TN295 No. 9039 ".J.^ Jf?...^ • IX '' -f* 'I *■: \i.. 4 1 ^ i ^ ^^ ♦. o ":r«i^ :. ■t.o^ r • ^s5o^»».' . O >0^ ^OV^" 'iM^r^-^ ^^^C^ ^^^r ^r.& .^'^m^\ '-^AO^ 'bV" ; '^oV^ ^^^^(^' ^^^ ^(^^^^k- ^^--^ 'bV •. '^^0^ o, v^^ ^j>9- ^' ., ^v ^o^-*rr,."/ V^T^*'y^ %^"^"V I ^^.<^^ %- \^^^ ^^,^^ •<"^^ 1^ <• <6:S^\ri'^-' '^ ^°^ iOvt, .T,.\^^' "^OV^ S^ . 3Pv\ :•- \/ '• .'A <* *'T: .'•^'* o. V •^^0^ .•1°^ ^^ ^^ '^ o. ^s^^^'% 'Sj J\^ '9s . . ^*^ /% \W*" /\ °-w*' /\ Iw*^ /\ ^-^P*' J'% -^li^^" <^'x W r/\.'' 5-^.. °.wMw; ^^^^<^ ^Biie^; ^-b"^^^^ °.^m^." .^^'^. ic ®°^® Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1985 Chemically Enhanced Drilling An Annotated Tabulation of Published Results By Pamela J. Watson and William H. Engelmann UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR w c 3) m > c Q 75 '*flNES75THAV*^ Information Circular 9039 Chemically Enhanced Drilling An Annotated Tabulation of Published Results By Pamela J. Watson and William H. Engelmann UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Donald Paul Model, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Robert C. Morton, Director fP' ^ ^ K :3- As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility ioc most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water re- sources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoOT recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major re- sponsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Watson, Pamela J Chemically enhanced drilling, (Information circular / United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines; 9039. Bibliography: p. 31-32. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27: 9039. 1. Drilling muds— Testing. I. Engelmann, William H. II. Title. III. Series: Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 9039. TN295.U4 [TN279] 622s [622'. 23] 85-7813 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Review of literature 2 Rocks or materials 2 Chemical additives 3 Discussion 17 References 31 Appendix A. — Summary of chemical additives used to study various processing methods , with references 33 Appendix B. — Summary of chemical additives used in surface effects studies, with references 37 Appendix C. — Summary of chemical additives used to study various mechanical properties , with references 42 Appendix D, — General drilling bibliography 48 TABLES 1. Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type 4 2. Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by addi- tive type 18 A-1 , Chemical additives tested for various processing methods 33 B-1. Chemical additives tested in measuring various surface effects 37 C-1. Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties..., 42 UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT eq/L equivalent per liter mol mole g/L gram per liter mol/L mole per liter in inch N normality lb/ton pound per ton pet percent mg/g milligram per gram wt pet weight percent mg/L milligram per liter CHEMICALLY ENHANCED DRILLING An Annotated Tabulation of Published Results By Pamela J. Watson ^ and William H. Engelmann^ ABSTRACT This report presents a Bureau of Mines literature survey that pro- vides a data base useful for current and future studies in the area of chemically enhanced drilling and cutting. Publications describing lab- oratory testing and field studies of drilling and cutting with chemical additives are reviewed. Significant results are summarized and tabu- lated by rock or material type and also by chemical additive , with ex- tensive references. Selected studies related to fluid-enhanced pro- cessing or material testing are summarized in the appendixes. ^Mining engineer. ^Research chemist. Twin Cities Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Minneapolis, MN. INTRODUCTION The goals of the Bureau of Mines include that of increasing productivity in mining systems. Enhanced rates of fragmentation or excavation result from faster penetra- tion rates of rock drills for blastholes, or other advanced drilling practices as- sociated with the total mining process. Since large drilling machines are capital intensive and smaller rock drills are la- bor intensive, the enhancement of drill- ing rates has been a productivity goal for many decades as a response to these economic pressures. Flushing water had been used with many original designs of rock drills. However, it is not known when chemical additives were first used in these flushing fluids, since much of the early work in this area is known only through hearsay and was not published. Secondhand reports of this use of chemi- cal additives began to appear in the lit- erature, most notably in the 1920' s. In over 60 years of drilling technol- ogy, nearly 100 different additives have been reported in the literature, with many descriptions of their effects. How- ever, results given for drillability on the same rock type, with the same addi- tive, at the same concentration, vary widely from one researcher to another, depending upon experimental approach and conditions. Accordingly, the Bureau has undertaken this literature review in or- der to bring together all the results, albeit with their variances, and to pre- sent a concise, easily consulted data base as a guide for mining companies and drilling technologists, as well as a lead-in to chemically enhanced drilling and cutting research that is being pur- sued by the Bureau and others. Research- ers in the United States and elsewhere made progress in understanding the ef- fects of chemical additives in the period 1960-75, but despite the importance of these studies, only limited advances have been made in the last decade. It is now generally accepted that there is no one generic mechanism that yields understand- ing of the accumulation of all phenomena or effects that are observed. This review reports from the litera- ture which chemicals have been found to enhance drilling and cutting of rocks and materials, summarizes these rock-fluid interactions, and tabulates the degrees and varieties of success for these inter- actions. In addition, many of the same rock-fluid combinations useful in enhanc- ing drilling and cutting have also been used in studying (1) processing methods, such as comminution and grinding, flota- tion, or fragmentation, (2) surface ef- fects, including adsorption, friction and wear, Rebinder effects, or zeta poten- tial modifications to rock hardness, and (3) mechanical property alteration, in- cluding hardness , fracture and crack for- mation and propagation, and strength of materials. There are also numerous other rock-fluid combinations not yet reported in drilling practice that have been used in these related areas. Appendix A lists rock-fluid combinations used in process- ing studies, along with a corresponding bibliography; appendix B lists rock-fluid combinations used in surface effects studies, with bibliography; and appendix C lists rock-fluid combinations used in studies of the mechanical properties of materials, with bibliography. In addi- tion, a general bibliography on drilling is listed in appendix D. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A great number of different rock types have been tested in both the field and the laboratory to determine the effects of various fluid additives on drilling performance. The following sections and tables summarize the reported relative success of the numerous chemical additives and rock or material combina- tions in enhancing the drilling process. ROCKS OR MATERIALS Many different rocks or materials have been field- or laboratory-tested using a great variety of fluid additives. The rocks and materials are — Amygdaloidal basalt Anhydrite (including gypsum and sulfate rocks) Argillaceous rocks (including argil- lites, clays, schists, and shales) Calcium fluoride crystals Chert Coal (New South Wales coal measure and Novo Khazinskii and Arlanskii coal de- posits of the Arlansk coal region) Diabase Diorite Dolomite Garnetite Granite (many varieties tested; see references for specific type) Granodiorite Greenstone Gritstone Hematite (including taconite) Igneous rocks (see also basalt, dia- base, diorite, granite, granodiorite, and rhyolite and porphyry) Ironstone (including jaspilite) Limestone (including carbonate rock) Lithixjm fluoride crystals Magnesite Magnesium oxide crystals Marble Martite Microcline Pyrite Quartz Quartzite Rhyolite and porphyry Riebeckites Sandstone Serpentine Siderite Tuff Table 1 summarizes the results of the drilling tests reported in the litera- ture. This table breaks down the results first by rock type, then lists the chemi- cal additives tested, the concentrations (footnoting the optimum concentration if available) , the property of the rock or the drilling, the corresponding effect, and the specific reference. All effects were compared to those from drilling with water alone, unless otherwise noted. CHEMICAL ADDITIVES The literature has reported a great variety of chemical additives used in field or laboratory tests in attempts to enhance drilling in a given rock or mate- rial. These additives with their chemi- cal formulas and/or general descriptions, if known, are — Aerosol (no specific formula or de- scription given) Aerosol C-61 (cationic surfactant) Aerosol OT (anionic surfactant) Aluminum chloride (AICI3) Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) Anionic detergent B.P.S.B.4 (soluble oil) Calcium chloride (CaCl2) Calcium hydroxide [Ca(0H)2] Compound "M" (no specific formula or description given) Conco XAC (surfactant) Conco XAM (surfactant) Consoft C (surfactant) Consoft CP-50 (surfactant) Cutall oil (no specific formula or de- scription given) Dimethylformamide (DMF) [(CH3)2NHC0] Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [(CH3)2S0] DMF in DMSO Disolvane 4411 (surfactant) Dodecylamino acetate (C ^ 2H25NH2C3H2O2) Dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) (Ci5H34NBr) Dromus B (soluble oil) Dromus B plus Esso 1 (combination of two soluble oils) Duomac T (surfactant) Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) Ferric chloride (FeCl3) Glycerine (C3H8O3) Hetoxamine C-10 (surfactant) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Intersoft 49 (surfactant) Kerosine Lime (CaO) Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) Magnesium sulfate (MgS04) Marvansoft FBH (surfactant) Marvansoft FMA (surfactant) Mobil 1535 (soluble oil) TABLE 1. - Effects o f chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect^ References" AMYGDALOIDAL BASALT ^ Oleylammonlum acetate. Tergitol 7 Tergltol NPX Aluminum chloride^..., Calcium chloride^...., Calcium hydroxide. . . . . Sodium carbonate^...., Sodium chloride^ Sodium hydroxide \ Do.^ SHALES Alimuinum chloride.... Do. 8-9 Do. 8-9 Dromus B ' ' Do." Hydrochloric acid^... Magnesium chloride®.. SMAD 1^ Sodium carbonate ^0.01 ^1 ^1 Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Drilling costs. Drilling rate. . Drilling costs. Drilling rate. . Reduced Increased 20 to 50 pet. Reduced Increased 20 to 50 pet. Reduced Increased 20 to 50 pet, ANHYDRITE 0.1 .1 .1 .1 ^.05 .1 1.0 1.0 ^.06 1.0 1.0 .1 .2 Bit wear Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness.. Rock strength. . Bit wear Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness. . Rock strength.. Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet, Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet , Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. Increased ...do ...do } 18 18 18, 30 18 18 18, 30 19 ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS 0.1 'OO.O - .05 .0075- .03 '2.91 '3.13 '2.67 '".17 .0 .0 .5 .3 .25 NA Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate... Rock hardness. . . Rock strength... Bit wear Drilling rate. .. Drill thrust. . . . Rock hardness... Bit life Drilling rate... Bit wear Drilling rate... Drill vibration. Lifting action.. Pump pressures.. Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Bit wear Drilling rate. . . NA Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Reduced Increased 15 to 40 pet. Reduced ...do Increased very markedly ...do Reduced. . . . Increased. . Eliminated. Improved. . , Reduced. . . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Reduced Increased 15 to 40 pet. Reduced Increased 15 to 40 pet. NE Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. } 30 23 24 9 10 23 23 5 30 See notes at end of table. TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect 5 References* ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS — Continued SHALES — Continued Sodium carbonate' Do.' Sodium carbonate, plus sodium hydroxide. Sodium chloride' Do.S , Sulf anol' Sulfate soap' Thorium chloride^ , ARGILLITES AND SCHISTS Sodium carbonate CLAY ROCKS Sodium chloride plus sodium carbonate. SHALES, ARGILLITES AND SCHISTS, CLAY ROCKS Sodium chloride Aluminum chloride Dimethyl formamide (DMF). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) DMF in DMSO n-alkanes Toluene Dromus B 1 5 0.0 1.0 '6.0 .05 .0 .1 ,25 NA - 0.5 NA .25 2.0 3.5 .15 NA .03 .25 Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Overall efficiency. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Overall efficiency. Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Overall efficiency. Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit energy.... Bit friction.. Drilling rate. Rock strength. NA. Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate Rock hardness Rock strength Slightly increased. ...do ...do Increased Decreased Increased 15 to 40 pet. Slightly increased. ...do ...do Increased. Slightly increased. ...do ...do Increased Reduced Increased 15 to 40 pet, Decreased. ...do Increased. Decreased. NE. Reduced Increased 15 to 40 pet, Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased , Decreased 9 to 20 pet., Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet, Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased , Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. } 19 23 19 19 23 5 23 26 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 CALCIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTALS^ NA ■100 ■100 ■ 50 NA NA NP, >Rock hardness. Drilling rate, NP NE. Reduced. Increased. NE 31 31-32 31 31 CHERT ' ' "0.91 '8.13 Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . , Increased very markedly ...do Not required TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wtpct^ Property chert' '—Continued Effect- References^ Dromus B plus Esso 1 Disolvane 441 l'^.... Dromus B^^ OP-IO'^ SNS'9 Aluminum chloride... Magnesium chloride.. Magnesium sulfate... Sodium carbonate.... Sodium chloride..... Aluminum chloride... Sodium carbonate..,. Sodium chloride Dromus b'' Do.^ Ethyl alcohol Hydrochloric acid... Sodium hydroxide plus sodivmi carbonate. Sulfite cellulose lye. Sulf onaphthenic petroleum acids. Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Increased very markedly ...do Not required COAL NA NP. 1.0 0.05 - .12 NA Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. NP NE Increased markedly. Increased Required Increased Decreased Increased NE 22 9 22 22 DIABASE ' 0.17 - 0.22 .75 - 1.5 .25 .75 1.0 Drilling costs. , Drilling rate.., Drilling costs. , Drilling rate. . , Drilling costs. , Drilling rate. . . Drilling costs. , Drilling rate.., Drilling costs. , Drilling rate. . Decreased Significantly increased Decreased Slightly increased. Decreased Slightly increased. Decreased Slightly increased. Decreased Slightly increased. 19 19 19 19 19 DIORITE ' 0.2 .5 .2 I Drilling rate. . . .do NE Increased. 19 19 DOLOMITE 0.13 - 0.91 .67 NA <1.0 .06 - .2 50 - 2 Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Bit wear Drilling rate... Drill vibration. Lifting action. . Pump pressures.. Drilling rate... Bit wear Drilling speed.. Rock hardness... Amount drilled. . Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Drilling speed. . Bit wear Drilling speed. . Rock hardness... Bit wear Drilling speed.. Rock hardness... Increased markedly. ...do Not required Decreased Increased Eliminated Improved Reduced Increased 70 pet... Decreased 10 pet... Increased 20 pet... Decreased 80 pet... Increased Decreased 54 pet... Increased Slightly increased. Decreased 10 pet... Increased 20 pet... Decreased 80 pet... Decreased 10 pet... Increased 20 pet... Decreased 80 pet... 10 20 18 19 18 18 GARNETITE^ ' Solvac. 1.0 Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Increased markedly Increased very markedly Not required See notes at end of table. TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive Aluminum chloride^ Ammonium nitrate B.P.S.B.422 Dromus B plus Esso 1^'.... Magnesium chloride^^ Mud:^ Bentonite clay Sodium bicarbonate Sodium chloride Tap water n-alcohols (methane to deconal) . Naphthenic acid soap plus sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate^ Sodium chloride^ Aerosol C-61^ mol/L. Aerosol OT^ mol/L. Aluminum chloride^. .mol/L. Dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB)^. .. .mol/L. Concentrations tested, wt pet' Property Effect- References GRANITE 0.05 .02 2.5 - 7 .1 5.6 .9 13.4 80.05 NA .25 - .5 .25 .25 .1 .5 10-* - 10 -2 10-3 _ 10-2 3 X 10"^ 10-" - 10 -3 Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Bit corrosion. . Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Bit life ...do Drilling rate. . Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear. NP. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit life , Bit wear , Drilling rate., NP. Bit wear Rock hardness. Bit life Drilling costs. Drilling rate. . Increased. ...do ...do . . .do Extreme. . . Increased. ...do Increased very markedly .do. .do. Increased. ...do ...do Reduced . NE. Decreased 10 to 35 pet, Increased 20 to 60 pet, Increased. ...do ...do .do. .do. .do. Increased 4 to 5 times, Decreased 4.8 times.... Increased NE. Minimized. Maximized. Increased Reduced Increased 3 to 4 times. 19 19 9 9 19 12, 32 26 19 19 12, 14, 16, 18 14 1, H J, 12, 14- 15, 17, 32 GRANODIORITE Aluminum chloride Magnesium chloride Do. 7. 23 Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride' '23 Do Sugar Aluminum chloride N. Magnesium chloride N. Sodium chloride N, 0.01 .01 .9 .01 0.05 .05 1.5 .1 1.0 .1 1.0 .005 .05 .05 Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Drilling rate. ...do Rock hardness. Drilling rate. • • •QO* •••••••« Rock hardness. Drilling rate. Rock hardness. > . . .do Increased. Minimized. Increased. Minimized. Increased. ...do Minimized. Increased. .do. Minimized. Increased. Minimized. .do. 6 19 6 19 6 TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect' References'* GREENSTONE Aerosol .................. 0.8 .2 20.0 Pure 4.0 NAp 1 Drilling 1 effectiveness. Bit life Drilling rate... Drilling effectiveness. Increased. ............. Compound "M*... .......... 11 Cutall oil^"* Ine Kerosine ................. Mobil 1535^' 9 Water24-25 Increased to maximum. . . 11 GRITSTONE Do. 7-8 0.0 - .0075- .0 .0 - .0 .0 - .0 - 0.05 .03 .5 .3 .5 3.5 .03 Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Drill thrust.. .. Rock hardness. . . Inp Reduced Increased 15 to 40 pet. Reduced ................ } 23 Hydrochloric acid^"^ Magnesium chloride^"^ Sodium carbonate . ....... ...do ne } 23 Sodium chloride . ........ * Thorium chloride^"^ HEMATITE Aluminum chloride 0.1 - lo--* 0.1 .1 .25 10-2 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength... Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate... Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. , . Bit life Bit wear Increased 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased .............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 \ Ferric chT.oride Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased .............. 30 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased .............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 Sodium chloride Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased. ............. 30 30 Aerosol C-6l8 '^6. . . .mol/L. . Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased 5-fold Decreased 4.8 times.... 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 } - IGNEOUS ROCKS 2 7 Aluminum chloride 0.1 0.1 .25 .25 .25 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength... Increased. ............. ~i Decreased. ............. Increased. ............. \ 30 Decreased Sodium carbonate Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased .............. - plus soap (unspecified). Decreased. ............. Increased. ............. \ 30 Decreased .............. Sodium chloride Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased. ............. * Decreased. ............. Increased > 30 Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. See notes at end of table. TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock, type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect^ References* IRONSTONE Aluminum chloride^. Dromus B 1 1 Do. 30-31 Magnesium chloride . Sodium chloride', 0.1 - 0.15 28.91 29.13 NA .25 Amount drilled. . Bit wear Drilling rate... Drilling speed.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Drill vibration. Lifting action. . Pump pressures.. Bit life Drilling rate.. . Rod grease Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Increased Decreased 26 pet. Increased ...do Increased very markedly Decreased Increased very markedly Eliminated Improved Reduced Increased very markedly Increased markedly Not required Increased Decreased 26 pet Increased ...do ...do , Decreased 26 pet, Increased , ...do 19 9 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10 19 19 LIMESTONE Aluminum chloride^"'. Calcium chloride. Calcium hydroxide. Hydrochloric acid' '-^2, Do. Do, 32 i-9,32 Magnesium chloride. Do. 8-9 Magnesium sulfate. Mud: 8 Bentonite clay Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium chloride.... Tap water Oil soap. 0.0 - 0.5 1.0 .05 - .07 .0 '5.25 .0 .75 .1 1.0 .3 .5 - 1.0 .3 - 1.0 5.6 .95 13.4 80.05 - 1.0 Bit wear Drilling rate.. Amount drilled. Drilling rate. , Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness., Rock strength.. Bit wear Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. >Bit wear. Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Reduced Increased 9 pet. Increased ...do ...do ...do Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Decreased 10 pet Increased 10 to 70 pet. Increased. ...do ...do Reduced Increased 9 pet. Increased. ...do ...do Reduced Increased 9 pet. Increased. ...do ...do Reduced. Increased. ...do ...do 23 19 30 18 19 23 19 23 19 19 10 TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect^ References LIMESTONE — Continued Sodium carbonate' Do. Do. Do 8-9 Sodium chloride^, Do. J-9 Do. Sodium hydroxide. Do. Sodium hydroxide plus soditun carbonate (1:1), Sodium phosphate^, Sodium silicate^ , Sulfite cellulose lye^, Sulf onaphthenic petroleum acids. Thorium chloride^"^ 0.1 .0 .0 16 .0 .05 - .0 0.25 - 1.0 .5 .25 .75 - 3.5 .05 .025 50 - 2 .03 Amount drilled. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Rock hardness . ■ Rock strength., Bit wear Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness. . Rock strength.. Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength... Amount drilled.. Drilling rate. . . Drilling speed. . Amount drilled. . Drilling rate. . . Drilling speed. . Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness. . Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness. , Bit wear Drilling rate. , Increased ...do Decreased 10 to 35 pet, Increased 20 to 60 pet. Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet., Decreased 10 pet Decreased 10 to 20 pet, Increased. ...do ...do Reduced Increased 9 pet Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased. ...do ...do Reduced Increased 9 pet. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet, Increased. ...do .do. .do. .do. .do. Decreased 10 to 35 pet, Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet, Decreased 10 pet Increased 10 to 70 pet. Decreased 30 to 50 pet. Decreased 10 pet Increased 10 to 70 pet. Decreased 30 to 50 pet. Reduced Increased 9 pet. 19 30 26, 30 19, 26, 30 19 30 30 \ 19 23 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 23 30 19 19 26 26 18 18 23 LITHIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTALS^"^ > DMF NA NA NAp >Bit life Increased. ............. Toluene 13 Water25 See notes at end of table. 11 TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect 3 References^ MAGNESITE AT iitni niim cHlorlde. ......... 