LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, COPYRIGHT OFFICE. No registration of title of this book as a preliminary to copyright protec- tion has been found. G£L^ Forwarded to Order Di vision (Date) (Apr. 5, 1901—5,000.) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Cliap. /CopyrifghKIifo. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ... hai-les Vranf ° is \_V\ow\oncL SELECTIONS VIRI ROMAE EDITED BY ROBERT ^RROWSMITH, Ph.D. LATE PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN, TEACHERS COLLEGE AND CHARLES ^NAPP, Ph.D. INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN, BARNARD COLLEGE D^C NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •: • CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY " ^ ^T \ ^u ^ COPYRIGHT, 1896, BY A.MEKICAN BOOK COMPANY. VIRI ROMAE. W. P. I PREFACE Upon the reviving perception of the true scope of Latin teach- ing has followed a return to some of the methods of former times, which, with all their faults, were yet imbued with the true spirit of the Classics. Since for many years the study of Latin lay in bondage to the spirit which regarded the language merely as a corpus vile for grammatical dissection, and ignored the rich litera- ture lying beyond the classical trinity of authors, it is not surpris- ing that it fell into disfavor as unsuited to the requirements of the times. The revival upon which the study has now entered is due largely to a recognition of the fact that mental culture rather than mere mental training is its true aim, and that, with this aim kept steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a barren waste of time and energy, but a most potent agency in securing that broad and sympathetic culture which must ever remain the mark of the educated man. The results of classical study most valuable to the character are surely not to be found in the ability, usually lost after a few years, to recite paradigms faultlessly, to give the principal parts of verbs, and to enumerate the various kinds of cwm-constructions and the subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater worth are the mental breadth and sympathy, the weaken- ing of prejudice and Philistinism, and the increased power of entering into higher forms of enjoyment which must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a great people as revealed in its literature and art. iii iv PREFACE This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some modifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in use fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and particularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by which to introduce the student to the lan- guage, the entrance into the fields of Latin literature has fre- quently been made so distasteful as to destroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths, however, are opening to the beginner ; and of these the Viri Romae offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and, from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the literature. The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early recognition of the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now returning. It was compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, Charles Francois Lhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an enviable reputation as a successful teacher, espe- cially of younger pupils. His experience taught him the need of an introductory text combining interest of story with simplicity of style. The best proof of the excellence of his work is the fact that it has ever since remained a favorite with teachers of Latin. The material is taken from the works of various authors, chiefly Livy and Eutropius, but was simplified by Lhomond in vocabu- lary and construction wherever necessary to fit it to the require- ments of beginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the early stories of Eome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it is therefore eminently fitted to arouse a desire for further reading. The present edition has been prepared with reference to the difficulties most likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of the new study. One of the most perplexing of these difficul- ties is the inability to discover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms encountered in the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in italics in the footnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily recognizable. For a similar reason grammatical PREFACE ' v constructions are, on their first occurrence, explained in simple language, or their nature briefly indicated, in order that the ; stu- dent may more intelligently consult the grammatical references which follow. For purposes of comparison, and as a means of helping the pupil to form proper habits of study and observation, subsequent occurrences are referred to previous instances, or to the tables of constructions on pages xvi-xxvi. Although the compiler of the Viri Romae greatly simplified the language of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the book many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It is strongly recommended, therefore, that the treat- ment of the more difficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later period. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon matters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common usages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to one another, the signifi- cance of terminations, and the modes of expressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause, means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as possible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience of many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a construction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates a difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have experienced none. The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made inten- tionally full with the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the pupil, under the teacher's guidance, to discover for himself further details. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern authors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too strongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace : — Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus. vi PREFACE All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of this edition is, in the main, that of C. Holzer (tenth edi- tion, Stuttgart, 1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. In the case of syllables containing vowels long by position the editors have followed the views of Anton Marx as laid down in his Hulfsbuchlein filr die Aussprache der lateinischen Vokale in positionslangen Silben (second edition, Berlin, 1889). In the vocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an aid to the fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed and their meanings derived. The exer- cises in prose composition have been made simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as subordinate and auxil- iary to the development of the more important reading power. The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G-. Warner, of the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, for his hearty cooperation in the work, and particularly for the labor which he has expended upon the exercises. ROBERT ARROWSMITH. CHARLES KNAPP. August, 1895. CONTENTS PAGE Suggestions to the Student ........ ix Plan of Rome xxviii I. R5mani Imperii Exordium .1 II. Romulus 4 III. Numa Pompilius 8 IV. Tullus Hostilius 10 V. Ancus Marcius 15 VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 17 VII. Servius Tullius 19 VIII. Tarquinius Superbus 22 IX. ItJNius Brutus 25 X. Mucius Scaevola 26 XI. Fabii Trecenti Sex 27 XII. Lucius VirgInius 29 XIII. Titus Manlius Torquatus 30 XIV. Publius Decius 35 XV. Manius Curius 36 XVI. Gaius Duilius 38 XVII. Marcus Atilius Regulus ..... 39 XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher 42 XIX. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4^. vii Vlll CONTENTS XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro XXI. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus XXIII. Gaius Marius XXIV. Lucius Cornelius Sulla . XXV. Lucius Lucullus XXVI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus . XXVII. Gaius Iulius Caesar . XXVIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero XXIX. Marcus Brutus . XXX. Octavianus Caesar Augustus Exercises for Translation Vocabulary PAGE 48 52 63 68 74 77 80 86 96 102 103 112 131 SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT To read Latin quickly and intelligently, and to enjoy the read- ing properly, we must possess (1) a vocabulary, i.e. a collection of Latin words with whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are thoroughly familiar ; (2) a knowledge of the inflectional system of the language, i.e. its declensions and conju- gations ; (3) a knowledge of its syntax ; and (4) a knowledge of the plan upon which the Latin sentence is constructed, or, in other words, we must be able to overcome the difficulties arising out of the peculiar order of the words and clauses that form a Latin sentence. Vocabulary. — Words are the material out of which sentences are constructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their meanings. The best way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, is by constant reading, and by noting carefully the force of individual words as they occur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very frequently used, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do with everyday life, such as died, eo, facio, habed, venio, sum, and their compounds. These at least must be mastered at the very outset. It is worth while to notice what prefixes are used in forming compound verbs, and the modifications of meaning which they produce. If the force of the simple verb is mastered, a little practice will enable the stu- dent to detect at sight the meaning of any of its compounds without reference to any dictionary. x SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the same stem, e.g. cano, cantus; certo, certamen; diced, dux; rego, rex, regius; caedb, eaedes. A specially interesting study consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin originals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is borrowed from Latin. Cf. donate with dono and donum, lucid with lux, regent with rex and rego. Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin aloud, for thus the ear will help the eye and words will have meaning when heard as well as when seen. Indeed, we ought to use our ears far more than our eyes in acquiring a Latin vocabu- lary, in order that Latin words, when heard, shall suggest at once to our minds the same pictures which they suggested to the minds of Roman boys. Inflections and Syntax. — It is not enough, however, to be familiar with the meanings of individual words, however many we may succeed in mastering. We must possess a knowledge also of inflections, i.e. of the declensions and conjugations, which tell us how individual words may be altered in form in order to express different relations to other words, and of syntax, which tells us how words are combined together into sentences. A knowledge of inflections and an understanding of syntax are the tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a whole. As the wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so one who undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his mastery of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed that students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner inflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur in actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are discussed in the notes and illus- trated by appropriate references to the grammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi to xxvi. A very practical way of fixing the principles of syntax firmly in mind is SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT xi by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be remembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study enables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature. The Order of Words. — The greatest difficulty that confronts the student of Latin literature is the fact that the order of the words in a Latin sentence is widely different from that which he ordi- narily finds in an English sentence. This difference is due mainly to two causes. (1) Every Latin sentence is a kind of word pic- ture, in which the meaning is developed stroke by stroke, the separate parts being introduced in the order of their importance. (2) It is a principle of Latin to keep the meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last word completes not only the form, but also the meaning of the sentence. Both these princi- ples may be seen at work in lines 1 to 5 of selection I, page 1. Proca naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is a story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is espe- cially important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose his own successor. The phrase rex Albanorum very properly fol- lows, as defining the scene of the action. Numitor and AmTdius are next mentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize con- trasts of persons. The sense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very last word, habuit. In the next sentence Numitori is first, because now Numitor is more important, as being Proca's successor. The relative clause qui . . . erat not only states a fact, but also gives the reason why Proca bequeathed his kingdom (regnum reliquit) to Numitor. So in the words ut . . . fecit, the ut- clause tells why Amulius performed the act indicated by the words Rheam Silviam . . . fecit, so that by the time we know what the act was we know also exactly why it was performed. The Latin thus pictures the parts of the scene in their true order, for the motive in every case precedes the act. We see therefore that, however strange at times the Latin order may seem to be, there is xii SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT always good reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will be our pleasure, to determine just what this reason is. Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered possible by the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional system, whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with Latin declensions would know at once that in the first sentence discussed above Proca was actor (i.e. subject), and Numitor and Amulius acted upon (i.e. object). So in the sentence ut . . . fecit it is clear that Amulius is the actor and that Ehea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the inflectional system serves to relieve, in part at least, the very difiiculty which it creates. How to Read. — By far the best way for the beginner to make himself familiar with the Latin order and its meaning is to make a practice from the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from beginning to end before attempting to translate at all. If the meaning is not clear at once, a repetition of such reading will often serve to make it clear, provided the student knows the force of the individual words and constructions. If he does not, he must seek the aid of the vocabulary or the notes. Then let him read the sentence once more aloud, slowly and carefully. He should not, however, look into either vocabulary or notes until he has read the Latin through at least once. Progress at first will necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. By every page read in the manner indicated above the pupil is preparing himself to read with more and more intelligence and pleasure the pages that remain. Be- sides, in this way he reads his Latin precisely as he reads Eng- lish, word after word, in the order in which it is written, and precisely as a Roman boy 1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He will gain further the advantage of training his ear as well as his eye and of making it do its fair share of the work. In translating, too, it will be wise to follow as closely as possible the Latin order. Often it will be found that the resulting English SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT xiii order, even if not very common, is none the less intelligible. So the sentence ut . . . fecit discussed above may be translated almost exactly in the Latin order. Latin Composition Its Value. — An exercise which is very practical and helpful, and which may also become extremely delightful, is the rendering into Latin of English sentences based upon that portion of the Latin text which has already been carefully studied. This exer- cise is helpful, because it calls upon us to put into practice the knowledge which we have acquired in reading; it may become delightful because it shows us accurately the measure of our advance and thus affords us the pleasure which comes from the feeling that one is making sure progress in a given line of study. Essentials. — To write Latin well one needs precisely the things which we found necessary in reading (page ix). The words and constructions required in the sentences for translation given on pages 112 to 129 are illustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. The pupil should always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, phrase, or construction for himself before refer- ring to his text or to his grammar. In. other words, he should make the exercise one of thought rather than of mere mechanical copying from a printed model. The Object. — We read the Latin text in order to understand the thoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences into Latin our chief object is to clothe the thoughts which such sen- tences convey in proper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin words for English words. Every language has its own peculiar expressions, which are called idioms. Such expressions can never be literally translated from one language into another. Hence in attempting to turn an English sentence into Latin, we must begin by noting carefully the thought which it expresses, xiv SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT and then consider how the Komans gave expression to that thought. Choice of Expression. — In Latin, just as in English, it often happens that the same thought may be expressed in several ways, which differ greatly in the words used as well as in the form and expression. In English it is often impossible to give a reason for the choice of one form of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the choice is made consciously for the sake of variety, or because there is a very slight shade of difference in meaning, — so slight that we can perhaps feel it, but cannot put it into words ; sometimes unconsciously, because every one falls into the habit of using certain phrases and manners of speech with no deeper reason than the habit. The same is true of Latin writers. Their various forms of expression have been noted and collected, and we find them laid down in the grammars as rules. Some of these expressions are found to be used by the best writers more fre- quently than others, and these are considered the best models. But the student must avoid the error of confining himself abso- lutely to one iron-bound form because most stress is laid upon it by the grammars, if he finds other modes of expression in the writings of good authors. By searching out the greatest variety of forms in which an idea may be expressed, by trying to dis- cover the differences in meaning between them, and by placing yourself as far as possible in the writer's place, you will gain a far greater grasp and appreciation of the language than by learn- ing a single rigid rule and forcing it to fit every case. One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be to render the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your authority from the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from your grammar. Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several of the most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given and try to trace out the reasons for the differ- SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT xv ent forms. In many cases you will not be able to do so, and are free to choose one of several modes of expression. In others the meaning of the sentences and the aid of the grammar will give the reason for your choice. Caution. — The pupil should note that all the words and con- structions necessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences given below, pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin text upon which the exercises are based. An English-Latin vocabulary or dictionary is, therefore, ivholly unnecessary. Addi- tional sentences based on the text may be made up by student or teacher as required. Tables of Constructions The following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording the pupil material for study and comparison, by group- ing together under appropriate heads examples of certain con- structions as they actually occur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the student in two ways : (1) by sup- plementing and illustrating the notes, and (2) by affording him guides which he may follow in his writing of Latin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any given head all the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil will find it both interesting and instructive to add to the lists himself as he finds new instances in his own reading. SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT A. EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE 1. Place at or near which: Romae, VII, 26, and often; Tarenti, XV, 30; salubriora militiae quam domi esse iuvenum corpora, IV, 70 (locative : chiefly used with names of towns); — in sicco, I, 10; in iis locis, I, 11; in (on) sinistris manibus, II, 21 ; in colle QuirinalT, II, 54 ; in ara, III, 4 ; in media urbe, V, 23 ; ponte . . in (over) Tiber! facto, in (at) ore Tiberis, V, 27 ; — multis locis, XXV, 17 ; terra marique, XXI, 125 ; — apud Ticinum amnem . . apud Trebiam, XIX, 16 ; — ad Caprae paludem, II, 44 ; ad tertium lapidem, XIII, 12 ; ad flumen Bagradam, XVII, 18. B. EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION 1. Place from which: Curibus . . accltus est, III, 2 ; Tarquiniis . . profectus, VI, 1 (simple abl., especially with names of towns) ; — a porta . . pergit, XIII, 5 ; ab urbe profectus, XIII, 13; a ludis publicis revertens, XVIII, 17; — delabitur e caelo scisso scutum, III, 15 ; ex eo loco . . aufu- gerat, IV, 20 ; donee novae copiae ex Africa advenirent, XVII, 3 ; ex angustiis evasit, XIX, 38. 2. Place towards which: Albam properavit, I, 25; Qui cum Romam venisset, III, 3; Romam also in IV, 64, V, 20, and often ; Pergunt inde Collatiam, VIII, 21; Profectus Delphos, IX, 4; Carthaginem rediit, XVII, 54; domum dediicunt, IV, 31 ; domum refugiens, VII, 45 ; cum . . domum rediret, VII, 48 (simple accusative, chiefly with names of towns) ; — Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos . . reverteretur, I, 16 ; Remum . . ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, I, 27; ad Gabinos secontulit, VIII,4;— in Africam . . traiecit, XVII, 15 ; in Italiam venit, XIX, 15 ; abiecit in Tiberim, I, 7 ; Sabinos in urbem recepit, II, 38; aciem in (to) collem subduxit, IV, 58 j cum in (upon) SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT xvii tribunal escendisset, XII, 20 ; In (against) eum . . rediit, IV, 22 ; ausae sunt se inter tela . . Inferre, II, 36. 3. Way by which: porta (abl. of means) qua profectl erant, XI, 19 ; Per (over) loca alta agmen ducebat, XIX, 23 ; Qui cum . . per montes, per silvas hue illuc discurrerent, XIX, 35. C. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME i 1. Time at which: Postero die, IV, 61, VIII, 24 ; Primo impetu, II, 29 ; Kalendis Mar- tiis, III, 20 ; ea tempestate, VI, 17 ; nocte media, XIX, 68. 2. Time within which or in the course of which : Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita, XII, 1; eodem anno, XIII, 11; bello Latino, XIV, 11; hoc bello, XIV, 12; in proelio, VI, 26 ; In proelio quodam, in quo, VII, 8 ; In quo bello, XV, 2. 2 3. Age : f Ilium tredecim annorum, VI, 25 ; Hannibal . . novem annos natus, XIX, 1. D. DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE 1. Duration of time : Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, III, 38 ; regnavit annos duos et triginta, IV, 75 ; regnavit annos quattuor et quadraginta, VII, 52 ; per totum biduum, XIII, 87 ; omni deinde vita, XIII, 60. (This last form should not be imitated.) 2. Extent of space : lam aliquantum spatii . . aufugerat, IV, 20 ; centum et viginti pedes longum, XVII, 27 ; quinque dierum iter . . abest, XXI, 163. 1 See also below, Ablative Absolute, K 3. 2 The form with in is the more exact. xviii SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT E. EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE 1. Pure purpose : ut or ne with the subjunctive : ut eum subole privaret, I, 3 ; ut populum ferum religione mitigaret, III, 3 ; ut esset index pacis et belli, III, 25 ; — ne furto auferri posset, III, 16 ; ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur, VII, 38. 2. Relative clause : misit qui societatem . . peterent, II, 5; Centum . . elegit, quorum consilio omnia ageret, II, 40 ; sacerdotes legit, qui ancllia . . custo- dirent et . . f errent, III, 19 ; Romam missus, ubi ( = ut ibi) . . interesset, XXVIII, 8. 3. Quo 1 (whereby) with subjunctive : quo frequentius habitaretur, IV, 66 (see note) ; quo minor turba Romae foret, XVIII, 21 ; quo diutius in magistrate esset, XIX, 46. 4. Gerundive : coniugl dedit educandds, 1, 19 ; Ignem . . perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit, III, 4 ; agellum colendum locavit, XVII, 36 ; ad exercitum lustrandum, II, 44; milites ad vindicandum f acinus accendit, XII, 26. 5. Future participle : quasi de pace acturus, re vera ut tempus extraheret, XVII, 2 (see note). 6. Supine : aquam . . petitum ierat, II, 17; e suis unum . . mittit sciscitatum, VIII, 8 ; Cum . . legati Romam venissent conquestum, XHI, 81 ; pecora . . quae pastum propulsa essent, XIX, 63. 7. Substantive clauses : adflrmans . . Romulum . . praecipere, ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem colerent, II, 51-53 ; Latmorum populis suasit ut . . 1 This is merely a special form of (2) , but its importance entitles it to separate treatment. SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT xix fanum Dianae . . in Aventmo monte aedificarent, VII, 25 ; optavit at f rater . . revivisceret atque iter am classem amitteret, XVIII, 19 ; edixit ne quis . . in hostes pugnaret, XIII, 42 ; Veritus autem ne . . poenas daret, XVI, 21 ; petiit a patribus conscriptis ne quid de ea re statuerent, XIII, 83. F. EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT 1. Pure result : ut or ut non with, the subjunctive : ita omnium animos ea pietate imbuit ut fides . . elves contineret, III, 33; adeo fracti . . sunt spiritus . . ut null! rel posthac nisi saerls operam daret, IV, 72 ; ita eos adliciens ut apud omnes pliirimum posset, VIII, 6. Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like ita, adeo, tarn, talis, is, which paves the way for the result clause. 2. Relative (characteristic) : invenirl potuit nemo, qui . . peteret, XXIII, 119; Unus adulescens fuit, qui auderet queri, XXIV, 50. Here too belongs quin with the subjunctive: haud procul erat quin . . agnosceret, I, 33; non esse dubium quin . . oporteret, XVI, 27; NeminI dubium est quin . . restituerit, XIX, 105. 3. Substantive : (Romulus dixit) futiirum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent, II, 53; oportet disciplinani, quam solvisti, . . restituas, XIII, 54; concessum est, ut . . praecinente tibicine a cena rediret, XVI, 16. G. TEMPORAL CLAUSES 1 1. Ubi, ut, or postquam with the indicative mood, especially the perfect tense : Ubi spectaculi tempus venit, II, 11 ; Ut . . increpuere anna mieantesque 1 Cf . also Ablative Absolute, K 3. xx SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT fulsere gladii, IV, 13 ; Is postquam adolevit, VII, 7 ; Qui post- quam frequentes convenere, XIII, 52. 2. Dum (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is gen- erally the present) : Ea res dum Numitoris animum anxium tenet, I, 36 ; dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis, IV, 23 ; Latlnus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem immolavit, VII, 34. 3. Dum, donee (until) with the subjunctive : dum convalesceret (indirect discourse also), VII, 17 ; ut tempus extra- beret, donee novae copiae ex Africa advenirent, XVII, 3 (partly purpose). 4. Antequam and priusquam with the subjunctive : A-lterum . . priusquam tertius posset consequi, interfecit, IV, 24 ; pri- usquam els belluni indiceret, legatum misit qui res repeteret, V, 7 ; petiit . . ne quid . . statuerent antequam ipse inspexisset Macedo- num . . causain, XIII, 83 (indirect discourse). 5. Cum with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive : cum iis insidiati essent latrones, I, 22 ; cum Numitor . . compararet, I, 30; cum (as) Romae appropinquarent, II, 15; cum (while) . . contionem . . haberet, II, 44; Qui cum Romam venisset, III, 2. This form of temporal clause is extremely common. H. CAUSAL CLAUSES 1 1. Eelative clause with the subjunctive : quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans, accusationem dimisit, XIII, 8 ; cum in earn civitatem animadvertere decrevisset quae (= cum ea) sibi adversata fuisset, XXVII, 37. 2. Cum with the subjunctive : Cum vero uxores . . non haberent, legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, 1 Cf . also Ablative Absolute, K 4. SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT xxi II, 3; cum se invidiosum . . videret, Veientes . . adversus Roma- nos concitavit, IV, 55 ; Cum . . f acinora clandestina fierent, Ancus carcerem . . aedificavit, V, 21-25. 3. Quod/ quia, quoniam, or quando, with, the indicative : quia tribus impar erat, . . fugam capesslvit, IV, 18; quandoquidem . . pugnavisti, XIII, 53 ; quia non paruistl, XIII, 77. 4. Quod with the subjunctive : cum se invidiosum apud elves videret, quod bellum imd paucorum certamine finisset, IV, 55-56 (see note) ; Tarquinius fllium . . quod in proelio hostem percussisset, praetexta . . donavit, VI, 25-27. 5. Quasi with the subjunctive (assumed reason) : eum accusantes, quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset, I, 28 ; Is cum iratus ad mortem duel iussisset militem, quasi (because, as was supposed,) interfecisset commilitonem, XIII, 65. Note. — These clauses resemble those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed to some one other than the writer. They show also that the reason is fictitious, and invented by the person who advances it. /. CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES 1. Cum (although) with the subjunctive : cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem rediit, XVII, 53. 2. Quamquam with the indicative : quamquam . . pellebatur, XXI, 242. 3. Quamvis with the subjunctive : quamvis sis molestus, XXVI, 158. 1 These conjunctions are regularly used with the indicative. They are em- ployed with the subjunctive only when the writer is indirectly quoting the reason given by some one else. xxii SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT J. CUM CLAUSES The temporal, causal, and concessive nses of cum have already been given separately. Cum was originally a temporal conjunc- tion. Prom the temporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English when frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and concession combined, and while also is fre- quently at once temporal and concessive. So cum also may repre- sent these ideas in combination as well as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is difficult, if not impossible, to decide which meaning is more prominent: cf. Cum (when and since) lupa saepius ad parvulos . . reverteretur, 1, 16; His artibus cum (when and although) Hamribalem Fabius . . clau- sisset, ille . . se expedlvit, XIX, 31. K. THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 1. Form. — The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a participle. The participle is generally passive, but often active : Bo regnante, IV, 3 ; relabente flumine, I, 9. 2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and adjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there is an ellipsis of the lost present participle of sum : magna gloria belli, IV, 75 ; pari fere ornatu, X, 6 ; Appio iudice, XII, 15 ; Valerio et Cosso consulibus, XTV, 1. 3. Meaning. — The ablative absolute may denote Time ; compare Temporal Clauses, G 1, 2, and 5. pulso fratre, regnavit, I, 3; Ea re cognita, parvulos . . abiecit in Tibe- rim, I, 5 ; armatis pastoribus, Albam properavit, I, 25. Note. — This is the original and most frequent use of the ablative absolute. SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT xxiii 4. Cause : compare Causal Clauses, H 2 and 3. orta inter eos contentione, I, 40 ; durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repellente, XVII, 22 ; in conf erta multitudine aegre prd- cedente carpento, XVIII, 17. 5. Concession : agrum eius, omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit, XIX, 39. 6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, J. Examples are : militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem misit, VII, 9; occiso Tatio, ad Romulum potentatus omnis recidit, II, 40. 7. Condition : re male gesta (if he fails), XVI, 31 ; ne, deserto agro, non esset (lest, if he neglected his farm, he might not have), XVII, 34. 8. Means: advectis ballistis et catapultis (by bringing up, etc.) . . deiciendus hostis fuit, XVII, 23. 9. Attendant circumstance: crinibus passis, II, 36; magna gloria belli regnavit, IV, 75; scriba cum rege pari fere ornatii sedebat, X, 6. 10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English perfect active participle with an object : armatis pastoribus, I, 25, having armed the shepherds. A combination of an abl. abs. and a finite verb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense : interempto Amulio, Numitorem in regnum restituit, I, 37, he killed Amulius and restored Kumitor to the throne. Z. PARTICIPLES In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive partici- ple, are used far more frequently than in English, and with a xxiv SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT much, larger variety of meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity of expression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalent to 1. A RELATIVE CLAUSE: raptae mulieres, II, 35; Romanus . . male sustinentem (= qui male sustinebat) arma Curiatium conficit, IV, 29 ; ab lanio cultro adrepto (with a knife which he caught up from a butcher's stall), XII, 24; volentibus (= els qui volebant) consulere se de iure praebuit, XIII, 97. 2. A causal clause: necessitate compulsus indicavit, I, 24 ; nomina mutare non potuit deter- ritus . . Navil auctoritate, VI, 16 ; Hoc terrore ceterl adacti no- mina promptius dederunt, XV, 25. 3. A CONCESSIVE CLAUSE : victus (though beaten) crucis supplicium effugit, XVI, 30. 4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a noun, where, judging from English, usage, we should expect a noun with, a limiting genitive: ob virgines raptas (on account of the seizure of the maidens), II, 14; Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita (from the, founding of the city), XII, 1. 5. English is fond of coordinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the same mood, tense, and construction, e.g. 'They took the ass and saddled him.' Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression, e.g. a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two classes of sentences : (a) Such sentences as fulmine ictum conflagrasse, IV, 74, which = fulmine Ictum esse et conflagrasse, i.e. ' he was struck by light- ning and burned] etc. (b) such sentences as the following: parvulos alveo impositos SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT xxv abiecit, I, 6 = parvulos alveo iniposuit et abiecit ; elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, VI, 37 = extulit securim et in eius caput deiecit ; coniugeni e Curia evocatum . . regem salutavit, VII, 47 = coniugem e Curia evocavit et eum regem salutavit. M. INDIRECT DISCOURSE 1. Indirect Discourse defined. — The terms Direct Dis- course and Indirect Discourse denote the two distinct ways in which a writer may quote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If the writer gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or in which the thought was formulated (if put into words at all), he is said to use the direct discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely the substance or the gist of his own or another's statements or thoughts, he is said to use the indirect discourse. In Latin, as in English, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct. 2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numer- ous changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under two heads : (a) those which occur in principal clauses, and (6) those which occur in subordinate clauses. 3. Changes in Principal Clauses. — Principal clauses may be declarative, interrogative, or imperative ; that is, they may make a statement, ask a question, or give expression to a command. We thus have to consider three forms of principal clauses : (a) State- ments, (b) Questions, (c) Commands. 4. Statements in Indirect Discourse. All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of saying : adflrmans visum (sc. esse) a se Romulum . . eundemque praecipere, II, 51 (direct form, visus est a me Romulus . . Idemque praeci- pit) ; proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse, IV, 43 (direct xxvi SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT form, fllia mea iure caesa est) ; minatur se" vi abstracturum, XII, 12 (direct form (ego) vi te abstraham). 5. Questions in Indirect Discourse. All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indi- rect, fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on a verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse occurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions (cf. p. 3, n. 2), however, fall under this general head as giving some one's thoughts without quoting his exact words. 6. Commands in Indirect Discourse. All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall into the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb like imperdvit, to be supplied in thought : proinde ne gravaretur se spectandum praebere, XXI, 289 (direct form, Noli gravari te spectandum praebere) ; satis constat Sullam . . proclamasse, vincerent, dummodo scirent, XXVII, 12-15 (direct form, Vincite, dummodo sciatis). 7. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse. All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in the subjunctive mood: Tatius . . Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit, si . . perduxisset, II, 19- 21 (direct form, do or dabo optionem muneris, si . . perdiixeris : see note) ; Ilia petiit quod gererent, II, 21 (direct form, Peto quod . . geritis). The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars in most common use ; those to Harkness being in full-face type, (300) ; those to Allen & Greenough in plain type, (300) ; and those to Gildersleeve, last edition, 1894, in italics, (300). xxvii The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion of the surrounding terri- tory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill, and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications, of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet wide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the excavations stands the well-known 'Trajan's Column,' 140 feet high, 'erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the Emperor.' The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus Martius, its main artery, the famous 'Corso,' following the line of the ancient street shown on the plan. See Lan- ciani, Ancient Rome, p. 86. URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES >*K< I. Roman! imperii exordium Proca, 1 rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui natti 2 maior erat, regrmm reliquit ; 3 sed Amulius, pulso 4 i'ratre, regnavit et, ut 5 eum subole 6 privaret, 5 Rheam Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was Aeneas, the son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many wanderings Aeneas reached Italy, married there Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and founded a town called Lavinium, from the name of his wife. He was succeeded hy his son Ascanius, who founded a second city, called Alha Longa, and transferred thither the seat of government. The date traditionally assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 b.c. Hence it is clear that Alba Longa was settled more than 400 years before the foundation of Rome in 754 b.c. To fill this gap a list of fourteen Alban kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman writers. How Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described in the text. It should be kept constantly in mind that little faith is to be put in these traditional accounts of Rome's early history, at least as far as details are concerned. Latin writers tell us that the oldest records of the city perished in the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 388 b.c. The first historical work written by a Roman was published about 215 b.c, more than 500 years after the foundation of the city. Many of the stories were obviously invented to account for institutions which existed in the later times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies and contradictions. 1 Proca was the twelfth king of Alba Longa. 2 natu maior : ' greater by birth '=' elder.' 3 from r Unqno. 4 pulso (pello) fratre: abl. abs. ; 'his brother having been driven out ' (pass.) = ' hav- ing driven out,' or ' when he had driven out his brother' (act.) : 431 : 255, d, 1 : 409. 5 ut privaret: purpose: 497, II: 317, 1 : 545. 6 abl. of separation : 414, 1 : 243, a : 405. URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES Silviani, eius flliam, Vestae x sacerdotem fecit, quae 2 tamen Ro- mulum et Remum geminos edidit. 3 Ea 4 re cognita Amulius ipsam 5 in vincula coniecit, 6 parvulos alveo 7 impositos 8 abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super rlpas erat effusus 9 ; sed, rela- 10 ^^srss^ bente fkimine, eos aqua in sicco temple of vesta rellquit. Vastae turn in ils From a coin. locIg s5 litudines erant. Lupa, ut f ama 10 traditum est, ad vagitum u accurrit, infantes lingua 10 lambit, tibera eorum orl 7 15 admovit matremque 12 se gessit. Cum 13 lupa saepius 14 ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, 13 Faustulus, pastor re- gius, 15 re 16 animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae coniugl dedit 17 educandos. 18 20 hi inter pastores primo ltidicris " certaminibus vires auxere, 21 deinde venando 22 salttis peragrare et latrones a rapina ^ pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum 13 ils Insidiati essent 13 latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus 24 vi se defendit. Turn Faustulus, A VESTAL Adultl 19 deinde 1 See Vocab., Vesta. 2 quae = sed ea. 8 Mo. 4 ea re cognita (cognosco) : cf . p. 1, n. 4. 5 i.e. Rhea Silvia. 6 conl- cid. 7 dat. with compound verb: 386: 228 : 347. 8 impositos (impono) abiecit (abicio) = imposult et abiecit. English is fond of coordination of clauses ; Latin prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin avoids two coordinated verbs. See p. xxiv, L 5, and 549, 5: 292, b.: 664, r. 1, 2. 9 effundo. 10 abl. of means: 420: 248, 8: 401. n ad vagitum: lit. 'to (their) squalling/ i.e. to them as they were crying. 12 matrem se gessit (gero) : 'conducted herself, acted like a mother.' 13 Cum . . . reverteretur : not only '■when,' but also 'because the wolf kept coming back.' See p. xxii, J. 14 < very often.' The comparative often has this intensive force. 15 adjective = the genitive of rex. 16 re animadversa eos tulit {fero) = rem animadvertit et eos tulit ; cf . p. xxiii, K 10. 17 do. 18 = ut educdrentur. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as often. See p. xviii, E 4. 544, n. 2 : 294, d : 430. 19 adultl (adolesco) : ' having grown ' = ' when grown.' 20 ludicris certaminibus: 1 with playful contests.' We are to im- agine such contests as running, wrest- ling, and boxing. For the case, cf . n. 10. 21 =auxerunt (augeo) . 22 The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner : 542, IV, n. 2 : 301 : 431. 23 ' from the seizure of ' = 'from stealing.' 24 = ' but Romulus.' ROMANl IMPERII EXORDIUM 3 necessitate compulsus, 1 indicavit Romulo, quis esset 2 eorum avus, quae mater. Romulus statim armatis 3 pastoribus Albam 4 25 properavit. Interea Eemum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, 5 eum accusantes, quasi 6 Numitoris agros mf estare solitus 7 esset ; itaque Remus a rege Numitori ad 8 suppli- cium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum considerans, aetatem 9 minimeque servllem indolem compararet, haud 10 procul erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lmeamentis u erat matri n simillimus 13 aetasque expositionis tempori- CASA 35 bus congruebat. Ea res dum Numitoris animum anxium tenet/ 4 repente Romulus supervenit, 15 f ratrem liberat, 15 interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in regnum restituit. 15 Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in ilsdem locis, ubi expositi 16 B ubique educati erant, condiderunt 17 ; sed orta 18 inter eos con- 40 754. tentione, uter nomen novae urbi daret 19 eamque imperio regeret, auspicia 20 decreverunt 21 adbibere. Remus prior 22 sex 1 compello. 2 indirect question : 529, I: 334 : 467. 3 See p. 1, n. 4. 4 ace. of limit without preposition : 380,11: 258, b : 337 ; cf . English ' to go home.' 5 per- duco. 6 ' because, as they said ' ; quasi is often used to denote a statement made or thought entertained by some person other than the writer himself. See p. xxi, H 5. 7 soled. 8 ad sup- plicium : ' to be punished ' ; ad with its noun often denotes purpose. 9 aetatem . . . compararet: 'compared his age with his nature, (which was) by no means that of a slave ' ; i.e. his ap- pearance and demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher station than the shepherds. 10 haud . . . agnosceret : ' he came very near to recognizing him ' ; how literally ? In this construction quin = ut non, and the subjunctive is one of result: 504: 319, d: 555. « abl. of specification : 424 : 253 : 397. 12 similis is construed with both gen. and dat. 13 ' very like ' ; cf . a similar use of the comparative in 1. 16. 14 The pres. indie, is regularly used with dum where the English idiom requires an imperfect. 467, 4: 276, e: 229, r. 15 historical presents: 467, III: 276, d: 229. i« ex- pond. 17 condo. 18 orta (orior) . . . con- tentione = ' because a strife arose ' ; see p. xxiii, K 4. 19 indir. quest, depend- ing on contentione ; cf . n. 2. The strife centered in the question, " Which of us shall rule?" 20 See Vocab., auspicia. Romulus stationed himself on the Pala- tine Hill, and Remus on the Aventine. 21 decerno. 22 ' first.' 4 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus, victor augurio, 1 urbem Romam vocavit. Ad 2 novae urbis tutelam suffi- 45 cere vallum videbatur. Cuius 3 angustias inrldens cum Remus saltu id traiecisset, eum Iratus 4 Romulus interfecit, bis increpans verbis : " Sic 5 deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea ! " Ita solus potitus est imperio 6 Romulus. TIBER STATUE Paris II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus 753-715 B.C. Romulus 7 imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat ; incolae deerant. 8 Erat in 9 proximo lucus 10 ; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mlra vis 11 latronum pastorumque confugit. Cum 12 vero 1 ' by virtue of the augury ' ; abl. of cause : 416 : 245 : 408. 2 Ad . . . tutelam : ' to guard the new city.' Cf. p. 3, n. 8. 3 Render ' its.' Latin is fond of closely connecting successive clauses, and for this purpose often employs a relative pro- noun, where English uses a simple demon- strative, or a demonstrative or personal pronoun with a conjunction. This con- junction is generally and, often but or for : cf.p. 2, n. 2. 4 ' in anger.' An ad- jective may often be best rendered by an adverb or adverbial phrase. 5 Sc. pereat (subjunctive of wish). 6 421,1 : 249 : 407. 7 It has been suggested that the name Romulus is derived from Roma, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word Rumon, ' river.' Roma would then be ' the town by the river,' 'Rivertown' (cf. English ' Watertown,' etc.) , and Romulus would be ' the man from Rivertown.' 8 desum. 9 in proximo: 'near by.' Phrases consist- ing of a preposition and a neuter adjec- tive are common, and have the force of adjectives or adverbs. 10 This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline Hill. n vis often means ' number,' as here, or ' quantity ' ; 'power' is used in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain. 12 Cum: 'since': 517: 326: 586. ROMULUS, ROMANORUM REX PRIMUS uxores ipse 1 populusque non haberent, legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, 2 qui 3 societatem conubiumque 4 novo populo pete- rent. 3 Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam additum 5 : " Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis ? Id enim conipar foret 6 conubium." Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ltidos parat; indici 7 deinde fmitimls spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere 8 studio etiam 9 videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi spectacull tempus venit eoque 10 conversae n mentes u cum oculls erant, turn signo dato iuvenes Roman! discurrunt, virgines rapiunt. 13 Haec 14 f uit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob 15 virgines raptas bellum adversus Romanos sumpserunt, 16 et cum Romae lr appropinquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti sunt, 18 quae aquam forte 19 extra moenia petitum 20 ierat. Htiius pater Eomanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae optionem mtlneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perdu- armilla 10 15 20 1 = Romulus. Cf.ipsam,I,o. 2 mitto. 3 qui ... peterent : relative clause of purpose; see p. xviii, E 2, and 497, I: 317, 2: 630. 4 hi early times the right of intermarriage did not exist between neighboring tribes, except by special treaty. 5 Sc. est, which, like esse, is often omitted with the passive, especially in rapid narrative. 6 = esset : 'this would be.' For the form see 204, 2: 119. b, n.: 116, n. 1, c. " indici . . . iubet: 'he bids a show to be announced.' Such an announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present. 8 Cf. p. 2, n. 21. 9 i.e. they were not only inter- ested in the games, but they were also curious to see the new city. 10 = in spectaculum. n converto. 12 mentes cum oculls : 'minds and eyes alike.' The emphasis is on mentes ; they were thinking only of the show. 13 In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by side without a connective. See also n. 5 above. 14 Haec refers to the circumstances related in the preced- ing paragraph. Hence it should theo- retically be neuter, but is feminine because the predicate noun causa is feminine. Such attraction is the rule in Latin; 445, 4: 195, d: 211, r. 5. 15 ob virgines raptas: 'on account of the stolen maidens ' = ' on account of the seizure of the maidens.' A partici- ple agreeing with a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a de- pendent genitive. 16 sumo. 17 dat. ; why ? 18 ' they happened upon ' {nan- clscor) . 19 forte . . . ierat : ' had gone by chance ' = ' happened to have gone.' Forte is often best rendered by a clause : 'as it happened,' or 'it so happened.' 20 supine denoting purpose ; see p. xviii, E 6, and 546 : 302 : 435 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 25 xisset. 1 Ilia petiit quod 2 Sabini in sinistrls manibus 3 gererent, 4 videlicet aureos anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis 5 earn obrui iussit ; nam et 6 ea in laevis 7 Sic impia proditio celeri poena 5 vin- habuerant. dicata est. Deinde Eomulus ad certamen processit, et in death of tarpeia qq loco, ubi nunc Eomanum Forum 9 est, ptignam conseruit. Primo 10 impetti vir inter n Eomanos Inslgnis, nomine 12 30 Hostllius, f ortissime dimicans cecidit ; cuius interitti 13 consternatl Eomanl fugere coeperunt. lam Sabini clamitabant: "Vlcimus perfidos hospites, 14 imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe 15 aliud esse virgines rapere, 16 aliud pugnare 16 cum viris." Tunc Eomulus, arma ad caelum tollens, Iovi aedem 17 vovit, et exercitus seu forte 35 seu divinitus restitit. 18 Itaque proelium redintegratur ; sed raptae mulieres crmibus 19 passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia Inferre et liinc patres, hinc viros orantes, 20 pacem conciliarunt. Eomulus, f oedere 21 cum Tatio Icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit 1 The subjunctive here, as in gere- rent, is due to the implied indirect dis- course; si perduxisset represents the fut. perf . indie, of direct discourse si per- duxeris, ' if you shall have led ' = ' if you (shall) lead ' ; 527, 1: 337 : 656, 657. 