Eleventh Street, extends from Shippen to Carpenter Street. water-works. The Fairmount Water-works, from which the City of Philadelphia is supplied with water, is situated on the east bank of the Schuylkill River, a short distance above the beautiful Wire Bridge, at which place a water-power waa obtained by the erection of a dam across the river. This dam was built by sinking wooden cribs filled with stone; it is 1248 feet long, part being founded upon rock, which is dry at low tide, and the remainder being sunk through mud to rock, in some places to the depth of 30 feet below high tide. This dam was erected in 1819, and has successfully withstood seven freshets, in two instances having as much as ten and a half feet of water flowing over it. The water backed up by the dam is conducted into a forebay on the back and east side of the mill- buildings, the whole of which forebay, as well as the site upon which the mill-buildings stand, was excavated from the solid rock; the length of this race or forebay is 419 feet, and the depth of the excavation necessary to form it was 60 feet. The forebay is 90 feet wide, and 6 feet deep below the top of the dam, which allows a passage of the water to the mill-buildings, on its west side to the wheels, which discharge the water into the river below. The mill-building is of stone, 238 feet long and 56 feet wide, divided into 12 apartments, four of which con- tain 8 double-acting forcing pumps, 16 inches in diameter, and 6 feet stroke ; the other apartments, are forebays leading to eight water-wheels. On the east front of the mill-buildings, WATER- WORKS. 35 36 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. over the pump and forebay chambers, is a terrace 256 feet long, and 26 feet wide, paved with brick, forming a handsome walk along the race. Three of the water-wheels are formed of wood, but the remainder are of cast iron, varying in size from 16 to 18 feet in diameter, all, however, being 15 feet wide. These wheel-pumps are each calculated to raise into the reservoir about one and a half million gallons of water per twenty-foui hours; they elevate the water a perpendicular height of 92 feet. Each pump has its own distinct main, of sixteen inches in diameter, running up into the reservoir. The water in the re- servoirs, when they are full, is 102 feet above low tide in the Schuylkill, and 56 feet above the highest ground in the city. The reservoirs are built with stone walls, paved upon the bottom with bricks laid in cement upon puddled clay. The depth ot water in them, when full, is 12 feet 3 inches; there are fom main reservoirs, divided by stone walls, containing togethei 22,031,976 ale gallons. The larger portion of these reservoiri are upon artificial ground, raised in some parts forty feet above the original of the hill. The cost of all the reservoirs wa& $133,822. The water passes from the reservoirs to the city through three iron mains, one of 20 inches diameter, one of 22 inches diameter, and one of 30 inches diameter; and is then distributed through the city in pipes from 3 to 30 inches diameter. There are also the Schuylkill Water Works, three-quarters of a mile above Fairmount. The Delaware Water Works, on the Delaware front, and the Twenty-Fourth Ward Works, on the west side of Schuylkill ; making in all a power capable of raising per day, 29,903,932 gallons. The average amount of water pumped each day of the year 1854 was 11,700,786 gal- lons ; which was distributed through the city of Philadelphia, as now consolidated, in 243 miles of iron pipe of different dia meters, varying from 1^ to 30 inches, as per following table : ^' water-works. 37 Fairmount Works. Old City, has 87| miles and 135 feet of pipes laid, and 683 Fire Flugl. Southwark, « 21J « 414 « 115 « Moyamensing, " 14^ « 441 " 164 « Fairmount W'ks, 1231 " 330 « 952 « Schuylkill Works. Spring Garden, has 39^ miles and 281 feet of pipe laid and 351 Fire Plugs. Northern Liberties, "18 « 297 " 187 " Penn, " lOf « 135 « 102 « Schuylkill Works, 68^ 53 640 Delaware Works. Kensington, has 33| miles and 000 feet of pipes laid, and 279 Fire Plugpi Richmond, « 5^ « 357 ,« 49 « Delaware Works, 39f « 357 « 328 « 24th Ward has lOj miles and 371 feet of pipe laid, and 105 Fire Plugs, Fairmount Works has 123f miles and 330 feet of pipe laid, and 952 Fire Plugfl. Schuylkill Works, " 68| " 53 " 640 " Delaware Works, « 39| " 357 " 328 « 24th Ward Works, " 10|- « 371 « 105 « Together, 242 3-16 «< 121 « 2,025 Fire Plugg. Spring Garden and Northern Liberties Water-works. -—Situated on the east side of the River Schuylkill, about one mile above Fairmount. The engine-house is of granite, consttucted in the Egyptian style ; the chimney is 83 feet high, 5 feet 8 inches in diameter at the bottom, and 6 feet 4 inches at the top, constructed with double walls throughout. The building contains three expansive condensing engines, and three double-acting forcing pumps. The steam cylinders 4 88 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS, are 36 inclies diameter, and 6 feet stroke ; the pump cylinders are 18 inclies diameter, and 6 feet stroke. The fly-wheel attached to one engine is 18 feet in diameter, the rim weigh- ing 8840 lbs.; the working velocity is about 13 revolutions per minute. The boilers are each 13 feet 8 inches in length, by 7 feet 9 inches; they are so arranged that either engine may receive steam from one or both boilers : the steam-pipes, &c., are elothed in woollen and cased in wood j the boilers are enclosed with brick : average working pressure of steam is 16 lbs. to the square inch, and the cut-oflF valves are worked at half stroke. There are two ascending mains, of 18 inches diameter each. Total distance from the pump to the reservoir, is 3250 feet; the elevation of the reservoir from low-water mark is 115 feet. The reservoir is beautifully situated a short distance to the west of Girard College; it is capable of containing 9,800,000 gallons; its depth is 15 feet, the banks of which are com- posed of earth, the whole being lined with a course of clay and gravel puddle-stuff, and faced with a brick pavement, laid in the bottom flat, and edgewise on the sides. It is divided into two apartments. There are two distributing mains, 16 inches diameter each. This valuable work was completed, at a cost of $159,074 65, in the year 1845. GAS-WORKS. TWENTY-FIRST AND MARKET STREETS. In the year 1835, the erection of the Philadelphia Gas-works was authorized by the corporation of the city, and a moderate outlay contemplated, for the purpose of testing the economy and usefulness of such an establishment. Many of our most intelligent citizens doubted the propriety of such an under- GAS-WORKS. 3ft taking ; and although its accomplishment was secured without any liability on the part of the city, they shrunk from what was considered a novel and unsafe means of furnishing arti- ficial light. Now, happily, all these apprehensions have yielded to an enlarged experience, and we question whether there is any respectable member of the community willing to abandon a system, that, so far, has worked so well. Indeed, in the pos- session of the Fairmount Water-works and the Philadelphia G-as-works, our citizens occupy a position of proud superiority over those of our sister cities. The entire area occupied by the old establishment is about seven acres and a half, with a river front of 900 feet. The buildings constituting these works are arranged into two general divisions, A and B. Each division is composed of subordinate sections, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, in A, and 1 and 2 in B. Every section is a complete and independent gas factory, capable of being worked unconnected with all the others, as a separate and distinct establishment, but the whole are arranged symmetrically, and are susceptible of connexion, so that gas pro- duced in any section may be passed through the purifying appa- ratus and meter of any other, at will. The separate buildings comprise two retort-houses, two puri- fying-houses, two meter-rooms, containing six station meters, four conical governors, two ranges of workshops, coke-sheds and offices, three coal-stores, two perpetual lime-kilns, and eleven gas-holders. The retort-houses are 195 feet long, and 48 feet wide, com- prising eight sections, containing 280 retorts ; they are built of brick, and rest upon arches supported by cast iron girders. The range of offices, meter-room, and workshop, belonging to section A, is 133 feet by 20, the coke-shed 170 by 24 feet, and the coal-shed 80 by 50 feet arranged around a hollow square. The extent of the range of offices, smith-shop, and meter-house 40 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. of section B, is 122 by 120 feet; the coke-shed, store-rooms, &c., 270 by 22 feet. Between the retort-houses is an underground coal-store, 40 by 190 feet, capable of containing 40,000 bushels. The lime-kilns are built of stone, in the usual form of per- petual kilns. The southern coal-store is constructed in 13 sections, 100 feet long, 30 feet wide, joined side by side, so that they consti- tute one building, 100 by 390 feet, with a roof supported on stone piers, 18 feet high ; its capacity is about 650,000 bushels. Connected with section A there are 8 gas-holders, of 50 feet diameter, and 35,000 cubic feet capacity each ; with section B, are connected two, of 80 feet diameter, containing 200,000 cubic feet each, and one of 140 feet diameter, with a capacity of one million cubic feet ; all of the telescope form. The guide frames of these gas-holders are entirely of cast iron ', those of the 80-feet holders, are composed of 6 stands of fluted columns, arranged in pairs, with an entablature to each pair, and raised to three tiers in height, there being 36 columns to each gas- holder, the whole bound together at the top by iron open-work girders. The large holder is guided by twelve sets of columns, standing in groups of three, raised four tiers high ; the lower tier is of Tuscan, the second Doric, the third Ionic, and the upper the Corinthian order of architecture. The number of columns is 144, and the whole height of the structure above the coping of the tank, is seventy-four feet, and the depth of the tank thirty-six feet. At Point Breeze, in 1850, a property containing 70 acres was purchased for the purpose of erecting new works to supply the increased consumption, and at some future period to aban- don the present point of manufacture. These works were put in operation in December, 1854. The connecting main to the gas holders on Market Street, is GAS-WORKS. 41 three and a quarter miles long, and twenty inches diameter. It is laid along the Passyunk Road to Long Lane, and up the lat- ter to Twentieth Street, along which it passes to Market Street, and thence to Twenty-Second Street, where it enters the large gas-holder by a twenty inch inlet. There are connections be- tween this main and the general system of street mains at two points, both guarded with slide valves ; one at Twentieth and Spruce Streets, with the twelve inch main in the latter ; the other with a sixteen inch main in Twenty-Second Street, that leads into the Arch Street sixteen inch main. Both these con- nections are kept shut off during the day, and opened as occa- sion requires at night. In transmitting the gas through this long conduit, from the Works to the gas-holder, no difficulty of any kind has been experienced, affording satisfactory proof that the proposed plan of supplying the whole city from a single large factory is entirely practicable, as well as economical. A high standard quality of illuminating gas has been adopted and constantly maintained at these works, by the use of the proper varieties of coals, or by the addition of a propor- tion of resin when the coals should chance to fall below the proper standard. The quality aimed at, is that designated "twenty-candle gas ;" that is to say, the light of an argand burner, consuming four feet an hour, is equal to that of twenty sperm candles, six to the pound. This quality has generally been obtained, with- out the aid of resin, by the use of certain varieties of coals from the western part of our own State. The extent of main pipes laid in the old city, is 629,765 feet; Moyamensing, 95,000 feet; West Philadelphia, 81,980; Frankford, 34,000 ; Spring Garden, 200,000, making an ag- gregate of 1,040,745 feet. The number of lights supplied by these works is about 225.000. 4* 42 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. Spring Q-arden District Gas-works are located on the east bank of the Schuylkill, below Fairmount. Northern Liberties GtAS-works are situated on Laurel near Beach Street. The Navy Yard. — This national establishment is situated on the banks of the River Delaware in the District of South wark. The grounds embrace about twelve acres, which were purchased by the General Government, in 1801, for the sum of $37,500. The present assessment is $250,000. By an act of Assembly, passed in 1818, no street is to be run through the property, while occupied for its present purpose. The area is enclosed on three sides by a substantial brick wall ; the fourth side fronts on the river. The various buildings are the officers^ residence, quarters for the marines, &c., the moulding lofts (the most spa- cious in the country for modelling ships of war), workshops and store-houses, — and two ship-houses, one of them being the largest in the United States. It is 270 feet long, 103 feet high, and 84 feet wide. The other house is 210 feet in length, 80 in height, and 74 in width. To the south of these houses is The United States Dry Docks. — They consist of a Sectional Floating Dry Dock of nine sections, capable of raising the largest steam vessels and ships of the line. Nine years' ex- perience in the harbour of New York, has proved that this dock for the repairing of vessels possesses the greatest facility for docking, and that it has many advantages over the ordinary stone dock. When the vessel is raised from the water, she rests upon keel and bilge blocks, her entire length being sup- ported by them or by shoring, if desirable, upon a floor as long as may be required, and 105 feet wide. Her keel being above the surface of the water, her whole bottom and bilge are ex- UNITED STATES DRY DOCK. 45 posed to light, and dry air, enabling mechanics to work at a much less cost, and with less danger to health, than when con- 6ned to the narrow and wet bottom of a stone dock, rendered dark by the projection of the bilge and guards of a vessel. In connexion with this Floating Dry Dock, a basin and two sets of level ways have been constructed, multiplying the capacity of the works to that of three of the largest stone docks in the world, each set of ways being fitted to receive the largest steam vessel or ship of the line. The bottom of the basin is hori- Bontal, and 350 feet long, by 226 feet wide, enclosed by a wall of granite, except upon the river front, three feet higher than ordinary high tides. The floor and the walls of the basin rest upon a pile foundation, capped with heavy timbers, covered with 6 inch plank, over which a granite floor, 10 inches thick, has been laid. The masonry of the works is all laid in hydraulic cement. The ways also rest upon piles, capped with timber, covered with large blocks of granite. When a vessel requires extensive repairs, the floating dock, with the vessel on it, is made to rest on the solid floor of the basin, by letting water into it ; a sliding frame, or cradle, is placed under her keel and bilges, and a powerful hydraulic cy- linder, connected with the centre way, is attached to the cradle. She is then slid from the floating dock by the hydraulic power upon one of the sets of ways. The contract price for the Sectional Floating Dry Dock, was $402,683 ; and for the basin, two railways, hydraulic cylinder, &c., $411,059, making for the three capacities or docks the total sum of $813,742. These works were conwaienced in the month of January, 1849, and completed in the month of June, 1851. Colonel Burnett, U. S. Engineer, superintended their construction. 44 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. UNITED STATES MINT. The United States Mint. — This national establishment is located in Chestnut near Broad Street. The act of Con- gress for the establishment and regulation of a Mint wafi passed in 1792. In 1829 an additional act was passed foi the enlargement of its operations, and in the same year the corner-stone of the present building was laid. It presents a front of 122 feet, divided into a portico 62 feet long, and two wings 30 feet each. The structure is of the Ionic order, taken from a Grrecian temple at Athens. The portico is supported by six beautiful pillars, 25 feet high, and 3 feet in diameter. It is a brick edifice faced with marble ashlar. — This is a suitable and extensive establishment for the purpose of coinage. The steam engine and mechanical contrivances used in the milling, stamping, &c., are the most beautiful that can be imagined. Visiters are admitted every day from 9 to 12 o'clock, except Saturdays and Sundays PHILADELPHIA PO ST-0 Fl'lCE. 4 i< Philadelphia Post-Office. — There is no possible event * that would cause so great a revolution in the world, as the cessation of ''The Post." It would be a sort of imprisonment to the universal mind — a severing of affections — a congelation of thought. It would be building up a wall of separation between the hearts of mother and child, husband and wife, and brother and sister; it would raise Alps between the breasts of friend and friend, and extinguish, as with an ocean, the love that is now breathed out in all its glowing fervour, despite time and space. If ever man deserved a monument, it was the inventor of writing. Who was he ? It is the next best gift to life itself; but without the medium of the post, it would be divested of half its advantages. Grovernment and the wealthy, it is true, could send their messengers ; but these would not avail to any extent the merchant, and not at all the tradesman or artisan, who now can receive the most needful intelligence, or kindest effusions of regard, from any distance for almost nothing. To depict all the interests connected with the post, would be to read the history of human life ; there is no interest that con- f^ corns the happiness of man carried on and perfected without it. ^^ It is the most perfect system of intercourse that has ever been devised, — it scatters wealth and joy in a thousand directions; no place is too remote, no village too insignij&cant for it to visit. Like the sun dispensing light, it goes its daily round. The first post established in this city, was in 1683 ; when Wil- liam Penn granted authority to Henry Waldy to hold one from Philadelphia to New Castle, whence it connected with one to Maryland. This post went once per week. In 1700, an act was passed by the Assembly for the esta- blishment of a post-office. In 1763, the daily delivery of letters in the city by carriers, was introduced. In the following year, % mail was established, three times a week, between New York 46 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. and Philadelphia, and new and general regulations introduced for the carrying of the mail throughout the country ; for these improvements we are indebted to Benjamin Franklin, the then postmaster. In 1775, the second Congress established a gene- ral post-office, under a postmaster-general, located in this city ; Franklin was appointed to the office, with a salary of $1000 per annum. The communication between distant places at that period (yet it is but a day in the history of our country), was very uncertain. The following amusing instance will illustrate the slow and incorrect manner in which news was then transmitted, and shows us, by an extract from an old newspaper of 1777, published at Nottingham, England, how much in actual advance we are of the '' good old times." " On November the 8th, news was received in this town of the total defeat of Washington's army in America, by the British forces under Sir William Howe, on Long Island, near New York.* Great was the rejoicing thereat j the church bells were rung, the people met in crowds in the streets, and congratulated each other, speeches werfe made, guns were fired, and some enthu- siastic spirits, not content with these demonstrations, procured a donkey and sat an effigy of Washington upon it, which after being paraded about, was finally burnt with great triumph, at night. The glorious news was further confirmed this morning by a letter received at the Duke of Newcastle's house at Clumber Park." We wonder if an extraordinary gazette ever arrived with a full confirmation of the glorious defeat ? Since the Bevolution, great changes and improvements have been introduced into this national establishment. The mind can hardly realize the vast extent of its operations ; keeping up communications, as it does, not only with every portion of our own country, but with the whole world. From its cent"© at Washington, its rays diverge in all directions. * Thii battle was fought on the 27th of August, 1779. PHILADELPHIA POST-OPPIOE. 47 The Post-office is situated on the south side of Chestnut St. belc w Fifth. It is open daily from 5 A. m. to 11 P. M., and two hours in the morning and one and a half in the afternoon, on Sundays. The New York mail closes at 7 A. M., and 5 and 9 p. M. ; Boston at 2 and 9 p. M. j Southern at 2, 5, and 9i A. M. and 9 p. M. ; Reading and Pottsville at 5 A. M. and 2 p. m. The officers are : Cornelius A. Walborn, Postmaster ; Edwin Booth, Chief Clerk ; Wm. M. Ireland, Secretary. In addition to the central office, there are also four sub- offices, viz., Northeast, 1206 North Third Street; Northwest, Eidge Avenue above Wallace Street; Western, 41 South Eighteenth Street; Twenty-fourth Ward, Market, west of Thirty-seventh Street. Besides the usual post-office facilities, Philadelphia possesses the advantage of the most complete City Post in this country. A large number of box stations are scattered over the city, from which letters are collected every two hours; and thousands of letters are thus collected and distributed daily. Careful, intelligent men only are employed as carriers, and as each letter is stamped with the date and hour of delivery, great promptness and reliability are obtained. Open daily, except Sundays, from 5 A. M. to 11 P. M. Sui, .lays, from 7i to 9i A. M. and 5 to 6^ P. M. LINDSAY & BLAKISTON PUBLISH THE CAMP-FIRES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ; or, The War op Independence. Illustrated by Thrilling Events and Stories, by the Old Continental Soldiers. By Henby 0. Watson. With over 50 Illustrations. Price, bound in cloth, gilt backs $1.75 « " embossed leather, or in Library style...., 2.00 « « cloth, full gilt 2.60 " " antique morocco , 4.00 PROCTOR'S HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES FOR THE RECOVERY OF JERUSALEM AND THE HOLY SEPULCHRE. With over 160 Illustr* tious. A handsome royal octavo volume. Price, bpund in cloth, gilt backs $2.00 ♦* " cloth, full gilt 2.00 ♦* " embossed leather, or Library style 2.50 •• ♦* antique morocco 4.00 4S PHILADELPHIAAS IT IS, CHAPTER II. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. THE ACADEMY OF MUSIC. This magnificent establishment stands at the southwest cor- ner of Broad and Locust Streets. The building is an immense structure, having a front of 140 feet on Broad Street, and a depth of 238 feet on Locust Street, and is designed for operatic and dramatic performances, and is the most perfect, perhaps, in all its various departments, of any other in the United States or Europe. The whole width of the stage is 150 feet; stage proper 90 feet, depth 73 feet. The auditorium is 102 feet in depth from the curtain to the back of the boxes, 90*feet in width, and 70 feet in heighth to the dome. It has a parquette of ample dimensions, and besides what is called the parquette tier of PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. 49: boxes, a dress circle, family circle, and gallery. The shape of the auditorium is an oblong, widening somewhat towards the stage, and closed on the opposite sides by a segment, which is considered, by the architects, the most favorable form for acoustics — giving, at the same time, great facilities for obtain- ing perfect vision, in every part of the house. The arrange- ment of the proscenium, or front part of the stage, which pro- jects 17 feet in front of the curtain, is quite novel. Six mas- sive, richly gilt columns, each 33 feet high, and 3 feet 6 inches thick at the base, are arranged in a peculiar way, to support the architrave of the stage opening, and form the proscenium boxes on each side, which are splendidly decorated and curtained, thus forming a beautiful frame for the scenic representations. In the centre, over the curtain, is a medallion, with a bas-relief of the head of Mozart, the great composer, who brought the opera up to its culminating point. Over this there are two reclining figures, representing Music and Poetry. All the plastic orna- mentation has been carved in wood, in accordance with the substantial character which pervades all parts of the building. The coloring of the proscenium, and all the fronts of the seve- ral tiers, is a tinted white, appropriately gilt, which, together with the red paper of the walls, and the dark red plush cover- ing of the seats, presents a very beautiful appearance. The ceiling has been laid out in pannels, painted and gilt in a man- tier reflecting great credit upon the good taste and skill of the artists engaged upon it.. The saloon on the Broad street front, second story, is really a gem in proportions and architectural arrangement. Sixteen Ionic columns support the ceiling, which .consists of intersection vaults, after the model of the celebrated Italian ceilings of the cinque centa period. Into this saloon, sailed Foijer, from the French, the audience may retire for conversation or promenade, between the acts. 5 50 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. The stage is said, by judges, to be the most perfect one in the United States. The scene paintings were prepared by Mr. RussgI Smith, our well-known native artist, Mr. Martin, from Berlin, and Mr. Riviere, from Brussels, all of whom ex- celled their previous efforts. The first great drop-curtain, pre- pared by Mr. Martin, consists of rich drapery, ornamented with golden fringes, ropes, and tassels. It is a splendid work of art, and cannot fail to excite universal admiration. Mr. Russel Smith painted the second or between acts drop-curtain, which re- presents a beautiful view on the Lago di Como, so renowned for its charming scenery. Those of our readers who know the artist's ability, need not be told that the subject has been masterly handled. In this splendid building there is accommodation for 3000 persons, all of whom can be comfortably seated, as follows : First- Class Seats. Parquet Proper 480 seats. Parquet Circle 580 " First Tier Balcony 408 " First Tier Boxes 128 " Six First-class Proscenium Boxes 96 '* Total 1692 ♦* Second-Class Seats. Second Tier Balcony 424 seats. Second Tier Boxes 123 " Two Second-class Proscenium Boxes 32 " Total 590 «< Third- Class Seats. Ampitheatre 618 seats. which, in the aggregate, makes a total of 2900. The Academy of Music was formally opened on the evening o^ Tuesday, January 26, 1857; on which occasion the grand PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. 51 ball-room was formed by flooring over the parquet and stage. An entire floor was laid over the latter, as well as over the parquet; so that there were no unsightly traps or breaks in the floor, to offend the eye or interfere with the movements of the dancers. The sides of the stage were hung with drapery, and, from the centre of the top to the sides, rich hangings were draped, giving the stage the appearance of the interior of an immense marquee. The extreme rear of the stage was arranged to represent a grove, with a grotto scene in the background. The artificial grove was filled with beautiful flowering plants, in pots, and among them a neat fountain sent aloft showers of sparkling spray. Several large and handsome chandeliers were suspended over the stage, but the great feature of the lighting arrangements was the huge chandelier, with its hundreds of lights, and its myriads of glittering crystals, suspended from the centre of the dome of the auditorium, and pouring a flood of light around it. (N. Le Brun and Gr. Runge, Architects.) The boxes were filled, throughout the evening, with ladies; and the scene, when the fete was at its height, was the most splendid of the kind ever witnessed in Philadelphia, and it ia not often that so magnificent an afiair is seen in any part of the world. There were probably over four thousand persons pre* sent, at one time, during the night; and such an array of ele- gantly dressed ladies was never before seen in Philadelphia. There are also in operation the — New Chesnut Street Theatre, Chesnut above Twelfth Street. Walnut Street Theatre, northeast corner of Ninth and Walnut Streets. Arch Street Theatre, Arch above Sixth Street. Carncross & Dixey's Opera House (P]thiopian), Ele- venth below Market Street. 52 nilLADELPHIA AS IT IS. Walnut Street Theatre, north-east corner Ninth and Walnut. Besides the theatres, there are several large and splendid halls for exhibitions, concerts, balls, etc. MUSICAL FUND HALL. The Musical Fund Hall is situated in Locust above Eighth Street ; it presents a neat and appropriate appearance. This Institution was founded February 29th, 1820, having for its objects the relief of decayed musicians and their families, the cultivation of skill, and the diffusion of taste in music. The present building was erected in 1824, at a cost of PUBLICSQUARES. 63 27,500 dollars ; since that time various improvements have been made, the most important of which was in 1847, when sixteen feet were added to the front, making a saloon of 123 feet in length and 60 feet in width, giving the longest ceiling in the country without being supported by columns. It has a temporary orchestra on the south end, sufficient for the accommodation of 150 performers. The saloon will seat 2000 persons. This hall, in regard to its musical effects, stands unrivalled. The lower story contains a supper-room, library of music, a suite of dressing-rooms, and the superintendent's office. There are at present connected with it about 60 life members, 60 professional musicians, and nearly 300 annual subscribers. The Musical Fund Hall is a favourite with our citizens, being rccupied nearly the whole business season, for concerts, balls, lectures, and singing-schools. Its central location and quiet neighbourhood add greatly to its advantages. The superinten- dent of the Hall, Mr. Thomas J. Becket, is at all times on or near the premises, and takes much pleasure in giving infor- mation, or exhibiting this really elegant building. PUBLIC SQUARES. Independence Square, formerly called the State House Yard. This is a beautiful and favourite promenade. The Declaration of Independence was first publicly read in this Square, ]>y Captain Hopkins, of the Navy, July 8th, 1776: hence the iJta.me. Those handsome buildings on Walnut Street, facing this Square, and on Sixth Street, facing the Washington Square, occupy the site of the ^' Old Prison.'^ During the Revolution, it was the "British Provost/' and at one time they had within its gloomy walls over 900 American prisoners, under the charge of the ever-infamous Captain Cunningham. These 6* 54 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. brave men were principally those captured at the battles of Brandjwine and G-ermantown. Many of them died there of hunger and cold : their sufferings as related by eye-witnesses were most heartrending. Crossing over Sixth Street, we enter Washington Square. — This is a most delightful spot, re- joicing in almost perpetual verdure ; it is also planted with a great variety of beautiful trees, shrubs, and plants. Here bloom alike the towering oak, the lordly pine, the weeping willow, the fragrant almond and magnolia. It is a lovely picture, iu the summer, to see this Square animated and enlivened by the fair and gentle, — by the clear, sweet voice of childhood, min- gling with the song of the numerous birds, as happy and as innocent as themselves. In olden time, this was the "Potters* Field,'* overgrown with weeds and brambles ; the place where the stranger and the friendless found a last resting-place. During the war of Independence, upwards of two thousand soldiers of the American Army, who had died from the effecta of their wounds, or the camp fever, were buried in it; the ashes of these brave fellows lie on the line of Walnut by Seventh Street. John Adams says in a letter, " I have spent an hour this morning in the congregation of the dead. I took a walk into the Potters' Field ; and I never in my life was so affected with melancholy ; the graves of our soldiers, who have been buried during the last summer and winter, are enough to make the heart of stone melt away. The sexton told me that upwards of two thousand soldiers have been buried here ; and, by the appearance of the graves and trenches, it is probable to me that he speaks within bounds.'* It was last used for this purpose during the prevalence of^ yellow fever in 1793, and was finally closed as a place of in- terment in 1795. It was laid out as a public square in 1815. It is proposed to erect a monument to Washington in the centre plot. When is it to be done? Philadelphians, look at Bunker PUBLIC SQUARES, 55 Hill monument 1 New England is true to the memory of the brave; let it no longer be said that the remains of over two thousand of the soldiers of the Revolution lie in jour most beautiful Square, their graves unnoticed — nay, in a great measure, forgotten. Franklin Square, — situated between Race and Vine Streets, and Sixth and Franklin Streets. This is a noble Square, beautifully shaded with trees and shrubbery ; it is laid out with great taste, and kept in good order. In the centre is a splendid fountain, with forty jets of water, enclosed by an ornamented iron railing. — The Franklin Square is a favourite place of resort of thousands of our citizens during the warm days of summer. The Penn Squares, Broad and Market Streets, will soon become highly ornamental, having been neatly laid out and planted with choice trees. This was formerly the site of the "Old Water-works.^' The vicinity in this neighbourhood has much improved of late years ; where once the unsightly Arch Street Prison stood, are now spacious and elegant residences. Rittenhouse Square, is located in the southwestern section of the city, and Logan Square, in the northwestern part. Jefferson Square, in the southeastern part of the city, between Third and Fourth and Prime and Federal Streets. All these Squares are well lighted at night with numerous gas lamps, and are provided with seats for the accommodation of the piiblic; the grass, trees, &c., are frequently cut and trimmed, and the walks well rolled and kept clean. Besides the above squares, there are Fairhill Square and Norris's Square, not yet laid out, though it is designed they iihall be at an early date. iI^in,l!;,IJi^^i:51|iii!ii|l I !i iiipbiiiiiiii ■111! !