0.1 .1 0.1 - .25 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. .. Rock hardness. .. Rock strength... Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. .. Rock hardness. .. Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate... Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Increased. ............. 30 Ferric chloride ............ Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased. ............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased 26, 30 26, 30 30 Sodium chloride ............ Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 30 MAGNESIUM OXIDE CRYSTALS^ Aluminum chloride NA -100 -100 - 50 NA Pure NAp 10-2 Drilling rate. .. . . .do Increased .............. 32 DMF ...do ...do 15 32 DMSO 32 DMF in DMSO Increased 20 times Decreased. ............. 8 32 Rock hardness . . . Drilling rate... • ••QO* •••••••••• 31 n-alkanes^^ Increased 8 times Increased. ............. 20 32 Toluene 15, 32 Water NE 15 Sodium chloride N. . Bit life Drilling rate. .. Increased 5 times Increased 13 8 MARBLE 8 Aluminum chloride. Magnesium chloride... Mud: Bentonlte clay Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium chloride..., Tap water Soap Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Quat 316 mol/L. 0.5 - 1.0 NA 5.6 .95 13.4 80.05 .25 - .5 .2 - 1.0 .025 - .25 10-5 _ 10-2 Drilling rate, • • •QO» ••••«••< 'Bit wear. > Drilling rate. NE, NE, Reduced. NE. 2 29 MARTITE Aluminum chloride 0.1 .1 0.1 - .25 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness . . . Rock strength. . . Increased .............. 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 Ferric chloride Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Tncreafied- ^....... ... 30 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 Sodium chloride Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 30 12 TABLE 1, Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive ' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect^ References MICROCLINE Aluminum chloride®., Magnesium chloride®. DTAB mol/L. 0.0001- .0001- 1.0 1.0 10^ - 10 -3 ■NP. Drilling rate. . NE. Increased. 29 15, 29 PYRITE Aluminum chloride. ......... 0.1 .1 0.1 - .25 .1 - .5 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. .. Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Drilling speed. . Increased. ............. 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 Ferric chloride Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased 30 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 Sodium chloride. ........... Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased. ............. 30 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 Do. 7-8 Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased 30 19 QUARTZ 1 Aluminum chloride 7. Do. Do. B.P.S.B.422 Dodecylamino acetate^. Dromus B plus Esso I'V Kerosine^. Magnesium chloride 7. Do. n-alcohols® Naphthenic acid soap^, Naphthenic oil 0.01 .02 - 0.05 .1 - 1.0 2.5 NA - 7 .01 .1 Pure .05 .5 NA NA .25 - Drilling rate. , Rock hardness., Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Amount drilled. Bit wear. ...... Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear. Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . , Bit friction., Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Bit wear Drilling rate. . . .do • • •QO« •••••• • i Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Increased. Decreased. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 34 pet. Increased Increased very markedly Decreased 2 to 3 times. Increased very markedly ...do Not required Decreased 7 times.. Decreased 40 times. Increased. Decreased. Decreased 10 to 35 pet, Increased 20 to 60 pet, Increased 20-fold. NE Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 9 25 25 6 26 8 29 26 30 See notes at end of table. 13 TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect- References'* QUARTZ — Continued Naphthenic oil 0.25 Bit life Increased -^ plus sodium carbonate. .25 Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Decreased. ............. Increased > 30 Decreased. ............. Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. ^ Oleylammonium acetate^ .7 Drilling rate. . . Increased 50 pet 29 Petroleum sulfonate^ 0.25 .5 Bit wear Decreased 10 to 35 pet. } - Drilling rate. . . Increased 20 to 60 pet. Potassium chloride ^ .01 .5 Bit wear Decreased 10 to 35 pet. } - Drilling rate. . . Increased 20 to 60 pet. Sodium carbonate^ .01 .1 .1 .5 ...do. .....••... Increased .............. ^ Rock hardness... Bit life Bit wear Decreased. ............. ) ' Sodium chloride ^ Increased. ............. 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. 26, 30 Drilling rate. . . Increased 20 to 60 pet. 26, 30 Rock hardness. . . Rock strength... Decreased. ............. 30 Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 30 Do. 7 .1 .1 - 1.0 Drilling rate... Rock hardness. . . Bit wear Increased. ............. ^ Decreased. ............. ) ^ Sodium hydroxide ^ Decreased 10 pet \ Drilling speed. . Increased 20 pet ) '« Sodium oleate^ NA Bit wear Decreased 2 to 3 times. 25 Sodium orthophosphate' 1.0 - 2.0 .. .do Decreased 10 pet 1 Drilling speed. . Increased 20 pet 18 Rock hardness. . . Decreased 60 to 70 pet. J Sodium pyrophosphate ^ 1.0 - 2.0 Bit wear Decreased 10 pet 1 Drilling speed. . Increased 20 pet 18 Rock hardness. . . Decreased 60 to 70 pet. , Sugar^ .1 10"'' - 1.0 Pure NAp - 10-5 Drilling rate. .. Rock hardness... i Drilling rate. . . Bit life \ Decreased ) ' Toluene^ Increased 20-fold Increased 4-fold Reduced WaterS'25 8 DTAB^ mol/L . . 15 15 Drilling costs.. Drilling rate. . . Increased 20-fold 8 ( )UARTZITE Aluminum chloride ^ ' ^ ^ , Anionic detergent®. Dromus B ' ' 0.1 - 0.15 4, 8, 12 5\91 55.13 Amount drilled. , Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. , Bit energy , Bit friction..., Bit life , Bit wear , Drilling costs., Drilling rate. . , Overall efficiency. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Drill vibration. Lifting action. . Pump pressures . . Increased Decreased 26 pet, Increased ...do .do. .do, .do. Decreased Decreased 30 pet. Increased Increased 60 pet. Increased very markedly Decreased Increased very markedly Eliminated Improved Reduced 19 28 28 21, 27 28 27 21, 28 20 9 9-10 9-10 10 10 10 14 TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pet 2 Property Effect^ References'* QUARTZITE — Continued Ethylene glycol^ , Ferric chloride^ '^' , Glycerine^ , Magnesium chloride' '^^. .. , Mobil 1535^' , Sodium chloride' '^^ , Solvac^' , Water^'25 , Aerosol C-61^ mol/L. RHY0LITE22 B.P.S.B.4 , RHYOLITE PORPHYRY^ Conco-XAC , Conco-XAM Consoft C Consof t CP-50 Duomac T Hetoxamine C-10 Intersof t 49 , Marvansof t FBH Marvansof t FMA Solar CL-385 Torque trim Aerosol C-6P^ mol/L. PORPHYRY Mobil 1535^' Sodium chloride ' 4, 8, 12 .48 4, 8, 12 .3 4.0 .25 1.0 NAp 10- Bit energy Bit friction... Bit life Bit wear Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Bit energy Bit friction... Bit life Bit wear Drilling costs. Drilling rate. . Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Bit life Drilling rate. . Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Bit life Drilling rate.. NP. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Increased. ...do ...do Decreased Decreased 30 pet. Increased Increased Decreased 26 pet. Increased ...do .do. .do. .do. Decreased Decreased 30 pet. Increased .do. Decreased 26 pet. Increased ...do NE. Increased , Decreased 26 pet. Increased , ...do Increased very markedly ...do NE. Increased 4 times ...... Decreased 4.8 times.... Increased 28 28 21, 27 28 27 21, 28 19 28 28 21, 27 28 27 21, 28 } 19 19 9 21 13-14 1 RHYOLITE AND PORPHYRY 2.5 .032 >1.0 <.001 .0016 <.001 .0016 .001 .25 .025 <.001 2.0 10" - 10- .1 4.0 .25 Bit life. >NP. Bit life Drilling costs, >NP. Bit life. Bit wear. NP. Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Dust Increased very markedly NE. Increased 5-fold. Decreased 50 pet. NE. Increased. Decreased. NE. Increased. ...do ...do Decreased. 15 15 15 13 9 19 15 TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect' References'' RIEBECKITES'' Dr omiis B.. ................. 0.91 Bit wear Drilling rate... Drill vibration. Lifting action. . Pump pressures.. Decreased. ............. Increased Eliminated I 9 Improved. .............. Reduced SANDSTONE Aluminum chloride. Do.' Do. B.P.S.B.422 Calcium hydroxide. Hydrochloric acid^.. Lime Magnesium chloride^. Mud: 8 Bentonite clay Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium chloride.... Tap water Oil soap^. SMAD 1^... Sodium carbonate. Do. Do.^ Sodium chloride. Do. 0.3 0.0 .0075- .05 - .0 - .05 - .0 - .5 .03 2.5 .07 .5 .07 .3 5.6 .95 13.4 80.05 .1 NA .25 .5 .5 .25 - 3.5 Bit wear Drilling rate. Dust Bit wear Drilling rate. Drill thrust.. Rock hardness. Bit life. . . .do Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. >Bit wear. Drilling rate. Dust Bit friction.... Rock strength... Torsional moment Bit life , Bit wear , Drilling rate. , Rock hardness. , Rock strength., Bit wear Drilling costs. Drilling speed. Dust Bit wear , Drilling rate. . , Amount drilled^. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate... Drilling speed^. Rock hardness. . . Rock strength.., Bit wear Drilling rate. Decreased 28 to 42 pct< Increased ^ Decreased^. .do. Increased 15 to 40 pet. Reduced. . . Decreased. Increased very markedly Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Decreased Increased 15 to 40 pet. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Increased Decreased Increased 15 to 40 pet. Reduced. Increased. Decreased. ...do. ...do. .. .do. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. Decreased 2.5 times.., Slightly reduced Increased 4 times Decreased Reduced , Increased 15 to 40 pet. Increased. ...do Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet, Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet., Decreased Increased 15 to 40 pet. } 19 23 24 9 30 23 26 19 19 23 19 26, 19, 26, } 30 19 23 19 30 30 30 19 30 30 23 16 TABLE 1. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by rock type — Con. Additive ' Concentrations tested, wt pct^ Property Effect 5 References SANDSTONE— Continued Sodium chloride 0.25 .25 0.05 - .15 NA .0 - .03 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate... Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit energy Bit friction. . .. Drilling rate... Rock strength. .. Bit friction.... Rock strength. . . Torsional moment Bit wear Drilling rate. . . Increased. .......•••... 30 plus sodium carbonate. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 Sulf anol^ Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Decreased ...do Increased. ............. 30 > 5 Decreased. ............. Sulfate soap .............. ...do ...do ...do 1 5 Thorium chloride® Reduced 1 Increased 15 to 40 pet. I " SERPENTINE® Aluminum chloride | 0.0001- 1.0 | NP |NE | SIDERITE^ Calcium hydroxide 0.05 - 0.07 .25 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. .. Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. . Rock hardness. . . Rock strength. . . Increased. ............. 30 Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 26, 30 26, 30 30 Sodium carbonate. .......... Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased. ............. 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 30 TUFF22 1 B.P.S.B.4. 2.5 Bit life I Increased very markedly NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. NE No added effect reported. NP No specific property reported. Reference to specific products does not imply endorsement by the Bureau of Mines. ^Concentrations are given in weight percent unless otherwise indicated. ^Compared to drilling with water alone. Numbers refer to items in the list of references preceding the appendixes. ^Field test using AXL (1.185-in-ID) bit. ^Optimum reported concentration. ^Field test(s), no bit size given. ^Laboratory test(s). ^Compared to dry drilling, not to water. '^Optimum reported concentration was 0.01 pet. "Field test using NX (3.0-in-ID) bit. '^^ard shales. '^Soft shales. '"Very soft shales. '^Optimum reported concentration was 0.25 pet. ^Optimum reported concentration was 0.1 pet. '^Hard chert. ' ®Sof t chert. '^Novo Khazlnskii and Arlanskii coal deposits, Arlansk region, field tests. ^°New South Wales coal measure, field tests. ^ip^gi^j t-ggj. using AX (1.91-in-ID) bit. ^^Field test using BX (2.375-in-ID) bit and NX (3.0-in-ID) bit. ^^Industrial tests. 