2 ' that which.' 3 manus often = ' arm,' just as pes = ' leg.' 4 gererent might mean either ' wore ' or ' bore.' Tar- peia meant it in the former sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the lat- ter. 5 Why abl. ? 6 et ea = ea quoque : ' these too,' as well as the armillae and anuli. 7 Sc. manibvs. 8 Note the tense ; they had had these, too, on their arms when the bargain was struck. 9 See Vocab., Forum. 10 Primo im- petu: 'in the very first charge.' The ablative fixes the time of cecidit. n in- ter . . . insignis : ' the most conspicuous of the Romans.' How literally ? 12 abl. of specification. 13 = morte. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause. 14 'hosts.' The relation of host and guest was regarded by the Romans, as by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred. 15 longe aliud . . . aliud: ' one thing . . . quite another.' Note here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom. 16 Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are subjects of esse; 538: 270: 422. 17 This temple, when subsequently built, was called the Temple of Iuppiter Stator, i.e. the 'Stayer,' the god who had stayed the army's flight. 18 resisto : ' maintained its ground,' ' held its own/ as contrasted with its previous flight {fugere coeperunt). 19 crinibus passis {pando) : ' with streaming hair.' 20 ' by beseeching ' ; the abl. of the gerund iprando) might have been used. 21 foe- ad EOMULUS, ROMANORUM REX PRIMUS 7 et regnum 1 cum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso 2 Tatio, ad Ronmlum potentatus omnis recidit. 3 Centum 40 deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorum consilio 4 omnia ageret, 5 quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tres equitum 6 centu- rias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, cum 7 ad 8 exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo Caprae 10 paludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus 11 est. Ad deos transisse vulgo creditus 12 est; cui 13 rei fldem fecit Iulius Proculus, vir nobilis. Orta 14 enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit, 15 iureiurando adf Irmans visum 16 a Romulum augustiore 17 forma, eundemque 18 praecipere, 19 ut sedi- tionibus abstinerent 20 et rem militarem colerent 20 ; f uturum, 21 ut ROMULUS AS QUIRINUS a Se From a coin +.-> 50 dere . . . icto (led) : ' having struck a treaty.' How literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in Latin for the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase foedus Icere, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in the sacrifice which accompa- nied the making of the treaty. 1 regnum . . . sociavit : i.e. hence- forth there were two kings. 2 By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose am- bassadors he had insulted. 3 Note the force of the prefix. The meaning is : the sovereignty ' came bacJc,' or ' de- volved again ' upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared it with Tatius. 4 abl. of means. 5 For the mood, cf. p. 5,n.3. 6 See Vocab., eques. 7 'When': 521, II: 325: 585. 8 ad ... lustran- dum = ut . . . lustraret. What does the gerundive construction express? 9 Sc. Md)'tio. See Vocab., campus, and map, p. xxviii. i° Caprae paludem: 'Goat Swamp.' n auferd. 12 creditus est: we would say: 'it was believed that he,' etc. ; Latin, however, prefers the per- sonal construction, and says : ' he was believed to have,' etc. 13 cui rei fidem fecit : literally ' for which thing he made (i.e. secured) belief (i.e. general accept- ance).' 14 AVhat does the abl. abs. here express? See p. xxiii, K 6. 15 procedd. 16 Sc. esse, visum esse and praecipere depend on adflrmans : see 523, I: 336, 2 : 650, and p. xxv, M 4. ir augustiore forma : ' of more imposing presence ' (than he was while on earth) ; abl. of characteristic, 419,11: 251: 400. 18 i.e. Romulum. 19 Note the change of tense from that in visum (esse) above. Pro- culus actually said here : (Romulus) praecipit, i.e. he used the historical present. Above visum (esse) represents vlsus est of the direct discourse. 20 sub- stantive clause of purpose ; 498, 1: 331 : 546. 21 futurum ut . . . exsisterent: this sentence gives the statement, not of Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. futurum (esse) depends on a verb of saying implied in praecipere 8 UKBIS ROMAE VIKI INLUSTRES omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirmali 55 Eomulo 1 constituta, 2 appellatus. ipse 3 pro deo cultus 2 et Quirmus est 1(5 III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus 716-673 B.c. Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia 4 et reli- gione. 4 Is Curibus, 5 ex oppido Sablnorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut 6 populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima Instituit. Aram Vestae consecravit, et Ignem 7 in ara per- petuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem 8 Iovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insignl veste 9 et curull 10 sella adornavit. Dicitur 11 quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. 12 Hie, ingentibus fulminibus in urbem demissls, descendit in nemus T Aventmum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacris From a coin f ulmina 13 essent procuranda, 13 et praeterea imperii Romulus said exsistetis. Since, how- ever, exsisto has no supine and so no future participle, no direct future in- finitive can he formed from it. Hence the phrase futurum ut with subjunctive becomes necessary : ' it would happen that they would become,' etc. 1 ' in honor of Romulus ' ; a dative of advantage. 2 With constitiita and cultus (cold) sc. est. 3 For the omis- sion of the conjunction before ipse, cf. p. 5, n. 13. 4 See p. 7, n. 17. 5 Curibus . . . Sabl- norum : ' from Cures, a town of the Sabines.' 412, II: 258, a: 391. 'At Cures, a town of the Sabines,' would be Curibus, in oppido Sabinorum. The two phrases well illustrate the differ- ence between the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a given point. 6 ut . . . mitigaret : purpose clause, to be joined with what follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which they modify. 7 ignem . . . alendum : for the form of expres- sion, see p. 2, n. 18. 8 Flaminem . . . creavit : ' he appointed a priest to be Jupiter's Flamen.' See Vocab., fldmen. 9 The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the Flamines were (1) a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick of olive wood, called apex ; (2) the toga prae- texta (see Vocab., toga) ; and (3) a laurel crown. 10 See Vocab., sella. ii Cf . p. 7, n. 12. I 2 elicio. i« The Ro- mans derived many omens from thunder. Procurare is the technical NUMA POMPILIUS, ROMANORUM REX SECUNDUS certa x pignora populo Romano daturuni se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes 2 regias con- venerunt silentesque exspectabant 3 quid futurum esset. 4 Atque sole orto delabitur e caelo scisso 5 scutum, quod anclle appellavit Numa. Id ne 6 ftirto auferri posset, 6 Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit. Duodecim autem Salios 7 Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta ilia imperii pignora, custodirent 8 et Kalen- ANCILIA From a coin 15 20 Numa. dis Martiis per urbem canentes et rite saltantes ferrent. 8 Annum in duodecim 9 menses ad cursum lunae descripsit ; nefastos 10 fastosque dies fecit; portas land 11 gemino 12 aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli ; nam apertus, 13 in 25 armis esse civitatem, clausus, 13 pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat. nus Leges 14 quoque pltirimas et utiles tulit Ut vero maiorem Institutls 15 suis auctoritatem conciliaret, word for ' caring for ' an omen, i.e. warding off all harmful effects by- sacrifices. 1 ' trustworthy.' This word never = 'certain,' as in the phrase 'a certain man.' In that sense quldam is used. 2 aedes regias: 'the palace.' What two meanings does aedes bear ? 3 ' waited (to see) what/ etc. 4 Why subjunc- tive ? See p. 3, n . 2. 5 scindo. delabitur . . . scutum : ' the heavens were opened and a shield descended.' 6 Negative clause of purpose : 497, II : 317, 1 : 545, 3. On the possession of this anclle was believed to depend the continuance of Rome's power ; hence Numa's jealous care in guarding it. 7 Salios . . . fecit : ' he chose twelve Salii as priests of Mars.' 8 Why subjunctive? Cf. p. 5, n. 3. 9 Roman writers say that before Numa's time the year contained only ten months, a statement hardly credi- ble. 10 nefastos . . . fecit : ' he made a distinction between dies nefasti and dies fasti.' See Vocab., fdstus and nefastus. n Cf. p. 8, n. 1. 12 'two- headed.' The reference is to a temple of Janus in the Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole structure resembled an arch. 13 Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively 'when open,' 'when shut.' They agree with Ianus understood, which means the temple, not the god. After Numa's time the temple remained open till 235 b.c. It was opened again in the same year, and not closed till 29 b.c. 14 Leges quoque : ' Laws too,' i.e. laws as well as religious ceremonies and priestly or- ders. 15 Institutls: dative with con- ciliaret. 10 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 30 simulavit 1 sibi 2 cum dea Egeria esse conloquia nocturna eiusque 3 monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus erat, quern 4 me- dium tons perenni rigabat aqua ; eo saepe Numa sine arbitris 5 se Inferebat, velut 6 ad congressum deae; ita 7 omnium animos ea 7 pietate imbuit, ut fides 8 ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum 35 et poenarum metus elves contineret. 9 Bellum quidem 10 nullum gessit, sed 10 non minus civitati prof uit quam Romulus. 11 Morbo n exstinctus in Ianiculo monte sepultus 13 est. Ita duo 14 deinceps reges, ille bello, hie pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, 15 Numa tres et quadraginta. IV. Tullus Hostilius, Romanorum rex tertius 673-641 B.C. Mortuo 16 ISTuma Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hie non solum proximo 17 regi dissimilis, sed f erocior etiam Eomulo 1S f uit. 1 How different in meaning from dis- simulans, II, 9? 2 sibi . . . esse con- loquia : ' that he had conversations.' sibi is the dat. of the possessor; 387: 231 : 349. 3 eius monitu : ' at her sug- gestion.' Cf. quorum consilio, II, 41. 4 quern medium : ' the middle of which.' 5 Here in its original sense of 'witness.' 6 velut ad congressum deae : ' giving it out that he was going to meet the goddess ' ; velut is used here as quasi is in I, 28. See note there. For ad congressum see p. 3, n. 8. deae is dative after the prefix in congres- sum. Cf. 386: 228: 347. 7 ita and ea reinforce each other. ' To such a de- gree (ita), and with such (ea) piety,' etc. 8 Here = ' respect for their oaths (and obligations).' fides ac iusiuran- dum together = ' their own moral sense,' as opposed to the restraints of the law. 9 subjunctive of result ; 500, II: 319, 1: 552, 2. i° quidem is con- cessive, and so = 'to be sure, it is true.' Hence quidem . . . sed = quamquam . . . sed tamen. u Sc. profuerat, 12 Morbo exstinctus (exstinguo) means that he died a natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miracu- lous disappearance of Romulus, as de- scribed on page 7. 13 sepelio. 14 duo deinceps regis : ' two successive kings.' When an adverb like deinceps stands between an adjective and a noun, it has the value of an adjective. 15 ace. of extent of time: 379: 256, 2: 336. See also p. xvii, Dl. 16 Mortuo Numa: abl. abs. =post Numae mortem. 17 proximo regi: 'his predecessor.' Join with dissimilis, which has the same constructions as similis (p. 3, n. 12). Proximus may- mean ' nearest (in the past) ' = ' last,' or ' nearest (in the future) ' = ' next.' The context must determine the sense. 18 abl. of comparison. 417 : 247: 398. TULLUS HOSTILIUS, ROMANORUM REX TERTIUS 11 Eo regnante 1 bellum inter Albanos et Eomanos exortum 2 est. Ducibus 3 Hostilio et Ftif etio placuit rem 4 paucorum certaniine 5 finlrL Erant apud Eomanos trigemini fratres Horatii, tres apnd 5 Albanos Curiatil. Cum 6 els agunt reges, ut pro sua quisque patria dimicent 7 ferro. Foedus 8 ictum est ea 9 lege, ut, unde 10 victoria, ibi imperium esset. Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur 10 signum, Inf estique u armis term ^ iuyenes, magnorum 13 exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut primo concursu increpuere 14 arma micantesque fulsere 15 gladil, horror ingens spectantes 16 per- stringit. Consertis 17 deinde manibus, statim duo Eomani alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt 18 ; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad 19 15 casum Eomanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Eo- manos iam spes tota deserebat. Ununi Horatium tres Curiatil circumsteterant. 20 Forte 21 is integer fuit ; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraberet bostes, fugam capesslvit, 22 singulos ^ per inter- 1 Eo regnante: 'during his reign.' How does this abl. abs. differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf . p. xxii, K 1. Ducibus . . . placuit: ' the leaders agreed that,' etc. The subject of placuit is the clause rem . . . fmiri. 4 The meanings of res are extremely varied. Here rem may be translated ' dispute,' and so practically = bellum above. For the mood of /mm, see p. 6, n. 16. 5 The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner in which the quarrel was to be ended. 6 Cum . . . reges: ' the kings urge them.' How literally? 7 Cf. p. 1, n. 5. s cf. p. 6, n. 21. 9 ea lege ut : ' with the understanding that,' 'with the proviso (lege) that.' The clause ut . . . esset expresses the pur- pose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty. 10 Sc. fuisset. unde = qua ex parte. We would rather say, 'on which side.' Latin often thus prefers to view an idea as one of motion from a place where the English views it rather as that of rest at a point. Why ? 11 infestl armis: 'hostile in (respect of) arms/ i.e. ' with hostile arms.' 12 'three on each side.' Why do we give this meaning to the adjective? 13 magnorum . . . gerentes : ' breathing the spirit of mighty armies.' So we speak of a person as ' a host in himself.' 14 increpuere describes the sound made by the spears as they struck the shields. 15 fulgeo. 16 = spectatoi^es. 17 conserd. 18 cado. 19 Ad casum : we say ' at the fall,' but the Latin thinks of the shout as rising against (i.e. to greet) the fall. 20 circumsto. 21 Cf. p. 5, n. 19. 22 fu- gam capessivit : ' took (to) flight ' ; cf . 'to take to one's heels.' 23 singulos per intervalla : ' one by one, at inter- vals.' 12 URBIS ROMAE VIRl INLUSTRES 20 valla secuturos esse ratus. lam aliquantum l spatii ex eo loco, ubi ptignatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt unum e Curi- atiis liaud procul ab sese abesse. In 2 eum magno impetti redit, et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat 3 Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratrl, iam Horatius eum occlderat. Alterum 4 deinde, prius- 25 quam 5 tertius posset 5 consequl, interf ecit. Iam singuli 6 supererant, 7 sed nee spe nee viribus pares. 8 Alter 9 erat intactus f erro et geminata victoria f erox 10 ; alter f essum u vul- nere, fessum cursti trahebat 12 corpus. Nee illud proelium fuit. Eomanus exsultans male sustinentem arma Ouriatium conficit, 13 30 iacentem 14 spoliat. Roman! ovantes 15 ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum 16 deducunt. Prmceps ibat Horatius, trium fra- trum spolia prae se gerens. Cui 17 obvia fuit soror, quae desponsa f uerat tini ex Curiatils, visoque 18 super umeros f ratris paltidamento sponsi, quod ipsa conf ecerat, flere et crines 19 solvere coepit. Movet 35 f erocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio publico ; itaque stricto M gladio transf Igit puellam, simul earn verbis 21 incre- pans : " Abi 22 bine cum immattiro amore ad sponsum, oblita 23 1 aliquantum spatii: 'some dis- tance.' spatii is a partitive genitive; aliquantum is an ace. of extent of space : 379 : 257 : 335. 2 In . . . redit {reded) : ' he turned and made a furious attack upon him.' How literally ? 3 in- clamat . . . ferant : ' was shouting . . . (bidding them) to bear aid.' For the tense of inclamat, see p. 3, n. 14. 4 = secundum, as often. 5 See 520, 2 : 327: 577. 6 'one on each side.' Cf. term, 1. 11, and note there. 7 supersum. 8 ' equally matched.' 9 alter . . . alter : 'the one . . . the other (of the two).' With intactus cf . integer, 1. 18. 10 ' in- spirited, emboldened.' n The repetition of fessum gives emphasis by dwelling upon tbe fact. 12 'was dragging,' i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. We would rather say, ' could barely drag his body along.' So we would render male sustinentem arma, 1. 29, as ' barely able to endure (the weight of) his armor.' 13 = occidit. 14 'as he lay prostrate.' 15 ovantes ac gratu- lantes : ' with rejoicing and congratula- tions.' Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial force. 16 accus. of limit of motion ; cf. p. 3, n. 4. 1T Cf. p. 4, n. 3. 18 viso . . . sponsi: 'when she saw her lover's cloak,' etc. Cf . p. 1, n. 4. 19 crines solvere: a common token of grief among the Romans. Cf. crlnibns passls, II, 36. 20 stringd. 21 verbis increpans : cf . his increpans verbis, I, 46. 22 abed. 23 oblita (oblivi- scor) fratrum : ' you who have forgot- ten,' or ' since you have forgotten.' For tbe genitives fratrum and patriae, see 406, II : 219 : 376. Cf . the English ' for- getful of.' For the repetition of oblita, see n. 11. TULLUS HOSTILIUS, ROMANORUM REX TERTIUS 13 fratrum, oblita patriae. Sic eat/ quaecumque B-cmana lugebit hostem." Atrox id visum est f acinus 2 patribus 3 pleblque ; quare raptus 40 est in itis 4 Horatius et apud indices condemnatus. lam accesserat lictor 5 iniciebatque 6 laqueum. Turn Horatius ad populum provo- cavit. Interea pater Horatii senex proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam 7 esse; et iuvenem amplexus 8 spoliaque Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum, ne 9 se, quern paulo J v 45 ante cum egregia stirpe conspexissent, 10 orbum llberis n f aceret. 9 Non tulit populus patris lacri- mals iuvenemque 12 absolvit admiration e 13 magis virtutis quam iure 13 causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam 14 sacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam 15 tigillum et filium capite adoperto velut sub iugum 16 misit; quod tigillum Sororium lr appellatum est. ]STon diti pax 18 Albana mansit 19 ; nam Mettius fasces Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum 20 se invidiosum apud elves videret, 20 50 55 1( fare, perish.' The subject is fe- mina, or ilia femina, as suggested by quaecumque. How? With the whole sentence cf. Sic . . . meet, I, 47, and see note there. 2 f acinus, by its derivation from /acid, properly = ' a deed,' whether good or bad, but generally 'a crime.' 3 = senatoinbus, who were officially styled Patres Cdnscripti. patribus pleblque virtually=omm&ws. 4 ' court.' 5 See Vocab., Victor. 6 The tense has dramatic force and = ' was (actually) putting on.' 7 caeclo. 8 amplector. 9 clause of negative purpose : see p. 9, n. 6. 10 conspicio. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused by at- traction to the mood of f aceret, 529, II : 342 : 663, or (2) as in informal in- direct discourse. u abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with orbum faceret, which = orbdret. 12 After a negative clause the Romans often use que or et, where the English idiom requires but. 1S why abl. ? see p. 4, n. 1. 14 Cf. p. 6, n. 21. 15 ' a (certain) street.' The street referred to ran up the slope of the Esquiline Hill. ie See Vocab., iugum. The father of Horatius, by making him pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the sentence of death passed by the judges. 17 Sc. Tigillum. Livy says that this beam was renewed from time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another memorial of this fight was the PUa (' Column ') Horatia, ad- joining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the spoils taken from the Curiatii. 18 pax Albana = pax cum Alba icta. 19 maneo. 20 cum . , . vide- ret: subjunctive of cause: 517: 32(5: 586. See also p. 2, n. 13, and p. xx, H 2. 14 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 60 65 quod 1 belhim uno 2 paucorum certamine fmisset, ut 3 rem corri- geret, Veientes Fldenatesque adversus Romanos concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in 4 auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem subduxit, nt f ortu- nam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua 5 re Tullus intellecta magna voce ait 6 suo illnd iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a tergo circumvenlrentur. Quo audito hostes territl et victl snnt. Postero die Mettius cnm ad gratulandnm Tullo venisset, iussu illlus quadri- gis ' religatus et in 8 diversa distractus 9 est. Deinde Tullns Albam propter dncis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam translre iussit. 10 Eoma interim crevit u Albae minis u ; duplicatus est civium nnmerns ; mons Caelius urbi additus et, quo 13 frequentius habi- taretur, 13 earn 14 sedem Tullus regiae cepit ibique deinde babitavit. Auctarum 15 virium f Iducia elatus 16 bellum Sabinis indixit. Pesti- 1 quod . . . flnlsset: 'because (as they said),' etc. The subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius' subjects. See p. xxi, H 4. 2 uno . . . certamine : ' by one contest (only), and that a contest in which but few fought.' Cf . 1. 4. 3 ut . . . corrigeret: 'to set the matter straight,' i.e. to regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what follows. 4 in auxilrum : ' to give aid,' an expression of purpose. Cf. ad supplicium, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the Horatii and the Curiatii (1. 7). 5 Qua re . . . intellecta (intellego) : 'when he noticed this state of things.' For qua, see p. 4, n. 3. 6 ait . . . cir- cumvenlrentur : Tullus' purpose in making this statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to at- tack from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as proof of treachery. 7 abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6). ligare and its compounds are construed with either (1) the simple ablative, or (2) the ablative with ab, cle, or ex. 8 in . . . est: 'was torn limb from limb.' 9 distraho. 10 iubeo. 11 cresco. 12 abl. of means. 13 quo . . . habitaretur : ' that it might be more densely inhabited,' i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced to live there. In purpose clauses contain- ing an adjective or adverb in the com- parative degree, quo is used instead of ut : 497, II, 2 : 317, b : 545, 2. This quo is the abl. sing, neuter of the relative pronoun, and = ut eo, ' that thereby.' 14 earn . . . cepit (capio) : ' Tullus chose it (the mountain) as the site of his palace.' Why is earn feminine, although referring to mons Caelins, which is mas- culine? Cf. p.5,n.l4. 1S Auctarum . . . fiducia, : ' because of the confidence (be- gotten) of his increased strength,' or ' by his confidence in his increased strength.' In the former case the gen. is subjective; in the latter it is ob- jective ; 396, II, III : 213, I, 2 : 363, 1, 2. 16 efferd. ANCUS MARCIUS, ROMANORUM REX QUARTUS 15 lentia Insecuta * est ; nulla tamen ab armis quies dabatur. Crede- bat enim rex -bellicosus 2 salubriora mllitiae 3 quam domi esse 70 iuvenum 4 corpora, sed ipse quoque 5 diuturno morbo est impli- citus. Tunc vero adeo 6 fractl 7 simul cum corpore sunt spiritus 8 illi f eroces, ut null! rei posthac nisi sacrls operam daret. Memo- rant Tullum fulmine 9 Ictum cum doino conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit annos duos et trlginta. 75 V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus 641-616 B.C. Tullo mortuo 10 Ancum Marcium regem 11 populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate 12 et religi- one ^ avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustule- rant 13 animos, et incursionem in agrum E-o- manum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam 14 els bellum indiceret, 14 legatum misit, qui 15 res NUMA AND ANCUS MARCIUS insequor. 2 bellicosus = a causal clause quod ipse bellicosus erat. 3 mlli- tiae quam domi : ' in war than in peace.' For the locatives, see 426, 2: 258, c, 2, d : 411, r. 2, and p. xvi, A 1. 4 = ' the fighting men,' because iuvenes (men under 45) were eligible for military duty. 5 sed ipse quoque : ' but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he too.' 6 'so completely.' 7 frango. 8 spiritus illi feroces : ' that high spirit of his ' ; illi = ' that for which he was so famous.' Cf. 1. 2. 9 fulmine ictum . . . conflagrasse = fulmine ictum esse et conflagrasse. Instead of using two coordinated verbs with a common subject, Latin regu- larly represents the first verb by a perf. pass, part., or by the past part, of a deponent verb, in agreement with that common subject. Cf. p. 2, n. 8, and p. xxiv, L 5. 10 What is the force of this abl. abs. ? 11 regem populus creavit : This phrase, as it stands, is somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king au interrex, or regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was then elected by the Assembly, jind the choice was confirmed by the Senate. 12 abl. of specification. 13 su- stulerant (tollo) animos : ' had plucked up courage.' 14 Cf. priusquam . . . posset, IV, 25, and note. 15 qui . . . repe- teret : relative clause of purpose. Ees repetere = ' to demand the (stolen) 16 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES repeteret, euinque 1 morem posterl acceperunt. Id autem hoc iO modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit a quibus res repetuntur, capite 2 velato "Audi, Iuppiter," inquit 3 "audite, fines huius 4 populi. Ego sum publicus 5 nuntius populi Roman! ; verbis 6 meis fides sit." Deinde peragit postulata. Si non dedun- tur res, quas exposcit, hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque 15 ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea de re mittitur, Fetialis 7 ritusque belli indicendi Ius Fetidle appellatur. Legato Romano res repetenti superbe 8 responsum est a Latinis ; quare bellum hoc 9 modo els indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus 10 Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis elves Eomam tradtixit. 11 Cum 12 autem in tanta homi- num multitudine facinora clandestma fierent, Ancus carcerem 13 in media urbe ad 14 terrorem increscentis audaciae aedi- ficavit. Idem nova moenia urbi circum- dedit, Ianiculum montem ponte 15 sublicio things,' is a technical phrase of war, and = ' to demand restitution or satis- faction.' The opposite is res reddere, or res dedere, as in 1. 13. i eum morem . . . acceperunt : ' that custom posterity (the Romans of later times) adopted.' Traces of the custom appear as late as the reign of Augustus. 2 While praying,- the Romans covered their faces with a fold of the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions. The legatus here covers his face, because he is praying to Jupiter and to the fines, which are personified. 3 This word, rather than dixit, is used with direct discourse, and regularly stands, as here, within the quotation. 4 The legdtvs, of course, said fines Al- banorum, or Veientium, as the case might be. 5 'official,' i.e. duly accred- ited. 6 verbis . . . sit = verbis meii credite. Cf. II, 48, cui rei fidem fecit, and note, sit is a hortatory subjunc- tive ; 484, II : 2C6 : 263, 3. * See Vocab., fetialis. 8 superbe . . . Latinis = su- perbe Latini responderunt. The im- personal passive is common. 9 hoc: ' described above,' in lines 9-16. In 1. 9 hoc = ' described beloio.' Hie more often bears the latter sense, i.e. it refers to what follows. 10 profectus . . . fudit (/undo) : cf . p. 15, n. 9. n ' transferred, removed.' 12 Cum . . . fierent : a causal clause; cf. p. 13, n. 20. 13 See Vo- cab., career. u ad . . . audaciae = vt increscentem auddciam terreret. Cf. p. 3, n. 8, and ad congressum deae, III, 33. audaciae is objective genitive : cf. p. 14, n. 15. 15 ponte sublicio: abl. abs., with facto, expressing means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges over the Tiber, derived its LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PRISCUS 17 in Tiberl facto urbi coniunxit, in ore 1 Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit. Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis, immatura morte praereptus obiit. VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, RomanSrum rex quintus 616-578 B.C. Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, 2 ex Etruriae urbe, profectuSj 3 cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Eomam commigravit. Additur haec f abula : advenienti 4 aquila pilleum sustulit 5 et super carpentum, 6 cul 7 Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore voli- tans rtirsus 8 capiti 9 apte reposuit ; inde sublimis 10 abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium 11 prodigiorum perita, regnum 12 ei portend! intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa 13 et alta 13 sperare name from the circumstance that it was always made of wood and supported on piles (sublicae). It is this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff. i in ore : ' at the mouth.' The town Ostia got its name from its position in ore Tiberis. It was the port of Rome, and thus attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are still visible. 2 Tarquiniis . . . urbe : ' from Tar- quinii, a city of Etruria.' Cf. p. 8, n. 5. 3 proficlscor. 4 Sc. Romam : ' while on his way to Rome.' The participle agrees with ei understood, wbich is a dat. of separation, or, more strictly, of disadvantage with sustulit : 385, II, 2 ; 386, 2 : 229 : 345, r. 1. 5 tollo. 6 A two-wheeled carriage, provided with curtams and an awning. 7 cul : ' in which.' "Why dat.? 8 rursus ... re- posuit : since repond= 'to put back,' or ' to place again,' rursus is unneces- sary. 9 More often repono is followed by in with the ablative, or the accusa- tive. 10 sublimis abiit : ' dew high up in air and departed.' n caelestium prodigiorum perita : ' skilled (in inter- preting) portents from heaven.' The Romans regarded the Etruscans as ex- ceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see 399, I, 2 : 218, a : 374. 12 regnum ei portendi intellexit : ' per- ceived that the sign indicated that be was to be king.' How literally? Ac- cording to Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts : It came from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the east) ; it concerned his head, the supreme part of his being ; hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter, ' king of gods and men,' and its restoration, implied that his cap was to be removed and replaced by a crown. 13 neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns : ' an ex- alted destiny.' 18 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes urbem ingress! 1 sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et 10 industria dignitatem atque etiam And regis familiaritatem conse- cutus 2 est ; a quo tutor liberls relictus 3 regnum intereepit et ita administravit, quasi 4 iure adep^us 5 esset. Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum 6 Maximum 15 20 aedificavit ; de Sabinis triumphavit; murum 8 lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias 9 duplicavit, nomina mtitare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, AttI Navil auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tem- pestate 10 augur inclitus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi u aves addlxissent u ; iratus rex in 12 experi- mentum artis eum interrogavit, fierine posset 13 quod ipse mente concepisset 14 ; Attus augurio acto fieri posse respondit. " AtquI hoc " 15 in- quit rex "agitabam, num cotem illam secare novacula possem." 13 "Potes 16 ergo" inquit 25 augur, et rex secuisse dlcitur. Tarquinius fllium tredecim annorum, 17 quod in proelio bostem pereussisset, 18 praetexta 19 bul- 1 ingredlor. 2 consequor. 3 relin- quo. 4 513 ; n, and n. 1 : 312, and r.: 602. 6 adiplscor. 6 Circum Maximum : between the Palatine and the Aventine hills. In its final form it could accom- modate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the Empire were passion- ately devoted to the chariot races of the circus. For a good description of a Ro- man circus, see Lew Wallace's Ben Hur, Book V, Chapter XII. " de Sabinis triumphavit : ' he triumphed over ' ; lit., ' he got a triumph out of.' See Vocab., triumphus. 8 murum . . . circumdedit : 'he built a stone wall round the city.' According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and finished by his successor, Servius Tullius. 9 Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three centuries of horse- men he called one Ramnes, after his own name, another Titienses, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name the new centuries after himself. 10 = tempore. n nisi . . . addixissent : ' un- less the birds gave consent,' i.e. without taking the auspicia and finding them favorable. Cf. I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the tense, see p. 6, n. 1. 12 in experi- mentum artis : ' to test his art.' Cf . p. 14, n. 4. 13 cf. p. 3, n. 2. " Cf.p.6, n. 1. The king said, Potestne fieri quod in mente concept f 15 hoc is emphatic, ' Ah, but what I had in mind was this.' 16 Potes ergo : 'well, you can.' 17 descriptive gen. : 396, V: 215, b : 565, R. 2. is Cf . p. 14, n.l. 19 Sc. toga. See Vocab., toga, SERVIUS TULLIUS, ROMANORUM REX SEXTUS 19 laque x donavit j unde 2 haec 3 ingenuorum puerorum Insignia esse coeperunt. Supererant 4 duo And filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno 5 regno fraudatos esse, 6 regl Insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus 30 duos ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. El simulata rixa in vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum 7 clamor cum 8 penitus in regiam pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferarl coepit et certatim 9 alter alter! obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere, unus ex 10 composito rem 35 orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus avertit, alter elatam 11 securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto 12 in vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt. VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus 578-534 B.c. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femina, 13 captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinil PrlscI educaretur, ferunt 14 prodigium 15 vlsu eventtique mirabile 1 See Vocab., bulla. 2 = ex quo: 'in consequence of this circumstance.' 3 Cf . p. 5, n. 14, and p. 16, n. 9. 4 ' were still alive.' 5 = patHs. Cf . the use of regius, I, 17. 6 The infinitive depends on aegre ferentes. Phrases expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often followed by the infinitive with subject accus. 7 Cf. p. 4, n. 3. 8 The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number. 9 cer- tatim . . . obstrepere: 'to (try to) drown each other's voices'; lit., 'in eager rivalry to make noise one against (ob) the other.' Why is alteri dative ? 10 ex composito : ' according to previ- ous agreement.' n elatam securim . . . deiecit = extulit ('raised') et deiecit. Cf. p. 2, n. 8. 12 relicto . . . telo : we say, 'leaving the weapon — they flee,' i.e. we treat the two actions as simul- taneous. The Romans say more exactly : 'having left — they flee,' i.e. the act of leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight. 13 Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town Corniculum, Servius' father was killed and his mother taken prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free and wel- comed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was brought up in Tar- quin's household. 14 ferunt . . . acci- disse : in English, the verb correspond- ing to ferunt would be parenthetical, thus: 'a prodigy, they say, happened.' 15 prodigium . . . mirabile : ' a prodigy, 20 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES accidisse. Flammae 1 species pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc vlsu Tanaquil summam 2 el dignitatem portendl intellexit coniugique suasit, ut 3 eum haud secus ac suos llberos 4 educaret. 3 Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et con- silio Insignis fuit. In proelio quodam/ in quo rex Tar- quinius adversus Sabinos conflixit, militibus 6 segnius {((*))) dimicantibus, raptum 7 signum in hostem misit. Cuius 8 recipiendi gratia KomanI tarn acriter pugnavenmt, ut et signum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adstiniptus est; et cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tana- quil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius celavit, populumque 15 ex superiore 9 parte aedium adloctita 10 ait regem grave signum quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum convalesceret/ 1 Servio Tullio n dicto audientes essent. Sic 13 Servius Tullius regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administra- vit. Sabinos subegit 14 ; montes tres, Quirmalem, Viminalem, Esqui- 20 linum urbi adiunxit ; f ossas 15 circa mtirum duxit. Idem censum 1G ordinavit, et populum in classes 17 et centurias 18 distribuit. strange to look upon, and marvellously fulfilled.' Visu and eventu are supines, forming ablatives of specification to mirabile : 547 : 303 : 436. 1 Flammae species : ' the semblance of fire.' We may render the whole sen- tence, 'Fire seemed to envelop,' etc. 2 summam . . . intellexit: cf. p. 17, n. 12. 3 Cf. p. 1, n. 5. 4 governed by educabat understood. 5 quidam and unus often have no more force than the English indefinite article. 6 militibus . . . dimicantibus : causal. 7 raptum . . . misit : cf . p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag. 8 Cuius . . . gratia : an expression of purpose = quod ut reciperet. 9 Eoman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor. ln adlocuta ait : cf. p. 19, n. 12. ii 519, II: 328: 572, and p. xx, G 3. I 2 dat. with dicto audientes essent, which together = pdrererit : 385, I: 227, and n. 2: 346 and n. 5. dicto is also dat. with audientes, which in this phrase itself = ' obeying.' 13 i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate and people (p. 15, n. 11) . 1 4 subigo. 15 f ossas . . . duxit: this statement harmonizes with VI, 14 : see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant, especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal hills. 16 The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the inhabi- tants, but an enrollment and classifica- tion of them according to property for purposes of taxation and military ser- vice. Hence the clause in . . . distribuit is in part an explanation of censum ordinavit. 17 These classes were six in number. i8 According to Livy, there SERVIUS TULLIUS, ROMANORUM REX SEXTUS 21 Servius Tullius aliquod urbl decus addere volebat. lam * turn inclitum erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. 2 Id communiter 3 a civi- tatibus Asiae factum fama ferebat. Itaque Lati- norum populls suasit ut et 4 ipsl fanum Dianae '. ,, 25 cum 5 populo Eomano Romae in Aventino monte aediflcarent. Quo 6 facto, bos mlrae magnitudinis r cuidam Latino nata 8 dlcitur, et responsum somnio datum 8 eum populum summam imperii habitu- rum/ cuius clvis bovem illam Dianae immolasset. 9 ]; ij 30 Latmus 10 bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdotl Romano exposuit. Ille callidus u dixit prius eum vivo flumine mantis abluere debere. diana of ephesus Latlnus dum ad Tiberim 12 descendit, sacerdos bovem immolavit. Ita imperium clvibus sibique gloriam adqulslvit. 35 Servius Tullius flliam alteram f erocem, mltem alteram habens/ 3 cum Tarquinil fllios pari esse animo 14 videret, ferocem 15 mltl, mltem ferocl in matrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia were 193 centuries. At elections each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of its members being regarded as the voice of the whole cen- tury. The first, or richest class, con- tained 98 centuries, and so controlled 98 votes, more than a majority. i lam turn : ' even in those early days.' 2 This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. See Acts xix, 24 f. 3 communiter . . . factum (es.se) : ' that the states of Asia had united in building it.' How liter- ally? 4 et ipsl = etiam ipsl, or ipsl quoque : 'they too,' i.e. as well as the clvitdtes Asiae. 6 ' in conjunction with.' The whole might have been expressed thus: ut illl (i.e. the Lallnl) et popuhts Romanus . . . aediflcdrent. Cf . lines 23, 24. 6 Quo facto = postquam hoc (i.e. the building of the temple) factum est. 7 Cf. p. 18, n. 17 8 Sc. esse. For the personal construction bos . . . nata (esse) dicitur, see 534, 1, and n. 1 : 330, b, 1: 528, 1. 9 Subjunctive, because in a sub- ordinate clause of the indirect discourse. For the tense, cf. p. 6, n. 1. i° ' The (aforesaid) Latin,' mentioned in 1. 28. This is one of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite article. n 'cunningly.' Cf. p. 4, n. 4. 12 The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on which (1. 26) the temple of Diana stood. 13 = cum habe- ret, ' since he had.' The clause cum . . . videret is also causal. 14 abl. of quality : 419, II: 251: 400. 15 ferocem miti, mitem ferocl : note that we have here two pairs of words, and that the order in the second pair is the reverse of that in the first. Cf . 1. 36, alteram ferocem, mltem alteram. This arrangement is called Chiasmus; 562 : 344, /, and n: 682, and r. 22 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 45 matrimonio iungerentur. Sed mites seu forte seu fraude peri- 40 erunt; feroces morum similitudo coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia 1 incitatus advocato 2 senatti re- gnum paterrmm repetere coepit. Qua 3 re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit, ^ iussu Tarquinii per gradus 4 delectus et domum refugiens interfectus est. Tullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum prima regem salutavit ; cuius iussti cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset 5 domumque rediret, 50 viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem inhibentem super ipsum 6 corpus carpentum agere itissit, unde 7 vicus ille Sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et quadraginta. SACRIFICE VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus et ultimus 534-510 B.c. Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste 8 occupavit. 9 Tarn en bello strenuus Latinos Sabmosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potesta- tem redegit fraude Sexti Mil. Is cum indigne ferret ea]n urbem a patre expugnarl non posse/ ad G-abmos se contulit, patris saevi- tiam in se conquerens. Benigne a Grabmis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolentiam consequitur, fictls blanditils ita eos adli- 1 The daughter of Tullius. 2 advo- cato . . . coepit = senatum advocavit et . . . coepit. Cf. p. 2, n. 8. 3 qua re . . . contendit . ' while Servius, alter he had heard of this action, was hastening,' etc. For the tense of contendit, see p. 3, n. 14. 4 Sc. Curiae. 5 decessisset . . . rediret: 'had departed . . . and was returning.' 6 super ipsum corpus: ' over the very body ' ; ipsum empha- sizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the dead. 7 Used here as in VI, 27. s Cf . the whole description VII, 40-53. 9 not 'occupied.' 10 The infinitive de- pends on indigne ferret, an expression of emotion. Cf. p. 19, n. 6. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS 23 ciens, ut apud omnes plurimum posset, 1 et ad postremum dux belli eligeretur. Turn e suis unum ad patrem mittit sciscitatum 2 quidnam se 3 facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil respondit, sed velut deliberabundus 4 in hortum transiit ibique inambulans 10 sequente nuntio altissima 5 papaverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius, fessus exspectando, rediit G-abios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris et facto, 6 intellexit 7 quid vellet pater. Pri- mores clvitatis interemit patrlque urbem sine ulla dlmicatione tradidit. 15 Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in castris essent, Tarquinius Collatmus, sorore 8 regis natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus 9 regiis. Incidit 10 de uxoribus mentio; cum suam tinusquisque laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis u equis Eomam avolant ; regias 12 nurtis in convlvio 13 20 et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam 14 ; Lucretiam, Collatml uxorem, inter ancillas lanae 15 deditam inveniunt. Ea ergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectis diebus Sextus Collatiam rediit et Lucretiae vim 16 attulit. Ilia postero die, advo- catis patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et se cultro, quern sub veste 25 1 plurimum posset: 'he possessed great influence.' plurimum is an accu- sative of extent. 2 Cf . p. 5, n. 20. 3 se refers to Sextus. Sextus asked his father through the messenger : Quid- nam me facere vis? 4 Adjectives end- ing in -bundus generally have the force of the English present participle active. 5 altissima . . . capita = ' the heads of the tallest poppies.' How literally? 6 facto is here a noun. 7 It has been shown that the whole of this story was derived by the Roman chroniclers from Greek sources, and that the incident described in the text is, so far as Gabii is concerned, without foundation. 8 415, II: 244, a: 395, 9 iuvenibus regiis: 'the princes.' 10 Incidit . . . mentio: 'the conversation happened to turn on (the merits of) their (respective) wives.' How literally ? n citatis equis : ' at top speed.' How literally ? 12 re- gias nurus : ' the king's daughters-in- law,' i.e. the princes' wives. 13 convivio et luxu : ' a banquet and luxury ' = ' a luxurious banquet.' 14 The home of Collatinus. 15 lanae deditam : ' wholly intent on spinning.' In the oldest times the Roman housewife made all the gar- ments of the household. Hence a fre- quent laudatory inscription on the tombstones of Roman ladies is lanam fecit. Macaulay had this feature of Roman life in mind when (Horatius, stanza LXX) he wrote : " When the goodwife's shuttle merrily Goes flashing' through the loom." 16 vim attulit (adfero) : ' outraged.' 24 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES abditum habebat, occidit. Conclamat vir paterque et in * exitium regum coniurant. Tarquinio 2 Eomam redeuntl clausae sunt urbis portae et exsilinm indictum. 3 In antlquis annalibus memoriae haec snnt prodita. 4 Anns 30 hospita atqne incognita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum regem adiit, 5 novem libros f erens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula : eos se velle 6 venumdare. Tarqninins pretium percontatus est : mnlier niminm atqne immensum poposcit. Kex, quasi 7 anus aetate desi- peret, derisit. 8 Turn ilia foculum cum igni apponit et tres libros 35 ex novem detirit; et, ecquid reliquos sex eodem pretio 9 emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tarquinius id multo risit magis, dixitque anum iam procul dubio dellrare. Mulier ibidem statim tres alios libros exussit 10 ; atque id u ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut n tres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore 13 iam 40 serio atque attentiore animo 13 fit; earn 14 constantiam confidenti- amque non neglegendam 15 intellegit : libros tres reliquos mercatur nibilo minore pretio 9 quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed earn mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam 16 postea nusquam loci visam 15 constitit. Libri 17 tres in sacrario conditi Sibyllmique 45 appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Qumdecemviri adeunt, cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt. 1 in exitium regum coniurant : ' con- spire to kill the royal family (regum).' For in exitium cf . p. 14, n. 4. 2 dative of disadvantage. Translate: 'against T., on his return to Rome.' 3 Sc. est. 4 prodo. 5 adeo. 6 infinitive because dependent on dixit understood, to be supplied from dicebat. ~ quasi . . . desiperet : ' thinking that the old woman's mind was failing through age.' See p. 3, n. 6. 8 derided. 9 abl. of price : 422 : 252 : 404. 10 exuro. u explained by the clause ut . . . emat. 12 ut . . . emat: a substantive clause of purpose depending on rogat : 498, I: 331: 546. 13 abl. of quality with fit. 14 = tdlem, as often. 15 sc. esse. 16 digressam (dl- gredior) = postquam digressa est. l ~ Li- bri . . . appellati: the Sibyllae were inspired maidens devoted to the worship of Apollo. The most famous, from whom Tarquin was believed to have re- ceived the Sibylline books, lived at Cumae, on the coast of Campania, in Italy. The books were placed in a vault beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When this temple was burned in 83 B.C., the senate sent envoys to Greece to make a new collection of oracular sayings. These also were de- posited for a time in the temple of Jupiter after its restoration. IUNIUS BRUTUS, ROMANORUM CONSUL PRIMUS 25 IX. Iiinius Brutus, Romanorum consul primus Iunius Brutus, sorore * Tarquinii Superb! natus, cum 2 eandem fortunam timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob dlvitias et prtidentiam ab avunculo erat occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est. Profectus 3 Delphos 4 cum Tarquinii flliis, quos pater ad Apollinem muneribus honorandum mlserat, baculo 5 5 sambuceo aurum inclusum dono 6 tulit deo. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, iuvenes Apollinem consulunt quisnam ex ipsis Romae 7 regnaturus esset. 8 Responsum est eum Romae 7 summam potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem osculatus esset. 9 Tunc Brutus, velut si casu prolapsus 10 cecidisset, terram osculatus est, 10 scilicet quod ea communis mater omnium mortalium esset. Expulsis regibus duo consules 11 creati sunt, Iunius Brutus et B0 Tarquinius Collatlnus 12 Lucretiae marltus. At libertas 509. modo parta 13 per dolum et proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in iuventute Bomana adulescentes aliquot, sodales adule- 15 scentium Tarquiniorum. 14 Hi cum legatis, quos rex ad bona sua repetenda Eomam miserat, de restituendis regibus conloquuntur, ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem consilii adsumunt. Ser- monem eorum ex servls unus excepit; rem ad consules detulit. Datae 15 ad Tarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. 20 Proditores in vincula coniecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati iuvenes nobilissimi; sed a ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se oculos avertebant. Consules in sedem processere 16 1 Cf. p. 23, n. 8. 2 cum . . . timeret: causal; cf. p. 4, n. 12; also p. xx, H 2. 3 proficiscor. 4 Cf. p. 3, n. 4. 5 Join with inclusum, and cf. p. 2, n. 7. 6 dat. of purpose or service : 390, II: 233, a: 356. This dat. is specially common in connection with another dative, as deo here, referring to a person (dat. of ad- vantage). 7 locative: 425, II: 258, c, 2 : 411. 8 Cf . p. 3, n. 2. The whole clause is the object of consulunt, ' con- sult (by asking').' 9 Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The oracle said: Ts . . . habebit, qvl . . . erit. 10 prolapsus ( p rolabor) cecidisset ( ca do) = prolapsus esset et cecidisset. n See Vocab., consul. * 2 Cf . VIII, 17. 1S pario. 14 The sons of Tarquin, mentioned above, 1. 4. 15 = quae datae erant. datae = missae, and so is construed with ad and the accusative . 16 = processerunt. 26 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES suam, misslque llctores ntidatos 1 virgis caedunt sectirique feri- 25 unt. Supplicil non spectator modo, sed et 2 exactor erat Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret. 3 Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum recuperare conatus 4 est. Equitibus praeerat Aruns, Tarquinii fllius : rex ipse cum legioni- bus sequebatur. Obviam host! 5 consules eunt; Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu antecessit. Aruns, ubi procul Brutum agno- vit, 6 mflammatus Ira "Ille est vir" inquit " qui nos patria expulit ; ipse 7 en ille nostris decoratus msignibus magnifice incedit." Turn 35 - concitat calcaribus equum atque in ipsum con- sulem dlrigit; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo 8 mfestis animis concurrerunt, ut ambo basta transfix! caderent; fugatus tamen proelio est Tarquinius. Alter 9 consul Eomam triumphans rediit. BrutI conlegae ftinus, quanto 10 potuit apparatu, fecit. 40 Brutum matronae, ut parentem, annum ltixerunt. 11 X. Mucius Scaevola Cum Porsena 12 Eomam obsideret, Mucius, vir Komanae 13 con- stantiae, senatum adiit et veniam 14 transfugiendi petiit, necem 1 nudatos virgis caedunt = nudant (eos) et virgis caedunt. 2 = etiam. 3 What does the subjunctive express? 4 conor. 6 dat. after ob in obviam. The rule regarding compound verbs (p. 2, n. 7) holds true often of nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. 6 agnosco. 7 ipse . . . incedit : the spirit of this dramatic sentence may be reproduced thus : ' Look at him (en ille) ! He is actually adorned with our insignia! See in what a lordly way he advances ! ' 8 Adeo, ' such,' in part qualifies mfestis, in part paves the way for the result clause ut . . . caderent. 9 Alter : ' the remaining.' Why may it be so trans- lated ? 10 quanto . . . apparatu : ' with the greatest possible splendor.' n lugeo. 