| i!|||i|*i|'!i COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 5T CHAPTER III. COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS. The Merchants' Exchange is a magnificeni building, fronting on Walnut, Dock, and Third Streets. It is con- Btructed of the purest Pennsylvania marble, from a design of W. Strickland, Esq. It forms a parallelogram, the eastern front being circular, embellished with a portico re- cessed, supported by Corinthian columns, standing on a base- ment, which being richly ornamented with sculpture, gives a stately air to the building as viewed from Dock Street. It is three stories high, the lower one being occupied by the Post- Office, on the north, the Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Company, on the northwest, and the Union Mutual Insurance Company, on the southwest corner. The first named Company have a beautifully executed engraving of this building as viewed from Dock below Third Street. The Merchants' Reading Room, in the splendid rotunda on the second story, is ornamented with designs in fresco; the floor is inlaid in Mosaic work. A superb view of the lower part of the city, the River Delaware, &c., is obtained from the cupola. Tho remainder of the building is rented for commercial offices, &c. The entrance from Dock Street is by semicircular flights of marble steps, on the north and south sides, both of which are ornamented by two gigantic lions, exquisitely cut in marble. The vicinity of the Exchange is one of the most enlivening in the city. 58 PHILADELPUIA AS IT IS. ^ jjiJ -JI-^J-^ I'll' III \%{ m iiii 11 iiilllllf^il S.TELFCASC. merchants' exchange, north view. Philadelphia Board of Trade. — The meeting-room of this association is No. 505 Chesnut Street. It is a large and commodious apartment, comfortably furnished, and contains a number of valuable maps, charts, &c., among which is a large chart, showing the projected railroad routes to the Pacific Ocean, executed under the direction of S. W. Roberts, Esq. COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 59 The officers of the Board consist of a president, two vice- presidents, treasurer, secretary^ and a board of twenty-one directors. The object of the Board of Trade, is to make the association a point of practical union among the business men of Phila- delphia, where suggestions can profitably be exchanged for the promotion of local interests, and where harmony of action can be secured by the contact of intelligence and experience. BANKS. The Banks of Philadelphia may with propriety be num- bered among the public buildings ; and, taken as a whole, are certainly more beautiful as specimens of architecture, than those of any other city in this country. The first of these institutions which we notice, is the Bank of North America, the first established in the Uoifced States; being founded in view of the depressed state of the public finances, by Congress, in December, 1781. It is believed that this establishment, together with the exertions of Robert Morris, one of its principal originators, saved the treasury from bankruptcy, and was eventually the restorer of sound credit, and a good circulating medium. An additional act of incorporation was passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, in 1782. This was, however, repealed "in 1785. In 1787, a new charter was granted, which has subsequently been re- newed. Capital stock, $1,000,000. The present banking-house, situated on the north side of Chestnut Street, between Third and Fourth Streets, is an elegant building, constructed of brown stone, presenting to our city a fine example of the Florentine style of architecture. Mr. Watson, in his annals of Philadelphia, tells us that this bank commenced its career with ^'coin sent out from France, at the instance of Robert Morris, by M. De Chaumont 90 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. BANK OP NORTH AMERICA. it was landed at Boston ;" he also adds, that this generous stranger " extended to Mr. Morris's widow," in after years, ''an annual pension.'^ From the Government, which her husband had so nobly served, this lady never received any substantial benefit. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, Chestnut Street between Fourth and Fifth Streets, was incorporated in 1809 ' capital stock, $2^000,000. The building recently erected b^ the directors of this institution is of white marble, and in point of beauty, is one of the most attractive in the city. The Mechanics' Bank was chartered in the year 1814, and has a capital of $800,000. Its banking-house is a neat and graceful edifice, located in Third below Market Street. COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 61 TEE LATE BANK OP PENNSYLVANIA. The Bank of Pennsylvania, Second below Chestnut Street, was chartered in the year 1793, with a capital of $2,500,000. The banking-house of this institution is one of the most beautiful specimens of Grrecian architecture in this country. The building is constructed of Pennsylvania marble. It is designed from the Temple of the Muses, near Athens ; with two porticos, of six Ionic columns each. The principal room is lighted from an elegant dome, which, together with the entire roof is covered with marble. The corner stone of this classic edifice was laid in April, 1799, and the structure completed in 1801. The building has been sold to the United States Government for a Post-office. This Bank failed in 1857, before the new building in Chesnut Street was fin- ished. 62 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. WE STERN BANK. The Western Bank occupies the building at the corner of Chestnut and Fourth Streets. This banking establishment was chartered in the year 1832, and has a capital of $500,000, The front of this structure consists of an elegant portico of the Corinthian order, resting on a basement flanked by wings. The counting-room of the institution is in the west wing, which is approached by a flight of marble steps, ascending from Chest- nut Street, adjoining the portico. The basement is fitted up into spacious stores, the westernmost one of which is occupied by the Girard Life Insurance Company. The Philadelphia Bank, a substantial and imposing granite building, on Chestnut above Fourth Street, was char- tered in 1804, and has a capital stock of $1,800,000. This institution formerly occupied a portion of the building at the S. W. corner of Chestnut and Fourth Streets. COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 63. aiRARD BANK. The Girard Bank, Third opposite Dock Street. Thia stately edifice was built originally for the first United States Bank ; subsequently it was occupied by the wealthy individual whose name it bears, as his banking-house. Here, from early morning until 3 o'clock, p. m., he transacted in person his extensive concerns as a banker, and instructed and received reports from his numerous agents and captains of his vessels. After banking hours he retired to his farm, where he enjoyed the pleasure of rural employments until the evening, when he again returned to his bank, where the midnight hour found him examining and scrutinizing the accounts of his clerks with a keenness of inspection peculiar to himself. In the study of Girard's history we cease to wonder at his magical success. His secret lay in the patient application of a sagacious mind to the single object of accumulation. It is in vain to say, that with some, all things seem to prosper, while beneath the touch 64 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. of others everything withers and dies. The secret of success, BO well understood by this remarkable man, is not so very difficult to solve after all; it lies in a word, and that is, Perse- verance. The present Bank was chartered in the year 1832, with a capital of $5,000,000. In 1847, it was re-chartered, with a reduced capital,— $1,250,000. The Bank of the Northern Liberties, stands on the north side of Yine, east of Third Street. This institution was chartered in 1814. Capital, $500,000. Commercial Bank, south side of Chesnut, corner of Hudson's Alley. Chartered in 1814, with a capital of $1,000,000. Bank of Commerce, formerly the Moyamensing Bank. Incorporated in the year 1832, with a capital of 1250,000. Located in Chestnut St., west of Second St., in a handsome brown-stone building. Corn Exchange Bank, at the N. E. corner of Second and Chestnut Streets, was incorporated in 1858, with a capital of $130,000. Union Bank, N. E. corner of Third and Arch Streets, was incorporated in 1857, with a capital of 127,000. Bank of Penn Township. — Incorporated in 1826. Capi- tal, $350,000. The building is a handsome edifice, pleasantly located on the northwest corner of Vine and Sixth Streets. SouTHWARK Bank. — This institution was incorporated in 1825, with a capital stock of $250,000. The banking-house stands in Second below South Street. Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Bank, northwest corner of Third and Vine Streets. This institution was char- tered in the year 1832, with a capital of $600,000. Kensington Bank, Beach Street below Master, was incor- porated in 1826. Capital, $250,000. COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 65, Tradesmen's Bank, corner of Spruce and Second Streets, mcorporatcd in 1847, with a capital of $150,000. City Bank, Sixth Street, north of Market. Incorporated, 1855. Capital, $500,000. Consolidation Bank, Third Street, below Callowhill. Incorporated, 1855. Capital, $500,000. Commonwealth Bank, Chestnut Street, above Fourth. Incorporated, 1857. Capital, $500,000. savings-banks. Peiiladelphia Savings Fund, Walnut street, between Third and Fourth Streets. This institution was incorporated in 1819. It is open for deposits on Mondays and Thursdays. Western Saving Fund Association, 10th and Walnut. Incorporated in 1847. Open for deposits daily, except Sun- day. '' We have seen," says a writer in a London paper, "■ a very handsome Temperance Hall, built out of penny subscrip- tions, with the motto, cut in stone : " * Wise pennies bought it. Who would have thought it !' " True enough, who would have thought it? yet this started in the mind of ''a canny Scot," — the idea of Penny Savings Banks, which have since been eminently successful. In one city, with a population of 40,000 inhabitants, no less than 5,000 have made deposits, which during six months amounted to over $5,000, or an average of over one dollar each. As will be readily sup- posed, these deposits belong to a class which heretofore never aspired to the thought of an ordinary Savings Bank, with its comparatively speaking high scale of deposits. They are open every evening for the receipt of the smallest sums. Consider this subject, citizens of Philadelphia. Think of the advantage of having converted the eighth part of an entire town popula- tion into habits of self-denial and frugality j of giving to so many persons, a stake in the country, a stake not small to them ; — 6* 66 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. and yoTi cannot view the result as other-wise than important. We think this excellent system might be introduced into this city, with great advantage. "Take care of your pennies/^ is a wise adage. We confess to have now some faith in the proverb PENN BUILDING. Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company. — This build- ing (formerly occupied by the Company) is a point of much interest in the thoroughfare where it is placed, from its decided beauty and originality. It is entirely of cast iron, and was the first building of this material erected in Philadelphia. The first story is a series of semi-octagons, supporting an order highly enriched. Over the front entrance, resting on an orna- mented dais, is a cast iron statue of William Penn, weighing six hun-ired p:)unds. Arcades of beautiful windows, rise COMMERCIAL INSTITL'TIONS. 67 above this point to the fourth story, which terminates with a highly-decorated cornice, supported by consoles, &c. Above this, is the fifth story, which forms an appropriate finish to the whole edifice. The mode of construction is dissimilar to any iron building in this country or Europe, many of the plates being not over one-fourth of an inch thick, and none over half an inch; the whole space occupied by the wall being less than seven inches. These plates are jointed and bolted together in a novel method, highly creditable to the skill of the contractor, Mr. J. SiN- GERLY, who has carefully carried out a design, improved by the patient efi"ort of the architect, Mr. J. B. Cummings, to construct an iron building without waste of material. The style of architecture is the modern or florid Italian. Sesides the principal entrance on Third Street, there is an ad- ditional one on Dock Street, leading to the upper stories. The Company's ofl&ce*is elaborately finished, and the fur- niture is of the most tasteful and substantial character. The neighbourhood of this interesting edifice abounds in public buildings, offices, &c. On the opposite side of Third Street stands the Girard Bank, and facing the south front is the Merchants' Exchange, in which the stranger will find the Post-Office, Commercial Beading-rooms, the apartments of the Board of Trade, the Board of Brokers, together with several Insurance Offices, &c. In Walnut Street, below Third, is situated the Earquhar Building, at once chaste and ornamental, while to the east of the Exchange is seen the Pennsylvania Bank. This latter structure, as viewed from Dock Street, forms an object of much attraction. This vicinity is also the starting-point for omnibuses running to the various parts of the city and adjoining districts. Vandyke Building, southeast corner of Third and Chest- nut Streets. In the construction of this edifice, the architect * Now in Chestnut Street, near Tenth Street. 68 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. VANDYKE BUILDING. has judiciously adapted Ms plan to tlie limited space allotted him, and has designed the exterior in a tasteful and scientifio manner. The building is of brown stone, in the Italian style, and is five stories high. The first floor is occupied by the United States Life Insurance, Annuity, and Trust Company, an institution of the most substantial and honourable character, chartered by the State of Pennsylvania. The upper stories are occupied by agencies, commercial offices, &c. In the vicinity of this great central business stand are many elegant and beautiful stores, Banks, &c., lately erected. The most prominent are, the Bank of North America, the Grranite Building, Ledger Office, and Jayne's Buildings. UNIVERSITY OF P E N N S i L V A N I A. 09 CHAPTER IV. EDUCATION. "i"^ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The University of Pennsylvania, Ninth Street below Market, was establish^jd in 1750 as a charity school and an academy, through the exertions of a few public-spirited indi- viduals, among whom Dr. Franklin was prominent, — chartered and endowed in 1750, erected into a college in 1755, and into a University in 1779. The building first occupied by this school, was that known as ''The Old Academy,'' in Fourth below Arch Street, originally built as a meeting-house by the friends of the Eev. G. Whit- field This society, in disposing of the premises, reserved the 70 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. right of a meeting hall in it for ever, for the use of itinerant preachers. Within the past two years this old and celebrated edifice has been removed, and a new and elegant structure of brick erected on its site. It is still a school attached to the University. In 1798, the trustees purchased from the State, the Presi- dent's House, built for the accommodation of the President of the United States. This spacious building, three stories high and 100 feet square, enlarged in 1807 for the convenience of the Medical Department, was taken down in 1828, when the present ones were erected. They are each 85 feet front, by 112 deep, surrounded by an open area, separated from the street by a neat and substantial iron railing. This Institution comprises four departments, viz., the academical, the collegiate, the medical, and the law. The pro- fessors are of the highest standing in the various departments, and the school ranks second to none. The Faculty consists of a Provost and a Vice-Provost, a Professor of Moral Philosophy, a Professor of Mathematics, an Emeritus Professor of the G-reek and Latin Languages, a Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature, a Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry, and a Professor of the Greek and Latin Languages. Besides these, there is a Professor of French, for voluntary classes in that language; and Professors of American History; of Chemistry applied to the Arts; and of Natural History, — by whom Lectures are occasionally given. The college year extends from the eighth day of September, to the third day of July (in which month the Commencement is held), with two vacations of one week each at Christmas, and at the beginning of April. Tuition, $75 a year. The catalogue of the last college year contains the nameb oi ninety -five students, GIRARD COLLEGE. 71 The Law Department was instituted in 1850. The course consists of two terms, of six months each, commencing on the first Monday in November, each year. GiRARD College (See Frontispiece). — This really mag- nificent College is situated on Eidge Avenue, about two miles from Market Street. It was founded by Stephen Girard, and is designed for the gratuitous instruction and support of destitute orphans. Mr. Girard was a native of France, having emigrated to this country at an early age, and settled in Philadelphia, where, by unwearied industry and judicious management, he accumulated a noble fortune, the larger portion of which he bequeathed to the city of Philadelphia for the erection and support of this institution, and improving the city. This College is one of the most beautiful structures of modern times, as a work of art alone, and a monument of private munificence to the cause of education such as few countries in the world possess. The corner-stone was laid on the 4th of July, 1833, the buildings were completed in 1847, and the Institution went into operation on the 1st of January, 1848. The general design of the main building is that of a Greek temple ; having eight columns on each end, and eleven on each side, including the corner columns both ways. The superstructure rests on a stylobate or basement, con- sisting of eleven steps, which extend around the entire edifice, thus imparting a pyramidal appearance to the superstructure, which conveys an idea of great solidity, and at the same time afi'ords an approach to the peristyle from all sides. The order of architecture in which the exterior is composed, is the Corinthian : the columns are 6 feet in diameter, and 55 feet in height; the bases are 9 feet 3 inches in diameter, and 3 feet 2 inches high ; the capitals are 8 feet 6 inches high^ 72 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. and 9 feet 4 inches wide on tlie face of the abacus. The corner columns have 1^ inches more diameter than the intermediate ones, for the purpose of overcoming the apparent reduction in their size, arising from their insulated position. The shafts are composed of fruster, measuring from 2 feet 6 inches to 6 feet 3 inches in height, accurately jointed, and set on milled lead; each shaft is channeled in 24 semicircular flutes, with fillets terminating under the capital in water leaves. The capitals are each constructed in four courses ; — the first, consisting of a single piece, 1 foot 7 inches in height, embracing an annular row of sixteen water leaves; the second, likewise composed of a single block, measuring 33 inches in height, con- tains an annular row of eight acanthus leaves ; the third con- sists of two pieces, with a vertical joint running through the middle, measuring 35 inches in height, and embraces the vo- lutes and the cauliculi ; the fourth constitutes the abacus, the height of which is 15 inches : this course is composed of four pieces, the vertical joints being hid by honeysuckles dovetailed into the bell, thus making each capital to consist of twelve separate pieces, all securely dowelled and cramped togetner, and the joints so disposed as not to be observed. The architrave over each intercolumniation consists of four "blocks of marble, 21 feet 5 inches in length, 4 feet 2 inches in height, and 1 foot 4^ inches in thickness, extending from, column to column. The cornice consists of congeries of mouldings, enriched with a dentil baud, and crowned with a sculptured cymatium of 2 feet 4 inches in height. The extreme projection of the cornice from the face of the architrave is 4 feet, and its height 7 feet 6 inches. The whole height of tha entablature is 16 feet 4 inches, and of the pediment, from the top of the cymatium, 17 feet S inches, making the height from the top of the columns to the apex of the pediment, 34 feet. GIRARD COLLEGE. 73 The cella or body of the building is 111 feet wide, by 169 feet long, and 56 feet 8 inches high, including the architrave, which corresponds with that of the peristyle. The corners of oella are finished with projecting antae of 5 feet 6 inches in the width, having bases to correspond with those of the columns. The doors of entrance are in the north and south fronts ; each door measures 16 feet wide and 32 feet high, in the clear, trimmed on the outside with moulded antepagmenta of 2 feet 7 inches in width, and crowned with a projecting cornice sup- ported by richly-carved consoles. Each flank is pierced with twenty windows, four of which open into each room, and one on each flight of stairs ; those which open into the rooms, are grouped and divided by Greek antse, surmounted by architraves and cornices. The roof is composed of marble tiles, four and a half feet long, four feet wide, and three-fourths inches thick in the mid- dle, the sides being elevated an inch and a half above the general surface, to prevent the water running into the joints; each of these joints is covered with a marble saddle, hollowed out on the inner side, so as to embrace the ridges on the two adjacent tiles. The weight of each of these tiles is 776 lbs., and of each saddle 214 lbs., the whole number of tiles is 2064, and of saddles 2061 ; the aggregate weight of the tiles and saddles is 906 tons ; in addition to which, the marble chimney- tops, and cast iron skylights, weigh 20 tons, and the lead, &c., of the gutters, 43 ^ tons; making the entire weight of the roof, exclusive of the brick- work which supports it, 969 i^ tons ! The jkylights are of cast iron tiles and saddles, so formed as to pre- sent an appearance, corresponding to the rest of the roof; in the centre of each tile two lights of glass are inserted, measur- ing 19 inches in width, 42 in length, and half an inch in thick- ness. The building is three stories high, the first and second being 7 74 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 25 feet from floor to floor, and the third story 30 feet in the clear to the eye of the dome ; each story is divided into ibur rooms, each 50 feet square, and vestibules. The vestibules in the first story, and the lobbies over them in the second and third stories, occupy the northern and south- ern ends of the building; they are each 25 by 50 feet, exclu- sive of the space occupied by the stairways. The vaulting of each vestibule and lobby, springs from marble entablatures, supported by eight columns and as many antae. The shafts of these columns are each composed of a single piece; the order of those in the first story is Ionic, in the second, a modified Corinthian, from the Tower of the Winds at Athens, and the third, a similar style, only somewhat lighter and more ornate. All the rooms and vestibules are vaulted with bricks ; those of the basement, first and second stories, with groin arches, and those of the third story, with pendentive domes springing from the floor, the horizontal or springing line being four feet square, with bands. These bands form semicircular arches on the four walls of each room, and from their angles at the floor, spring the pendentives The horizontal section of each room is thus resolved into a circle at the top of the bands, and crowned with a dome; the dome, as well as the pendentive and bands, is enriched with deep cofferings, and the eye of the dome is finished with an ornamental fret, and covered with an inner skylight of 16 feet in diameter. The stairways are situated in the four corners of the building ; they are all composed of white marble, and are five feet three inches in width, with two landings or quarter paces in each story ; they are constructed on the *' geometrical plan." All these stairways and landings are finished with rich balustrades of cast iron, and mahogany rails, springing from massy marble newels. The dome over the stairways is similar in construction to those in the rooms. GIRARD COLLEGE. 75 The outbuildings are each 52 feet by 125 feet Icng, and three stories high, with a basement 7 feet above the surface of the ground ; they are all faced with marble and roofed with copper. The easternmost building embraces four separate and com- plete dwelling-houses, for the officers of the Institution. The others are fitted up for the accommodation of the pupils, their tutors, governesses, and domestics. An additional building has recently been erected, to the west, for water purposes. The water is raised by a steam engine in the cellar, from a large well, and forced into tanks in the upper story. All the washing and drying, together with the baking, &c., is done by steam in this building. The whole establishment is enclosed by a wall ten feet high, which is in accordance with the provisions of Mr. Girard^s will. It has been named " the ugly wall 3" and we think justly so, when the splendid edifices it incloses are taken into consideration. There are two gates of entrance, one on the north and one on the south front of the main edifice. The college grounds contain about 41 acres, the eastern por- tion of which is laid out in grass-plats, and gravel and paved walks, between and around all the buildings. The western portion of the estate, which contains 20 acres, is laid out in gardens, &c. ; a convenient farmhouse, barn, and outbuildings, have been erected on it. The whole cost of this magnificent college, including the improvements of the grounds, &c., was 11,933,821 78, which is $66,198 22 within the amount specified by Mr. Girard, for the erection and endowment of the Institution. The whole of this building has been erected in strict accor- dance with the will of its founder, with the exception of the portico, and that is justified by the proviso, that ** utility and good taste should be left to determine in particulars not speci- 76 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. fied in the will/* Let those who object, look at the building, and say whether it would have been a tasteful object without the portico. Last year, the remains of Mr. Girard were removed from the churchyard, Spruce and Sixth Streets, and now rest tempO' rarily in the lower vestibule, on the south end of the building, beneath a statue of himself, beautifully cut in marble. It is said to be a good likeness. There is no country that possesses, either among the ruins of ancient or the work of modern days, a more beautiful struc- ture than this, or one in which chasteness of design, richness of decoration, and exquisite skill of workmanship, are more happily combined; and it is a subject of congratulation that every part of it was executed by American workmen. The number of orphans at present in the College is 370. The " will" is the governing principle of the Institution ; it provides that the orphans shall be instructed in the various branches of a sound education, comprising, reading, writing, grammar, arithmetic, geography, navigation, surveying, prac- tical mathematics, astronomy, natural, chemical, and experi- mental philosophy, the French and Spanish languages, and such other sciences and learning as the capacities of the pupils may merit or warrant. It further directs that the orphans should be admitted be- tween the age of six and ten years, and that those who merit it shall remain in the college until between the age of four- teen and eighteen years, when they are to be bound out to some useful occupation, such as agriculture, mechanical trades, arts, &c. The of&cers and teachers of the Institution at present com- prise a president, a secretary, three professors, two physicians, a matron, an assistant matron, five male teachers, twelve female teachers, and a steward. Clergymen, under no circumstances, according to the will of Mr. Girard, can be admitted within the precincts of the College PUBLIC SCHOOLS. ^ Tickets of admission can be obtained by applying ic »i j ^.f the Directors, of whom the following is a correct list for 1863 : — Richard Vaux, President, 520 Walnut Street; James J. Bos well, 400 Chestnut Street; George C. Bower, north-east corner of Sixth and Vine Streets; Henry Corfield, 120 North Delaware Avenue ; Robert M. Foust, 419 Walnut Street; John 0. James, 504 North Fourth Street; William Bradford, 319 South Fifteenth Street; William W. Burnell, M.D., north-east corner of Twentieth and Vine Streets ; Greorge W. Nebinger, M.D., south-east corner of Passyunk and Washington Avenues ; William Divine, 1802 Rittenhouse Square; John Fest, 907 North Second Street; Henry Yale Smith, M.D., Tenth Street above Catharine; William Welsh, 218 South Delaware Ave- nue; Luther Martin, 1522 Girard Avenue; William Mayburry, M.D., 685 Vine Street; Morton McMichael, 132 South Third Street; Gustavus Remak, 307 North Sixth Street; Henry W. Arey, Secretary, 257 South Ninth Street. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The early settlers of Pennsylvania well knew the importance of education, and encouraged its diffusion. The illustrious Penn says, in his Frame of Government : " Let men be good, and the government cannot be bad; but, if men be bad, let the government be ever so good, they will warp and spoil it, to their turn. Those, therefore, who make a good government must keep it, viz., men of wisdom and virtue ; which qualities, because they are not inherited, must be propagated by a na- tional education of youth.'' No system of general education was, however, attempted during our colonial existence. The patriots who framed the first State constitution, provided "that a school or schools shall be established in each county by the 7* .78 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. legislature for the convenient instruction of youth, and that all useful learning shall be duly encouraged, in one ar more universities." The Constitution of 1790 directed that " the legislature should, as soon as conveniently may be, provide by law, for the esta- blishment of schools throughout the State, in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis." Notwithstanding these provisions, little was done by public authority towards promoting this great national cause, until the year 1818, when the act '' to provide for the education of children at the public expense, within the city and county of Philadelphia," was passed. This act was the foundation of our system of common schools. The intelligent regarded the success of this experiment with deep solicitude, and they soon had reason to be gratified with the results. In the Lancasterian system, then popular, there were, how- ever, serious and inherent defects, and the controllers and direc- tors became convinced that a radical change was necessary. It was made j and the monitors were succeeded by assistant teachers. In the year 1828, the controllers were authorized to establish schools for the instruction of children under five years of age; and in 1832, a model infant school was opened. Secondary schools were subsequently established, and the infant schools changed to primary. The Central High School, at the corner of Broad and Green Streets, presents externally quite an ornamental appear- ance. It is built of the best quality of pressed brick, and is in front 100 feet wide, with a depth on Green Street of 75 feet. The plainness of the extended front is relieved by projections and recesses in the line of the outer wall, by a horizontal line PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 79 of marble work separating the first story from those above, by a large main entrance in the middle, by the cornice, by the square tower and the dome of the observatory above. Internally, each story is separated into two equal parts b^ a hall 16 feet wide. The building contains one large lecture room, capable of seating 600 persons ; two cabinets ; a chemical laboratory ; a hat room ; a library, and sixteen recitation rooms, besides the observatory and a calculating room adjoining. One of the best views of the city may be had from the roof of the observatory, which is 112 feet above the level of the street. The different stories are connected by wide stairways, and the building has admirable facilities for the movements of the classes, as well as for being instantly cleared in case of fire, or other accident. It is heated and ventilated by four of Chilson's furnaces, having registers and ventilators in each room. Since the establishment of the Philadelphia High School, in October, 1838, upwards of 3900 students have enjoyed its benefits. The average number attending the school at present is about 550. The course of studies is well calculated to pre- pare the students for an active career, alike honorable to them- selves, and useful to their country. These studies comprise moral, mental, and political science j theoretical and practical mathematics j astronomy, civil engineering, anatomy, and phy- siology; natural history, belles-lettres, and history; elocution, French, Latin, natural philosophy, chemistry, drawing, writing, book-keeping, and phonography. The examinations of candidates for admission are held semi- annually, in February and July. Candidates, to be admitted, must be at least thirteen years of age ; must have passed at least one year in one of the public schools of the City of Phila- delphia, and must show, on examination, that they can read, write, and spell correctly, and that they have a good knowledgd 80 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. of the Constitution and history of the United States, grammar, geography, arithmetic, algebra and mensuration. In the year 1819, there were in the first school district 10 schools, 2845 pupils, and 10 teachers. At present there are 304 schools, 940 teachers, and 56,000 scholars. The number and designation of these schools are, 1 High, 1 Normal, 55 Grammar, 48 Secondary, 156 Primary, and 43 unclassified, all under the direction of 24 controllers and 315 directors, distributed throughout the twenty -four sections, com- prising the city of Philadelphia. These schools, since their organization, have been continued with increasing interest, by the controllers and directors. Our sitizens regard their support as a social requirement and public obligation, their efficiency and usefulness being abundantly manifest, from the great number annually emanating from them, instructed in all the useful branches of education. To render the instruction in the public schools still more perfect, the controllers and directors were authorized to esta- blish the Normal School, for the instruction of female teachers, which was done in 1848. The instruction of the pupils in this school, consists of a thorough training in all the branches taught in the public schools, with reference to teaching, together with such a course of mental and moral discipline, as shall improve the understanding, and elevate the character. The course of instruction extends through a term of two years, and is the very best that could possibly be adopted to accomplish the de- sign of its establishment. The examination of candidates for admission is semi-annual, in February and July. To be admitted as a pupil, the candi- date must be fifteen years of age, and must be proficient in orthography, definition of words, reading, English Grammar, History of the United States, arithmetic, and penmanship, and PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 81 must have attended one of the Public Grammar Schools of this district for one year. Previous to admission, she must declare her intention to pursue the business of teaching in the Public Schools of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, The principal school-houses in the city are all substantial brick edifices, principally three stories high, and of sufficient capacity to accommodate from 600 to 1000 pupils. The Office of the Controllers of the Public Schools is in the first story of the Athenaeum Building, Sixth street below Walnut. High School, S. E. corner of Broad and Green sts. Normal School, Sergeant below Tenth st. We give the names and locations of the principal Grammar Schools in the city : Weccacoe School, cor. Second and Reed sts. Jackson School, Federal st. below Twelfth. Wharton School, Fifth st. below Washington. Mount Vernon School, Catharine st, above Third. Ringgold School, cor. Eighth and Fitzwater sts. South-east School, Front st. below Pine. Colored School, Sixth st. near Lombard. North-east School, New st. near Front. South-west School, Twenty-third st. above Lombard. Locust Street School, cor. Twelfth and Locust sts. Zane Street School, Zane st. above Seventh. North-west School, Race st. above Broad. Madison School, New Market st. above Noble. Mifflin School, Third st. above Brown. Warner School, Robertson st. above Parrish. John Quincy Adams School, Glarden st. below Button* ?food. Monroe School, Buttonwood st. below Eleventh, Hancock School, Coates st. below Twelfth 82 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. Livingston School, Twenty-third st. above CallowhilL Jefferson School, Fifth st. above Poplar. Harrison School, Master st. above Second. Morris School, Palmer st. above Duke. Carroll School, Richmond. Penn School, S. E. cor. Eighth and Thompson sts. Manayunk School, Manayunk. RoxBOROUGH School, Roxborough. Rittenhouse School, Germantown. Harmony School, Chestnut Hill. j Marshall School, Frankford. ; , Columbia School, Holmesburg. Fayette School, Bustleton. Randolph School, Nicetown. Irving School, Bridesburg. West Philadelphia School, "West Philadelphia. The Philadelphia Society for the Establishment AND Support of Charity Schools, was incorporated the 6th of April, 1791. This association was organized for the purpose of establishing and supporting schools, to educate gratis, in reading, writing, arithmetic, and other useful learning, children of the poor, of all denominations, in the city of Philadelphia, the districts of Southwark and the Northern Liberties. The school, Walnut street west of Sixth, under charge of this So- ciety, has always maintained a high character. The average number of pupils attending, is about one hundred and fifty. The studies pursued in the Boys' Grammar School comprise reading, penmanship, arithmetic, algebra, mensuration, gram- mar, geography, and History and Constitution of the United States. The girls, in addition to their studies, are taught various branches of needlework. This is very important ; and will, probably, in after life, be of great value to them. This association is principally supported in its labors by the patronage of the benevolent. HOUSE OFREFUQE. 