24pig3^jj ^est using EX (1.5-in-ID) bit. ^Water used as drilling fluid, not just for comparison purposes. Tests on hematite and taconlte. ^ ^Recommended for all low-silica, igneous rocks. ^®Hard ironstone. ^^Soft ironstone. ^°Field tests using AX (1.91-in-ID) bit and BX (2.375-in-ID) bit. ^'jaspilite. ^^Reported that the reactant fluid, calcium chloride, produced the enhanced results. ^^Using hexadeeane produced the enhanced results. ^*Hard quartzite. -^^Soft quartzite. ^^Using BX (2.375-in-ID) bit. 17 Mud (formula, in percent: Bentonlte clay 5.6 Sodium bicarbonate........ .95 Sodium chloride 13.4 Tap water 80.05) n-alcohols (CnH2n+lOH) n-alkanes (CnH2n+2) Naphthenic acid soap Naphthenic acid soap plus sodium carbonate Naphthenic oil Naphthenic oil plus sodium carbonate Oil soap Oleylammonium acetate (C] 8H35NH3C3H2O2) OP-10 (nonionic surfactant) Petroleum sulfonate Potassium chloride (KCl) Quat 316 (dodecylethyldimethyl ammonium bromide) (Ci yHseNHsBr) SMAD (surfactant) SNS (surfactant) Soap (unspecified) Sodium carbonate (Na2C03) Sodium carbonate plus soap Sodium chloride (NaCl) Sodium chloride plus sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Sodium hydroxide plus sodium carbonate Sodium oleate (NaCi8H3302) Sodium orthophosphate (Na5P04) Sodium phosphate (Na3P04) Sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P207) Sodium silicate (Na2Si03) Solar CL-385 (surfactant) Solvac (soluble oil) Sugar (C,2H220l 1) Sulfanol (surfactant) Sulfate soap (surfactant) Sulfite cellulose lye (byproduct of pa- per manufacturing) Sulf onaphthenic petroleum acids (by- product of paper manufacturing) Tergitol 7 (sodium heptadecyl surfac- tant) (NaCi6H3 3S04) Tergitol NPX (36-carbon nonionic sur- factant , nonylphenol-polyethylene oxide) Thorium chloride (ThCl4) Toluene (CyHs) Torque trim (surfactant) Water (H2O) Table 2 summarizes the results of the drilling tests in the same manner as ta- ble 1 , but by order of chemical additive rather than rock type. DISCUSSION This literature survey was pursued to catalog the diversity of chemical addi- tives and to report on the wide vari- ations that have been found in their ability to increase efficiency in drill- ing. Many different chemical-rock com- binations were tested, many at several chemical concentration levels. The re- search results reported in the literature dealt with the effect of chemical addi- tives on rocks in such areas as rock hardness, bit wear, electrochemical ef- fects, and drilling penetration rates. These results were used as a starting point for laboratory testing now going on in the Bureau to determine the basic reason why some fluids worked for some chemical-rock combination at a given con- centration in some, but not all, areas of application. Experimental laboratory drilling tests are being performed with several chemi- cal-rock combinations, in conjunction with studies of rock hardness changes, surface modification effects, bit wear rates, and penetration rates. These lab- oratory studies are being done to gain a better understanding of enhanced drilling and to give drilling technologists some guidelines for choosing the best chemical additive for a given drilling task. 18 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect References^ AEROSOLS AEROSOL Greenstone. AEROSOL C-61^ Granite. Hematite^. Quartzite. Rhyolite porphyry^ AEROSOL OT* Granite 510-4 510-4 510-4 510-3 0.8 -10-2 - 10-2 510-3 - 10-3 - 10-2 Drilling effectiveness. Bit life , Bit wear , Drilling rate. . Bit life , Bit wear Bit life , Bit wear , Drilling rate. , Bit life , Bit wear , NP Increased. Increased 4 to 5 times. Decreased 4.8 times..., Increased Increased 5-fold , Decreased 4.8 times..., Increased 4 times , Decreased 4.8 times..., Increased , ...do Decreased. NE 11 12, 14, 16, 18 13 13-14 13 14 ALUMINUM CHLORIDE Anhydrite" , Argillaceous rocks (shales), 4,9 Do, Do. ".9, Calcium fluoride crystals^. Diabase^ Diorite^. Granite*. Do." ., Granodiorite. Do Gritstone*'^, Do. 4. 8 Hematite. Igneous rocks 12 Ironstone^, Limestone* •'. 0.01 - 1.0 .1 '0.0 - .0075- .17 - NA .05 .03 .22 .02 .05 53 X 10-6 .01 - .05 ".005 .0 - .05 .0075- .03 .1 .1 .1 ,15 .0 - .5 Bit wear Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drill thrust... Rock hardness. . NP Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. ...do Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear Rock hardness.. Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Drilling rate. , Drill thrust... Rock hardness.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength. . Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Increased Decreased Increased Reduced Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Reduced Increased 15 to 40 pet. Reduced ...do NE. Decreased Significantly increased NE Increased. ...do ...do Minimized. Maximized. Increased. Minimized. .do. Increased 15 to 40 pet. Reduced ...do Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased , Increased , Decreased , Decreased 9 to 20 pet., Increased , Decreased 26 pet , Increased ...do Reduced Increased 9 pet. 18 30 23 24 31 19 19 19 1, 14 3 23 23 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 30 19 23 See notes at end of table. 19 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties. by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect' References^ ALUMINUM CHLORIDE — Continued Magneslte. Magnesium oxide crystals'*, Marble^ Martite Microcline'* , Pyrlte , Quartz^ , Do.' Do. Quartzite^' ". Sandstone. Do." , Do.* Serpentine* , 0.1 NA 0.5 - 1.0 .1 .0001- 1.0 .1 .01 - .05 .02 - .1 - 1.0 .15 .0 - .0075- .3 .5 .03 .0001- 1.0 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Drilling rate. ...do Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. NF Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness . . Rock strength. . Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Dust Bit wear Drilling rate. Drill thrust.. Rock hardness. NP. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased NE Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. NE Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet., Increased. Decreased. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet., Increased Decreased 34 pet Increased Decreased 26 pet Increased ...do Decreased 28 to 42 pet* Increased^ Decreased^ ...do Increased 15 to 40 pet. Reduced Decreased NE 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 32 2 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 29 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 19 19 23 24 2 AMMONIUM NITRATE 8 Granite. 0.02 Amount drilled. Bit corrosion.. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Increased. Extreme. . . Increased. ...do 19 ANIONIC DETERGENT* Quartzite. 4, 8, 12 B.P.S.B.4"' Bit energy Bit friction... Bit life Bit wear Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Overall efficiency. Increased. ...do ...do Decreased Decreased 30 pet. Increased Increased 60 pet. 28 28 21, 27 28 27 21, 28 20 Granite. .. Quartz. . . , Rhyolite.. Sandstone. Tuff 2.5 Bit life. Increased very markedly 20 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect ' References 2. CALCIUM CHLORIDE Anhydrite^ 0.1 - 1.0 1.0 Bit wear Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Increased ...do ...do \ Limestone. ........................ ) 1 } " CALCIUM HYDROXIDE Anhydrite. Limestone. Sandstone. Siderite^. ' 50.06 0.05 .07 .05 - .07 .05 - .07 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness. . Rock strength.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness . . Rock strength.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness. . Rock strength.. Increased. . . Decreased. . , Increased. . . Decreased. . . Decreased 9 to 20 pet. Increased. . . Decreased. . , Increased. . , Decreased. . . Decreased 9 to 20 pet. Increased Decreased , Increased Decreased , Decreased 9 to 20 pet., Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. 18, 30 30 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 COMPOUND "M''^ Greenstone. 0.2 Drilling effectiveness. Increased. 11 CONCO XAC, CONCO XAM, CONSOFT C, CONSOFT CP-SO" CONCO XAC Rhyolite porphyry CONCO XAM Rhyolite porphyry CONSOFT C Rhyolite porphyry CONSOFT CP-50 Rhyolite porphyry 0.032 >1.0 <.001 .0016 >NP. NE. 15 CUTALL OIL^ Greenstone. 20.0 Drilling effectiveness. Increased. 11 DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE (DMF), DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE (DMSO), DMF IN DMSO^ DMF Calcium fluoride crystals.. Lithium fluoride crystals^. Magnesium oxide crystals... DMSO Calcium fluoride crystals.. Magnesium oxide crystals... DMF IN DMSO Calcium fluoride crystals., Magnesium oxide crystals... -100 -100 -100 -100 - 50 50 NA Rock hardness. . Bit life Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Drilling rate.. Rock hardness . . Reduced. . . Increased. ...do Reduced. . . Increased. Reduced Increased 20 times. Decreased 31-32 13 15, 32 31-32 32 31-32 8, 32 31 DISOLVANE 4411 Coal '6 1 NA! NP ..1 NE 1 22 DODECYLAMINO ACETATE^ Quartz 1 NA| Bit wear ..| Decreased 2 to 3 times. | 25 See notes at end of table. 21 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect References^ DODECYLTRIMETHYL AMMONIUM BROMIDE (Dl CAB) Granite'' SlO--* - 10-3 510-'* - 10-3 510-'' - 10-3 Bit life Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Increased. ............. "18. 12. 14- Reduced ................ > 15. 17. Mlcrocline. ....................... Increased 3 to 4 times. Increased. ............. J 32 15, 29 Quartz^ ........................... Bit life Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Increased 4-fold Reduced 15 15 Increased 20-fold 8 DROMUS B Argillaceous rocks: '^ Hard shales Soft shales Hard shales Very soft shales... Chert:''' Hard Soft Coal'8 Dolomite " Do.^ Ironstone: ' ' Hard Soft Ironstone (jaspilite) ' ^ Quartzite: ' ^ Hard Soft Rlebeckites^. 0.13 - 0.91 .13 .67 .17 .91 .13 1.0 .91 .67 .91 .13 NA .91 .13 .91 Bit life Drilling rate. . Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drill vibration Lifting action. Pump pressures. Bit life Drilling rate.. Rod grease Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drill vibration Lifting action. Pump pressures. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drill vibration Lifting action. Pump pressures. Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drill vibration Lifting action. Pump pressures. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drill vibration Lifting action. Pump pressures. DROMUS B PLUS ESSO 1 ' ^ Increased very markedly ...do Reduced. . . , Increased. . Eliminated. Improved. . . Reduced. . . . Increased very markedly ...do Not required Increased markedly. Increased slightly. Required Increased markedly. ...do Not required Decreased. . Increased. . Eliminated. Improved. . . Reduced. . . . Increased very markedly Decreased Increased very markedly Eliminated Improved Reduced Increased very markedly Increased markedly Not required Increased very markedly Decreased Increased very markedly Eliminated Improved Reduced Decreased. . Increased. . Eliminated. Improved. . . Reduced. . . . Chert. - 7 Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Increased very markedly ...do Not required 10 10 9 9-10 9-10 10 10 10 9 9-10 9-10 10 10 10 22 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect' References 2 DROMUS B PLUS ESSO 1 — Continued'^ Granite , Quartz , Rhyolite porphyry. Dolomite Quartzite - 7 - 7 Bit life Drilling rate. Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Increased very markedly ...do .do. .do. Not required. DUOMAC T' <0.001 I NP I NE\ 15 ETHYL ALCOHOL NA I Drilling rate.. | Increased 70 ptt. 20 ETHYLENE GLYCOL" 4, 8, 12 Bit energy Bit friction... Bit life Bit wear Drilling costs. Drilling rate. . Increased. ...do ...do Decreased Decreased 30 pet, Increased 28 28 21, 27 28 27 21, 28 1 FERRIC CHLORIDE Hematite. Magnesite. Martite. Pyrite. Quartzite^' ". 