12 Tarquinius Superbus had applied to Porsena, king of the Etruscan city of Clusium, for aid in the recovery of his throne. Porsena gathered a large army and marched against Rome. For this story, see Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius. Modern authorities on Roman history maintain that Por- sena was so successful in his operations that he compelled the Romans to submit to a very humiliating treaty. 13 We would say, 'truly Roman.' 14 veniam FABII TRECENTI SEX 27 regis repromittens. Accepta 1 potestate cum in castra Porsenae B.o, venisset, ibi in confertissima turba prope tribunal constitit. 507, Stipendium tunc forte 2 militibus dabatur et scriba cum 5 rege pari 3 fere ornatu sedebat. Mticius, Ignorans uter rex esset, ilium pro rege occidit. Apprehensus et ad regem pertractus 4 dcxtram accenso 5 ad sacrificium foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod 6 in caede peccasset. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoverl ab altaribus iussit. Turn Mucius, quasi bene- 10 ficium remunerans, ait trecentos adversus eum 7 sui similes coniu- rasse. Qua re ille territus 8 bellum acceptis obsidibus deposuit. 9 Mucio prata trans Tiberim data, 10 ab eo Mucia appellata. Statua quoque el u honoris gratia constituta est. XI. Fabii trecenti sex 479-477 B.c. Cum u adsiduis Veientium 13 incursionibus vexarentur 12 Eomani, Fabia gens senatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur: " Vos alia bella curate ; Fabios 14 hostes Veientibus date : id bellum privato sumptu 15 gerere nobis 16 in animo est." Gratiae el transfugiendi : 'permission to go over (to the enemy).' 1 Accepta {accipio) . . . venisset = Cum potestatem accepisset et in castra Porsenae venisset. 2 Cf. p. 5, n. 19. 3 pari . . . ornatu: abl. abs. to denote an attendant circumstance: 431, 1 : 255, t/,5 : 409, N. 4 pertraho. 5 accendo. 6 quod . . . peccasset expresses Scae- vola's thought: see 516, II: 321: 541, and cf. p. 14, n. 1, and p. xxi, H 4. 7 eum refers to the king, sui to Scae- vola. Scaevola's speech was: Trecenti adversus te mei similes coniurdve- runt. 8 terreo. 9 depono. 10 Sc. sunt. 11 dat. of advantage with constituta est. 12 The subjunctive expresses both time and cause: cf. p. 2, n. 13, and p. xxii,J. 13 The Veientes fought almost constantly against Rome from a very early time (cf . IV, 57 ; Livy says that they were defeated by Romulus) till their city was completely destroyed in 396 b.c. 14 Fa- bios . . . date: 'give the Veientes the Fabii as their enemies,' i.e. let the war against the Veientes be the special busi- ness of the Fabii. « Cf. p. 24, n. 9. 16 nobis . . . est : since nobis is a dat. of possession (387 : 231 : 349) with est, the whole phrase exactly = ' we have it in mind.' The subject of est is the clause id bellum . . . gerere. Fabios is strongly opposed to vos. 28 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 5 ingentes actae sunt. Consul e Ctiria egressus, comitante 1 Fabi- orum agmine, domum rediit. Manat tota urbe rumor; Fabium ad 2 caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabii postero die arnia capiunt. Numquam 3 exercitus neque minor numero neque clarior f ama et admiratione bominum per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti 10 mllites, omnes patricii, omnes unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is opporttinus visus est locus communiendo prae- sidio. 4 Hostes non 5 semel ftisi pacem supplices 6 petunt. Veientes 7 pacis impetratae cum brevi paenituisset, 8 redinte- grato bello inierunt consilium Insidiis ferocem bostem captandi. 15 Multo successu Fabiis 9 audacia crescebat. Cum igitur palati passim agros popularentur, pecora a Veientibus obviam 10 acta sunt ; ad quae progress! Fabii in msidias delapsi u omnes ad tinum perierunt. Dies, quo id factum est, inter nef astos relatus u est; porta, qua profecti erant, Scelerata est appellata. Unus 20 omnino superfuit ex ea gente, qui propter aetatem impuberem domi 13 relict us 14 erat. Is 15 genus propagavit ad Quintum 16 Fabium Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora 17 fregit. 18 1 comitante . . . agmine : ' the Fabii accompanying him in a body.' How literally ? 2 ad . . . ferunt : so we ' laud a person to the skies.' 3 Numquam . . . neque . . . neque : it is a law of Latin, as of English, that two negatives neu- tralize each other and make an affirma- tive. To this law there are two regular exceptions in Latin : (1) When a general negative like non, numquam, ox nemo is followed by neq ue . . . neque ; (2) when a general negative is followed by the emphatic ne . . . quiclem. In the former case the negation is distributed by the neqae . . . neque into two (or more) clauses or phrases; in the latter, the full weight of the negation is concen- trated upon a single word or phrase. In English a single negative is always to be employed. 4 dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. This construction is espe- cially frequent with phrases consisting of a gerundive and a noun . 5 non semel : ' not once (only) ,' i.e. repeatedly. 6 Cf . p. 4, n. 4. ' Veientes . . . paenituis- set : lit. ' when it had repented the V. of the peace which they had secured.' What is our idiom? paenituisset is wholly impersonal; Veientes is ace, though logically its subject, and pacis is gen., though logically its object. 409, III: 221, b : 377. 8 See p. 2, n. 13. 9 dat. of reference: 384, 4, n. 2: 235: 350, 2. 10 Sc. els: 'to meet them.' 11 deldbor. 12 refero. 13 locative : 426, 2: 258, c?: 411, r. 2. 14 relinquo. 15 Is . . . Maximum : freely ' he saved the family from extinction and became the ancestor of Maximus.' I6 See Selection XIX. 17 Fabius, by his ' policy of mas- terly inactivity,' gained the title of Cwictdtor, ' the Delayer.' 18 frango. LUCIUS VIRGINIUS 29 XII. Lucius Virginius Anno trecentesimo 1 ab urbe 2 condita pro duobus consulibus decemviri creatl sunt, qui 3 adlatas e Graecia leges populo pro- ponerent. 4 Duodecim 5 tabulls 6 eae sunt perscrlptae. Ceterum decemviri 7 sua 8 ipsorum Insolentia in exitium actl sunt. Nam unus ex ils Appius Claudius virginem plebeiam adamavit. Quam 9 cum Appius non posset pretio ac spe perlicere, unum e clienti- bus 10 subornavit, qui earn in n servitutem deposceret, 12 facile vic- turum 13 se sperans, cum ipse esset et acctisator et iudex. Lucius Virginius, puellae pater, tunc aberat mllitiae causa. C liens igitur virginl 14 venientl in Forum (namque ibi in tabernls lltterarum 15 ltidl erant) iniecit manum, adflrmans suam esse servam. Earn sequl se iubet ; nl f aciat, 16 minatur se vl abstracturum. Pavida puella 17 stupente, 17 ad clamorem ntitrlcis fit concursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vl non posset abdticere, earn vocat in itis, ipso Appio 17 iudice. 17 Interea missl ntintil ad Virglnium properant. Is commeatu stimpto a castrls profectus prima ltice Romam advenit, cum iam clvitas in Foro exspectatione erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabundus et clvium opem implorans flliam suam JO 15 1 The dating is not exact ; as the Decemvirs were elected in 451 B.C. 2 Cf. p. 5, n. 15. 3 qui . . . propone- rent: i.e. after studying the laws of Greece, they were to draw up a code and submit it to the people. 4 Cf. p. 5, n. 3. 5 From this circumstance the code was known as the Leges XII Ta- biildrum. 6 abl. of means; we say 'on tablets.' The tablets were of bronze. For many centuries Roman schoolboys had to commit these laws to memory. 7 The Decemvirs had been elected for one year, at the end of which time they reported their work still unfinished, and a second board was chosen. The story that follows concerns the second board. All accounts agree that the rule of the first board was in all respects just. 8 sua ipsorum: a strong ex- pression for ' their own.' 9 Cf. p. 4, n. 3. 10 See Vocab., cliens. n in servitutem expresses purpose (cf . p. 14, n. 4) , and so —ut serva esset. 12 Cf. p.5,n. 3. 13 vinco. 14 Join with iniecit manum, and cf . p. 2, n. 7. 15 litterarum ludi : schools where children were taught their A B C's, i.e. what we should call ' primary schools.' 16 subjunctive as the subordinate clause of the indirect quotation, which depends on minatur. The threat was : Nl (id) feceris, vl (te) abstraham. 17 abl. abs. 30 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 20 deducit. Neque 1 eo setius Appius, cum in tribunal escendisset, Virglniam client! suo addlxit. Turn pater, ubi nihil usquam auxilii 2 vidit, "Quaeso," inquit "Appi, ignosce patrio dolorl 3 ; sine me filiam ultimum adloqul." Data venia pater cum flliam sedtixisset, ab lanio cultro 4 adrepto pectus puellae transflgit. 25 Turn vero sibi viam facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum pro- fugit et milites ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus exercitus montem Aventmum insedit ; decern tribunos 5 militum creavit ; decemviros magistrate se abdicare coegit 6 eosque omnes aut morte aut exilio multavit ; ipse Appius Claudius in carce- B c 30 rem coniectus mortem sibi conscivit. 7 449. XIII. Titus Manlius Torquatus Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tarditatem a patre rus 8 relegatus erat. Qui cum audivisset patri 9 diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribtino plebis, cepit consilium rudis quidem et agre- stis animi, 10 sed pietate laudabile. Cultro succinctus mane in 5 urbem atque a porta conf estim ad u Pomponium pergit : introduc- tus 12 cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponii stans se eum trans- fixiirum minatur, nisi ab incepta acctisatione desistat. 13 Pavidus 1 Neque eo setius: 'nevertheless.' How literally? eo = ' for that reason.' 2 partitive gen. with nihil: 397, 1: 216; a, 3: 369. s dat. with ignosce: 385, II: 227: 346, and r. 2. 4 cultro . . . transfigit : cf. p. 2, n. 8. 6 tribunos militum : two armies were at this time in the field against the Sabines and the Aequians. The eight Decemvirs who commanded them were deposed, and ten tribunes, or 'captains,' were chosen in their place. 6 cogo. 7 consciscd. With this whole story cf . Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Borne, Virginia. 8 Cf. p. 3, n. 4. 9 patri . . . esse : 'that a day had been set against his father (for trial),' i.e. 'that his father had been summoned to appear for trial.' Among the charges against the elder Manlius was that of cruelty to his son. patri is a dat. of disadvantage. 10 cepit . . . laudabile : ' he formed a plan (which, though it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless com- mendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).' For quidem... sed, cf. p. 10, n. 10. animi is a genitWe of quality or description with consilium. 11 ad Pomponium = ' to (the house of) Pomponius. a temporal clause : ' when he had been ushered in. the mood, cf. p. 29, n. 16. is For TITUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS 31 tribunus, quippe 1 qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans, accti- sationem dlmisit. Ea res adulescenti 2 eo 3 maiorl 4 fuit honor! quod animum eius acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, 10 ideoque eodem anno tribtinus militurn factus est. Cum postea Galli 5 ad tertium 6 lapidem trans Anienem fluvium castra posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe profectus in citeriore ripa fluvii constitit. Pons in medio 7 erat : tunc G-allus BOi eximia corporis magnitudine in vacuum pontem 1 361. processit et quam 8 maxima voce potuit " Quern nunc " inquit " Roma f ortissimum habet, is procedat 9 agedum ad pugnam, ut eventus certaminis nostri ostendat utra gens bello sit melior." Diu inter primores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Turn Titus Manlius ex statione ad imperatorem pergit: "Initissu 10 tuo," inquit, "imperator, extra ordinem numquam pugnaverim, 11 non si certam victoriam miliarium videam u ; si tti permittis, volo ego ill! beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, quae Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia deiecit." 12 25 etc 1 quippe qui : ' since indeed he,' qui = cum is (cf. p. 4, n. 3), and the relative clause has its verb in the sub- junctive because it expresses a reason : 517 and 3, 1 : 320, e, n. 1 : 633 and 626, n. 1. 2 dat. of advantage. 3 eo = 'for this reason,' and is explained by the clause quod . . . avertisset. 4 maiorl fuit honor! : ' was all the more credit ' ; cf. note on dono, IX, 6. 5 j n the fifth century b.c. the Gauls left their homes in northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula was cafled Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands to the south. 6 With tertium sc. ab urbe Roma. On all the roads leading from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the gate in the Servian Wall (see map, p. xxviii), by which the road issued from the capital. 7 Sc. duorum exercituum, i.e. ' between the two armies.' 8 quam . . . potuit : cf . quanto potuit apparatu, IX, 39, and note. 9 subjunctive of exhorta- tion or command : 484, .II : 266 : 263, and 3. 10 Iniussu tuo : • without your consent.' n subjunctive in an ideal condition : 509 : 307, b : 596. 12 In 388 b.c. the Gauls had captured and de- stroyed all of Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M. Manlius, the father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled the foremost Gauls back upon their com- panions, and thus saved the Capitol. 32 URBIS ROMAE VI RI INLUSTRES 35 Cui imperator " Macte l virtute," inquit " Tite Manli, esto : perge et noinen Romanum invictum praesta." Armant deinde iuvenern aequales : scutum capit, Hispano 2 cin- gitur 3 gladio, ad propiorein 4 pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide laetus et linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere 5 inter duas acies, Gallus ensem cum ingenti sonitu in arm a Manlii deiecit. Manlius vero inter corpus et arma Galli sese msinuans uno 6 alte- roque ictu ventrem transf odit et in spatium ingens ruentem porrexit hostem ; iacenti 7 torquem detraxit, quem cruore respersum 8 collo 9 circumdedit 10 suo. Def Ixerat pavor u cum admiratione Gallos ; E-omani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde Torquati cognomen accepit. Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut disciplinam militarem restitueret, edixit ne 12 quis gladius extra ordinem in hostes pugnaret. consulis filius, cum propius forte ad stationem hostium 45 accessisset, is, qui Latino equitatul praeerat, ubi consulis filium agnovit, 14 " Yisne " inquit u congredi mecum, ut singularis certa- minis eventu cernatur, quantum eques Lattnus Eomano prae- stet ? " Movit ferocem animum iuvenis sen Ira seu detrectandl 15 10 T. Manlius, 13 BCi 340." 1 macte virtute . . . esto : lit., ' be glo- rified in (respect of) your valor.' The phrase is in part an expression of com- mendation, like our 'bravo! ' in part a prayer, like ' success attend thee ! ' 2 A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long, used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was long and without point. 3 =cingit se, i.e. 'girds himself,' not 'is girded.' 4 'nearer,' i.e. hand to hand. 5 consisto. What tense? 6 uno alteroque Ictu : ' with one stroke after the other ' ; i.e. he killed him with two quick blows. 7 Sc. el, and render ' from him as he lay (dead).' See p. 17, n. 4. 8 respergo. 9 What case ? 10 In its com- pounds, dare more often = ' to put ' than 'to give.' u pavor cum admiratione = pavor et admlrdtio ; cf. mentes cum oculis, II, 12. v ne quis . . . pugna- ret : ' that no one should fight.' For the subjunctive, see p. 9, n. 6. 13 Sub- ject of accessisset. For its position, see p. 19, n. 15 detrec- tandl . . . pudor : ' his unwillingness to TITUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS 33 certaminis pudor. Itaque oblitus 1 imperii 2 paterni in certamen ruit et Latinum 3 ex equo excussum transfixit spoliisque lectis 50 in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo f Iliiim aversa- tus consul milites classico advocat. Qui postquam frequentes convenere, " Quandoquidem" inquit " tu, fill, contra imperium consulis pugnasti, oportet 4 disciplinam, quam solvisti, poena 5 tua restituas. Triste exernplum, sed in 6 posterum saltibre iuventuti eris. I/ lictor, deliga 8 ad palum." Metti omnes lictor obstupuere ; sed postquam cervice caesa fusus est cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. 9 Manlio Eomam redeunti seniores tantum obviam exierunt: iuventus et tunc eum et oinni 10 deinde vita 60 exsecrata est. Operae pretium erit aliud severitatis disciplinae E-omanae exernplum proferre, simul ut appareat, quam facile severitas in 11 crudelitatem et furorem abeat. Cn. Piso fuit 12 vir a multis vitiis integer, sed pravus et cui 13 placebat pro constantia rigor. Is 65 cum Iratus ad mortem dtici iussisset militem, quasi 14 interf ecisset commllitonem, cum quo egressus erat e castris et sine quo redi- erat, roganti 15 tempus aliquod ad conquirendum 16 non dedit. Damnatus miles extra castrorum vallum ductus est et iam cer- vicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui occisus 17 70 decline the fight.' A literal translation of this phrase would he impossihle. Pudor implies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be attri- buted to cowardice. 1 oblivlscor. 2 dependent on oblitus : 406, II: 21*): 376. 3 excussum trans- fixit : cf . p. 2, n. 8. 4 oportet restituas : ' it is fitting that you restore.' Oportet is construed either with the infinitive or with the subjunctive of result with ut omitted. 5 Whyabl.? 6 in posterum is an adverbial phrase (cf . p. 4, n. 9) = 'for the future.' 7 Imperative of eo. 8 Cf. Stdbant ad palum deligdti, IX, 21. 9 erumpo. 10 omni . . . vita : ' through- out his whole subsequent life.' In this sense the simple ace, or the ace. with per is far more common, deinde, stand- ing as it does between an adj. and a noun, may be rendered by an adj.: cf. p. 10, n. 14. n in . . . abeat : ' passes over into,' 'degenerates into.' i 2 fuit . . . sed : we would say, ' was, to be sure, . . . but, after all,' i.e. ' although he was . . . yet.' In tins sense quidem . . . sed is commonly used ; cf . p. 10, n. 10. 13 385, I: 227: 346. " Cf. p. 3, n. 6. 1 5 Sc. mllitl, and join with dedit. i6 Sc. commllitonem. i" Sc. esse. 34 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES dlcebatur. Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere gladium carnificem iubet. Anibo commilitones alter alterum complex! . ingenti concursti et magno gaudio exercitiis deducuntur ad Plso- neni. Ille conscendit tribunal furens et utrunique ad mortem 75 due! iubet, adicit et centurionem, qui damnatum militem redu- xerat, haec praefatus x : " Te morte plectl iubeo, quia iam damna- tus es; te, quia causa damnationis commilitoni fuisti; te, quia iussus occidere militem imperatori 2 non paruisti." Ceterum Manlianae gentis 3 propriam fere fuisse 4 illam in 80 fllios acerbitatem alius Manlius, illius de quo supra diximus nepos, ostendit. Cum Macedonum legati Romam venissent con- questum 5 de Silano, Manlii Torquati filio, quod praetor 6 provin- ciam expilasset, 7 pater, avitae severitatis heres, petiit a patribus 8 conscriptis ne quid de ea re statuerent, antequam ipse inspexisset 85 Macedonum et Mil sui causam. Id a senatti libenter concessum est viro summae 9 dignitatis, consular! iurisque clvilis per!tissimo. Itaque, mstittita dom! cognitione causae, solus per totum biduum utramque partem audiebat ac tertio die pronuntiavit f!lium suum vider! non talem fuisse in provincia, quales eius maiores fuissent, 90 et in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. Tarn trlst! patris itidicio perculsus 10 lucem n ulterius intuer! non sustinuit et pro- ximo 12 nocte vltam suspendio f Inlvit. Peregerat 13 Torquatus sever! et religios! iudicis partes, 14 satisf actum erat re! publicae, habebat ultionem Macedonia, at nondum erat mflexus patris rigor. Igitur 95 ne 15 exsequils quidem flli! interfuit, ut patribus mos erat apud i praefor. 2 385 : 227 : 346. B Join with propriam. Proprius, like similis, is construed with both the gen. and the dat. 4 dependent on ostendit, 1. 81. 5 supine of conqueror, expressing pur- pose. Cf . p. 5, n. 20. 6 ' when praetor,' or ' during his praetorship.' See Vocab., praetor. " Many, indeed most, gover- nors of provinces enriched themselves by extortion. 8 See Vocab., conscriptus. 9 summae . . . peritissimo : these words contain the reasons why Id . . . conces- sum est. 10 percello. n lucem . . . sus- tinuit : ' he refused to live longer.' How literally? 12 The context must deter- mine whether proxima nocte = ' the next night' or 'last night.' 13 pergo. 14 ' role.' This meaning of payees is bor- rowed from the theater. 15 ne . . . qui- dem is a very strong negative, and PUBLIUS DECIUS 35 Komanos, et eo ipso die, quo funus eius dticebatur, aures, ut solebat, volentibus consulere se de iure praebuit. XIV. Publius Decius P. Decius, 1 Valerio 2 Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consulibus, tri- ■o n bunus mllitum f uit. Exercitu Romano in angustiis Graurl 343. montis clauso 3 Decius editum collem conspexit imminentem hostium castrls. Accepto praesidio verticem 4 occupavit, hostes terruit, consul! spatium dedit ad subducendum agmen in aequio- rem locum. Ipse, colle, quern insederat, 5 un- dique armatls circumdato, intempesta nocte per 6 medias hostium ctistodias somno oppres- sas 7 incolumis evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est corona clvica, quae dabatur el, qui elves in bello servasset. Consul fuit bello B0 Latino cum Manlio 8 Torquato. Hoc 340. bello cum 9 utrique consul! somnio obve- nisset, eos victores futuros, quorum dux in proelio cecidisset, convenit inter eos uti, utrius cornu in acie laboraret, is dils 10 se Manibus devoveret. Inclmante sua parte Decius se et hostes dils Manibus devovit. 11 Armatus in equum Insiluit ac se in medios hostes immisit : corruit obrutus tells et victoriam suis reliquit. CORONA CIVICA 10 15 generally emphasizes some particular word or phrase which is placed between the ne and the quidem. 1 His full name was P. Decius Mus. 2 Valerio . . . consulibus : ' in the con- sulship of,' etc. For the abl. abs. con- sisting of two nouns, see 431, 4: 255, a: 409. For another (less common) method of dating events, cf. XII, 1. 3 claudo. 4 Sc. collis. 5 insideo. 6 per . . . cu- stodias : ' through the midst of the ene- my's pickets.' Cf. 1. 17, in medios hostes, 'against the enemy's center.' Note the difference between the Latin and the English idioms. 440, notes 1, 2 : 193 : 291, R. 2. 7 opprimo. 8 Cf . XIII, 41. 9 cum . . . obvenisset : ' when the two consuls had dreamed.' How literally ? The subject of obvenisset is the clause eos . . . cecidisset. So the subject of convenit is uti . . . devoveret. 10 See Vocab., Manes. n Decius' act was called devotio, and proceeded from the idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming another might be substituted. According to Livy, 36 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES XV. Manius Curius Manius Curius contra Samnites prof ectus 1 eos ingentibus proe- liis vicit. 2 In quo bello cum permultum agrl 3 hominumque 3 maximam vim 4 cepisset/ ipse hide 6 dltari adeo 7 noluit, ut ? cum interversae 8 pecuniae argueretur, catillo 9 llgneo, quo 10 titi ad sa- 5 crificia consueverat, 11 in medium prolato iuraret s6 nihil amplius de praeda hostlll in domum suam convertisse. Curio 12 ad f ocum sedenti in agrestl scamno et ex ligneo catillo cenanti cum magnum auri pondus Samnites attulissent/ 3 repudiati ab eo sunt dlxitque non 14 aurum habere 15 sibi praeclarum viderl, sed ils qui haberent 10 aurum imperare. 15 Quo response Curius Samnltibus ostendit se neque acie vincI neque pectinia corrumpi posse. Agri capti se- ptena iiigera populo viritim divisit 16 ; cumque ipsi senatus iugera qumquaginta adsignaret, plus accipere noluit quam singulis civi- bus erat datum, dlxitque perniciosum esse clvem, 17 qui eo/ 8 quod 15 reliquis tribueretur, contentus non esset. 19 Postea consul creatus adversus Pyrrhum missus est : cumque in Capitolio delectum haberet et iuniores taedio 20 belli nomina 21 non darent, coniectis in urnam omnium tribuum nominibus prl- mum 22 nomen urna extractum citarl iussit et cum adulescens non 20 responderet, bona 23 eius hastae subiecit, deinde cum is que- Decius used this formula : " As a substi- tute for the commonwealth, the army, the legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes myself and the legions and allies of the enemy." 1 proficiscor. 2 vinco. partitive cf. p. 30, n. 6 4 Cf. p. 4, n. 11. the ager, or the gen 5 capio. 6 i.e. from money derived from the sale of the homines. ? Cf. p. 26, n. 8. 8 inte. /er- sae pecuniae : see p. 5, n. 15: for the case of pecuniae, see 409, II : 220: 378. 9 catillo . c , prolato (profero) iuraret = catillum proferret et iuraret. Cf. p. 2, n. 8. i° 421.1: 249: 407. n consue- scd. 12 Join with attulissent. 13 acl- fero. u non . . . imperare : ' it was not the having gold that seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.' Give Curius' exact words. 15 subjects of videri: cf. p. 6, n. 16. 16 = distribuit. i7 We would say, ' that citizen.' 18 421,111: 254,6,2: 401, N. 6. 19 Why subjunctive? 20 abl. of cause. 21 nomina dare = to hand in one's name to a recruiting officer, i.e. 'to volunteer.' It rarely, if ever, means 'to name.' 22 primum nomen: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn. 23 bona . . . subiecit : i.e. he sold his goods at auc- MANIUS CURIUS 37 stus * de initiria consulis tribtinos 2 plebis appellasset, ipsum quoque vendidit, nihil 3 opus esse rel ptiblicae eo cive, 4 qui nesciret parere, dicens. Neque tribuni plebis adulescenti 5 auxilio 5 fue- runt ; posteaque res 6 in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite acto, qui 7 militiani detrectaret, in servittitem venderetur. Hoc 8 terrore 25 ceteri adacti 9 nomina promptius dederunt. His copils Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit 10 deque eo rege triumphavit. Insignem u trmmphum f ecerunt quattuor elephantl cum turribus suis, tum prlmum Romae 12 visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenti prae- 35 sidio in Epirum revertit. Cum 13 autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum consulem fieri placuit. 14 Sed inopmata mors regis Romanos metu liberavit. Pyrrlius enirn, dum Argos op- pugnat, 15 urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quodam Argivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adulescentis, anus paupercula, . cum aliis mulieribus e tecto domus proe- elephant Hum spectabat ; quae cum vldisset Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris 40 sui magno impetu ferri/ 6 periculo filii sui commota protinus tegu- lam corripuit et utraque manu libratam 17 in caput regis deiecit. 30 tion. At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a spear was set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed. 1 queror. 2 The tribuni plebis had been created for the express purpose of protecting the people from unjust treat- ment by the patrician magistrates, espe- cially the consuls. They could veto the acts of any magistrate. 3 nihil . . . cive : 'the state had no need of that citizen.' nihil is an adverbial ace. 4 abl. with opus: 414, IV: 243, e: 406. 5 For the two datives see p. 25, n. 6. 6 res ...abiit: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf . severitas . . . abeat, XIII, G3. 7 ' whoever.' 8 Hoc terrore : i.e. ' by the terror occasioned by this (act).' 9 adigo. 10 At Beneventum, 275 b.c. n Insignem . . . elephant! : ' this triumph was made notable by the presence of four ele- phants.' How literally ? i2Cf.p.25, n. 7. 13 Cum. . . putaretur : with reno- vaturus sc. es.se. For the personal con- struction, see p. 7, n. 12. 14 Sc. populo Romano. Its subject is the clause Manium . . . fieri; hence the infin. fieri. 15 ' icas besieging.' Cf. p. 3, n. 14. 16 'rushing.' How literally? ir libra- tam . . . deiecit = llbrdvit et deiecit. 38 URBIS ROMAE VIRI IKLUSTRES XVI. Gaius Duilius Gaius Duilius Poenos navali ptigna primus x de- vicit. Qui cum videret naves E 6m anas a Punicls velocitate superarl, mantis ferreas sive corvos, machinam ad comprehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem, excogitavit. Quae 2 mantis ubi hostilem apprehenderant navem, superiecto ponte transgrediebatur Eomanus 3 et in ipsorum 4 ratibus comminus dimicabant, unde 5 Eomanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit. Celeriter sunt 10 columna rostra- expiignatae naves Ptinicae triginta, in quibus etiam praetoria 6 septiremis 7 capta est, mersae 8 tredecim. Duilius victor Eomam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla victoria Eomanis gratior fuit, quod 9 invicti terra 15 iam etiam marl plurimum 10 possent. 9 Itaque Duilio concessum est, ut per omnem vitam praelticente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret. 11 Hannibal, dux classis Ptinicae, e navi tibicen 20 quae iam capiebatur, in scapham saltti se demittens Eomanorum mantis effugit. Veritus autem, ne 12 in patria classis 13 amissae 1 primus devicit : ' was the first (Roman) to conquer.' Cf . primus egit, 1. 12. 443, and 1 : 191 : 325, r. 6. Such a phrase as primus fuit devincere is never used by good writers. 2 ' These ' ; cf. p. 4, n. 3. 3 a collective noun : ' the Romans.' 4 Sc. hostium. 5 We would say: ' and as a consequence.' 6 =prae- toris. Cf. regius, I, 17. The Romans applied the term praetor to the com- mander of any foreign force. 7 Sc. ndvis. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Dui- lius, the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy. 8 mergd; sc. sunt. 9 Cf. p. 14, n. 1. 10 ' were supreme ' ; cf . p. 23, n. 1. n In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rostrata was erected in the Forum. 12 ne . . . daret: a clause of purpose, dependent on veritus: 498 III: 331, /.: 550. 13 classis amis- sae: 'for losing the fleet'; see p. 5, n. 15. MARCUS ATILIUS REGULUS 39 poenas daret, civium odium asttitia avertit, nam ex ilia Infellcl pugna priusquam x cladis ntmtius domum 2 per venire t 1 quendam ex amlcls Carthagineni 2 misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, "Consulit" inquit "vos Hannibal, cum 3 dux Eomanorum magnis 25 copils maritimis Instructls advenerit, 3 num cum eo" confligere debeat ? " Acclamavit tini versus senatus non esse dubium, quin 4 confligi oporteret. Turn ille "Connlxit" inquit u et superatus est." Ita non potuerunt factum damnare, quod ipsi fieri debuisse iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis supplicium effiigit : 30 nam eo 5 poenae genere dux re 6 male gesta apud Poenos adfici- ebatur. XVII. Marcus Atilius Regulus Marcus Eegulus cum Poenos magna clade 7 adfecisset, Hanno BOi Carthaginiensis ad eum venit, quasi de pace acturus, 8 re 256. vera ut 8 tempus extraheret, 8 donee 9 novae copiae ex Africa advenlrent. 9 Is ubi ad consulem accessit, exortus 10 est mllitum clamor audltaque vox, idem 11 hulc faciendum esse, quod paucls 5 ante annls n Cornelio consull a Poenls factum esset. Cornelius enim, veiut in conloquium per fraudem evocatus, a Poenls com- prehensus erat et in vincula coniectus. lam Hanno timere incipi- ebat, sed perlculum astuto responso avertit : " Hoc vero " inquit 1 Cf . p. 12, n. 5. 2 Why accus. ? 3 causal subjunctive. 4 quin . . . opor- teret : quin with a subjunctive of result is regularly used after negative expres- sions of doubt : 504, 3, 2 : 332, g, r : 555, 2. 5 eo . . . adficiebatur : ' in that way . . . was punished.' How literally ? 6 re male gesta: 'if unsuccessful.' How literally? 7 clade adfecisset = ' had inflicted defeat upon.' Cf. eogener^ . . . adficie- batur, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval victory off Ecuomus, in Sicily. 8 Note carefully the two ways of ex- pressing purpose, the future participle being exactly equivalent to ut with the subjunctive. See p. xviii, E 5 ; quasi = ' as if,' and is contrasted with re vera, ' in reality.' 9 The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also p. xx, G 3. 10 exorior. n idem . . . esse : ' the same thing ought to be done to him.' The gerundive when coupled with esse de- notes either physical necessity (' must ') , or moral obligation ('ought'). 12 abl. of the measure of difference : 423 : 250: 403. paucis annis is a sort of temporal adverb with ante. 40 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTKES 10 "si feceritis, 1 nihilo 2 eritis Afrls 3 nieliores." Consul tacere itissit eos, qui par 4 pari ref erri volebant, et conveniens 5 gravitati Komanae responsum dedit : " Isto te metu, Hanno, fides Romana llberat." De pace, quia neque Poenus serio agebat et consul victoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit. 15 Regulus deinde in Africam primus 6 Romanorum ducum tra- iecit. Clypeam urbem et trecenta 7 castella expugnavit, neque 8 cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum monstris dimicavit. 1ST am cum ad flumen Bagradam castra haberet, anguis mira magnitudine exercitum Romanorum vexabat ; multos milites ingenti ore cor- 20 ripuit; pltires caudae verbere elisit 9 ; nonnullos ipso pestilentis halitus adnata exanimavit. Neque is telorum Ictti perforari poterat, durissima 10 squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repel- lente. Confugiendum u fuit ad machinas advectisque ballistls 12 et catapultls, velut 13 arx quaedam munita, deiciendus hostis fuit. 25 Tandem saxorum pondere oppressus 14 iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestif ero adflatti vicina loca inf ecit Eomanosque castra inde submovere coegit. 15 Corium beluae, centum et viginti pedes 16 longum, Romam misit Regulus. Huic ob res 17 bene gestas imperium in annum proximum pro- 1 Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two past actions the prior is expressed by the pluperfect tense ; of two future actions the prior is expressed by the future perfect tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ' if you do.' 2 Join with meliores, and cf . p. 39, n. 12. 3 i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind Pu- nica fides was a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great Hannibal that his character was marred by 'worse than Punic treachery.' For Afrls, see p. 10, n. 18. 4 par . . . ref erri =' retaliation.' How literally ? 5 ' con- sistent with.' 6 primus . . . traiecit : cf. p. 38, n. 1. " indefinite, like our | 'hundreds of.' Sescenti and mille are often used in the same way. 8 = et non (cf. 1. 13). 9 elido. 10 durissima . . . repellente: what does the abl. abs. ex- press? u Confugiendum ... ad: im- personal passive : ' they had to resort to.' Cf . p. 39, n. 11. 12 The ballistae and catapultae were the artillery of an- tiquity. It is said that from the ballistae stones weighing one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile. 13 velut . . . munita : to be taken with what follows. 14 opprimo. 15 cogo. 16 ace. of extent (cf. p. 12, n. 1) with longum. ir res bene gestas: 'successes,' 'exploits.' Contrast re male gestd, XVI, 31, and note. MARCUS ATILIUS REGULUS 41 rogatum est. Quod ubi cognovit Eegulus, scripsit senatui vilicuni 30 suuni in agello, quern septem iugerum * habebat, mortuum esse et servum, occasionem nactum, 2 aufugisse ablato instrumento 3 rti- stico ideoque petere se, ut sibi 4 successor in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset, unde 5 uxor et liberi alerentur. 6 Sena- tus, acceptis litteris, res, quas Eegulus amiserat, publica pecunia 35 redimi iussit, agellum colendum 7 locavit, alimenta 8 coniugi ac llberis praebuit. Eegulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginien- sium opes contudit 9 eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Eegulus nollet nisi durissimis condicionibus 10 dare, a Lacedae- monils ill! auxilium petierunt. 40 Lacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, Cartha- B giniensibus miserunt, a quo Eegulus victus est ultima per- 255. nicie 10 : nam duo tantum milia bominum ex omni Eomano exercitti reftigerunt et Eegulus ipse captus et in carcerem con- iectus est. Inde Eomam de permutandis captivis missus 45 est dato itireiurando, ut/ 1 si non impetrasset, 12 rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui cum Eomam venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit ; sententiam 13 ne diceret recusavit ; quamditi u iureitirando hostium teneretur, se non esse senatorem. Itissus tamen sententiam dicere, negavit 15 esse utile captlvos Poenos 50 B.O 251 1 Cf. p. 18, n. 17. 2 occasionem nac- tum (nanclscor) : ' seizing the opportu- nity.' s instrumento rustico: 'his farming implements.' 4 Join with suc- cessor, and cf. p. 26, n. 5. 5 unde . . . alerentur: 'the wherewithal to sup- port,' etc. 6 subjunctive partly of pur- pose, partly by attraction, for which see p. 13, n. 10. 7 colendum: 'to he tilled' (cf. p. 2, n. 18), for Regulus' benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally between owner and tenant. 8 alimenta . . . praebuit: i.e. they were supported at public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No salary was given to Roman officials. 9 contundo. 10 abl. of manner : 419,111: 248, and r.: 399. u ut . . . rediret gives the purpose of the Carthaginians in exacting, and of Regulus in taking, the oath. 12 sub- junctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said : St non impetrdvero, . . . redlbo. 13 sententiam . . . recusavit: 'he re- fused to express his opinion.' recusdre is construed (1) with the simple infini- tive ; (2) with ne and a subjunctive of purpose ; (3) with quin or quominus and a subjunctive of result. 14 quamdiu . . . senatorem : indirect discourse = ' (say- ing that) as long as,' etc. 15 negavit esse utile : ' he said that it was not expe- 42 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES reddl, illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam con- fectum 1 senecttite. Cuius cum 2 valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem rediit: neque vero tunc Ignorabat se ad crudelis- 55 simum liostem et ad exquisita supplicia proficisci, sed iusiuran- dum conservandum 3 putavit. Eeversum 4 Carthaginienses omul cruciatti necaverunt : palpebris enim resectis aliquamditi in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt : deinde cum sol esset ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in arcam llgneam, 60 undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tarn angustam, ut erectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, incluserunt. Ita dum fessum corpus, quocumque inclmabat, stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore continuo interemptus est. Hie fuit Atilil Eeguli exitus, ipsa vita clarior et inlustrior. XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus Poe- nos prof ectus priorum ducum consilia palam reprehendebat B c _ seque, quo 5 die hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse 249. iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam navale proelium committeret, auspicia 6 haberet pullariusque 7 el nuntiasset, pullos non exire e dient.' In such sentences negare rather than non dlcere is used. The subject of esse is the clause captlvos . . . reddi. 1 ' exhausted.' 2 Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown by tamen : see p. xxii, J. 3 s c . esS6f an( j c f # p- 39, n.ll. 4 Sc.ewm: 'on his return.' The story is given by no writer earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are in- clined to view the whole narrative as fictitious. 5 quo die: we should expect die quo, or eddem die quo, but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative clause and made to agree with the pro- noun: 445, 9: 200, b: 616. 6 auspicia haberet : cf . auspicia decreverunt adhi- bere, I, 42. 7 pullarius . . . vesci: on setting out for the seat of war, the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred chickens, in charge of a special keeper (pullarius). If, when food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance de- scribed in the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of very dire significance. QU1NTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS 43 cavea neque vesci biberent, quoniam esse milites ad omnia segniores inrldens iussit eos in aquam mergl, 1 nollent. Ea res cum, quasi 2 Iratis timidio- ut saltern dils, resque fecisset, commisso proelio 3 magna clades a Eomanis accepta est : octo eorum mllia caesa sunt, viginti milia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a populo condemnatus est damnationis- que 4 ignominiam voluntaria morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati 5 fuit etiam Claudiae, 5 consulis sorori : quae a ludis publicis revertens, in 6 conf erta multitiidine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit ut frater suus Pulcher revivisceret atque iterum classem amit- teret, quo 7 minor turba Eomae foret. 7 Claudia quoque damnata gravisque 8 el ! 10 15 SACRED CHICKENS From the tomb of a Pullarius Ob vocem illam impiam dicta est multa. 20 XIX. Qmntus Fabius Maximus Hannibal, Hamilcaris 10 filius, novem n annos n natus, a patre aris admotus odium in Romanos perenne itiravit. Quae res maxime videtur concitasse secundum 13 Ptinicum bellum. B.C. 236. 1 infinitive of edo. 2 quasi . . . dils : 'because (as they supposed), the gods were angry.' Cf. p. 3, n. 6. iratis dils is an abl. abs. 3 The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost 93 out of 123 ships. 4 que here = ' but,' a meaning which it bears more frequently after negative sentences (p. 13, n. 12). 5 Cf. p. 25, n. 6. 6 in . . . carpento : an abl. abs., giving the cause of optavit. 7 Cf . p. 14, n. 13. § gravis . . . multa : 'a heavy fine was imposed upon her.' 9 dat. of disadvantage. i° In the latter part of the First Pu- nic War Hamilcar had successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily against the Romans. Subse- quently he built up a great Carthaginian empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with the means for a renewal of the conflict. n novem . . . natus : 1 when only nine years old.' 12 Cf. p. 10, n. 15. 13 This war lasted from 218 to 202 B.C. ,44 URBIS ROMAE YIRI INLUSTRES 10 15 20 Nam, mortuo x Hamilcare, Hannibal cansam belli quaerens Sagun- tuni, clvitatem Hispaniae Romanis 2 f oederatam, evertit. B c Quapropter Eoma missi snnt Carthaginem 219, legati", qui Hannibalem, mall auctoreni, exposce- rent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius, legationis prlnceps, sinu ex toga facto "Hie" inquit " vobis bellum et pacem portamus ; utrum 3 placet, sumite." Poenis daret 4 ntrum vellet succlamantibns, Fabins, excussa 5 toga, bellum se dare dlcit. Poeni accipere se responderunt et, quibus 6 acciperent animis, iisdem se gestures. 7 Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugls in Italiam venit. Publium 8 Scipionem apud Ticinum 9 amnem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud Trasimenum profligavit. Adversus bostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fabius dicta- tor 10 Hannibalis impetum mora u f regit ; namque, priorum ducum cladibus edoctus belli rationem miitare et adversus 12 Hannibal em, successibus proeliorum Insolentem, recedere 13 ab ancipiti dis- crimine et tueri tantummodo Italiam constituit Cunctatorisque nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca alta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, 14 ut neque omitteret 15 eum HANNIBAL 1 When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his son-in-law Hasdrn- bal took command of the Carthaginian forces there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219. 2 dat. with f oede- ratam. Compare the dat. used with iungo and mi seed : 385, 4, 3: 248, a, r. : 359. 3 utrum is here a relative pro- noun ; hence the indicative placet, with which we must supply vobis. In utrum vellet, however, utrum is interrogative : hence the subjunctive. 4 = ut daret, a subjunctive of purpose, to be taken with succlamantibus. Cf . inclamat . . . fe- rant, IV, 23, and note. 5 excutio. 6 qui- bus . . . animis, iisdem: abl. of manner. See p. 42, n. 5. 7 Sc. bellum. 8 P. Corne- lius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cor- nelius Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218. 9 The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217. i° See Vocab., dictator, u Cf. p. 28, n. 17. 12 adversus Hannibalem = a causal clause : 'since he was facing H.' Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle to sum. 13 recedere . . . dis- crimine : ' to avoid (any) hazardous risk.' recedere depends on constituit, 1. 22. 14 modico . . . intervallo : we say, 'at a moderate distance.' For the abl., see p. 39, n. 12. 15 ' let slip/ ' lose sight of.' QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS 45 neque cum eo congrederetur ; castrls, 1 nisi 2 quantum necessitas 25 cogeret, 2 miles tenebatur. Dux neque occasion! 3 rei 4 bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hostl dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proelils superior discederet, militem 5 minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae aut forttinae paenitere. 30 His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno locorum angustiis clausisset, ille sine tillo exercitus detrlmento se expedlvit. ISTamque arida sarmenta in bourn cornibus deligata 6 prmcipio 7 noctis incendi bovesque ad montes, quos EomanI Insederant, agl iussit. Qui cum accensis cornibus per montes, per silvas hue 35 illuc discurrerent, EomanI miraculo attoniti constiterunt ; ipse Fabius, insidias esse ratus, 8 militem extra vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit. Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret invidiam, agrum eius, omnibus circa vastatls, intactum rellquit. At Fabius, misso 40 Eomam Qulnto fllio, inviolatum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captlvos Eomanos redemit. Haud grata tamen Eomanls erat Fabil cunctatio : eumque pro cauto timidum, pro cunctatore segnem 9 vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister 10 equitum, dictatorem crlminando : 45 ilium in ducendo bello sedulo tempus terere, 11 quo diutius in magistrate esset solusque et Eomae et in exercitu imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatorl 12 magistrum 1 apparently=z?i castris, but really an abl. of means. 2 nisi . . . cogeret: ' ex- cept as far as necessity forced (Fabius to lead tbem forth) .' cogeret is an exam- ple of the iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense, and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based. 3 neque . . . deerat: 'missed no chance of scoring a success.' 4 rei bene gerendae : cf.p.40, n. 17. 6 militem . . . paenitere: 'the soldiers began to be less discontented with (i.e. to be more confident of),' etc. For the construction, see p. 28, n. 7. 6 deligata . . . incendi = deligarl et in- cendi. T Why abl. ? 8 reor. 9 Render by a noun: 'sluggard.' 10 See Vocab., magister. n indirect discourse, de- pendent on the verb of saying suggested by crlminando. 12 Indirect object with aequavit, which = aequum fecit. 46 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES equitum imperio 1 aequavit. Hanc iniuriani aequo 2 animo tulit 50 Fabius exercitumque suuni cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere proelium commisisset, el 3 periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cuius subito adventu repressus Hannibal receptui 4 cecinit, palam conf essus 5 ab se Minucium, se a Fabio victum esse. Eedeuntem ex acie dixisse eum 6 f erunt tandem 7 earn nubem, quae 55 sedere in iugis montium solita esset, cum procella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem perlculo liberatus castra cum Fabio iunxit et patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites itissit. Postea Hannibal Tarento 8 per proditionem potitus est. Hanc urbem ut Poenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles iuvenes Taren- go tini conitiraverant. Hi, nocte per 9 speciem venandi urbe egress!, ad Hannibalem, qui haud procul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum quid pararent exposuissent, conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuit- que ut 10 redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium, quae pastum u pro- pulsa essent, ad urbem agerent 10 et veluti 12 praedam ex hoste 65 factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent. 10 Id iterum ac saepius ab iis factum eoque 13 consuettidinis adducta res est, ut, quocumque noctis tempore sibilo dedissent 14 signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc Hannibal eos nocte media cum decern milibus hominum delectorum secutus est. Ubi portae appropin- 1 abl. of specification. 2 aequo animo is an abl. of manner (p. 41, n. 10) , and = ' patiently.' 3 el . . . auxilio : ' to help him in his peril.' Cf. p. 25, n. 6. 4 receptui cecinit : ' gave the signal for a retreat.' receptui is a dat. of pur- pose : cf. p. 25, n. 6. canere is used of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as of vocal. 5 con- fiteor. 6 i.e. Hannibal. 7 tandem . . . dedisse : ' the cloud . . . had at last brought wind and rain,' i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the Cartha- ginians, had at last proceeded to active measures. 8 Cf. p. 4, n. 6. 9 per . . . venandi: 'under pretense of hunting.' 10 a substantive clause of purpose, ob- ject of monuit. n supine of pdsco, denoting the purpose of propulsa es- sent: cf. p. 5, n. 20. 12 veluti . . . factam : ' as if they (i.e. the cattle) were plunder captured from the foe.' prae- dam is accus. by attraction to ea pecora, to be supplied as the object of donarent. 13 eo . . . est: lit., 'to such a degree of custom was the matter brought,' = ' so customary did this proceeding be- come.' consuetudinis is a partitive gen. with eo, which strictly = ' thither, to that point.' 14 subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) to aperiretur, which itself denotes result. QULNTUS FABIUS MAXiMUS 47 quarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare slgnum vigilem excitavit. 70 Duo prlnii Inferebant aprum vast! corporis. Vigil incautus, dum beluae magnitudineni nilratur, venabulo occisus est. IngressI proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos 1 obtruncant. Turn Hannibal cum suo agmine ingreditur : Eomani passim trucidantur. Livius Salmator, Eomanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui caedi superfuerunt, 75 in arcem confugit. Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidi- one cinxit. Leve 2 dictu momentum ad rem ingentem perficien- dam eum aditivit. Praefectus praesidii Tarentini deperlbat 3 amore mulierculae, 4 cuius frater in exercitu Fabii erat. Miles 80 iussus a Pabio pro perfuga Tarentum transiit ac per sororem praef ectum ad 5 tradendam urbem perpulit. Pabius vigilia 6 prima accessit ad earn partem muri, quam praefectus ctistodiebat. Adiu- vantibus recipientibusque eius militibus, Koniani in urbem tran- scenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta/ Fabius cum exercitu 85 intravit. Hannibal 8 nuntiata, Tarenti oppugnatione, cam ad opem ferendam f estmans captam urbem esse audivisset, " Et Eomani " inquit " suum 9 Hannibalem liabent : eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus." Cum postea Livius Salinator coram Pabio gloriaretur, quod 10 90 arcem Tarentmam retinuisset, 10 dlxissetque eum u sua opera Taren- tum recepisse, " Certe " inquit Fabius rldens, " nam nisi tu ami- sisses, 12 ego numquam recepissem." 12 Quintus Fabius iam senex f Ilio suo consul! legatus fuit ; cum- 1 ' who were buried in slumber.' The perf. pass. part, here, as often, = a rela- tive clause. 2 Leve . . . momentum : 'a circumstance (almost too) trifling to mention.' For dictu, see p. 19, n.15. 3 deperibat amore : ' was dying for (lit. because of) love,' i.e. was desper- ately in love with. 4 objective -gen. with amore : cf. p. 14, n. 15. 5 ad . . . per- pulit (perpello) : 'drove him to,' i.e. induced him to, etc. 6< watcb.' 7 re- fringo. 8 emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunction cum: cf. p. 19, n. 8. 9 suum Hannibalem : ' a Hannibal of their own.' 10 Cf. p. 14, n. 1. n i.e. Fabius. Livius said : med opera tu Tarentum recepistl. 12 A con- ditional sentence, containing a supposi- tion contrary to the facts as they existed in the past : 510, and n. 1 : 308 : 597. 48 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 95 que in eius castra venlret, filius obviam patri progressus est, duodecim llctoribus pro more antecedentibus. Equo l vehebatur senex neque appropinquante consule descendit. lam ex llctoribus tindecim verecundia 2 paternae maiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul animadvertisset, proximum lictorem iussit 100 inclamare 3 Fabio patrl, ut ex equo descenderet. Pater turn desiliens "Non ego, fill," inquit "tuum imperium contempsi, sed experiri volui, num scires consulem te esse." Ad summam senec- tutem vixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. 4 Cautior 5 quam promptior habitus est, sed insita 6 eius ingenio prudentia el losbello, quod turn gerebatur, proprie apta erat. NeminI 7 dubium est qum 8 rem 9 Romanam cunctando 10 restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, 10 ita hie non dimicando 10 maxime civitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Alter enim celeritate sua Carthaginern oppressit, alter cunctatione id n egit, ne Roma opprimi posset. XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro Hannibal 12 in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma profecti sunt duo consules, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius B.C. 216. 1 equo vehebatur: ' was riding.' equo is an abl. of means. 2 verecundia . . . maiestatis : ' out of respect for his dignity as a father.' Explain the case of verecundia, also of maiestatis. Ro- man fathers were as absolutely masters of their children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in offi- cial position took precedence of the honors due a father. 