83* House op Refuge. — This noble school of reformation was incorporated on the 23d of March, 1826. Its object is "the employment of the idle, instruction of the ignorant, reformation of the depraved — a general diffusion of good morals, enlarge- ment of virtuous society, and the protection of life and property." Various Acts of Assembly have been subsequently passed, in aid of the Institution, and in extending its benefits. Male delin- qnents, under the age of twenty-one years, and females, under the age of eighteen, may be sent to the " Refuge" by the differ- ent criminal courts throughout the State, also by the magis- trates of the city of Philadelphia, in either of the following modes, viz., "on complaint of the parent, guardian, or next friend, and with due proof that such infant is vicious, and be- yond the control of such parent, guardian, etc.; or, where com- plaint and due proof are made that such infant is a proper sub- ject for the House of Refuge, in consequence of vagrancy or vicious conduct, and that the parent, guardian, etc., in whose care such infant is, is incapable or unwilling to exercise a pro- per control over the said infant." There are two departments in the Institution ; one for white, and the other for colored children. The buildings originally erected for the white department were situated on Coates street, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, the area occupied by them having been about two and a quarter acres. They were erected in 1827 and 1828, and subsequently enlarged so as to accommodate 160 boys and 70 girls. The first inmate was admitted on the 8th of December, 18^8 ; and these buildings were vacated, by the removal to the new buildings, on the 24th of May, 1854. The buildings for the white and colored departments are now adjacent; those of the latter having been opened for the recep- tion of inmates on the 1st of January, 1850, and those for the white department on the 24th of May, 1854, as above stated 84 PHILADELPHIAASITIS. The lot on which the buildings of both departments stand, is bounded by Poplar, Twenty-second, Parrish, and Twenty-fourth sts. J the entrance to the white department being on Parrish street, and that to the colored department on Twenty-fourth street. The portion of the lot occupied by the white department is 475 by 400 feet ; that appropriated to the colored department, 400 by 210 feet. The buildings at present erected on the for- mer can accommodate 304 boys and 128 girls, and are capable of enlargement, at a moderate outlay. The buildings of the colored department (which have been recently enlarged) can accommodate 122 boys and 76 girls; the two departments thus affording accommodation for 630 inmates. For convenience of arrangement, and proper adaptation to the purposes of a reform school for juvenile delinquents, we believe these buildings are unsurpassed by those of any similar in- stitution in the world. The cost of these buildings, including furniture, and the site on which they stand, has been about $375,000. The boys in the white department are employed in caning chair-seats, and in the manufacture of daguerreotype cases, and of pill and powder boxes; while those in the colored department are occupied in making umbrella furniture, and shoemaking. The cooking, and the washing, making, and mending of clothes, for the respective establishments, is done by the female inmates, who thus acquire a thorough knowledge of housekeeping. Rather more than four hours a day are devoted to the school-room, and nearly eight hours to the workshops. A year's training, we are told, is generally found sufficient to produce the desired refor- mation. When, in the opinion of the indenturing committee, an inmate is properly prepared, a suitable place is obtained for him. When a child leaves the Refuge, the managers keep a parental eye to his welfare ; and the master under whose charge he is placed, is required to communicate yearly, to the superin- SUNDAY SCHOOLS, 85 tendent, an account of the health, conduct, and improvement of his apprentice. In most instances, these accounts are remarkably favorable. Visitors are admitted to inspect the Institution on every day excepting Sunday, and on that day persons can there attend Divine service. ^' The Refuge " is sustained by aid from the State, and the city of Philadelphia, by life and annual subscribers, legacies of the benevolent, and the labor of the inmates. Fifty dollars constitutes a life, and two dollars an annual subscription. Jesse K. McKeever and Elisha Swinney are the superintend, ents. During the year 1855, 314 boys and 91 girls were ad- mitted into the white, and 84 boys and 27 girls into the colored department, making a total of 516 admissions. During the same period, 335 boys and 66 girls were discharged from the white, and 60 boys and 27 girls from the colored ; an aggregate of 188. On the first of January, 1856, 186 boys and 69 girls still remained in the white department, and 97 boys and 40 girls in the colored ; both combined presenting a total of 392. Their earnings during the year 1855 amounted to $4,083,82, which were considerably exceeded by those of 1854, when they reached the sum of $8,483.11. The total expenses during the year 1855 were $43,140.18. Retreat for Imbecile Children. This institution, one of the most useful of the age, located at Germantown, within the corporate limits of the city of Philadelphia, was originally designed for the training of idiotic children ; but it has been recently proposed to add thereto a department for epileptics, as well as for those children who may not be sufl5ciently advanced to receive instruction. Joseph Parrish, M. D., is the superin- tendent of the institution, which, in November, 1856, contained 35 children. The buildings are situate on School-house lane, in Germantown, and the office of the institution is located in Walnut Street below Fifth. 8 s6 philadelphia as it is. Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church. — This Institution was established, in 1785, under the auspices of the late Bishop White, and revived, in 1846, under those of Bishop Potter. The Academy, lately erected in Locust street, near Broad, is a noble building, in the Elizabethan style, con- structed of red stone. The pupils are conducted through a course of classical and elementary instruction : to such as have the ministry in view, those branches of learning are taught which the canons of this Church require as preliminary to an entrance upon a course of theological study. A playground is attached to the building, and the upper stories are furnished with gymnastic implements, for the exercise of the pupils. Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, Schuylkill Fifth and Eace streets. This Institution was in- corporated in 1848, and is under the direction of Lazaritists, or priests of the Congregation of Missions. It is supported, principally, by voluntary donations. Society for the Institution and Support of First-day OR Sunday Schools, in the city of Philadelphia, and the dis- tricts of South wark and the Northern Liberties. This asso- ciation, however unpretending in its efforts, has been continued through a long series of years. It was organized January 11th, 1791, by a number of benevolent individuals, their object being "to procure instruction to be given upon the Sabbath, to such persons as from indigence or other cause were deprived of the advantages of moral and intellectual culture in daily schools.'' The first school opened by the Society was at the corner of Arch and Third Streets. This was the first free school in the State. A second was shortly afterwards opened in Fron* near Arch Street. The success attending this movement, in- duced its friends to petition the Legislature, praying " them to establish free schools throughout the State I" In 1797, an ftct of incorporation was granted to this Society, whose mission was to prepare the way for other and more improved organizations SUNDAYSCHOOLS. 87 .nsequence of the formation of Sunday Schools by the vai.ous religious denominations, the necessity of those under notice were in a great degree obviated, and they were closed about the year 1819. At a meeting of the Society in that year, the board of Visitors were authoriz-ed to apply the funds of the Institution in future, as they might from time to time deem advisable, towards the support of Sunday Schools already established in this city. The funds of the Society are invested in mortgages, ground rents, &c., the annual interest of which is about $300. Communications may be left at the Depository of the Ameri- can Sunday School Union, 1122 Chestnut Street. Robert Raikes Union Sunday School, Sixth below Car- penter Street. This is a neat and substantial building. The school is designed for those children who would otherwise " run the street on the Sabbath," although many respectable and worthy people send their families to it. It is under the direc- tion of the Philadelphia Sunday School Union. The Howard Sunday School, situated on the south side of Shippen below Fourth Street, South wark. This Institution is one of those noble monuments of truly Christian benevo- lence, so general in our city. Its mission is to seek out from the poverty-stricken, the degraded, and the vicious, in the out- skirts of the city, those children, whose education, morals, and religious training have been neglected; to rescue, to teach, and to elevate them to respectability and usefulness. Every friend and lover of his kind ought to be a supporter of the Howard School. The Aimwell School Society was established in the year 1796, principally by the Society of Friends, for the gratuitous instruction of female children. We visited one of these schools, situated in Cherry Street, below Tenth, on the north side, and were much pleased with the arrangement of the building, and the order and strict attention to their studies manifested by the t 88 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. children. The course of studies embraces only the useful branches. They are taught well. In addition to the above institutions, there are numerous others, supported by the benevolent, or by the different reli- gious denominations. Among which, are the free schools for the education of colored children, the parish schools attached to the Episcopal and Roman Catholic Churches, the Presbyterian Institute, the Adelphia School, the Free School for the education of Negro Children, founded by Dr. Bray, in 1696, and established by " his associates,'* in this city at an early date; together with those established and sup- ported by the Society of Friends. This last Society was the first to establish institutions for the promotion of literature in Pennsylvania. The first charter granted for this purpose was that by William Penn, in 1697, "to the overseers of the schools." Nor should we forget the numerous private schools and academies which abound in all parts of the city and dis- tricts, the very names of which would exceed the limits of the present chapter. MEDICAL COLLEGES. 8&' CHAPTEK y. MEDICAL COLLEGES. Few cities are more renowned than Philadelphia. True, she Is not celebrated in historic page, the beguiling legend, or poetic song, for battles or for bluody sieges. Her fame is more lasting. She has been honoured by the sojourn and paternal care of the peaceful, yet heroic William Penn, and of Washington, of Patrick Henry, John Adams, and their compatriots. Here has been the home of Franklin, Morris, Logan, and Rittenhouse. Here convene the scientific, phi- lanthropic, and political conventions, and the deliberative as- semblies of the various religious societies; and here stands the venerated Hall of Independence, where the memorable Declaration of Freedom was promulgated, which has sounded 80 loudly, and which yet reverberates in the ears of an awaken- ing world. Of the many public institutions of which this city can boast, none surpass those for medical education. In this department of science she has been favoured with the labours of a Shippen, Rush, Wistar, Physick, Barton, Dewees, Grodman, Eberle, and a host of others. No less celebrated or entitled to regard are those who are now advancing medical science. They are men of whom we may justly feel proud, and their labours add no small amount to the laurels won by those just mentioned. Here Obstetrics has become a science, and Surgery advanced equal to ita 8* 90 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. European state. Philadelphia surgery is nowhere secondary, She has the oldest surgical clinic, and can show the greatest number of surgical operations, and the largest medical library in the country. Here was established the first medical school in the Union, and here are now the largest number of medical colleges, the most valuable publications, the most learned authors, and by far the greatest number of medical students. What more is requisite to justify the assertion, that Phila- delphia is the Medical. Metropolis of the United States? UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The first of these institutions to which we call the atten- tion of the reader is the Medical Department of The University op Pennsylvania, Ninth Street below Market. The University of Pennsylvania had been in existence, first as a simple Academy and then a College, some sixteen years before a system of medical instruction was admitted into its plan. This event took place on the 3d of May, 1765, the date at which the first medical professor was appointed. This was undoubtedly the first Medical College in the United States. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 91 The idea of establishing this school in Philadelphia was con- ceived by Dr. Wm. Shippen and Dr. John Morgan. Some conversation upon the subject passed between these gentle- men, while prosecuting their studies in Europe ; but to which of the two the merit of priority in the conception belongs, has not been determined. Dr. Shippen, on his return from Europe in 1765, delivered a course of lectures in this city on anato- my, in the introduction to which he expressed his belief " in the expediency and practicability of teaching medicine in all its branches in Philadelphia.'' In the mean time, Dr. Morgan formed the project of engrafting a Medical Department on the College of Philadelphia, and secured in its favour several of the most influential friends of the Institution both in Grreat Britain and America. The project was laid before the trustees, on the 3d of May, 1765, and approved. Dr. Morgan was immediately appointed Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, and on the 23d of September, the same year, Dr. Shippen was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. Since then the number of Professors has been increased, until, at the present time, they comprise a Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, a Professor of Chemistry, a Professor of Surgery, a Professor of Anatomy, a Professor of the Institutes of Medi- cine, a Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, a Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, and a Professor of Clinical Surgery. Courses of Lectures are de- livered by each of the Professors upon the branches of medicine respectively attached to their chairs. The sessions begin early in October and continue through March. The Anatomical Museum in the Medical Hall is fifty feet square, with a gallery on three sides. It is abundantly fur- nished with preparations of every kind calculated to give the fullest illustrations of a course of anatomical lectures. The Surgical Cabinet is richly supplied with the means of demon- 92 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. stration, and the chemical apparatus is equal in extent and variety to any other in the country. The Medical Hall is admirably adapted for the purposes of the school. It is central in location, and has ample spacs around for free circulation of air. Its dimensions and archi- tectural character are such as not to appear incongruous with the extent of the school and the high objects for which it was established. JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE. The Jefferson Medical College was established in 1825, and chartered the same year. The College building, Tenth Street, between Chestnut and Walnut, has been repeatedly enlarged, in order to accommodate the constantly increasing number of students. The principal of these enlargements took place in the year 1845, when the flourishing condition of the school was such as to render the old building (itself already very large) entirely inadequate to the purpose for which it was intended. The building as it appears at present, was designed by Mr. N. Le Brun, architect, and exhibits, on a lot of limited dimensions, the JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE. 93 most ample and convenient arrangements. The front is em- bellished by a hexastyle composite portico of beautiful and much-admir^ proportions. The entrance, on the north side of the building, leads by am- ple stairways to the several lecture-rooms, &c. On the first floor is a room 50 by 70 feet, adjoining which is the Labor- atory, and other apartments necessary for the purpose of the lectures. In the second story is the Anatomical Lecture- room, constructed in the form of an amphitheatre, and of the same dimensions as the room below. The arrangement of these rooms has been made to insure comfort to the students, while the important desiderata in such establishments, viz., light, ventilation, and acoustic adapta- tion, have been attended to. A magnificent Museum has been placed in the rear of the building on this story. It is amply provided with materials for illustrating the various branches. In addition to the Osseous, Nervous, Vascular, Muscular, Ligamentous, and other prepara- tions for anatomical demonstration, it also contains a large number of wet preparations, relating to Pathology, Obstetrics, Surgery, &c., and an extensive collection of diseased bones, cal- culi, models4n wood, plaster, and wax, together with an ample series of paintings and engravings, representing healthy and morbid parts, fractures, dislocations, tumours, &c., and the surgical operations necessary for their relief. The dissecting-room is over the Museum, in the third story. It is pronounced one of the very best in the city for this purpose. Convenient rooms for the Faculty, and private chambers for the professors and students, are placed in rear of the stairways. Attached to the College are hospital accommodations, which form part of the clinic of the Institution : they are under charge of the diflferent Professors, and are richly supplied with 94 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. medical and surgical cases, forming a prominent and important element in the educational resources of the establishment. It appears that there were treated in this department, during the clinical year ending April 2d, 1853. Two thousand one hundred and eighty-eight cases were treated, and three hundred and eighteen operations performed. This list very much exceeds the preceding year, and embraces many of the most important medical and surgical cases. The Medical Institute of Philadelphia, founded in 1817, owes its origin to the Professors of the Theory and Prac- tice of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, and for a period of thirty-four years it has occupied an important position among the medical institutions of this city, being in fact the oldest among them, with the exception of the University. The object of Dr. Chapman in founding this school was, pri- marily, to benefit his large class of office students, during the interval between the winter sessions, by giving them a com- bined course of medical instruction. For this purpose, asso- ciations were formed at different periods, with Drs. Horner, T. Harris, Mitchell, Dewees, Jackson, Hodge, Bell, and many other gentlemen, who have long occupied distinguished public situations, and whose names are widely known to the medical profession. The design of the Institution differs materially from that of the winter schools, with which it has no connexion whatever. It confers no degree or diploma, being intended rather to afford such a course of instruction, practical and demonstrative, as is particularly needed by those students who remain in the city, either for the whole period of their study, or during anjr single interval between the winter lectures. The course of instruction embraces Anatomy, Materia PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE. 95 >ieclica. Obstetrics, Practice of Medicine, Surgery, Physiology, and Chemistry. The course of instruction commences in April and continuea until October, with the usual vacation during the summer. PENNSYLVANIA COtLEGE. * Pennsylvania College, Ninth below Locust Street. This 3ommodious and imposing edifice was erected in 1849. In the spring of 1859, by the appointment of the members of the Faculty of the Philadelphia College of Medicine to the chairs niade vacant by the resignation of the late Faculty of the Me- dical Department of Pennsylvania College, a virtual consolida- ♦ This btiilding has recently Jn-f n purchased by the Eclectic Medical College, 96 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. tion of the two institutions was accomplished. The charter of the Philadelphia College being in the hands of the Faculty of Pennsylvania College, the former institution will probably never again be revived; while it is confidently anticipated, by the friends and alumni of both schools, that this movement will add greatly to the strength and prosperity of the latter. The design is from the architect of Girard College. With that beautiful chef-d'oeuvre we do not compare it: neverthe- less, this building bears the distinguished features of the same genius — perfect in its outlines and details, economical and useful in design, and attractive in appearance. The building is sixty by eighty feet, five stories high. Its front elevation is the Collegiate Grothic, and, being adorned with embattle- ments and embrasures, presents to our city a new style of edi- fice, at once substantial, tasteful, and novel. The facade is of brown stone, and is ornamented by two mas- sive towers, eighty feet high, crowned with a rich embattled parapet. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid on the 31st of May, 1849, and the building completed and occupied in October, 1850. The building contains three lecture-rooms, the arrangement of which is such as to admit of the speaker and his experi- ments and demonstration being seen from every seat. They are all constructed on acoustic principles. In addition to those rooms, there is a spacious museum, a dissecting-room, a che- mical laboratory, a Registrar's office, private rooms for the Pro- fessors, together with various ante-rooms for the students, and apartments for the Janitor. The Museum is beautifully arranged. It is 22 feet in width, 47 in length, and 24 high, surrounded on all sides by a gallery 12 feet from the floor. It contains a great variety of wet and dry preparations, both physiological and pathological, models PENNSYLVANIA MEDICAL COLLEGE. 97 and casts in plaster and wax, together with an extensive series of paintings, diagrams, and plates, classified under the heads of Anatomy, Physiology, Medical and Surgical Pathology, and Obstetrics; in/iddition to which there is an extensive cabinet of Materia Medica, and a well-selected chemical and philosophi- cal apparatus. The Faculty, moreover, are constantly engaged in multiply- ing their means of illustration, and in increasing, in every pos- sible manner, the opportunities and advantages of the student. The Dissect in g-Room is commodious, well ventilated, and furnished with every convenience. Students may rely upon an abundant supply of material, which is furnished at a mode- rate price. It is under the supervision of the Professor of Anatomy, assisted by the Demonstx%tor, who will superintend the dissections of the classes, facilitate their labors by his ad- vice, and render their researches more valuable by his demon- strations. For clinical instruction, the students of this college have access to the courses of the Philadelphia (Blockley) and Penn- sylvania Colleges. In both of these institutions, medical and surgical cases, in great variety, are brought before the class, on Wednesdays and Saturdays throughout the session. So im- portant is Hospital instruction deemed by the Faculty, that second-course students are furnished with a ticket of admission, free of charge, to one of these institutions. A Clinic is held at the college every Wednesday and Satur- day, to which a large number of patients resort to be pre- scribed for and operated upon in the presence of the class. An Obstetrical Clinic has also been instituted, under the care of the Professor of Obstetrics, at whicB students will be made practically acquainted with the diseases peculiar to women, the use of the speculum, etc. Besides the foregoing advantages, it may be mentioned that 9 98 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. there are numerous internes, or junior resident physicians, an- nually elected to the various medical charities of the city, of which there are nearly twenty, and these posts are open to graduates and students from all quarters of the world. A beneficiary foundation has been established, upon which a limited number of pupils will be received. It is at present re- stricted to ten. The regular course of lectures for the session commences in the college building in October, and continues without inter- mission until the following March. The commencement for conferring degrees takes place early in March, causing as little detention of the graduating class, after the close of the lec- tures, as possible. There is also an examination of candidates for graduation on the 1st of July — the degree, in such cases, being conferred at the ensuing commencement in March. For graduation, the candidate must have attained the age of twenty-one years, be of good moral character, and have ap- plied himself to the study of medicine for three years (courses of lectures included), and have been, during that time, the pupil of a respectable practitioner of medicine, for at least two years. He must have attended two complete courses of lec- tures on all the branches, one in the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, and the other, if not in this institution, in some medical school recognized by it. He must also have attended one course of practical anatomy, and at least one course of clinical instruction, in some institution approved by the Faculty. When a candidate applies to the Dean for admission to exa- mination, he is required to submit a thesis on some medical subject, selected by himself, and written correctly with his own hand, on thesis paper, in English, Spanish, French, Glerman, or Latin. A degree is not conferred upon a candidate who ab- sents himself from the public commencement, except by spe- HOiAIOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE 9!> cial permission of the Faculty. Premature examinations are granted only under circumstances of extraordinary urgency, and then only to unusually advanced students. HOMCEOPATHIG MEDICAL COLLEGE. HOMCEOPATHIC MeDICAL GoLLEGE OF PENNSYLVANIA.— Instituted 1846. — The Faculty of this establishment com- prises a Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics ; one of the Homoeopathic Institutes, and the Practice of Medicine; one of Botany, and Medical Jurisprudence; one of Clinical Medicine ; one of Obstetrics, and the Diseases of Women and Children ; one of Physiology and Pathology ; one of Cho.mistry 100 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. and Toxi cology ; one of Surgery ; one of Anatomy, and a De- monstrator of Anatomy. The College building, Filbert Street, between Eleventh and Twelfth, was constructed with a special view to the object to which it is now appropriated. The lecture-rooms are com- modious, and that part appropriated to dissection is admirably adapted to the purpose, being large, well-ventilated, and sup- plied with all the conveniencies necessary for the comfort of those engaged in the study of Practical Anatomy. The museum contains ample materials for study, in wax models, anatomical preparations, morbid and healthy speci- mens, both dry and wet, and a large collection of anatomical, surgical, and obstetrical plates, of the size of life, a cabinet of minerals, specimens of the materia medica, and philosophical instruments, &c. A dispensary is connected with the College, at which, in ad- dition to the regular lectures, clinical instruction is given by the different professors. In this dispensary, an extensive range of disease is presented for study. A physician is in daily attendance, from whose examinations and prescriptions the student can have abundant opportunities of acquiring prac- tical information. We learn that the corporation have in view the establish- ment of an hospital, to be attached to this Institution, a charter for that purpose having been granted by the State. Energetic efforts are now being made for placing this charity in operation at an early day. The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania. — This new Institution was founded in 1849, principally through the exertions and influence of Wm. J. Mullen, Esq. It has the distinguished honour of being not only the first school of the kind in the United States, but in the world. The object of the Institution is to instruct respectable and FEMALE MEDICAL COLLEGE. 101^ intelligent females in the various branches of medical science, whose rights and privileges, upon receiving the degree of the Doctorate in this school, will not be inferior to those of the graduates of any other medical institution in this country or Europe. The popularity attending the first establishment of this college was such, that the Legislature of our State granted it a charter as broad and liberal as that of any in the Common- wealth, upon the presentation of a bare petition. The school, so far, exceeds the most sanguine expectations of its warmest friends. The number of students attending the present course of lectures is about forty, from all parts of the country. The course of instruction comprises six branches, viz.. Anatomy and Physiology, Principles and Practice of Medi- cine, Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Surgery and the Institutes of Medicine, Materia Medica, Pharmacy, <«id Chemistry. The Museum is amply, and, considering its age, we should rather say richly, supplied. It contains an extensive collection of wet and dry preparations, illustrating every part of human A^natomy and Physiology; together with a large proportion of French models and wax preparations. We recommend our readers to avail themselves of the opportunity to examine this Museum. It is open during the Sessions. This Institution is located on North College Avenue, near Girard College, being perfectly retired and free from annoy- ance. It is proposed, when sufficient funds are obtained, to erect a more suitable building for the accommodation of the College. We hope the effort will be successful, for the rapidly increasing number of students will soon render the present one entirely inadequate. The science of Obstetrics in this country is almost entirely in the hands of male practitioners. Why should this be so ? 