0.1 .48 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness. . Rock strength.. Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 26 pet. Increased ...do 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 GLYCERINE" Quartzite. ........................ 4, 8, 12 Bit energy Bit friction... Bit life Bit wear Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Increased. ---........-. 28 ...do ...do Decreased. ............. 28 21, 27 28 Decreased 30 pet Increased 27 21, 28 HETOXAMINE C-10^ Rhyolite porphyry. 0.0016 I NP I NE. 15 HYDROCHLORIC ACID Argillaceous rocks (shales)" 0.0 .0 - 0.5 <1.0 .5 1.0 Bit wear Drilling rate.. Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness.. NP Reduced ................ \ Dol omi tp ,,.. Increased 15 to 40 pet. Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Decreased 80 pet NE Gritstone" ' ^ } ■' 23 Limestone^ '2° Bit wear Drilling speed. Decreased 10 pet Increased 10 to 70 pet. ^ } See notes at end of table. 23 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concent rat ions tested, wt pet Property Effect' References 2 HYDROCHLORIC ACID — Continued Limestone ••••••••••••••••••••••• 0.1 - 0.3 .0 - .5 .0 - .5 Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Increased .............. ^ Do. ".9, 20 ...do ...do Reduced. ............... 1 . ^ Sandstone •••••••••••••••«•••••••• Increased 9 pet Decreased. ............. 1 23 \ Increased 15 to 40 pet. ) INTERSOFT 49'' Rhyolite porphyry 0.001 1 NP NE 15 KEROSINE Greenstone . ...................... Pure Pure Drilling effectiveness. Bit friction... Bit wear Increased. ............. 11 Quartz^ Decreased 7 times Decreased 40 times \ } LIME Sandstone 0.05 - 0.07 Bit wear Drilling rate.. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. } - MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE Diabase^ 0.0 - 0.3 .75 - 1.5 .01 .01 - .05 .9 - 1.5 ".05 .0 - .3 .3 2'. 25 - 1.0 .0 - .3 NA .0001- 1.0 .01 - .5 .1 - .5 .3 .0 - .3 Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Drilling rate. . Rock hardness. . Drilling rate.. Rock hardness. . MP Reduced ................ 1 Increased 15 to 40 pet. Decreased .............. > 23 ~1 Slightly increased Increased. ........••.•. } Granodlorite ...do ...do ...do } " 1 Minimized. ............. ) ^ Do. 8. '3 19 3 23 Do Minimized. . . Gritstone^ ' ' NE Ironstone® Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate.. . . .do .......... Increased. ............. Decreased 26 pet Increased. ............. I ^^ ...do ...do ...do ...do T Do.*'9 } " Marble'* Increased 9 pet NE I 29 29 ~1 Microcline* NP NE Quartz® Drilling rate.. Rock hardness. . Bit wear Drilling rate.. Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Decreased. ............. ) ' Do . ® Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Tnfrpp^pH 1 Quartzlte® » ' ^ } Decreased 26 pet Increased. ............. ( ^^ ...do ...do Decreased 19 23 Increased 15 to 40 pet. 23 MAGNESIUM SULFATE Diabase" Limestone 0.25 0.75 - 1.0 Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Decreased Slightly increased ...do ...do } " 24 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect' References^ MARVANSOFT FBH, MARVANSOFT FMA" MARVANSOFT FBH Rhyolite porphyry 0.25 Bit life Increased 5-fold 1 - Drilling costs. Decreased 50 pet MARVANSOFT FMA Rhyolite porphyry .025 NP NE 15 MOBIL 1535^2 Greenstone. Porphyry.. Quartzite. 4.0 4.0 4.0 Bit life Drilling rate.. NP Bit life Drilling rate.. ^NE. MUD" Granite. . . Limestone. Marble. . . , Sandstone. (") Bit wear. Reduced. N-ALCOHOLS Granite. Quartz^. (24) NA NP. Drilling rate. . . .do NE. Increased 20-fold. NE 12, 32 8 29 N-ALKANES" Calcium fluoride crystals. Magnesium oxide crystals.. NA NA Drilling rate. ...do Increased. Increased 8 times using hexadecane. 31 20, 32 NAPHTHENIC ACID SOAP NAPHTHENIC ACID SOAP^ Quartz NAPHTHENIC ACID SOAP PLUS SODIUM CARBONATE^S Granite NA '50.25 - 0.5 .25 Bit wear Drilling rate. Bit wear Drilling rate. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. 26 26 NAPHTHENIC OIL NAPTHENIC OIL Quartz. NAPHTHENIC OIL PLUS SODIUM CARBONATE Quartz. 0.25 - 0.5 26 25 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 30 30 OIL SOAP Limestone 0.1 - 1.0 .1 Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Drilling rate.. Dust Increased .............. 1 Sandstone ........................ ...do ...do ...do 1 " Decreased ) '' OLEYLAMMONIUM ACETATE Amygdaloidal basalt ^^ '^0.01 .7 Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. ...do Reduced } Quartz^ Increased 20 to 50 pet. Increased 50 pet 4 29 See notes at end of table. 25 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con, Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect' References^ OP- 10 Coal 16 0.05 - 0.12 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Increased. Decreased. Increased. 22 PETROLEUM SULFONATE ^ Quartz. 0.25 - 0.5 Bit wear Drilling rate. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. 26 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE^ Quartz. 0.01 - 0.5 Bit wear Drilling rate. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. 26 QUAT 316'' I Drilling rate. Marble I ^lO" - 10 -2 NE. SMAD^ Argillaceous rocks (shales) Sandstone* •••••••••••••••••••••••• NA NA NA NE 5 Bit friction... Rock strength. . Torsional moment , Decreased, ............. ...do ...do > 5 SNS Coal'6 1 naI np NE 1 22 soap" Marble 1 0.25 - - 0.5 1 Drilling rate.. NE 1 2 SODIUM CARBONATE Anhydrite^ 0.1 - 1.0 .25 NA 2'.0 - .5 .1 - .25 ,75 .5 ,25 .01 - .1 .0 - ,5 .25 .1 - 1.0 Bit wear Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness. . Rock strength. . Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Overall efficiency. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling costs. Drilling rate. . . . .do. ......... Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Drilling rate.. Rock hardness. . NP Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Increased. ....•,,,,,,,, ^ Argillaceous rocks: Shales ) Decreased .......,, Increased ......,,,,.,,, > 30 Decreased, ,,,.,,,,.,... Do. 8 Decreased 9 to 20 pet,. Slightly increased .,,do ,.,do Increased, ,,.,,,,,,,.,. - 1 ^^ Do," Decreased, ,,..... \ Argillites and schists Increased 15 to 40 pet. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. ) Diabase^ } } " 19 Diorite^ Slightly increased NE Granite^ Increased- ............. ^ Gr anodiorite ...do ,,,do ,,., ...do Minimized J '' ) ' Gritstone"'^ NE 23 Limestone^ Amount drilled. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Rock hardness, , Rock strength,. Bit wear Drilling speed. TnpreAsed. ............. 19 30 26, 30 19, 26, 30 19 ...do. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Increased. .,,,,,,,,,.,. Decreased 30 Do . 8 Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Decreased 10 pet Increased 10 to 70 pet. 30 } - 26 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect' References^ SODIUM CARBONATE — Continued Limestone® Do. 4. 9.. Marble*... Quartz®... Sandstone. Do Do.'*.... Siderite®. 0.0 - 0.5 .0 - .2 - .01 - .5 1.0 .1 .25 .5 .25 Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Bit wear Drilling costs. Drilling speed. Dust Bit wear Drilling rate.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Increased. ...do ...do Reduced Increased 9 pet. NE Increased. Decreased. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. Decreased 2.5 times.., Slightly reduced Increased 4 times Decreased . . .do Increased 15 to 40 pet. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. ) 19 23 2 6 30 19 23 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 SODIUM CARBONATE PLUS SOAP TT" Igneous rocks 2^0.25 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. 30 SODIUM CHLORIDE :r Anhydrite Argillaceous rocks: Shales, argillites and schists, clay rocks. Shales® Do . ® Do.'' Diabase® Diorite® Granite® Granodiorite® ■ ' ^ See notes at end of table 0.1 .25 1.0 28.0 .4 - 1.0 .5 .25 - 2.0 - 3.5 - 1.0 .1 .2 .5 1.0 Bit wear Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Overall efficiency. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Overall efficiency. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling costs. Drilling rate. . . . .do Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Drilling rate.. Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Slightly increased ...do ...do Increased. Slightly increased. ...do ...do Increased Reduced Increased 15 to 40 pet. Decreased Slightly increased Increased .do, .do. ..do. , . .do. 18 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 19 23 19 19 19 19 27 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect' References 2 SODIUM CHLORIDE — Continued y Granodlorlte. Do Gritstone'*'^. Hematite. Igneous rocks'^. 0.0 0.1 ".05 3.5 .25 Ironstone^, Limestone^. Do. Do. 4. 9.. Magneslte. Magnesium oxide crystals*. Martlte Porphyry^ Pyrite. Do. ".8, Quartz^. . Do.° Quartzite^. '5_ .1 - .25 .25 .25 .75 28.0 - 3.5 .1 - .25 "10-2 .1 - .25 .1 .25 .1 - .25 .1 - .5 .1 - .5 .1 .25 Drilling rate. Rock hardness. ...do NP. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness. . Rock strength.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. , Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness. . Rock strength.. Amount drilled. Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Bit life Drilling rate. . Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness.. Rock strength. . Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Dust Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness . . Rock strength.. Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate.. Rock hardness. . Rock strength. . Drilling rate.. Rock hardness. . Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Drilling speed. Increased. Minimized. ...do NE. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased 26 pet Increased ...do .do. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased. ...do ...do Reduced Increased 9 pet Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased 5 times Increased ...do , Decreased 10 to 35 pet, Increased 20 to 60 pet, Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased , ...do ...do Decreased , Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased .do. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased 26 pet Increased ...do 3 23 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 30 19 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 23 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 13 8 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 19 28 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect' References 2 SODIUM CHLORIDE — Continued SaTidston&« ...................*.>.• 0.25 0.0 - 3.5 Amount drilled'' Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed* Rock hardness. . Rock strength.. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Increased .............. 19 ...do Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. Increased. ............. 30 26, 30 19, 26, 30 19 Decreased. ............. 30 Do.'» Decreased 9 to 20 pet.. Decreased " 30 Increased 15 to 40 pet. > 23 SODIUM CHLORIDE PLUS SODIUM CARBONATE Argillaceous rocks (clay rocks), Sandstone. 0.1 - 0.5 26 25 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Rock strength. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. Increased Decreased 10 to 35 pet, Increased 20 to 60 pet. Decreased Decreasd 9 to 20 pet... 30 30 26, 30 26, 30 30 30 SODIUM HYDROXIDE Anhydrite. Do.' Limestone. Do. Marble". Quartz^. '^0.05 0.1 .2 .05 .2 .025 - .25 .1 - 1.0 Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness.. Rock strength. . Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Bit life Bit wear Drilling rate. . Rock hardness.. Rock strength.. Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drillng speed. . Drilling rate.. Bit wear Drilling speed. Increased , Decreased Increased , Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet., Increased. ...do .do. Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Decreased 9 to 20 pet. Increased. ...do .do. NE. Decreased 10 pet. Increased 20 pet. 18, 30 19 30 19 2 18 SODIUM HYDROXIDE PLUS SODIUM CARBONATE Dolomite ••••••••••••••••••••••••.. 