3 inclamare . . . descenderet: cf. p. 12, n. 3. 4 abl. with dignus : 421, III : 245, a : 397, n. 2. 5 Cautior . . . est : we would say : ' he was accounted cautious rather than alert.' For the Latin form, see 444, 2 : 192 : 299. 6 insita . . . prudentia; ' his innate caution'; lit., the caution im- planted in his nature. For ingenio, see p. 2, n. 7. 7 possessive dative : 'no one has a doubt.' scf.p.39,n.4. 9 = rem imbli- cam. 10 abl. of means. With cunctando cf. mora, 1. 19, and cunctatione, 1. 109. 11 id . . . posset : ' accomplished this, that it should be impossible to over- throw Rome.' ne . . . posset is a clause of purpose, in apposition with id. 12 Since the battle at Lake Trasime- nus (XIX, 17) , there had been no gen- eral engagement between the Romans and Hannibal. The latter, closely watched and followed by Fabius, had marched, into southern Italy, hoping to induce the peoples there to desert Rome and join him. When Fabius resigned AEMILIUS PAULUS ET TERENTIUS VARRO 49 Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio magis placebat ; Varro x autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur consilia. Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra commumverunt. Ibi 5 deinde Varro, invito 2 conlega, aciem Instrtixit et signum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Romanls 3 et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent. Victus caesusque est Romanus exercitus ; nusquam graviore vul- nere adfllcta est res publica. Aemilius Paulus tells obrutus ceci- 10 dit : quem cum media in ptigna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quidam tribunus militum, " Cape " inquit " hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. 4 Etiam sine tua morte lacrimarum satis ltictusque est." Ad ea consul 5 : "Tu 6 quidem macte virtute esto ! Sed cave 7 exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi 15 perdas ! Abi, ntintia patribus ut urbem mtiniant ac prius quam hostis victor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meo- rum militum patere 8 exspirare." Alter consul cum paucis equi- tibus Venusiam perfugit. Consular es aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi triginta, nobiles ^^^w-^ 20 viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria milia et qumgenti. Hannibal in 9 testimo- nium victoriae suae tres modios aureorum anulo- rum 10 Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum et senatorum detraxerat. anulus 25 the dictatorship at the end of the legal period, C. Terentius Varro and L. Aemi- lius Paulus were elected consuls. Their army numbered 80,000 men, and their instructions were to fight as speedily as possible. 1 A further cause of trouble between the consuls was the fact that Paulus was a patrician, Varro a plebeian. 2 invito oonlega: abl. abs. : ' though opposed by his colleague.' How literally? The consuls held supreme command on alter- nate days. 3 Construe with adversi. 4 For this form of the vocative, see 51, 5: 40, c: 33, 2. 5 sc . inquit. 6 Tu . . . esto : ' God bless you ! ' Cf. p. 32, n. 1. 7 cave . . . perdas = cavene . . .perdas: ' Take care lest,' etc. For this common form of prohibition, see 489, 2: 269, a, 3: 271, 2. AVe really have two com- mands here side by side, thus : ' Take care ' ; ' Don't waste,' etc. 8 imperative olpatior. 9 in . . . suae: 'to prove his victory.' 10 The custom of wearing rings was universal among the Romans, having arisen out of their use as signets. 50 urbis rOmae virI inlustrEs Hannibal! victor! cum ceteri gratularentur suaderentque, ut quietem iam ipse stimeret et fess!s m!litibus daret, tinus ex eius praefectis, Maharbal, minime 1 cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim Eomam pergeret, die quinto victor in 30 Capitolio epulaturus. 2 Cumque Hannibal illud non probasset, Maharbal "Non omnia nimirum " inquit "eidem 3 di! dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal ; victoria tit! nescis." Mora huius die! satis creditur saltit! 4 f uisse urb! 4 et imperio. 4 Hannibal cum victoria posset tit!, fru! maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam divertit, 35 cuius 5 deliciis mox exercittis ardor elanguit, adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam 6 Hannibal! Cannas fuisse. Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum 7 ubi acceptae cladis ntintius advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est ; qu!n 8 etiam animo civitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varron! ex tanta 40 clade redeunt! obviam irent et gratias agerent, quod de re ptiblica non desperasset : qui, s! Poenorum dux f uisset, 9 temeritatis poenas omn! supplicio dedisset. 9 Non autem vitae cupiditate, sed re! ptiblicae amore se superf uisse 10 reliquo aetatis suae tempore appro- bavit. Nam et barbam capillumque submisit, 11 et postea numquam 45 recubans 12 cibum cepit ; honoribus quoque, cum e! deferrentur a Originally they were of iron. When gold rings were first used they served to distinguish the higher classes. 1 minime . . . ratus : ' thinking that there ought to he no delay.' With ces- sandum sc. esse, and see p. 16, n. 8. 2 victor . . . epulaturus : ' for he would surely dine as victor on the Capitol.' The fut. part, is often thus used to de- note the certain occurrence of a future event. Further, the clause expresses the reason why Maharhal urged H. to proceed to Rome. What were Mahar- bal's exact words? 3 dat. sing. 4 Cf. p. 25, n. 0. Contrast the words of a modern historian: "Hannibal knew Rome better than the simpletons who, in ancient and modern times, have fan- cied that he might have terminated the struggle by a march on the enemy's capital." 5 cuius . . . fuisse: a gross exaggeration. Hannibal successfully maintained himself in Italy till recalled in 203. 6 Capua, at this time the most powerful city in Italy next to Rome, had formed an alliance with Hannibal after the battle of Cannae. 7 Sc.fuit. 8 quin etiam: 'on the contrary.' 9 For the construction, see p. 47, n. 12. For the fact, cf. XVI, 19 ff. io superfuisse . . . approbavit : ' he showed that he had effected his escape (lit., had survived).' 11 ' let grow.' This manner of showing grief is often mentioned. 12 The Ro- mans reclined on the left side at meals. Varro's act was a kind of penance, since AEMILIUS PAULUS ET TERENTIUS VARRO 51 50 CONVIVIUM populo, remintiavit, dicens iellcioribus magistratibus J rei publicae opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat, Ko- mani interim respirare 2 coeperunt. Arma non erant: detracta sunt tem- plis 3 vetera hostium spo- lia. Deerat iuventus : servi manumissi et arniati sunt. Egebat aerarium : opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nee praeter quod in 55 bullis singulisque 4 anulis erat quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique vix 5 suffecere tabulae, vix scrlbarum mantis, cum omnes privatae opes in publicum deferrentur. Cum Hannibal redimendi 6 sui copiam captlvis Eomanis f ecis- 60 set, decern ex ipsis Eomam ea de re missi sunt ; nee pignus aliud fidei ab iis postulatum est, quam ut iurarent, se, si non impetras- sent, in castra esse redituros. Eos senatus non redimendos cen- suit responditque eos elves non esse necessarios, qui, cum armati essent, cap! potuissent. Unus ex iis legatis e castris Poenorum 65 egressus, veluti 7 aliquid 8 oblitus, paulo post in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsectitus erat. Is ergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit ; reditu enim in castra se llberatum esse iureiurando interpretabatur. 9 Quod ubi innotuit, iussit sena- it indicated that he denied himself the pleasures of the table. i magistratibus . . . esse : cf . p. 37, notes 3 and 4. 2 ' to repair their losses ' ; lit., ' to get their breath again.' 3 dat. ; cf. p. 2, n. 7. After a victory, captured arms, as well as a portion of the cap- tured treasure, were hung up in some temple as a thank-offering to the gods. 4 singulis . . . anulis: 'a ring apiece.' 6 vix . . . mantis : i.e. they hardly had clerks and tablets sufficient to keep the record of contributions. 6 redimendi sui: 'of ransoming themselves.' 542, I, n. 1 : 298, a : 428, r. 1. T veluti . . . oblitus : ' pretending to have forgotten something.' How literally ? Join with what follows. 8 A neuter pronoun or adjective is often used with verbs of remembering or forgetting. Contrast obllta fratrum, IV, 37, and note 9 'maintained, held.' 52 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLTJSTRES 70 tus ilium comprehend! et vinctum duel ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hamribalis audaciam maxime f regit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus x adnictis tarn excelso esset animo. XXI. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Publius Cornelius Scipio 2 nondum annos pueritiae egressus patrem singular! virtute servavit; qui 8 cum pugna 4 apud T!c!num 5 contra Hannibalem commissa graviter vulne- ratus in hostium mantis iam iam 6 venttirus esset, films interiecto 7 corpore Poen!s inruenti- bus se opposuit et patrem periculo liberavit. Quae 8 pietas Scipioni postea aedilitateni petent! f avorem popul! conciliavit. Cum obsi- 10 sterent tribtin! plebis, negantes 9 rationem eius esse babendam, quod nondum ad petendum legitima 10 aetas esset, " Si me " inquit Sc!pio '•' omnes Quirites aed!lem facere volunt, satis annorum babeo." Tanto inde favore ad suffragia itum 11 est, ut tribtini incepto desisterent. 15 Post cladem Cannensem Poman! exercitus reliquiae Canusium perfugerant ; cum que ibi tribtin! militum quattuor essent. tamen omnium consensu ad Publium Scipionem, admodum 12 adulescen- tem, summa imperii delata est. Quibus consultantibus nuntiat 1 abl. abs. : 'though their affairs were at the lowest_ebb.' 2 See Vocab., Africanus and Scipio. 3 qui cum: 'for when he.' Cf. p. 4, n. 3. 4 'in (the course of) the battle.' j/iigna, like helium and proeliunx, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep. 5 Cf. XIX, 16. 6 iam iam . . . esset : ' was on the very point of fall- ing.' ' interiecto corpore : ' by inter- posing his body.' See p. xxiii, K 8. 8 Quae pietas: 'this act of devotion.' 9 negantes . . . habendam : ' by saying that no account should be taken of him.' For negantes, see p. 41, n. 15. rationem habere is a phrase of mercantile life. 10 Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty- sixth year. u impersonal pass, from eo : 'they proceeded.' 12 admodum adule- scentem : ' though but,' etc PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS 53 Publius Ftirius Philus, consularis viri films, nobiles quosdam iuvenes propter desperationem consilium de Italia deserenda 20 inire. Statim in liospitinm Metelli, qui conspirationis erat prin- ceps, se contulit Scipio, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, de quibus adlatum 1 erat, invenisset, stricto super capita consultantium gla- dio, " Iurate " inquit " vos neque ipsos rem publicam populi Roman! deserturos, neque alium civem Eomanum deserere pas- 25 suros 2 : qui 3 non itiraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat." 4 Haud 5 secus pavidi, quam si victorem Hannibalem cer- nerent, 6 iiirant omnes custodiendosque semet ipsos ScipionI tradunt. Cum Roman! duas clades in Hispania accepissent duoque ibi 30 B c summi imperatores 7 intra dies triginta cecidissent, placuit 8 212, exercitum auger! eoque proconsulem mitti; nee tamen quern mitterent 9 satis constabat. Ea de re in dicta sunt comitia. Prlmo populus exspectabat, ut, qui se tanto dignos imperio crederent, 10 nomina profiterentur ; sed nemo audebat illud impe- 35 rium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas ac prope inops u consilii 12 comitiorum die in campum descendit. Subito P. Cornelius Sclpio, quattuor et viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere, 13 in superiore, unde 14 conspici posset, loco constitit. In quern post- quam omnium ora conversa sunt, ad unum omnes Sclpionem in 40 Hispania proconsulem esse iusserunt. At postquam animorum 15 impetus resedit, populum 16 Eomanum coepit fact! paenitere: 1 adlatum erat : impersonal pass. : ' the news had been brought.' 2 patior. 3 qui . . . itiraverit (fut. perf . indie.) = a conditional clause, si quis non iuraverit. Cf . qui . . . crederent, 1. 35, below. 4 Cf . p. 31, n. 9. 5 Haud ... si: ' Quite as much frightened as if.' 6 Cf. p. 47, n. 12. 7 P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Corne- lius Scipio, respectively father and uncle of African us. 8 Sc. sendtui or populo. 9 Cf. p. 3, n. 2. 10 Subjunctive by at- traction : see p. 13, n. 10. n inops con- silii: 'at its wit's end.' 12 The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting fulness or the opposite : 399, 3 : 218, a : 374, and n. 1. 13 petere, as a political term, = 'to be a candidate.' u unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset ; cf . p. 5, n. 3. 15 animorum impetus: 'en- thusiasm,' 'excitement.' 16 populum . . . paenitere : cf . Veientes . . . paeni- tuisset, XI, 13, and note. 54 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES aetati Sclpionis maxime diffldebant. Quod ubi animadvertit Scipio, advocata contione ita magno elatoque animo de bello, 45 quod gereudum esset, disseruit, ut homines ctira llberaret speque certissima impleret. Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem Novam, quo 1 die venit, exptignavit. Eo 2 congestae 3 erant omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae opes, ibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispa- 50 niae obsides erant: quibus omnibus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae f ormae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit inlustri loco inter Celtiberos natam prlncipique eius gentis adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis parentibus et sponso earn reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad earn redimendam satis 4 55 magnum auri pondus attulerant, Sclpionem orabant ut id a se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes poni iussit vocatoque ad se virginis sponso, " Super dotem ; ' inquit " quam acceptiirus a socero es, baec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent " aurumque tol- lere ac sibi habere iussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam 60 Sclpioni gratiam Celtiberos Eomanis conciliavit. Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem 5 victum 6 ex Hispania expulit. Castris hostium potitus omnem praedam militibus concessit, ca- ptivos 7 Hispanos sine pretio domum dlmlsit; Afros vero vendl iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus regii generis, 8 forma In- 65 slgnl 8 : quern cum percontaretur Scipio quis et cuias esset, et cur id 9 aetatis in castris f uisset, " Numida sum " inquit puer, " Masslvam populares vocant : orbus a patre relictus, apud avum maternum, Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masi- nissa, qui nuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam 1 Cf. p. 42, n. 5. 2 = in eum locum. 3 congero. 4 satis is often used like our ' tolerably.' 6 A brother of Hanni- bal. 6 victum . . . expulit = vlcit et expulit. 7 = ' but the captives,' etc. Cf . p. 2, n. 24, and p. 5, n. 13. 8 Note that we have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of characteristic. For the dif- ference between them, see 419, 2: 215, n.: 400, r. 1. 9 id aetatis: 'at that age,' i.e. though he was so young. The accus. id is variously explained: see 378, 2: 240, b: 336, n. 2. aetatis is partitive gen. (p. 30, n. 2) with id. PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS 55 traieci; proliibitus propter aetateni a Masinissa numquam ante 70 proelium inii. Eo die, quo pugnatum est cum Roraanis, inscio avunculo, clam armis equoque sumpto, in aciem exii : ibi, pro- lapso equo, captus sum a Romanis." Sclpio eum interrogat vel- letne * ad avunculum reverti. Cum, effusis 2 gaudio lacrimis, id vero se cupere puer diceret, turn Sclpio puero anulum aureum 75 equumque ornatum donat datisque qui 3 tuto deducerent equiti- bus dimisit. Cum Ptiblius Cornelius Sclpio se erga Hispanos clem enter ges- sisset, circumftisa multittido eum regem ingenti consensu appella- vit ; at Sclpio, silentio per praeconem facto, " Nomen imperatoris " 80 inquit, " quo * me mei milites appellarunt, mihi 5 maximum est : regium 6 nomen, alibi magnum, Romae intolerabile est. Si id am- plissimum itidicatis, quod regale est, vobis licet exlstimare regalem in me esse animum ; sed oro vos ut a regis appellatione abstine- atis." Sensere etiam barbari magnittidinem animi, qua Sclpio id «5 aspernabatur, quod ceteri mortales admirantur et concupiscunt. Sclpio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam Africam transferre meditaretur, conciliandos 7 prius regum et gentium am- nios existimavit. Syphacem, Maurorum regem, opulentissimum totius Af ricae regem, quern 8 magno tisul 9 sibi 9 fore 10 speraret, pri- 90 mum tentare statuit. Itaque legatum cum donis ad eum misit C. Laelium, quocum intima familiaritate vivebat. Syphax ami- B citiam Romanorum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nee dare 206, nee accipere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Sclpio igitur in Africam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso 95 1 Why is vellet subjunctive? 2 effu- sis (effundo) . . . lacrimis : ' with tears of joy.' How literally? 3 qui ... de- ducerent : ' to escort him.' 4 quo . . . appellarunt: Roman soldiers, after a victory, hailed their general as Irapera- tor. It was a way of saying that the leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he had assumed on beginning the campaign. 6 ' in my eyes,' ' to my mind ' ; a dative of refer- ence. 6 regium nomen = regis nomen, 'the title of king.' Cf. nomen impera- toris, 1. 80, and regis appellatione, 1. 84. 7 Sc. esse. 8 quern . . . speraret : causal rel. clause (p. 31, n. 1). 9 For the two datives, see p. 25, n. 6. 10 future in- finitive of sum. 56 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES tempore Hasdrubal 1 pulsus Hispania ad eundeui portum appelle- ret, 2 Syphacis amlcitiani pariter petiturus. 3 Uterque a rege in hospitiurn invltatus. Cenatuni 4 simul apud regem est ; eodera etiam lecto 5 Scipio atque Hasdrubal accubuerunt. Tauta autein looinerat comitas in Scipione, ut non Syphacein modo, sed etiam hostem mfestissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret. Scipio, foe. dere Icto cum Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit. Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam dudum ft cupiebat. Quare ad eum tres Numidarmn prlncipes misit ad 105 tempus locumque conloquio statuendum. Duos pro obsidibus reti neri a Scipione iubet; remisso tertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constittitum addticeret, Scipio et Masinissa cum paucls in conlo quium venerunt. Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex fama rerum gestarum admlratio virl, sed maior praesentis 7 veneratio cepit: no erat enim in vultti maiestas summa ; accedebat promissa caesaries habitusque corporis, non cultus 8 munditils, sed virllis vere ac mllitaris, et tlorens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressti Nu^ mida gratias de 9 fllio fratris remisso agit : adflrmat se ex eo tempore earn quaeslvisse 10 occasionem, quam tandem oblatam 11 115 non omlserit; cupere se ill! et populo E-omano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio audlvit atque in societatem recepit. Scipio deinde Komam rediit et ante annos u consul factus est. Sicilia el provincia decreta est permissumque, ut in Africam inde 1 Son of Gisco (so also in 1. 148) ; to be carefully distinguished from the Has- drubal of 1. 61. 2 Sc. navem ; ' was sail- ing.' 3 = ut peteret. Cf. p. xviii, E 5. 4 Cenatum . . . est (ab its) : inipers. pass. ; ' they dined.' 5 lecto . . . accu- buerunt (accumbo) : the writer has in pridem give to the present the force of the English perfect, to the imperfect the force of the English pluperfect. 7 Sc. eius : ' of him present ' = ' now that he met him face to face.' 8 cultus (cold) munditiis: '(too) elegantly adorned.' How literally ? 9 de . . . remisso : ' for mind the Roman custom, according to i the release of his nephew.' Forthecon- which men reclined at meals, supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more occupied the same couch. 6 iam dudum cupiebat: 'had long de- sired.' Iam diu, iam dudum, and iam struction, see p. 5, n. 15. 10 quaero. 11 oblatam (offero) : ' now that it was at last offered.' 12 'the legal time'; legitima aetcis, 1. 11. In later days forty- three was the legal age. PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS 57 traiceret. Qui cum vellet ex fortissimis peditibus Romanis tre- centorum equitum numerurn complere, nee posset illos subitol20 armis et equis mstruere, id prudent! consilio perfecit. Namque ex omnl Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos et dltissimos, qui equis niilitarent 1 et secuni in Africam traicerent, 1 legit diemque ils edlxit, qua 2 equis arnilsque Instruct! atque ornat! adessent. 1 Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra marlque multos labores, 125 magna perlcula adlatura videbatur ; neque ipsos modo, sed pa- rentes cognatosque eorum ea cura angebat. Ubi dies quae dicta erat advenit, arma equosque ostenderunt, sed c-nines fere longin- quum et grave bellum borrere apparebat. Tunc Sclpio mllitiam ils se remisstirum ait, s! arma et equos nnlitibus Eomanis voluis- 130 sent 3 tradere. Laeti condicionem acceperunt iuvenes Siculi. Ita Sclpio sine publica impensa suos Instrtixit ornavitque equites. Tunc Sc!pio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo profectus est tanto m!litum ardore, ut non ad bellum due! viderentur, sed ad certa victoriae praemia. Celeriter naves e conspectti Siciliaei35 ablatae sunt conspectaque brev! Africae litora. Sclpio cum egre- diens ad terram nav! prolapsus esset et ob hoc attonitos m!lites cerneret, id, quod trepidationem adferebat, in hortationem conver- tens, " Africam oppress! " inquit, " m!lites ! " Exposit!s copi!s in proxiuns tumul!s castra metatus 4 est. Ibi speculatores hostium 140 in castns deprehensos 5 et ad se perductos 5 nee supplicio adfecit nee de consilils ac v!ribus Poenorum percontatus est, sed circa omnes Roman! exercitus manipulos curavit dediicendos; dein interrogates, 6 num. ea satis cons!derassent, quae specular! erant iuss!, prandio dato incolumes d!m!sit. 145 i See p. 5, n. 3. 2 gc. die, for the gender of which, as in dies, quae dicta erat, 1. 127, see Vocab., dies. 3 For mood and tense, see p. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say? 4 ' pitched,' lit. ' meas- ured.' The Roman camp was always laid out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night. 5 The participles = rel. clauses : see p. xxiv, L 1. 6 interrogates (sc. eos) . . . dimisit = interrogavit (eos) . . . et . . . dimisit, or cum (eos) . . . inteiTO- gdsset, . . . dimisit. 58 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se coniunxit cum parva equitum turma. Syphax vero a Romanis ad Poenos defe- cerat. Hasdrubal, Poenorum dux, Syphaxque Scipioni se oppo- suerunt, qui utriusque castra una nocte perrupit et incendit. 150 Syphax ipse eaptus et vivus ad Scipionem pertractus est. Sy- phacem in castra adduci cum esset nuntiafcum, omnis velut ad spectaculum triumph! multitudo effusa est; praecedebat ipse 1 vinctus, sequebatur grex nobilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes f ortuna 2 viri, cuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Eegem alios- 155 que captivos Eomam misit Scipio ; Masinissam, qui egregie rem Eomanam adiuverat, aurea corona donavit. Haec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Cartbaginiensibus tantum' terroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad B « tuendam patriam revocarent. Prendens gemensque ac vix 203, 160 lacrimis 3 temperans is dicitur legatorum verba audisse mandatis- que paruisse. Respexit saepe Italiae litora, semet acctlsans, quod 4 non victorem exercitum statim ab 5 Cannensi ptigna Eomam dtixisset. Zamam venerat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum iter 6 a Cartbagine abest, et nuntium ad Scipionem misit, ut con- 165 loquendi secum potestatem f aceret. Scipio cum conloquium baud abnuisset, dies locusque constituitur. Itaque congress! sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis duces. Steterunt aliquamditi taciti miitua- que admiratione defixi. 7 Cum vero de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad suos se receperunt, rentlntiantes armis 8 170 decernendum esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal B0 victus cum quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum 9 constat 202. 1 — Syphax. For ipse referring to the principal personage, see also I, 5, and II, 4. 2 ' misfortune.' So fama = both ' fame ' and ' ill repute,' valetudo = 50, n. 4. 6 ace. of extent of space : cf . p. xvii, D 2. "' ' motionless.' 8 armis . . . esse: 'that the issue must he decided by arms.' Note the method employed in both ' health ' and ' sickness.' 3 dat. of j translating the impers. passive here and indir. object with temperans. 4 quod j in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it to . . . duxisset. What does the subjunc- 1 pugnan, 1. 173. 9 Ceterum constat: tive show? 5 ab . . . duxisset: cf. p. it is, however, well known.' PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS 59 utrumque de altero confessum esse nee melius instrul aciem nee acrius potuisse pugnarl. Carthaginienses metu perculsi 1 ad petendam pacem oratores mittunt triginta eivitatis prmcipes. Qui ubi in castra Eomanal75 venerunt, veniam civitatl petebant non culpam ptirgantes, 2 sed initium culpae in Hannibalem transferentes. 2 Victls leges im- posuit Sclpio. Legatl, cum nullas condiciones recusarent, E-omam profectl sunt, ut, quae a Scipione pacta 3 essent, ea patrum ac populi auctoritate conflrmarentur. Ita pace terra marlqueiso parta, 4 Sclpio exercitu in naves imposito E,6mam revertit. Ad quern advenientem concursus ingens factus est; effusa non ex urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agris multitude viam obsidebat. Sclpio inter gratulantium plaustis triumpho omnium 5 clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine victae a se gentis est 185 nobilitatus Africanusque appellatus. Ex hie rebus gestis virum eum esse virttitis divinae vulgo creditum est. Id etiam dicere haud piget, 6 quod scriptores de eo litteris mandaverunt, Scipionem consuevisse, priusquam dilu- cesceret, in Capitolium 7 ventitare ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis ibi solum diu demorari, quasi consultantem de re publica cum love : aedituosque eius tempi! saepe esse miratos, quod eum id 8 temporis in Capitolium ingre- dientem canes, semper in alios saevientes, non latrarent. Has vulgi de Scipione opini- ones confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque admlranda, ex quibus est unum huiuscemodl. Adsidebat oppugnabatque oppi TEMPLE OF IUPPITER CAPITOLINUS 1 percello. 2 Cf. negantes, 1. 10, and p. 6, n. 20. 3 pacta (paciscor) essent: subjunctive by attraction: see p. 13, n. 10. 4 pario. 5 i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome. 6 haud piget : sc. me ; ' I am not ashamed.' piget is construed ex- actly like paenitet : see p. 28, n. 7. 7 Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. 8 id temporis = eo tempore. Cf. note on id aetdtis, 1. 66. 60 URBIS EOMAE YIRI INEUSTRES 200 dum in Hispania, situ moenibusque ac defensoribus validum et munitum, re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque ulla eius potiundi spes erat. Quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio atque ex eo loco id oppidum procul videbatur. Turn e 1 multibus, qui in hire apud eum stabant, interrogavit quispiam ex more, in 2 205 quern diem locumque vades sisti iuberet. Et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidl, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens, " Perendie " inquit "sese 3 sistant illo in loco," atque ita factum. Die 4 tertia, in quam vades sisti iusserat, oppidum captum est. in arce eius oppidi ius dixit. Eodem die 210 Hannibal, a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antiochum, Syriae regem, confugit eumque bostem Eomanis fecit. Missi sunt Roma legatl ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Scipio Africanus, qui cum Hannibale EphesI 5 conlocutus ab eo quaesivit, quern fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet. Eespondit Hannibal 215 Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, maximum sibi yideri, quod parva manu innumerabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quern secundum poneret, " P)^rrlium " inquit, "quod primus castra 6 metari docuit nemoque illo 7 elegantius loca 8 cepit et praesidia deposuit." Sciscitanti denique quern tertium dticeret, semet ipsum 220 dixit. Turn ridens Scipio " Quidnam tu diceres 9 " inquit " si me Yicisses ?» Turn 10 me vero " respondit Hannibal " et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrbum et ante omnes alios imperatores posuissem. 9 " Ita improviso adsentationis genere Scipionem e grege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secernebat. 1 Join e militibTis with quispiam, 1. 204. 2 in . . . iuberet : ' when and where he hade (the accused) appear for trial.' vades sisti is the passive of vades sistere, a legal phrase = ' to make one's bail stand,' i.e. to make it effec- tive, and so 'to stand trial.' Sistere often means ' to produce in court,' as in 1. 207. 3 sese sistant: 'let them pro- duce themselves,' i.e. appear for trial. 4 Die tertia = perendie, 1. 206. In counting days, the Romans usually in- cluded the day from which they started. 5 locative. 6 Cf. n. on castra metatus est, 1. 140. 7 illo elegantius : ' more judiciously than he.' For illo, see p. 10, n. 18. 8 Sc. castris. 9 See p. 47, n. 12. diceres is imperfect, as referring to pres- ent time ; the other verbs denote past time. 10 ' in that event ' ; =sl te vicissem, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SClPIO AERICANUS 61 Scipio ipse fertur quondam dlxisse, cum eum quldam parum225 pugnacem dlcerent, "Imperatorem me mater, non bellatorem 1 peperit. 2 " Idem dlcere solitus est non solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam mtiniendam. Decreto adversus Antiochum bello s cum Syria provincia obve- nisset Lucio Sclpionl, quia parum in eo putabatur esse animl, 4 230 parum roboris, 4 senatus gerendl huius belli curam mandarl vole- bat conlegae eius C. Laelio. Surgens tunc Scipio Africanus, f rater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam familiae Ignominiam depre- catus est: dixit in fratre suo summam esse virtutem, summum consilium seque el legatum fore promisit. Quod cum ab eo esset 235 dictum, nihil 3 est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum : itaque frater natti maior minor! legatus in Asiam profectus est et tarn diu eum consilio operaque aditivit, donee triumphum ille et cognomen AsiaticI peperisset. Eodem bello filius Scipionis African! captus est et ad Anti-240 ochum deductus. Ben!gne et liberaliter adulescentem rex habuit, 6 quamquam ab eius patre turn 7 maxime finibus imperi! pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem Antiochus a Eomanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Sc!pionem adiit elque fllium sine pretio redditiirum regem dixit, si per eum pacem impetrasset. 8 Cul Scipio respon- 245 dit " Abl, nuntia regl, me pro tanto munere gratias 9 agere ; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut el suadeam 10 ut bello absistat et pacis condicionem nullam recuset." Pax non convenit u ; tamen Antiochus Sclpionl fllium remlsit tantlque virl maiestatem venerarl quam dolorem suum ulclscl maluit. 250 Victo Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Sclpione reposceretur, 1 ' a (mere) fighter.' 2 pario. 3 This war lasted from 192 to 190. 4 partitive gen. with parum, which is here a noun. In 1. 225 it was an adverb. 5 nihil . . . commutatum: 'no change was made.' Note that nihil is an adverbial ace. of degree, and that commutatum est is impersonal. 6 'treated.' 7 turn maxi- me: 'at that very moment.' 8 Ex- plain mood and tense. 9 Distinguish between gratias agere and gratiam referre. 10 Notice that suacleo = merely ' to advise ' ; ' to persuade ' is persuaded. 11 ' was not arranged.' 62 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES Africanus prolatum 1 ab eo librum, quo 2 acceptae et expensae summae continebantur et refelli inimicorum accusatio poterat, discerpsit, indignatus 3 de ea re dubitar!, quae sub ipso legato 255 administrata esset. Quin etiam hunc 4 in modum verba fecit : "Non 5 est, quod quaeratis, patres conscript!, num parvam pecti- niani in aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro reple- verim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari. Cum Africam totam potestat! vestrae subiecerini, nihil ex ea praeter 2G0 cognomen rettuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae gazae avarum reddiderunt; sed uterque nostrum 6 in- vidia quam pecunia est locupletior." Tarn constantem defen- sionem Scipionis universus senatus comprobavit. DeiDde Scipioni Africano duo tribtini plebis diem dixerunt, 265 quod praeda ex Antiocbo capta aerarium fraudasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies venit, Scipio magna hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. Iussus causam dicere rostra conscendit et, corona 7 triumphal! capit! suo imposita, " Hoc ego die " inquit " Hannibalem Poenum, imperio nostro iniimcissimum, magno proelio vlci in terra Africa pacemque nob!s et victoriam peper! In- sperabilem. Ne 8 igitur smrus adversus deos ingrati, sed censeo relinquamus 9 nebulones hos eamusque nunc protinus in Capitolium Iov! 275 optimo maximo supplicatum." A rostns in Capitolium ascendit; simul se universa contio ab acctisatoribus avertit et secuta Scipi- CORONA TRIUMPHALIS 1 prolatum = qui prolatus erat; cf. p. xxiv, L 1. 2 quo is abl. of means (though rendered 'in which ') both with continebantur and refelli poterat. 3 indignatus . . . dubitari : ' angry be- cause doubts were raised.' For the infin. dubitari, see p. 19, n. 6. 4 See p. 16, n. 9. verba fecit: 'he delivered a speech.' 5 Non . . . quaeratis : ' there is no reason why you should ask ' ; lit., 'there is not (anything) as to which,' etc. For the subjunctive, see 503, I, n. 2: 320, a: 631, 2. 6 nostrum, like ve- strum, is regularly used only as a parti- tive gen. " a crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph. 8 Ne . . . simus: cf. p. 31, n. 9. 9 (ut) relinqua- mus . . . eamus is a substantive clause of purpose. For the omission of ut see 499, 2: 331,/, r. : 546, r. 2. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS ET GAIUS GRACCHUS 63 onem est, nee quisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum tribimis remansit. Celebratior is dies favor e x honiinum fuit, quam quo 2 triumphans de Syphace rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus. Inde, ne arnplius tribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Ll-280 terninum concessit, ubi reliquam egit aetatem sine urbis desiderio. Cum in Liternma villa se contineret, complures praedonum duces ad eum videndum forte connuxerunt. Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire existimasset, praesidium servorum in tecto con- locavit aliaque parabat, quae 3 ad eos repellendos opus erant. 285 Quod ubi praedones animadverterunt, abiectis armis ianuae appro- pinquant et clara voce nuntiant Scipioni se non vitae eius hostes, sed virttitis admiratores venisse, conspectum 4 tanti viri, quasi caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes ; proinde ne 5 gravaretur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audivit Scipio, fores 290 reserari eosque introduci iussit. 111! postes ianuae tamquam religiosissimam aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dextram appre- lienderunt ac diu deosculati sunt ; deinde positis ante vestibulum donis laeti, quod sibi Scipionem ut viderent contigisset, domum reverterunt. Paulo post mortuus est Scipio moriensque ab uxore 295 petiit, ne corpus suum Eomam referretur. XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus Tiberius et Gaius G-racchi 6 Scipionis African! 7 ex filia 8 nepotes erant. Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe 1 abl. of specification. 2 quo (sc. die) = eo die qm. 3 quae . . . opus erant: 'which were necessary'; lit. 'which were a necessity.' For a very different construction with opus, cf. nihil opus esse . . . eo clve, XV, 22, and note. 4 conspectum . . . expetentes: ' craving a chance to see so great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.' 5 ne . . . gravaretur: the subjunctive is used here in indir. disc, as representing an imperative of the direct : see 523, III : 339 : 652, and p. xxvi, M 6. 6 When two persons of the same name are mentioned together, the cog- nomen is usually put in the plural. 7 Africanus Maior. 8 Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Sci- pio Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most distin- guished of the Roman clans, the Corne- lian and the Aemilian. 64 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES exacta est : ad egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia CorneTiae matris a l pueris docti et Graecis 5 llttefis 2 eruditi. Maximum matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutes merito putabat mater ilia sapientissima. Cum Campana matrona, apud illain hospita, 3 ornamenta sua, illo saeculo 4 pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter/ Cornelia traxit earn sermone quotisque 6 e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos 10 hospitae ostendens, "Haec " inquit "mea ornamenta sunt." Nihil 7 quidem his adulescentibus neque 7 a natura neque 7 a doctrma defuit; sed 8 ambo rem publicam, quam tueri poterant, pertur- bare maluerunt. Tiberius G-racchus, tribtinus plebis creatus, a senatti descivit : 15 populi favorem proftisis largltionibus sibi conciliavit ; B0 agros 9 plebi dividebat; provincias novis coloniis 10 reple- 134. bat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem sibi prorogari 11 vellet 1 a pueris : we say, ' from childhood.' 2 ' literature ' ; abl. of means. 3 ' guest.' 4 illo saeculo : temporal abl. We say : ' for that age.' The writer of these words was familiar with the extraor- dinary luxury and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome. 5 'with womanish pride.' A tone of contempt often attaches to mulier and its derivatives. 6 construed here like donee, p. 39, n. 9. 7 Cf. p. 28, n. 3. 8 sed c . . maluerunt : this whole ac- count of the Gracchi was manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in tbeir interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi. 9 The reference is to the ager publicus, or land gained in conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who, though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their occupancy. Meanwhile, the num- ber of small landholders was constantly decreasing. These circumstances tend- ed to drive numbers of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The uni- versal employment of slave labor aggra- vated the trouble by shutting the poor out from honest labor. Tiberius at- tempted to remedy these evils by limit- ing the number of acres of the public land which might be held by any indi- vidual and by distributing the lands thus redeemed among the poorer classes. 10 These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the distress at Rome by re- moving part of the population and sup- plying such persons with lands. u It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the same office for two suc- cessive terms. Thus no man could be reelected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented himself for reelec- tion, the aristocrats appealed to this TIBERIUS GRACCHUS ET GAIUS GRACCHUS 65 et palam dictitasset, 1 interempto senatu omnia per plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare cum con- vocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tibe- 20 rius Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo commendabat. Hoc 2 nobilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret, segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum 3 esset consobrlnus Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognation! prae- ferens sublata dextra proclamavit: "Qui rem ptiblicam salvam 25 esse volunt, me sequantur ! " Dein optimates, senatus atque equestris 4 ordinis pars maior in Gracchum inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolmo fragmento subsellii ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere 5 potuerat, immatura morte finivit. Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est. 30 Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit. B c Tribunatum enim adeptus, 6 seu vindicandae fraternae necis, 123. seu comparandae regiae potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia : maximas largltiones fecit ; aerarium 7 effudit : legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit : civitatem 8 omnibus Italicis da- 35 bat. 9 His Gracchi consilils quanta 10 poterant contentione obsiste- rule. Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often heen set aside under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct seems to have been unconstitutional. 1 This statement is probably wholly- false. As the champions of the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman histo- rians. 2 Hoc . . . posceret: 'The no- bles interpreted this to mean that he was demanding a kingly crown . ' posce- ret is subjunctive as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles ; cf . p. 3, n. 6. s * although.' 4 See Vocab., equestris and eques. 5 degere potue- rat: 'he might have spent.' Cf. tuevl poterant, 1. 12. 6 adipiscor. 7 aera- rium effudit : ' he wasted (the money in) the treasury.' The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sen- tence. This entitled all citizens resid- ing in Rome to a certain measure of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution was thus a constant drain upon the treasury. 8 'citizenship.' 9 ' tried to give.' The imperfect tense, like the present, often denotes attempted action ; cf . dividebat, 1. 16, and commendabat, 1. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any ex- tension of the franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89 B.C. 10 quanta . . . contentione : ' with the greatest possible energy.' Cf. quanto potuit apparatu, IX, 39, and note. 66 UKBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES bant onmes 1 bonl, in qnibus niaxinie Piso, 2 vir consularis. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dlxisset, lege tamen lata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi 40 animadvertit in contione Plsonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente populo Eomano : " Qui 3 tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas, quam dissuasistl ? " Oil Piso "Nolim 4 qui- dem, Gracche " inquit, " mea bona tibi 5 virltim dlvidere liceat ; sed si facies, partem petam." Quo response aperte declaravit vir 45 gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimonium publi- cum dissiparl. Decretum a senatti est, ut 6 videret consul Opimius, ne quid detriment! res publica caperet : quod nisi in maximo dis- -g |0( crimine decern! non solebat. Gaius Gracchus, armata 121. 50 familia/ Aventmum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qu! pulsus proftigit et, cum iam 8 compre- henderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qu! dominum et mox semet ipsum super domin! corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracch! antea corpus, ita Gai! m!ra crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum 55 est. Caput autem a Septimuleio, annco Gracch!, ad Op!mium relatum auro 9 repensum fertur. Sunt 10 qui tradunt Infiiso 11 plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius efficeretur, explesse. 12 Occlso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus mandasset, ut 1 omnes boni: 'all loyal citizens.' boni, like optimates, often has this po- litical meaning. Cf. the derivation of aristocracy . 2 Sc. obsistebat. 3 Qui . . . constas : ' How do you explain your conduct ' ? How literally ? See (4) qui in vocabulary. 4 Nolim : ' I should hardly desire ' ; lit. ' I should be unwill- ing.' The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest assertion: 486, 1, and n. 1: 311, b : 257, 2. Cf . possit, 1. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed iron- ically. 5 Join with liceat. 6 ut ... ca- peret : this was the formula by which the senate conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the subjunc- tives videret and caperet, and give the words of the decree as passed by the senate. 7 here 'household.' 8 iam com- prehenderetur : 'was on the point of being arrested.' 9 auro . . . fertur: 'is said to have been paid for with gold.' 10 Sunt qui tradunt : ' there are (those) who relate,' i.e. 'some say.' n infuso plumbo: 'by pouring in lead.' Cf. p. xxiii, K 8. It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for the head of Gaius. 12 = explevisse. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS ET GAIITS GRACCHUS 67 in 1 eos, qui cum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii amicus, pro se deprecatum 2 venit, hanc, ut 3 sibi 60 ignosceretur, causam adferens, quod tantl 4 Gracchum f ecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putaret. Turn consul " Quid ? " inquit " si te Gracchus templo Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere itississet, 5 obsectiturusne voluntati illius fuisses 5 prop- ter istam, quam iactas, f amiliaritatem ? " " Numquam " inquit 65 Blosius "voluisset 5 id quidem, 6 sed si voluisset, 5 paruissem. 5 " Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amid causa peccaveris. Exstat Gail Gracchi e Sardinia Eomam reversi oratio, in qua cum 7 alia turn 7 haec de se narrat : " Versatus sum in provincial, 70 quomodo ex 8 usu vestro existimabam esse, non quomodo ambi- tionl meae condticere arbitrabar. Nemo possit vere dicere assem 9 aut eo plus in muneribus me acce- pisse aut mea causa quemquam sumptum 10 fecisse. Zonas, quas \y \| [j^VItiFh fx^^O AJJ' 75 Roma proficiscens plenas ar- gent! 11 extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas vinl u plenas extulerunt, eas argento 11 repletas domum re- portarunt." AMPHORAE 1 in eos . . . animadverteretur: ' punishment should be visited upon those.' 2 cf. p. xviii, E 6. 3 ut . . . ignosceretur: a clause of result, de- pendent on causam : ' a reason as a re- sult of which he ought to be pardoned.' The subjunctive at times expresses the idea of necessity or of obligation and propriety. 4 tantl . . . fecisset : ' he had so highly esteemed Gracchus.' tanti is a so-called gen. of price or value: 405: 252, a: 379, 380, 1. For /ecisset, cf. p. 14, n. 1. 5 Cf. p. 47, n. 12. 6 quidem emphasizes id. This em- phasis in English would be indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: 'he never would have dreamed of that.' Cf. No- lim quidem above, 1. 42. 7 cum . . . turn : ' not only . . . but also.' 8 ex usu vestro: 'to your interests.' 9 'a red cent,' 'a farthing,' as we say. 10 sum- ptum facere — ' to be put to expense.' 11 Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality ex- pressing means. 6$ URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES XXIII. Gaius Marius C. Marius, humili loco natus, 1 mllitiae tirocinium in Hispania duce Scipione 2 posuit. 3 Erat imprimis Scipioni cams ob singu- larem virttitem et impigram 4 ad pericula et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam Scipionem quidam interrogasset, si 5 quid ill! 5 accidisset, quemnam res publica aeque magnum habi- tura esset imperatorem, Scipio, percusso leniter Marii humero, "Fortasse hunc" inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius dignos rebus, quas postea gessit, splritus concepit. Q. Metellum 6 in Numidiam contra Iugurtham missum, 7 cuius 10 legatus erat, cum ab eo Romam missus esset, apud populum Eomanum criminatus 8 est bellum dticere 9 : si 10 se consulem f ecis- sent, brevi tempore aut vlvum aut mortuum Iugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum. Itaque creatus est B « consul et in Metelli locum suffectus. 11 Bellum ab illo pro- 107. 15 spere coeptum confecit. Iugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorum- que regem Bocchum adversus Romanos concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum aggressus f udit ; castellum n in excelsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non sine multo labore exptigna- vit. Bocchus, bello defessus, legatos ad Marium misit, pacem 20 orantes. 13 Sulla 14 quaestor, a Mario ad regem remissus, Boccho 1 In 157 B.C., near Arpinum in La- tium. 2 Sc. Africano Minore. 8 = de- posuit : ' laid aside, completed, served.' 4 impigram . . . alacritatem : ' his en- ergetic eagerness in the direction of (ad),' etc. = 'his energy and eager- ness to face,' etc. 5 i.e. Scipio. 6 Sub- ject of ducere, 1. 11. " = qui missus erat. Cf. cosptum, 1. 15, and p. xxiv, L 1. 8 criminatus . . . ducere : ' charged him with prolonging.' criminari is treated here as a verb of saying. 9 = pro- ducers, ' prolong.' Simple verbs not in- frequently have the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their compounds. Cf. n. 3 above. 10 si . . . redacturum : the words of Marius, re- ported in indir. disc. Cf . p. xxv, M 4, 7. 11 in . . . suffectus : ' he was appointed to supersede Metellus.' How literally? 12 This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river Malucha, which sepa- rated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus. 13 orantes may be explained (1) as = qui pacem orabant (cf. n. 7 above) ; or (2) as expressing purpose, and so = qui pacem orarent. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part, active is commonly employed, not the present. 14 See next selection. c cOlynthus '--_.-■■ w i GRAECIA Pydna ^| P^eaN^ to %: ^$ , | SCALE OF M IL ES „ . * ^ ^' 10 20 40 60 80 f \ "%, , /*' - ..-''Pharsalus o ■* j§| Ambracia * , * <^ CHIOS ln *a r, ;±ueoae" -* ■?; vat Elis T""'-* „•-,•:' , Saiamis ° ® Athenae lis ""-;-'•''*; X-.X , Salamis ° ©Athenae ° ; x Corinthus o v^ <^° vi 'A RGOL Olympia / Jfantin J aC Urg c os A<5_ "-' LACONtA Troezen u s s ANDROS < per cello. 6 Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Spain 79-76 B.C. 7 seni: ' because he was old.' 8 multis . . . concurrentibus: the abl. abs. here denotes both time and cause ; see p. xxiii, K 6. The prefix in concurrentibus conveys the idea of 'from every side.' 9 in . . . erat = ab hostibus captusest. 10 altercantes parti- untur : lit., ' wrangling they divided ' = ' they wrangled about the division.' GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS 83 NAVIS PIRATA venisset, 1 ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatuni Eomam dlml- sissein." 1 Metellum anuni appellabat, quia is, iam senex, 2 ad mollem et effeminatain vitam deflexerat. Sertorio interfecto Ponipeius Hispaniam recepit. 70 Cum 3 piratae ilia tempestate maria omnia inf estarent 3 et quas- dam etiam Italiae urbes diripuis- BC sent, 3 ad eos opprimendos 67. cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem 4 praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed 4 non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque : " Si quid huie acciderit, 80 quern in eius locum substituetis ? " summo consensu succlamavit uni versa contio, "Te, Quinte Catule." Tarn honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, dispo- sitls 5 per omnes maris recessus navibus, brevi terrarum orbem ilia peste liberavit ; praedones multis locls victos fudit ; eosdem 85 in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agrls procul a marl conlo- cavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius, nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto marl expulit. Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem £0 profectus in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium 90 66. cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque 6 opportuna dabatur X^ugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum erat congredi cum boste in locls ignotis. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem aggressus esset, luna magno fuit Eomanis adiumento. Quam cum Eomani 95 1 Why subjunctive? 2 'though al- ready old.' The thought is that luxury and effeminacy are especially unbecom- ing to old age. 3 See p. xx, H 2. What is the meaning of the change of tense in diripuissent ? 4 Cf . p. 10, n. 10. s See p. xxiii, K 10. 6 neque . . . facultas : 'but no opportunity/ etc. 84 UEBIS ROMAS VIRl INLtJSTRES a l tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad prlmos usque hostium ordines pertinebant, uude decepti regii mllites in umbras, tamquam in propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Yictus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Pharnaces filius bellum el loointulit, qui, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus 2 venenum sumpsit ; quod cum tardius sublret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicamentis corpus f Irmaverat, a milite G-allo, a 3 quo ut adiuvaret se petierat, inter- fectus est. 105 Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regl, qui Mithridatis partes sectitus erat, Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum procubuisset ad genua Pompei, eum erexit, 4 et benignis verbis recreatum diadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere itissit, aeque 5 pulchrum esse itidicans et vincere reges et facere. Inde in Itidaeam profectus Eomano- rum primus 6 Iudaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque itire 7 B0( victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae 63. 