9* 102 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. From the earliest history of the art, prior to 1663, it was practised by females. History supplies abundant evidence on this point. About that date, the Duchess de Yalli^res, a favourite mistress of Louis XIY. of France, made the first innovation, and the fortunate attendant was soon afterwards appointed to the novel yet lucrative office of Midwife to the Princess of France. Put woman in possession of all the knowledge upon the subject of Midwifery, and let her use it for the relief of her sex. If she could manage these matters so exclusively before the dawnings of science, how much more so now, with the light it has afforded ! If there is one appropriate sphere of more consequence than another within the scope of woman's duty, it is at the bedside of a suffering sister. Now, as for- merly, woman is must willing to enter, and most reluctant to leave, the abodes of suffering and sorrow. It has always been her office to administer to the necessities of the afflicted, and most nobly has she sustained it. Why then ought she not to be educated to preside over the duties of the lying-in chamber ? Eclectic Medical College oe Pennsylvania, corner of 6th and Callowhill. This new Institution was chartered in 1850. The lectures commence on the 27th of October, and continue until the end of February. The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Filbert St. above Seventh. This Institution was established in the year 1821, and incorporated in 1822, for the following purposes* " to obviate a departure from the correct customs and estab- lished principles of the Drug and Apothecary business," to direct attention to the " qualities of articles brought into the Drug Market,'^ to secure the " discussion of subjects relating to the business, and communicate information beneficial and interesting to the trade,'' and to create a School ofi Pharmacy COLLEGE OF THARMACY. 103 in which lectures should be delivered, " expressly for the in- struction of Druggists and Apothecaries." The influence of this College during the thirty years that have elapsed since that time, has been productive of a general elevation of the standard of knowledge and skill, as well as of professional ethics, among the Apothecaries in Philadel- phia; and by the influence of its well-conducted quarterly, '^ The American Journal of Pharmacy," and by the scattering of a large number of graduates throughout the Union, it has con- tributed toward a general and widespread improvement in the Pharmaceutic art. The Hall, located as above, was built in 1832. It is spacious and airy, possessing ample room for the lectures, apparatus, cabinet, and library, and for the purposes generally of the Institution. There are three professorships in the school, embracing the subjects of Materia Medica, Chemistry, and Pharmacy. The annual session commences and ends nearly simultaneously with those of the Medical Colleges. The lectures are deli- vered in the evenings at 7 and 8 o'clock. LINDSAY & BLAKISTON PUBLISH THE YOUNG AMERICAN'S LIBRARY — 12 volumes — containing: THE LIFE OF GENERAL WASHINGTON, THE LIFE OF GENERAL TAYLOR, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, " NAPOLEON BONAPABTE, " GENERAL LAFAYETTE, " HENRY CLAY. " GENERAL MARION, " DANIEL WEBSTER, WILLIAM PENN, THE YANKEE TEA-PARTY, or Boston in 1776. " GENERAL JACKSON THE OLD BELL OF INDEPENDENCE. Each volume beautifully illustrated by Eight Engravings, and neatly bound in cloth, gilt backs. Price of the whole sett, enclosed in a neat box, $6 ; of any volume separately, 50 cents. THE GIFT LIBRARY — 6 volumes — containing : Mary Howitt's DIAL OF LOVE— 1 vol. Mrs. Myers's NEIGHBOR'S CHILDREN- MIDSUMMER FLOWERS— ] vol. 2 vols. Mrs. Hughes's BUDS AND BLOSSOMS— 1 vol. TRUE RICHES — 1 vol. With numerous Illustrations; bound in cloth, gilt backs to match. Price for the eett, enclosed in a box, $3.75 ; for any volume separately, 63 cents. 104 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. CHAPTER VI. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. " Knowledge hath left the hermit's ruined cell, The narrow convent, and the cloister's gloom ; With world-embracing wings to soar and dwell Mid purer ether and sublimer room. The Tolleyed lightnings of her press consume The tyrant's strength, and strike the bigot blind; Day after day, its thunders sound the doom Of some old wrong, too hideous for the mind, Which reason hath illumed, which knowledge hath refined." It is always a source of gratification, to find men, whose dailj avocations are of the most bustling and industrial nature, availing themselves of every leisure interval to cultivate and increase their means of intellectual enjoyment; and there can be no greater ornaments to a city, than those educational and literary institutions, which, springing from and supported by the people, are adapted to the public wants ; no matter whether the buildings are of brick, costly marble, or " plain rooms," their objects consecrate and invest them with a host of pleasing and pure associations. In the very centre of our city, where the hurry of trade, and the anxiety of the law, are depicted on numbers of faces, it is alike pleasing to the visiter, and honourable to the citizen, to find five spacious buildings devoted to the difiiision of know- ledge ; we allude to the American Philosophical Society, the Philadelphia Library, the Athenaeum, the Franklin Institute, and the Mercantile Library. American Philosophical Society, Fifth below Chest- nut Street, east side. To the ever active and leading spirit of AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 105 Benjamin Franklin, we owe the origin of the association which may be considered as the germ of the present American Philo- sophical Society. In his own memoir, he tells us that, in the autumn of 1727, himself and several of his ingenious acquaintances formed a club, ''for mutual improvement/' It was called "the Junto." The number of members was restricted to twelve, and in some respects their meetings were secret, to prevent the application of improper persons for admission. It appears that this " Junto" continued in existence nearly forty years, but as its members grew old, it doubtless lost much of its activity and spirit, and probably, long before its close, the meetings were held only for sociability. In a letter to Hugh Roberts, written in July, 1765, Dr. Franklin urges his attendance at the "Junto," and says, "We loved, and still love one another j we are grown gray together, and yet it is too early to part. Let us sit still, till the evening of life is spent. The last hours are always the most joyous. When we can stay no longer, it is time enough then to bid each other good night, separate, and go quietly to bed/' This " Junto" seems to have been a mere conversational or debating society, similar to those immortalized by Addison and Johnson. Yet its members appear to have taken an active part in establishing various social reforms, and associa- tions for the promotion of useful knowledge, prominent among which is the one under notice. In May, 1743, Franklin drew up and issued a prospectus for the formation of such an association. It was entitled, " A Proposal for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge among the British Provinces of North America;" and may be consi- dered the true origin of the American Philosophical Society. The first members were all men of science. Their early efforts, however, were not successful, and for several years it existed 106 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. but in name. In November, 1767, only six of their number remained in Philadelpbia ; but these few determined upon making an effort for its revival; and by the following January they succeeded in electing forty-eight others, many of whom were distinguished for their talents, rank, and influence in the community. John Penn, the then Grovernor of the Province, became the patron of the Society. The Council chamber at the State House was granted for its meetings, and it had also the use of the College room, and apparatus for experiments. From this time its proceedings were conducted with spirit. In the year 1750, there was another scientific association established under the name of ^'The Junto," in which subjects of Natural History, Philosophy, Morals, Science, &c., were considered and discussed. In 1766, having increased its list of members, and adopted new rules for the admission of fo- reigners and non-residents as correspondents, the association abandoned the name of " Junto," and adopted that of the "American Society for Promoting and Propagating Useful Knowledge." These two learned bodies, whose organization was nearly similar, and whose pursuits and objects were alike, saw the importance of a union ; and in 1768, proposals to this effect were made by the American Society to the Philosophical Society. After considerable negotiation, the measure was effected, and the two societies united. Their first meeting was held January 2d, 1769. They were incorporated on the 15th of March, 1780, as the "American Philosophical Society, for Promoting Useful Knowledge," held at Philadelphia. The early transactions of this association contain much curious and interesting matter, among which we find a notice* of the first steam-engine built in this city; also that relative to the first boat ever navigated by steam. It is dated Sept. 27th, 1785, and reads thus : "The model, with a drawing and THE PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY. 107 description of a machine for working a boat against the stream^ by means of a steam-engine, was laid before the Society by Mr John Fitch/' During the Revolutionary War, the meetings were in a great measure suspended. In 1779, they were, however, re- sumed, and have ever since been continued. The site of the present Hall was given to the Society by the State, in 1785, the building erected in 1789, and occu- pied in 1790. It is a plain brick structure, remarkable only for its location and historical recollections. It consists of two stories and a basement, — the hall of the association occupying the second story. In the year 1786, John Hyacinth De Magellan, of London, gave to the Society two hundred guineas, to be vested as a permanent fund, the interest of which should be annually dis- posed of in premiums, to be adjudged to the best author of the best discovery, or the most useful invention relating to navi- gation, astronomy, or natural philosophy. The library contains about 20,000 volumes, in various lan- guages, many of which are rare and valuable. Few books are purchased, except scientific periodicals; the accessions being principally by gift from learned societies and individuals. The Society also possesses an extensive cabinet of medals, coins, &c., and a large collection of maps, charts, engravings, and manu- scripts. The meetings are held on the first and third Fridays of every month, from October to May, and on the third Friday in each of the other four months, at 7 o'clock, p. m. The Hall is also open every Friday evening, when members meet for the purpose of reading and social intercourse. On these occasions they may introduce a friend or stranger. Charles B. Trego ia the secretary and librarian. The Philadelphia Library Company, is one of the oldest and most extensive in this country. It was instituted h (4 ■< fi n M -"J M At M » H H THE PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY, 109 in 1731, principally througli the influence of Dr. Franklin, and the members of " The Junto." The first importation of books was received from London in 1732, and the Library opened in " Robert Grace's house,'' Jones's Alley. In 1740, the collection of books having largely increased, the library was removed to the upper room of the west wing of the State House, the use of which was granted to the Company by the Province. On the 13th of March, 1744, the Union Library Company of Philadelphia was united with the one under notice ; and, in consequence of the additional number of books and members, the Library was opened three days in the week, and two librarians appointed. In 1771, two additional com- panies were annexed. In 1773, the books were removed to a more spacious apartment, in Carpenters' Hall ; and in 1790, the Library Company took possession of their present building. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid on the 31st of Au- gust, 1789. It is a plain, substantial-looking structure, si- tuated on Fifth below Chestnut Street. The building has a truly venerable appearance. The front entrance is surmounted by a well-executed statue, in marble, of Dr. Franklin. During its early history, this institution was largely en- riched by donations from its friends, among which are the choice collections of curious and rare books presented by Ro- bert Barclay, and the celebrated ^'Loganian Library;" — this last was a most valuable acquisition. It was the private li- brary of the Hon. James Logan, the confidential friend and counsellor of William Penn, and consists principally of works in the learned and modern languages of Europe. This rare collection is kept in a room appropriated for that purpose. When first annexed to the Philadelphia Library, it contained 3,953 volumes; large additions are made to it annually, and jt is supposed to number at present over 10,000 well-selected works. 10 110 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. The Philadelphia and Loganian libraries contain, united, about 65,000 volumes. The income of the Institution is $6,300 ; $4,000 of which is annually appropriated to the pur- chase of additional works. The Library is open every week- day, from 10 A. M., until sunset; during which time, strangers have free admission, to examine the room. In examining this Library, you are impressed with a sense of its magnitude and importance. Look where you will, you see books in cases, on shelves, in boxes, — such heaps of books, that you are astonished at their apparently perplexing and un- accountable variety. One can hardly realize the vastness of the labour that provided all these valuable records. L. P. Smith is the librarian. The Athenaeum, is beautifully situated on the southeast corner of Sixth and Adelphi Streets. This Institution owes its origin to that taste for literary pursuits, which has always, to a great extent, characterized our city. In the year 1813, a few young men, feeling the want of a convenient place of common resort, in which their leisure hours could be passed without danger to their morals or tastes, came together and arranged a plan for the establish- ment of reading rooms, or a place in which periodicals, works of all descriptions, books of immediate interest, of reference and information, maps and charts, could be read and consulted at all hours of the day and evening. The efforts of these young men were successful, for we find that on the 9 th of February, 1814, the Athenaeum was organized, and articles ot association adopted. It was first opened to the public, in a room over the book store at the southeast corner of Chestnut and Fourth Streets. Subsequently, it occupied a portion of the American Philosophical Society's building. Fifth below Chestnut Street. TiiE ATilEiN.EUM. Ill THE ATHENiEUM. The corner-stone of the present edifice was laid on the 1st of November, 1845, and the building opened on the 18th of October, 1847. As viewed from Washington Square, the Athenaeum has a chaste and beautiful appearance. The whole structure is 125 feet on Adelphi Street, and 50 feet on Sixth Street, and is 58 feet high. It is of the Italian style of ar- chitecture, and is at once bold and imposing. The beautiful proportions of its parts, the fine details, and the massive crowning cornice, give it an air of stateliness and grandeur, most impressive as a piece of city architecture. The first story of the building is occupied at present by the Controllers of the Public Schools, as their meeting-room and offices, and the private office of Mr. Barclay, attorney. The second story is arranged for the use of the association, and is 112 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. divided into a news-room, a library, and a chess-room. The news-room fronts on Sixth Street, and a more delightful place to pass away an hour cannot be imagined. It is well supplied with the principal journals, both of this and foreign countries. The library is a large and convenient room, fronting on Adel- phi Street, neatly fitted up with book-cases. It contains over 12,000 volumes. The chess-room is an anteroom between the two larger ones. In the third story, is the Hall of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. — This society was instituted for the purpose of collecting and preserving matters connected with the history of Pennsylvania. The library contains 1,728 volumes, including 47 volumes of manu- scripts. Most of these books have been received during the last five years., principally by donation. It is open on the evenings of the second Monday of each month, and is accessi- ble to the members ; but only by courtesy to others. The books are divided into ten classes, viz., history, biogra- phy, manuscripts, pamphlets, periodicals, voyages and travels, newspapers, public documents of Pennsylvania, public docu- ments of the United States, and miscellaneous works. The Society have also a choice collection of coins, &c. The Academy op Natural Sciences, northwest corner of Broad and G-eorge Streets. This noble Institution was founded in January, 1812, and incorporated in 1817. The first meeting was composed of but seven gentlemen, having for their object, the advancement of Natural Science in all its branches. They resolved, at this primary meeting, to assemble weekly, for the purpose of conversing on scientific subjects^ and thus communicate to each other the results of their reading, observation, and reflection. At the second meeting, held on the 17th of March, the following declaration was passed, fully setting forth the objects of the association : ^' We will con- tribute to the formation of a museum of natural history, a li- ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 113 HToUOEMWHRHOiWl^!!^ ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. brary of works on science, a chemical experimental laboratory, an experimental philosophical apparatus, and every other de- sirable appendage or convenience for the illustration and ad- vancement of knowledge, for the common benefit of all who may be admitted members of the Institution." Those early meetings were held at private re%sidences. Subsequently they were enabled to obtain a room in North Second Street, and at a still later period, a building in Arch Street, which was occupied as the Hall of the Academy until they removed to the present building. When this new Hall was erected, it was well adapted to its purpose; but, although only ten years a^o it was considered large enough to accommodate the eol- i-ri3tions for half a century, it is now crowded to excess. The library contains a collection of over 26,000 volumes, 10* 114 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. and nearly 500 maps, charts, &c., exclusive of periodicals, serials, and pamphlets. The Library, occupying an apartment on tho ground floor of the Hall, is about 45 feet by 28, and 14 feet high, with a gallery on all its sides. Th^ books are arranged according to subjects. This Library is particularly rich in all departments of Natural History. In ornithology it is quite complete. In this department, at least, it is said to be the most extensive in the United States, if not in the world. For these magnificent collections, the Academy is mainly indebted to the munificence of three gentlemen, — Mr. Maclure, Dr. K. E. Griffiths, and Dr. T. B. Wilson. Mr. Maclure presented 5,233 volumes, embracing some of the most costly works of natural history, the fine arts, and antiquities. In it too, are found Bonaparte's great work on Egypt, Pirenesi's Italy, and the splendid natural historical illustrations of Re- doute, Humboldt, Poli, and many others. The museum is divided into three cabinets, viz.. Zoology, Botany, and Greology and Mineralogy. It is also said to be the best m the United States. The attention required by the zoological preparations, and the space necessary to their proper exhibition, are obstacles against whi<3h this Society has been inadequately provided j hence we find the collection of quadrupeds comparatively small. The department of Comparative Anatomy embraces somo highly interesting subjects ; among which we may particularize the perfect skeleton of the Indian Rhinoceros, brought from the Himalaya Mountains, by Dr. Burrows. It also contains the late Dr. Morton's celebrated cabinet of crania, the most extensive in the world. In examining this collection, we were astonished at the immense variety displayed. What a gathering ! Here, for aught we know, may be the "cranium" of some learned Theban or ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 115 Babylonian, who three thousand years ago delighted in tho study of Natural Science ; and there, perhaps that of a cour- tier,— " On 36 doomed to kneel At Pharaoh's throne, and anxious tremors feel ; And this, that of a priest, who often taught the crowd With words of eloquence, whilst listening votaries bowed; Or perhaps, he, face to face, saw Moses, when his sacred rod Shook o'er the guilty land the plagues of God. This, may have been a sage; and this hollow skull Was peopled once with thoughts, with wit and wisdom full; Tesl through these socket-holes, the curious eye Scanned the heavens' wide arch, and read the spangled sky. And this, alas I the remnant of some beauteous one, That once amid the halls of Memphis shone. Three thousand years ago I Ah, years are swift and brie^ Since this was, perhaps, the head of a lordly chief Poor skulls I whilst gazing on you now, Ambition well may sigh, and Wisdom bow ; Though miite, you do not teaeh the less— A sermon read we in thy ghastlinessi" Perhaps no one branch of natural science has been more assiduously cultivated by the members of this Academy than Ornithology. This collection is also said to be without a rival in Europe or America. It contains over 25,000 speci- mens, beautifully displayed in glass cases. The natural tints of the feathers are preserved in all their freshness, and the character and natural expression of each individual are fully re- tained. We never saw finer specimens of the art of taxidermy, than those under notice. The collection of humming-birds is exceedingly brilliant ; the eye in examining' them is com- pletely dazzled by the kaleidoscope-like glitter of purple and gold, of crimson and blue. The collections of eggs, and of nests of birds, are also very extensive; so are those of fishes, reptiles, Crustacea, insects, &<;. The Cabinet of Botany is particularly rich ; the Herbarium embracing over 30,000 specimens of plants, of which no less 116 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. than 23,000 were bequeathed by the late Mr. L. D. Von Schweinitz. These were the acquisition of a single indi- vidual, during a period of forty years devoted to this favour- ite science. The Academy also possesses the valuable Herba- rium of Mr. T. J^uttall. This gentleman was for many years ardently engaged in botanical researches, in pursuit of which he traversed the United States and territories, from the At- lantic to the Pacific and from Maine to Mexico. The Geological series is also very complete. It comprises over seven thousand specimens, of which a large portion are fossil organic remains of animals and plants. The department of Mineralogy is likewise full. The principal portion of this collection was contributed by the late Mr. Maclure, an early friend and ardent supporter of the Institu- tion; indeed, to this gentleman^s talent, generosity, and influ- ence the Academy owes, in a great measure, its permanence and prosperity. G-eology was the engrossing study of his mind, and he pursued it with an enthusiasm and success to which time, toil, and distance, presented but temporary obstacles. He went forth, with his hammer in his hand and his wallet on his shoulder, pursuing his researches often amid pathless tracts and dreary wastes, until he crossed and recrossed the Alleghany Mountains no less than fifty times. Some of his adventures were, in after years, the theme of amusing anecdote. When travelling in a remote district, the inhabitants seeing him battering the rocks, supposed him to be a lunatic escaped from confinement; and on one occasion, the inmates of a public house, on his approach, took refuge indoors, and refused him admittance, until convinced that he was really of sound mind. This Institution has added largely to the stock of science, and now enjoys a high and well-deserved reputation. The Hall is a very beautiful building. Visiters are admitted on Tuesday and Friday afternoons. THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY. 117 THE MERCANTILE LIBBABT. The Mercantile Library is situated on the southeast corner of Fifth and Library Streets. This Institution was founded for the benefit of the young men employed in the va- rious mercantile establishments in the city. It was opened in temporary rooms, on the 19th of January, 1821, in the second story of No. 100 Chestnut Street. The present new and really elegant building, was erected in 1844-^5, at a cost of $23,199 42, including furniture, &c. This building is unsur- passed for convenience of arrangement, and adaptation to the purpose for which it was designed, and it is justly deemed one of the chief ornaments of the city. The Library contains up- wards of 24,000 volumes of well-selected books. The reading- rooms are always well attended, and the books have an un- ceasing circulation. To all who may have made use of it, the " Meicantile'' has been a rich treasure, a pure and constant source of pleasure and improvement. In its list of members 118 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. may be fonnd a large proportion of our most honoured mer- chants, who best enjoy and use the fruits of their industry. The Franklin Institute, is a valuable association, or- ganized, as stated in its constitution, " For the promotion and encouragement of Manufactures and the Mechanic and Use- ful Arts, by the establishment of popular lectures on the sciences connected with them ; by the formation of a library, reading-room, and a cabinet of models and minerals ; by offer- ing premiums on all subjects deemed worthy of encourage- ment; by examining all new inventions submitted to them; and by such other means as they may judge expedient.'^ This Institution was incorporated on the 80th of March, 1824. The members are manufacturers, mechanics, artisans, and persons friendly to the mechanic arts. The Hall of the Insti- tute, located on Seventh, above Chestnut Street, is a plain and substantial edifice, having a spacious lecture-room on the first story, in which, during' the winter season, lectures are deli- vered on mechanics, chemistry, and other sciences, to large and intelligent audiences. The reading-room, library, and cabinets of models and minerals, are in the second story. The library, though not large, is valuable ; it contains about 6,000 volumes, principally mechanical and scientific works. The reading-room is well attended, and liberally supplied with periodicals and newspapers. In October, of each year, this Institution has an extensive exhibition of American manufac- tures. The extent and interest of these exhibitions cannot be described, or their importance to the industry and skill of our mechanics over-estimated. The exhibition is always an object of attraction, alike to citizens and strangers. It is ge- nerally held in the spacious saloons of the Museum Building, corner of Ninth and G-eorge Streets. The Journal of the Franklin Institute, published by this Association, is the oldest extant mechanical periodical pub- LIBRARY OP THE LAW ASSOCIATION. 119 lished in America. The deservedly high reputation, both at home and abroad, which the Journal has acquired and sus- tains, has given it an exchange list and a circulation of the best character. It contains notices of all the patents issued in the United States, together with a vast amount of informa- tion on Mechanics, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, &c., &c. Library of the Law Association op Philadelphia. — In the year 1802, a few gentlemen of the bar associated them- selves for the purpose of obtaining a Law Library. They succeeded by degrees in forming a collection, which, with the limited number of law books then extant, was all that was wanted. With the increasing number of reports in modern times, the library, as originally organized, fell very far be- hind the professional requirements of the day; and in Septem- ber, 1841, an effort was made to enlarge the collection, and to place it upon such a basis as should make it worthy of the bar to which it belonged. Between the 15th of October, 1841, and the 1st of March, 1850, there has been expended by the Society, in the purchase of new books, the sum of $9,583 72, exclusive of $865 87, paid for binding, &c. The collection, we are informed, is now complete in all those departments usually required in the practice of law. There exists in it, a series of all the English, Irish, and American reports, — a department in which, we believe, no other library, either in Great Britain or the United States, is equally perfect. The department of text-books is also good ; and, in addition to complete collections of the British statutes at large, and of the acts, both of our state and federal legislature, in their authoritative, unabridged condition, there will be found upon the shelves of this Library such digests and works of general jurisprudence as have obtained with the profession any title to authority. As a means of professional culture, and of extending among the bar a knowledge of the judicial 1.20 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. decisions of England, and of the United States, this Lihrarj affords all that is as yet practicable, and much of all that can at any time he desired. The Library occupies a room in the second story of the old Congress Hall, or County Court-house, Sixth and Chestnut Streets. It is open daily, from 10 A. M. to 3 p. M., and from 4i o'clock until sunset. *The College of Physicians, was chartered on the 26th of March, 1789. Its objects are, ^Ho advance the science of medicine, and thereby to lessen human misery, by investi- gating the diseases and remedies which are peculiar to this country ; by observing the effect of different seasons, climates, and situations, upon the human body; by recording the changes which are produced in diseases by the progress of agriculture, arts, population, and manners; by searching for medicines in the American wods, waters, and in the bowels of the earth ; by enlarging the avenues to knowledge from the discoveries and publications of foreign countries; and by cul- tivating order and uniformity in the practice of physic.'' The College consists of Fellows and Associates. The Fel- lows must be practitioners of medicine, residing in the city or the incorporated districts of Philadelphia, and must be over twenty-four years of age. The Associates are distinguished practitioners residing without the above limits. No person who gives his support to any system of practice which is sus- tained by efforts to weaken or diminish public confidence in the science of medicine, or in the medical profession, or who, by advertisement, announces himself as possessing superior qualifications in the treatment of diseases, or of a particular disease, or who holds a patent, or part of a patent, for a surgical instrument, or gives a prescription to any apothecary, which he refuses to give to other apothecaries, or who deals in secret medicines, or publicly recommends them, can be elected either * North-east corner Thii'teenth and Locust Streets. LIBRARIES. 121 a Fellow or an Associate of this College. Should any member, after his election, be so engaged, he immediately forfeits his rights as such. The Association publishes a summary of its transactions every three months. These transactions embrace all written communications presented to the College which the publishing committee may select, a statement of all the facts relating to the science of medicine, surgery, or obstetrics, communicated verbally to the College by its Fellows, and an abstract of all discussions upon subjects of general interest which take place at the meetings of the Society. This periodical is one of the most valuable medical works of the day. The Library of the GtErman Society, contains a col- lection of about 8,000 volumes, of both English and German works. The Hall is in Seventh below Market Street. The Library op the University of Pennsylvania, is located in the University Buildings, Ninth below Market Street. This Library originated by private donations from the friends of the Institution; among whom the Rev. Wil- liam Smith, the first Provost of the College and Academy, lud Dr. McDowell, one of his successors, deserve to be parti- cularly remembered. During the war of Independence, the Library was enriched by a donation of books from Louis XVI. of France. These books were printed at the royal printing office, and consist principally of works on mathematics and on natural history, among which is a collection of M. Buffon's, together with some Byzantine historians. They are carefully preserved, and will, it is hoped, long remain a memorial of the generosity of that unfortunate monarch. The Library at pre- sent, contains about 5,000 volumes. The Library of the Pennsylvania Hospital. — The first medical work possessed by this Institution, was Louis's " History of Materia Medica," presented in 1762. It was 11 122 PHII A.DELPHIA AS IT IS. subsequently determined to demand a fee from students attend- ing the wards, and to appropriate the funds so obtained to the founding of a Medical Library. The first catalogue published, which was in 1790, contained 21 folios, 79 quartos, 341 octavos, and 89 duodecimos, a total of 528 volumes. The increasing number of students from that time, has afforded a fund for the steady increase of the library. For several years the books were selected and pur- chased by the celebrated Lettsom, who enriched the collection with many valuable donations. In the year 1800, Sarah Lane presented 142 volumes of medical books, some of which are of great rarity ; and on the decease of Dr. B. S. Barton, his extensive and choice collection of works on natural history, was obtained by purchase from his widow. At present, the library contains over 10,000 volumes, occupying a large and elegant room in the Hospital. The works are mostly medical, and those pertaining to kindred sciences. In these depart- ments it is, probably, the most extensive in the country. The Apprentices' Library, southwest corner of Arch and Fifth Streets. Among the many organizations for the difiiision of knowledge in this city, not among the least is this excellent institution. The Apprentices' Library was founded, by voluntary contributions from our benevolent citizens, in 1819. It now contains over 12,000 volumes of well-selected books, embracing generally the most approved and standard works. The usefulness of this institution can only be esti- mated by seeing the number of young persons who seek its treasures ; upwards of 1200 boys and 600 girls now partake of its benefits. The Friends' Library, Race Street below Fifth. This Institution loans books to any person, no matter what their creed, nation, or colour may be, on producing a certificate of character from some one of the Society of Friends. This, and SPRING GARDEN INSTITUTE. 