0.06 - .05 - - 0.2 .2 Amount drilled. Bit wear Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Amount drilled. Drilling rate. . Drilling speed. Increased .............. > Decreased 54 pet Increased .............. f ^^ Limestone • Slightly increased ^ ...do ...do } " SODIUM OLEATE^ Quartz. NA I Bit wear | Decreased 2 to 3 times. [ 25 SODIUM ORTHO PHOSPHATE 8 Quartz. 1.0 - 2.0 Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness.. Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Decreased 60 to 70 pet. 18 SODIUM PHOSPHATE^ Limestone. 0.1 Bit wear Drilling rate.. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. 26 See notes at end of table. 29 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concent rat ions tested, wt pet Property Effect' References^ SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE^ Quartz. 1.0 - 2.0 Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness. . Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Decreased 60 to 70 pet. SODIUM SILICATE^ Limestone. 0.025 Bit wear Drilling rate. Decreased 10 to 35 pet. Increased 20 to 60 pet. 26 "IT" SOLAR CL-385* Rhyolite porphyry. <0.001 NP. NE. S0LVAC2 2 Garnetite. Quartzite. 1.0 1.0 Bit life Drilling rate. Rod grease. . . . Bit life Drilling rate. Increased markedly Increased very markedly Not required Increased very markedly ...do SUGAR Granodiorite. Quartz^ 0.1 - 1.0 - 1.0 Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Drilling rate. Rock hardness. Increased. Minimized. Increased. Decreased. SULFANOL^ Argillaceous rocks (shales) 0.05 - .05 - ■ 0.15 .15 Bit energy Bit friction... Drilling rate.. Rock strength. . Bit energy Bit friction... Drilling rate.. Rock strength.. Decreased. ............. ...do Increased. ............. > 5 Decreased. ............. Sandstone. . . ...do ~l ...do Increased. ............. > 5 Decreased __, SULFATE SOAP 8 Argillaceous rocks (shales) NA NA NA NE 5 Sandstone Bit friction... Rock strength.. Torsional moment . Decreased- ......... ...do ...do > 5 SULFITE CELLULOSE LYE Dolomite 50 50 Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness. . Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness. . Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Decreased 80 pet Decreased 10 pet Increased 10 to 70 pet. Decreased 30 to 50 pet. ~i Limestone® 1 ■' "1 } - SULFONAPHTHENIC PETROLEUM ACIDS Dolomite 1 - 2 1 - 2 Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness. . Bit wear Drilling speed. Rock hardness. . Decreased 10 pet Increased 20 pet Decreased 80 pet Decreased 10 pet Increased 10 to 70 pet. Decreased 30 to 50 pet. ■^ Limestone® 1 - } '' TERGITOL^"' TERGITOL 7 Amygdaloidal basalt.... TERGITOL NPX Amygdaloidal basalt Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Drilling costs. Drilling rate.. Reduced Increased 20 to 50 pet. Reduced Increased 20 to 50 pet. 30 TABLE 2. - Effects of chemical additives on rock and drilling properties, by additive type — Con. Rock Concentrations tested, wt pet Property Effect References 2 THORIUM CHLORIDE" Argillaceous Gritstone'. . rocks (shales) 0.0 .0 .0 .0 - 0.03 .03 .03 .03 Bit wear Drilling rate.. NP Reduced "1 Increased 15 to 40 pet. NE I 23 Bit wear Drilling rate.. Bit wear Drilling rate.. Reduced. ............... \ Sandstone. ........................ Increased 9 pet Decreased. 1 Increased 15 to 40 pet. ? 23 TOLUENE" Calcium fluoride crystals.. Lithium fluoride crystals'. Magnesium oxide crystals.., Quartz. NA NA Pure Pure NP Bit life Drilling rate. .do. NE Increased. ...do Increased 20-fold. 31 13 15, 32 8 TORQUE TRIM^ Rhyolite porphyry. 2.0 NP. T9- NE. 15 TT 13 15 8 21 WATER Greenstone-'. Lithium fluoride crystals'* »', Magnesium oxide crystals*.... Quartz" Quartzite*, NAp NAp NAp NAp Drilling effectiveness. Bit life Drilling rate.. . . .do NAp NP NE Increased to maximum. Increased NE Increased 20-fold. NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. NE No added effects reported. NP No specific property reported. 'compared to drilling with water alone. ^Numbers refer to items in the list of references preceding the appendixes. ^Field test using EX (1.5-in-ID) bit. Laboratory test(s). ^Mole per liter. ^Tests on hematite and taconite. ^Test using BX (2.375-in-lD) bit. Field test(s), no bit size given. 'Compared to dry drilling, not to water. '"Optimum reported concentration was 0.01 pet. ''Normal concentration (N), ^Recommended for all low-silica, igneous rocks. "industrial tests. '^Field test using BX (2.375-in-ID) bit and NX (3.0-in-ID) bit. '^Optimum reported concentration. '^Novo Khazinskii and Arlanskii coal depostis, Arlansk region, field tests. Field test using NX (3.0-in-ID) bit. New South Wales coal measure, field tests. ^^Field test using AX (1.91-in-ID) bit and BX (2.375-in-ID) bit. Reported that the reactant fluid, calcium chloride, produced the enhanced results. 20 ^'optimum reported concentration was 0.25 pet. ^^Field test using AX (1.91-in-ID) bit. ^Composition of special mud, in percent: Bentonite clay 5.6 Sodium bicarbonate.. .95 Sodium chloride 13.4 Tap water 80.05 Methane to decanol. Naphthenic acid soap, 0.25 to 0.5 wt pet; sodium carbonate, 0.25 wt pet. ^^Each. 27Fieid test using AXL (1. 185-in-ID) bit. Optimum reported concentration was 0.1 pet. Water used as drilling fluid, not just for comparison purposes. REFERENCES- 31 1. Appl, T. C, B. N. Rao, and B. H. Walker. Effects of AICI3 Additive While Cutting Granite With a Single Diamond. Ind. Diamond Rev., v. 41, June 1981, pp. 312-318. 2. Cooper, G. A,, and J. Berlie. On the Influence of the Flushing Fluid Dur- ing Diamond Drilling. J. Mater. Sci., v. 11, 1976, pp. 1771-1775. 3. Efimov, M, V. (Fixation (Adsorp- tion) of Softeners With Ore in Relation to Their Concentrations.) J. Appl. Chem. (Leningrad), v. 13, 1940, pp. 1336-1340; Chem. Abstr., v. 35, 1941, No. 2245.3. 4. Engelmann, W. H., H. F. Unger, and B. S. Snowden. Diamond Drilling With Surfactants in Upper Michigan Amygda- loidal Basalts Using Surface-Set Bits. Trans. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, v. 258, Sept. 1975, pp. 185-190. 5. Epshtein, E. F., and A. N. David- enko. (Effect of the Medium on the De- struction of Rocks.) Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Corn, Zh. , v. 7, 1980, pp. 3-5; Chem. Abstr., v. 93, 1980, No. 242175y. 6. Golovanov, N. I. (Application of the Ore Softeners for Accelerating of Drilling of Quartz and Granodiorite Strata of the Kochkar' Deposit.) Gorn. Zh., v. 114, Nos. 8-9, 1938, pp. 22-25; Chem. Abstr., v. 33, 1939, No. 1411.3. 7. Hoenig, S. A., R. Zanoni, and J. L. Griffith. Application of Electrochemical Technology to the Improvement of Rock- Drilling Systems. Wear, v. 86, 1983, pp. 247-256. 8. Jackson, R. E., N. H. Macmillan, and A. R. C. Westwood. Chemical Enhance- ment of Rock Drilling. Paper in Advances in Rock Mechanics (Proc. 3d Congr. Int. Soc. Rock Mech. , Denver, CO, Sept. 1-7, 1974). Reports of Current Research, v. 2, pt. B. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC, 1974, pp. 1487-1492. 9. Joris, A. C. T., and G. McLaren. Additives to Coolants Used in Diamond Drilling and Sawing in Australia. Min. and Miner. Eng., v. 3, No. 5, May 1967, pp. 190-205. — » — ^Additional references are included in each appendix. 10. Kitching, J. Major Advance in Drilling Technique Reported From Wit- tenoom Gorge. Min. and Chem. Eng. Rev. , V. 57, No. 2, Feb. 1965, pp. 11-13. 11. Long, A. E., and W. G. Agnew. Ef- fect of Lubricating Agents in a Diamond- Drilling-Bit Coolant and Cuttings-Removal Medium. BuMines RI 3793, Jan. 1945, 5 pp. 12. Macmillan, N. H. , R. E. Jackson, W. M. Mularie, and A. R. C. Westwood. Optimization of Fluids for Diamond Core Drilling of Silicates. Trans. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, V. 258, Dec. 1975, pp. 278- 280. 13. Martin Marietta Corp. (Baltimore, MD) . Application of Chemomechanical Ef- fects to Full-Scale Hard Rock Drilling. MML Prop. MA 77-04R, Jan. 1977, 100 pp. 14. Mills, J. J. Environment-Enhanced Disintegration of Hard Rocks. Martin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech. Rep. 76-90C, Nov. 1976, 35 pp. 15. . Environment-Enhanced Dis- integration of Hard Rocks. Martin Mari- etta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech. Rep. 78-lOc, Feb. 1978, 76 pp. 16. . Letters. Influence of Chemomechanically Active Fluids on Dia- mond Wear During Hard Rock Drilling. J. Mater. Sci., v. 13, 1978, pp. 2712-2716. 17. Mills, J. J., A. R. C. Westwood, and R. D. Huntington. Environment- Enhanced Disintegration of Hard Rocks. Martin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech. Rep. 76-40c, May 1976, 31 pp. 18. Rebinder, P. A., L. A. Shreiner, and K. F. Zhigach. (Decreasing the Hard- ness of Strata by Adding Chemical Com- pounds to the Drilling Fluid Thus In- creasing the Drilling Velocity.) Neft. Prom. SSSR, No. 5, 1940, pp. 54-65; Chem. Abstr., V. 36, 1942, No. 1471.4. 19. . (Hardness Reducers in Drilling. A Physico-Chemical Method of Facilitating the Mechanical Destruction of Rocks During Drilling.) Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1944; Transl. by Commonw. Sci. and Ind. Res. Organ. (CSIRO), Mel- bourne, Australia, 1948, 163 pp. 32 20. Research Institute for Advanced Studies (Baltimore, MD). Environment- Enhanced Disintegration of Hard Rocks, RIAS Prop. 412, Mar. 1972, 60 pp. 21. Sellm, A. A., C. W. Schultz, and K. C. Strebig. The Effect of Additives on Impregnated Diamond Bit Performance. Soc. Pet. Eng. J., v. 13, 1969, pp. 425- 433. 22. Sentsova, E. P. (Effects of Sur- factants on the Drilling Rate During the Opening of a Producing Horizon in the Arlansk Deposit.) Soversh. Vskrytiya, Ispyt. i Osvoeniya Prod. Plastov Ekspl. i Razved. Skvazhinakh. , Mater. Vses. So- veshch. , 1966, pp. 154-157; Chem. Abstr. , V. 72, 1970, No. 14486m. 23. Shepherd, R. Improving the Effi- ciency of Rotary Drilling of Shotholes. Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., v. 113, pt. 11, Aug. 1954, pp. 1029-1048. 24. . Rotary Drilling Develop- ments. Mine and Quarry Eng., v. 21, No. 8, Aug. 1955, pp. 329-335. 25. Shreiner, L. A., and K. M. Sadi- lenko. (Physical and Chemical Influence of Liquid Mediums on the Wear of Steel and Hard Alloys During Friction on Rocks.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 139, No. 2, 1961, pp. 427-429; Chem. Abstr., V. 61, 1964, No. 367g. 26. Shreiner, L. A., and K. F. Zhigach. (Boring Holes With Flushing in Conjunction With Agents for Decreasing the Hardness of Rocks.) Akad. Nauk SSSR, Kolloido-Elektrokhim. Inst., 1943, 63 pp.; Chem. Abstr., v. 38, 1944, No. 1815. 27. Strebig, K. C, C. W. Schultz, and A. A. Selim. How To Effect a Cost Re- duction in Diamond Drilling. Min. Eng. (N.Y.), V. 21, Oct. 1969, pp. 73-75. 28. Strebig, K. C, A. A. Selim, and C. W. Schultz. Effect of Organic Addi- tives on Impregnated Diamond Drilling. BuMines RI 7494, 1971, 31 pp. 29. Tweeton, D. R. , W. H. Engelmann, G. A. Savanick, and D. I. Johnson. In- fluence of Surf ace- Active Chemicals on Drilling and Fracturing Rock. BuMines RI 8186, 1976, 20 pp. 30. Vutukuri, V. S. Improved Drilling Rates at Lower Cost. Min. Mag., v. 125, No. 4, Oct. 1971, pp. 324-327. 31. Westwood, A. R. C, and D. L. Goldheim. Mechanism for Environmental Control of Drilling in MgO and CaF2 Mono- crystals. J. Am. Ceram. Soc, v. 53, 1970, pp. 142-147. 32. Westwood, A. R. C, N. H. Macmil- lan, and R. S. Kalyoncu, Chemomechanical Phenomena in Hard Rock Drilling. Trans. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, v. 256, June 1974, pp. 106-111. 33 APPENDIX A.~SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES USED TO STUDY VARIOUS PROCESSING METHODS, WITH REFERENCES TABLE A-1. - Chemical additives tested for various processing methods Additive Concentrations tested Method References 2 ALUMINUM CRYSTALS Aeropromoter 765 wt pet.. Aeropromoter 765 plus naphthenic acid wt pet.. Naphthenic acid wt pet. . Oleic acid wt pet . . Organosilieon wt pet . . CALCITE Sodium petroleum sulfonates CASSITERITE Alphaamino valeric acid Cupf erron Laurylamlne hydrochloride mg/L. . Sodium laurate Sodium oleate Sodium pelargonlte Sodium sulfate mg/L. ♦ CEMENT AND/OR CLINKER Acetone Asphaltlnes Benzene Calcium sulfate Carbon blacks Cod oil Cyclohexane Diethanolamine wt pet . . Ethylene glycol Glycol Kojic oil n-butylamlne Organosilieon wt pet . . Propylene glycol wt pet.. Resins Triethanolamlne wt pet. . Urea Water Wool grease CLAY ROCKS Sodium chloride wt pet. . Soluble oils wt pet . . COAL Acetone Anhydrous ethanol Anhydrous Isopropanol Anhydrous methanoo Dlmethylsulf oxide Distilled water Ethylamlne Glacial acetic acid Hexadecane Hexanes Hydrogen peroxide Liquid ammonia Methanol Me thyl amine See notes at end of table. 