115 compositis, in Italiam versus 8 ad urbem 9 venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitti, et tertium triumprium biduo 10 dtixit. Insignis f uit multis novis intisitatisque ornamentis hie triumphus; sed nihil inlustrius visum, quam quod 11 tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant : Pom- 1 a tergo: l in the rear.' See p. 11, n. 10. 2 obsideo. 3 a quo . . . petierat : ' whom he had asked to help him.' How literally? ut adiuvaret se is a sub- stantive clause of purpose and object of petierat. See p. 7, n. 20. 4 erigo. 6 aeque . . . facere : lit., ' because he thought it an equally fine thing both to conquer kings and to create them.' The expression is somewhat careless. We would say : ' as glorious to create kings as to conquer them.' aeque pulchrum is predicate, et vincere . . . et facere subject to esse. 6 primus . . . domuit: cf . p. 38, n. 1. "i iure victoriae : ' by right of (i.e. on the strength of) his victory.' 8 'turning'; lit., 'having turned him- self.' Cf. n. on cingitur, XIII, 1. 29. 9 ' the City,' i.e. Rome. 10 Cf. p. xvii, D 1. n quod . . . praebuerant: 'the fact that the conquest of (the) three parts,' etc. Cf. p. 5, n. 15, and p. xxiv, L 4. GtfAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS 85 perns enim, quod 1 antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, 120 iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si, quern 2 gloriae, eundem vitae f mem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem 3 B0 gravi dissensione, quod 4 hie 5 superiorem, ille 5 parem ferrei25 49. non posset, bellum civile exarsit. Caesar inf esto 6 ex.ercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius, relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo consules senatusque omnis : quern Insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie ftidit. Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatti datus erat, 130 proftigit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompei sub ocu- lis uxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput praeclsum, truncus in Nilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Cae- sarem delatum est, qui eo viso lacrimas non continens illud multls pretiosissimisque odoribus cremandum curavit. 135 Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vitae exitus. Erant in Pompeio multae et magnae virttltes ac prae- cipue admiranda frugalitas. Cum ei aegrotantl praecepisset medicus, ut turdum ederet, negarent autem 7 servi earn avem usqiiam aestivo tempore posse reperiri, nisi apud Lucullum, qui 140 turdos domi sagmaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum inde peti, medico- que dixit : " Ergo, 8 nisi Lticullus perditus deliciis esset, non vive- ret Pompeius ? " Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset, sibi iussit apponi. 1 ' something which ' ; its antecedent is the clause primum . . . triumphavit helow. 2 With quern gloriae, sc.flnem habuit. 3 The famous C. Julius Caesar, for whom see next selection. 4 quod . . . posset: 'because (as men said) the one,' etc. For the subjunctive, see p. xxi, H 4. 5 hie . . . ille : ' the one (Cae- sar) . . . the other (Pompey).' 6 infesto exercitu: abl. of accompaniment : 419, I, and 1, 1: 248, a, and n. : 392, and r. 1. 7 autem contrasts negarent with praecepisset. There is a contrast also between servi and medicus. 8 Ergo . . . Pompeius? The force of this sen- tence can be given only by a free render- ing, thus: 'Shall it be said, then, that Pompey would not be alive, had not Lucullus ruined himself by his lux- ury?' S6 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 145 Virls 1 doctls magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posldonium cupiit audire 2 ; sed cum audlvisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod 3 vehementer eius arttis laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere. Mos erat ut, consule 4 aedes l50aliquas ingressuro, llctor fores percuteret, 5 admonens consulem adesse, at Pompeius fores Posidonii percuti honoris causa vetuit. Quern ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod eum non posset audire. At ille " Tu vero w inquit " potes, nee committam, ut dolor corporis efficiat, 5 ut frtistra tantus vir ad me venerit. 5 " 155 Itaque Cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit : nihil esse 6 bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum did posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum vero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe " Nihil agis," inquit " dolor ! quamvls 7 sis molestus, num- quam te esse malum confitebor." XXVII. Gaius Iulius Caesar C. Iulius Caesar, 8 nobilissima Iuliorum genitus f am ilia, 9 annum agens sextum et decimum patrem amlsit. Corneliam, Cinnae 10 flliam, duxit uxorem ; cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimlcissimus, is 11 Caesarem voluit compellere, ut earn repudiaret; neque 12 id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe elapsus 13 est et quamquam tunc 1 Virls . . . habebat : ' he highly hon- ored learned men.' 2 audio, like our 'hear,' is often used of listening to lec- tures or to teachers. 3 quod . . . labo- rarent: i.e. because he had the gout. 4 consule . . . ingressuro: 'whenever the consul,' etc. : a temporal abl. abs. 5 Subjunctive in substantive clauses of result : see p. xix, F 3. 6 infinitive, because the clause in which it stands is an apposition to hoc. This use of the infin. is common. 7 quamvls sis : con- cessive subjunctive; see 515, III: 313, a: 606. 8 See Vocab., Iulius. 9 ablative of source. 10 Cf. p. 73, n. 1. n i.e. Sulla. 12 neque potuit: ' but he was not able.' 13 elabor. GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR 87 quartanae * morbo laborabat, prope 2 per singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur ; et comprehensus a Sullae liberto, ne 3 ad 10 Sullam perduceretur, vix data 4 pecunia evasit. Postremo per propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat Sullam, cum deprecantibus 5 amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu denegasset atque ill! pertinaciter contenderent, expii- gnatum tandem proclamasse, vincerent, 6 dummodo scirent, 7 eum, 15 quern incolumem tanto opere cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent, exitio futurum; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse. Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione Mitylenarum corona civica donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Ehodum secedere 20 statuit, ut per otium Apollonio Moloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi 8 magistro, operam daret. Hue dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope quadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis pariter terror! venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad expediendas pecunias, quibus 25 redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta piratae postulaverant : ille qumquaginta dattirum se spopondit. Quibus numeratis cum expositus esset in lltore, conf estim Miletum, quae urbs proxime 9 aberat, properavit ibique contracts classe invectus in eum locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem mersit, 30 aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo sup- plicio, quod illls saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit cruclque suffixit. 1 quartanae (sc. febris) . . . labora- bat: 'he was suffering from intermit- tent fever.' morbo is abl. of cause. 2 prope . . . noctes : ' almost every night.' 3 ne . . . evasit: ' he barely, by giving money, escaped being surren- dered to Sulla.' ne . . . perduceretur expresses the purpose of data pecunia. 4 Cf. p. xxiii, K 8. 5 = a rel. clause (cf. p. xxiv, LI): ' who pleaded (for Cae- sar)' ; lit., ' who sought to beg him off.' 6 For the subjunctive, see p. 63, n. 5. Sulla said : Vincite, dummodo scidtis, etc. Translate proclamasse . . . sci- rent thus : ' cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time (lit. provided they) to realize.' 7 See 513,1:314:573. 8 'oratory.' 9 prope a&ess" = ' to be near by,' is a common idiom. 88 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES Quaestor! ulterior T Hispania obvenit. Quo prof ectus cum Alpes 35 transiret et ad conspectuni pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum inter se disputarent, num illic 2 etiam esset ambition! locus, serio dixit Caesar malle se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secun- dum. Dominationis avidus 3 a prima aetate regnum concup!sce- bat semperque in ore habebat bos Eurrpidis, Graec! poetae, versus : 40 Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia Violandum est. Aliis 4 rebus pietatem colas. 5 Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animad- versa apud Herculis templum magn! Alexandr! imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus !gnaviam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile 45 actum esset in ea aetate, qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum sube- gisset, missionem continuo efflagitavit ad captandas quam prlmum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe. Aed!lis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus. Venationes autem ludosque 6 et cum conlega M. Bibulo 50 et separatim edidit : quo 7 factum est, ut commtinium quoque im- pensarum solus gratiam caperet. H!s autem rebus patrimonium efftidit tantumque conflavit aes alienum, ut ipse dlceret sibi 8 opus esse m!llies sestertium, ut baberet nihil. Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem 9 cum Gnaeo 55 Pompeio et Marco Crasso itinxit Caesar, ne quid ageretnr in B c re publica, quod displicuisset ull! ex tribus. Deinde legem 60. 1 See Vocal)., Hispania. 2 i.e. even in so insignificant a place. 3 = quod avidus erat. 4 aliis rebus: 'under other circumstances/ ' otherwise.' For the case, see p. 27, n. 3. 5 The sub- junctive here = an imperative : see p. 31, n. 9. Note also that colas is an ex- ample of the indefinite or universal sec- ond person, since the command is addressed, not to any particular in- dividual, but to any one and every one. 6 ludos edidit: 'he celebrated games.' On the magnificence of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their chance of promotion to the higher offices. 7 'whereby'; abl. of means. 8 sibi . . . sestertium: with millies sc. centena mllia, and take sestertium as gen. plural from sestertius, and de- pendent on mllia. Translate: 'that he needed 100,000,000 sesterces,' i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab., sestertius. 9 so- cietatem . . . iunxit : this combination is called ' The First Triumvirate.' GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR 89 tulit, ut ager Campanus plebi divideretur. Cm leg! cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut leg! obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commota est seditio, ut in caput eius eophinus stercore plenus effunderetur fascesque ei 60 frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus Curia absti- neret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re ptiblica ad arbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si 1 quid testandi gratia slgnarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, ' consulibus 2 Caesare et 65 Bibulo ' actum 3 scriberent, sed ' Iulio et Caesare/ unum consulem nomine et cognomine pro duobus appellantes. Functus 4 consulatti Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novem 5 annis, quibus 5 in imperio fuit, haec fere : Galliam in provinciae formam redegit; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum 70 incolunt, primus Romanorum ponte fabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. Aggressus est Britannos, Ignotos antea, supera- tisque 6 pecunias et obsides imperavit. Hie 7 cum 8 multa Roma- norum militum insignia narrantur, turn 8 illud 9 egregium ipsius Caesaris, quod, nutante in fugam exercitti, rapto fugientis e manu 75 scuto in primam volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam 10 conversum faucibus comprehensum n in contrariam partem detraxit dextram- 1 si . . . signarent : an instance of the iterative subjunctive (p. 45, n. 2) = ' whenever they affixed their seals as witnesses.' 2 consulibus . . . Bibulo: for this way of dating events, see XIV, 1. 3 Sc. esse. 4 functus (fungor) = postquam functus est. 6 Cf. p. xvii, C 2. G Sc. els, as dat. of indirect object with imperavit. Caesar's operations were confined to the southern portion of Great Britain. 7 = Hoc tempore, i.e. during this campaign. The language of this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he were going to say : Hie, cum . . . nan*antur, turn Caesarem ipsum egregium fecisse ncir- rant, but changes the construction at turn. 8 cum . . . turn: cf. p. 67, n. 7. 9 illud is explained by the clause quod . . . restituit. The episode occurred in one of Caesar's Gallic campaigns, not, as here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of Caesar's Gallic War. Cf. also Longfellow's Courtship of Miles Standish, II. 10 iam conver- sum = qui iam conversus erat. n com- prehensum . . . detraxit = comprehendit et . . . detraxit. 90 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES que ad liostem tendens " Quorsum tu " inquit " abis ? Illic sunt, 80 cum quibus dlmicamus." Qua adhortatione onmiuru legionuni trepidationem correxit vincique paratas vincere docuit. Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta Iulia, Cae- saris filia, quae, ntipta Pompeio, generl socerlque concordiam B c tenebat, 1 statim aemulatio erupit. lam pridem Pompeio 53, 85 suspectae 2 Caesaris opes et Caesari Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nee hie 3 ferebat parem, nee ille 3 superiorem. Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello discederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absentl, 4 alterum consulatum petere, a senatti, suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis, negatum el 90 est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vindicaturus 5 in Italiam rediit et bellandum 6 ratus cum exercitti Eubiconem tlumen, qui 7 b,o. provinciae eius finis erat, transiit. Hoc ad tlumen paulum 49, constitisse fertur ac reputans quantum mollretur, conversus ad proximos, " Etiamnunc " inquit " regredi possumus ; quod si ponti- 95 culum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt." Postremo autem " Iacta alea esto ! " exclamans exercitum traici iussit plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius consules- que confugerant. Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar, eos secutus a 100 Brundisio, Dyrrachium inter 8 oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit ; copilsque 9 quas subsequi itisserat diutius cessantibus, cum ad eas arcessendas frtistra misisset, mlrae audaciae facinus 1 'preserved.' 2 Sc. erant ; alsoe?^a^ as the verb to dignitas. Through the influence of iam pridem both verbs have the force of English pluperfects : 469, 2 : 277, b : 234. 3 Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) in Caesaris . . . superio- rem. 4 The law required that a candi- date must give notice of his candidacy in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar desired to stand for the consulship in 49 B.C. 5 Cf . p. xviii, E 5. 6 bellandum (sc. esse): an imper- sonal passive : ' that war was neces- sary.' 7 qui . . . erat : this river also formed the boundary between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul ; hence by crossing it Caesar put himself in a posi- tion of open hostility to the government. 8 = per, ' through the midst of . ' 9 copiis . . . cessantibus: causal abl. abs.: ' when, because his forces . . . tarried too long, he had sent/ etc. GAIUS IULIUS CAESAK 91 edidit. Morae enim impatiens castris noctti egreditur, clam navi- culam conscendit, obvoluto capite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat, in altum tamen protinusl05 dlrigi navigium iubet et, gubernatore trepidante, " Quid times ? " inquit " Caesarem vehis ! " neque prius 1 gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestatl passus est, quam 1 paene obrutus esset 1 nuctibus. Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium PharsaLico no B proelio ftldit, et fugientem persectitus, ut occisum cognovit, 48. Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii interfectorT, a quo sibi quoque Insidias tend! videret, bellum intulit; quo victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium, rebellantem et multi- plici successu 2 praef erocem intra 3 qulntum ab adventu diem, 115 quattuor, quibus 4 in conspectum venit, horis 4 una profllgavit acie, more fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percus- sit, abscessit. Nee vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris ante victum hostem esse quam visum. 5 Pontico 6 postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum : " VenI, vidi, vici." Deinde 120 ScTpionem 7 et Iubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit. 8 Yictorem African! belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hi- spaniense, quod Cn. Pompeius, Magni 9 filius, adulescens fortissi- mus, ingens ac terribile connaverat, undique ad eum auxilils 10 125 paternl nominis magnitudinem sequentium n ex toto orbe conflu- 1 Cf . p. xx, G 4. 2 abl. both of cause and means. Join with praef erocem. 3 intra . . . venit: ' within four days of his arrival (and) within four hours after he caught sight of him.' 4 See p. xvii, C 2. 5 Strictly, we ought to have ante victum esse quam visus esset, the sub- junctive being due to the indirect dis- course. Caesar said: ante victus est quam visus (est). The infinitive vi- sum (esse) is due to attraction of the neighboring infinitive victum 6 Pontico . . . triumpho : i.e. the pro- cession in which he celebrated his vic- tory in Pontus. triumpho is dat. with praetulit. 7 Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey. 8 at Thapsus, 46 B.C. 9 Cf. XXVI, 49. 10 auxiliis . . . confluentibus : the abl. abs. denotes both cause and attendant circumstance. ii = eorum qui sequebantur. Cf . volenti- bus, XIII, 97. 92 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES entibus. Sua 1 Caesarem in Hispaniam comitata forttlna est : sed niilluni umquam atrocius perlculosiusque ab eo initum proelium, adeo ut, plus 2 quam dubio Marte, descenderet equo" consistensque 130 ante recedentem suorum aciem increpans forttinam, quod se in eum servasset exitum, dentintiaret mllitibus vestlgio se non reces- stirum ; proinde viderent, 3 quem 4 et quo loco imperatorem deser- ttirl essent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies restituta est. Cn. Pompeius victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, 135 regressus in urbem omnibus, qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit et qumquies triumphavit. Bellis dvllibus confectls, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei ptiblicae statum fastos 5 correxit annumque ad cursum solis accommoclavit, ut trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset 140 et, intercalario 5 mense sublato, tinus dies quarto quoque 6 anno intercalaretur. Ius laboriosissime ac severissime dixit. Eepe- tundarum 7 convictos etiam ordine senatorio movit. Peregrmarum mercium portoria mstituit : legem 8 praecipue stimptuariam exer- cuit. De ornanda mstruendaque urbe, item de tuendo ampliando- 145 que imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat: imprimis his civile ad certum modum redigere 9 atque ex immensa legum copia 1 'His own,' i.e. his usual. 2 plus . . . Marte : ' since the battle was more than doubtful.' The battle was fought at Munda, 45 B.C. 3 Cf. p. 63, n. 5. 4 = qualem. So quo = quail. 5 fastos correxit: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong, Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called a mensis inter caldris, should be added. These intercalary months were inserted after February 23d, and contained alter- nately 22 and 23 days. This arrange- ment made the average length of the year 3661 days. A further cause of con- fusion was the fact that the Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political reasons, omitted the inter- calary month. In Caesar's time the error amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is almost identical with that in use to-day. 6 from quisque : 'each,' 'every.' 7 Sc.rerum. res repetundae was a technical term for 'extortion.' For the gen., see p. 36, n. 8. 8 A lex sumptudria was a law regulating the sums of money which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted especially to check extravagance in dress and at ban- quets. 9 The infinitives in lines 116- 151 are used because the clauses in GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR 93 optima quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros ; bibliothecas Graecas et Latmas, quas 1 maximas posset, publicare ; siccare Pomptlnas paludes : viam munlre a Marl Supero per Apen- nlni dorsum ad Tiberim usque: Dacos, qui se in Pontum effu-loO derant, coercere : mox Parthls bellum inf erre per Armeniam. Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dictator enim in perpetuum creatus agere Insolentius coepit : senatum ad se venientem sedens excepit et quendain, ut adsurgeret monentem, Irato vultu respexit. Cum Antonius, 2 Caesaris in omnibus bellls 155 comes et tunc consulates conlega, capitl eius in sella aurea seden- tis pro rostrls diadema, insigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offensus videretur. Quare coniuratum in eum est a 3 sexaginta amplius virls, Cassio et Bruto ducibus con- splrationis, decretumque eum Idibus Martiis in senatu confodere. 160 Plurima indicia futuri perlcull obtulerant dii immortales. Uxor Calpurnia, territa nocturno vlsu, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsiste- ret orabat et Sptirinna haruspex praedlxerat 4 ut proximos dies triginta quasi fatales caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar Spurinnae " Ecquid scis " inquit " Idus 165 Martias iam venisse ? " et is " Ecquid scis illas nondum praeter- Isse ? " Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum venisset, adsidentem conspirati specie 5 officii circumsteterunt Ilicoque tinus, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit renuentlque 6 ab 7 utroque umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem " Ista quidem 170 vis est ! " Casca, unus e coniuratls, adversum 8 vulnerat paulum which they stand are in apposition to plura ac maiora, 1. 144. See p. 86, n.5. 1 quas . . . publicare: 'to throw open to the public as large libraries as possible.' 2 The celebrated Mark An- tony. 3 a . . . viris : ' by more than sixty men.' For the case of viris, see p. 10, n. 18. 4 ' had warned him,' not ' had predicted ' : hence it may be construed with a substantive clause of purpose (ut . . . caveret) as its object. 5 specie officii : ' under pretense of doing him honor.' Cf. per speclem venandl, XIX, 60. e Sc. el: dat. of interest. 7< by'; cf. p. 11, n. 10. 8 adversum (sc. eum) vulnerat: ' wounds him in front.' The wound was in the shoulder. For adver- sum as = an adverbial phrase, cf . p. 4, n. 4. 94 UKBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphio traie- cit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus est. Dein ut ani- madvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti/ toga caput Marcll 15 175 obvolvit et ita tribus et vlginti plagls confossus est. Cum B.C. 44. Marcum Brutum, quern filii loco habebat in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse fertur : " Tu quoque, ml fill ! " DEATH OF CAESAR Illud inter omnes fere constitit talem el mortem paene ex sententia obtigisse. 2 Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophontem isolegisset Cyrum ultima valetudine mandasse quaedam de funere suo ; aspernatus tarn lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celerem- obtingd. GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR 95 que optaverat, et pridie quam occlderetur, in sermone nato super cenam quisnani esset finis vitae commodissimus, repentinum inopmatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio quisquam amplius super vixit neque sua 1 morte defunctus est. 185 Damnati omnes alius alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio ; nonnulli semet eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem viola- verant, interemerunt.. Quo 2 rarior in regibus et prlncipibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda magis est. C. Iulius Caesar victoria civil! 3 clemen-190 tissiine usus est; cum enim scrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab iis, qui 4 videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere noluit, sed combussit, ne 5 forte in multos gravius consulendi locum darent. Cicero hanc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci soleret nisi 195 iniurias. Simultates omnes, occasione oblata, libens deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa eius adversum se epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius 6 versiculis f amam suam laceratam.non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memmii suffragator in petitione consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se200 orationes sciebat. Fuisse traditur excelsa statura/ ore 7 paulo 8 pleniore, nigrls vegetisque oculis/ capite 7 calvo ; quam calvitii def ormitatem, quod saepe obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium 205 aut recepit aut tisurpavit libentius quam itis laureae 9 perpetuo 1 sua morte : ' a natural death ' ; an ablative of manner. 2 Quo rarior . . . hoc laudanda magis : ' The rarer . . . the more praiseworthy.' Quo and hoc are ablative of the degree of differ- ence (a variety of the ablative of means) : cf. p. 39, n. 12. 3 i.e. over his fellow-citizens. 4 qui . . . partibus: 'who had apparently belonged,' etc. How literally? With diversis sc. Pompeio. 5 ne . . . darent : ' that they might not by any chance give occasion to vigorous measures,' etc. 6 cuius . . . ignorabat: 'by whose verses, as he very well knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.' 7 ablatives of charac- teristic. 8 paulo pleniore : ' some- what full.' 9 Sc. coronae, and cf. the frequent omission of mamts with dextra and sinisfra. 96 UEBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES gestaudae. Yinl 1 parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est tinum ex omnibus Caesar em ad evcrtendam rem ptiblicam sobrium accessisse. Armoruro. et 210 equitandi perltissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens ; in agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu sol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate con- ficiebat, ut 2 persaepe ntmtios de se praeveniret : neque eum mora- bantur tlumina, quae vel nando vel innlxus Inflatis utribus 215 traiciebat. XXVIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod est Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis 3 unus verrticam 4 in extremo naso 5 sitam liabuit, ciceris 6 grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. Suadentibus quibus- dam ut id nomen mutaret, " Dabo operam " inquit "ut istud cognomen nobilissimorum no- minum splendorem vincat." Cum a patre Eo- cicero mam missus, ubi 7 celeberrimorum magistrorum 10 scbolis interesset, eas artes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem 8 solet inf ormari, tanto successu tantaque cum prae- ceptorum turn ceterorum discipulorum admiratione id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrlna ad alios manasset, 9 non pauci, qui eius videndl et audiendl gratia scholas adirent, 15 reperti esse dicantur. Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica lionores viam munlri posse intellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto 1 Vini parcissimum : cf . Cibi vinique temperdns, somnl parens, XXVI, 21, and note. 2 ut . . . praeveniret ex- presses result, not purpose. The following selections have been edited for rapid reading or reading at sight : 3 ' ancestors.' 4 ' wart.' 5 ' nose ' ; cf . nasal. 6 ciceris grano : ' a tiny- chickpea.' 7 = ut. 8< culture.' 9< had spread.' MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 97 animo in eius studium incubuit, 1 in quo quidem ita versatus 2 est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro et iudiciis 3 causas perorarent, 4 stu- diose sectaretur, 5 sed prlvatim quoque dlligentissime se exerce- 20 ret. Prlmum eloquentiam et libertatem 6 adversus Sullanos ostendit. Nam cum Eoscium quendam, parricidii accusatum, ob Cbrysogom, Sullae llberti, 7 qui in eius adversarils erat, potentiam nemo defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae v! eum def endit Cicero, ut iam turn in arte dicendl ntillus el par esse videretur. Ex quo 25 invidiam veritus 8 Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiocbum pbilosopbum studiose audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rbodum - se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum rbetorem turn disertissimum, 9 magistrum babuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per bunc Graecia eloquentiae laude pri- 30 varetur. 10 Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam babuit. Nullius vero quae- stura aut gratior aut clarior fuit ; cum magna turn esset annonae n dimcultas, initio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere; postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comita- 35 tern 12 eius expertl, 13 maiores quaestor! suo bonores quam ulli um- quam praetor! detulerunt. E Sicilia reversus Romam in caus!s d!cend!s ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum patronos 14 et esset et baberetur prmceps. Consul deinde factus L. Sergi! Catilmae coniurationem singu- 40 lar! virtute, constantia, ctira compressit. 15 Catillnae proavum, 16 M. Sergium, incredibil! fortitudine fuisse Plmius refert. St!pen- dia 17 is fecit secundo bello Punico. Secundo stlpendio 18 dextram manum perdidit : st!pendi!s 18 duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est : ob id neutra manti, neutro pede satis utilis, plurim!sque 19 postea 45 en 1 'applied himself.' 2 8 'courts.' 4 'pleaded.' 5 'followed,' ' courted ' (cf. seqvor). 6 ' independence.' 7 ' freedman.' 8 ' fearing.' 9 ' most elo- quent.' 10 ' was being deprived.' n an- nonae difficultas: 'a lack of corn.' 12 'courtesy.' 13 ' having had proof of.' 14 'lawyers.' 15 'crushed.' 16 'great- grandfather.' 17 Cf. XXVII, 19. is 'cam- paign.' 1 9 que here = ' but.' 98 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES stipendiis debilis 1 miles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis 2 vineulorum eius profugus, viginti mensibus nullo 3 non die in catenis 4 aut compedibus 5 custodltus. Sinistra manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis, insidente eo, suffossis. 6 Dextram sibi 50 ferream fecit eaque religata 7 proeliatus Cremonam obsidione exemit, Placentiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia cepit. Ceteri profecto, Pllnius addit, victor es hominum fuere, Sergins vicit etiam forttinani. Singularem hums viri gloriam foede dehonestavit pronepotis 8 55 scelus. Hie enim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia multo- rumque scelerum conscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus indignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam 9 passus esset, coniuratione facta senatum confodere, consules trucidare, 10 urbem incendere, diripere aerarium constitu- 60 erat. Actum n erat de pulcherrimo imperio, nisi ilia coniuratio in 12 Ciceronem et Antonium consules incidisset, quorum alter 13 industria rem patefecit, alter manu 14 oppressit. Cum Cicero, habito senatti, in praesentem reum 15 perorasset, Catilma, incen- dium suum ruina 16 se restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit 65 et ad exercitum, quern paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus urbi. Sed socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt. A. Pulvius, vir senatorii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma inter aequales nitentem, 17 pravo consilio Catillnae amlcitiam secutum inque castra eius ruentem, 70 ex medio itinere retractum supplicio mortis adfecit, praefatus 18 non se Catillnae ilium adversus patriam, sed patriae ad versus Catilmam genuisse. 19 i • though disabled.' 2 bis . . . profu- gus == bis vinculo, eius profugit. 3 nullo non: 'every.' 4 ' chains.' 5 ' shackles.' 6 'slain'; lit., 'stabbed from below.' 7 ' fastened ' (to the stump of his arm) . 8 ' great-grandson . ' 9 ' defeat ' ; a technical term of Roman politics. 10 ' butcher.' n Actum erat de : 'it would have been all up with.' 12 in . . . incidisset : ' happened in the days of.' 13 Cicero. 14 'prowess.' 15 'culprit.' 16 'by a general downfall.' 17 'con- spicuous'; lit., 'shining.' 18 ' having first said.' 19 from glgno, ' to beget.' MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 99 Neque eo magis ab incepto Catillna destitit, sed Infestis slgnls Bomam petens Antonil exercitu opprimitur. Quam atrociter dlmicatum sit exitus docuit: nemo hostium bello superfuit; 75 quern quisque in pugnando ceperat locum, eum amissa anima 1 tegebat. Catillna longe a suls inter hostium cadavera 2 repertus est : pulclierrima morte, 3 si pro patria sic concidisset ! Senatus populusque Eomanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. Cicero ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat consilium patriae 80 servandae fuisse iniectum sibi a dils, cum Catillna coniurasset ad versus earn. " dii immortales," inquit " vos prof ecto incen- distis turn animum meum cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae. Vos denique praetulistis menti meae 85 clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis erroris et Inscientiae. Tri- buam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nee vero possum tantum dare ingeiTio meo, ut 4 dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate ilia turbulentissima rei piiblicae, quid esset optimum factu." Paucis post annls Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus plebis, 90 quod elves Eomanos indicta 5 causa necavisset. Senatus maestus, 6 tamquam in publico luctu, veste 7 mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset armis saltitem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere quam sua causa caedem fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius edictum proposuit, ut Marco 95 Tullio 8 igni et aqua interdiceretur : illms domum et villas incen- dit. Sed vis ilia non diuturna fuit, mox enim totus fere populus Romanus ingentl deslderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare coepit et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est. 1 'life.' 2 'corpses.' 3 Sc. concidis- set. 4 ut . . . dispexerim : ' (as to say) that I should have of my own accord clearly perceived.' 5 indicta causa,: 'with their cause unpleaded,' i.e. with- out giving them a trial. 6 'mourning.' 7 veste mutata: i.e. changing their or- dinary attire, which was white, for darker robes of mourning. 8 Tullio ...interdiceretur: lit., 'that a ban should be laid on Tullius in respect of fire and water,' i.e. that he should be outlawed, and every one forbidden to aid him, even with the necessaries of life. LoFC. 100 tJRBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 100 Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, acci- dit iueundius. Obviam x el redeunti ab universis itum est : domus eius publica pecunia restituta est. Gravissimae ilia tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt inimlcitiae, ut res 2 nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. 105 Cicero quidem summo studio enitebatur, 3 ut eos inter se reconcili- aret et a belli civllis calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore veniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris heredem, fovit, 4 Antonium im- lio pugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis iudicaretur. Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, 5 Ciceronem iam diti sibi inimicum proscripsit. Qua re audita Cicero transversis 6 itineribus in villain, quae a marl proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens 115 in altum provectum cum modo 7 venti adversi rettuliSsent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset, taedium 8 tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villain "Moriar" inquit " in patria saepe servata." Satis constat, adventantibus percus- soribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam 9 et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua cogeret, itississe. Prominent! 10 ex lectica et immotam cervicem u praebenti 10 caput praeclsum est. Mantis quoque abscis- sae ; caput relatum est ad Antonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum. Quamdiu res publica Pomana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa commiserat, in earn curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas confe- 125 1 Obviam ... est : ' all went to meet him.' 2 'trouble.' 3 ' strove.' 4 ' cher- ished, ' 'supported.' 5 The reference is to the Second Triumvirate. 6 trans- versis itineribus: i.e. by out of the way paths. " modo . . . modo : ' now . . .now.' 8 'disgust.' 9 'litter,' 'se- dan chair.' 10 ' leaning out ' ; sc. el, dat. of disadvantage with praeclsum est. n 'neck.' MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 101 rebat Cicero et plus 1 operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem dominatu unius C. Iulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus 2 dedidit nee indignis homine docto voluptati- 130 bus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque rura peragrabat abdebat- que se, quantum licebat, et solus erat. Nihil agere autem cum animus non posset, exlstimavit honestissime molestias posse deponi, si se ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scri- 135 bendum: atque ut civibus etiam otiosus 3 aliquid prodesse 4 pos- set, elaboravit ut doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore, eversa re publica, scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae 5 et Latinarum litterarum parens eva- sit 6 paruitque virorum sapientium praecepto, qui docent non 140 solum ex 7 malls eligere minima oportere, sed etiam excerpere 8 ex his ipsls, si quid Insit boni. Multa exstant f acete 9 ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum 10 suum, exiguae stattirae hominem, vldisset longo gladio accinctum, " Quis " inquit " generum meum ad gladium adligavit ?" — Ma- 145 trona quaedam itiniofem se, quam erat, simulans dictitabat se trlginta tantum annos habere; cui Cicero "Verum est," inquit " nam hoc vlgintl annos audio." — Caesar, alter 6 consule mortuo die n Decembris ultima, Canlnium consul em hora septima in reli- quam diel partem renuntiaverat ; quern cum plerlque Irent salu- 150 tatum de more, " Festlnemus " inquit Cicero " priusquam abeat magistratti." De eodem Canlnio scripsit Cicero: "Fuit mlri- fica 12 vigilantia Canlnius, qui toto suo consulatu somnum non vlderit. 13 " 1 plus . . . scribendo : ' he devoted more of his time to practical affairs than to literature.' 2 ' sorrow.' 3 etiam otiosus : ' even though at ease,' i.e. not burdened with official duties, otiosus here, as often =prlvatvs. 4 'benefit.' 6 'eloquence.' Sc. Latinae, to be de- rived from Latinarum. 6 'became.' 7 ex . . . oportere : we should say, ' of two evils choose the less.' 8 ' extract ' ; lit., 'pluck.' 9 'wittily.' 10 'son-in- law.' n On this day the consuls went out of office. 12 'wondrous.' 13 causal subjunctive. 102 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES XXIX. Marcus Brutus M. Brutus, ex ilia gente, quae Roma Tarqui- liios eiecerat, oriundus, 1 Athenis pbilosophiam, Iibodi eloquentiam didicit. Eius pater, qui Sul- lae partibus adversabatur, iussti Pompei inter- f ectus erat, uude Brutus cum eo graves gesserat 2 simultates. Bello tamen civili Pompei causam, quod iustior videretur, secutus dolorem suum rei publicae utilitati postbabuit. Victo Pompeio brutus Brutus a Caesare servatus est et praetor etiam 10 factus. Postea vero, cum Caesar superbia elatus senatum con- temuere et reguum adf ectare 3 coepisset, populus, praeseuti statu baud laetus, vindicem 4 libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere qui- dam L. Bruti 5 statuae : " Utinam 6 viveres ! " Item ipsius Cae- saris statuae : " Brutus, quia reges eiecit, primus consul factus 15 est ; bic, quia consules eiecit, postremo rex factus est." Inscriptum quoque est M. Brtiti praetoris tribunal! : " Dormis, 7 Brute ! " Cognita populi Homanl voluntate, Brutus adversus Caesarem conspiravit. Pridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, Catonis filia, consilii 8 conscia, egresso cubiculum 9 Brtito, cultel- 20 lum 10 tonsorium quasi unguium 11 resecandorum causa poposcit eoque velut forte elapso se vulneravit. Clamore deinde ancilla- rum 12 in cubiculum revocatus obitirgare 13 earn coepit, quod tonso- ris praeripuisset officium. Cui secreto Porcia " Non est " inquit "lioc temerarium 14 factum meum, sed in tali statu nostro mei 25 erga te amoris certissimum indicium. Experiri enim volui, si 15 1 = ortus, natus. 2 simultates gerere = 'to carry on a feud.' 3 'to aim at.' 4 'champion.' 5 The Brutus of selec- tion IX. 6 TJtinam viveres ! ' O that you were yet alive.' The subjunctive here expresses a wish or praj^er ; cf . 1.29. 7 'you're fast asleep.' 8 consilii conscia: 'who was aware of,' etc. 9 ' sleeping-room.' i°cultellum tonso- rium: 'a barber's knife.' n ' nails.' 12 ' maids.' 13 ' scold.' 14 ' heedless,' ' ran- dom.' 15 si . . . cessisset : ' if your plan did not turn out according to your ex- pectations.' Join with what follows. OCTAVIANUS CAESAK AUGUSTUS 103 tibi propositum ex sententia parum cessisset, quam aequo animo me ferro essem interemptura." Quibus verbis auditis Brutus ad caelum mantis et oculos sustulisse dicitur et exclamavisse : " Uti- nani dignus tali coniuge marltus videri possem ! " Interf ecto Caesare, cum Antonius vestem eius sanguinolentam * 30 ostentans populum veluti furore quodam adversus conitiratos in- flammasset, Brutus in Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem Philippos adversus Antonium et Octavianum dimicavit. Yictus acie, cum in tumulum 2 se nocte recepisset, audita Cassii morte, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni ex comitibus latus transfodien- 35 dum praebuit. Antonius Bruti corpus liberto suo sepeliendum 3 tradidit, quoque 4 honoratius cremaretur, inicl el suum palu- damentum 5 iussit, iacentem 6 non hostem, sed civem deposito existimans odio. Cumque interceptum a liberto paludamentum comperisset, Ira percitus 7 protinus in eum animadvertit, prae- 40 f atus : " Quid ? tu ignorasti, cuius tibi viri sepulturam commisis- sem ? " Non eadem fuit Octaviani erga, Brutum moderatio, is enim avulsum 8 Bruti caput Eomam misit, ut Gal Caesaris sta- tuae subiceretur. Porcia cum victum et interemptum virum suum cognovisset, quia ferrum non dabatur, ardentes ore carbones 9 45 hausit, virilem patris 10 exitum mulier u imitata novo mortis genere. XXX. Octavianus Caesar Augustus Octavianus, Iuliae, Gal Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens patrem amlsit. Ab avunculo adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias 12 adversus G-naei Pompei llberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studiis 13 vacavit. Utque primum occi- 1 ' bloody.' 2 ' hill.' 3 sepellre = 'to dispose of a body,' whether by burial or by cremation. 4 quoque = ' and in or- der that.' 5 ' cloak.' 6 • the dead man.' 7 ' thoroughly aroused.' 8 • torn (from the body).' 9 'coals.' 10 See Vocab., Cato. u 'woman though she was.' 12 See Vocab., Hispdnia. 13 studiis vacabat: 'had time for (i.e. devoted himself to) study.' 104 URBIS ROMAE VIKI INLUSTRES 10 15 YOUNG AUGUSTUS sum Caesarem heredenique se comperit, in urbera regressus here- ditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque veteranorum exercitu opem Decimo 1 Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omni- bus rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras mlsit plumbers 2 laminis inscriptas, quas ad bracchium 3 religatas urinatores 4 Scultennam amnem transnantes 5 ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur. Colum- bls 6 enim, quas inclusas ante fame 7 adf ecerat, epistulas ad collum religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, lucis cibique avidae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto, qui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior f lebat, utique 8 postquam disposito quibusdam locis 20 cibo columbas illuc devolare instituerat. Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis confecit, quorum in altero non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in media dimicatione, aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, 9 aquilam umerls subisse ditique fertur portasse. Postea 25 reconciliata cum Antonio gratia 10 itmctisque cum eo copiis, ut G-ai Caesaris necem ulclsceretur, ad urbem hostlliter accessit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum deposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, prmceps legationis, reiecto sagulo, 11 ostendens gladii capulum 12 non dubitavit 13 in Curia dicere : " Hie 30 faciet, si vos non feceritis." Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasis- set, pacem fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut triumviri rei 1 At Caesar's death he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Antony carried a law allotting this province to himself, and then undertook to expel Brutus. ! plumbeis laminis: 'leaden plates.' 3 'arm.' 4 'divers.' 5 'by swimming across.' 6 'doves.' " 'hunger.' 8 ' es- pecially.' 9 '(being) wounded.' 10 = amicitia. n ' cloak.' ^'hilt.' ^'hesi- tate.' OCTAVIANUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS 105 publicae constituendae per quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque inimlcos proscrlberent. Quae proserlptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit. Exstant autem ex ea 35 multa vel extremae impietatis vel mlrae fidel ac constantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumvirorum partes sectitus, proscripti patris sul, praetorii et ornatl virl, latebras, aetatem notasque 1 corporis, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum persectiti sunt. Alius quldam cum proscrlptum se cognovisset, 40 ad clientem suum confugit; sed fllius eius per ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis occidendum eum in conspectu suo obiecit. Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumyiiis proscriptus in regione Salernitana 2 lateret, servi eius, comprehensl multumque ac diti torti, 3 negabant se scire ubi dominus esset. Non sustinuit deinde 45 Plancus tarn fideles tamque boni exempli servos ulterius cruciarl ; sed processit in medium iugulumque gladils mllitum obiecit. Senatoris cuius dam servus cum ad dominum proscrlptum occi- dendum mllites advenisse cognosset, commutata cum eo veste, permtitato etiam anulo, ilium postlco 4 clam emlsit, se autem in 50 cubiculum ad lectulum 5 recepit et ut dominum occldl passus est. " QuantI 6 virl est " addit Seneca/ " cum praemia proditionis ingentia ostendantur, praemium fidel mortem concuplscere ! " Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persecutus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplicl 55 proelio transegit ; quorum priore castrls extitus 8 vix f uga evasit. Victor acerbissime se gessit : in nobilissimum quemque captlvum non sine verborum contumelia saeviit. Unl suppliciter sepultu- ram precantl respondisse dlcitur iam istam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et fllium, pro vita rogantes sortlrl 60 fertur iussisse ut alterutrl 9 concederetur, ac cum, patre quia 1 ' marks.' 2 ' of Salernum,' a town in Campania ; the modern Salerno. 'though tortured.' 4 ' hy a hack What marvelous manhood it shows.' A philosopher of the first century a.d.. ' stripped of.' 9 ' to one or the other,' door.' 5 'couch.' 6 QuantI ... est: I i.e. to one, but not to both. 106 URBIS ROMAE YIRI INLUSTRES se obtulerat occiso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se conantibus, una voce occurrebat 1 moriendum esse. Scrlbunt 65 quldam trecentos ex dediticiis 2 electos ad aram divo 3 Iulio exstrtictam Idibus Martiis hostiarum 4 more mactatos. 5 Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, qnod is, repudiate Octavia sorore, Cleopatram, Aegypti reglnam, dtixisset uxorem : quae qui- dem mulier cum Antonio luxu et deliciis 6 certabat. Una se cena 70 centies 7 sestertium absumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam 8 alias cenam, sed cottidianam Antonio apposuit inrldentl, quod promisso stare non potuisset. At ilia Inferri mensam 9 secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministrl unum tantum 75 vas ante earn posuere acetl, 10 cuius asperitas visque margaritas ll resolvit. 12 Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura, mar- garitam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntia- verunt. 8o Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem persectitus Aegyp- tum petiit, et Alexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confti- gerat, obsedit. Antonius in ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio 13 regali sedisset, mortem sibi ipse conscivit. 85 Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandres in potestatem redacta, magno opere cupiebat vivam comprehend! triumphoque servari, aspidem 13 sibi adf erendam curavit eiusque morsti periit. Cleopa- trae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. 1 * he met, ; i.e. he answered. 2 ' pris- oners of war.' Cf. dedere, 'to surren- der.' 3 Julius Caesar, like the later emperors, was deified after his death. 4 'sacrificial victims.' 5 'slaughtered.' 6 ' pleasure.' 7 centies (sc. centena rnllia) sestertium = ' ten million ses- terces,' or about four hundred thousand dollars. Cf. p. 88, n. 8. 8 magnificam . . . Antonio : ' under other circum- stances truly splendid, but to Antony quite commonplace.' 9 ' course.' 10 ' vin- egar.' n ' pearls.' 12 ' melts,' ' dissolves.' 13 'throne.' 14 'asp.' OCTAVIANUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS 107 Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, cle- mentem se" exhibuit. 1 Omnia deineeps in eo plena mansuetudi- 90 nis 2 et htimanitatis. Multis Ignovit vel iis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in Italiam triumphans Eomam in- gressus est. Turn bellis toto orbe compositis Iani gemini portas sua rnanu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae fuerant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Ptinicum bellum. Tunc 95 omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Eomanus praesentis otii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maxim! bonores a senatu delati sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis 3 eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis esset impositus. Patris patriae co-ioo gnomen universi maximo consensu detulerunt el. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis : " Compos 4 factus votorum meorum, patres conscript!, quid habeo aliud, quod deos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad tiltimum vitae f Inem mibi perf erre liceat ! " 105 Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo 5 de restituenda re publica non semel cogitavit, sed repu- tans et se privatum non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum 6 Iri, summam rctinuit potestatem, no id vero studuit ne quern novi status paeniteret. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus erat, et sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit; cumque puer territus voltimen Ciceronis, quod manti tenebat, veste tegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim reddito, u Hic vir," inquitii5 "fill mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans." 1 = ostendit. 2 ' gentleness.' 3 ' the sixth, ' counting from March , with which, it is said, the Roman year originally be- gan. 4 Compos . . . meorum : ' Now that I have gained my heart's desire/ which had been to avenge his uncle's death. 5 ' Nay.' 6 commissum iri is fut. infin. pass, of committo, and = 'was sure to be (lit. was going to be) handed over,' i.e. if he resigned. 108 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTEES Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeun- tes excipiebat. Convenit 1 aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius periclitabatur, rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim 120 Augustus unum e comitatu 2 suo elegit advocatum, qui litigato- rem commendaret. Turn veteranus exclamavit: "At non ego, te periclitante bello Actiaco, vicarium 3 quaesivl, sed ipse pro te pugnavl," simulque detexit cicatrices. 4 Erubuit 5 Augustus at- que ipse venit in advocationem. 125 Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Eomam reverteretur, occurrit el inter gratulantes opifex 6 quldam corvum 7 tenens, quern Tnstituerat haec dicere : " Ave, 8 Caesar, victor, imperator ! " Miratus Caesar officiosam avem viginti milibus nummorum 9 emit. Socius opificis, ad quern nihil ex ilia liberalitate pervenerat, ad- 130 f Irmavit Caesari habere ilium et alium corvum, quern ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba,, quae didicerat, expressit: '•Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!" Nihil exasperatus Caesar satis diixit iubere ilium dividere donativum 10 cum contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco u emi eum itissit. 135 Exemplum stitorem 12 pauperem sollicitavit ut corvum Institue- ret ad parem salutationem. Qui impendio 13 exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem dicere solebat "Opera et impensa 13 periit 14 ! " Aliquando tamen corvus coepit dicere dictam saluta- tionem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit : " Satis l40domi talium salutatorum habeo." Superfuit corvo memoria, ut et ilia, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret 15 : " Opera et impensa periit." Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti 16 nullam ante emerat. Solebat Graeculus quldam descendenti e palatio Caesari honori- 145 ficum aliquod epigramma porrigere. 17 Id cum frustra saepe fecis- i'met.' 2 'retinue.' 3 'substitute.' 4 'wounds.' 5 'blushed.' 6 'artisan.' 7 'raven.' 8 'Hail!' 9 = sestertidrum. 10 = donum. n 'parrot.' 12 'cobbler.' 13 'outlay.' 14 'have come to naught.' 15 ' added ' ; lit., ' wove in.' 16 quanti . . . emerat : ' at a higher price than he had paid before.' 17 ' offer.' OCTAVIANUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS 109 set et tamen rursus eum idem factumm dtixisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta 1 exaravit 2 Graecum epigramrna et Graeculo advenienti obviam misit. Ille inter legendum laudare 3 mirari- que 3 tarn 4 voce quam 4 vultu gesttique. Deinde cum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem crume-150 nam 5 manu paucos denarios 6 protulit, quos prmcipi daret, dixit- que se plus datiirum fuisse, si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu, dispensatorem 7 Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerarl Graeculo iussit. Augustus fere null! se invltanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a 155 quodam cena satis parca et paene cottidiana, boc tantum Insusur- ravit 8 : " Non putabam me tibi esse tarn f amiliarem." Cum ali- quando apud Pollionem quendam cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad mortem Pollio iussit et obici muraenis 9 quas ingens piscina 10 continebat. Evasit e mani- 160 bus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit, nihil aliud petittirus quam ut aliter periret nee esca u piscium fieret. Motus est novo crudeli- tatis genere Caesar et ilium quidem mitti, 12 crystallina autem omnia coram se frangi iussit complerique piscmam. Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas agebat, 165 rumpente somnum eius crebro noctuae 13 cantti. Qua molestia cum liberari se vehementer cupere signiflcassetj miles quidam, aucupii peritus, noctuam prehendendam curavit, vlvamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemiT. Cui cum Augustus mille nummos 14 dari itississet, ille minus dignum praemium exlstimans dicere ausus est : 170 " Malo ut vivat," et avem dimisit. Imperatori nee ad Irascendum causa deerat nee ad ulciscendum potestas : hanc tamen iniuriam ae- quo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum ablre passus est. 1 ' paper.' 2 ' scratched off,' ' wrote.' 3 Examples of the historical infinitive, so called hecause it is especially common in historical writing. It is to be trans- lated by an imperfect or perfect in- dicative. 4 = et . . . et. 5 'purse.' 6 ' francs.' 7 ' steward.' 8 ' whispered.' 9 'eels.' 10 'fish-pond.' n 'food.' 12 'freed.' 18 'night-owl,' 14 = sester- tios. 110 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES Augustus amlcitias neque facile admlsit et constantissime reti- 175nuit. Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Eoma- num ; qui ea, qua apud prlncipem valebat, gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus, quibus posset, noceret neminl. Ius aliquando dlcebat Augustus et multos capite damnaturus videba- tur. Aderat turn Maecenas, qui per circumstantium turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum frustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scrlpsit : " Surge tandem, car- nif ex x ! " eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus. Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modi- cls, neque laxitate 2 neque cultu 3 conspi- culs, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et aestate mansit. Suppellex 4 quoque eius vix prlvatae elegantiae erat. Earo veste alia tisus est quam confecta ab uxore, sorore, fllia neptibusque. 5 Item tamen Eomam, quam pro maiestate imperil non satis ornatam invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur mar- moream se relinquere, quam laterlciam 6 accepisset. Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venu- stissima. Erat tamen omnis lenocinil 7 neglegens et in capite 200 comendo tarn incuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scrlberet. Paucls annls antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germania accepit cladem, tribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatlsque et 195 AUGUSTUS 1 'executioner,' 'Imtcher.' 2 ' 'style.' 4 'furniture.' 6 size.' I daughters, grand- 1 ery.' made of brick. fin- OCTAVIANUS CAESAK AUGUSTUS 111 auxiliis omnibus caesis. Hac nuntiata excubias 1 per urbem indlxit, ne quis tumultus exsisteret, et magnos ludos Iovi optimo 205 maximo vovit, si res publica in meliorem statum vertisset. Adeo denique 2 consternatum ferunt, ut, per continuos menses barba capilloque submisso, 3 caput interdum foribus inllderet, vocife- rans : " Qumtili Yare, legiones redde ! " diemque cladis quotan- nis maestum habuerit ac lugubrem. 210 Tandem adfllcta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad otium animo, ntillo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die petito speculo 4 capillum sibi com! iussit et amicos circum- stantes percontatus, ecquid iis videretur mimum 5 vitae commode transegisse, adiecit solitam clausulam 6 : "Edite strepitum vos-215 que omnes cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit Nolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens. 1 excubias . . . indixit : ' ordered watches to be set.' 2 Often used like our 'to cut a loug story short/ 'in short.' 3 barba . . . submisso : ' letting his beard grow.' 4 ' mirror ' (of metal, generally bronze or silver) . 5 ' comedy.' 6 'conclusion.' Latin plays regularly close with an appeal of the actors to the spectators to grant them ' loud and pro- longed applause.' EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN Words in round brackets are not to be translated ; those in square brackets indicate the Latin rendering. Note the ' Caution ^ on p. xxv. The section num- bers refer to the selections. I. Apposition. 1. Proca left his kingdom to Ms older son, Numitor. 2. Romu- lus and Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, a priestess of Yesta. 3. The boys were thrown into the river. 4. A shepherd of the king l carried them to his hut. - 5. Who was the grandfather of these boys ? 6. Remus, when grown, 2 was caught by (some) rob- bers. 3 7. They thus accused him : " You have trespassed on the king's lands." 8. A dispute arose between the brothers. 9. Ro- mulus said : " I shall give my name to the new city." 10. Which of them leaped over the wall ? II. Agreement of adjectives, pronouns, and participles. 1. Robbers and shepherds took refuge in 4 the city which Ro- mulus had founded. 2. These were the fathers of the Romans. 3. The envoys that the king sent were nowhere kindly received. 1 Use adj. 2 See p. 2, n. 19. 3 415, 1 : 246 : 401. 4 ad with ace. 112 EXEKCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 113 4. The tribes to which, he sent did not seek an alliance. 5. Many of those who gathered had not seen Rome. 6. The maidens whom they seized were the children of the Sabines, who now undertook war. 7. (While) advancing to battle, the Romans car- ried (their) shields on (their) left arms. 8. The Sabines killed Hostilius (while he was) fighting very bravely. 9. The Eomans fell fighting bravely. 10. They founded a temple in honor 1 of Romulus and worshiped him as a god. III. Expressions of place ; extent of time. 1. Who succeeded Romulus ? ISTuma Pompilius. 2. From what city did he come ? From Cures, [from] a city of the Sabines. 3. What did he do at Rome ? 4. He established many religious customs and had many useful laws passed. 5. A shield once slipped down from the sky. 6. (There) was a smith in Rome 2 who made twelve shields of the same shape. 7. The Romans had peace (for) forty-three years. 8. No temple was erected in honor of Numa, but he was of more use to the state than Romulus. IV. Ablative absolute; locatives of common nouns. 1. At the death of Numa [Numa having died] the Romans elected a more warlike king. 2. War 3 having broken 8 out be- tween the Romans and the Sabines, the dispute was settled by a contest between [of] the Curiatii and the Horatii. 3. The young men took up arms and [arms having been taken up] 3 advanced to battle. 4. At a given 4 signal, 4 with drawn swords, they rushed 1 See p. 8, n. 1. 2 Locative case. 3 See p. 1, n. 4. 4 See p. 5, 1. 12. 114 EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN together. 5. As the two Romans fell [the two Romans falling], the Alban army shouted for joy. 6. The sister of Horatms began to weep when she saw her lover's cloak. 7. He drew his sword and stabbed the girl who forgot [having forgotten] her brothers and her country. 8. When Tullus learned of the treachery of the Alban general, in anger 1 he ordered him to be put to death. 9. Then war was declared against the Sabines. 2 10. Very many young men were in military service, a few were at home. 11. Tullus 3 Hostilius, who succeeded Numa, liked war [war pleased] rather than peace. y. Ablative of specification ; dative with compounds. 1. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, was like Numa 4 in justice and piety, but was more warlike. 2. During 5 his reign 5 a raid was made on the Roman territory by the Latins. 3. When the king heard of this [which having been learned], he declared war against them. 4. Having defeated the Latins, he destroyed their towns and transferred the citizens to Rome. 5. Romulus had built a wall around the city, but this wall was larger. 6. Of these four kings of Rome, two were distinguished in war, two in peace. VI. Direct and indirect questions. 1. Tarquin came from Etruria, a city of the Etruscans. 2. When Ancus died, 5 Tarquin was made guardian of his children. 3. Thus he obtained the throne. 4. (There) was at Rome a cele- brated augur. 5. The king once asked him whether he could cut a whetstone with a razor. 6. Can 6 you cut a whetstone with a 1 Use participle. 8 385 : 227: 346. 5 Abl. abs. 2 386: 228: 347. 4 391 : 234: 359. 6 351, 1, n. 1: 210, a: 454. EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 115 razor ? 7. You cannot 1 cut a whetstone with a razor, can you ? 8. The sons of Ancus asked the shepherds whether they could commit a crime. 9. Can you commit a crime? 10. The shep- herds entered 2 the palace and 2 began to bawl out. 11. One of them killed the king with an axe. 12. Does not this seem to you an atrocious crime ? VII. Ablative of source ; ablative of quality. 1. At the death of Tarquin, Servius Tullius succeeded to the throne. 2. He was born of a woman 3 of rank, who, however, was a slave in Tarquin's house. 3. On the advice of Tanaquil [Tana- quil advising] he was brought up just as the children of the king. 4. He was a young man of great bravery, 3 and became the king's son-in-law. 5. One of Tullius's daughters was gentle, the other wild. 6. Tarquin' s sons were of like character. 7. The king was slain by order of his own son-in-law. 8. Tullia was a woman of base character and did not love her father. 9. The people asked Tullia what she had done. 4 VIII. Temporal clauses with cum ; ablative of price. 1. The city of Gabii could not be captured by Tarquin. 2. When Sextus had been chosen general, he sent a messenger to his father. 3. When he learned of the silence 5 and act of his father, he killed the chief men of the state. 4. When each of the young men praised his own wife, it was decided to find out who was the best. 5. When Lucretia had summoned her husband 5 and father, 5 she killed herself with a knife. 6. An old woman once asked Tarquin whether he wished to buy some books at an enor- 1 351, 1, n. 3: 210, c: 456. 2 See p. 2, n. 3. 3 Abl. Why? 4 See p. 3, n. 2. 6 Abl. abs. 116 EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN mous price. 7. At first Tarquin ridiculed her, but, after she had burned six books, he bought the remaining three at the same price. IX. Causal clauses with cum; purpose clauses with ut. 1. Since his brother had been killed, Brutus feared the same fate, for he was a young man of great sagacity. 2. He set out for Delphi with Tarquin's sons. 3. When they had consulted the oracle, they returned to Rome. 4. The Romans chose Brutus and Collatinus, the son of the sister of Tarquin the Elder, consuls. 5. As the sons of Brutus were traitors, they were put to death. 6. In order to regain x his throne, Tarquin undertook war. 7. Bru- tus, who had gone ahead with the cavalry to 2 reconnoitre, 2 met the enemy. 8. Brutus and Aruns fell in the first charge. 9. Since one consul had been slain, the other returned to the city alone. X. Causal clauses with quod. 1. Mucius received permission to go over [of going over] to the enemy, because (as he said) he wished to kill the king. 2. Be- cause he did not know which was 3 the king, he killed the clerk. 3. To punish the hand which had committed the crime, he placed it on a lighted altar. 4. After this he was called Scaevola. XL Dative of possessor ; construction with paenitet. 1. The Yeientes harassed the Eomans with repeated raids. 2. The Fabian gens proposed [had in mind] to carry on the war 1 See p. 1, 1. 3 and n. 5. 2 Express in two ways; cf. 1. 30, and ageret, 1. 20. 3 See p. 3, n. 2. EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 117 at its own expense. 3. The senate thanked the consul because he had provided for this war. 4. When they arrived at the river Cremera, they established a fortified post and repeatedly routed the enemy. 5. The Yeientes soon repented of the peace they had secured and renewed the war. 6. The Fabians roamed about in order to lay waste the enemy's territory. 7. They were entrapped in an ambush and all slain. XII. Relative clauses of purpose. 1. I intend to write about the crime of Appius Claudius, the De- cemvir. 2. He fell in love with a beautiful girl, and, when he found that he could not entice her with money, he claimed her as a slave [for slavery] . 3. He sent one of his clients to the market place to carry * her off by force. 4. The girl's friends sent a messenger to carry the news * to her father Virginius, who was then away on mili- tary duty. 5. Virginius immediately returned to Rome and sought the aid of the people. 6. When he saw that there was no aid any- where, he seized a knife and killed his daughter. 7. Appius then repented of his crime. XIII. Complementary infinitive; genitive with obliviscor; hortatory sub- junctive. 1. The tribune of the plebs appointed a day for (the trial of) Manlius, because with great severity he had banished his son to the country. 2. When his son Titus heard of this design of the tribune, he hastened to Rome and forced him to abandon the charge. 3. Such [this] filial devotion reflected great credit on the young man, and his father repented of his harshness. 4. Afterwards, when the Gauls were carrying on war with the i See p. 5, n. 3. 118 EXERCISES EOB TRANSLATION INTO LATIN Romans, a Gaul of enormous size wanted to fight with the bravest Roman. 5. "Let him come on," said Titus Manlius, who was now tribune of the soldiers, " that I may show him which of us is the braver." 6. Between the two lines they joined 1 in close 1 combat, 1 and with a stroke or two of his Spanish sword he thrust through his gigantic foe. 7. Having stripped a necklace from the Gaul, he was afterwards called Torquatus. 8. The son of this same Torquatus, without the consent of the consul, his father, met and conquered a Latin in a single combat. 9. When he returned to camp, his father ordered him to be put to death because he had disobeyed 2 his commander. 10. The young man's companions did not forget the father's cruelty. 11. Cornelius Piso was also a man of great sternness. 12. He once ordered a soldier to be put to death on the charge of murdering a comrade. 13. The comrade had not been murdered and soon appeared in camp. 14. When they returned to Piso with great rejoicing, he angrily ordered both the comrades and the centurion who had been placed in charge of the execution to be put to death. 15. Another Manlius was guilty of [showed] like cruelty toward his son. 16. The Macedonians sent ambassadors to complain 3 about his son Silanus. 17. Manlius wanted to try the case him- self, and this was granted by the senate. 18. After he had heard both sides of the case, he forbade his son to return to his home. 19. The next day 4 the young man committed 5 suicide. 5 XIV. Construction of medius, summus, etc. 1. The consul sent Publius Decius to get possession of the sum- mit of a hill. 2. When the consul had escaped, he led his army 1 See p. 11 , 1. 14. 2 The reason is that of the father, not the writer. 3 Cf . conquestum, 1. 82, with qui deposceret, XII, 1. 7, and express in two ways. 4 429 : 2')«: 393. * See XII, 1. 30. EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 119 in safety through the midst of [middle] enemies. 3. In the Latin war he sacrificed himself in order to save his army. 4. Let us never forget this brave man. XV. Indirect quotation of simple sentences ; ablative with opus. 1. " The Samnites are our enemies," said Curius ; " let us set out against them." 2. Immediately he set out, and, having 1 con- quered 1 the Samnites, 1 he took a large amount of land and many captives [men]. 3. He swore (that there) was 2 none [nothing] of the booty in his house. 4. Cicero says (that) the Samnites brought [to have brought] a great weight of gold to Curius. 5. Curius scorned 1 their gold 1 (and) said that he could not be bribed. 6. He told the senate that he was contented with seven jugera of land. 7. He afterwards sold into slavery a young man who refused to serve in the army [military service]. 8. The young man saw that the tribunes could not help him [not to be able to be for an aid to him]. 9. After he had destroyed the army of Pyrrhus, he returned to Rome in triumph [triumphing]. 10. It is said that Pyrrhus was slain by a woman of Argos. 3 11. So the Romans 4 did not need the aid 5 of Curius again. XVI. life with verbs of fearing ; ablative with utor. 1. It is said that Duilius was the first to conquer the Cartha- ginians in a naval battle. 2. He used grappling 6 irons 6 to seize and hold the enemy's ships. 3. He saw that with this useful contrivance the Romans would have an easy victory [victory to 1 Abl. abs. 2 See p. 7, n. 16. 3 Use adj. 4 Dat. of poss. 5 cf. cive, 1. 22. e Cf. quo, p. 36, 1. 4 and n. 10. 120 EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN be about to be easy to the Romans]. 4. He now set l out boldly into the midst 2 of the enemy's fleet, and captured many of their ships. 5. The Romans were pleased with this victory. 6. The Carthaginians feared that the Romans would now be supreme on land and sea. 7. Hannibal, the leader of the Carthaginians, by a shrewd trick escaped punishment for losing his fleet. XVII. Gerundive with esse ; ablative of separation ; ablative with comparatives. 1. After the Carthaginians had been defeated by Regulus, Hanno came to negotiate 3 [about] peace. 2. The Roman soldiers saw that 4 he had come 4 treacherously and was not in earnest in his negotiations [did not negotiate seriously]. 3. Hanno was afraid that 5 he would be arrested and put in chains. 4. Regulus relieved him of his fear 6 and told him that the Romans did not wish to retaliate. 5. In Africa, Regulus 7 had 8 to fight not only with men, but also with an enormous serpent. 6. As its scales could not be pierced by javelins, Regulus was compelled to use the artillery. 7. In this way the monster was crushed. 8. When Regulus learned that the senate had extended his command to the next year, he asked that his successor should be sent at once. 9 9. He said that he had lost his slave and farming implements and that his wife and children had no means of support [he had nothing whence his wife and children should be supported]. 10. The senate relieved him of this anxiety. 11. After he had defeated the Carthaginians in many battles, Regulus himself was defeated and captured. 12. It is said that he was sent from Car- 1 Use participle. 2 See Ex. XIY, sentence 2. 3 Several forms of expressing purpose have been used in the text. Express this in as many ways as you can. 4 See p. 7, n. 16. 5 See p. 38, n. 12, 6 Abl. Why? 5" 388 : 232: 355. 8 See p. 39, n. 11. 9 statim. EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 121 thage to Rome to negotiate an exchange of [abont exchanging] prisoners. 13. When the senate ordered him to state his opinion, he said that the Carthaginian captives ought not to be returned. 14. He thought that they were better generals than the Romans. 1 15. As 2 he had given 2 his oath, 2 he returned to Carthage and was put to death with terrible torture. XVIII. Ablative of time. 1. Appius Claudius was no 3 better than the preceding generals, who did not boast that they would sink the enemy's fleet (on) the first day 4 of the war. 2. The chicken-keeper informed him that the chickens would not [to be unwilling to] eat. 3. "Let 5 them drink then," said Appius, and ordered them to be plunged into the sea. 4. That very [self] day he was defeated, and many thousands of the Romans slain. 5. He afterwards committed suicide, for he knew that he would be put to death by the people. 6. Upon his sister, too, a heavy fine had 6 to be imposed. XIX. Purpose clauses with quo ; ablative with potior; unreal condi- tions ; qum clauses ; ablative with dTgnus. 1. It is said that Hannibal, when a boy of nine years, took an oath of undying hatred toward the Romans. 2. On the death of his father, he stirred up war by capturing Saguntum [Saguntum captured]. 3. Fabius said that he carried peace and war in his toga. 4. " Give which you please," replied the Carthaginians. 5. " I give war," said Fabius. [" War," said Fabius, " I give."] 1 See Afris, 1. 10, and note. 3 See XVII, 1. 10, and note. 6 Cf . Ex. XIII, sent. 5. 2 Abl. abs. * Cf . Ex. XIII, sent. 19. 6 Cf . Ex. XVII, sent. 5. 122 EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 6. After three Roman consuls had been defeated by Hannibal, Fabius was sent against him. 7. Changing 1 the policy 1 of the war, he held his soldiers in camp, and did not come to an engage- ment with the enemy. 8. When, on account of some trifling suc- cesses, his soldiers had begun to have more confidence in their valor and fortune, he blockaded Hannibal in a narrow pass. 9. Fabius thought that he could not escape. 10. But Hannibal knew how 2 cautious Fabius was, 3 and got out (of the trap) without any loss. 11. Minucius, 4 the master of horse, did not like the policy of Fabius. 12. He made charges against the dictator in order to obtain greater authority 5 himself. 13. When he had joined battle, he had to be rescued from his peril by Fabius. 14. Minucius now confessed that the policy of Fabius was better than his own. 15. They say that some young men of rank be- trayed Tarentum to Hannibal. 16. In the middle of the night the gates were opened and the young men entered, followed by Hanni- bal [Hannibal following] with his army. 17. Fabius recaptured Tarentum the same 6 year 6 it was lost. 18. If he had not used cunning he would not have recaptured it. 19. When an old man, Fabius, at the command of a lictor, dismounted from a horse which he was riding out of respect for the rank of his son, then consul. 20. " If you were not consul," said he, " I should not dismount." 21. No one doubts that Fabius was worthy of the name Maximus. 22. At that time the Eomans needed 7 a cautious general. XX. Subjunctive of result ; dative with special verbs ; partitive genitive. 1. Yarro was so rash that, 8 although he was opposed by his colleague, he formed 8 his army in line and gave 8 the signal for i Abl. abs. 3 See p. 3, n. 2. * cf. Tarento, 1. 58, and note. 2 quam. * Cf. 1. 43. 6 gee 1. 88, and Ex. XVIII, n. 4. 7 See Ex. XV, sent. 11. 8 See p. 10, n. 9. EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 123 battle. 2. In the midst of the carnage a certain military tribune urged 1 Paulus to take 1 his horse and flee. 1 3. But Paulus said that he preferred to perish with his soldiers. 4. When the Car- thaginians heard of Hannibal's victory, they sent messengers to congratulate him. 2 5. Marharbal 3 did not like 3 the advice of the others. 6. He said that Hannibal knew (how) to conquer, but did not know (how) to make use of a victory. 7. Hannibal per- mitted his army to enjoy the luxuries of Campania. 8. The terror at Eome was so great that they did not delay an instant. 9. No one doubted that 4 Hannibal would come 4 with his victori- ous army. 10. If he had advanced at once to Eome, the city would have been captured. 11. Though Varro survived the battle, 5 he thought that he was not worthy of office 6 again. 12. As the soldiers did not have enough weapons, 7 they took down from the temples the ancient spoils of the enemy. 13. One of the ambassadors, 8 whom Hannibal had sent to Eome to offer an opportunity of ransoming the captives, did not return. 14. The senate decided that he must be led back to Hannibal in chains [bound]. 15. Eome has no need of citizens who can be captured when armed. XXI. Concessive clauses with cum ; genitive of characteristic ; causal relative clauses ; gerundive with ad; accusative of extent. 1. Scipio would have been slain in the battle at the river Ticinus, if his son Publius had not rescued him. 2. When Publius Scipio was not yet twenty years old, he thought that he was old enough [had enough of years] to be a candidate for s the aedileship. 3. After the battle of Cannae, some young men 1 Cf. lines 26 and 27. 3 cf. Ex. XIX, sent. 11. s See p. 2, n. 7. 2 385 : 227 ; 346. 4 See p. 39, n. 4. 6 See Ex. XIX, sent. 21. 7 397 : 216 : 367. 8 Cf. with n. 7 unus ex eius praefectis, 1. 27. 9 Use ad with gerundive or gerund. 124 EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN of rank began to form plans for abandoning Italy. 4. Scipio hastened to their meeting-place, and, although T he was alone, he forced them to give 2 up their conspiracy. 2 5. After the Eomans had suffered two defeats in Spain, Scipio was chosen proconsul and sent thither. 6. Here he prosecuted the war with such wisdom and bravery that he earned the approval of all. 7. Do you not think that he was worthy of the honor ? 8. He gained possession of a large amount of money and arms, but let the Spanish captives go without ransom. 9. He did not doubt that in this way he would secure for the Eomans the favor of the Spanish [conciliate the Spanish to the Eomans]. 10. Among the captive Africans he found a boy of remarkable beauty, 3 who said that his grandfather was the king of Numidia, and that he had crossed over into Spain with his uncle Masinissa to carry on war with the Eomans. 11. Scipio freed the boy, and thus won the favor of the Numidian king. 12. When the Spaniards wanted to call Scipio king, he asked them to refrain from that title. 13. After Hannibal had been driven from Spain, Scipio, who had 4 long been planning to transfer the war to Africa, sent Laelius, whose 5 friendship he did not mistrust, to win over some of the African chiefs. 14. Afterwards he crossed over to Africa himself, and it is said that he met Hannibal [to him a meeting with Hannibal to have been] at the court of Syphax. 15. It happened that many of those chiefs were eager to form an alli- ance with Scipio. 16. His plan, therefore, was easily carried out. 17. Although the young men of Sicily shrank from so great a war themselves, still they were willing to furnish horses and arms. 18. Although they were wealthy, they were not (men) of great bravery. 19. In Africa the Eomans fought with such determination that in a short time the Carthaginians recalled i 515, III: 326: 587. 2 Cf. incepto desisterent, 1. 14. 3 cf. lines 51 and 64. 4 See p. 56, n. 6. 5 See p. 55, n. 8. EXERCISES EOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 125 Hannibal from Italy to defend his country. 20. A battle was fought [it was fought] at Zama, a town five days' march from Carthage. 21. The Carthaginians were defeated, and forced to send ambassadors to sue for peace. 22. As peace was now secured, Scipio returned to Italy. 23. On 1 his arrival in Kome a vast multitude poured forth to meet him. 24. Scipio was not only the most illustrious general of his age, but he was also a man distinguished for [of distinguished] piety. 2 25. The old writers say that he used to visit [resort to] the capitol every day, to consult with Jupiter about the public interests. 26. At Ephe- sus he 3 afterwards had a conversation with Hannibal. 27. It is reported that Hannibal acknowledged that Scipio was the great- est of all commanders. 28. When the senate seemed on the point 4 of transferring the conduct of the war against Antiochus from Lucius Scipio to Laelius, because (as was thought) the former 5 had too little courage and too little wisdom for such a war, Africanus promised to be himself his brother's lieutenant. 29. Scipio could endure no dishonor to his family. 30. After Antiochus had been defeated, when the senate demanded from Lucius Scipio an accounting of the spoils, Africanus prevented it. 31. He said that he had been of [for] so great aid to his country that his integrity ought not to be doubted. 32. It hap- pened that Africanus himself was afterwards summoned for trial by the tribunes on the very day on which the battle of Zama had been fought. 6 33. When ordered to plead his cause, he mounted the rostrum and said: "Let us offer thanks to Jupiter, by whose aid we obtained 7 so great a victory." 34. As the whole assembly followed him he was relieved from the insults of the tribunes. 35. Soon afterward Scipio retired to the country and never returned to Eome. i See XIII, 1. 59. 2 religio. 3 Use dat. of poss. with esse. 4 Use future participle. 5 ille. 6 s e e sent. 20, and p. 56, n. 4. * See p. 55, n. 8. 126 EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN XXII. Future conditions. 1. Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter of Scipio Africanus. 2. She had been educated with such care her- self that she was able to train her sons wisely. 3. She told a Canipanian woman, who was a guest at her house, that she 1 too had some very beautiful jewels. 4. Everybody knows that Cor- nelia's jewels were her sons. 5. She has justly been considered one of the wisest women of that age. 6. Though her sons were most worthy of their excellent mother, yet the nobles thought that they were disturbing the republic. 7. Both of the Gracchi thought more of [preferred] their country's safety than [to] their own lives. 8. Tiberius tried to protect the common people, but the senate thought that he was preparing for himself a way to regal power. 9. So Nasica urged 2 all loyal citizens to follow him. 10. When Gracchus saw that the senators were rushing upon him he fled, but was killed by a broken piece of a bench. 11. Caius had the same 3 love for the common people as 3 his brother. 12. All loyal citizens said that they opposed his plans because they wanted the republic to be safe. 13. "If the law about distributing grain to the common people is 4 passed," said Piso, "I shall come with the others to get the grain." 14. Finally this was decreed by the senate : " Let the consul see that the republic receive no harm." 15. Some say that Grac- chus armed his household and took possession of the Aventine. 16. When he was put to flight he ordered his slave to kill him that he might not be arrested. 17. Such was the fate of the Gracchi, the jewels of Cornelia, the best sons of the Roman republic. i Use dat. of poss. 2 Cf. Ex. XX, sent. 2, and note. 3 Cf. idem qui, 1. 31. 4 See XVII, 1. 10, and note. EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 127 XXIII. Substantive clauses of purpose; latter supine. 1. When Marius was in Spain with. Scipio, some one asked this (question) of Scipio. 2. If anything happens 1 to you, what equally great commander will the republic have ? 3. Scipio replied that Marius would be a great commander. 4. In the war against Jugurtha it is said that he made charges against Metellus so that he might be appointed commander himself. 5. If you make me consul, I will shortly bring Jugurtha under the power of the Eomans. 6. Thus he persuaded the people to make 2 him consul. 7. After Jugurtha had been conquered, he carried on war with the Cimbri and Teutones. 8. His soldiers entreated Marius to lead them against the enemy. 9. The battle was fought right at the foot of the Alps. 10. As the Eomans 3 had no water, Marius told his soldiers that, if they conquered 4 the enemy, they would have abundance of water. 11. It is said that after the battle the soldiers drank no less blood than water, be- cause the river was filled with the bodies of the slain. 12. The Cimbri, having now entered Italy, sent messengers to Marius to ask him to give them some land. 13. Marius threatened them 5 with the same fate 5 which had befallen their brothers. 14. On the next day a battle was fought, and slaughter terrible to witness 6 followed. 15. When the women saw that they were defeated they strangled their babes and killed themselves. 16. Marius envied the new consul, Sulla, because the war against Mithridates had been assigned him. 17. When Sulla heard what Marius had done, he returned to Eome with his army and drove him into exile. 18. While Marius was hiding in a swamp, he was caught i Seep. 40, n. 1. s Dat. Why? 2 Cf . ut traderet, 1. 21. * Cf . si fecissent, etc., 1. 11. 5 Observe carefully the construction in lines 57 and 58. 6 Cf. dictu, 1. 124, and p. 19, n. 15. 128 EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN and thrown into prison. 19. He asked the slave, who was sent to kill him, whether he dared kill the great consul. 20. After Sulla had set out for Asia, Marius, who was a few days' journey from the city, returned and renewed the civil war. 21. When he had put to death the best men of the state, he gave over their homes to the rabble for plunder. 22. His death afforded the Ro- mans 1 more joy than his victory at Aquae Sextiae. XXIV. Relative clause of characteristic. 1. A woman told Sulla (when he was) a child that he would be a blessing to his country. 2. Was this the same woman who sold the Sibylline books to King Tarquin ? 3. Marius was vexed because Sulla had been chosen quaestor. 4. Although Sulla had been dissolute, his military ability was soon displayed. 5. He conquered Mithridates, the king of Pontus, and would have com- pletely subdued him had he not been recalled to Italy. 6. When he had returned, with the greatest cruelty he punished with death all who had supported Marius. 7. There was one young man who ventured to advise him to spare some of his fellow- citizens. 8. If he had killed all, there would have been none to govern [whom he should govern]. 9. He wanted to kill not only his enemies, but also all who had money. 10. When he at last laid down the dictatorship, the people were so crushed that they did not dare to complain. 11. Sulla was fond of literary men and was well versed in Greek literature. 12. He once gave a reward to a wretched poet who had dedicated a poem to him, on condition that he should write nothing there- after. 1 Dative. EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 129 XXV. Genitive with adjectives. 1. Lueullus was distinguished both in war and in peace. 2. It is stated by certain writers that he spent all of his early life in law practice and was untrained in the art 1 of war. 3. But in the war with Mithridates he surpassed even 2 experts in this art. 1 4. All say that he was exceedingly fond of money. 5. And this is the more surprising for the reason that he had been educated in Greek philosophy. 6. He was not the only one of the Romans to 3 squander his money in building villas. 7. He used to dine with the greatest luxury even when he was alone. 8. Though fond of banquets, he was no less fond of books, and had a great library, which was always open to the public. 1 399 : 218: 374. 2 Cf. mare ipsum, 1. 25. 3 See p. 76, n. 11. ABBREVIATIONS abl. = ablative. f. = feminine, fol- obj. = objective. abs. = absolute. lowing. orig. = originally. ace. = accusative. freq. = frequentative. P- = page. act. = active. gen. = genitive. part. = participle, par- adj. = adjective. i.e. = tbat is. titive adv. = adverb. imperf. = imperfect. pass. = passive. cf. = compare. impers. = impersonal. perf. = perfect. comp. = comparative. indef. = indefinite. pers. = personal. conj. = conjunction. indir. = indirect. pi. = plural. dat. = dative. insep. = inseparable. poss. = possessive. def. = defective. inter j. = interjection. prep. = preposition. dem. = demonstrative. inter r. = interrogative pres. = present. desid. = desiderative. intrans = intransitive. pron. = pronoun, pro- dim. = diminutive. 1. = line. nominal. disc. = discourse. m. = masculine. rel. = relative. e.g. = for example. n. = neuter, note. sc. = supply. encl. = enclitic. nom. = nominative. sup. = superlative. esp. = especially. num. = numeral. trans. = transitive. The star prefixed to certain verbs, e.g. fligo and specio, indicates that the verb was obsolete, i.e. not in ordinary use. Compound verbs are defined under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To this practice there are, however, two exceptions : (1) When neither the simple verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and (2) in the case of certain verbs like sumo and surgo, which, though themselves compounds, came to be regarded virtually as simple verbs and served as the base of further compounds. The student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself when reading to analyze compound verbs before consulting the Vocabulary. This analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and render it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all. 130 VOCABULARY A., abbreviation of the Roman prae- nomen Aulus. a, ab, abs, prep, with abl. ; (1) of place, from, aioay from, out of; (2) of time, from., since, after; (3) of agency, by ; (4) of separation , source, cause, from, through, be- cause of; in composition, off, away. abalieno, are, avi, atus [ab + alienus], to remove, alienate, estrange. abdico, see dico. abditus [orig. part, of abdo], adj., hidden, concealed. abdo, see do. abduco, see duco. abeo, see (1) eo. abicio, see iacio. abluo, ere, i, utus [ab + luo, to wash], to wash, cleanse, purify. abnuo, see *nuo. abripio, see rapio. abrogo, see rogo. abs, see a. abscedo, see cedo. abscindo, see scindo. absens, entis [orig. part, of absum], adj., absent, away. absisto, see sisto. absolvo, see solvo. absorbeo, ere, ui, absorptus [ab + sorbeo, to sivalloio], to swalloiv. abstinentia, ae [abstineo], f., absti- nence, self-restraint, integrity. abstineo, see teneo. abstraho, see traho. absum, see sum. absumo, see sumo. ac, see atque. Acca, ae, f., praenomen of Acca La- rentia, foster-mother of Eomulus and Remus. accedo, see cedo. accendo, see candeo. accido, see cado. accingo, see cingo. accio, ire, ivi, Itus [ad + cieo, to set in motion] , to summon, invite. accipio, see capio, acclamo, see clamo. accommodo, are, avi, atus [ad-f commodus], to fit to, adjust, regu- late. accumbo, see *cumbo. accurro, see curro. accusatio, onis [accuso], f., accusa- tion, prosecution. accusator, oris [accuso], m., accuser, prosecutor. accuso, are, avi, atus [ad + causa], to call to trial, accuse, blame. acer, acris, acre, comp. acrior, sup. acerrimus, adj., sharp, bitter, pier- cing ; keen, eager, vigorous, fierce. acerbe [acerbus, bitter] , adv., bitterly, cruelly, severely. acerbitas, atis [acerbus, bitter], f., harshness, severity, unkindness. acetum, i [cf. acer], n., vinegar. 131 132 VOCABULAEY acies, ei [cf . acer] , f., a sharp point of a sword or dagger ; a battle line (con- ceived of as a sword point) ; battle. acriter, corap. acrius, sup. acerrime [acer] , adv., sharply, spiritedly, fiercely, grievously. Actiacus, adj., of or at Actium. Actium, I, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in 31 B.C., Octavianus defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle. ad, prep, with accus. ; (1) of place, to, towards, to the house of, at, near; (2) of time, up to, towards, until, at ; of purpose, to, in order to, for, for. the sake of; (4) of other relations, according to, at. In composition, it = to, towards, and also denotes addi- tion and intensity. adamo, are, avi, atus [ad + amo, to love], to love earnestly. addico, see dico. addo, see do. adduco, see duco. (1) adeo, see (1) eo. (2) adeo [ad+(2)eo], adv., to this point, so very, so, to such a degree, actually ; atque adeo, and in fact. adequito, see equito. adfecto, are, avi, atus [ad + facio], to strive after, aspire to. adfero, see fero. adficio, see facio. adfinis, is [ad + finis], m., a relative (by marriage) . adfirmo, see firmo. adflatus, us [adflo], m., a blast, breath ; effluvia, exhalation. adfiictus [orig. part, of adfligo], adj., shattered, weakened, wretched. adfligo, see *fligo. adflo, see no. adhibeo, see habeo. adhortatio, onis [adhortor, to en- courage], f., encouragement, exhor- tation. adicio, see iacio. adigo, see ago. adipiscor, i, adeptus sum [ad 4- apiscor, to reach], to gain by effort, get, acquire. aditus, us [(1) adeo], m., approach, access. adiumentum [orig. adiuvamentum, from adiuvo], n., help, aid, service. adiungo, see iungo. adiuvo, are, iuvi, iutus [ad 4-iuvo, to help], to aid, help. adlicio, see *lacio. adligo, see ligo. adloquor, see loquor. administro, are, avi, atus [ad + mi- nistro, to manage], to manage, direct, govern, regulate. admirabilis, e [admiror], adj., admira- ble, wonderful. admirandus [admiror], adj., marvel- ous, wonderful, strange. admiratio, onis [admiror], f., wonder, admiration ; surprise. admirator, oris [admiror], m., ad- mirer. admiror, ari, atus sum [ad + miror, to marvel at], to marvel at, admire. admitto, see mitto. admodum [ad + modus], adv., up to the full limit, very, exceedingly. admoneo, see moneo. admoveo, see moveo. adnuo, see *nuo. adolesco, ere, olevi, adultus [ad + olesco. to grow], to grow up, become mature, reach manhood. adoperio, see pario. adopto, see opto. adorno, see orno. adoro, see oro. adquiro, see quaero. adripio, see rapio. adscribo, see scribo. adsentatio, onis [adsentor, to agree with, to flatter], f., flattery. VOCABULARY 133 adsequor, see sequor. adsideo, see sedeo. adsido, see sido. adsiduus [adsideo], adj., incessant, repeated, continued. adsigno, see signo. adspicio, see *specio. adsuesco, see suesco. adsum, see sum. adsumo, see sumo. adsurgo, see surgo. adulescens, entis [adolesco], m. and f., a young man or icoman (usually applied to persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty) . adulescentia, ae [adulescens], f., youth. adulescentulus, I [dim. of adule- scens], m., a very young man, stripling. adulor, an, atus sum, to flatter. adultus [orig. part, of adolesco], adj., grown up, mature, adult. adveho, see veho. advenio, see venio. advento, are, avi, — [freq. of adve- nio], to advance, approach. adventus, us [advenio], m., coming, approach, arrival. adversarius, I [adversor], m,, oppo- nent, enemy. adversor, ari, atus sum [adversus], to oppose, withstand, resist. adversus [ad + verto], adj., turned towards, facing, in front ; opposed, adverse, unfavorable. As noun, ad- versum, I, n., misfortune, calamity. adversus and adversum, prep, with ace., in opposition to, against, towards. advocatio, onis [advoco], f., advocacy, legal assistance; in advocationem venire, to come to one's aid in cou?*t. advocatus, I [advoco], m., adviser, advocate. advoco, see voco. aedes, see aedis. aedificium, I [aedifico], n., a building. aedifico, are, avi, atus [aedis + facio], to build. aedilis, is [aedis], m., aedile, commis- sioner of public works, the name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, charged with the care of the streets and public buildings, the regu- lation of the markets, and the duty of distributing the corn which the state furnished to the poor. They took care, also, of the records of the senate and other documents, and superintended the performance of certain public games. aedilitas, atis [aedilis], f., aedile- ship. aedis or aedes, is, f., in sing., temple ; in p]., house, dwelling. aedituus, I [aedis + tueor] , m., keeper of a temple, sexton. aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj., sick, ill, feeble. aegre [aeger], adv., painfully, with difficulty, scarcely ; aegre ferre, to be vexed at, take amiss. aegritudo, inis [aeger], f., sickiiess; grief, vexation, mortification. aegroto, are, avi, — [aeger], to be ill or feeble, lie sick. Aegyptus, i, m., Egypt. Aemilius, I, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Paulus. aemulatio, onis [aemulor, to rivaX\, f., rivalry, competition. aequalis, e [aequus], adj., equal, like (esp. in age) . As noun, m., comrade, companion. aeque [aequus], adv., equally. aequitas, atis [aequus], f., evenness, fairness, justice. aequo, are, avi, atus [aequus], to make even, place on an equality. aequus, adj., even, level ; fair, just ; aequo animo, patiently. 134 VOCABULARY aerarium, I [aes], n., state treasury; public money. aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze; money (first coined of bronze) ; aes alie- num, debt. aestas, atis, f., summer. aestivus [aestas], adj., of summer, summer. aetas, atis, f., time of life, life, age, youth, old age ; period, time. aeternum [ace. sing. neut. of aeternus, eternal], adv., eternally , forever . Afer, Afri, m., an African, esp. an in- _ habitant of Carthage. Africa, ae, f., Africa, esp. that part of it which lay near Carthage. Africanus, adj., African. As noun, Africanus, I, m., the cognomen be- stowed on Publius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. See Scipio. agedum, an inter j., used with the imperative or hortatory subjunctive, come on! come! quick! agellus, i [dim. of ager], m., a little field, small estate. ager, agri, m., field, farm, estate; ter- ritory, land , district ; the country. agger, eris [ad + gero] , m., mass (esp. of earth and brushwood), mound, rampart. aggredior, see gradior. agito, are, avi, atus [freq. of ago], drive violently hither and thither; discuss, consider, meditate. con — cogito, are, avi, atus, to think, reflect, consider ; plan. ex + con — excogito, are, avi, atus, to think out, devise. agmen, inis [ago], n., an army (on the march), marching column; troop, array. agnosco, see nosco. ago, agere, egi, actus, to set in motion, drive, lead; act, do, perform; treat, deal, arrange ; spend, pass (of time) ; actum est de, it was all up with ; augurium agere, to perform the au- gural ceremonies; consulem agere, to act the consul; delectum agere, to hold a levy ; gratias agere, to feel thankful ; triumphum agere, to cele- brate a triumph. ad — adigo, ere, egi, actus, drive, urge, compel, constrain. con — cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, drive together, collect; compel, force. de — dego, ere, degi, — , pass, spend (of time) . ex — exigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive out ; finish ; pass, spend. per — perago, ere, egi, actus, to finish, accomplish, play (apart) ; set forth, relate, describe. re — redigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive back, force, reduce, bring. sub — subigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive wider, conquer, subdue. trans — transigo, ere, egi, actns, to finish, settle , perform. agrestis, e [ager], adj., of the fields; rustic ; countrified, rude, uncouth. aio, ais, ait, aiunt [def. verb], to say. alacer, cris, ere, adj., lively, nimble, quick ; often = an adv., eagerly. alacritas, atis [alacer], f., liveliness, eagerness, spirit. Alba or Alba Longa (sc. urbs),f., an ancient town of the Latins. Albanus, adj., pertaining to Alba, Al- ban. As noun, Albanus, i, m., an inhabitant of Alba. alea, ae, f., game of dice; die. Alexander, dri, m., Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C., and conqueror of Persia. Alexandrea, ae, f., Alexandria, a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great. alias [alius], adv., at another time, under other circumstances. alibi [alius + ibi], adv., elsewhere, in other places. VOCABULARY 135 alienus [alius], adj., belonging to an- other, another's ; aes alienum, debt. alimentum, I [alo], n., nourishment; in plur., food, provisions. alioqui, adv., in other respects, other- wise. aliquamdiu [aliquis + diu], adv., for a while, for some time. aliquando [aliquis], adv., at some time or other, once, on a certain occasion ; at length, at last. aliquantus, adj., some, considerable. As noun, aliquantum, i, n., a little, something. aliqui, aliqua, aliquod [alius + qui], indef. pron. adj., some one or other, some, any. aliquis, qua, quid [alius + quis], in- def. pron., some one, something; any one, anything; some, any. As noun, aliquid, n., something, any- thing. aliquot [alius + quot], indef. indecl. adj., some, several. aliquotiens [aliquot], adv., several times. aliter [alius], adv., otherwise, differ- ently. alius, a, ud (gen. alius, dat. alii), pron. adj., another, other, different; alius . . . alius, one . . . one, one . . . an- other ; alii . . . alii, some . . . others. alo, ere, ui, tus, to feed, nourish, sup- port, keep. Alpes, ium, f., the Alps. altaria, ium, pi. n., an altar. alter, altera, alterum (gen. alterius, dat. alteri) , pron. adj., one of two, the other, the second ; alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other. altercor, ari, atus sum [alter], to dispute, wrangle. alteruter, utra, utrum (gen. alteru- trius, dat. alterutri), pron. adj., one or the other of two, one (only) of two. altus [alo] , ad j . , h igh , lofty ; deep . As noun, altum, i, n., the deep sea, the deep; sup. altissimum, i, n., top. alveus, i, m., a basket, trough. am, amb, ambi, insep. prefix (seen in amputo) , around, on both sides. amans, antis [part, of amo, to love], adj., loving, fond; with gen., fond of, devoted to. ambitio, onis [ambio, to go around], f., canvassing for public office, ambi- tion. ambo, ae, o, adj., both. ambulatio, onis [ambulo], f., a walk, promenade. ambulo, are, avi, — , to walk, stroll. de — deambulo, are, — , — , to walk, stroll, promenade. in — inambulo, are, — , — , to walk up and down, stroll. amicitia, ae [amicus], f., friendship. amictus [orig. part, of amicio, to wrap about], adj., clothed in, clad in. amicus [amo, to love], adj., friendly. amicus, i [amo, to love], m., a friend. amitto, see mitto. amnis, is, m., river, torrent, stream. amor, oris [amo, to love], m., love, passion. amoveo, see moveo. amphora, ae, f., a two-handled jar. It held about six gallons. amplector, i, amplexus sum, to twine around, embrace. amplio, are, avi, atus [amplus], to enlarge, widen, extend. amplius [comp. of amplus], indecl. adj. and adv., further, more, be- sides. amplus, adj., great, large; noble, dis- tinguished. amputo, see puto. Amulius, I, m., Amulius, son of Proca, a legendary king of Alba Longa. anceps, ancipitis [ambi + caput], adj., two-headed; doubtful, hazard- ous. 136 VOCABULARY anclle, is, n., a small oral shield, shaped like the faces of a guitar. ancilla, ae, f., a maid-servant, maid. Ancus, I, m., the praenomen of An- cus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome. ango, ere, — , — , squeeze, choke ; vex, annoy. angor, oris [ango] , m., vexation, sor- row, anguish. anguis, is [ango], m. and f., a snake. angulus, i [ango], m., corner, nook. angustiae, arum [angustus], f., nar- roivness, narrow place, narrow pass. angustus [ango], adj., narroio. anima, ae, f., air, breath, soul, life. animadverto, ere, verti, versus [ani- mus + adverto] , to turn the mind to, perceive, notice ; in aliquem ani- madvertere, to punish. animal, alis [anima], n., a living thing, an animal. animus, i, m., mind, soul, reason; courage, spirit; temper, disposition ; in plur., affections, allegiance. Anio, Anienis, m., a tributary of the Tiber. annalis, is [annus], adj., yearly, an- nual. As noun, Annales (sc. libri), year-books, records ; strictly brief abstracts of contemporary events kept in early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and exposed to view on a white-washed plank set up at his official residence. Annales is a fre- quent title of Latin historical works. annona, ae [annus], f., the year's crop, esp. of grain ; corn supply. annus, I, m., a year. ante (1) adv. ; of space, before, in front of; of time, before, previously, ago; (2) prep, with ace, both of space and time, in front of, before. ante a [ante], adv., before, formerly . antecedo, see cedo. anteeo, see (1) eo. antequam or ante . . . quam, conj., before, until. Antiochus, i, in., Antiochus. 1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 B.C., conquered by Scipio Asiaticus in 190. 