123 the Apprentices^ Library, are the only institutions of this kind in our city. . This ought not to be. Free libraries are of the highest importance in a community like that of Philadelphia^ for they would give to the poor, to a great extent, the master- key of self-education. It is useless to say that books are cheap ; cheap though they be, they are dear to those whose toil scarcely suffices to procure their daily living. The founders and supporters of the above-mentioned institutions, are en- titled to all praise. We hope that ere long others will " Go and do likewise." Since writing the above, we have the pleasure of noticing another shrine to Knowledge. Spring Grarden is moving in the good cause. The citizens of that flourishing district have established The Spring GtARden Institute. — Here, in truth, will be a free reading-room and library, of the most approved kind. The spirit with which this enterprise has been undertaken is admirable. Its friends are earnest, truth-seeking men, who not only talk, but labour. Can their efforts be otherwise than suocessful ? This new structure — of which our illustration is a correct and beautiful view — will be an ornament to its vicinity, Broad and Spring Garden Streets. In addition to the above Libraries and Associations, there are numerous minor institutions and clubs, &c., many of which have a choice collection of books for the use of their own mem- bers. Nor should we overlook the Southwark Library Company, in Second below German Street, the Northern Liberties Franklin Library Company, in Second near Tammany Street, the Jefferson Library and Literary Association, corner of Brown and Second Streets, and the Free Reading-Room Association, of Spring Garden 124 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. SPBIHG GARDEN INSTITUTE ,,*-., .f^ We learn, also, tBait the Commissioners of Kensington have appropriated a lot of ground as a site for the erection of a Hall, to be designated The Kensington Institute. The establishment of this praiseworthy enterprise is yet in its in- fancy. We hope that the example of Spring Garden will urge on the good work, not only in Kensington, but in all our dis- tricts. Such institutions will go far to refine and elevate the character of our young men ; there cannot be too many of them. School op Design for Women. — This valuable Institution was established in the year 1850, under the patronage of the Franklin Institute. Its object is to open, for educated women, other avenues of productive industry than are now within their reach, by means of which they may find suitable and more profitable employments, and to aid the manufacturing interests THE FINE ARTS. 1^6! by cultivating the Arts of Design in connexion with the in- dustrial arts. Young women, whose minds are sufficiently cultivated to enter upon a course of instruction, may freely come forward and enjoy the advantages of this school. The charges are extremely moderate, considering the benefits to be derived. The School of Design will mark, it is hoped, a new era in our manufactures. In Europe, signal advantages have been derived for the arts, from a close alliance between the useful and the ornamental. The silk and porcelain of France, the iron and glass of Grermany, are instances of the manner in which articles of use and luxury can acquire increased attrac- tion and value from tasteful decoration or elegant form. The care with which, in those countries, the Arts of Design have long been fostered, has secured a market for their fabrics, in certain branches of industry, which until recently was without a rival. The importance of this subject to our manufacturers, cannot be over-estimated; for, unless as Americans, we can compete in matters of taste with European artists, we must for ever be subject to the mortification of following where we should lead. Then, gentlemen, look to it ! Avail yourselves of the immense advantages to your interests here offered, by thus bringing the Arts of Design within your reach, while at the same time you may enjoy the privilege of cherishing a class of your countrywomen every way entitled to the highest respect and regard. The School is located at the south-east corner of Locust and Eighth. Visitors can examine the building while the classes are engaged in their studies, on the mornings of every Monday, from 10 to 12. 11* 126 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. THE FINE ARTS. Philadelphia has the proud distinction of having among her many useful public institutions, four incorporated associations devoted to the cultivation or encouragement of the Fine Arts. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, located in Chesnut Street, between Tenth and Eleventh Streets, is the oldest and perhaps the most important institution of the kind in the United States. It was organized in 1807, by joint stock subscription, the shares in the corporation being then fixed at fifty dollars each, subject to an annual contribution of two dollars, entitling each stockholder to free admission at all times, within the hours ap- pointed for public exhibition. To this was added two thousand dollars belonging to the " Columbian Association," a society of artists, who believing the interests of the arts would be best promoted by such action, merged their funds in those of the Academy, and sunk their own separate corporate existence. The shares are now fixed at thirty dollars each, which includes a commutation of all annual dues. The stockholders become joint owners in the property of the Institution, the estimated value of which is over $100,000. The paintings comprise the most valuable collection in this country, among which are the following chef-d'ceuvres. Washington, a full-length, by Gilbert Stuart ; Jackson, a ^ull-length, by Thomas Sully; Patrick Lyon, a full-length, Dy John Neagle ; Death on the Pale Horse, by Sir Benja- min West J Dead Man Ke stored, by Washington Allston ; The Relief of Leyden, by Wittkamp ; and numerous magni- ficent pictures by old and modern masters. .Among the most interesting objects of sculpture, are — Hero and Leander, a beautiful group of life-size figures in marble, by Steinhauser; the original model by Kiss for his celebrated equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, erected at Berlin ; PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS. 127 casts of the beautiful gates of the Baptistrey, at Florence (which Michael Angelo, in his admiration, pronounced worthy to be the gates of Paradise) ; a large group representing the battle between the Centaurs and Lapithae, and numerous other works of nearly equal attraction belonging to this department of art. In addition to the six stately galleries heretofore open-ed to the public, there have been lately added two others, appropriated to the exhibition of a very fine collection of casts, from the most celebrated statues of antiquity — the originals being gems in the collections of Rome, Florence, Paris, London, and other capitals of Europe. Among these casts are the Silenus nursing Bacchus, the entire group of Laocoon and his sons expiring amid the coils of the marine serpent, the Apollo Belvidere, Germanicus, Cin- cinatus, Antinous, of the Capitol and of the Vatican ; Venus of Aries, Venus de Medici and the Venus of Milo, besides a large variety of others of almost equal celebrity. Foremost in interest are the casts from the Frieze of the Parthenon at Athens, sculptured by Phidias four centuries before the Christian era, and of unequalled beauty. There is in this institution liberal provision for the Art- student, in facilities for acquiring professional knowledge, and entirely free from any fee or charge whatever. Tickets of admission for purposes of study may be obtained from the Chairman of the Committee on Instruction, Mr, John Sartain. The regular term for evening studies is the six months between the first of October and the last of March. « The annual spring exhibition of new and fresh pictures, not seen before in the Academy, is from some time in April until June, but other exhibitions are continued through the rest of the year. Stockholders have the right of admission with all their families for life, but others pay twenty-five cents on entering. The present officers are : Caleb Cope, President ; William 128 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. Struthers, Treasurer; Jolin T. Lewis, Secretary; Clementine Gr. Johns, Janitress ; Joseph N. Johns, Curator. The Art Union of Philadelphia is an institution for encouraging artists by th* purchase of their works, and for diffusing a taste for art among the people, by distributing these works by lot to the subscribing members, who pay annually five dollars. Its operations are temporarily suspended, preparatory to new action on a greatly enlarged scale, and a revised organi- zation. Mr. Joseph Harrison is Treasurer; Charles Toppan, President; and Rufus Mason, Secretary. The Graphic Association of Philadelphia is an incor- porated company of artists, associated for the joint purposes of study and social converse, and discussion of art interests. C. H. Schmolze, President ; C. Schnesselle, Treasurer; Henry Stevens, Secretary. The Artist Fund Society of Philadelphia is an incor- porated body of artists similar to the Graphic^ but who also accumulate funds for the assistance of families of artists lately deceased. The present officers are S. B. Waugh, President; John Sartain, Vice President; W. Sanford Mason, Correspond- ing Secretary; Samuel Sartain, Receiving Secretary; G. W. Conarroe, Treasurer; G. W. Holmes, Librarian. the press. The achievements of the last fifty years have been such that no local or temporary interest can satisfy the mind; every- thing is conducted on a grand scale. The extension of educa- tion, the progress of science, the facilities of communication and intercourse between nations, and, above all, the freedom of the Press, and its consequent wide and rapid circulation of news, have served to produce this extent of thought and pur- pose. In the United States the Press is supremely important The affairs of the republic are debated, not only in Congress, but in the journals of the day; thus enabling the far-off-dweller THE PRESS. 129 on the shores of the Pacific to canvass the affairs of his govern- ment equally as well as the citizen in Washington. The Church, in the olden time, furnished the man of talent with the means of procuring power and influence ; but for the man of talent and tact now, the arena of the Press may well be an ample one, where influences the most mighty can be obtained over the heads and hearts of millions. Can ambition seek for more ? In no part of the country, indeed we may say in the world, does the Press maintain a higher tone, or is more characterized by originality, courtesy, and propriety, than in Philadelphia : controlled as it is, for the most part, by men of high social position, its columns are rarely stained by those "exhibitions" which, in some other cities, so often outrage the public sense. In our political papers, influenced by party interest and party Bpirit, the decorum of personal intercourse is invariably ob- served, and it is seldom, indeed, that the editor forgets in his writings the respect due to the profession, and that he too is a gentleman. The activity and power of the newspaper press of the United States date their origin from the Revolutionary War. Pre- vious to that great event, they were few in number, and barren of that interest, vigour, and originality, so important a feature in those of the present day. The Home Government and the United Colonies, having determined to settle their dispute by arms, both appealed to the people. Each, no doubt, had their partisans ; but there were many independent or indifferent per- sons, whose support was valuable. Then it was that the Press entered into the strife, and assumed that direction of public opinion, which has contitiued ever since, and forms so remark- able a feature in modern political history. The first public journal published in Philadelphia was " The American Weekly Mercury," established in 1719, by Andrew Bradford. It was printed m a half sheet quarto paper. A 130 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. number, the only one we believe extant, is preserved in the Philadelphia Library. In 1723, Samuel Keimer, rendered famous by the wit and sarcasm of Benjamin Franklin, estab- lished the second paper. It was entitled " The Pennsylvania G-azette, and Universal Instructor in all the Arts and Sciences." This paper subsequently fell into the hands of Benjamin Franklin, under whose management it rapidly rose in public favour. It continued for a long series of years one of the principal papers of the day. The first daily newspaper pub- lished in the United States, was ^' The Pennsylvania Packet, or General Advertiser." It was first issued weekly in 1771, and became, in 1784, a daily paper. The Packet eventually passed into the hands of Mr. Zachariah Poulson, by whom it was continued under the name of ^' The American Daily Ad- vertiser." In 1840, it merged into the present North Ame- rican. The following list will be found to comprise all the news- papers and periodicals published at present in this city. Daily Morning. — North American and United States Ga- zette; Pennsylvania Inquirer; Philadelphia Daily Record ; Pub- lic Ledger ; The Press ; The Daily News ; The Age ; Philadel- phia Democrat, News, and Free Press (German). Daily EvENiNG.^Evening Bulletin ; Evening Telegraph ; Evening Argus ; Evening Beporter. Sunday Morning. — Sunday Dispatch; Sunday Transcript; Sunday Atlas ; Sunday Mercury. Tri -Weekly. — Pennsylvania Inquirer; North American and United States Gazette; The Press; Pennsylvanian. Weekly. — Commercial List ; Anti.-Slavery Standard ; Ger- mantown Telegraph ; North American ; Dollar Weekly News ; Philadelphia Wochenblatt; Philadelphia Saturday Bulletin; National Argus; Pennsylvanian; Woman's Advocate; Dollar Newspaper ; Saturday Evening Post ; Legal Intelligencer ; Fitz- gerald's City Item; U. S. Business Journal; Penna. B. R. and THE PRESS. 131 Mining Register; Republican Flag; Southern Monitor; Ve- reingte Staaten Zeitung ; The Weekly Press ; The New World ; Life Illustrated; Masonic Mirror; National Merchant; The Commonwealth; National Mechanic; Philadelphia Mirror; The Shoe and Leather Reporter; The State Journal; Mechanics* Own. Religious Weeklies. — American Messenger and Child's Paper; Sunday School Times; Sunday School Gazetteer; Sun- day School Banner; The Presbyterian; Episcopal Recorder; Banner of the Cross ; Christian Chronicle ; Christian Observer ; Catholic Herald and Visitor; The Friend; Friends' Weekly Intelligencer; Friends' Review; American Presbyterian; The Moravian. Magazines of Light Literature. — Godey's Lady's Book ; Graham's Magazine; Arthur's Home Magazine; Peterson's Ladies' National Magazine ; Ladies' Journal ; Young Reaper. Religious Magazines. — Presbyterian Magazine ; Baptist Family Magazine. Religious Periodicals. — Biblical Repertory ; Home and Foreign Record; Presbyterian Quarterly Review; Sabbath School Visitor; The Home, School, and Church; Little Pil- grim; Evangelical Repository; Christian Instructor; The Covenanter; Banner of the Covenant; Lutheran Home Jour- nal; Challen's Illustrated Monthly; Presbyterian Historical Almanac ; Lemer Herte. Scientific Periodicals. — Journal of the Franklin Insti- tute; Dental News Letter; Phrenological Journal; Water- Cure Journal; Banking's Half- Yearly Abstract of the Medical Sciences; American Journal of Pharmacy; Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences ; Journal of Academy of Natu- ral Sciences; Pennsylvania Journal of Prison Discipline; High School Journal; Medical and Surgical Reporter; American Journal of Medical Science; Medical News and 132 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. Library; American Journal of Dental Science; Medico-Chi- rurgical Review; Physician^s Visiting-List; Eclectic Medical Journal; The Gardener's Monthly. Miscellaneous Periodicals. — Vancourf s Counterfeit De- tector; Law Library; Colonization Herald; Insurance Intel- ligencer; Tuckett's Insurance Journal. The Magazines of Philadelphia have long retained a charac- ter honorable alike to their editors, publishers, and to the city. The contributions to these periodicals have always been of a superior character. G-odey's Magazine is not to be surpassed either in the quantity or quality of its literary matter and embellishments. Graham's Magazine is richly freighted with choice arti- cles from well-known writers in this country. The execution of the illustrations cannot be excelled. Arthur's Home Magazine is a journal which has met with much favor. i Peterson's Magazine has its pages always filled with sk choice stock of reading. Journal op the Franklin Institute. — This is a truly valuable work, devoted to the Mechanical and Physical Sciences, Civil Engineering, the Arts and Manufactures, and the Eccords of American and Foreign Patented Inventions. No mechanic ought to be without the Journal. The Odd-Fellows' Magazine. — This periodical is devoted to the interests of the Order whose name it bears. The Medical News and Library. — Published by Blan- chard & Lea, at the low rate of one dollar a-year. Quarterlies. — The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. — Each number of this popular medical periodical contains about two hundred and eighty large octavo pages, richly illustrated with engravings. THE PRESS. 133 *The American Journal of Dental Sciences* — Edited by Chapia A. Harris, M. D., D. D. S. ; and Alfred A. Blandy, M. D., D. D. S., and published by Lindsay & Blakiston. The Journal contains original communications from the most emi- nent Dentists, relating directly or indirectly to the Dental branch of medicine. This publication is of great value to the dentist who desires to keep pace with the progress of the art. The American Journal of Pharmacy; devoted to Pharmaceutic Research, &c. ; intended for the benefit of the Apothecary. Each number contains about ninety-six pages, octavo. It is published bi-monthly by the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. This work cannot be too highly recommended to the profession. Transactions of the College of Physicians op Philadelphia. — Published by the Society. This is an able work, devoted to the medical sciences ; at once valuable to the student as well as the practitioner. It has long enjoyed a wide-spread reputation among the standard scientific journals of the day. The Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review. — This is a religious periodical of the very highest character, devoted to all subjects connected with ecclesiastical and general history, philosophy, literature, and morals. Each number contains 175 pages, making a yearly volume of 700 pages. It is furnished to subscribers at the low rate of three dollars per annum. Office, 821 Chestnut Street. Semi- Annual. — Ranking' s Half- Yearly Abstract of the Medical Sciences* — Published by Lindsay & Blakis- ton. The object of this periodical is to give the physician who has not within his reach, or who cannot find time to keep pace with the progress of the ever-teeming medical press, a com- plete digest of medical literature ; or a work which will pre- eeut to him, in a condensed form, the most valuable and * 'I'lif Jdnnial luu) stopped in confleqnence of tlip death of Dr. Harris. 134 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. practical results arrived at by the learned of the profession. To such, this publication must prove peculiarly acceptable, inasmuch as it places them in possession of the knowledge of the day, while it saves them both time and money, and enables them to see at a glance, what works are worthy of perusal or purchase. The Home, the School, and the Church; or. The Presbyterian Education Repository. This is a sterling work, and one which would reflect credit on any age or country. It is divided into three harmonious departments, ike first being devoted to the advantages, the responsibilities, encouragements, obligations, and principles of home culture. The second in- cludes all that belongs to Christian education in schools, academies, colleges, and theological seminaries. The last de- partment is devoted to the interests of the Church. In addition to the above, there are the Transactions of THE American Philosophical Society, and The Transac- tions or THE Academy or Natural Sciences, both of world-wide reprtation. A BOOK FOR EVERY FARMER AND EVERY FARMER'S SON. LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, PHILADELPHIA, PUBLISH A MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE, FOR THE FARM AND THE SCHOOL. BY J. L. CAMPBELL, A.M., OF WASHINGTON COLLEGE, LEXINGTON, VA. With. NiaineroTas Illustrations. In one vohime. Price, $1. BEJNEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 135 CHAPTER VII. BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. " Where the heart pineth in sorrow and sadness Where the brain rioteth free in its madness ; Where Reason's lamp burneth, shrouded, yet bright, Ohl on such miseries 'Let there be light!*" The Charitable Institutions of Philadelphia, proud mo ouments of benevolence, rear their heads in all parts of the city. rhey are not excelled, perhaps not equalled, by those of any 3ther city, of the same extent, in the world. In this particu- lar, Philadelphia has admirably illustrated its name, — " Bro- therly Love.'' First among these praiseworthy associations stands — The Pennsylvania Hospital. — In the year 1751, a num- ber of the benevolent citizens of Philadelphia were incorporated by an Act of the Provincial Assembly, as '' The Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital." The charter was general in its character, and provided for "the relief of the sick, and the reception and cure of lunatics." From the first opening of the Institution, the Insane Department has always constituted a prominent part of this noble charity, and has claimed a large share of the attention of its distinguished medical officers and managers. This benevolent enterprise mainly relies for its support, and for the means of extending its usefulness, on private contribu- tions and legacies. From the judicious management of these resources, has arisen those substantial and convenient buildings, on Pine Street, which are now used only for medical, surgical, im PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL. and obstetric patients, and those more recently erected, twi> miles from the city, on the Haverford Road, known as the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane. The square on which the first-named Institution stands, is bounded by Spruce and Pine, and Eighth and Ninth Streets. The entire lot is enclosed by a brick wall, with the exception of about one hundred and fifty feet on Pine Street, which is furnished with an iron railing. About seven-eighths of the square was purchased in 1755, by the managers, for £500; the remaining portion was presented to the Institution, by Thomas and Richard Penn, in 1762. The Hospital, surrounded on the borders of the square by majestic trees, exhibits a south front of venerable aspect, and considerable architectural beauty, extending east and west two hundred and eighty-one feet. It consists of a centre building, THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL. 137 united by two long wards, three stories in height, to two wings, extending north and south. These wings are surmounted by cupolas, and finished so as to present fronts on Eighth and Ninth Streets. The centre building is sixty-four feet front, by sixty-one in depth, and, to the top of the balustrade surround- ing the cupola, seventy-two in height. That portion of the Hospital first erected, was the east wing, the corner-stone of which was laid May 28th, 1755, by John Key, the first European born in Philadelphia. It was finished and opened for the reception of patients, the following year. The west wing was erected in 1796, and the centre in 1805. In addition to the main edifice, there are various outhouses, together with a building on Spruce Street, erected for the ex- hibition of West's celebrated painting of " Christ Healing the Sick." The net proceeds from the exhibition of this picture, from 1818 until 1848, when it was removed to the Academy of Fine Arts, where it still remains, was nearly $24,000. A well-executed statue of William Penn, presented by his grandson, John Penn, Esq., stands in the beautiful lawn facing Pine Street. (See page 138.) The attention paid to neatness and ornament in the exterior and grounds of this Institution, gives it an air of elegance seldom equalled in establishments of the kind. Previous to the year 1841, a large portion of the building was appropriated to the accommodation of the insane; but since the transfer of this class of patients to the new hospital, the building has been, in a great measure, remodelled, and tho- roughly repaired; giving, in consequence-, an enlarged accom- modation for the ordinary medical and surgical patients. The whole revenue of this noble charity is devoted, directly or indirectly, to the support of the sick poor. All accidents, if brought to the door within twenty-four hours after their oo* 12* 138 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. STATUE OF WILLIAM PBNN. currence, are admitted without a question, provided they havx» not occurred out of the State of Pennsylvania. All cases of chronic or acute disease are admitted, — if it appears that they are at all susceptible of relief, — as far as the accommodation of the house will allow. The reader must remember that it is not an asylum for the support of the destitute, but an hospital for their cure when sick ; consequently, those beyond the reach of treatment are not admitted. A limited number of pay pa- tients are received, which is but an extension of its charity; for, whatever profits are derived from this source, go to in crease the ability of the Institution to relieve the poor. This Hospital has always dispensed its blessings with a gene- rous hand. At present, to the one hundred and twenty, al HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 139 ready occupied, it has space provided for one hundred and fifty additional charity beds. Among the beneficial operations of this Institution, are the medical lectures delivered there, to over three hundred medi- cal students, who annually attend upon the practice of the house; thus enjoying opportunities for improvement, the bene- fits of which, to themselves and the communities among whom they may practise, are quite incalculable. It is well admitted that the young practitioner who has sought instruction by the bedside, in institutions of this kind, is far better qualified for the duties of his profession, than if he enjoyed no such advan- tage. For every patient cured or well treated in an hospital, hundreds scattered through wide regions of town and country may experience similar benefits. In concluding our notice, we will state, that since 1841, there have been 13 829 patients received into this establishment, of whom 9,800 were poor. The average population of the house at present, is about one hundred and fifty-eight, — on« hundred and twenty of whom are poor. Visiters are admitted, from 10 o* clock to sunset, every day except Sunday ; and the afternoon of Saturday, only on special business* Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane. — The corner- stone of this building was laid on the 22d of June, 1832; it was opened for the reception of patients on the 1st of January, 1841. It is located on a fine farm, of 113 acres, between the Westchester and Haverford Roads, on the latter of which is the gate of entrance. The principal building and the main wings present an eastern front of four hundred and thirty-six feet, and consist of a basement and two principal stories. The centre building is ninety-six feet deep, sixty-three feet wide, east of its junctions with the wings, and sixty -seven on 140 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. its western side. The former, which is the principal front, is built of cut stone, and ornamented with a chaste and elegant Doric portico 3 the west side has also a portico, of smaller di- mensions, and like the rest of the Hospital is of stone, stuc- coed to resemble the principal front. The interior arrange- ments are unsurpassed for convenience and perfect adaptation to the purpose designed. The principal edifice is surmounted by a dome, in which are placed iron tanks, from whence water is conveyed to every part of the building. The summit of the dome is eighty-five feet above the level of the basement, and from it the view is one of great beauty, embracing a large extent of country. In the distance are seen the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, the city of Philadelphia, the Grirard College, &c. Beginning with 93 patients, received from the parent insti- tution, the number gradually increased, till, by the year 1853, every room was occupied, and from that time forward, even with almost constantly crowded wards, it became necessary to decline many cases that sought admission to the hospital. Un- der these circumstances, it was obvious that new accommoda- tions must be provided, or the institution could not maintain its high character, nor our own citizens find, within the com- monwealth, adequate means for the treatment of the cases of insanity which were of such frequent occurrence. Believing that this institution possessed peculiar advantages for pro- viding these additional accommodations, and that the experience which had here been derived from a careful study of the dis- ease and a familiarity with the requirements of establishments for its treatment, could be made available in the erection of a hew structure, it was suggested in the annual report for the year 1853, "that a new hospital, replete with every modern discovery and all the improvements suggested by a large expe« FRIENDS* ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. 141 rience, and capable of accommodating 200 male patients, should be erected on the 70 acres of land now comprising the farm of the institution, and directly west of its present inclosed plea- sure grounds; while the present building, with everything included within its external wall, should be given up for the exclusive use of a similar number of females/^ These sugges- tions were at once approved by the Board of Managers, and subsequently with entire unanimity by the contributors at their annual meeting in the year 1854. An appeal to the public for contributions to this object was soon after issued, a collecting committee appointed, and the result of their labors has been the erection, from this source alone, of an entirely new edifice, capable of accommodating, in a very superior manner, 250 patients, with ample apartments for officers, attendants, and others employed, and with every arrangement which seemed likely to promote the comfort and restoration of the sick, and the efficiency, usefulness, and economical management of the institution. The Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, there- fore, as now constituted, consists of two distinct buildings, each complete in itself, having separate pleasure grounds and inclosures, both situated, however, on the same tract of 113 acres of land originally purchased by the institution. Friends' Asylum for the Insane, near Frankford. — This Institution was founded in the year 1815, by contribu- tions from the members of the Society of Friends, and is now Bupported by the pay received from patients, donations, and contributions. The buildings are well adapted for the purposes designed, and the administration of the Institution combines all that humanity and prudence can produce, to cure or relieve the unfortunate objects of its care. The United States Naval Asylum. — This noble charity was founded in the year 1835, as a Naval School and an Hos- 142 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. pital for Pensioners, but is now used for the latter purpose only. It is situated on the banks of the River Schuylkill, a short distance below the city, fronting on the Gray's Ferry Road. The site is one of the most beautiful in the vicinity of Philadelphia, being the highest point of land on the river below Fairmount. The Asylum consists of three structures, separated from each other, yet forming one entire and beautiful plan, — the main building, and the residences of the Commodore and Sur- geon. The main or principal edifice is three stories in height, built of Pennsylvania marble, and presents a front of 380 feet, in- cluding a centre building of 142 feet by 175 deep ; it is em- bellished with a beautiful portico of eight columns of the Ionic order. The wings contain verandas on each story. On the platform are two field pieces, captured at the Battle of Saratoga ; and two large marble balls, which were brought by the late Commodore Elliot from the Hellespont. The balls are said to have been fired from the celebrated Turkish mortar, the largest piece of ordnance in the world. The basement, or first story, of the centre building, is divi- ded into a spacious dining-room, the various culinary depart- ments, pantry, and washing and ironing rooms. The winga of this story are divided into dormitories, &c. The second story contains the Dispensary, and the Officers', Surgeon's, and Apothecaries' apartments; also a beautiful chapel, fifty-six feet square, lighted from a dome. The wings of this story are fitted up into chambers, for the accommoda- tion of the Pensioners, each being neatly furnished with a bed, table, chairs, &c. These rooms are well ventilated; they open directly on the verandas, and are kept remarkably clean. The third story contains sleeping apartments, the Infirmary, UNITED STATES NAVAL ASYLUM. 143 baths, closets, &c. The whole building is heated from furnaces in the basement, and plenteously supplied with water from Fairmount. The Asylum contains about 140 Pensioners at the present time, — among whom is Thomas Johnson, the only survivor of the daring crew of the Bon Homme Richard. He was one of the two men who assisted Paul Jones to lash his vessel to the British Frigate Serapis, in that memorable engagement in the British Channel.