0.25-0.75 C 0.2-0.8 C 0.25-0.75 C 0.25-0.5 C 0.005 C NA Fl NA NA 50 NA NA NA 50 Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Vapor NA Vapor NA NA NA Vapor 0.1 Vapor NA NA Vapor 0.01-0.05 0.05 NA 0.1 NA NAp NA 12 3 12 3 3 3 12 3 12 3 3 12 3 3 3 3, 11, 15 3 3, 11, 15 3 0.25-0.5 0.17 Fr Fr NA NA NA NA NA NAp NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA C C c c Fr Fr C C Fr Fr C C C C 2 2 2 2 18 18 2 2 18 18 2 2 2 2 34 TABLE A-1. - Chemical additives tested for various processing methods — Con. Additive Concentrations tested Method References 2 COAL — Continued Olelf arid. ............................................... NA NA 2.49 2.34 3.42 5.39 NA NA Pure Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr C Fr Fr 18 Potasssliiin iodine. .......................................... 18 Saturated aluminum chloride. ..... >.................. .mol . . 18 Saturated calcium chloride. ...... mol. . 18 Saturated iron chloride mol . . 18 Saturated sodium chloride. ....... mnl . . 18 Sodium hydroxide Sodium silicate. .......................................... 2 18 Toluene 18 CORUNDUM Sodium chloride. .......................................... NA NA Fl Fl 17 Sodium nitrate 17 DOLOMITE Calcium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide. . Soluble oils •wt pet. .wt pet. .wt pet. GLASS Acetone NA NA NA NA C C C c 3 Benzene. .................................................. 3 Carbon tetrachloride 3 Nitromethane 3 GYPSUM Wool grease. HEMATITE (T ACONITE) NA I Activator AR calcium chloride. Aluminum chloride Armac D 12 Cationic surfactant Dodecylamlne acetate Dodecylammonlum chloride Ferric chloride Sodium chloride Sodium dodecylsulf ate Sodium octadecylsulf ate Sodium oleate Sodium silicate Sulphonic Promoter 801 XF-4272 XFS-4272 .lb/ton. , ,wt pet. . .lb/ton. , .wt pet. . . .mol/L. . •wt pet., •wt pet. , ...mg/g. •lb/ton. •wt pet. •lb/ton. 5-20 0.1 0.1-0.7 0.2-0.7 10-7-10-3 NA 0.1 0.1-0.25 NA NA NA 1.25 0.3 0.02-0.06 0.5 C Fr C Fr C Fl Fr Fr Fl Fl C C C C C 14 4 14 4 14 17 4 4 17 17 14 3 14 3 3 LIMESTONE Calcium hydroxide. Flotlgan P Sodium carbonate. . Sodium hydroxide. . Soluble oils •wt pet, .wt pet. .wt pet. .wt pet. .wt pet. 0.05-0.07 0.03 0.25 0.05 0.67 Fr C C C Fr 4 3, 16 6, 10 6, 10 4 MAGNESITE Aluminum chloride. . , Cationic surfactant. Ferric chloride Sodium chloride .wt pet. ,wt pet. .wt pet, .wt pet. 0.1 0.2-0.7 0.1 0.1-0.25 Fr Fr Fr Fr MARBLE Ac etone. ......................................... ......... NA NA NA NA C C C C 3 Benzene 3 Carbon tetrachloride 3 Nitromethane 3 35 TABLE A-1. - Chemical additives tested for various processing methods — Con. Additive Concentrations tested Method' References 2 QUARTZ Acetone Alcohol Aluminum chloride Aluminum nitrate Barium nitrate Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Copper sulfate Dodecylammonium acetate Hydrochloric acid Methyl alcohol MS 66 Nitromethane Octyl to octadecyl ammonium acetate. Repelcote Siliconate D 3032 , Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium laurate , Sodium nitrate Sodium oleate Sodium petroleum sulfonates Water Wool grease , .wt pet.. . . .eq/L. . . . .eq/L. . ....g/L. . .mol/L. . .mol/L. •wt pet. •wt pet. . .mol/L. . .wt pet. , .wt pet. . .wt pet. . . .mol/L. . . .eq/L. . . .eq/L. , . . .eq/L. Vapor NA 0.02-0.1 10-7-10-1 10-7-10- ' NA NA 1 10-7-10-1 0.01 >10 1.0 NA 10-7-10- ' 2.0 1.0 0.1-0.5 io-3-ioo 10-7-10- ' 10-7-10-1 10-7-10-1 NA NAp NA C C C Fl Fl C C C Fl Fl C C C Fl C C Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl C C 3, 12 3 3, 6 8 8, 17 3, 12 3 6 7, 9. 17 8 6 6 3 6 6 6 8, 17 8 8 8 8 1 12 3 QUARTZITE Aluminum chloride... Anionic surfactants. Calcium chloride..., Flotigan P Magnesium chloride.. Sodium chloride Soluble oils •wt pet. .wt pet. .wt pet. •wt pet. .wt pet. •wt pet. .wt pet. 0.02-0.1 0.4-1.2 0.1-0.2 0.03 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.5 0.5-0.9 Fr Fr Fr C Fr Fr Fr RUTILE Linoleie acid NA NA NA NA Fl Fl Fl Fl 17 Linolenic acid 17 Oleicic acid 17 Stearic acid 17 SHALE Sodium chloride. Soluble oils.... •wt pet. .wt pet. 0.25-0.5 0.17 Fr Fr STEATITE Acetone Vapor Vapor Vapor C C C 12 Benzene. 12 Water 12 STEEL MRS NA NA NA C C C 13 Ukrinol 14/9 Ukrinol 14/10 13 13 URANINITE Ferric ion (Fe III) •••••••.........••.. .mo 1 . . 10-4-10-2 10-4_io-1.82 Fr Fr 18 Sulfate ion mol. . 18 ZIRCON Triethanolamlne wt pet, 0.2 NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 'C = comminution or grinding; Fl = flotat ^Numbers refer to items in the list of re ion; Fr = fragmentation, ferenees following the table. 36 REFERENCES A 1. Boulos, T. R. , A. G. Yousef, and M. Hilal. Local Petroleum Sulphonate for the Flotation of Some Minerals and Ores. Tenside, v. 14, No. 6, Nov. -Dec. 1977, pp. 307-310. 2. Chemical & Engineering News. Chemical Comminution Shows Promise for Coal. V. 52, Sept. 2, 1974, pp. 16-17. 3. Committee on Comminution and En- ergy Consumption. Comminution and Energy Consumption. Natl. Mater. Advis. Board, Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC, NMAB- 364, May 1981, 298 pp. 4. Engelmann, W. H. Chemical Frag- mentation. Sec. in SME Mining Engineer- ing Handbook, ed. by A. B. Cummins and I. A. Given. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, 1973, pp. 11-112 to 11-123. 5. Fattah, W. I. A., T. R. Boulos, A. A. Yousef, and G. N. Gad. The Influ- ence of Additives on the Grinding of ^-Alumina for the Production of High Alu- mina Ceramics. Powder Technol. , v. 3, 1969/1970, pp. 72-77. 6. Frangiskos, A. Z., and H. G. Smith, The Effect of Some Surface Active Reagents on the Comminution of Limestone and Quartz. Paper in Progress in Mineral Dressing (Trans. Int. Miner. Dressing Congr. , Stockholm, Sweden, 1957). Alm- qvist & Wiksell, 1958, pp. 67-84. 7. Fuerstenau, D. W. , T. W. Healy, and P. Somasundaran. The Role of the Hy- drocarbon Chain of Alkyl Collectors in Flotation. Trans. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, V. 229, Dec. 1964, pp. 321-325. 8. Gaudin, A. M. , and D. W. Fuer- stenau. Quartz Flotation With Anionic Collectors. Min. Eng. (N.Y.), v. 202, Jan. 1955, pp. 66-72. 9. . Quartz Flotation With Cat- ionic Collectors. Min. Eng. (N.Y.), v. 202, Oct. 1955, pp. 958-962. 10. Ghosh, S. K. , C. C. Harris, and A. Jowette. Beneficial Effects of Reagents in Solution on Wet Crushing of Rock. Nature (London), v. 188, Dec. 31, 1960, p. 1182. 11. Kudryavtseva, N. L, , and G. S. Khodakov. (Influence of Surfactant Addi- tives on the Grinding of Clinker.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, v. 156, No. 2, 1964, pp. 437-440; Chem. Abstr., v. 66, 1967, No. 13831. 12. Locher, F. W. , and H. M. von See- bach. Influence of Adsorption on Indus- trial Grinding. Ind. and Eng. Chem. , Process Des. and Dev. , v. 11, No. 2, 1972, pp. 190-197. 13. Machine Tools. New Types of Cool- ant Permit High-Speed Grinding of High- Speed Steels. V. 48, No. U, 1977, pp. 53-54. 14. Malati, M. A., A. A. Yousef, and M. A. Arafa. The Effect of Flotation Reagents on Grinding. Powder Technol. , v. 2, 1968, pp. 21-26. 15. Opoczky, L. (Effect of Surface- Active Agents on Grinding of Cement Clinker.) Epitoanyag, v. 21, No, 5, 1969, pp. 188-193; Chem. Abstr., v. 71, 1969, No. 41915m. 16. Somasundaran, P,, and I, J, Lin. Effect of the Nature of Environment on Comminution Processes. Ind. and Eng. Chem., Process Des. and Dev., v. 11, No. 3, 1972, pp. 321-331. 17. Sun, S. C, and G. Purcell. The Importance of Electrokinetics in Min- eral Flotation. Miner. Ind. (University Park, PA), v. 29, No. 1, Oct. 1959, pp. 1-5. 18. Syracuse University Research Corp, The Effect of Chemical Additives on the Production of Fine Particles in Coal Fragmentation. Final report on BuMines contract H0101704, June 1974, 108 pp.; available upon request from W, H. Engel- mann, BuMines, Minneapolis, MN. 37 APPENDIX B. —SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES USED IN SURFACE EFFECTS STUDIES, WITH REFERENCES TABLE B-1, - Chemical additives tested in measuring various surface effects Additive Concentrations tested Effects^ References" ALUMINUM CRYSTALS Dry air NAp NA NA F F F 3 Hexadecane 3 Mercury 3 ALUMINUM OXIDE n— alcohols • NA NA Z Z 17-18 Sodium hydroxide 17-18 CALCITE Benzene NA NA NA NAp S Z Z S 19 Nitric acid 18 Sodium hydroxide Water 18 19 CALCIUM FLUORIDE Aluminum chloride , Calcium chloride , DMF , DMSO , DMF in DMSO n-heptane to n-hexadecane, Silver chloride Silver nitrate Sodiixm chloride Toluene^ ,wt pet.. ,wt pet. . ,wt pet. . ,wt pet.. ,wt pet. . 0.0-0.2 NA 0-100 0-100 0-50 Varied NA NA NA Pure 5 27 5, 27 5, 27 5, 27 5 27 27 27 5, 27 CHRYSOTILE Potassium chloride N. . 10-5 10-2 NA Z Z Z 20 Sodium carbonate plus sodium phosphate mol/L. . Sodium silicate 20 20 FOSTERITE Water NAp z 15 GERMANIA Fluorobenzene 1 NA A 23 GLASS Aluminum nitrate , Calcium chloride , Calcium nitrate , Crystal violet , Hydrochloric acid , Lanthium chloride , n-aleohols (methanol to dodecyl) . . , Potassixim chloride Sodium chloride , Sodium dodecyl sulfate , Sodium tetradeeyl sulfate , Synovial fluid , Tetradeeyldimethyl ammonium bomide, Thorium nitrate Toluene , .mol/L. . . .mol/L. . . .mol/L. . . .mol/L. . •wt pet. . . ,mol/L. . .mol/L. . .mol/L. . .mol/L. . See notes at end of table. 1 12 1 1 12 12 16, 18, 29 1 12 22 22 22 22 1 18 38 TABLE B-1. - Chemical additives tested in measuring various surface effects — Con. Additive Concentrations tested Effects References' GRANITE Aluminum chloride.,.., DTAB , n-alcohols Oleylammonium acetate, Toluene .mol/L. . . . .mol. . 3x10 •6_ 1x10-"* 10-3 NA NA NA LIMESTONE Analine Benzaldehyde Benzene Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol..,, Glycerine n-butyl alcohol..,. Nitrobenzene 1 ,3-dibromopropane. Toluene NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA R R R R R R R R R R LITHIUM FLUORIDE Aluminum chloride Caprylic to stearic acids, DMF , DMSO , DMF in DMSO , Hexadecane , Hexadecane with organic acids, Oleic acid , Toluene Water .wt pet, , N , . •wt pet. , .wt pet., •wt pet. . 10 0.1 •6-10-2 0-100 0-100 0-50 NA NA NA NA NAp R R R; Z R R F F F R; Z R; Z 5 26 5; 17 5 5 4 4 4 5; 17 5; 17 MAGNESIUM OXIDE Aluminum chloride , DMF , DMSO , DMF in DMSO , n-heptane to n-hexadeeane . Sodium chloride , Toluene , Water , •wt pet. . ,wt pet., .wt pet., •wt pet. , •wt pet, , N,, 0,1 0-100 0-100 0-50 Varied 10-2 NA NAp R; Z R; Z R R Z 16; 5, 28; 18 16; 5, 28; 18 16; 5, 28 16; 5 16; 17 18 16 QUARTZ Lde, Aluminum chloride Ammonium acetate , Calcium chloride , Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromic Decylammonlum acetate Dodecylammonium acetate Dodecylammonium acetate plus sodium carbonates « •wt pet, , , ,mol/L, , . , , .mol. . .mol/L, , ,mol/L, , ,mol/L, , DTAB , Hexadecyl ammonium acetate, Hydrochloric acid , Lanthium chloride, , ,mol/L, , ,mol/L. , , , ,mol, , 25 8 12 30 8 7-8 8 18 8 12 12 39 TABLE B-1. - Chemical additives tested in measuring various surface effects — Con. Additive Concentrations tested Effects' References^ QUARTZ — Continued n-alcohols Octylammonium acetate .mol/L. Potassium chloride Potassium iodide in isopropyl alcohol Sodium chloride wt pet. Do .mol/L. Sodium dodecyl sulfate Tetradecylammonlum acetate. mol/L. Thorium nitrate NA 10- ■'-10-1 NA NA 0.1-0.5 10-4-10-3 NA lo-'^-io-i NA Z F; Z Z Z S; Z S Z Z 18 25; 8 18 18 30; 12 30 8 18 SILICA Acetone NA NA 10-^-10-2 NA NA NA NA Varied 10-4-10-2 NA NA 10-4-10-2 NA NAp A A Z A A A A Z Z A A Z A A 9 Benzene .....r- 9 Calcium chloride >............ .mol. . 12 2 Diethyl ether 9 DTAB 2 Hexane .r 9 Hydrochloric acid ,, ,,, ,wt pet. . 12 Lanthium chloride I............ .mol. . 12 Methanol. ••••.•............. 9 9 Sodium chloride. ............ >............ .mol. . 12 Tripfhyl ami nf>, t............ 9 Water 9 STEEL Benzene NA NA NA NA 0.1 NA R S F R A F 13 Carbon tetrachloride 24 Molybdenum sulfate 10 Oleic acid 13 Stearic acid ..