2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures Cicero heard at Athens in 79 b.c. antiquus, adj., ancient. Antonius, i, m., a Roman gentile name. 1. M. Antonius, a friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31 b.c, and killed himself the following year. 2. C. Antonius Hybrida, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with Cicero, b.c. 63. anulus, i [dim. of anus, a circle], m., a finger ring. anus, us, f., an old woman. anxius [ango], adj., anxious, troubled. aper, apri, m., a wild boar. aperio, see pario. aperte [apertus], adv., openly , plainly . apertus [orig. part, of aperio], adj., open, manifest. Apollo, inis, m., Apollo, the Greek god (worshiped by the Romans also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief shrine was at Delphi, in Greece. Apollonia, ae, f., a city of niyria, od the east coast of the Adriatic. Toward the close of the first century b.c. it was a famous seat of learning. Apollonius, I, m., Apollonms, sur- named Mold, under whom Cicero studied rhetoric at Rhodes. apparatus, us, m., equipment, prepa- ration; splendor, pomp. appareo, see pareo. appellatio, onis [(2) appello], f., name, title. VOCABULAEY 137 (1) appello, see pello. (2) appello, see pello. Appenninus, I, m., the Apennines, a range of mountains in Italy. Appius, l, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian gens. applaudo, ere, plausi, plausus [ad + plaudo, to clap the hands], to ap- plaud. appono, see pono. apprehendo, see prehendo. approbo, see probo. appropinquo, are, avi, — [ad+pro- pinquus], to draw near, approach. apte [aptus], adv., fitly, neatly. aptus, ad]., fitted, suited for, adapted to. apud, prep, with ace. ; of place, near ; of persons, with, among, in the pres- ence of, at the house of; with the name of an author, in the works of. Apulia, ae, f., Apulia, a district in the southeastern part of Italy. aqua, ae, f., loater. aquila, ae, f., an eagle ; standard (a metal eagle, elevated upon a pole) . aquilifer, feri [aquila + fero], m., standard bearer. ara, ae, f., an altar. arbiter, tri, m., witness, judge, um- pire. arbitrium, i [arbiter], n., judgment, decision; will, caprice. arbitror, ari, atus sum [arbiter], to think, believe, consider. arbor, oris, f., a tree. area, ae [arceo], f., chest, box. arceo, ere, ui, — , to shut up, inclose ; hinder, prevent. con — coerceo, ere, ui, itus, to confine closely, shut in; restrain, check. ex — exerceo, ere, ui, itus, to ex- ercise, drill, employ ; legem exer- cere, to enforce a law. arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, to cause to come, summon, send for. Ardea, ae, f., Ardea, a town in Latium, about eighteen miles south of Rome. ardens, entis [orig. part, of ardeo, to burn, glow], adj., glowing, fiery, bright. ardor, oris [ardeo, to burn, glow], m., heat, glow ; zeal, enthusiasm, fire. argentum, i, n., silver ; money. Argi, orum, m., Argos, a city in the northeastern part of the Pelopon- nesus. Argivus, adj., of Argos, Argive. arguo, ere, i, utus, to shoio, prove; charge, accuse, blame. aridus [areo, to be dry], adj., dry, arid. arma, orum, n. pi., arms, weapons (esp. for defense) ; warfare. armatus [orig. part, of armo], adj., armed, in full armor. As noun, armati, orum, m. pi., armed men, soldiers. Armenia, ae, f., Armenia, a country in Asia, southeast of the Black Sea. armilla, ae [armus, shoulder, arm], f., a bracelet, armlet. armo, are, avi, atus [arma] , to arm, equip. Arpinum, i, n., Arpinum, a town of the Volsci, fifty miles southeast of Rome ; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero. ars, artis, f., skill, art, knowledge; accomplishment, esp. in pi. ; device, stratagem. artifex, icis [ars + facio], m., work- man, artist, builder. artus, uum, m. pi., joints, limbs. Aruns, untis, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus. arx, arcis [arceo], f., citadel, strong- hold. as, assis, m., an as, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a pound of copper, hut finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a cent. 138 VOCABULARY ascendo, see scando. Asia, ae, f., Asia, esp. Asia Minor. Asiaticus, adj., Asiatic. As noun, Asiaticus, i, m., cognomen of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of An- tiochus. asper, aspera, asperum, adj., rough, bitter, sharp ; harsh, violent, severe. asperitas, atis [asper], f., roughness, harshness; acidity (of vinegar). aspernor, see sperno. aspis, idis, f., an asp, viper. astutia, ae [astutus], f., shrewdness, smartness, cleverness. astutus [astu, cunning], adj., smart, clever, shrewd, cunning. asylum, I, n., place of refuge, asy- lum. at, conj., but, but yet, nevertheless. Athenae, arum, f. plur., Athens, the chief city of Greece, situated in Attica, in the southeastern part of central Greece. Athesis, is, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius defeated the Cimbri in 101 B.C. Atilius, l, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Regulus. atque, before consonants ac, conj., and, and also. atqui, conj., and yet, but yet, yet. atrociter [atrox], adv., fiercely, cru- elly. atrox, ocis, adj., savage, fierce, cruel, horrible. attonitus [attono, to thunder at], adj., thunder-struck, awe-struck, over- whelmed. Attus, I, m., Attus Ndvius, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus. auctor, oris [augeo], m., producer, originator, cause. auctoritas, atis [auctor], f., authority, power ; influence, weight, dignity. aucupium, I [avis+ capio], n., bird- catching, fowling. audacia, ae [audax, bold], f., boldness, daring ; rashness, presumption. audeo, ere, ausus sum, to venture, dare. audio, ire, IvI, itus, to hear, listen to; dicto audiens esse, to obey. ex — exaudio, ire, ivi, itus, to hear clearly, distinguish. aufero, see fero. aufugio, see fugio. augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, to increase, enlarge. augur, uris [avis], m., an augur, sooth- sayer, a priest whose business it was to take the a uspicia. See auspicium. augurium, i [augur], n., observance of omens, divination ; augurium agere, to perform the augural ceremonies. augustus [augeo], adj., majestic, ven- erable, imposing. Augustus, i [augustus], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in B.C. 27, and after him to all the Roman em- perors. aureus [aurum], adj., golden. auris, is, f., ear. aurum, i, n., gold. auspicium, i [avis + *specio], n., divination by watching the flight, or noting the cries, of birds. In taking the auspicia, auspices, the augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or disapproved a proposed course of conduct. autem, conj., always postpositive, but, however, moreover. auxilium, i [augeo], n., help, aid; plur., auxiliary troops (usually foreign and light-armed troops) . avaritia, ae [avarus], f., greed, avarice. avarus, adj., greedy, grasping, covet- ous. avello, ere, velli, vulsus [ab + vello, to pluck], to tear off or away, sever. VOCABULAKY 139 Aventinus, I, m. (sc. mons), the Aven- tine, one of the seven hills of Rome. Aventinus, adj., of or on the Aven- tine. aveo, ere, — , — , to fare well, used only in the imperative ave! hail! wel- come I greetings ! aversor, arl, atus sum [averto], to scorn, repulse. averto, see verto. a vide [avidus], adv., eagerly, greedily. avidus, adj., desirous, eager, greedy. avis, is, f., bird; sign, omen. avitus [avus], adj., ancestral. avoco, see voco. avolo, see (2) volo. avunculus [dim. of avus], m., uncle, mother's brother. avus, i, m., grandfather, ancestor. B baculum, i, n., a staff, stick. Bagrada(s), ae, m., a river near Car- thage. ballista, ae, f., the ballista, a military engine for hurling stones. balneum, i, n., bath, bathing-place. barba, ae, f., beard. barbarus, adj., foreign, uncivilized, barbarous. As noun, barbari, drum, pi. m., foreigners, barbarians. bellator, oris [bello], m., fighter, brawler ; warrior, soldier. bellicosus [bellicus, warlike], adj., warlike. bello, are, avi, atum [bellum], to wage war, fight. re — rebello, are, avi, atum, to wage war again, rebel. bellum, i (orig. duellum, from duo), n., war, warfare. belua, ae, f ., a wild beast ; of a person, beast, brute, monster. bene [bonus], adv., well, successfully ; comp. melius, sup. optime. beneficium, i [bene + facio] , n., favor, kindness, service. benevolentia, ae [bene + (1) volo], f., good will, kindly feeling ; favor. benigne [benignus], adv., kindly, cour- teously. benignus, adj., kind, favorable. bibliotheca, ae, f ., library. bibo, ere, i, — , to drink. Bibulus, i, m., L. Calpurnius, consul with Julius Caesar in 59 B.C. biduum, i [bis + dies], n., a period of two days, two days' time. bis [orig. duis; cf. duo), num. adv., twice. blanditia, ae, f., flattery ; in pi., blan- dishments, allurements. Blosius, i, m., gentile name of C. Blosius Cumanus, a friend of C. Gracchus. Bacchus, i, m., Bocchus, king of the Gaetuli, and ally of Jugurtha. Boiorix, icis, m., Boiorix, chief of the Cimbri, defeated by Marius, 101 b.c. bonus, comp. melior, sup. optimus, adj., good; as noun, boni, orum, m. pi., good men, loyal citizens; bona, orum, n. pi., goods, posses- sions. bos, bovis, m. and f ., ox, cow ; pi., cattle. bracchium, i, n., forearm, arm. brevi, see brevis. brevis, e, adj., short ; brevi (sc. tem- pore), adv., in a little while, soon. Britanni, drum, m. pi., the inhabitants of England, the Britons. Brundisium, i, n., Brundisium, a sea- port in southeastern Italy, the regular point of embarkation for Greece. Brutus, i, m., a cognomen in the Junian gens. 1. L. Iunius Brutus, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, and consul with Collatinus in 509 B.C. 2. M. Iunius Brutus, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44 B.C. 140 VOCABULAKY 3. D. Iunius Brutus, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but afterwards one of his murderers. bulla, ae, f., an amulet or charm for the neck, commonly of gold, though often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid aside with the toga praetexta (see prae- textus) , and consecrated to the Lares, or gods of the hearth. C, orig. = English G, later = both C and G, finally = C alone ; with proper names = Gdius, a Roman praenomen. cadaver, eris [cado], n., a corpse. cado, ere, cecidl, casurus, to fall; fall dead, be killed, die ; happen. ad — accido, ere, cidi, — , to hap- pen, befall, come to pass. con — concido, ere, cidi, — , to fall, be slain, perish. in — incido, ere, cidi, — , fall, fall into or on, meet; happen, occur; incidere in aliquem, to happen in the time of anybody. ob — occido, ere, cidi, — , fall down, fall, perish ; set (of the sun). re — recido, ere, cidi, — , to fall back, return ; fall. caedes, is [caedo], f., slaughter, mas- sacre. caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus, to cut, cut to pieces ; kill, conquer, rout; virgis caedere, to flog. ob — occido, ere, cidi, cisus, to cut down, kill, slay. prae — praecido, ere, cidi, cisus, to cut short, cut off. caelestis, e [caelum], adj., from heaven, heavenly, celestial. Caelius, i, m. (sc. mons), the Caelian hill, one of the seven hills of Rome, caelum, i, n., the sky, heavens. caenosus [caenum], ad]., foul, filthy. caenum, i, n., mud, filth, mire. Caesar, aris, m., Caesar, a family name in the Julian gens. 1. G. Iulius Caesar, the famous dictator, born 100 B.C., quaestor in 68, aedile in 65, praetor in 62, con- sul in 59; conquered Gaul, 58-50; engaged in civil war with Pompey and his supporters, 49-46; created perpetual dictator in 46; murdered, March 15, 44. 2. The grandson of Caesar's sister, C. Octdvius, was adopted by Caesar, and henceforth known as C. Iulius Caesar Octdvidnus. He was born 63 B.C., formed the second triumvi- rate with Antony and Lepidus in 44 ; with Antony's help defeated Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of Caesar, in 42, at Philippi; defeated Antony at Actium, in 31, and became sole master of the Roman world, which he ruled till his death in 14 a.d. See also Augustus. caesaries, — , ace. em, f., hair (of the head) , locks (only in sing.) . calamitas, atis, f., calamity, disaster. calcar, aris, n., a spur. callidus, adj., shrewd, cunning, sly. Calpurnia, ae, f., Calpurnia, daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso, and wife of Julius Caesar. Calpurnius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Bibulus. calvitium, i [calvus], n., baldness. calvus, adj., bald. Calvus, i [calvus], m., cognomen of C. Licinius Macer Calvus, poet and orator, 82-47 B.C. Camers, ertis, m., an inhabitant of Camerinum, a town of Umbria, a district in Central Italy. Campania, ae, f., a district on the west coast of Italy, south of Latium. Campanus, adj., Campanian. campus, i, m., a field, especially the VOCABULARY 141 Campus Martius, a plain lying be- tween the Capitoline Hill and the Tiber, and thus orig. outside the walls. It was used as a place of exercise, as a parade ground and place for reviews. Later, elections were held there. candeo, ere, ui, — , to shine, glow. ad accendo, ere, I, census, to set fire to, kindle, burn ; arouse, fire, anger. in — incendo, ere, I, census, to set on fire ; arouse, excite. candidus [candeo], adj., white. Caninius, i, m., gentile name of C. Caninius Eebilus, consul for a few hours on December 31, 45 B.C. canis, is, m. and f., a dog. Cannae, arum, f. pi., a small town in Apulia in southeastern Italy. Cannensis, e, adj., o/or at Cannae. cano, ere, cecini, — , to sing, chant, play ; sound, give signal. prae — praecino, ere, ui, — , to play before (one) . cantus, us [cano], m., song; note, cry. Canusium, i, n., a town in Apulia near Cannae. capesso, ere, ivi, itus [desid. of capio], to take eagerly, seize, resort to. capillus, i [caput], m., the hair. capio, ere, cepi, captus, to take, seize, capture ; consilium capere, to form a plan. ad— accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take to one's self, receive, adopt ; meet with, welcome ; understand, inter- pret. con— concipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take in, imagine, conceive. de — decipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take in, catch, deceive, cheat. ex — excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take out, appropriate, overhear; receive, greet ; await, confront. in — incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take up, begin, undertake. inter — intercipio, ere, cepi, ce- ptus, to seize in passing, steal, usurp. prae — praecipio, ere, cepi, ce- ptum, direct, bid, order. re — recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take back, recover; take, receive ; se recipere, to retreat, withdraw. sub — suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, to take up, undertake, assume, suc- ceed to. Capitolinus, adj., pertaining to the Capitol. Capitolium, i, n., the Capitol, the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome; often, also, the hill on which this temple stood, the Mons Capitolinus, the citadel of Rome. capra, ae, f ., a she-goat ; Caprae palus, Goat Swamp, in the Campus Martius. captivus [capio], adj., captive; as noun, captivus, i, m., a prisoner, captive. capto, are, avi, atus [freq. of capio], to seize eagerly, strive to seize, strive for; take in, deceive, trap. Capua, ae, f ., a city in Campania noted for its luxury. capulus, i [capio], m., hilt, handle. caput, itis, n., the head, life ; head or capital of a nation ; capite damnare, to condemn to death. carbo, inis, m., a coal, charcoal. Carbo, inis, m., C. Papirius, an enemy of Sulla, defeated by Pompey. career, eris, n., a prison, esp. the state prison at Rome, built by Ancus Marcius, and known since the middle ages as the ' Mamertine Prison.' It lay at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, on the side towards the Forum. The historian Sallust thus describes it: " In the prison there is a place called the Tullidnum, about twelve feet 142 VOCABULARY below the surface of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and above it _there is a room constructed with stone vaulting. It is a disgusting and horrible place on account of the filth, the darkness, and the stench." carnifex, ficis [caro, flesh + facio], m., executioner, butcher. carpentum, i, n., a two-wheeled car- riage. earpo, ere, si, tus, to pluck, tear. dis — discerpo, ere, si, tus, to pluck or tear in pieces. ex— excerpo, ere, si, tus, to pluck out, choose, select. Carthaginiensis, e, adj., Carthaginian. Carthago, inis, f., Carthage, a city on the northern coast of Africa, colonized by Phoenicians from Tyre. Carthago Nova, f., New Carthage, a city on the east coast of Spain, founded by the Carthaginians. cams, adj., dear, beloved; costly. casa, ae, f ., a hut, cottage. Casca, ae, m., C. Servilius, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar. Cassius, I, m., gentile name of C. Cas- sius Longinus, one of the foremost conspirators against Caesar in 44 B.C. castellum, I [dim. of castrum], n., a stronghold, castle, fort. castigo, are, avi, atus [castus, pure 4- ago], to correct, punish, chastise. castrum, I, n., a fortified place ; pi., castra, orum, a camp. casus, us [cado], m., that which befalls, accident, chance ; misfortune, ca- lamity. catapulta, ae, f., an engine for hurling ay^ows, catapult. catena, ae, f ., a chain, fetter. Catilina, ae, m., L. Sergius, who con- spired against the state during Cicero's consulship, 63 B.C. catillus, i, m., a small dish, plate. Cato, onis, m., M. Porcius, called Uti- censis, because he committed suicide at Utica in Africa, after the battle of Thapsus 46 B.C. Catullus, I, m., C. Valerius, the famous lyric poet, 87-54 B.C. catulus, I, m., a young animal, cub. Catulus, I, m., Q. Lutdtius, who in 67 B.C. opposed the grant of extraor- dinary powers to Pompey for the war with the pirates. cauda, ae, f., tail. causa, ae, f., cause, reason, occasion; case at law; causa (with preceding gen.), for the sake of, a common expression of purpose; causam di- cere, to plead a case in court. cautus [orig. part, of caveo], adj., careful, wary, cautious. cavea, ae [cavus, hollow], f., a cage. caveo, ere, cavi, cautus, to be on one's guard, beware, guard against. cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to go, move ; to go from, retire; yield, submit; ex sententia cedere, to turn out to one's satisfaction. ab — abscedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, to go away, icithdraw, depart. ad — accedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, to go or come to, move towards, ap- proach ; be added. ante — antecedo, ere, cessi, — , to go before, precede. con — concedo, ere, cessi, cessus, to withdraw, retire, depart; yield, submit; allow, grant, concede. de — decedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to go away, withdraw, depart ; to die (sc. vita) . dis — discedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to go away, depart; come off. in — incedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, to advance, approach ; march ; move slowly. prae — praecedo, ere, cessi, ces- surus, to go before. pro — procedo, ere, cessi, cessum, VOCABULAKY 143 to move forward, advance, make progress. re — recede, ere, cessi, cessum, to move back, withdraw, retire, re- treat. se — ■ secedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, to retire, withdraw. sub — succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to follow, succeed; be successful. celeber, bris, bre, adj., famous. celebratus [part, of celebro, to throng], adj., of a place, thronged, frequented ; of persons, places, or things, famous, brilliant. celer, eris, ere, adj., swift, quick, lively. celeritas, atis [celer], f., swiftness, speed, alertness. celeriter [celer], adv., quickly, soon. cella, ae, f., chamber, sanctuary, shrine. celo, are, avi, atus, to hide, conceal. Celtiberi, orum, m. pi., the Celtiberi, a tribe in Spain. cena, ae, f., dinner, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about three o'clock. ceno, are, avi, atus [cena], to dine, eat. censeo, ere, ui, us, to rate, value; be of the opinion, think ; determine, decide. census, us [censeo], m., an enumeration and classification of the people ac- cording to wealth, a census. centies [centum], adv., a hundred times. centum, indecl. num. adj., a hun- dred. centuria, ae [centum], f., a division of the army or the people, containing a ' hundred persons, a century. centurio, onis [centuria], m., a com- mander of a century, centurion, captain. cerno, ere, crevi, certus [cretus], to separate ; see, perceive ; decide, de- termine. de — decerno, ere, crevi, cretus, to decide, determine ; decree, vote, entrust (by a decree) ; contend, fight. se — secerno, ere, crevi, cretus, to separate, divide. certamen, inis [certo], n., match, trial of skill or strength ; contest, battle. certatim [certo], adv., in rivalry, zealously. certe [certus], adv., certainly, surely. certo, are, avi, atum [certus], to vie with, contend. certus [orig. part, of cerno], adj., de- termined, fixed ; certain, definite, specified, assured; certiorem facere, to inform; certior fieri, to be in- formed. cervix, Icis, f., neck, throat. cesso, are, avi, atum [freq. of cedo], to be inactive, loiter, delay. ceterum [ceterus], adv. and conj., for the rest, but, moreover, besides. ceteri, ae, a, adj., the rest, the other, the others. charta, ae, f., writing material, paper, sheet (of Egyptian papyrus) . Chrysogonus, I, m., L. Cornelius, a freedman of Sulla. cibarius [cibus], adj., pertaining to food ; res cibaria, provisions. cibus, I, m.,food, victuals. cicatrix, Icis, f., a scar. cicer, ciceris, n., a pea, chickpea. Cicero, onis [cicer], m., cognomen of M. Tullius Cicero, the famous orator, born at Arpinum, 106 B.C. ; quaestor in Sicily, 75; praetor, 66; consul, 63; killed by Antony's order in 43. Cimber, brl, m., a Cimbrian, one of the Cimbri, the Teutonic tribe which, together with the Teuton es, invaded Italy, and was defeated by Marius in 101 B.C. Cimbricus, adj., Cimbrian. 144 VOCABULAEY cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus, to encircle, surround; gird, gird on, equip; obsidione cingere, to blockade, be- siege. ad — aecingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus, to gird, gird on, equip, arm. sub — succingo, ere, cinxi, cinc- tus, to gird, arm, equip. cinis, eris, m., ashes. Cinna, ae, m., L. Cornelius, leader with Marius of the popular party, and enemy of Sulla, 87-84 B.C. circa, adv. and prep, with ace, around, round about, throughout. circum, adv. and prep, with ace, around, about. circumdo, see do. circumsto, see sto. circumvenio, see venio. circus, i, ni., a circle, enclosure for athletic sports, esp. chariot-races; Circus Maximus : see p. 18, n. 6. citerior, oris, adj., on this side, hither, nearer. cito, are, avi, atus [freq. of cieo, to set in motion], to rouse, urge on; summon. con — concito, are, avi, atus, to rouse, excite; move, instigate. ex — excito, are, avi, atus, to call or bring forth ; rouse, excite. in — incito, are, avi, atus, urge on, arouss, incite. civicus [civis], adj., of citizens, civic ; civica corona, the civic crown, given to a soldier who saved the life of a citizen in battle. civilis, e [civis], adj., of citizens, civil, civic; courteous, polite. civis, is, m., citizen, fellow-citizen. civitas, atis [civis], f., citizenship ; state, body of citizens. clades, is, f., disaster, overthrow, de- feat ; cladem accipere, to sustain a defeat ; clade adficere, to clam [celoj, adv., secretly. clamito, are, avi, atus [freq. of clamo] , to ci^y aloud, shout loudly. clamo, are, avi, atus, to shout. ad — acclamo, are, avi, atum, to shout loudly, exclaim. con — conclamo, are, avi, atum, cry out together, shout. ex — exclamo, are, avi, atum, to cry out, shout aloud, exclaim. in — inclamo, are, avi, atus, shout loudly ; cry out to, call upon, appeal to. pro — proclamo, are, avi, atum, to call, cry out, proclaim. sub — succlamo, are, avi, atus, to shout in answer, to answer loudly. clamor, oris [clamo], m., shout, cry, noise. clandestinus [clam], adj., secret. clangor, oris, m., noise, clash, clang. clarus, adj., bright; famous, re- nowned; of sound, clear, loud. classicum, i [classis], n. (sc. signum), battle signal on the trumpet. classis, is, f., a class or division of citizens ; a fleet. Claudia, ae, f., a sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher. Claudius, i, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. 1. Appius Claudius, one of the Decemvirs of 451 B.C. 2. Appius Claudius Pulcher, con- sul in 249 B.C., and defeated in a naval battle off Drepanum in Sicily. claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, to shut, close ; shut in, imprison. ex — excludo, ere, clusi, clusus, to shut out, exclude. in — includo, ere, clusi, clusus, to sluit in, enclose ; imprison. clausula, ae [claudo], f., conclusion. clavus, i, m., a nail. Clemens, entis, adj., gentle, kindly, merciful. VOCABULAEY 145 clementer [clemens], adv., quietly, mercifully, mildly. dementia, ae [clemens], f., merciful- ness, forbearance, kindness. Cleopatra, ae, f., the famous queen of Egypt, renowned for her wit and beauty. She lived 69-30 B.C. cliens, entis [orig. cluens, from clueo, to hear], m., a vassal, dependent, client. The clientes attached them- selves to some patrician, who aided them in business, esp. legal business, and was practically their father or guardian. The clients in turn were bound to respect and serve their patron, and to assist him financially, esp. in ransoming him, if captured, and in providing a marriage portion for his daughters. clivus, I, m., ascent, slope, hill; Clivus Capitolinus, a street running up from the Forum to the Capitol. Clodius, i, m., plebeian form of Clau- dius, the gentile name of P. Clodius Pulcher, Cicero's enemy, who, as tribune of the people, brought about his banishment. Clypea, ae, f., a fortified town in Africa, near Carthage. Cn., abbreviation of the name Gnaeus. coepi, coepisse, coeptus, to begin. coerceo, see arceo. cogitatio, onis [cogito], f., thought, consideration, plan. cogito, see agito. cognatio, onis [cognatus], f., blood relationship, ties of blood. cognatus [con+ (g)nascor], adj., re- lated by blood ; as noun, a kinsman, blood relation. cognitio, onis [cognosco], f., a legal investigation, judicial hearing; co- gnitionem instituere, to hold a hearing. cognomen, inis [con+ (g)nomen], n., a name added to the individual and clan names of a person; a surname, either as a title of honor, as Africa- nus, Magnus, Torquatus, or as a nickname, as Cicero. Cognomina served to distinguish different fami- lies of the same gens. cognomino, are, avi, atus [cognomen], to surname, call. cognosco, see nosco. cogo, see ago. cohors, ortis, f., cohort, company (the tenth part of a legion) . See legio. Collatia, ae, f., a Sabine town near Rome. Collatinus, I, m., L. Tarquinius, the husband of Lucretia, and one of the first two consuls, 509 B.C. collis, is, m., a hill. collum, I, n., neck. colo, ere, ui, cultus, to till, cultivate; dwell in; practice, cherish; clothe, adorn ; honor, esteem. ex — excolo, ere, ui, cultus, to cultivate, improve, adorn; refine. in — incolo, ere, ui, — , to dwell, dwell in, live. colonia, ae [colo], f., a colony, settle- ment. columba, ae, f., a dove, pigeon. com, con, co, forms of the prep, cum, found only in compound words. See cum. comburo, see uro. comes, itis [con+ (1) eo], m., compan- ion, comrade; attendant, follower. comitas, atis [comis, courteous], f., courtesy, kindness. comitatus, us [comitor], m., escort, train. comitium, I [con+ (1) eo], n., the Co- mitium, a place adjoining the Forum Romanum, where the voters assem- bled ; comitia, orum, the comitia, an assembly of the people (esp. for elections); election; comitia indi- cere, to set a date for an election. 146 VOCABULARY comitor, ari, atus sum [comes], to accompany . commeatus, us, m., a furlough. commends, see mandS. commigrS, see migrS. commilitS, Snis [con -f miles] , m., fellow-soldier, comrade. comminus [con + manus], adv., hand to hand, at close quarters. committS, see mitto. commode [commodusj, adv., properly, fittingly, rightly. commodus [con + modus], adj., in due measure, suitable, fit, convenient. commoveS, see moveS. communis, see muniS. communis, e [con + munus] , adj., common, joint, general. communiter [communis], adv., irc com- mon, together. commutS, see muto. cSmS, see emo. compar, paris [con + par], adj., equal to, like ; fitting, suitable. comparo, see paro. compellS, see pellS. comperiS, see pario. compes, edis [con + pes], f., usually in the pi., shackles, fetters. complector, I, plexus sum, to em- brace. compleS, see *pleo. comploratio, onis [comploro, to be- wail], f., lamentation, wailing. complures, a or ia [con + plus], adj., several, many, very many. compono, see pono. compos, potis [con + potis, a&te],adj., master of ; voti compos fieri, to gain one's heart's desire. compositum, i [compono], n., agree- ment. comprehends, see prehendo. comprimo, see premo. comprobo, see probo. computo, see puto. con, see com. concedo, see cedo. concido, see cado. concilio, are, avi, atus [concilium], to bring together, conciliate ; win over, secure. re — reconcilio, are, avi, atus, to reunite, reconcile. concilium, i [con + calo, to calX\, n., assembly, gathering . concipio, see capio. concito, see cito. conclamo, see clamo. concordia, ae [con + cor, heart], f., union, harmony, concord. concupisco, ere, cupivi, cupitus [con + cupio], to desire greatly, crave. concurro, see curro. concursus, us [concurro], m., a con- course, throng ; attack, charge, onset. condemno, see damnS. condiciS, Snis [condicS, to agree], f., agreement, stipulation, terms. condS, see dS. conducS, see duco. cSnferS, see ferS. cSnfertus [part, of cSnferciS, to stuff together], adj., crowded, dense. cSnfessiS, Snis [cSnfiteor], f., confes- sion, acknowledgment. cSnfestim, adv., immediately, at once. cSnficiS, see faciS. cSnfidentia, ae [cSnfidS, to trust], f., boldness, assurance, confidence. cSnfirmatus [orig. part, of cSnfirmS], adj., courageous, resolute. cSnfirmS, see firmS. cSnfiteor, see fateor. cSnflagrS, are, avi, — [con + flagrS, to burn], to burn, be destroyed (by fire). cSnfligS, see *fligo. cSnflo, see AS. cSnfluS, see fiuS. cSnfodiS. see fodiS. VOCABULARY 147 cSnfugiS, see fugiS. congerS, see gerS. congredior, see gradior. congressus, us [congredior], m., meet- ing, interview, encounter, fight. congruo, ere, 1, — , to agree, tally. cSniciS, see iacio. coniungo, see iungS. cSniunx or cSniux [coniungo] , m. and f., married person, husband, wife. cSniuratiS, Snis [cSniurS], f., a con- spiracy, plot. cSniurati, orum [orig. part, of coniuro] , m. pi., conspirators. coniuro, see iuro. coniux, see coniunx. conlaudo, see laudo. conlega, ae [con + lego], m., one chosen at the same time, a colleague. conligo, see lego. conlocS, see loco. conloquium, I [conloquor], n., an interview, conference. conloquor, see loquor. conor, ari, atus sum, to attempt, try. conqueror, see queror. conquirS, see quaerS. cSnsalutS, see salutS. cSnscendS, see scandS. cSnscientia, ae [con + scio], f., con- sciousness, knowledge. conscisco, see sciscS. cSnscius [con + scio], adj., acquainted with, aware of. cSnscribS, see scribS. cSnscriptus [orig. part, of conscribo], adj., enrolled; patres conscripti, the official title of the senators. Roman writers took this phrase as = patres et conscripti, explaining patres as patricians, of whom orig. the senate was wholly composed, and conscripti as denoting the plebeians newly en- rolled in the senate in 509 B.C., after the expulsion of the kings. It may, however, = enrolled patricians, to distinguish the senators from the patricians who were not enrolled in the senate. consecro, see sacro. consensus, us [consentio], m., united opinion, consent, agreement. consentio, see sentio. consequor, see sequor. consero, see sero. conservo, see servo. considero, are, avi, atus, to look at closely, examine, reflect, consider. consido, see sido. consilium, i [cf. consulo], n., plan, scheme ; judgment, wit, sense, shrewd- ness; consilium capere or inire, to plan. consists, see sistS. cSnsobrinus, i [con + soror], m., first- cousin, cousin. cSnsSlor, ari, atus sum [con + sSlor, to comfort], to comfort, cheer. cSnspectus, us [cSnspiciS], m., sight, view. cSnspiciS, see *speci5. cSnspicuus [cSnspiciS], adj., in plain sight, conspicuous, remarkable. cSnspiratiS, Snis [cSnspirS, to breathe together, plot], f., a plot. cSnspirati, Srum [cSnspirS, to plot], m. pi., conspirators. cSnstans, antis [orig. part, of cSnstS], adj., of strong character, firm, reso- lute ; steadfast, consistent. cSnstanter [cSnstans], adv., firmly, resolutely, steadfastly . constantia, ae [cSnstans], f., a typical Roman virtue, strength of character, steadiness of purpose, firmness; courage, faithfulness. cSnsternS, see sternS. cSnstituS, see status. cSnstS, see stS. cSnsuescS, see suescS. cSnsuetudS, inis [cSnsuetus, part, of cSnsuescS], f., habit, custom. 148 VOCABULAKY consul, ulis, m., a consul, the title given to the two highest officials of the Roman republic. The office was created in 509 b.c. At first its powers were equal to those of the kings, except in religious matters. Later, certain of these powers were transferred to other magistrates. The consuls were elected annually; their joint names were used in giving dates. At the close of their official term, the consuls usually governed a province for a year as proconsuls. cSnsularis, e [consul], adj., of consular rank ; as noun, an ex-consul. cSnsulatus, us [consul], m., consul- ship. consulo, ere, ui, tus, to take counsel, deliberate ; to take counsel with, to consult ; graviter cSnsulere, to take vigorous measures. consulto, are, avi, atus [freq. of con- sulo], to take counsel, deliberate. consumo, see sumo. contemnS, ere, tempsl, temptus, to despise, scorn. contemptor, oris [contemno], m., one who despises, scorner. contends, see tendo. contentiS, Snis [contends], f., strain- ing, effort, energy ; dispute, strife. contentus [orig. part, of contineS], adj., content, satisfied with. continentia, ae [contineo], f., self- restraint, moderation. contineo, see teneo. contingS, see tango. continuo [continuus], adv., forthwith, straightway . continuus [contineo], adj., uninter- rupted, continuous, successive, inces- sant. contio, onis [orig. co(n)venti5, from conveniS], f., an assembly, meeting. contra, prep, with ace, against, con- trary to. contraho, see traho. contrarius [contra], adj., opposite, contrary. contubernalis, is [con + taberna, a tent], m., tent-companion, comrade. contumelia, ae, f., insult, reproach, abuse. contundS [con + tundS, to beat, strike], to crush, destroy. contus, I, m., a pole, pike. cSnubium, I [con + nubS], n., marriage, right of intermannage. convalescS, ere, valui, — [con + valeS] , to begin to be well, recover. conveniens, entis [convenio], adj., agreeing or consistent with, befitting. convenio, see venio. converts, see vertS. convincS, see vincS. convivium, I [con + vivS], n., a feast. convocS, see vocS. coorior, see orior. cophinus, 1, m., a basket. cSpia, ae [co(n) + ops], f ., abundance, supply ; opportunity ; in pi., re- sources, forces, troops. cSpiose [cSpiSsus], adv., abundantly ; of speech, fluently, eloquently. cSpiSsus [cSpia], adj., abounding in, well supplied. coquus, I, m., a cook. cSram [co(n) +os], adv., before one's eyes, in person ; prep, with abl., be- fore, in the presence of. corium, I, n., skin, hide. Cornelia, ae, f., Cornelia. 1. A daughter of P. Scipio Afri- canus Maior, and mother of the Gracchi. 2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar. Cornelius, l, m., the name of a very important Roman gens. See Cinna, Cossus, Lentulus, ScipiS, and Sulla. cornu, us, n., horn; wing (of an army) . VOCABULAKY 149 corona, ae, f., a crown, garland. See civicus. corpus, oris, n., a body. corrigo, see rego. corripio, see rapio. corrumpo, see rumpo. corruo, see mo. corvus, I, m., a raven. In XVI. 3 it may be translated grappling-iron, though the reference is rather to a wooden boarding bridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the ship. In battle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and held there by a sharp iron spike in its under side. cos, cotis, f., flint stone, whetstone. Cossus, I, m., A. Cornelius, consul in 343 B.C. cottidianus [cottidie, daily], adj., daily ; usual, customary ; every- day, commonplace. Crassus, I, m., M. Licinius, called Di- ves because of his enormous wealth ; consul in 70 B.C., and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60; defeated and killed by the Parthians 53 b.c. creber, bra, brum, adj., croivded, nu- merous, incessant. credo, ere, credidi, creditus, to lend, entrust to; believe in, trust; be- lieve, think. Cremera, ae, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii. cremo, are, avi, atus, to burn. Cremona, ae, f., a town on the river Po. creo, are, avi, atus, to make, create ; to choose, elect. re — recreo, are, avi, atus, to re- new, revive, encourage. cresco, ere, crevi, cretus, to grow, in- crease. in — incresco, ere, crevi, — , to grow upon; grow, increase. criminor, ari, atus sum [crimen, a charge], to complain of, denounce; with infin., to charge. crinis, is, m., hair. cruciatus, us [crucio], m., torture, torment. crucio, are, avi, atus [crux], to cru- cify, torture, torment. crudelis, e, adj., cruel, unfeeling. crudelitas, atis [crudelis], f., cruelty. cruentus [cf. cruor], adj., blood- stained. crumena, ae, f., a purse, money bag. cruor, oris, m., running blood, gore. crus, cruris, n., a leg. crux, crucis, f., cross, gallows. crystallinus [crystallum, crystal] , adj., of crystal; as noun, crystalli- num, i (sc. vas), n., a vase of crystal. cubiculum, i [cubo], n., a bedcham- ber. cubo, are, ui, itum, to lie down, re- cline ; to lie sick. re — recubo, are, — , — , to lie on one's back, lie, recline. cuias, atis, interr. pron., of what coun- try ? whence f culpa, ae, f., fault, guilt. cultellus, i [dim. of culter], m., a small knife. culter, tri, m., knife, dagger. cultus, us [colo], m., cultivation; re- finement, luxury; mode of living, style. cum, prep, with abl., with, together with, at the same time with. In com- position the forms com, con, and co are used, and denote (1) accompani- ment, (2) intensity. cum, conj. ; of time, when, while, when- ever; of cause, since; of concession, although ; cum . . . turn, both . . . and, not only . . . but also. *cumbo, an old verb, same root as cubo. ad — accumbo, ere, cubui, cubi- tum, to lie or recline (esp. at table) . 150 VOCABULAEY in — incumbo, ere, cubui, cubi- tum, to lie or lean upon ; devote one's self. ob — occumbo, ere, cubui, cubi- tum, to fall (in death), die. pro — procumbo, ere, cubul, (su- bitum, to fall forward, fall prostrate. cunctatio, onis [cunctor], f., delay. Cunctator, oris [cunctor], m., Delayer, a name given to Q. Fabius Maximus. cunctor, an, atus sum, to delay, lin- ger. cupide [cupidus], adv., eagerly. cupiditas, atis [cupidus J, f., craving, desii^e, eagerness. cupido, inis [cf. cupidus], f., desire, craving, greed. cupidus [cupio], adj., desirous, fond : greedy, covetous. cupio, ere, ivi (ii), itus, to crave, de- sire, covet. cur, adv., why? for what reason? cura, ae, f., care, anxiety. Cures, ium, f. pi., a Sabine town. Curia, ae, f., a curia, ward, one of the ten divisions into which each of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided ; council chamber, esp. the Roman Senate-house, either the Ciiria Hosti- lia, adjoining the Forum on the north side, or the Curia Pompeia, built by Pompey in the Campns Martins. In the latter Caesar was murdered. Curiatius, i, m., name of the three Al- ban brothers who fought with the Horatii. Curius, I, m., gentile name of Manius Curius Dentdtus, a famous Roman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of life. He died in 270 b.c . euro, are, avi, atus [cura], to care for, attend to; with gerundive and infin., see to it that, take care that. pro — procuro, are, avi, atus, to care for, attend to ; of omens, to avert by sacrifices. curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, to run. ad — accurro, ere, (cu)curri, cur- sum, to run to, hasten towards. con — concurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursum, to run together; to rush together (in battle), charge, fight. de — decurro, ere, (cu)curri, cur- sum, to run down, hasten doivn. dis — discurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursum, to run in different direc- tions; wander, roam. ob— occurro, ere, (cu)curri, cur- sum, to run to meet, meet; with- stand, oppose. sub — suceurro, ere, i, — , to run to, help, aid. currus. us [curro], m., a chariot. cursus. us [curro], m., running ; jour- ney, -passage, course; speed. curulis. e [currus], adj., of a chariot. Sella curulis, see sella. custodia, ae [custos], f., watching; guard-house, prison; pi., pickets, toatchmen. custodio, ire, ivi, itus [custos], to watch, guard, defend. custos, odis, m. and f., guardian, pro- tector. Cyrus, i, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 b.c, founder of the Persian empire. D., abbreviation of the name Decimus. Daci, orum, m. pi., the Dacians, a people living on the north of the Danube. damnatio, onis [damno], f., condem- nation. damno, are, avi. atus, to judge guilty, condemn; capite damnare, to con- demn to death. con — condemno, are, avi, atus, to find guilty, condemn, sentence. de, prep, with abl. ; of place, from, down from, out of; of time, after, during ; VOCABULARY 151 of cause, in consequence of, through ; of relation, concerning , in respect to. In compounds it generally denotes thoroughness, but occasionally has negative force. dea, ae, f ., a goddess. deambulo, see ambulo. debeo, see habeo. debilis [de + habilis] , adj., weak, dis- abled, helpless. decedo, see cedo. decern, iridecl. num. adj., ten. december, bris, bre, adj., tenth; as noun, December (sc. mensis), m., December, the tenth month (counting from March, with which the Roman year originally began) . decemvir, I [decern + vir], m., a mem- ber of a commission of ten men, a decemvir. decerno, see cerno. decet, ere, uit, impers., it is fitting. decimus [decern], num. adj., tenth. Decimus, I, m., a Roman praenomen. decipio, see capio. Decius, I, m., the gentile name of P. Decius Mils, consul b.c. 340. declaro, are, avi, atus [de + clarus] , to make clear, disclose ; show, de- clare. decoro, are, avi, atus [decus], to adorn, deck. decurro, see curro. decus, oris, n., grace, glory, honor, splendor, ornament. decutio, see quatio. dediticius, i [deditus], m., a captive. deditio, onis [dedo], f., a surrender. deditus [orig. part, of dedo], adj., sur- rendered ; devoted to, addicted to. As noun, deditus, i, m., a captive. dedo, see do. deduco, see duco. defatigatio, onis, f., weariness. defendo, see *fendo. defensio, onis [defendo], f., a defense. defensor, oris [defendo], m., a de- fender. defero, see fero. defessus, adj., worn out, weary. deficio, see facio. defigo, see figo. deflecto, see flecto. deformitas, atis [deformis, ugly], f., ugliness, disfigurement. defungor, see fungor. dego, see ago. dehonesto, are, — , — [de + honesto (cf. honos), to honor], to disgrace, dishonor. deicio, see iacio. dein, see deinde. deinceps, adv., one after the other, in succession; next; thereafter, in the future. deinde or dein [de + inde], adv., sub- sequently ; then, next ; thereafter, from that time on. delabor, see labor. delectus [orig. part, of (1) deligo], ad]., picked, choice. delectus, us [(1) deligo], m., a picking out, a levy, draft; delectum agere or habere, to hold a levy. deleo, ere, evi, etus, to blot out, de- stroy. deliberabundus [delibero], adj., pon- dering, reflecting. delibero, are, avi, atus [de + libra, a balance], to weigh (consider) well, deliberate, ponder. delicate [delicatus], adv., luxuriously, effeminately. delicatus [cf. deliciae], adj., de- voted to pleasure, luxurious, effemi- nate. deliciae, arum, pi. f., delights, pleasure, luxury. (1) deligo, see lego. (2) deligo, are, see ligo. deliro, are, — , — [de + lira, a furrow], to be crazy. 152 VOCABULARY delitesco, ere, litul, — [de + lateo, to hide], lie hid, be concealed. Delphi, orum, pi. m,, Delphi, a town of Phocis in Central Greece, renowned for its oracle of Apollo. demisse [demissus, modest], adv., modestly, humbly, abjectly. demitto, see mitto. demoror, see moror. demum, adv., at last, finally ; turn demum, then at last, not till then. denarius, i, m., a silver coin, equiva- lent orig. to 10, afterwards to 16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents. denego, see nego. denique, adv., thereafter, thereupon; at last, finally ; bHefly, in short. denuntio, see nuntio. denuo [de + novo], adv., anew, again. deosculor, see osculor. depello, see pello. depereo, see pereo. depono, see pono. deposco, see posco. deprecor, see precor. deprehendo, see prehendo. derideo, see rideo. descendo, see scando. descisco, see scisco. describo, see scribo. desero, see sero. desiderium, i [desidero], n., longing, yearning ; regret. desidero, are, avi. atus, to long for; require, need. desilio, see salio. desipiens, entis [orig. part, of desipio], adj., foolish, silly. As noun, de- sipiens, entis, m., a fool, madman. desipio, see sapio. desisto, see sisto. desperatio, onis [despero], f., despair, desperation. despero, see spero. despicio, see *specio. despondeo, see spondeo. destino, are, avi, atus, to make fast, fix ; resolve, design, plan. destringo, see stringo. desum, see sum. desuper [de+ super], adv., from above. detego, see tego. deterreo, see terreo. detineo, see teneo. detraho, see traho. detrecto, are, avi, atus [de neg. + tracto, to handle, manage], to de- cline, shirk. detrimentum, i [detero, to rub away], u., loss, damage. deuro, see uro. deus, i, m., a god, divinity. devinco, see vinco. devolo, see (2) volo. devoveo, see voveo. dexter, era, erum, and tra, trum, adj., right. As noun, dextra (sc. manus) , f., the right hand. diadema, atis, n., a royal crown, dia- dem. Diana, ae, f., an ancient Italian god- dess, identified by the Romans with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase. dico, ere, dixi, dictus, to say, speak; call, name ; appoint ; causam dicere, to plead a case ; diem dicere alicui, to bring a complaint against some one ; ius dicere, to administer jus- tice, hold court; multam dicere, to impose a fine. ad — addico, ere, dixi, dictus, to be propitious to, assent; with ace, to adjudge, award. e — edico, ere, dixi, dictus, to make known, proclaim; order, command; diem edicere, to set a day (by public proclamation) . in — indico, ere, dixi, dictus, to proclaim, announce ; appoint ; im- pose, inflict. VOCABULAEY 153 inter— interdico, ere, dixi, dic- tum, to forbid, prohibit, exclude. prae — praedico, ere, dixi, dictus, to foretell, prophesy ; warn, ad- monish. dico, are, avi, atus, to declare; dedi- cate, consecrate. ab — abdico, are, avi, atus, to dis- own, reject ; se abdicare, to resign. in — indico, are, avi, atus, to make known, reveal. prae — praedico, are, avi, atus, to say openly, assert, declare. dictator, oris [dicto, to order], m., a dictator, a magistrate usually ap- pointed only in times of extreme peril . He was named by one of the consuls, after the senate had declared the appointment of a dictator necessary. He held unlimited powers, but the term of his office was limited to six months. dictatura, ae [dictator], f., dictator- ship. dictito, are, avi, atus [freq. of dico], to say often, assert, insist. dictum, i [dico], n., saying, word, re- mark ; command. diduco, see duco. dies, ei, m. and (sometimes in sing.) f., a day ; in dies, from day to day. diffido, ere,fisus sum [dis neg. + fido, to trust], to distrust, doubt. diffluo, see fluo. dignitas, atis [dignus], f., worth, high character; eminence, rank, reputa- tion. dignus, adj., worthy, deserving of. digredior, see gradior. diligenter [diligo], adv., industriously, diligently. dlligentia, ae [diligo], f., carefulness, diligence, industry. diligo, see lego. dflucesco, ere, luxi, — [cf. lux], to grow light, dawn. dimicatio, onis [dimico], f., a fight. dimico, are, avi, atum, to fight. dimitto, see mitto. dirigo, see rego. dirimo, see emo. diripio, see rapio. diruo, see ruo. dis, ditis, comp. ditior, sup. ditissi- mus, adj., rich, wealthy. dis or di, inseparable prefix, apart, asunder; sometimes negative, not. diseedo, see cedo. discerpo, see carpo. disciplina, ae [disco], f., teaching, training, discipline. discipulus, i [disco], m., a pupil. disco, ere, didici, — , to learn. discribo, see scribo. discrimen, inis [discerno, to divide], n., difference; turning-point, de- cision ; peril, crisis. discurro, see curro. disertus [dissero], adj., eloquent. dispensator, oris [dispense, to man- age], m., manager, steward, treas- urer. dispicio, see *specio. displiceo, see placeo. dispono, see pono. disputo, see puto. dissensio, onis [dissentio, to disagree], f., disagreement, strife. dissero, see sero. dissimilis, e [dis neg. + similis] , adj., unlike. dissimulo, see simulo. dissipo, are, avi, atus, to scatter, squander, dissipate. dissuadeo, see suadeo. distraho, see traho. distribuo, see tribuo. ditior, ditis simus. see dis. dito, are, avi, atus [dis], to enrich. diu, adv., for a long time, long. diuturnus [diu], adj., prolonged, long. diversus [diverto], adj., turned differ- 154 VOCABULARY ent ways, opposite, contrary ; in di- versa, apart, asunder. diverto, see verto. divido, ere, visi, visus, to divide, sepa- rate, distribute. divinitus [divinus], adv., by divine • agency , providentially . divinus [divus], adj., godlike, divine. divitiae, arum [dives, rich], pi. f., wealth. divus, adj., godlike, deified; often ap- plied to the Roman emperors after death. do, dare, dedi, datus, to put, place ; give, present, entimst ; operam dare, to pay attention; poenas dare, to suffer punishment. ab — abdo, dere, didi, ditus, to put away, hide, conceal. ad — addo, dere, didi, ditus, to put ox join to, add. circumdo, dere, didi, ditus, to place around, surround, enclose. con — condo, dere, didi, ditus, to put tog ether, found, build ; put away, hide ; sheathe (a sword) . de — dedo, dere, didi, ditus, to give vp, surrender. ex — edo, dere, didi, ditus, to give out, give; give birth to, bear; pub- lish, announce, reveal; perform; ludos edere, to celebrate games. in — indo, dere, didi, ditus, to put in or on, give, confer. per — perdo, dere, didi, ditus, to lose, destroy, ruin, waste. pro — prodo, dere, didi, ditus, to give or put forth, make known ; hand dozen, record ; betray. re — reddo, dere, didi, ditus, to give back, restore, return ; deliver (a letter) ; render. sub — subdo, dere, didi, ditus, to put under, apply. trans — trado, dere, didi, ditus, to give over, give up, surrender ; hand down, report, relate; hand over, en- trust. doceo, ere, ui, tus, to teach, point out. e — edoceo, ere, ui, tus, to teach thoroughly. doctor, oris [doceo], m., teacher. doctrina, ae [doceo], f., instruction; learning, training. doctus [orig. part, of doceo], ad]., edu- cated, learned, skilled. dolor, oris [doleo, to feel pain], m., pain, grief, resentment. dolose [dolus, craft], adv., craftily. domicilium, i [domus], n., dwelling, abode. dominatio, onis [dominor], f., rule, supremacy , dominion. dominatus, us [dominor, to rule], m., rule, sway, mastery, command. dominus, i, m., master [esp. of slaves], ruler, lord. domo, are, ui, itus, to tame, subdue. domus, us, f., a house, home; loc. domi, at home; ace. domum, home- wards, home. donativum, i [dono], n., a gift. donee, conj., while, until, as long as. dono, are, avi, atus [donum], to give, present. donum, i [do], n., a gift, present. dormio, ire, ivi, — , to sleep. dorsum, i, n., back (of an animal) ; range or ridge (of a mountain) . dos, dotis [do], f., dowry. dotalis, e [dos], adj., of a dowry; do- talia dona, icedding presents. dubito, are, avi, atum [dubius], to doubt, waver, hesitate. dubius, adj., doubtful, uncertain; in dubium vocare, to call in question. ducenti, ae, a [duo + centum] , num. adj., two hundred. duco, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead; pro- long ; consider, reckon ; fossam du- cere, to build a ditch; funus ducere, VOCABULARY 155 to celebrate a funeral; uxorem du- cere, to marry. ab — abduco, ere, diixl, ductus, to lead off or away, drag off, re- move. ad — adduco, ere, duxl, ductus, to lead to, bring ; induce, influence. con — conduco, ere, duxl, ductus, to bring together; contribute to, serve. de — deduco, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead (away) ; attend, escort. dis — diduco, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead or draw apart, separate, open. e — educo, ere, duxl, ductus, to lead forth or out ; bring up, rear. in — induco, ere, duxl, ductus, to lead or bring in, introduce ; lead, induce, influence. intro — introdiico, ere, dull, duc- tus, to lead or bring in, usher in, admit. per — perduco, ere, duxl, ductus, to lead, conduct, escort ; pursue ; spend, pass. re — reduco, ere, duxl, ductus, to lead or escort back, accompany . se — seduco, ere, duxl, ductus, to lead apart or aside. sub — subdiico, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead or draw away (secretly), withdraw , remove ; hide. trans — traduco, ere, duxl, duc- tus, to lead or carry across, tra?isport ; spend, pass (time). dudum, adv., a while ago. See iam. Duilius, I, m., C, a Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians in a naval battle, 260 B.C. (1) dum, adverbial particle found only in compounds, a while; with nega- tives, yet. (2) dum, conj., while, until. dummodo [dum + modo] , conj., pro- vided. duo, ae, o, num. adj., two. duodecim [duo + decern], num. adj., twelve. duodeni, ae, a, adj., twelve each, twelve. duplex, icis [duo + plico, to fold] , adj., tic of old, double. duplico, are, avi, atus [duplex], to double, repeat. duro, are, avi, atus [durus], to harden ; endure, hold out, last. durus, adj., hard, rough; rude, un- cultivated ; unfeeling. dux, ducis [duco], m., leader, guide; commander, general. Dyrrachium, i, n., a town in Hlyria, on the east coast of the Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium. E e, see ex. ecquid, interr. adv., used (1) to em- phasize a direct question, at all? (2) in indir. question, whether. edico, see dico. edictum, i [edico], n., proclamation, edict. editus [orig. part, of edo] , adj., high. edo, ere (esse), esi, esus, to eat, con- sume. edo, see do. edoceo, see doceo. educatio, onis [educo], f., training, education. educo, see duco. educo, are, avi, atus [educo], to bring up, rear, train, educate. effeminatus [orig. part, of effemino, to make icomanisK], adj., womanish. (1) effero, see fero. (2) effero, are, avi, atus [ex-fferus], to render wild or savage ; madden. efficio, see facio. efflagito, see flagito. effugio, see fugio. effundo, see fundo. egeo, ere, ui, — , to be lacking ; to be poor or in need. 156 VOCABULARY Egeria, ae, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received revelations. ego, mei, pers. pron., I; pi., nos, we. egredior, see gradior. egregie [egregius], adv., excellently, exceedingly, strikingly . egregius [e + grex], adj., select, dis- tinguished, excellent. eicio. see iacio. elabor, see labor, elaboro, see laboro. elanguesco, ere, elangui, — , to grow faint or feeble ; slacken, abate. elatus [orig. part, of (1) effero], adj., high ; elated, exalted, puffed up. eleganter [elegans, choice], adv., with good judgment, judiciously . elegantia, ae [elegans, choice], f., taste, refinement, elegance, grace. elephantus, i, m., the elephant. elicio, see *laeio. elido, see laedo. eligo, see lego, eloquentia, ae [eloquor, to speak], f., eloquence. emineo, ere, ui, — , to stand out, tower up. emitto, see mitto. emo, ere, emi, emptus, to take ; buy, purchase ; gain, acquire. con — como, ere, compsi, comptus, to bring together, arrange, dress (the hair), comb. dis— dirimo, ere, emi, emptus, to take apart, separate; res dirimere, to adjust matters. ex — eximo, ere, emi, emptus, to take out, remove ; free, release. inter — interims, ere, emi, em- ptus, to take from the midst (of men), kill. re — redimo, ere, emi, emptus, to buy back, ransom; replace. en, interj., lo ! behold! see! enim, conj., always postpositive, namely, in fact, you know ; for, because. eniteo, see niteo. enitor, see nitor. ensis, is, m., a sword. (1) eo, ire, Ivi (ii), iturus, to go or come, walk, march. ab — abeo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to go away, depart ; abire in, pass into, change into. ad — adeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go or come to, approach, visit. ante — anteeo, ire, ivi (ii) , — , to go before. de + per — depereo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to die, perish . ex — exeo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to go or come forth ; retire. in — ineo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to enter, begin ; consilium inire, to form apian. inter — intereo, ire, ivi (ii), itu- rus, to perish, die. intro — introeo, ire, ivi (ii), itu- rus, to enter. ob— obeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go to meet ; perform ; perish, die. per — pereo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to perish, disappear, die. praeter — praetereo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go or pass by ; omit. re — redeo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to go or come back, return. sub — subeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to come or go up to, go under, encounter, face (danger) ; venenum subit, the poison spreads. trans — transeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to cross (over) ; pass by. (2) eo [is], adv., for that reason, there- fore ; to that place, thither; to that degree, so far. Ephesius, adj., Ephesian. Ephesus, i, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia Minor, epigramma, atis, n., epigram, poem. VOCABULARY 157 Epirus, I, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece proper. epistula, ae, f., a letter. epulor, ari, atus sum [epulum], to feast. epulum, I, n. (pi., epulae, arum, f.), a feast, banquet. eques, itis [equus], m., a horseman, cav- alryman ; knight, or member of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights established by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the number was in- creased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by the state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term equites in- cluded not only those who actually served in the army, but also those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of Augustus was set at about $15,000. equester, tris, tre [equus], adj., of the knights, knightly. equito, are, avi, — [equus], to ride. ad — adequito, are, avi, — , to ride to, ride up. equus, l, m., a horse. erectus [orig. part, of erigo], adj., upright, erect. erga, prep, with ace, towards, to, with respect to. ergo, adv., expressing an inference, like now, well, then, therefore. erigo, see rego. error, oris [erro, to wander], m., wan- dering, error, mistake. erubesco, ere, erubui, — , to grow red, blush ; feel ashamed. erudio, ire, ivi, Itus [e -f- rudis] , to polish, educate, train. erumpo, see rumpo. eruo, see mo. esca, ae [edo], f.,food, bait. escendo, see scando. Esquilinus, i, m. (sc. collis), the Esqui- line Hill, the largest of the seven hills of Rome, et, (1) adv., also, too, even; (2) conj., and, and yet, but ; et . . . et, both . . . and. etiam [et + iam], adv. and conj., and also, also, even. Etruria, ae, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of Latium. Etrusci, orum, pi. m., the Etruscans, the people of Etruria. etsi [et + si], conj., even if, although. Euripides, is, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century B.C. Europa, ae, f., Europe. evado, see vado. eveho, see veho. eventus, us [evenio, to come out], m., outcome, result ; occurrence, event. everto, see verto. evoco, see voco. ex, before consonants often e, prep. with abl. ; of place, out of (the midst of), from; of cause, in consequence of, because of; according to ; in com- pounds, forth, out; thoroughly ; not. exactor, oris [exigo, to exact], m., exactor, enforcer. examino, are, avi, atus [examen, means of iveighing] , to iveigh, ex- amine, compare. exanimo. are, avi. atus [ex + anima], to put out of breath, kill. exardesco, ere, arsi, — [ex + ardesco, intens. of ardeo, to burn, glow], to blaze forth. exaro, are, avi, atus [ex + aro, to plow], to scratch off, compose. exaspero, are, avi, atus [ex + asper] , to roughen, irritate, provoke. exaudio, see audio, excelsus, adj., lofty, high; as noun, excelsum, i, n., elevated station. excerpo, see carpo. excidium, i, n., downfall, ruin. excipio, see capio. 