* Each pensioner has an allowance of ■ thirty-six dollars a year for clothing, and one dollar a month pocket-money, together with one pound and a half of tobacco. They are not restricted in diet, — each man having as much as he requires. The bill of fare, as shown to us, is equal to that of any hotel in the city. The buildings are surrounded by a beautiful park, containing about twenty-five acres, enclosed in front by an elegant iron railing ', it is laid out into walks, flower-beds, and grass-plats, and planted with trees, and shrubbery. That portion facing the river, affords some fine views, embracing the Schuylkill and its shipping, together with the Almshouse, Woodland '-Cemetery, Hamilton Village, &c., on the opposite shore. This Institution will compare favourably with any other of the kind in the world : it is worthy of the country. Long may it continue the happy home of the brave, who have perilled their lives, or impaired their health, in the service of their native land. * Since writing the above notice, this old hero has gone to his long hom«. He ■wag ■upposttd to baye been over one hundred years of age. 144 PIITLADELPHIA AS TT TP. INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. Pennsylvania Institution for the Education oi- the Deaf and Dumb. — This benevolent Institution is situated at the corner of Broad and Pine Streets. It was founded in the year 1820, incorporated in 1821, and removed to the present building in 1825 ; the original cost of which was eighty thou- sand dollars. This charity is supported by donations and the contributions of annual subscribers and life members. By the act of incor- poration, the State of Pennsylvania, allowed 160 dollars apiece, annually, for the support of indigent pupils of this State, the number of whom was not to exceed fifty, and the term of each not to extend over three years. This number has since been increased, and the term extended, by several enactments. The number under the present appropriation is 92, and the term allowed is six years. INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND. 145 The Institution at present contains 134 pupils, 92 of whom are supported by Pennsylvania, 18 by Maryland, 13 by New Jersey, 3 by Delaware, and 13 by the Institution. The sys- tem of education adopted in this establishment is that of the Abb^ de I'Epee and Sicard, which has been so successfully practised in Europe. The edifice was erected from designs by Haviland, and is constructed of granite. It is composed of a centre building, 50 feet front by 63 in depth. The whole front, including the wings, is 96 feet, and it extends back 235 feet. The fagade is ornamented by a chast The Christian Chronicle, an able weekly, edited by Messrs. W. B Jacobs and H. Lincoln, The Mother's Journal, published 200 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. monthly, edited by Mrs. M. J. Clark, and The Baptist Record, a quarterly, edited by T S. Malcolm and I. N. Brown, Esqs. METHODIST CHURCHES. The first establishment of this communion in Philadelphia, was in the year 1769, by the Rev. Mr. Pilmore, then quite a young man, who was sent to this city as a missionary, by the Rev. John Wesley. Mr. Pilmore preached his first sermon from the State House steps, in Chestnut Street. He was early assisted in his pious labours by a British officer, named Webb, represented as a perfect Whitfield in declamation. The exertions of these gentlemen were attended with the most be- neficial results, in the reformation of the poorer classes, to whom they generally addressed themselves. We are t-old that many districts, proverbial for licentiousness, became, through their influence, examples of morality. The early meetings of this Society were held at an inn, situated in a court, which formerly ran from Arch to Cherry, near Fourth Street. The first building owned by them was the present St. Greorge^s Church, Fourth near New Street. They purchased it in an unfinished state, the building having been previously occupied by the British, as a cavalry riding-school. This church was long a cold and dreary-looking place, having been fitted up in a rough and temporary manner. The pulpit stood about twenty feet from the east end ; — a writer notices it as being square, not unlike a watch-box with the top sawed off. During the early history of this Society, it had some re- markable revivals. Several eminent preachers from New York, Maryland, and New Jersey, frequently came to assist in the good work; among whom, none were more conspicuous than the celebrated Benjamin Abbot, of Salem, New Jersey. He delighted to come over, as he said, to assist in keeping alive METHODIST CHURCHES. 201 the fire kindled in the church at Philadelphia. Mr. Watson, in his "Annals/' describes Mr. Abbot as an aged disciple, with large and heavy eyebrows, eyes of flame, robust body, and great strength of voice, which, when exerted to the utmost while preaching, and an occasional stamp of the foot, "made the house ring.'' His eloquence is represented as fire, running through the assembly, his voice, like a trumpet sounding to battle, amid the shouts of victory and the cries of the van- quished. The clergymen of this branch of the Christian church at present in Philadelphia, are generally men of talent, inferior to none in fervour and devotion to their high calling. Their labours are eminently successful, — few churches in our city being more frequented by larger or more intelligent audiences ; none include more active members. The church edifices belonging to this communion, are more remarkable for convenience than for ornamental display; yet some of them can boast of considerable architectural beauty. The following list will be found to comprise all those of this denomination in Philadelphia. St. George's Church, Fourth below New Street. This was the first established Methodist meeting-house in this city. Salem Church, is a neat brick building, constructed in the modern style, on the north side of Lombard, between Thirteenth and Broad Streets. Nazareth Church, Thirteenth below Vine Streets. Union Church, Fourth below Arch Street, is one of the most elegant and commodious meeting-houses in the city. Trinity Church, Eighth above Eace Street, is the most beautiful Methodist church in Philadelphia. It difi"ers from the others of this Society, in having pews instead of free sittings. Western Church, Twentieth below Walnut Street, 202 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. TRINITY METHODIST CHURCH. Fifth Street Church, Fiftli near Green Street. Eighth Street Church, Eighth near Noble Street. Harmony Church, New Market above Laurel Street. St. John's Church, Third below George Street. Sanctuary Church, Fifth below Girard Street. Parrish Street Church, Parrish and Eighth Streets. Twelfth Street Church, Twelfth and Ogden Street. German Methodist Church, Second above Poplar Street Old Brick Church, Queen and Marlborough Street. Methodist Church, Callowhill near Nineteenth Street. St. John's Church, northeast corner of Shippen and Penn Streets. Mount Zion Church Monroe Street. LUTHERAN CHURCHES. 203 W1.ARTON Street Church, Wharton near Third Street. Independent Church, Fifth below Washington Street. Ebenezer Church, Christian below Fourth Street. St. Paul's Church, Catharine above Sixth Street. John Wesley Church (African), Shippen above Seventh Street. Little Wesley Church (African), Hurst below Lombard Street. ZoAR Church (African), Brown below Fourth Street. Methodist Church (African), Fifth and Coates Street. Bethel Church (African), Sixth above Lombard Street. Union Methodist Church (African). Little Pine above Sixth Street. Methodist Church (African), Locust Street, West Phila- delphia. To the above list may be added twenty-one churches, dis- tributed throughout the county, — making a total of fifty-three buildings. LUTHERAN CHURCHES. The first church of this communion in Philadelphia was erected in 1748. It yet remains, in Fifth above Arch Street. This antique edifice is seventy-two feet by forty-four, and twenty-two feet high to the eaves. During the occupancy of the city by the British, in 1777, it was the garrison-church ; and, after the victory achieved by the Army of Independence at Yorktown, Congress went to it in a body, to return thanks to God. For a long period the services in this church were performed in the German language; but, owing to the in- creased number of members who did not learn the language of their ancestors, an attempt was made to have the services per- formed, at least once a day, in the English language. Thia 204 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. ST. MARK'S CHURCH. weasure was resisted, and, in consequence, a large party with- drew, and erected the elegant St. John's Church, in Race Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. This is an imposing edifice, in the Roman Btyle of architecture ; it is of brick, one hundred feet by sixty- seven. ZiON Church, situated on the southeast corner of Cherry and Fourth Streets, is one of the most substantially-erected and commodious churches in Philadelphia. It is also of brick, cf the Roman style, and is one hundred and seven feet long, seventy-one broad, and forty-four feet to the spring of the roof. It was intended to surmount this edifice with a steeple, the tower of which was partly erected with the build- GERMAN REFORMED CHURCHES. 205 ing in 1766. In 1777, the British army removed the pews, and occupied the building as a temporary hospital. This church was destroyed by fire on the 26th of December, 1794 ; but the walls remaining entire and sound, it was rebuilt and much improved in 1795. The organ is one of the largest and best-toned in the city. St. Matthew's Church, New below Fourth Street. German Lutheran Church, Fourth below Thompson Street. ZiON and St. Michael's, Brown and St. John Streets. St. Mark's Church. — This is a new and beautiful build- ing, situated on the south side of Spring Garden Street, west of Thirteenth Street. It is a brick structure, masticated. The front presents a fine specimen of the Romanesque style of ar- chitecture, characterized at once for simplicity and taste. Lutheran Church, Queen and Main Streets, Germantown. St. Michael's Church, Main Street, German town. There is also a Lutheran Church in Frankford, one in Box- borough, and one in Passyunk. GERMAN REFORMED CHURCHES. The early establishment of this denomination in Philadel- phia County was in Germantown, where they erected a meet- ing-house in 1733. The First German Beformed Church erected in our city was in Bace below Fourth Street, in 1747. This edifice was octagonal in form, surmounted by a spire. It was removed in 1762, and a more commodious one erected, which, in 1837, gave place to the present neat brick structure. German Beformed Church, St. John near Green Street. German Beformed Church, Green Street west of Broad. 18 206 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. DUTCH REFORMED CHURCHES. The First Dutch Reformed Church, Crown above Kace Street, is a brick building, ninety by sixty feet. SECOND DUTCH REFORMED CHTTRCH. The Second Dutch Reformed Church, corner of Tenth and Filbert Streets, is a fine building. The fayade, on Tenth Street, is ornamented with a beautiful Doric portico resting on an elevated base. The interior will compare with that of any other church in the city, in point of taste and finish. UNIVERSALIST CHURCHES. 201 MORAVIAN CHURCH. The first congregation of this communion that settled in North America, came from Berthelsdorf, a village belonging to Count Zinzendorf, in Upper Lusatia, whence they were ex- pelled bj the Elector of Saxony. The instructions given to these exiles by the Count is worthy of notice. " Submit your- selves/' he said, " in all things, to the guidance of Grod ; pre- serve your liberty of conscience; but avoid all religious dis- putes. Ever keep in view the call given you by God, — to preach the gospel of Christ to the heathen; and, further, en- deavour as much as possible to earn your own bread.^^ The first colony arrived in Pennsylvania in 1738, the larger portion of which settled at Bethlehem. In 1742, the members of the Society who had remained in Philadelphia erected the church which still stands on the corner of Race and Bread Streets. The Moravians, though few in number when compared with other sects, are yet noted for piety and industry. The burial- ground belonging to this church is situated on the corner of Vine and Franklin Streets.* UNIVERSALIST CHURCHES. The First Universalist Church is situated in Lombard above Fourth Street. The Second Universalist Church, Callowhill between Fourth and Fifth Streets. Both of these buildings are of brick ; the latter roughcast, in imitation of marble. This building is eighty feet long, sixty wide, and thirty-four high to the spring of the roof. The interior is neat, and the pulpit is handsomely decorated. The Third Universalist Church is a plain structure, situated in Phoenix near Amber Street, Kensington. * On which ground a beautiful new church edifice has been erected. 208 PHILADELPHIA AS IT I! The Fourth Universalist Church, situated in Locust above Thirteenth Street, is a new edifice, in the Collegiate Gothic style, erected from designs by Mr. Walter. THE UNIT^UIAN CHURCH. The Unitarian Church, situated on the corner of Tenth and Locust Streets, is a beautiful building in the Grecian style. HEBREW SYNAGOGUES. The First Synagogue erected in the city, is situated ic Cherry near Third Street. HEBREW SYNAGOGUES. 209 THE THIRB SYNAGOGUE. The Second Synagogue, situated in Juliana above Wood Street. The Third Synagogue, in Crown below Vine Street. This last is a new and imposing building, constructed of brown etone, in the Egyptian style. 18* 210 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. BIBLE SOCIETIES. Around the Bible centre a thousand lovely associations, thoughts, and feelings. It is the source of all true and lasting knowledge — the only true guide to happiness. The blessings of liberty and civilization cluster around and lie in its path. Where the Bible is read, there are wholesome laws, civil pros- perity, and social endearments. It is a teacher in schools, a counsellor in senates, and a cheerful friend at the fireside. It gives wisdom to the ignorant, confidence to the doubting, joy to the comfortless, light to the straying, and hope to the hope- less. The difi*usion of the Bible in our midst, together with the means of its distribution, are here noticed. The Pennsylvania Bible Society was organized in this city on the 12th of December, 1808, and was the first Bible Society organized in this country. The sole design of the Bible Society is to circulate the Holy Bible without note or comment; by sale to those able to buy, and by gift to those too poor to purchase. The Bible Society is not the property of any sect, but is supported by all who believe in the circulation of the Bible in our own and foreign lands. And to this sole object this noble association, now forty-nine years old, has devoted her best energies, and in the prosecution of her glorious work has supplied thousands, before destitute, with the Book of Books. The Bible Society's House is a beautiful building, located on the northwest corner of Seventh and Walnut Streets. The following are the officers : Rev. P. F. Mayer, D. D., Presi- dent; Rev. John Chambers, Rev. Albert Barnes, Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter, D. D., Rev. H. A. Boardman, D. D., Rev. John P. Durbin, D. D., Vice Presidents; Joseph H. Dulles, Corres- ponding Secretary ; Rev. Kingston Goddard, Recording Secre- tary; John W. Claghorn, Treasurer; Rev. J. J. Aikin, D. D., Pittsburg, Secretary for Western District of Pennsylvania ; Rev BIBLE SOCIETIES. 211 I. H. Torrence, Philadelphia, Secretary for Eastern District of Pennsylvania; John P. Rhoads, Depository Agent. Since 1840 this Association has circulated 907,000 copies of the Scriptures, and during the past year, 90,656. Orders and communications should be addressed to John P. Rhoads, Depository Agent, Bible House, northwest corner of Seventh and Walnut Streets. The Philadelphia Bible Society, formed in 1838, stands in the position of a county organization. Its particular duty is the supplying of those who are destitute of the Scrip- tures within the streets, courts, lanes, and alleys of Philadel- phia. The hardy sons of the deep are also the subjects of its peculiar care. And the surplus funds are appropriated to aid in the circulation of the Bible, in destitute parts of our own and foreign lands. We may here remark, that ^'The Book" is published in all the modern languages, so that emigrants and sailors, from all climes, can be supplied with it in their own tongue. Bibles and Testaments have been distributed annually in the German, Swedish, Danish, Italian, Portuguese, Greek, and Welsh languages, amounting in all to 226,131 copies. This Society employs four colporteurs, or missionaries, in this good work. Wilfred Hall is the agent of this Society, to whom communications should be addressed, at the Bible House, Seventh and Walnut Streets. The FexMale Bible Society of Philadelphia, insti- tuted April 24th, 1814. The members of this Association not only contribute their money, but aid in the circulation of the Bible personally. The Society is divided into a number of auxiliaries, distributed throughout the county, each of which is a separate and distinct organization, yet united in a bond of general union for mutual support. These auxiliaries are, the Northwestern, Southwestern, Southeastern, Southwark, Moyamensing, West Kensington, and Spring Garden Societies 212 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. In addition to those mentioned, there are The Northern Liberties Bible Society, Gtermantown Female Bible Society, Frankford Bible Society, and Manayunk and Roxborough Female Bible Society. We may here remark, for general information, that the various Bible societies established since 1804, in different parts of the world, have issued no less than 40,000,000 copies of the Holy Scriptures, — the United States raising alone for that noble cause, during the past year, 11,750,000. It is printed in no less than 130 different languages, now spoken by the principal varieties of the human family. The Bible Association of the Friends in America, was founded in 1829, for the purpose of encouraging "a wider circulation, as well as a more frequent and serious perusal, of the Sacred Scriptures, among such as are members of the Religious Society of Friends, and also, as its funds will permit, to other persons.'^ Since the establishment of this Association, they have printed 23,350 copies of the Reference Bible, 12,530 of the 24mo. school Bible, 15,196 of the 12mo. Testament, and 5,768 of the 24mo. Testament These books are circulated through auxiliaries in different parts of the continent. The Depository is at No. 50 North Fourth Street, above Arch. Mr. John Richardson is the agent, to whom communi- cations should be addressed. religious institutions. The American Sunday School Union Buildings are at 316 Chestnut Street, between Eleventh and Twelfth Streets. The principal part is of granite, and is a fine specimen of archi- tecture. The edifice itself is spacious and imposing, being four stories high including the basement, and running back to Greorge Street. The front building is occupied by the sales-rooms and MISCELLANEOUS ASSOCIATIONS. 213 oflBces, and the rear building for a warehouse and packing-room. The whole premises are needed for the Society^s purposes, and no part is leased. Few institutions in our city are better calculated to promote ihe cause of Christianity than the one under notice. Its influence is not bounded by "locality'^ or " sect;^' it is truly American. The ^' Union" was formed in 1824, by the combination of several local associations, having for their object ^'The con- centration of the efforts of Sunday School societies in different sections of the United States, together with the diffusion of useful information by moral and religious publications, mis- sions," &c. According to the Constitution, the Union is composed of the various evangelical denominations. No control is assumed by it over any school whatever, the principal and primary object being to aid and encourage the establishment of Sab- bath Schools throughout the United States, without any inter- ference in their future organization or government. MISCELLANEOUS ASSOCIATIONS. Masonic Lodges, &c. — These at present include the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, the Glrand Chapter of Pennsylvania, twenty-five subordinate Lodges, four Mark Lodges, and six Koyal Arch Chapters, who hold their meetings at the Masonic Temple in Chestnut Street; and, in addition to this, there are eight subordinate Lodges, who hold their meetings in the outer wards of the city, to wit : two in Kensington, two in German- town, one each in Kichmond, Frankford, Manayunk, and West Philadelphia. The higher orders of Masonry also meet at the Hall in Chestnut Street, consisting of a Supreme Consistory of P. R. S., a Chapter of Rosa Croix, a Council of Princes of 214 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. Jerusalem, a Lodge of Perfection, and three Encampments of Knights Templar. Independent Order oe Odd Fellows. — Of this excellent Order, there are one hundred and fourteen Lodges, embracing over twenty thousand members, in the city and adjoining dis- tricts. Many of the halls erected in different sections of Phi- ladelphia County, for the use and accommodation of the Order, are beautiful, chaste, and commodious buildings. The most prominent of these is the zMzs^a^Mi ODD fellows' hall. Odd Fellows' Hall, Sixth Street between Arch and Race Streets. This structure, sixty-two feet front by one hundred in depth, is quite imposing in its appearance. Odd Fellows' Hall, Third and Brown Streets, Northern Liberties, is also an elegant building, in the Egyptian style of architecture. MISCELLANEOUS ASSOCIATIONS. 215 Odd Fellows' Hall, Broad and Spring Garden Streets. — This new hall, creditable to the enterprise of the Order, and an ornament to its vicinity, was erected in 1851. In addition to these, there is a hall, erected in 1850, at the corner of Tenth and South Streets; one in Third below German Street; one in West Philadelphia, one in Germantown, one in Rox- borough, and two in Manayunk. Among the many associations in Philadelphia, we may mention. The United Order of American Mechanics, The Druids, The Independent Order of Good Fellows, and The Improved Order of Red Men, as worthy of parti- cular regard, being organized for the purpose of cultivating the principles of Friendship and Benevolence among their members. The Mutual Beneficial Societies in Philadelphia are, also, exceedingly numerous. Their names alone would far surpass our limits. Temperance Societies. — We rejoice to see this cause again awakening a lively interest in our city, where it ever has had many ardent friends. Among the Temperance orga- nizations in Philadelphia, The Order of the Sons of Tem- perance, The Independent Order of Good Samaritans, The Cadets of Temperance, The Pupils of Temperance, The Daughters of Temperance, and The Daughters op Samaria, are worthy of notice. These and kindred associa- tions are the pioneers of a glorious, peaceful age. When we reflect on the vast sums that have been squandered in intoxi- cating drink, which has been the means of so much misery, wick- edness, and brutality — how Intemperance stands in the way of man's social progress — how it thwarts every good and bene- volent design — what innocence it has defiled — what hopes blighted, and homes made desolate, — can we do otherwise than wish them God speed? 21G PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. CHAPTER IX. CEMETERIES OF PHILADELPHIA AND ITS VICINITY. Some of these cemeteries are the ''loveliest spots upon earth/' and they ought to be so. We love the beautiful while living, and it is a pleasing thought that when our journey is over, we shall be laid amid the loveliness of Nature. Alex- ander Wilson's last wish was to be laid beneath a shady tree, where the songsters that charmed him while living, might come and sing around his tomb I Poor Wilson ! even your last hope on earth has been disappointed ; few birds carol around your grave. The solitude you loved has long ago deserted your lowly bed.* We propose to notice some of the most prominent cemeteries in our city and its vicinity. LAUREL HILL CEMETERT.f *' Here may the heart, half desolate and broken, Far from the city's pomp its Tigil keep, And wreath with fairest flowers, affection's token, The pale, cold marble, where its loved ones sleep." This cemetery is beautifully situated between the Ridge Koad and the Riv^er Schuylkill, about three and a half miles from Philadelphia. It consists of two sections, designated re- spectively North and South Laurel Hill. * Alexander Wilson, the Ornithologist, died in this city in the year 1814, and ia buried in the Swedes' Churchyard, Southwark. The testimonial to his memory is a plain marble slab, easily distinguished among the few humble monuments in that old ground. t From " The Cemeteries of Philadelphia," a new work, preparing for the press by R. A. Smith, the first part of which, "Laurel Hill Cemetery," will be published at an early day. L A U R E L TT F L ]", E AT E T E R Y. 217 .BRiaHTL y Ofi ."^ LAUKEL HILL CEMETERY. The grounds of the North section (which first claims our attention) are substantially enclosed, and the whole plot sur- veyed into lots of various dimensions, from eighty to one thousand square feet. The improvements consist of an elegant entrance, constructed of brown stone, in the Doric style; a Gothic chapel; the superintendent's residence; a spacious re- ceiving vault ; an observatory, commanding a charming view of the river and opposite shore; stabling, &c., sufficient to accommodate over forty carriages; and a hot-house, where flowers, plants, and shrubs of every variety are cultivated with tlie greatest care. The entrance on the Ridge Road presents a bold and commanding appearance, through which is a vista of remarkable beauty. On each side are lodges for the accom- oiodatiou of the attendants, &c. 19 218 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. The first object of attraction, on passing through the gate, is the celebrated group of Thorn, representing Old Mortality, his Pony, and Sir Walter Scott. The reader will find the scene in Sir Walter Scott's historical tale of " Old Mortality." To the north of this effort of " the Burns of Sculpture," is the Godfrey Monu- ment, a beautiful obelisk, ornamented by a ship and a quad- rant. Near the monument is the original gravestone, much LAUREL HILL CEMETERY. 210 defaced. Beneath these memorials lie the ashes of Thomas Godfrey, the inventor of the Mariner's Quadrant, together with those of his father and mother. The monument was erected bj the Mercantile Library Com- pany of Philadelphia, aided by citizens of Philadelphia and Ger- mantown, in gratitude for the enduring benefit his invention has conferred upon the navigation and commerce of the world. In the northeast corner of the cemetery is the burial-ground attached to St. John's Lutheran Church. Following the carriage-road to the left we view the chaste and ornamental tomb of OsCAR DoTJGLAS, a Philadelphia fire- man, killed by the falling of a wall, while in the discharge of his duty, January 23d, 1841. This monument was erected as a tribute to his many virtues, by the members of the Pennsyl- vania Fire Company, and the artillery corps of Washington Grays. West of this is the rich and imposing tribute to the memory of the brave and lamented General and Major Twiggs, father and son ; both fell in the recent war with Mexico. In this vicinity, too, repose the ashes of the poet, the scholar, and divine — Walter Colton. A plain obelisk marks his last resting-place. Innumerable monuments are tastefully disposed in this neighbourhood — some of them being exquisite works of art; while trees, shrubs, and flowers, of every variety and hue, throw a delicious shade around. Among these tombs is the figure of a lovely child, a master-piece of the celebrated sculp- tor, Pettrich. It is much visited, and generally admired. No less beautiful, though more humble in pretension, is that to *' Our Dear Willie.'' We are now in the vicinity of the Gothic Chapel, the scene in front of which is one of unparalleled loveliness. In such a pleasing spot, when the birds are singing, and flowers and trees present their ever-new verdure, the dreariness of the 220 PHILADELPHIA AS IT II grave is lost; the utter oblivion that awaits the tenant of the tomb is forgotten ; death is here robbed of half its terrors. Immediately opposite repose the remains of GtENERAL Hugh Mer- cer, who fell at the Battle of Prince- ton. They were originally interred in Christ Church graveyard, Second Street, from whence they were re- moved to tbis cemetery on the 26th of November, 1840, attended by un- usual pomp and funeral ceremony. The present elegant monument was erected by the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia, as a tribute to the memory of an illustrious "brother. The decorations are beautifully cut The sword, scabbard, &c., are particularly fine. LAUREL HILL CEMETERY. 221 In this vicinity may be seen an obelisk, bearing an epitaph to the memory of John Cook, written by himself, the lettering and execution of which is highly creditable to the artist, John Eckstein, Esq. The lot (too limited in extent and badly arranged for the proper exhibition of a monument of this description) is enclosed by a tasty and substantial iron railing, and embellished with some choice shrubs and plants. To the right of this, Mr. Louis A. Godey has a lot, ornamented with true poetic taste. Proceeding westward, the visiter will not fail to admire the tomb erected over the remains of Joseph S. Lev^is. On the south front of this elegant monument is an admirable view of Fairmount. North from this, is the classic tomb of Commodore Hull, executed after the model of that of the Scipios at E,ome, with the addition of the American Eagle, perched on the centre. Beneath this beautiful and appropriate memorial repose the ashes of that naval hero, who, by his brilliant triumph, in the frigate Constitution, over the British frigate Guerriere, Captain Dacres, on the 19th of August, 1812, '^ became the precursor of that series of victories which immortalized the Navy of the United States." The tomb was erected by his widow, as an affectionate token to his private virtues. In the adjoining lot, to the east of Commodore HulFs tomb, rest the remains of Commodore A. Murray. They were originally interred in the burial-ground of the First Presby- terian Church, Market Street below Third (the site of which is now occupied by extensive storehouses), and removed to Laurel Hill in 1844, by direction of his family. 19* 222 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. East from this, beauti- fully situated, is the monu- ment of Stephen Decatur Lav ALETTE, U. S. N. It is in the Roman style, and consists of a large, square pedestal, on which rests a block of marble, with medal- lions on each side, bearing appropriate naval emblems, — the flag, anchor, &c., the whole surmounted by an urn. Proceeding to the west- ward, immediately over the first terrace, is the monu- ment erected to the memory of Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, a native of Swit-\ zerland, and a distinguished I citizen of the United States, for many years engaged in the Coast Survey, as superintendent, for which responsible office he was well suited, no less for his learning and scientific re- search, than for his natural talents. The memorial consists of two pieces of rock in the rough, surmounted by a pedestal and urn, elegantly sculptured in marble. Alongside of this tomb repose the ashes of Charles A. Hassler, Surgeon XJ. S. N. This gallant officer perished, when returning from a protracted cruise, in the noble eJffort to save the helpless on the wreck of the steamer Atlantic, in Long Island Sound, November 27th, 1S46. Proceeding northward, we view the grave of William LAUREL HILL CExAIETERY. 223; Short, the first citizen who received an appointment to public office under the Constitution of the United States — also the tomb of the McKean family, where repose the ashes of Thomas McKean, one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- dence, and President of Congress in 1781 ; subsequently Chief Justice of the United States and Governor of the State of Pennsylvania. His memory will ever be dear to the American citizen, and his tomb one of the most interesting objects in this cemetery. In this vicinity, too, is the last resting-place of John Carlton, a native of Salem, Massachusetts, a Major in the Army of the Revolution ; and likewise that of J. W. Cox, U. S. N. The memorial to the last-named is a plain shaft, surmounted by a Bible and an open Prayer-book. Nearly opposite to these is the splendid monument to William Drayton, of South Carolina; and in the extreme northwest corner, that of M. Morgan, M.D., Surgeon U. S. N. Dr. Morgan was a favourite in the Navy, and his death was much regretted. He died at Pensacola in 1841. The monu- ment was erected by his naval friends, who had his remains brought by sea from Florida. The lot is neatly enclosed by four cannons, linked together with chains. Directly east from this is seen the noble granite obelisk which marks the spot where repose the ashes of the lamented HoLDEN, formerly of the " Saturday Courier.^^ Descending the declivity, immediately beside the northern boundary, to the first terrace, the lover of the picturesque will be gratified with the rural and wild character of the scenery. The west, or river front, is still left to the care of Nature, and for the most part, is covered with a fine growth of forest trees. The south portion is laid out in terraces. The north, or that portion below, is only here and there intersected by ruggud 224 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. paths, the rocks rising from the water in some parts abruptly. Here, stranger, pause and look around ! " Hushed as this scene thy accents be ; The yoiceless solitude of death Breathes more than mortal majesty." Proceeding southwardly along this terrace, we meet several lo^s tastefully enclosed, provided with rustic seats; they are Al remarkable for their simplicity and beauty of ornament, as well as chasteness of sentiment and real feeling engraved on the memorials. A little in advance from these rises the stately monument erected to the memory of John H. Beusse, for- merly of South Carolina; facing which is the mausoleums of the Lennio, Backus, and Robertson families. Near this There is a lone and silent shade, Where none but reverent footsteps tread; There, Neal, the loved, is calmly laid, And sleeps the slumbers of the dead. Oh ! sadly sighs the evening breeze Above the author's lonely tomb. And sadly droops the murmuring trees. As though they mourned his early doom." Joseph C. Neal lies in a sequestered spot, immediately in front of the Ball Mausoleum. The monument consists of a rough block of marble, surmounted by an urn, against which reclines a stringless lyre ; below is a marble tablet in the form of a shield. This monument — fit memorial of the poet — was erected as a tribute of affectionate regret by those who loved him as a man and admired him as an author. The lot is handsomely enclosed by artistic marble posts, connected by massy iron rails. Beneath this, on a craggy point, rises a granite obelisk, in the form of " Cleopatra's Needle," twenty-one feet high. This monument, together with its situation, is peculiarly suitable to LAUREL HILL CEMETERY. 