••••.. .wt DCt. . 14 Tungsten sulfate 10 TIN ALlyl alcohol , Dodecyl alcohol , Lauryl chloride , Methyl laurate , n-propyl alcohol , Octylamine , Oleic acid , Paraffin , Saturated fatty alcohols, ,wt pet, NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.2 NA A A A A A A A A A 14 14 14 14 14 14 21 21 14 ZINC CRYSTALS Oleic acid. Paraffin. . , ,wt pet.. .wt pet.. 0.1 0.2 A A 21 21 NAp Not applicable. F = friction and wear; R = Rebinder effect; S = surface effects; NA Not available. 'a = adsorption; Z = zeta potential. ^Numbers refer to items in the list of references following the table. ^<0.02 pet water. 40 REFERENCES B 1. Akers , R, J, Zeta Potential and the Use of the Electrophoretic Mass Transport Analyzer, Am. Lab, (Fairfield, CT), V. 4, June 1972, pp, 41-53, 2. Bijsterbosch, B, H. Characteriza- tions of Silica Surfaces by Adsorption From Solution, Investigations Into the Mechanism of Adsorption of Cationic Sur- factants, J, Colloid and Interface Sci,, V. 42, No, 1, Apr. 1974, pp, 186-189, 3. Buckley, D, H. Effect of Orienta- tion and the Presence of Surf ace- Active Materials on the Friction, Deformation, and Wear of Aluminum, NASA Tech, Note, NASA-TN-D-4994, 1969, 22 pp.; Chem, Abstr,, V, 70, 1969, No, 60244n, 4. . Influence of Surface- Active Agents on Friction, Deformation, and Fracture of Lithixom Fluoride, NASA Tech, Note, NASA-TN-D-4716, 1968, 26 pp.; Chem. Abstr., v. 69, 1968, No, 62302h, 5. Ceramic Awareness Bulletin. Re- binder Effects in Ceramics. No. 23, July-Aug. 1970, pp. 20-25. 6. Engelmann, W, H, , 0. Terichow, and A. A. Selim. Zeta Potential and Pendu- lum Schlerometer Studies of Granite in a Solution Environment. BuMines RI 7048, 1967, 16 pp. 7. Fuerstenau, D. W. Correlation of Contact Angles, Adsorption Density, Zeta Potentials and Flotation Rate. Min. Eng. (N.Y.), V. 9, No, 12, Dec, 1957, pp, 1365-1367, 8. , Streaming Potential Stud- ies on Quartz in Solutions of Aminium Acetates in Relation to the Formation of Hemi-micelles at the Quartz-Solution In- terface. J. Phys. Chem., v. 60, July 1956, pp. 981-985. 9. Hair, M. L. , and W. Hertil. Ad- sorption on Hydroxylated Silica Sur- faces. J. Phys. Chem., v. 73, Dec. 1969, pp. 4269-4276. 10. Has, Z. (Rebinder Effect and Co- efficient of Friction During Metal Work- ing Processes.) Zesz. Nauk.-Politech. Lodz. Mech., v. 25, 1968, pp. 5-72; Chem. Abstr., v. 72, 1970, No. 82238g. 11. Heins, R. W. Studies of the Re- binder Effect by the Rebinder-Kuznetsov Pendulum, Ph, D, Thesis, Univ. IL, Ur- bana, IL, 1964, HI pp. 12. Jednacek, J., V. Pravdic, and W, Haller. The Electrokinetic Potential of Glasses in Aqueous Electrolytic Solu- tions. J. Colloid and Interface Sci., v. 49, No. 1, Oct. 1974, pp. 76-23. 13. Karpenko, G. V., E. M. Gutman, and I. I. Vasilenko. (The Binder Effect in Corrosive and Weak Surface-Active Media.) Fiz.-Khim. Mekh. Mater., v. 3, 1967, pp. 523-532; Chem. Abstr., v. 68, 1968, No. 71530m. 14. Katsov, K. B. (Adsorption Lower- ing of the Contact Durability of ShKhl5 Steel.) Fiz.-Khim. Mekh. Mater., v. 4, 1968, pp. 432-434; Chem. Abstr., v. 70, 1969, No, 22168h, 15. Luce, R, W, , and G. A. Porks, Point of Zero Charge of Weathered For- sterite. Chem. Geol. , v. 12, 1973, pp. 147-153. 16. Macmillan, N. H. , R. D. Hunting- ton, and A. R. C. West wood. Chemomechan- ical Control of Sliding Friction Behavior in Nonmetals. Martin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech. Rep. 73-16c, Nov. 1973, 39 pp. 17. . Relationship Between Zeta Potential and Dislocation Mobility. Mar- tin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech. Rep. 73-llc, July 1973, 26 pp. 18. Macmillan, N. H. , and A. R. C. Westwood. Surface Charge-Dependent Me- chanical Behavior of Non-Metals. Martin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, MD, MML Tech, Rep. 73-13C, Sept. 1973, 43 pp. 19. Mardles, E. W. , Jr. Annual Con- ference of the British Society of Rheol- ogy. Nature (London), v. 176, Oct, 29, 1955, pp. 819-820. 20. Martinez, E., and G. L. Zucker. Asbestos Ore Body Minerals Studied by Zeta Potential Measurements, J, Phys, Chem,, V, 64, July 1960, pp, 924-926. 21. Rebinder, P. A., V. I. Likhtman, and V. M. Maslennikov. (Deformation of Single Crystals of Metals as Facilitated by Adsorption of Surface-Active Sub- stances.) C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS, v. 32, 1941, pp. 125-129; Chem. Abstr., v. 37, 1943, No. 812. 22. Roberts, A. D. Direct Measurement of Electrical Double-Layer Forces Between 41 Solid Surfaces. J. Colloid and Interface Sci., V. 41, No. 1, Oct. 1972, pp. 23- 34. 23. Sahay, B. K. , and M. J. D. Law. Interactions Between Surface Hydroxyl Groups and Adsorbed Molecules. V. Fluo- robenzene Adsorption on Germania. J. Colloid and Interface Sci., v. 48., No. 1, July 1974, pp. 20-31. 24. Shirakashi, T. , R. Komanduri, and M. C. Shaw. The Conflicting Roles of Carbontetrachloride as a Boundary Lubri- cant. J. Eng. Ind. , v. 100, No. 2, May 1978, pp. 244-248. 25. Tweeton, D. R. Effect of Environ- ment on Friction and Wear Between Quartz and Steel. BuMines RI 8124, 1976, 25 pp. 26. Westwood, A. R. C. The Rebinder Effect and the Adsorption-Locking of Dislocations in Lithium Fluoride. Res. Inst. Adv. Studies, Baltimore, MD, Tech. Rep. WAL-TR. 832/1-3, 1961, 36 pp. 27. Westwood, A. R. C, J. S. Ahern, and J. J. Mills. Developments in the Theory and Application of Chemomechanical Effects. Colloids and Surf., v. 2, 1981, pp. 1-35. 28. Westwood, A. R. C, and D. L. Goldheim. Occurrence and Mechanism of Rebinder Effects in CaF2. J. Appl. Phys., V. 39, No. 7, July 1968, pp. 3401- 3405. 29. Westwood, A. R. C, C. M. Preece, and D. L. Goldheim. Adsorption-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior. Ch. in Molecular Processes on Solid Surfaces, ed. by E. Drauglis (3d Bat telle Inst. Mater. Sci. Colloq.). McGraw-Hill, 1969, pp. 591- 610; Chem. Abstr. , v. 71, 1969, No. 116868J. 30. Yopps, J. A. The Zero Point of Charge of Alumina in Aqueous Systems. M.S. Thesis, Univ., CA, Berkeley, CA, 1963, 39 pp. 42 APPENDIX C. —SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES USED TO STUDY VARIOUS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, WITH REFERENCES TABLE C-1. - Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties Additive Concentrations tested Properties References 2 ALUMINA n— alcohols ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• NA NA NAp F F F 24 Toluene. ........................................... 24 Water 24 ALUMINUM CRYSTALS Distilled water. Dry air Methanol Organic liquids. Sea water Stearic acid. . . . ,wt pet. . . .mol/L. . 4 4 4 15 4 9 ALUMINUM OXIDE To luene 1 NA 1 H 1 23 CADMIUM CRYSTALS Oleic acid mol/L. . 1 0.1-2.1 1 M 1 9 CALCITE Butyl alcohol^ , Colophonitim Fatty alcohols , n-butyric acid n-propyl alcohol Oleic acid in Toluol Oleic acid in vaseline oil. Phenol in benzene Polar liquid Pure NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Pure 24 8 13 8 8 8 8 7 7-8 CALCIUM FLUORIDE Air DMF , DMSO DMF in DMSo Isooctane n-heptane to n-hexadecane. Nitrogen Oxygen Toluene Water .wt pet., .wt pet. . .wt pet. . NAp 0-100 0-100 0-50 NA NA NAp NAp NA NAp H F; H; M H; M H H F H H F; H H 17 21, 24; 23; 22 23; 22 23 23 21 17 17 21; 23 23 CEMENT-CLINKER Naphthalene sulphonic acid 1 NA 1 M 1 12 COPPER Toluene NA 1 H 23 GERMANIA Toluene 1 NA 1 H 23 GLASS Acetone , Aluminum chloride , Dodecylammonium chloride , Fatty alcohols Iso-amyl alcohol , n-alcohols , n-alkanes , Potassium chloride Sodium carbonate Sodium dioctyl sulf onsuccinate Stearamidomethyl pyridinium chloride. ,wt pet. . .wt pet. . •wt pet.. ,wt pet. . NA 10-3-10-2 10-5-10-2 NA 2.5 Varied NA NA 10-5 0.5 NA F; H S S S H F; H H H S H; S S 24; 23 20 20 13 23 24; 23 23 23 20 23; 13 20 See notes at end of table. 43 TABLE C-1. - Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties — Con. Additive Concentrations tested Properties References 2 GLASS — Continued Thorium nitrate. Toluene Velan Water .wt pet. NA NA 0.5 NAp H F; H H F; H; S 23 24; 23 23 24; 23; 20 GOLD Oleic acid. NA M 12 GRANITE DTAB ................ .mol/L. . 10-4 NA NA NAp F; H F; H F F 24, 11' 23 n— alcohols 24* 23 Toluene 24 Water 24 GRAPHITE ORES Acetic acid. NA I H LIMESTONE a-hydroxyladipaldehyde. a-nltro 3-naphthol Analine Armac CD-50 Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzyl dlmethylamine. . . Calcium chloride Detergent RAS DMS •wt pet. . Ethyl alcohol , Ethylene diamine , Ethylene glycol , Glycerine , Mine water , MRYJ 52 , n-butyl alcohol , n-hexadecane , Nitrobenzene , Oleic acid , Nonpolar kerosine , 1 -leucine , 1 , 3-dibromopropane , Saturated calcium chloride , Sodium adlpate , Sodium azelate ., Sodium carbonate , Sodium citrate , Sodium glutarate Sodium mercaptosucclnate Sodium oleate Sodium oxalate Sodium piccrate. Sodium salts of dicarboxyllc acid. Sodium thioxanates Stearic acid Toluene WR 2472 •wt pet, . •wt pet.. LITHIUM FLUORIDE DMF Heptane. . . . Hexadecane. .wt pet, NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.25 NA NA NA NA NA NAp NA NA NA NA NA Pure NA NA NA NA NA 0.25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.1 NA NA H H H H H H H H M H H H H H M H H S H S M H H S H H M H H H H H H H H M H H 0-100 NA NA 14 14 6 14 6 6 14 14 18 14 6 14 6 6 18 14 6 1 6 1 18 14 6 1 14 14 18 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 18 6 14 21 21 21 44 TABLE C-1. - Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties — Con. Additive Concentrations tested Properties ' References^ LITHIUM FLUORIDE — Continued Myristic acid. Toluene'' Water NA Pure NAp H F; H F 23 21; 23 21 MAGNESIUM OXIDE DMF DMSO DMF in DMSO n-alcohols n-heptane to n-hexadecane, Toluene^ Water ,wt pet., •wt pet.. ,wt pet.. 0-100 0-100 0-50 NA NA Pure NAp F; H; M H; M H H F F; H H 21, 24; 23; 22 23; 22 23 23 21 21; 23 23 MARBLE Detergent RAS Mine water Nonpolar kerosine, Sodium carbonate.. Stearic acid •wt pet, ,wt pet, .wt pet. 0.25 NAp Pure 0.25 0.1 M M M M M 18 18 18 18 18 MICA Fatty alcohols 1 NA 1 s 1 13 NICKEL (Ni-Al) Toluene NA 1 H 1 23 POTASSIUM BROMIDE Toluene 1 NA 1 H 23 QUARTZ Aluminum nitrate. Ammonia DTAB Phosphoric acid. , Sulfuric acid..., .mol/L. . .mol/L. . lo-'^-io-^ NA ,5x10-5-10-3 NA NA F; H M F M M 24; 23 16 24 16 16 QUARTZITE Aluminum chloride . . . .wt pet . . 0.02-0.1 0.2-5 0.25 0.1-0.5 S S S 19 Naphthenie oil with sodium carbonate... Sodium chloride . . . .wt pet. . . . . .wt pet. . 19 19 SANDSTONE Aluminum chloride Distilled water Dodecyl ammonium chloride. DTAB n-hexadecane , Oleic acid Oleylamine Sodium azelate Sodium carbonate Sodium dodecyl sulfate.., Triton x-100 , .wt pet.. N.. .wt pet., •wt pet.. 0.02-0.1 NAp 10-5-10-2 NA NA NA NA 2.0 0.25 NA NA 20 1, 20 20 10 1 1 1 14 20 10 10 SILICA Acetone Benzene Ethyl acetate.... Ethyl alcohol..., n-butyl alcohol. , n-propyl alcohol. Water Vapor Vapor Vapor Vapor Vapor Vapor NAp See notes at end of table. 45 TABLE C-1. - Chemical additives tested for measuring various mechanical properties — Con. Additive Concentrations tested Properties ' References 2 STEEL Acetic anhydride ••••• NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.1 NA NA NA NA NA H M M M H H H H H H H H M M H H M H H H M H H H 15 Acetone 2 Acetone with dioctyl sebecate 2 Alcohols ••••• 2 Butyl lithium 15 Caprylic acid 15 Carbolic acid 15 Carbon tetrachloride • 15 Chloroform 15 dlbutyl mercury 15 diethyl mercury 15 Di oxane ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 Hexane 2 Iso— octane 2 Light mineral oil 15 Methyl chloride 15 Mineral oils 2 Myrlstlc acid 15 Oil 12 with stearic acid wt pet.. 15 15 Paraf inlc acids 2 Propionic acid 15 Propyl chloride 15 Tetra-n-butyl tin 15 TIN Acetone NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA M M M S M S M M S S M S S M M M S S M H 2 Acetone with dioctyl silicate 2 Alcohols 2 Allyl alcohol 13 Caprylic acid 9 Dodecyl alcohol 13 Hexane 2 Iso-octane 2 Lauryl chloride 13 Me thyl laurate 13 Mineral oils 2 n-propyl alcohol ,,. 13 Octylamine 13 Oleic acid 9 Paraf f inlc acids 2 Propionic acid 9 Saturated fatty alcohols 13 Sodium dioctyl sulf ©succinate 13 Stearic acid 9 Toluene 23 TITANIUM CARB IDE To luene NA H 23 ZINC CRYSTALS Oleic acid wt pet.. 0.1 M 9 NA Not available. 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