225 commemorate such a character as Charles Thomson, the first, and long the confidential Secretary of the Continental Congress. Retracing our steps to the upland, we now pursue our walk along the terrace southward. The quantity and variety of roses, shrubs, &c., along this path and vicinity present a most enchanting scene. The southern portion of the cemetery, is full of chaste and beautiful memorials to " The dead, the dead, the cherished dead." Among which we notice the monuments erected by the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, to the memory of Julius R. Friedlander, the founder of that noble charity, and to William Young Birch, one of its early friends and most munificent benefactors. The first is a plain granite obelisk; the other, a beautifully-executed shaft, sur- mounted by an urn ; both are merited testimonials of regard to pure philanthropy and disinterested devotion. Near these is the rich and imposing Gothic Monument, so generally visited and justly admired; it is erected to the memory of three sisters, — " Whose lives, so dearly cherished, Nor father's prayers, nor mother's love could save ; For He, our refuge, when all else hath perished, In love still taketh, what in love he gave." To the admirers of architecture, this monument will prov-e a treat. It was designed by and executed under the superin- tendence of Mr. John Notman. Proceeding eastward, we view the classic tomb, erected over the remains of Isabel Coleman, daughter of Thomas and 226 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. THE COLEMAN MONUMENT, LAUREL HILL CEMETERF. 2*27 £laniiah Coleman. This exquisite work of art, is from the chisel of Joseph Maples, Esq., sculptor, and is a most beauti- ful specimen of American Art. It is undoubtedly the gem of North Laurel Hill. (See engraving.) We must now bid adieu to this delightful place — " Where, perchance, our footsteps never Its fairy haunts again in life may tread ; Yet, as a gem, in memory's casket ever Art thou shrined, oh, loveliest city of the dead." South Laurel Hill, to which we now direct our steps, is alsc a charming spot. This new cemetery, like North Laurel Hill^ occupies a lofty promontory above the river, — the views ol which, and through the sombre glades and avenues of the ground, are unsurpassed for sweetness and repose; nowhere could a more attractive spot be found for the purposes of burial. Several elegant monuments have already be^n erected, the most prominent of which is that raised to the memory of " Sarah Ann, wife of George L. Harrison, who fell asleep May 12th, 1850." It is of marble, in the decorated style of Grothic architecture, which prevailed during the reigns of Edward the Second and Edward the Third of England, — a period when this rich and imposing order was carried to its highest degree of perfection and luxuriant beauty. About that time, also, the canopy was introduced as a new feature in monumental decoration. The tomb under notice consists of a richly-sculptured altar table, surmounted by an elegant canopy, enriched with crochets and finials, supported by twenty clustered columns ; festoons of ivy creep along each angle of the roof until they meet at the apex, where they unite in an ornamental cluster. Within the screen is the life-size image of a lamb, reposing on a cross, emblematic of that faith en- deared to her whose remains lie beneath. The whole structure 228 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. is beautifully proportioned, chastely ornamented, and elegantly executed. It is worthy of its accomplished architect, Mr. John Notman, and its sculptor, Mr, Joseph Maples. Visiters obtain tickets of admission from Mr. L. P. Smith, at the Philadelphia Library, South Fifth Street. ODD FELLOWS* CEMETEBY, The Odd Fellows' Cemetery is situated on Islington Lane, near the Ridge Road, about two miles from the northern boun- dary of the city proper. It contains thirty-two acres, and is intersected by spacious avenues of from fifteen to thirty feet in width, well graded. A substantial stone wall, surmounted by a neat iron railing, has been erected along the entire front. The first interment was made on the 5th of May, 1849. The Cemetery is under the management of the Order whose name it bears. MONUMENT CEMETERY. 229 The buildings of which the above is a correct and beautiful flew, are located in the centre of the ground, fronting on the Lane. They are of brown stone, in the Egyptian style of architecture. The centre building, surmounted by a tower eighty-one feet high, is designed for a chapel, with offices and ample apartments for the residence of the superintendent; the wings are used for carriage ways and entrances for foot passengers. These beautiful and appropriate buildings were designed and erected under the superintendence of Hoxie and Button, architects. Glenwood Cemetery, Ridge Road and Islington Lane, contains twenty-one acres. It is situated exactly on the ridge that divides the waters flowing into the Delaware from those flowing into the Schuylkill. The avenues are laid out so as to combine beauty of appearance, with ready access to every part of the ground. When the designed improvements (part of which we had the pleasure of inspecting) are completed, ^'The Glenwood" will be one of the most beautiful, as it is now one of the most desirable places of burial in the vicinity of the city. The Monument Cemetery is beautifully situated on Broad Street, about a mile above Coates Street. It combines every- thing in a natural point of view which could possibly be desired, being high, dry, and at so convenient a distance from the city as to be easily reached on foot. The front presents a tasty and appropriate appearance. On entering, the natural beauty of the spot, embellished as it is by art, renders the view altogether lovely. Here, as at Laurel Kill, numerous trees throw their shade around, and flowers both rare and fragrant deck the grave. Among the most notable monuments in this Cemetery, is that erected to the memory of William De La Mater Caldwell, 20 230 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. MONUMENT CEMETERY. Esq., in compliance with a proviso in his will, leaving three thousand dollars to his executors, " for the purpose of erecting a monument over his remains/* This Cemetery was established in 1836, principally through the influence of Dr. Elkinton, and incorporated in the year 1837. WOODLAND CEMETERY. 231 The Woodland Cemetery is situated on the west side of the Schuylkill River, about one mile southwest from the city. This beautiful spot wag long the country seat of the Hamilton family ; and the mansion still re- mains, a memorial of the past. The trees that adorn the Cemetery are some of them of majestic growth, lending to the scenery and the grounds the most impressive effect. The vistas beneath the foliage, or between the separated groves, conduct the eye to distant prospects, varied on every hand, and by every change of position; there, the spires and public build- ings of the city are beheld ; here, the windings of the Schuyl- kill ; and more distant, the bright surface of the Delaware and the blue hills of New Jersey skirt the horizon ; while flowers and shrubs are scattered plenteously around, shedding a cheering influence in shaded lawns, or among the tombs. PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. All that taste can suggest or science demand, consistently with the solemn purpose of the place, has been added to the superior advantages already possessed. Among the many elegant monuments around, few surpass those ^' Tombs in the French style," i. e. with head and foot stones, and beautifully carved side slabs, presenting the appear- ance of a couch. They are further enhanced by the profusion of roses and other choice flowers which cover the mound. Mount Vernon Cemetery, opposite Laurel Hill, is beau- tifully situated, and promises at no distant day to be one of the most attractive in the city; the entrance to it being of the most solid and durable character. THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 233 CHAPTER X. THE CITY GOVERNMENT. The Police Department consists of the Mayor, as executive head; a Mayor's Clerk, a Chief of Police, Clerk, eight High Constables, four Special Constables, sixteen Lieutenants, thirty- two Sergeants, six hundred and fifty Policemen, and two mes- sengers. The High Constables and Special Constables attend particu- larly to the enforcement of the ordinances of the city, and act as a detective police. The whole city is divided into sixteen Police Divisions, each Division having a Lieutenant, two Sergeants, and such number of Policemen as the Mayor may from time to time order. The Station Houses are located as follows : 1st Dist. (1st and 2d wards), Moyamensing Hall, Christian Street above Ninth, S. S. 2d Dist. (3d and 4th wards). South wark Hall, Second above Christian, E. S. 3d Dist. (5th ward), Union above Third Street. 4th '* (6th ward), Cherry Street, east of Fifth. 5th " (7th and 8th wards), Fifteenth Street above Locust, 6th <♦ (9th and 10th wards), Filbert Street, west of Fif- teenth. 7th Dist. (11th and 12th wards). Northern Liberty Hall, Third below Grreen. 8th Dist. (13th and 14th wards), Spring Garden Hall, N. W. corner of Thirteenth and Spring Garden. 9th Dist. (15th ward), Coates Street, west of Twenty-second Street. 20* 234 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. 10th Dist. (16th and 17th wards), Kensington Hall, come* of Front and Master. 11th Dist. (18th and 19th wards), Frankford Road and York Street. 12th Dist. (20th ward), N. E. cor. of Tenth and Thompson Streets. 13th Dist. (21st ward), Old Borough Hall, Manayunk. 14th " (22d ward). Commissioners Hall, Germantown. 15th " (23d ward), Old Borough Hall, Frankford. 16th " (24th ward), Lancaster Turnpike, above Wash- ington Street, West Philadelphia. The policemen are divided into three platoons, one for day duty, and two for night. The day platoon have charge of the city during the day, one half being allowed two hours for dinner at one time, the remaining half covering the beats of the former while absent, and vice versa. The night force of two platoons are on duty throughout the whole night, one platoon in the streets, the other in the station houses, as a reserve force, in case of fire, riot, &c. The personnel of the police force attached to the Mayor's ofl&ce are : Alexander Henry, Mayor. James E. Montgomery, Mayor's Clerk. J. Hutchinson Kay, acting " " William C. Haines, Assistant Clerk. Samuel G. Buggies, Chief of Police. Chas. Newell, Clerk to " " Jas. Miller, Messenger « " George Mock, Messenger to Mayor. A. W. Blackburn, High Constable and Fire Marshal. J. Henry Bulkley, High Constable. H. G. Clark, '' " Jos. Barton, u u THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 235 Josiah Danfield, High Constable. David Henderson, " " John Lemon, " •* Geo. D. Callanan, ^^ " Benjamin Franklin, Chief of Detectives George H. Smith, Detective. Benjamin Levy, '^ G. W. Bartholomew, '' Jos. Sommers, " Samuel Wrigley, " Joshua Taggart, " E. G. Carlin, " Samuel Henderson, " William J. Philips, Supt. Police and Fire Telegraph D. R. Walker, Asst. " " a u n In case of riot, if the Mayor is of opinion that his force is not sufficient, he has power to require the aid of the military, and it is the duty of the major-general or commanding officer to assist him promptly with such force as he may demand. The Mayor, Chief of Police, Lieutenants, or policemen, in case of emergency, have a right to, and can demand the aid of any citizen in suppressing riots or tumultuous assemblies. It is well to say that, *' if such persons, constituting unlawful, riotous, or tumultuous assemblies, shall continue together, and not disperse on proclamation, then the Mayor, Lieutenants, or such other persons as he may command, shall use all necessary force and means whatsoever for that purpose;" and should " any person be killed, maimed, or hurt, the Mayor, his police, or other such persons aiding or assisting him in the discharge of his duty, shall be wholly discharged, and held harmless/' By means of the police telegraph, the entire force of police can be concentrated in any one part of the city. 236 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. The Select Council of the consolidated city consists of twenty- four members, one from each ward. The Common Council of seventy-two. These Councils are divided, for the better transaction of business, into joint standing committees, viz : Finance, Water, Gas, Girard Estates, Highways, City Property, Police, Trusts. Fire Department, Health, Poor, Prisons, Schools, Surveys. Railroads, Claims, Law, Markets, &c. Each Council elects itji own officers, consisting of a president and clerks. The present officers of the Select Council are, James Lynd, President. B. H. Haines, Clerk. Robert Bethiell, Assistant Clerk, Thomas Massey, Messenger. Common Council : Alexander J. Harper, President. William F. Small, Clerk. Abraham Stewart, Assistant Clerk. James Zimmerman and Charles M. Carpenter, Messengers. The members of the Select Council hold their office for two years, one half going out each year. The members of Common Council are elected annually. All the municipal officers are elected in May of each year. The stated meeting of the Councils is every Thursday after- noon, at their chambers in the main building of the State House, or Independence Hall, which are beautifully fitted up, and well worth the visit of the stranger; ample accommodations being made for visitors. City Treasurer, James McClintock, M. D. ; City Controller, George W. Hufty ; Receiver of Taxes, John R. Lyndall ; City Solicitor, Frederick C. Brewster. THE BOARD OF HEALTH. 237 The Board of Health, Office, southwest corner of Sixth and Sansom Streets. Since the change effected by the Act of Consolidation, which went into operation the first Monday in July, 1854, this Board consists of twenty-four members, one from each ward, and is elected annually by the popular vote of each ward. The Governor of the State also appoints a phy- sician, who resides in the city, denominated the Port Physician, and another, who resides at the Lazaretto, called the Lazaretto Physician, together with a Health Officer, and a Quarantine Master. The Board of Health is vested '^with full power and au- thority to make general rules, orders, and regulations, for the government of the Lazaretto, and the vessels, persons, and cargoes, there detained in quarantine, likewise of the Health Office and hospital j for the mode of visiting and examining vessels, persons, goods, and houses, within the city and districts ; also, to appoint such officers and attendants as may be neces- sary to attend the Health Office, Lazaretto, and City Hospital, together with such other regulations as may from time to time be requisite for the preservation of the health of the city." This Board has also power, when any portion of the city, or adjoining districts, is infected by a contagious disease, to prevent all communication with the infected parts, and, if necessary, to remove the inhabitants. They have also autho- rity to enter and search any house, or store, where they may suspect any substance that may engender disease to exist, and are required to have the same removed. A register of the births and deaths, in the city, is kept at the Health Office, and all physicians, surgeons, &c., are required, by Act of As- sembly, to furnish certificates of all births and deaths under their care, and of all cases of contagious disease, subject to a penalty for refusing or neglecting to comply with this law. The deaths are returned to the office by the sextons of burial 238 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. grounds ; a weekly statement of which is published under th« direction of the Board of Health. The quarantine regulations of the port commence in June, and extend to October, which is called the quarantine season. Vessels coming from foreign ports, and from American ports with foreign merchandise on board, during that period, must anchor off the Lazaretto until duly inspected by the Lazaretto Physician and the Quarantine Master. Severe penalties are im- posed by law for every violation of the quarantine regulations. The following gentlemen comprise the present officers of the Board : President, James A. McCrea, M. D. ; Secretary, Wil- liam Taylor; Clerk, Washington L. Bladen; Messenger, An- drew McDole, and four assistant messengers. The executive officers are, Health Officer, William Read ; Port Physician, John F. Trenchard, M. D. ; Lazaretto Physician, D. K. Shoe- maker, M. D. ; Quarantine Master, Robert Grartside. The Lazaretto is pleasantly located on the banks of the Delaware, fourteen miles below the city. It occupies an area of about eight acres of ground, most of which is under cultiva- tion. An extensive and well laid out vegetable and flower gar- den adds beauty and variety to the grounds. The buildings consist of a main edifice and two wings ; a residence, with garden attached, for the Physician ; a similar one for the Quarantine Master; an out-kitchen, a bath-house, a green-house, and a large barn ; also a two-story building, originally intended for the ac- commodation of Grerman emigrants. The officers are a Steward, Lazaretto Physician, and Quaran- tine Master. The Steward is elected annually by tbe Board of Health. His duties comprise a general supervision of the property, cultivation of the garden, furnishing and preparing the diet and board of the sick, &c. The Physician and Quar- antine Master are appointed, as before remarked, by the BOARD OF HEALTH 239 Goveruor. The duties of the first-named are to visit all vessels required by law to stop at the Lazaretto, and to examine into the health of the crew and passengers, if any are sick with malignant or contagious diseases; to have them removed to the hospital, and there attend them, while the vessel is de- tained to undergo purification, and wait the orders of the Board of Health before she can be allowed to come to the city. The duties of the Quarantine Master are, to accompany the Physician in his visit as above, examine carefully the vessel in regard to cleanliness, and attend to the purification and moor- ing of vessels undergoing quarantine. The Board has also, during the quarantine months, seven bargemen employed, and as many nurses as the wants of the station may require. The duties of the bargemen, in addition to manning the boats, are, to remove the sick ; bury the dead, and to perform such other duties as may be required of them by the proper officers. Adjoining the Lazaretto, the United States' government has an Inspection Station, occupying about four acres of land. A U. States' Inspector of Customs, Frederick Williams, under ap- pointment by the Collector of the Port, resides there at this time. State Penitentiary, for the Eastern District of Pennsyl- vania. — This institution is the result of the laborious investi- gation of half a century, of a few minds, deeply interested in the subject of prison discipline. In the latter part of the year 1786, the treatment of persons convicted of crimes engaged the consideration of some members of the "Philadelphia So- ciety for Relieving the Miseries of Public Prisons.'' The miserable condition of the jails of that day awakened the sym- pathy of the benevolent members of this Society, and out of these feelings grew the efibrts, which were at last, under the operation of able minds, directed to the whole range of penal jurisprudence. The Legislature of Pennsylvania was addressed ^40 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. THE EASTERN PENITENTIARY. from time to time on the subject : the late Bishop White, Mr. Wistar, Roberts Vaux, and other kindred spirits, united their efforts to induce the G-eneral Assembly of the State to reform the penal institutions of the Commonwealth. After years spent in examination and controversy, the Legis- lature passed an act authorizing certain gentlemen commis- sioners named in the act to erect a State Penitentiary on the principle of separate confinement of the prisoners at hard labour. This is the corner-stone of what is now designated "The Pennsylvania System.'' Much has been written on the merits of " separate confine- tnentr It has been always denominated by its enemies soli- tary confinement; but mere terms, though used to describe the character of the discipline, are by no means synonymous. The separation of prisoners from each other, at all times, does THE EASTERN PENITENTIARY. 241 not include the idea of solitude. We have been favoured with the correspondence between the Honourable Roberts Vaux of Philadelphia, and William Roscoe of England, on the principles of the Pennsylvania System. Mr. Vaux defends and explains the subject with great clearness against the attack of Mr. Roscoe, who urges all the objections against the System, so rife while it was then in its infancy. The Penitentiary was finished and transferred to the ''Board of Inspectors," the governing power, in the year 1829. The cost of the ground and buildings was about six hundred thou- sand dollars. In the year 1846, January 1st, a period of about seventeen years, 2059 prisoners had been received into the prison.^ The number now nearly reaches 3000. The average number in confinement during the year is about 300. For the last ten years the average amount of prisoners yearly in the Penitentiary is about 295. The district from which prisoners are sent includes all the eastern counties of Pennsylvania. The Institution is governed by a Board of Inspectors, a war- den, physician, and fourteen overseers. It has been in active operation since 1829, and the results given by the experience of over twenty years have confirmed all the predictions and expectations of its originators and friends. The penal code of the State has not yet been fully adapted to this system of punishment. So soon as the Legislature shall reform a code, never revised with any degree of radical reform, then will Pennsylvania defy the civilized world to show a more perfect, humane, and reformatory system, than is to be found within her borders. The plan of the buildings is as follows. The grounds com- prise about eleven acres, enclosed by a stone wall, thirty feet high. The centre of the plot is comparable to the hub of a wheel, and the corridors of cells, the spokes ; on each side of the corridors, cells are situated, to each of which a yard is 21 242 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. attached, for air and exercise. Each prisoner has a cell to himself; there he works, and sleeps, and eats, taking exercise daily in the yard. Each prisoner is taught to read, write, and a useful handi- craft, during his term of imprisonment. A moral instructor and a teacher, are employed. On the Lord's day, any Chris- tian minister, of good standing in his denomination, can visit the convicts, and preach to them, or otherwise instruct them. No corporeal punishment of prisoners is allowed; kindness is the spirit of all communication with the inmates. The health of the convicts is under the most judicious cir- cumspection. The physician resides in the Penitentiary. The mortality is much less than one would expect, from the kind of persons sent from the depraved classes of city humanityc The fatal diseases are nearly all constitutional, produced by causes mostly without the influence of the prison. The Penitentiary is located about two miles from the centre of the city of Philadelphia. It is sometimes called '' Cherry Hill Prison,'' as '' Cherry Hill" was the name of the property purchased for its site. At this time, Richard Vaux is President of the Board of Inspectors ; Secretary, Samuel Jones, M. D. ; Inspectors, Alexander Henry, Thomas H. Powers, Furman Shep- pard; John S. Holloway, Warden; and Dr. Newbold, resident Physician. Tickets of admission can be had on application to any of the Inspectors. For the accommodation of strangers, we will state that Mr. Yaux's office is in Sixth below Chestnut Street. This gentleman takes pleasure in giving any information ir his power respecting this truly noble Institution, which, wo assure the reader, is well worthy of a visit. There is a prison in Pittsburg, on the same plan, for Western Pennsylvania. THE COUNTY TRISON. 243 THE COUNTY PKISON. Philadelphia County Prison, is situated on Passyunk Road, in the District of Moyamensing, about one mile south of the city proper. There is a line of omnibuses constantly running from the Exchange, via Chestnut and Ninth Streets, to within half a square of the prison. The front of this structure consists of a centre building, with receding wings on either side, flanked by massy octa- gonal towers; beyond these towers receding wing- walls are continued to the extremities of the front, and terminate with embattled bastions. The whole exterior is constructed of Quincy granite, and the style of architecture, that of the olden days of chivalry, decorated in the Tudor style of EDglisb Gothic. The wings are two stories high, and contain the gates of 244 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. entrance. These wings and the towers which flank them^ together with the bastions on the extreme angles in front, are finished to correspond with the centre edifice. The extreme height of the centre building is seventy -five feet. The interior of the main prison is divided into two general divisions, one for untried prisoners, vagrants, &c., and the other for convicts. It contains four hundred and eight sepa- rate cells, built in two blocks, three stories high, extending from each wing at right angles with the principal front. The cells open into a corridor, occupying the centre of each block, and extending the whole length and height of the building ; the upper stories being approached by means of granite stair- ways leading to galleries, supported by cast iron brackets ; a clerk's office is situated at the head of each corridor, from which every cell door may be seen throughout the entire range. The apartment for females is situated on an adjoining lot. This building embraces one hundred separate cells, a suite of rooms for an infirmary, and two apartments for the keepers. The principal entrance to this portion of the establishment is on Eleventh Street : it consists of a gateway, placed in the middle of a projecting centre, constructed of brown stone, finished in the Egyptian style of architecture. The Prison combines all the characteristics of a penitentiary proper, as well as those of a county jail and workhouse. It is under the management of a Board of fifteen Inspectors, whose duties are probably more arduous than those of any other in the country, yet we have no hesitation to speak with confidence of the generally correct regulation and superintendence of every department. The health of the Prison is good. In this respect it will compare favourably with any other in the United States. Great care is taken to furnish wholesome food, and to have it properly cooked; every prisoner is allowed as much as he THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. 245 wants, this being found more economical than the mode of individual rations. We refer with pleasure to the moral instruction of the pri- soners. The Rev. W. Alexander fills the office of Instructor, with both credit to himself, and satisfaction to the Inspectors The female department is regularly attended by a committee of four ladies, belonging to the " Association of Women Friends." The Inspectors and others acquainted with the labours of this Society, speak highly of the wholesome effects resulting from their efforts. Indeed, there is nothing connected with the internal regulations of the prison, that presents a more pleasing and interesting spectacle than the untiring energy and laudable zeal of these truly benevolent ladies. Each convict, on leaving the prison at the expiration of his sentence, is furnished with a suit of decent clothes, and a sum of money for his present wants, as the means of removing him from the immediate temptation to commit crime. The officers of the Prison consist of a superintendent, a clerk, a matron, two deputies, a physician, and a moral in- structor. Tickets of admission can be obtained by applying to Dr. John Biddle, President of the Board of Inspectors, residence corner of Spruce and Quince Sts., or from any other of the Prison Inspectors. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. In the year 1711, the then Mayor of Philadelphia recom- mended ^' the procuring of fire-buckets, hooks, ladders, and fire-engines, for the purpose of aiding in extinguishing fires." " This," says Watson, " was a pretty early beginning ; as fire- engines were but of recent invention, and had only been in use in London since 1663." Notwithstanding this recommenda- tion, no active measures were taken in the matter until the 21* 246 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS- year 1730, when public attention was awa,kene(i to the impor tance of the subject, by a destructive fire, which consumed several houses in Front below Walnut Street. Soon after this event, several hundred buckets and two fire-engines were im- ported from England. The buckets were placed in the court- house, that formerly stood in Market Street, and the engines were stationed, one at the southwest corner of Market and Second Streets, the other at the corner of Walnut and Front Streets. In the year 1738, Benjamin Franklin, among other patriotic exertions in behalf of his adopted city, succeeded in originating the First Fire Cortipany. At present there are ninety of these praiseworthy associa- tions in the city of Philadelphia and adjoining districts, viz., forty-three engines, forty-two hose, and five hook and ladder companies. A highly commendable spirit animates their members. They are ever prompt at the scene of danger, regardless alike of time, distance, or weather. Actions of truly disinterested heroism and intrepidity are of almost daily occurrence among these young men ; and the department has, on more than one occasion within a few years, been called upon to mourn the loss of valuable lives, sacrificed in the discharge of this self- imposed though patriotic duty. The introduction of the Schuylkill water into the city, proved very efficient in the preservation of property from destruction by fire. Previous to that, water was obtained in small quantities, and with considerable trouble, from the pumps, which in most places were few and far between. In the year 1803, Mr. Reuben Haines suggested the idea of attaching a hose to the different fire-plugs, by means of which the engines might be the more readily supplied with water. The improve- ment received the approbation of several of his friends, who that year organized themselves into a fire company, assuming shortly afterwards the title of "The Philaclelphia Hose Company." THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. 247 This department has an Association for the Relief of Disabled Firemen, established and incorporated in 1835. The object of this praiseworthy society is not only the relief of disabled firemen^ but also of their widows and orphans, and the relief of such persons, not firemen, who may sustain per- sonal injury by fire apparatus. The funds of the Association are invested principally in ground-rents, mortgages, etc. the interest from which can be appropriated to no other object than that for which the Association was instituted. The following list embraces all the companies comprising the department : companies owning steam-engines. America Engine, Buttonwood below Third Street. Decatur Engine, Church Street, Frankford. • Delaware Engine, South near Twenty-second Street. Diligent Engine, Tenth and Filbert Streets. Good Intent Engine, Allen above Frankford Road. Good -Will Engine, Race near Broad Street. Hibernia Engine, York below Third Street. Hope Hose, Union below Second Street. Independence Hose, George below Third Street. Mechanic Engine, Brown below Fifteenth Street. Northern Liberty Engine, Front below Green Street. Northern Liberty Hose, N. Market above Coates Street Philadelphia Hose, Seventh above Market Street. Southwark Hose, Third below Lombard Street. Washington Engine, Lombard below Eleventh Street. Weccacoe Engine, Queen below Second Street. West Phila. Engine, Oak Street west of Park. engine companies. *Asststance, Crown above Race Street. ^America, Buttonwood below Third Street. 248 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. ^Columbia, Filbert above Eleventh Street. *CoLUMBiA, Germantown. *Decatur, Church Street, Frankford. ^Delaware, South, near Twenty-second Street. ^Diligent, Tenth and Filbert Streets. *Fairmount, Ridge Avenue, above Wood Street. ^Fellowship, Armat Street above Germ* Av., Germantown, *Friendship, Third above Brown Street. *Franklin, Catharine above Third Street. *Franklin, Germantown Avenue, Germantown. *Franklin, Unity Street, Frankford. *Globe, Germantown Road below Franklin Street. *GooD Will, Race near Broad Street. *GooD Intent, Allen above Frankford Road. *GooD Intent, Main Street, Roxborough. *Hand-in-Hand, Ninth above Poplar Street, Harmony, Arch below Eighth Street. *Hibernia, York below Third Street. *HoPE, Sixth below Shippen Street. ^Humane, Callowhill near Third Street. *Independence, Spring Garden near Twenty-fourth Street. Kensington, Queen above Marlborough Street. *LlBERTY, in Holmesburg. *Manayunk, Main Street, Manayunk. *Mechanic, Brown below Fifteenth Street. *MoNROE, Cambria Street, Monroe Village. *MouNT Airy, Mount Airy. *Northern Liberty, Front below Green Street. ^Philadelphia, Seventeenth above Walnut Street. *Ph(ENIX, Zane above Seventh Street. *Reliance, New above Second Street. *SouTHWARK, Third above Washington Street. *Spring Garden, Twentieth above Callowhill. *Union, Rising Sun Village. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT 249 *United States, Wood above Fourth Street. *ViGiLANT, Race below Second Street. ^Washington, Lombard below Eleventh Street, ^Washington, Frankford Street, Frankford. *Washington, Mount Airy. *Weccacoe, Queen below Second Street. ♦Western, Callowhill near Fifteenth Street. *West Philadelphia, Oak Street west of Park *WissAHiCK0N, Wissahickon. Forty-five in all. HOSE companies. * America, Carpenter Street below Seventh. ♦Cohocksink, Germantown Road above Fifth Street. Columbia, Cherry above Seventh Street. *Diligent, Madison above Race Street. *Fairmount, Pleasant above Eleventh Street. *Franklin, Broad above Fitzwater Street. *Germantown, West Washington Street. *GooD Intent, Prune near Fourth Street. *GooD Will, Wood near Twenty-third Street. Hibernia, Master Street near Germantown Road. *HoPF, Union below Second Street. *Humane, Wood near Third Street. ♦Independence, George Street below Third. ♦Kensington, Queen Street. ♦Lafayette, Fourth near Brown Street. ♦Marion, Queen below Sixth Street. ♦Moyamensing, Eighth below Fitzwater Street. ♦Neptune, Crown below Vine Street. ♦Niagara, Monroe near Third Street. ♦Nicetown, Clinton Street. ♦Northern Liberty, New Market above Coates Street. 250 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. ^Pennsylvania, Eighth above Spring Garden Street. ^Perseverance, Quarry near Third Street. ^Philadelphia, Seventh above Market Street. Resolution, Cherry above Pifth Street. ^Ringgold, Randolph above Girard Avenue. *Robert Morris, Lombard above Eighth Street. ^Schuylkill, Locust above Twelfth Street. ^Shipfler, Reed below Second Street. *SoUTH Penn, Tenth near Thompson. *SouTHWARK, Third below Lombard Street. *Spring Garden, Parrish below Twelfth Street. *Taylor, cor. of Howard, Putnam and Montgomery Streets. *Union, Garden Street near Thirty-fifth. ^United, Brown below Twelfth. ^United States, Tammany near Fourth Street. *Vigilant, Eighth above Wharton. *Warren, Barker above 'Eighteenth Street, ^Washington, Ninth above Filbert Street. *Western, Twentieth above Lombard Street. *West Philadelphia, York above Park. *WiLLiAM Penn, Frankford Road near Franklin Arenue. Forty-two in all. HOOK AND ladder COMPANIES. ^Empire, Franklin above Wood Street. *ExcELSiOR, Sellers and Unity Streets, Frankford. *Mantua, Haverford Road below Lancaster Avenue. *Rescue, Frankford Street, Aramingo. ^Protection, Front above Franklin. Those Companies which have the asterisk (*) are the accept- ing ones under the ordinance of Councils. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, 251 CHAPTER XI. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Perhaps in no particular has society changed to a greater extent, within the last fifty years, than in the mode and rapidity of travelling. In those days, a journey to New York or Baltimore, or even to Trenton, was both a long and tedious one, accomplished, for the most part, on horseback, or in wagons. In 1775, six weeks were occupied in going to and returning from Boston ; and at a still later period, it took ten or twelve days to make the journey to New York, a distance now accomplished in four and a half hours. Then the post- carrier was the most important personage in the community ; his arrival, announced by his well-known horn, was the cause of a much greater sensation in the community than that now excited by ^' the latest news from Europe.'' The first improvement towards facilitating the communica- tion between distant parts of the country, was the construction of turnpike roads. This subject early attracted the attention of the public in this State, particularly of the city of Phila- delphia. In 1791, the Lancaster Turnpike Company was in- corporated, and the road opened to travel in 1795. In 1804, the Germantown and Perkiomen Turnpike-road Company was chartered, and the road completed two years afterwards. The advantages of these enterprises, being the first of the kind in the United States, soon led to the establishment of others. At present there are no less than one hundred and seventy of these companies in Pennsylvania, having together over four thousand miles of turnpike road. 252 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. We learn from good authority, that, from the establishment of the JSrst-named of these corporations, to the year 1824, the enormous sum of 122,000,000 was expended in this State on turnpikes, bridges, canals, and railroads. Thus, strange as it may appear to the general reader, Pennsylvania took, if not the first, an early and an active part in introducing that splendid system of internal improvement now so characteristic of the United States. Before any of her sister States appreciated their importance, Pennsylvania had adopted an harmonious chain of canals and railroads, which, when fully completed, will intersect e^^ery part of the State, leaving no point at a greater distance from those great highways than, at most, thirty miles. If she failed at an earlier day in accomplishing so desirable an object, it was not for want of the spirit of enterprise, but rather, that she was too much in advance of the age. If for a time sus- pended, these improvements were not abandoned. Our citizens have again entered the field with renewed and determined energy. The great Central or Pennsylvania Kailroad, which is to bind this city to the fertile Valley of the Mississippi, and to open untold avenues of trade to our merchants and tradesmen, is now rapidly progressing towards completion. Nor is this work, vast though it be, all that now engrosses the attention of the citizens of Pennsylvania. Companies have been char- tered, and means are being procured to complete those lines projected to reach the Lakes, the trade of which already ex- ceeds in value the whole foreign commerce of the Union. Pennsylvania Kailroad. — The Great Central Route, ronnecting the Atlantic cities with Western, Northwestern, and Southwestern States by a continuous railroad direct. This road also connects at Pittsburg with daily line of steamers to all ports on the Western rivers, and at Cleveland and Sandusky RAILROADS. 253 with steamers to all ports on the Northwestern lakes, making the most direct, cheapest, and reliable route by which freight can be forwarded to and from the Great West. Passenger depot, Eleventh and Market Streets; Freight depot. Broad and Market Streets; Directors' office, corner of Third and Willing's Alley- Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville Railroad. — Depots, corner of Vine and Broad Sts., and corner of Cherry and Broad Streets. Directors' Office, Fourth below Walnut Streets. This road commences at Broad and Vine Streets, thence on the east side of the river Schuylkill to the Columbia Bridge, where it crosses to the west side, thence following the river to Read- ing, Pottsville, Sunbury, Northumberland, and Williamsport. This road is one of the most valuable in the State, running as it does through the richest coal region in Pennsylvania. It has, by its extensive means of transit, contributed to make our city the coal market of the Atlantic States. This road also connects with the Catawissa, Williamsport, and Erie and Wil- liamsport and Elmira Railroad ; connecting with New York and Erie and Buffiilo and New York City Railroads for Dunkirk and Buffalo ; and from thence, via Steamers on Lake Erie or Lake Shore Railroad to Cleveland, Toledo, Monroe, Sandusky, and Detroit. Also, with Elmira, Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad ; connecting at Canandaigua with New York Central Railroad, East and West, and at Suspension Bridge with Grreat Western and Michigan Central Railroad for Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, and all points in Canada and Western States. A branch leaves the Reading Railroad at the Schuyl- kill Falls, crosses by a beautiful viaduct to the east bank, and thence pursues an eastern course to Port Richmond. Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad. — Passengers by this road leave the foot of Walnut Street by steamboat, for Tacony, thence by railway through Bristol and Morrisville to Trenton; thence by the Trenton and New York Railroad, 22 251 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. through Princeton, New Brunswick, and Newark, to Jersey City ; thence by ferry to New York. Camden and Amboy Railroad. — This line leaves Phila- delphia, at Walnut Street wharf, by ferry to Camden ; thence by railway through Burlington, Bordentown, Hightstown, to Am- boy ; thence by steamboat, via the Raritan River, to New York. Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. — Depot, Broad and Prime Streets. Directors' Office, Library Street, between Fourth and Fifth Streets. This great southern route extends from Broad and Prime Streets, through Chester, Wilmington, Havre de Grace, Baltimore, Washington, Frede- ricksburg, Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, Montgomery, and Mobile, to New Orleans. NoRRisTOWN AND Germantown Railroad. — Depot, Ninth and Green Streets. This road extends to Norristown, passing through Manayunk. x\bout three miles north of the city, a branch leaves this road, and runs to Germantown. West Chester Railroad, Depot, Market, between Eight- eenth and Nineteenth Streets, extends from a point on the Pennsylvania Railroad, about twenty-two miles from Philadel- phia, to West Chester. North Pennsylvania Railroad, Depot, Third Street, above Thompson. Express Trains leave Philadelphia at 7 a. M. and 3-15 p. M., for Bethlehem, Allentown, Mauch Chunk, Hazleton, Williamsport, etc., making close connection with trains on the Lehigh Valley Railroad for Easton, South Easton, etc. White Cars on the Second and Third Street City Passen- ger Railway run direct to the depot. For West Chester, Trains leave the Depot, Eleventh and Market Streets, at 8 A. m. and 1 and 4 p. m., enabling passen- gers to reach West Chester without change of cars. Camden and Atlantic Railroad. — Passengers will leave Vine Street Wharf at 7.25 A. m., and 3.55 p. m. Atlantic a« 6.48 A. M., and 4.45 P. M. BRIDGES. 255 Northern Liberties and Spring Garden, or Willow Street Railroad, leaves the Reading Railroad at Broad Street, and runs down Willow Street to the Delaware River. A branch up Ninth Street connects this road to the Norristown Railroad. Steamboats leave Philadelphia daily for New York, Balti- more, Trenton, Wilmington, Salem, Chester, Newcastle, Bridge- ton, Burlington, and Bristol. A line also runs, during the bathing season, to Cape May. Nor must we forget the popu- lar line of steamboats plying on the romantic Schuylkill ; from Fairmount to the Columbia Bridge, Laurel Hill, and Mana- yunk. Ferry-boats run every half hour to Grloucester and Red Bank, and every hour to Port Richmond, Bridesburg, and Tacony. Those to Camden run every five minutes. None of these ferry-boats charge more than six and a quarter cents per trip. Bridges. — There are eight Bridges in the vicinity of Phila- delphia. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Rail- road Bridge, at Gray's Ferry. This is a drawbridge 3 one side of it is appropriated to carriages and foot passengers. It has lately been strengthened by the erection of new arches, to allow the passage of locomotives, which the Company design to run to their new depot at Broad and Prime Streets. The Market Street Railroad Bridge, formerly The Permanent Bridge, was altered in 1850, so as to allow the City Railroad to form a connexion with the Columbia and Penn- sylvania Railroad. The structure is supported by two massive stone piers, and two abutments, with wing-walls. The western pier was sunk, at a great expense, to the depth of forty feet below mean tide. Over seven thousand five hundred tons of stone were used in its construction. The railway occupies thg PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. frmtiyM MARKET STREET RAIL&OAD BRIDGE. north side, the south side being appropriated to carriages. Outside of each way, are accommodations for foot passengers, protected by substantial railings. It is free of toll. The Fairmount Bridge. — The first bridge erected on this site was a beautiful and unique structure. It consisted of a single arch, of three hundred and forty feet span, resting on abutments of stone. This span was said to have been at least ninety feet longer than that of any other bridge in the world. After its destruction by fire, the present elegant suspension bridge was erected by the county, in 1841, at a cost of $55,000. It is much admired for its beauty and simplicity, as well as the ingenuity of its construction. The additional bridges are, The Columbia Bridge, The Richmond Railroad Bridge, at the Schuylkill Falls ; one at Manayunk, one at Flat Rock, above Manayunk, and the Norristown Railroad Bridge, over the Wissahiccon River. THE PRINCIPAL HOTELS. 267? Canals. — Connected with the city are The Chesapeake AND Delaware Canal, Union Canal, The Pennsylvania Canal, Delaware Branch from Delaware to Easton, where it intersects The Lehigh Navigation Company's works, on the Lehigh River, and The Schuylkill Navigation Com- pany's works on the Schuylkill River. The Turnpike Roads are The Lancaster Turnpike, The Germantown and Perkiomen Turnpike, The Frank- ford AND Bristol Turnpike, The Ridge Turnpike, and The Cheltenham and Willow Grove Turnpike Roads. These roads have all been constructed by incorporated com- panies. the principal hotels. The Hotels of Philadelphia excel in the elegance, comfort, and convenience of their interior arrangement and accomn^oda- tioa. The Continental Hotel, at the south-east corner of Chestnut and Ninth Streets, is the newest, and being furnished with all the modern appliances for comfort, is probably the finest hotel now in the country. ♦Jones's Hotel, Chestnut Street between Sixth and Seventh Streets. This house combines all that is requisite to render the stranger's sojourn pleasant and desirable. The location is a very central one. The Washington House, Chestnut Street between Seventh and Eighth Streets. The accommodations of this superior hotel are widely known and appreciated by the travel- ling public, who have for many years patronised it most libe- rally. * Lately cloflsd. 258 PHILADELPHIA AS IT. IS. THE GIE.ABD HOUSE. The Girard House, Chestnut Street, between Eighth and Ninth Streets, exceeds, in its architectural character and ar- rangements, any similar establishment in Philadelphia, and is one of the largest and most magnificent hotels in the United States. The interior is particularly deserving of attention, being, not only a model, in point of convenience of arrangement, but ornamented in most excellent taste, and finished and fur- nished in a degree of splendouT rarely excelled. The architect, John M' Arthur, Esq., has happily combined elegance with the richest decoration throughout the whole building. The accommodations are also in keeping with the architectural character of the house. These, with the advan- tages of its location, will no doubt, render " The Girard^^ a dis- tinguished and fashionable resort. The Merchants' Hotel. — This large and popular hotel is m Fourth below Arch Street — one of the most desirable loca- THE PRINCIPAL HOTELS. 269 ^tions in the city. The reputation of '' The Merchants' '' can be estimated by the fact, that its ^^ list" is always full. The St. Louis Hotel, Chestnut between Third and Fourth Streets, has lately undergone extensive alterations, and is now fitted up in superb style. The American Hotel, Chestnut Street opposite the State House, has also undergone extensive alterations. It now extends from Chestnut to Minor Street, and has accommoda- tions for over three hundred boarders. The La Pierre House, Broad Street, west side, below Chestnut Street. — This splendid establishment has ample accom- modations for two hundred and fifty guests, and is under the management of Messrs. J. Taber and Son, late of the American Hotel, New York. Its situation is & most desirable one for those who wish to be free from the noise and bustle of the lower part of the city. The St. Lawrence Hotel, Chestnut, above Tenth Street, opposite the Academy of Fine Arts, is equal to any in the city. Proprietors, Messrs. W. S. Campbell & Co. In addition to these, there are The Union Hotel (a new establishment). Arch west of Third Street; The Eagle Hotel, [Third above Race Street; The City Hotel, Third below Arch Street; The Red Lion Hotel, Market above Sixth Street; The Mansion House, Market and Eleventh Street ; The Madison House, Second below Arch Street; The Mount Vernon House, Second above Arch Street ; The White Swan, Race above Third Street; Bloodgood's Hotel, South Wharves; Ridgway's Hotel, Market and North Wharves; Jones's Hotel, Dock below Third Street; Bull's Head Hotel, Sixth above Callowhill Street, with many others ; — all extensive establishments, aflFording every comfort and accommodation to their inmates, that can possibly be desired, — so that the traveller need not fear making a bad selection. 260 PHILADELPHIA AS IT 18. CHAPTER XII. RELICS OF THE PAST. Few of these remain in Philadelphia ; they are being swept away by the onward tide of modern improvement. Like a traveller, looking back through the scenes which he has passed, we view with regret, many places of interest previously dis- regarded, which now rise before us, when the power to enjoy them can never return. Old buildings, ruins, or places rendered memorable by scenes of patriotism, or as being the homes of genius or virtue, have ever been held in veneration by the people of all ages and na- tions. With what emotions do we view the battle-fields of the Revolution ? With what admiration do we tread 'Hhose halls'' consecrated to undying fame, by the eloquence and wisdom of a Washington, Adams, Franklin, Jefierson, Henry, and hosts of others, whose words and deeds elevate the name of America ? To us, these places and scenes awake, not ono idea only, but a long line of glowing thoughts, which, by their pleasing associations, produce to the mind infinite delight. Among the few memorials of olden days still remaining in this city, is The Penn Cottage, situated in Laetitia Street, Market Street between Front and Second Streets. It is memorable as being one of the first, if not the first brick building erected in Philadelphia, and also as being the residence of William Penn, during his first visit to this country, in 1682-83. The area, originally attached to the property, extended from Front to Second Street, and from Market Street south to the THE PENN COTTAGE. 261 THE PENN COTTAGE. present Black Horse Alley. The space to Front Street was laid out as a lawn, and was shaded by a luxuriant growth of forest trees, interspersed with shrubbery. On the Second Street side was the garden, containing many choice and rare fruit trees. The principal entrance to *' The Mansion,^' was by an avenue leading to Second Street ; another extended down the present court to Market Street. The first-named is now occupied, for the most part, by Harris's Court, — a filthy, ill- ventilated place, principally tenanted by poor families. The building, of which our illustration is a correct view, as it existed in better days, is at present very much dilapidated, find falling rapid W into ruin. 262 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. THE SLATE-ROOF HOUSE. The Slate-Roof House, another interesting relic, derives its name from the fact, that for several years after its erection it was the only building covered with that material in Phila- delphia. The year of its erection is uncertain ; however, it was prior to 1700, for we find William Penn and his family occu- pying it, during his second visit, in that year. In it John Penn, *' the American," was born. " The Slate-Roof' subsequently became a noted boarding- house. Within its walls, Q-eneral Forbes, second in command and eventually successor to the unfortunate General Braddock, breathed his last, and from it he was borne to his long home, with LOXLEY HOUSE. 263 imposing military honours. At a later period, it was the tem- porary abode of John Adams, John Hancock, and many other distinguished members of the first Congress, and also of Baron De Kalb, who fell in the cause of American Independence, at the battle of Camden. In it, too, the brave but eccentric G-e- neral Lee died. His remains were interred in Christ Church yard, alongside of the present Church Alley. This house, once so honoured and renowned, now, alas ! wears a sadly-neglected appearance, — the front rooms of the lower story being occupied as a huckster's shop, and those in the rear as a saw manufactory, while the upper stories are used by a cabinet-maker as a varnish-room. From its location, corner of Norris's Alley and Second Street, unless preserved by some public-spirited individuals, this old memorial will soon be among the things that were. The Old London CorFEE-HousE,*southwest comer of Front and Market Streets. This building was erected in 1702, and occupied as a public house in 1754. For many years it was the most noted place of resort for strangers, as well as citizens, in Philadelphia. Here were held all auctions of horses, carriages, produce, &c. ; and here, strange as it may now appear to citizens of the present time, negro men, women, and children, were bought and sold as slaves. The premises are now occupied, the lower story as a tobacco store, and the upper as a barber's shop. LoxLEY HousE,*situated on the corner of Little Dock and Second Street, derives its name from its first proprietor, who is celebrated by Mr. Graydon in his "Memoirs" (an excellent book of the olden time, an edition of which has lately been issued by Lindsay & Blakiston), as a military chieftain of fame during the " Paxton War" excitement. It derives its principal interest, however, from having been the refcideuce, during the Revolution, of Lydia Darrach, the * Both these houses have lately Ijeeu tovu dov/u. 264 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. Btory of whose patriotism and devotion in conveying to General ' Washington timely information of the secret attack which the British meditated upon the American lines, near G-ermantown, ' is known to every school-boy throughout the country. The building is at present occupied as a clothing depot. carpenters' hall. Carpenters' Hall. — This edifice is situated in Carpenters* Court, running south from Chestnut below Fourth Street. This celebrated building will ever be cherished by the friends of American Independence. Within its walls, the first Congress of the United Colonies of North America assembled, — a Con- gress whose fame is the watchword of nations — a Congress of men who loved Liberty for Truth's sake — thoroughly indepen- dent, characterized by that self-denial which disdains the false and transient reputation of the day. Their wisdom and elo- RELICS OF THE PAST. 265 ^uence, as legislators, their skill, heroism, and judgment on the battle-field, and their devotion to the sacred cause of their 30untry's independence, as men, have never been excelled, either in ancient or modern days. Is it surprising, then, that •his Hall, the witness of that "Union" which constitutes the jlory of the present age, is held dear to all friends of rational Freedom ? The building is of brick, two stories high, surmounted by a cupola. The fa§ade is in the Roman style of architecture. The principal entrance leads to the Assembly Room, in which Con- gress first met. This building has recently been refitted by the Carpenters' Company, and is again used by them, after being long occupied as an auction store. It is now one of the most attractive places of resort for strangers, &c., and should be visited by all who have time to do so. The Indian Queen HoTEL,*Fourth Street between Market and Chestnut, was once renowned as " the hotel" of Philadel- phia. Here, for some time during the Revolution, Thomas Jefferson resided. His chamber was the southwest room in the second story. It was long supposed that he wrote the Declaration of Independence in this apartment. This interesting fact, however, was settled by the late Dr. Mease, to whom Mr. Jefferson stated, on inquiry, that when he wrote that instru- ment he resided in Hultsheimer's New House, at the southwest corner of Seventh and Market Streets. This building, sacred from this fact, is now occupied, the lower story as a clothing depot, and the upper by a printing office and meeting rooms for the United Order of American Mechanics. The very chamber occupied by Mr. Jefferson is now the offiue of th© secretary of that association. * Handsome stof-es have recently been built on tbc old File. 266 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. In addition to the above few relics, the reader will find many others, together with much valuable information respecting the early settlement and history of the city, in "The Annals of Philadelphia,'^ by J. F. Watson. To those who love tc dwell upon " old-time recollections,'' and to trace the progress of our beautiful city, this book cannot be too highly recom- mended. LINDSAY & BLAKISTON PUBLISH WATER, AS A PRESERVATIVE OF HEALTH, AND A REMEDY FOR DISEASE. A New and Revised Edition of A Treatise on Baths, including Cold. Sea, Warm, Hot, Vapor, Gas, and Mud Baths; also on Hydropathy and Pulmonary Inhalation. With a Description of Bathing in Ancient and Modern Times. By John Bell, M. D., Fellow of the College of Physicians, &c. &c. In one volume, 12mo. Price, $1.25. "No work in our lang^nage contains so large an amount of well-digested information respect- ing tlie above subject, and we have reason to feel proud that such an addition to the permanent literature of tlie profession should have Vieen made by one of our citizens." — Heport qf the Committee of the American Medical Association on Medical Literature. ALCOHOL : ITS PLACE AND POWER. ALCOHOL : ITS PLACE AND POWER. By James Millkr, F. R. S. E.. Professor of Surgery in the University of Edinburg; President of the Medico-Chirurgical Society ; Author of Miller's Principles and Practice of Surgery, &c. &c. One volume, 18mo. Pi'ice, 50 cents. " I never got a patient by water drinking, but thousands by strong liquors." — Dr. Gregory. This little volume was prepared by Professor Miller, at the instance of the Scottish Temperance League, who were anxious to have a work of high authority, presenting the medical view of the Temperance Question. It has already passed through nineteen editions in Scotland, and the publishers trust that their reprint of it will meet with equal favor in this country. TOBACCO : ITS USE AND ABUSE. THE USE AND ABUSE OF TOBACCO. By John Lizars, late Professor of Sur- gery to the Royal College of Surgeons, &c. &c. Price, 38 cents. This little work is reprinted from the Eighth Edinburg edition, in the preface to which the author remarks : — " The object of the author will be attained, if his observations have an appreciable tendency in arresting the progress of excessive smoking, by drawing the attention of the public to scj important a subject. It is diffirult to estimate either the pernicious consequences produced by habitual smoking, or the number of its victims among all classes, old and young." THE FARQUHAR BUILDING. 267 THE FARQUHAR BUILDING. Farquhar Building, Walnut below Third Str-eet. — Tliis elegant structure, erected by the gentleman whose name it bears, forms a prominent object of attraction in the vicinity of its location. The building extends to Pear Street, and is four stories high ; the front is of brown stone, constructed in the Italian style of architecture. Its proportions and decorations have been much and deservedly admired, especially so, when con- trasted with some of the productions of bad taste, with which our city, within the last few years, has been disgraced ; — this renaark applies particularly to private edifices. In our edition for 1853, we propose appropriating a portion of the work to pr vate buildings, mansions &c., noticing, however, only thoia 268 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. worthy of public attention for their beauty, novelty, conve- nience, or substantial construction. The Farquhar Building is occupied by various insurance companies, agencies, brokers, &c., for which purpose it is well adapted, no less from its situation than convenience of internal arrangement. Among its numerous offices is that of Mr. Far- quhar, its enterprising proprietor, and also that of J. Gr. Hoi- broke, Esq., Fire, Life, and Marine Insurance Agent. LINDSAY & BLAEISTON PUBLISH WATSON'S POETICAL QUOTATIONS. Containing Elegant Extracts on every Subject. Compiled from various sources, and arranged under appropriate heads, by John T. Watson, M. D. 1 volume, octavo, with 9 Illustrations. WELD'S SACKED POETICAL QUOTATIONS; OB, ScKrPTURE Themis and Thoughts, as Paraphrased by the Poets. Selected and arranged by the Rev. H. Hastings Weld. 1 volume, octavo, with 9 Illustrations. MISS MAT'S AMERICAN FEMALE POETS. With Biographical and Critical Notices, and Selections from their Writings. 1 volume, octavo, with 9 IllustratioBS. DR. BETHUNE'S BRITISH FEMALE POETS. With Biographical and Critical Notices, and Selections from their Writings. In one volume, octavo, with 9 Illustrations. THE POETICAL WORKS OF JAMES MONTGOMERY. The only complete - edition ; collected and prepared by him just prior to his death. In one volume^ , octavo. With a Portrait, and Vignette title-page. , All the above Volumes are bound in various styles suitable tov the Library, the Centre-Table, or for Presentation. Price of each, bound in Library style, marbled edges $2.00 «* « Cloth, full gilt, bevelled boards 3.00 « «« Turkey Morocco, full gilt 4.00 « « " «« Antique style 4.50 0-. CITY RAILWAYS. 269 CITY RAILWAYS. To New York, or rather to the New York and Harlem Rail- road Company of that ilk, belongs the credit of having origi- nated the now widely-extended system of city railway travel. Some twenty odd years ago, that company, with a view to the more advantageous employment of their track and franchise, and probably not foreseeing that a business then merely inci- dental was destined to become not only a principal source of revenue, but a precedent to be widely followed, started a line of small cars upon that portion of their road extending into the city southward from Union Place, and carried passengers thereon, about two miles, to the City Hall, at the omnibus rate of fare, 6i cents. Dickens, in his "American Notes,*' alludes to one of these cars, as a great wooden ark, in which a score of persons are rapidly drawn by two horses — that having been one of the objects of interest which met his view as he emerged from the gloom of the " Tombs." He had never seen the like before, and probably has not since — vehicles of the kind not having yet been introduced into Cockneydom. Notwithstanding the success of this experiment, and the manifest superiority of this mode of conveyance to the rattling, lumbering, crowded omnibus, it was not till about six years ago that other roads, exclusively for the accommodation of city pas- sengers, were projected by the New York capitalists; when, presto! some half-dozen of the parallel avenues were grooved and ready for active operations. With all these railways, well patronized as they are. New York continues to be an omnibus-riding and omnibus-ridden city. Broadway, the great central artery of travel, is but par- tially relieved ) and will probably continue to quake and groan under its myriad wheels for many years, or until the prejudices 270 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. and supposed interests of the property-owners and sbop-keepers thereon relax their opposition. These may ultimately consent to leave the tide of travel flow smoothly and orderly along, but at present the jam satisfies them. It is little over two years since Philadelphia was first taken with this particular type of railroad fever. About a year ago only one or two sporadic cases were observed, but now it has so generally broken out as to leave no doubt of its epidemic cha- racter. ^'Why don't you have city railways, as we have ?'' need no longer be asked by the New Yorker, instancing his own city as a model in the premises ; indeed, the query may now with pro- priety be reversed. We can justly claim the palm of the Commercial Emporium- ites in matters of railroad enterprise. We do not now refer to our respective " Centrals,'' but merely to city roads. Our sys- tem, actual and prospective, seems so nearly complete, that few more available routes can be suggested. Already the great mass of our population " lives along the line" of a railway; and be- fore the next decade shall have far advanced, every rural vici- nage within our corporate limits will be " grappled with hooks of steel " to the steps of the Exchange. We have now eighteen chartered companies, authorized to employ capital to the amount of from $200,000 to $500,000 each. All of these have constructed and equipped their roads, and are doing, respectively, a large, prosperous, and increasing business. Philadelphia is now so amply supplied with Passenger Railways, that any point may be reached in a very short time by the system of " exchange" tickets, the price of which is seven cents, which entitle the passenger to a ride on all the roads crossing each other east and west and north and south. The following roads are now in operation : CITY RAILWAYS. 271 Chestnut and Walnut Street. — From the Sctuylkill to the Delaware River, running east down Chestnut Street, and west up Walnut Street. West Philadelphia. — From Third and Market Streets, via Market Street, to the Bull's Head Tavern, West Phila- delphia, and return same way, with a branch to Woodland Cemetery. Spruce and Pine Street. — From the Exchange, via Second and Pine Streets, to the Marine Hospital, Gray's Ferry Road, and return by way of Spruce and Third Streets to the Exchange. Arch Street and Fairmount. — From Second and Arch Streets, via Twenty-first Street, to Fairmount; return via Twentieth Street to Third and Arch Streets. GiRARD College and Ridge Avenue. — From Second and Arch Streets, via Ninth and Ridge Avenue, to Columbia Avenue, and return to Second and Arch, via Tenth Street, passing Girard College. Race and Vine Street. — From the Exchange, via Third and Vine Streets, to Fairmount, and return via Race and Second Streets to the Exchange. Green and Coates Street. — From north side of Fair- mount, via Twenty-second and Green, down Fourth Street to Dickerson Street, and return via Eighth and Coates Streets to Fairmount, with a branch down Green Street to Delaware Avenue. A portion of the cars on this line return by way of Fourth, Walnut and Eighth Streets. Second and Third Street. — From Richmond, down Second Street to the Navy Yard, and up Third Street to Richmond. Fourth and Eighth Street. — From Diamond Street, down Fourth to Dickerson, and up Eighth to Diamond, and and there connect with cars for Germantown, via German town Ruad. 272 PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS. FiETH AND Sixth Street. — From CHatham Street, down Sixth to Morris Street, and up Fifth to Chatham, and there connect with cars for Frankford. Tenth and Eleventh Street. — From Columbia Avenue, down Tenth Street to Moyamensing Prison, and return by Eleventh Street to Columbia Avenue, and there connect with cars for Germantown, via Broad Street. Thirteenth and Fifteenth Street. — From Columbia Avenue, down Thirteenth to Washington, and up Fifteenth to Columbia Avenue. Seventeenth and Nineteenth Street. — From Master Street, down Seventeenth to Washington, and up Nineteenth to Master Street. To GrERMANTOWN. — By cars running north on Eighth Street, and also those running north on Eleventh Street. To Darby, Woodland Cemetery, and Hospital for THE Insane. — By cars running west on Market Street. To GiRARD College, the Wissahickon, Falls or Schuylkill, and Manayunk. — By Bidge Avenue cars. '/?, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 314 187 1