158 VOCABULARY excito, see cito. exclamo, see clamo. excludo, see claudo. excogito, see agito. excolo, see colo. excubiae, arum [ex + cubo], pi. f., a lying out on guard; the watch, watchmen. excusatio, onis [excuso], f., excuse. excuso, are, avi, atus [ex + causa], to free from trial, excuse. excutio, see quatio. exemplum, I [eximo], n., specimen, example, precedent, learning. exeo, see (1) eo. exerceo, see arceo. exercitus, us [exerceo], m., an army. exhaurio, see haurio. exbibeo, see habeo. exhorresco, ere, horrui, — , to shudder at, shrink from. exigo, see ago. exiguus [exigo, to weigh exactly], adj., scanty, short, brief. eximius [eximo], adj., choice, distin- guished, remarkable, excellent. eximo, see emo. existimo, are, avi, atus [ex + aestimo, to value], to value ; think, believe. exitium, i [exeo], n., destruction, ruin, death. exitus, us [exeo], m., outcome, close; departure ; end of life, death. exorior, see orior. expedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus [ex + pes], to set free, extricate ; procure, obtain. expello, see pello. expendo, see pendo. experimentum, i [experior], n., proof, test, trial. experior, iri, tus sum, to test, try; find out, learn, experience. expeto, see peto. expilo, are, avi, atus, to plunder, rob. expio, are, avi, atus [ex + pio, to ap- pease], to make amends for, atone for. erpleo, see *pleo. exploro, are, avi, atus, to reconnoiter. expono, see pond. exposco, see posco. expositio, onis [expono], f., exposure. exprimo, see premo. expGgnatio, onis [expugno], f., a taking by storm, storming, capture. expugno, see pugno. exquisitus [exquiro, to seek out], adj., carefully sought out, special. exsecro, see sacro. exsequiae, arum [ex + sequor], pi. f., funeral procession, funeral. exsero, see sero. exsilium, i, n., banishment, exile. exsisto, see sisto. exspectatio, onis [exspecto], f., ex- pectation, anticipation. exspecto, see specto. exspiro, see spiro. exstinguo, see stinguo. exsto, see sto. exstruo, see struo. exsulto, see salto. extemplo [ex + dim. of tempus], adv., on the instant, at once, forthwith. exter or exterus, tera, terum, adj., outer, foreign ; comp. exterior ; sup. extremus, outermost, extreme ; last, furthermost ; last part of. extimesco, ere, timui, — [ex + *time- sco, inceptive of timed], to fear or dread greatly. extra [exter], (1) adv., on the outside, without; (2) prep, with ace, outside of, beyond. extrabo, see trabo. extraordinarius [extra + ordo] , adj., out of the common run, uncommon. extremus, see exter. exuo, ere, i, utus, to draw or pull off, lay aside ; strip, despoil. exuro, see uro. VOCABULARY 159 faber, fabri, m., a workman (in hard materials), smith, carpenter. Fabius, i, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See Maximus. fabrico, are, avi, atus- [cf. faber], to make, build, construct. fabula, ae [for, to speak], f., story, play. facete [facetus, witty], adv., wittily. facile [facilis], adv., easily; readily, willingly. facilis, e [facio], adj., easy. facinus, oris [facio], n., a deed; crime. facio, facere, feci, factus, to make, do, perform; choose, appoint ; stipendia facere, to serve a campaign; sum- ptum facere, to spend ; verba facere, to speak; vim facere, to use vio- lence; pass., fio, fieri, factus sum, to be done, occur, take place, happen. ad — adficio, ere, feci, fectus, to do something to, affect; treat, visit with. con — conficio, ere, feci, fectus, to do thoroughly ; complete, prepare ; accomplish, make ; exhaust, kill. de — deficio, ere, feci, fectum, withdraw, revolt; fail, disappear, give oat. ex — officio, ere, feci, fectus, to work out, bring to pass, accomplish ; make, render, cause, effect. in — inficio, ere, feci, fectus, to stain, dye ; pollute, taint. inter — interficio, ere, feci, fectus, to kill ; murder. per — perficio, ere, feci, fectus, to do thoroughly, execute, accomplish. sub — sufficio, ere, feci, fectus, to put under, or in place of, appoint as successor, substitute ; intrans., suffice, be sufficient. factio, onis [faciS], f., party, faction. factum, i [facio] , n. ( a deed, act. facultas, atis [facilis], f., means, op- portunity ; ability, skill. facundia, ae [facundus, eloquent], f., eloquence, oratory. Falernus, adj., Falernian; ager Fa- lernus, a famous wine-growing dis- trict in Campania. fama, ae [for, to speak] , f., talk, report, rumor ; tradition ; fame, reputation. fames, is, f., hunger. familia, ae [famulus, a slave], f., the slaves in a household; family, house, race. familiaris, e [familia], adj., belonging to a household, private, intimate, friendly ; well-known ; res familia- ris, private property. As noun, m., an intimate friend. familiaritas, atis [familiaris], f., friendship, intimacy. famosus [fama], adj., famous; noto- rious ; scurrilous, slanderous. famula, ae, f., a slave-woman. fanum, i, n., a shrine, temple. fascis, is, m., a bundle ; pi., the fasces, a bundle of rods carried by the lictors before various magistrates. Outside of Rome an axe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were typical of the magistrate's power to punish, even to the extent of inflicting the death penalty. See lictor. fasti, orum [fastus], pi. m., a register, esp. of business days, also of officers, triumphs, etc. ; the calendar. fastus [fas, right], adj., not forbidden, legal; dies fastus, a day on which it was legal to hold court, a business day. fatalis, e [fatum, fate], ad]., fateful, fatal. fateor, eri, fassus sum, to confess. con — confiteor, eri, fessus sum, to confess freely, acknowledge, avow. pro — profiteor, eri, fessus sum, to declare publicly, avow ; nomen pro- 160 VOCABULARY fiteri, to avow one's self a candi- date. fauces, ium, pi. f., throat. Faustulus, I, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and Remus. Faustus, I [faveS], m., the Lucky, a name given by Sulla to his son. Fausta, ae [faveo], f., the Lucky, a name given by Sulla to his daughter. faveo, ere, favi, fauturus, to favor, support. favor, oris [faveo], m., favor, good will. fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand. felicitas, atis [felix], f., good fortune, luck, happiness. felix, icis, adj., lucky, fortunate, happy. As noun, m., cognomen of Sulla, femina, ae, f., a woman, female. femur, femoris, n., the thigh. *fend5, ere, to strike. de — defends, ere, i, fensus, to ward off, repel; defend, protect. ob — offendS, ere, i, fensus, to strike against, displease, vex. fere, adv., almost, about (esp. with numbers) . feriS, ire, percussi, percussus, to strike. ferme [for ferime, sup. of fere], adv., almost, about (esp. with numbers). fero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bear, carry, take ; bear, endure, suffer ; say, report, tell; pass., to be borne, rush; aegre, indigne or moleste ferre, to take amiss; legem ferre, to propose a law. ab — aufero, ferre, abstuli, abla- tus, to take or carry away, remove ; steal. ad — adfero, ferre, attuli, adlatus, to bring to, offer, give; announce, report. con — confero, ferre, tuli, latus, to biding together, collect; devote, apply ; bestow ; se conferre, betake one's self, go. de — defers, ferre, tuli, latus, to bring or carry down or to, carry off, remove; give, offer; report; rem deferre ad populum, to submit a matter to the people. ex — efferS, ferre, extuli, elatus, to carry out, take away ; lift up, puff up, elate, exalt. in — infero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bring in, upon, or against; bellum inferre, to wage (offensive) war; signa inferre, to advance against; se inferre, to betake one's self. ob — offers, ferre, obtuli, oblatus, to bring before, offer, present ; ex- pose. per — perferS, ferre, tuli, latus, to bear or carry through, carry ; retain. prae — praeferS, ferre, tuli, latus, to carry or put before ; set before, prefer, rate higher. pro — prSferS, ferre, tuli, latus, to carry or bring forth, produce ; cite, quote ; make known, mention. re — refers, ferre, rettuli, relatus, to bear or bring back; give back, return, repay; lift, raise; count, reckon; se referre, to betake one's self. trans — transfers, ferre, tuli, la- tus, to bear or take over or across, transport ; transfer, shift. ferSx, Scis [ferus], adj., bold, confident; high-strung, warlike ; fierce, cruel. ferreus [ferrum], adj., of iron, iron. ferrum, i, n., iron; an iron tool, as a sword, axe, dagger. ferus, adj., wild, barbarous, cruel. fessus, adj., tired, weary ; weak, feeble. festinS, are, avi, atum, to hasten, hurry. Fetialis, is (sc. sacerdSs), m., an am- bassador, treaty priest, who nego- VOCABULARY 161 tiated treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war. Fetialis, e, adj., pertaining to the Fe- tiales, Fetial (see preceding word) . fideliter [fidelis, faithful], adv., faith- fully. Fidenates, ium, pi. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town on the Tiber, five miles north of Rome. fides, fidei, f., good faith, integnty ; trust, belief, credence ; pledge. fiducia, ae [fidus, faithful], f., trust, confidence, reliance; courage. figo, ere, fixi, fixus, to fix, fasten. de — defigS, ere, fixi, fixus, to fasten, esp. to fasten (to the ground) with amazement, astonish. sub — suffigS, ere, fixi, fixus, to fasten beneath or on; cruci suffi- gere, to crucify. trans — transfigS, ere, fixi, fixus, to pierce through, transfix, stab. filia, ae, f., daughter. filius, i, m., son. fingS, ere, finxi, fictus, to form, invent; feign, pretend. finiS, ire, ivi, itus [finis], to limit, bound; finish, end, settle. finis, is, m., boundary, limit, end; pi. m., territoi^y. finitimus [finis], adj., neighboring; as noun, finitimi, Srum, pi. m., neighbors. fiS, fieri, factus sum, see facio. firmS, are, avi, atus [firmus], to make firm, strengthen. ad — adfirmS, are, avi, atus, to strengthen ; assert, declare. con — cSnfirmS, are, avi, atus, to strengthen, ratify, confirm ; asse7°t. firmus, adj., strong, powerful ; trusty. flagito, are, avi, atus, to demand. ex — efflagitS, are, avi, atus, to demand vigorously or earnestly. flamen, inis, m., a Flamen, a priest devoted to the service of a particular god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make sacrifices and to watch the sacred fire of the god. flamma, ae, f., flame, fire. flebiliter [flebilis, mournful], adv., mournfully, tearfully. fleets, ere, flexi, flexus, to bend, turn. de — deflects, ere, flexi, flexus, to bend or turn aside or away, turn. in — inflecto, ere, flexi, flexus, to bend, curb, relax. fleS, flere, flevi, fletus, to weep ; bewail. *flig5, ere, to strike. ad — adfligS, ere, flixi, flictus, to dash against or down; afflict, ruin. con — cSnfligS, ere, flixi, flictus, to dash together, contend, fight. prS — prSfligS, are, avi, atus, to dash down, overcome (in battle). AS, flare, flavi, — , to blow. ad — adflS, flare, flavi, — , to blow towards, blow. con — cSnflS, are, avi, atus, to blow up, kindle, cause ; aes alienum cSn- flare, to contract debt. in — inflS, are, avi, atus, to blow up, inflate. flSrens, entis [flSreSJ, adj., blooming, flourishing ; flSrens iuventa, youth- ful beauty. flSreS, ere, ui, — [flSs, a flower], to bloom, flourish, prosper. fluctus, us [fluS], m., wave, billow, flood. flumen, inis [fluS], n., stream, river. fluS, ere, fluxi, — , to flow. con — cSnfluS, ere, fluxi, — , to flow or stream together, assemble. dis — diffluS, ere, fluxi, — , to flow in different directions, melt away, disappear ; StiS et luxu difnuere, to abandon one' s self to ease and luxury . fluvius, i [fluS], m., a stream, river. foculus, i [dim. of focus], m., afire- pan, brazier. focus, i, in., fireplace, hearth. 162 VOCABULARY fodio, ere, fodi, fossus, to dig. con — confodio, ere, fodl, fossus, to stab, pierce. sub — suffodio, ere, fodi, fossus, to dig beneath, undermine, tunnel; stab beneath. trans — transfodio, ere, fodl, fos- sus, to pierce, stab, slash. foede [foedus, foul], adv., foully, basely. foederatus [foedus], adj., leagued or allied with. foedus, eris, n., a treaty, alliance. fons, fontis, m., a spring, fountain. foras [*fora, a door; cf. foris], adv., out of doors, forth, out. fore, fut. infin. of sum. forensis, e [forum], adj., of or in the forum, forensic. foris, is, f., a door ; usually in pi. forma, ae, f., form, figure, beauty. formidolosus [formido, dread], adj., dreadful, terrible. fors, fortis (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., chance, accident, good fortune. fortasse [fors], adv., perhaps, possi- bly. forte [abl. of fors], adv., by chance. fortis, e, adj., strong, brave. fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely. fortitudo, inis [fortis], f., bravery, resolution. fortuna, ae [fors], f., luck, fortune (whether good or ill) ; personified, the goddess of fortune. Forum, i [cf . foris, out of doors'], n., an out-of-door place, market, Forum; esp. the Forum Romanum between the Capitoline and Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, re- ligious, and business life of Rome. fossa, ae [fodio] , f ., a ditch. foveo, ere, fovi, fotus, to warm, cherish, favor. re — refoveo, ere, fovi, fotus, to restore, refresh, revive. fragmentum, I [frango], n., fragment, bit. fragor, oris [frango], m., noise, esp. thunder peal. frango, ere, fregi, fractus, to break in pieces, break; subdue, overcome. re — refringo, ere, fregi, fractus, to break up or open. f rater, tris, m., brother. fraternus [f rater], adj., brother's, brotherly. fraudo, are, avi, atus [fraus], to cheat, rob. fraus, fraudis, f., foul play, treachery. frendo, ere, — , — , to gnash the teeth. frenum, I, n., bridle, curb, rein. frequens, entis, adj., crowded, fre- quent; in great numbers. frequenter [frequens], adv., often. frequentia, ae [frequens], f., crowd, throng. frigidus [frigeo, to be cold], adj., cold. frugalities, atis [frugalis, thrifty], f., thrift, economy , frugality . frumentarius [frumentum], adj., con- cerning corn; res frumentaria, the corn supply. frumentum, i [fruor], n., grain, corn. fruor, frui, fructus sum; to use, enjoy. per — perfruor, frui, fructus sum, to enjoy thoroughly. frustra, adv., in vain, fruitlessly. Fufetius, I, m., Mettius Fufetius, leader of the Albans against Tullius Hostilius. Fufidius, i, m., a follower of Sulla, fuga, ae, f., flight. fugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee, flee from. ab — aufugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee from, run away, escape. con — confugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee for refuge; resort to. ex — effugio, ere, fugi, — , to escape. pro — profugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee, escape. VOCABULARY 163 re — refugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee back, escape. trans — transfugio, ere, fugi, — , to flee to the other side, go over to the enemy, desert. fugo, are, avi, atus [fugio], to put to flight, rout. fulgeo, ere, fulsl, — , to flash, gleam. fulmen, inis [fulgeo], n., lightning flash, thunderbolt. Fulvius, I, m., A. Fulvius, who put his son to death because he joined Catiline's conspiracy. funale, is [funis, a cord] , n., a torch. fundo, ere, fudi, fusus, to pour, pour out, shed ; rout, scatter. ex— effundo, ere, fudi, fiisus, to pour out ; scatter, squander, lavish. pro — prof undo, ere, fudi, fusus, to pour forth or out, squander, waste. fundus, i, m.,farm, estate. fungor, i, functus sum, to perform, discharge, serve through (an office) . de — defungor, i, functus sum, to pe? form, finish; to die (sc. vita). funus, eris, n., burial, funeral rites. furens, entis [orig. part, of furo, to rave], adj., furious, raging. Furius,i, m., gentile name of P. Fiirius Philus, who revealed the plan formed by certain nobles to leave Italy after the battle of Cannae. furor, oris [furo, to rave], m., rage, madness, fury. furto [abl. of furtum, theft], adv., stealthily, secretly. futurus [orig. fut. part, of sum], adj., coming, future. Gabii, orum, pi. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome. Gabini, orum, pi. m., the inhabitants of Gabii. Gades, ium, pi. f., a town on the southern coast of Spain (modern Cadiz). Gaetuli, orum, pi. m., the Gaetuli, a tribe of northern Africa. Gaius, i, m., a Roman praenomen. Gallia, ae, f., Gaul, which included modern France, Belgium and Hol- land, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of the Rhine. Gallus, i, m., a Gaul. gaudium, i, n.,joy, gladness. Gaurus, i, m., a mountain of Cam- pania. gaza, ae, f., treasure, riches. geminatus, adj., doubled, twofold; consecutive. geminus, adj., twin, twofold. As noun, gemini, orum, pi. m., twins. gemo, ere, ui, — , to sigh, groan. gener, generi, m., a son-in-law. genitus, see gigno. gens, gentis, f., a gens or clan, con- sisting of a number of families claim- ing a common lineage, and having certain religious rites in common ; tribe, people, nation. genu, us, n., knee. genus, eris, n., race, family, stock, birth ; kind, class, sort. Germani, orum, pi. m., the Germans. Germania, ae, f., Germany. gero, ere, gessi, gestus, to bear, carry ; wear ; carry on, wage, manage ; per- form, do ; se gerere, to conduct one's self, behave ; rem publicam gerere, to administer the state ; res gestae, exploits, history. con — congero, ere, gessi, gestus, to bring or heap together, collect. gesto, are, avi, atus [freq. of gero], to bear, carry, wear. gestus, us [gero], m., bearing ; gesture. gigno, ere, genui, genitus, to produce, beget ; genitus, born of. gladius, i, m., a sword. gloria, ae, f., glory, fame, renown. 164 VOCABULAKY glorior, ari, atus sum, to boast, brag, pride one's S2l/. gloriose [gloria], adv., gloriously. Gnaeus, I, in., a Roman praenomen. Gracchus, i, in., a family name in the Sempronian gens. 1. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tri- bune of the people in 133 b.c. 2. C. Sempronius Gracchus, brother of (1), and tribune in 123 B.C. ; killed in 121. gradior, gradi, gressus sum, to walk, step. ad — aggredior, I, gressus sum, to approach, attack, assail. con — congredior, I. gressus sum, to meet ; join battle, fight. dis — digredior, I, gressus sum, to go apart or away, depart. ex — egredior, i, gressus sum, to go or march out or away ; disem- bark. (The verb is construed with the abl., the abl. with ex, or the ace.). in — ingredior, i, gressus sum, to enter, advance, proceed. pro — progredior. I. gressus sum, to go forth or on, advance. re — regredior, i, gressus sum, to go back, return, retreat. trans — transgredior, i, gressus sum, to step over or across, cross. gradus. us, m., a step; stage, period, degree; pi., steps, stairs. Graecia, ae, f., Greece. Graeculus, I [dim. of Graecus], m., a poor or paltry Greek. Graecus, adj., Greek, Grecian. As noun, Graecus, I, m., a Greek. granum, I, n., a grain, seed. graphium, i, n., stylus (of metal) for writing, pen. gratia, ae [gratus], 1., favor, regard, credit; influence; return, thanks, gratitude; gratiam habere, to feel thankful; gratias agere, to show gratitude, thank; gratiam referre, to repay a favor; gratia with pre- ceding gen., frequent in expressions of purpose, for the sake of. gratulor, ari, atus sum [gratus], to show joy, congratulate. gratus, adj., pleasing, dear, accept- able. gravis, e, adj., heavy, severe, difficult; weighty, important'. gravitas, atis [gravis], f., weight; dignity, influence, importance. graviter [gravis], adv., weightily; vigorously, seriously, with dignity. gravor, ari, atus sum [gravis], to be burdened ; take amiss, grudge. grex, gregis, f., herd, common herd; band, company. gubernator, oris [guberno, to steer], m., helmsman, pilot. habeo, ere, ui, itus, to have, hold, keep ; consider, regard, treat, use ; render (honor, etc.) ; orationem ha- bere, to deliver a speech ; ludibrio habere, to mock. ad — adhibeo, ere, ui, itus, to hold to or toward, apply, employ ; employ as counsel, consult ; summon, invite. de — debeo, ere. ui, itus, to with- hold, owe; debet, debuit + inf., ought, must, should. ex — exhibeo, ere. ui, itus, to hold forth, shoic, display, exhibit. in — inhibeo, ere, ui, itus, to hold or draw in, restrain. post — posthabeo, ere, ui, itus, to place after (i.e. lower than), rate lower, esteem less. prae — praebeo, ere, ui, itus, to hold forth, offer, grant, supply, fur- nish; aures praebere, to listen. pro — prohibeo. ere, ui, itus, to check, keep off; hinder, prevent. VOCABULARY 165 habilis, e [habeo], adj., handy, easily loielded. habitatio, onis [habito], f., dwelling- place. habito, are, avi, atum [freq. of habeo], to inhabit; dwell, live. habitus, us [habeo], m., state, condi- tion ; habit, dress, attire. halitus, us, m., breath. Hamilcar, aris, m., a famous Cartha- ginian general, father of Hannibal (2). Hannibal, alis, m., a Carthaginian name. 1. A naval commander, defeated by C. Duilius, 260 b.c. 2. The son of Hamilcar, born b.c. 247. He invaded Italy in 218, but was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202; he then fled to the East, and died in 183. Hanno, onis, m., a Carthaginian gen- eral, defeated by Kegulus. haruspex, icis, m., a soothsayer. Hasdrubal, alis, m., a Carthaginian name. 1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2) ; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain ; defeated and killed at the battle of the Metaurus in Italy, 207 B.C. 2. Son of Gisco ; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and Africa. hasta, ae, f., a spear. haud, adv., by no means, 7iot, not at all. haurio, ire, hausi, haustus, to drink, swallow. ex — exhaurio, ire, hausi, hau- stus, to empty, exhaust ; ruin, im- poverish. Hercules, is, m., a Grecian hero, cele- brated for his strength and marvel- ous deeds in many parts of the world. hires, edis, m., an heir. hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this, the following, the latter; he, she, it. hie [hie], adv., here, hereupon, at this point. hiems, hiemis, f., winter, storm. Hierosolyma, orum, pi. n., Jerusalem. hilare [hilarus, merry], adv., merrily, cheerfully, gaily. hilaritas, atis [hilaris, merry], f., merriment, gaiety. hinc [hie], adv., from this place or time, hence ; hinc hinc, on this side . . . on that, on the one side . . . on the other. hirundo, inis, f., a swallow. Hispania, ae, f., Spain (including Portugal). It was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. Hispaniensis, e, adj., Spanish, in Spain. Hispanus, adj., Spanish. As noun, Hispanus, i, m., a Spaniard. hodie [ho(c) +die], adv., to-day. homo, inis, m. and f., a human being, man ; homines, mankind, the world. honeste [honestus], adv., honorably. honestus [honos], adj., honored, re- spected; honorable, right, virtuous. honorate [honoratus, honored], adv., honorably, with respect. honorificus [honos +facio], adj., that does honor, complimentary. honos or honor, oris, m., honor, re- spect, esteem ; public office ; personi- fied, Honor (a deity). hora, ae, f., hour, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset) or night. Horatius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. Horatii, orum, pi. m., the three brothers, members of this gens, who fought against the Curiatii. horreo, ere, ui, — , to stand on end, bristle ; shudder at, shrink from. horror, oris [horreo], m., dread, ter- ror, horror. hortatio, onis [hortor], f., encourage- ment, exhortation. 166 VOCABULARY hortor, ari, atus sum, to exhort, urge. hortus, I, m., a garden. hospes, itis, m., entertainer, host; guest, friend ; stranger. hospita, ae [hospes], f., a stranger; guest. hospitium, I [hospes], n., entertain- ment, hospitality ; lodgings, inn. hostia, ae, f., an animal for sacj'ifice, victim. hostilis, e [hostis], adj., of ox from the enemy, hostile. hostlliter [hostilis], adv., in hostile manner. Hostilius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. Hostus Hostilius, a general of the time of Romulus. 2. Tullus Hostilius, third king of Rome. hostis, is, m., an enemy. hue [hie], adv., to this place, hither ; hue . . . illuc, hither . . . thither. huiuscemodi [hie -f modus] , adv., of this (i.e. the following) kind. humanitas, atis [humanus], f., hu- manity, kindliness; refinement, cul- ture. humanus [homo], adj., human, of man; kind, refined, cultured. humilis, e [humus, the ground~\, adj., low ; lowly, humble, common. iaceo, ere, ui, — , to lie, lie prostrate or dead. iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, to throw, cast, hurl. ab — abicio, ere, ieci, iectus, to throw down, away, or aside, lay aside. ad — adicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throiv to, add or join to, add (in speech) . con — conicio, icere, conieci, con- iectus, to throw together, unite ; hurl, throw. de — deicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw or hurl down, bring down ; lay low, dislodge, destroy. ex — eicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to cast or drive out, expel. in — initio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw in ; put in or on, lay ; inspire, suggest. inter — intericio, icere, ieci, iec- tus, to throw or place between, inter- pose ; intervene (in pass.) . ob — obicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw before, put in the way ; put in the hands of, turn over. pro — proicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw forth, fling out, throw. re — reicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw back, repel. sub — subicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw or place under ; hand up : present, submit ; subdue. super — superiacio, ere, ieci, iec- tus, to throw across, let down. trans — traicio, icere, ieci, iectus, to throw or carry across, transport ; pierce, penetrate, transfix ; go or pass over, cross. iactatio, onis [iacto], f., tossing, motion. iactito, are, — , — [freq. of iacto], to boast, brag. iacto, are, avi, atus, to push or toss about ; boast of, take pride in. iam, adv., already, by this time, now ; soon, presently ; iam iam, already, at that very moment; iam dudum or iam pridem, long ago, long since. iam dudum, see iam. Ianiculum, i, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber. ianua, ae, f., a door, entrance. Ianus, i, m., Janus, an old Latin divinity, who presided over all begin- VOCABULARY 167 nings; commonly represented with two faces. Iarbas, ae, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern Morocco) . ibi, adv., there, on that side; then, thereupon. ibidem [ibi], adv., in the same place, on the spot. Ico, ere, ici, Ictus, to strike; foedus Icere, to strike (conclude) a treaty. Ictus, us [Ico], m., blow, stroke, wound. Idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., the same; often best rendered by adv., also, too, besides. ideo, adv., for that reason, therefore ; with this (that) purpose. Idus, uum, pi. f., the Ides, or middle of the month; the fifteenth of March, May, July, and October, the thir- teenth of other months. igitur, adv., then, therefore, accord- ingly. Ignavia, ae [Ignavus, idle], f., idle- ness, sloth; ivorthlessness. Ignis, is, m.,Jire. Ignominia, ae [in neg. + (g)nomen], f ., dishonor, disgrace, degradation. Ignoro, are, avl, atus, not to know ; to be ignorant of, be unacquainted with. Ignosco, see nosed. Ignotus [in neg. + (g)notus], adj., un- known, unfamiliar, strange. Ilico [in + loco], adv., on the spot, at once, immediately. ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that, yon- der; he, she, it; the famous, the. illlc [ille], adv., there, yonder. illuc [ille], adv., to that place, thither. imago, inis, f., likeness, semblance, image; statue. imbellis, e [in neg. +bellum], adj., unfit for war, unwarlike, cowardly. imber, bris, m., rain, shower. imbuo, ere, I, butus, to wet, moisten ; inspire, imbue. imitor, ari, atus sum, to imitate, copy.^ immaturus [in neg. +maturus, ripe], adj., unripe; untimely , premature. immensus [in neg. + metior, to meas- ure], adj., immeasurable, vast, im- mense. immineo, ere, ul, — , to overhang, threaten. immitto, see mitto. immo, adv., by no means, nay. immolo, are, avl, atus [in + mola, meal], to sprinkle (a victim) with sacrificial meal, sacrifice. immortalis, e [in neg. + mortalis], adj., immortal. immotus [in neg. + motus, part of moved"], adj., unmoved, motionless. impar, paris [in neg. + par], adj., un- equal. impatiens, entis [in neg. + patiens] , adj., impatient, intolerant. impendium, I [impendo, to expend], n., outlay, cost, expense. impensa, ae [impendo, to expend], f., outlay, cost, expense. imperator, oris [impero], m., com. mander-in-chief, general; emperor. imperatorius [imperator], adj., of a general: imperfectus [in neg. + perfectus, part, of perficio], adj., unfinished. imperium, I [impero], n., a command, order ; military authority ; sover- eignty, supremacy ; the state. impero, are, avl, atum, to command, order; rule, govern; levy, demand. impetro, are, avl, atus, to gain by asking, obtain, procure. impetus, us [in + peto], m., an attack, onset; impulse, excitement; vio- lence, energy, fury. impietas, atis [impius], f., irreverence, impiety. impiger, gra, grum [in neg. + piger, lazy], adj., active, energetic. 168 VOCABULARY impius [in 4- pins], adj., irreverent, wicked, undutiful. impleo, see *pleo. implied, are, avi or ui, atus or itus [in + plico, to fold], to fold in, en- velop ; involve, attack. imploro, are, avi, atus [in + ploro, to wail, lament], to beg, beseech, im- plore. impono, see pono. imprimis [=in primis], adv., espe- cially. improvisus [in neg. + pro video], adj., unforeseen, unexpected. impubes, eris [in neg. + pubes, full grown], adj., youthful. impugno, see pugno. impunitus [in neg. + punio], adj., un- punished. in, prep, with (1) ace. ; of place, into, to, on, upon, towards, against; of pur- pose, for, with a view to ; of other relations, respecting, according to; in dies, day by day ; (2) with abl. ; of place, in, on, upon, in the midst of, among; of time, in, in the course of, during; of other rela- tions, in the case of, respecting, ac- cording to. in, not, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or participles, negatives or reverses their meaning. inaestimabilis, e [in neg. + aestimo, to reckon], inestimable. inambulo, see ambulo. inanis, e, adj., empty ; vain, idle. inauditus [in neg. + auditus, part, of audio], adj., unheard of, strange. incautus [in neg. + cautus, wary], adj., unsuspecting, off one's guard. incedo, see cedo. incendium, i [incendo], n., fire, con- flagration. incendo, see candeo. inceptum, i [incipio], n., beginning, attempt; undertaking, purpose. incertus [in neg. + certus], adj., un- certain, doubtful. incesso, ere, — , — [freq. of incedo], to assail, attack ; rail at. incido, see cado. incipio, see capio. incito, see cito. inclamo, see clamo. inclino, are, avi, atus [in + *clino, to lean], (1) trans., to cause to lean, bend, turn; (2) intrans., lean, in- cline ; yield, give way. inclitus, adj., famous. includo, see claudo. incognitus [in neg. + cognitus, part, of cognosco], adj., unknown. incola, ae [incolo], m., inhabitant. incolo, see colo. incolumis, e, adj., safe, unharmed. inconstantia, ae [in neg.+ constantia] , f., changeableness, fickleness. incredibilis, e [in neg. + credo], adj., beyond belief, incredible. increpo, are, ui, itus, to sound, re- sound; scold, upbraid; exclaim. incresco, see cresco. incumbo, see *cumbo. incuriosus [in neg. + curiosus, care- fid], adj., careless, negligent. incursio, onis [incurro, to attack] , f ., onset, attack, raid. inde, adv., from that place or time, thence ; thereupon ; from that cir- cumstance, therefore. index, icis [indico], m., mark, sign. indicium, i [indico], n., sign, indica- tion, evidence. indico see dico. indico, see dico. indictus [in neg.+ dictus, part of dico], adj., unsaid; unplead. indignatio, onis [indignor, to be angry], f., displeasure, anger. indigne [indignus], adv., unworthily; angrily ; indigne ferre to take (it) VOCABULARY 169 indignor, ari, atus sum [indignus], to think unworthy ; be angry. indignus [in neg. + dignus], adj., un- worthy of, unfit for (with abl.). indo, see do. indoles, is, f., inborn quality, natural gifts; character, nature, spirit. induco, see duco. industria, ae [industrius, active'], f., diligence, activity, industry. ineo, see (1) eo. inermis, e [in neg. +arma], adj., un- armed, defenseless. infacete [in neg. + facete] , adv., with- out wit. infans, antis [in neg. + fans, part, of fari, to speak], adj., not speaking, speechless; as noun, m. and f., an infant. infelix, icis [in neg. +felix], adj., unfortunate, disastrous. inferior, oris [comp. of inferus, low], adj., lower, inferior. infero, see fero. infesto, are, avi, atus [infestus], to annoy, disturb. infestus, adj., hostile, threatening. inficio, see facio. Inflammo, are, avi, atus [in + flamma] , to kindle, arouse, excite. inflatus [Inflo] , adj., blown up, inflated. inflecto, see flecto. inflo, see flo. informo, are, avi, atus [in -+- forma], to shape, ?nould, fashion ; train, instruct. infra, adv. and prep, with ace, below, beneath. ingemlsco, ere, — , — [in + gemisco, incep. of gemo] , to groan over, groan. ingenium, I [in + gigno], n., natural gifts, nature ; ability, intellect, wit ; character, disposition. ingens, entis, adj., large, huge, great. ingenuus, adj., free-born ; noble, liberal. ingratus [in neg. + gratus] , adj., un~ pleasant, thankless, ungrateful. ingredior, see gradior. inhibeo, see habeo. inicio, see iacio. inimicitia, ae [inimicus], f., enmity. inimicus [in neg. + amicus], adj., un- friendly, hostile ; as noun, a personal enemy, foe, as distinguished from hostis, a public enemy. inique [iniquus, unjust], adv., un- justly. initium, i [ineo] , n., beginning ; initio, abl. as adv., at the outset, atfij^st. iniuria, ae [in neg. + ius], f., wrong, injustice ; insult, injury. (iniussus, us) [in neg. +iubeo], m., found in abl. only, without orders. inlido, see laedo. inlustris, e, adj., bright, clear ; famous, renowned (cf. clarus). innitor, see nitor. innocentia, ae [in neg. + noceo], f., harmlessness, innocence, integrity. innotesco, ere, notui, — [in + notesco, to become known], to become known. innoxius [in neg. + noxius, harmful] , adj., harmless, blameless, innocent. innumer&bilis, e [in neg. + numero, to count] , adj., beyond number, count- less. innumerus [in neg. +numerus], adj., countless. innuo, see *nuo. inopia, ae [inops], f., ivant, scarcity, need, poverty. inopinatus [in neg. + opinor, to think], adj., unexpected. inops, opis [in neg. + ops], adj., with- out resources, helpless, poor, needy. inquam, def. verb, I say. See 297, II, 2 : 144, b : 175, 2. inquietus [in neg. + quietus], adj., restless. inquino, are, avi, atus, to stain, inrideo, see rideo. 170 VOCABULARY inrisus, us [inrideo], m., derision, mockery. inruo, see ruo. inscientia, ae [insciens, ignorant], adj., ignorance. inscius [in neg. + scio], adj., ignorant, unaware. inscribo, see scribo. insequor, see sequor. insideo, see sedeo. insidiae, arum [insideo], pi. f., am- bush ; trap ; artifice, plot. insidior, ari, atus sum [insidiae], to lie in wait for, plot against. insigne, is [insignis], n., a mark, badge. insignis, e [in + signum], adj., marked, conspicuous, noted, famous. insilio, see salio. insinuo, are, avi, atus [in + sinus, fold, coil], to push or thrust in. insitus [insero, to implant], adj., in- born, innate, ingrafted. insolens, entis [in neg. + solens, part. of soleo], adj., unusual, haughty, insolent. insolenter [insolens], adv., haughtily. insolentia, ae [insolens], f., unusual or extravagant conduct, insolence. insperabilis, e [in neg. + spero], adj., unhopedfor, unexpected. inspicio, see *specio. instituo, see statuo. institutum, i [instituo], n., institution ; habit, custom. instrumentum, i [instruo], n., tool; collectively, stock of tools, plant. instruo, see struo. insusurro, are, avi, atus [in + susur- rus, a whisper], to whisper to, sug- gest. insum, see sum. intactus [in neg. + tactus, part, of tango], adj., untouched, uninjured. integer, gra, grum [in neg. + root tag in tango], adj., untouched, unin- jured; integer a, free from, un- touched by. intellego, see lego. intempestus, adj., stormy. intendo, see tendo. intentus [orig. part, of intendo], adj., attentive, intent. inter, prep, with ace. ; of place, between, among ; of time, during. intercalarius [intercalo], adj., inter- calary, inserted in the calendar. intercalo, are, avi, atus, to intercalate, insert in the calendar. intercipio, see capio. interdico, see dico. interdiu [inter + diu], adv., by day. interdum [inter + (1) dum], adv., be- tween whiles, now and then, some- times. interea, [inter + is], adv., in the mean- time, meanwhile. intereo, see (1) eo. interf ector, oris [interficio] , m., slayer, assassin, murderer. interficio, see facio. I intericio, see iacio. interim, adv., meanwhile. interimo, see emo. interitus, us [intereo], m., overthrow, death, destruction. internuntius, i [inter + nuntius], m., go-between, messenger. interpretor, ari, atus sum, to explain, interpret; maintain. interrogo, see rogo. intersum, see sum. intervallum, i [inter + vallum] , n., interval (of time or space), dis- tance. inter verto, see verto. intimus, adj., inmost, deepest; close, intimate. intolerabilis, e [in neg. + tolero, to bear], adj., unendurable. intra, adv. and prep, with ace, inside of, ivithin, during. VOCABULARY 171 intro, are, avi, atus [intro, adv., within], to enter. introduco, see duco. introeo, see (1) eo. intueor, see tueor. intumesco, ere, tumui, — [in+tu- mesco, incep. of tumeo, to be swol- len], to swell, rise. inundo, are, avi, atus [in + undo, to rise in waves], to deluge, flood. inusitatus [in neg. + usitatus, usual], adj., unusual, unfamiliar, novel. invado, see vado. invalidus [in neg. + validus] , adj., weak, feeble. inveho, see veho. invenio, see venio. invicem, in vicem, see vicis. invictus [in neg. + victus, part, of vinco], adj., unconquerable. invideo, see video. invidia, ae [invideo], f., envy; ill- will, odium, unpopularity . invidiosus [invidia], adj., envious; exciting envy, unpopular, hateful. inviolatus [in neg. + violo], adj., un- hurt. invisus [orig. part, of invideo], adj., hated, hateful. invito, are, avi, atus, to invite, ask, summon ; feast, entertain, invitus, adj., unwilling, on compul- sion. iocus, i (pi. also ioca), m., a jest, joke. ipse, a, urn, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often best rendered by very, mere, in person, even, actually. ira, ae, f., anger, passion. irascor, i, iratus sum [ira], to be or become angry. iratus [orig. part, of irascor], adj., angered, enraged ; in anger, angrily. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this or that; he, she, it ; such (esp. before ut with subj.). iste, a, ud, gen. istlus, dat. isti, that of yours, your ; that, this. ita [is], adv., in this way, so, thus, as _ follows. Italia, ae, f., Italy. The name did not include the basin of the Po (Cisal- pine Gaul) until the time of Augus- _ tus. Italicus, I, m., an Italian. itaque [ita + que] , adv. and conj., and so, therefore, as a consequence, ac- cordingly. item, adv., besides, likewise, also. iter, itineris [eo, ire], n., a journey, march ; road, highway. iterum, adv., a second time, again. Iuba, ae, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated by Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, b.c. 46. iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, to order, com- mand. iucunde [iucundus], adv., agreeably, pleasantly , delightfully. iucundus, adj., pleasing, agreeable, charming, delightfid. Iudaea, ae, f., Judaea. Iudaeus, i, m., a Jew. iudex, icis [ius + dico], m., a judge, ■ juror. iudicium, i [iudex], n., judgment, de- cision. iudico, are, avi, atus [iudex], to ex- amine judicially, judge, adjudge ; think, consider ; declare, resolve. iugerum, i, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an English acre; an acre. iugulum, i [dim. of iugum], n., throat, neck. iugum, i [iungo], n., a yoke, collar; mountain summit, range of moun- tains ; a military yoke, formed by fixing two spears upright in the ground and tying a third across between their upper ends. Beneath such a yoke the Romans made their 172 VOCABULARY conquered enemies pass, in token of complete surrender of liberty and life to their conquerors. Iugurtha, ae, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with Rome 111 to 106 B.C. ; defeated by Marius. Iugurthinus, adj., of or with Jugurtha, Jugurthine. Iulia, ae, f., Julia. 1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pomp^y. 2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor Augus- tus. Iulius, I, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See Caesar. iungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, to join to- gether, unite, bind, fasten, yoke. ad — adiungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, to join or add to, attach. con — coniungo, ere, iunxi, iunc- tus, to fasten together, join, unite. iunior, see iuvenis. Iunius, I, in., the name of a famous Roman gens. See Brutus. Iuppiter, Iovis, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig. a personification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning, rain, and storms. iure, see ius. iuro, are, avi, atus [ius], to take an oath, sivear; sivear to. con — coniuro, are, avi, atus, to take an oath together, conspire, plot. ius, iuris, n., right, justice, law ; court of justice, trial in court ; abl. iure as adv., rightly, justly ; in ius vocare, to summon into court, bring to trial. iusiurandum, l [ius + iuro], n., an oath. (iussus, us) [iubeo], m., order, com- mand (found only in abl. sing.) . iustitia, ae [ius], f., justice, upright- ness. iuvenis, is, comp. iunior, sup. minimus natu, adj., young. As noun, iuve- nis, is, m., young person, youth (be- tween 17 and 45) ; iuvenes or iunio- res, the fighting men. iuventa, ae [iuvenis], f., youth. iuventus, utis [iuvenis], f., youth; collectively, young people, esp. fight- ing men. Cf . iuvenis. Kalendae, arum, pi. f., the Kalends, or the first day of the month. labor, oris, m., labor, toil; hardship, distress. labor, I, lapsus sum, to slip. de — delabor, i, lapsus sum, to glide down; slip or fall down, fall. ex — elabor, I, lapsus sum, to slip away, glide off, escape. pro — prolabor, I, lapsus sum, >o fall down ; slip, stumble. re — relabor, I, lapsus sum, to slip or sink back; flow back, sub- side. laboriose [laboriosus, toilsome], adv., laboriously, carefully. laboro, are, avi, atum, to labor, toil; be hard pressed, suffer, be afflicted. ex — elaboro, are, avi, atum, to labor, toil, endeavor. Lacedaemonius, I, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaen.on or Sparta, the chief city of Laconia, a district of Southern Greece. lacero, are, avi, atus, to tear top^ces, rend, mutilate, wound,- *lacio, ere, to entice. ad — adlicio, ere, lexi, lectus, to entice, win over, a' tract. ex — elicio, ere, ui, itus, to draw forth, call down. per — perlicio, ere, lexi, lectus, to entice, allure, win over. VOCABULARY 173 lacrima, ae, f., a tear. lacrimabundus [lacrimo, to weep], adj., weeping. laedo, ere, laesi, laesus, to hurt, in- jure. ex — elido, ere, lisi, lisus, to dash out ; shatter, crush. in — inlido, ere, lisi, lisus, to dash against. Laelius, i, m., gentile name of C. Lae- lius, a friend of Scipio Africanus. laetitia, ae [laetus], f., joy, exulta- tion. laetus, adj., joyful, glad, cheerful. laevus, adj., left. lambo, ere, — , — , to lick, lap. lamenta, orum, pi. n., lamentations. lamina, ae, f., a thin plate. lana, ae, f., wool. lancea, ae, f., a spear, lance, dart. lanificium, i [lana + facio], n., spin- ning, weaving. lanius, i, m., a butcher. lapideus [lapis], adj., of stone, stone. lapis, idis, m., a stone ; milestone. laqueus, i, m., noose, halter. Larentia, ae, f., see Acca. largitio, onis [largior, to bribe], f., liberality; bribery. latebra, ae [lateo, to lie hid], f., hiding place (usually only in pi.). latericius [later, a brick], adj., made of brick, brick. Latinus, adj., pertaining to Latium, Latin; as noun, Latinus, i, m., an inhabitant of Latium, a L/atin. latro, are, avi, atus, to bark at. latro, onis, m., robber, brigand. latus, eris, n., side; flank. laudabilis, e [laudo], adj., praise- worthy, commendable. laudandus [gerundive of laudo], adj., praiseworthy , commendable. laudo, are, avi, atus, to praise, extol. con — conlaudo, are, avi, atus, to praise very highly, extol. laurea, ae (sc. corona), f., a laurel xoreath or crown. laus, laudis, f., praise, fame, glory: ability (as that which excites praise) " laudibus ferre, to extol. lautus [part, of lavo, to wash], adj., well-washed, neat ; elegant, splendid. laxitas, atis [laxus, roomy], f., spa- ciousness, roomi?iess, size. lectica, ae [lectus], f., a litter, sedan chair, palanquin. lectulus, i [dim. of lectus], m., a small couch, bed. lectus, i, m., a couch, bed. ~ legatio, onis [lego, to commission], f., embassy, legation. legatus, i [lego, to commission], m., one specially commissioned, ambas- sador, envoy; a deputy, lieutenant, an officer next in command to the imperator, who selected him subject to the approval of the senate. Often several attended the general, serving in turn, acting as his counsellors, and commanding in his absence. legio, onis [lego], f., a legion, con- taining from four to six thousand men ; legiones, the infantry, as dis- tinct from the cavalry. legitimus [lex] , adj . , fixed by law, legal. lego, ere, legi, lectus, to gather, collect; select, appoint, choose ; read. con — conligo, ere, legi, lectus, to collect, gather. de — deligo, ere, legi, lectus, to choose, select ; levy. dis — diligo, ere, lexi, lectus, to single out, esteem, love, prize. ex — eligo, ere, legi, lectus, to pick out, choose, select. inter — intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, learn ; perceive, understand. leniter [lenis, soft, gentle], adv., softly, mildly, lightly. lenocinium, i, n., excessive finery or nicety in dress. 174 VOCABULARY Lentulus, I, m., P. Cornelius Lentulus Dolabella, a son-in-law of Cicero. lentus, adj., pliant, tough; slow, slug- gish. Lepidus, I, m., M. Aemilius, consul with Caesar, B.C. 46 ; a member, with Octavianus and Antony, of the second triumvirate. letalis, e [letum, death], adj., deadly, fatal. levis, e, adj., light, slight, trivial. leviter [levis], adv., lightly, slightly. lex, legis, f ., law, decree ; term, condi- tion. libens, entis [libet, it pleases], adj., willing ; with good will or pleasure, gladly. libenter [libens], adv., gladly, will- ingly. liber, libera, llberum, adj., free; generous ; outspoken, frank. liber, libri, m., a book. Hberalitas, atis [liberalis, generous] , f., generosity, kindness; a gift. liberaliter [liberalis, generous], adv., kindly, generously , graciously. llberl, orum [liber], pi. m., children; properly the free persons of the family as distinct from the slaves. llbero, are, avl, atus [liber], to set free, free ; acquit, absolve. libertas, atis [liber], f., freedom, independence. llbertus, I [liber], m., afreedman. libido, inis [libet, it pleases], f., pleas- ure ; lust, wantonness, passion. llbro, are, avl, atus [libra, a balance], to balance, poise, brandish. licentia, ae [licet], f., freedom, license. licet, ere, nit or itum est, impers., it is alloioed or permitted. lictor, oris, m., a lictor, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig. attend- ants of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls, and praetors. They accompanied these magistrates whenever they appeared in public, and cleared the way before them. They also carried the fasces, and executed criminal sentences. Hgneus [lignum, wood], adj., wooden. ligo, are, avl, atus, to bind. ad — adligo, are, avl, atus, to bind to, bind fast, bind. de— deligo, are, avl, atus, to bind to, tie, fasten. re— religo, are, avl, atus, to bind, fasten. llmen, inis, n., threshold, doorstep. llneamentum, I [llnea, a line], n., a line ; feature, lineament. lingua, ae, f., tongue ; language. liquefacio, ere, feci, factus [liquco, to be liquid + f acio] , to melt, dis- solve. LIternlnus, adj., at Literum, a town of Campania. As noun, Llternlnum, I (sc. praedium, an estate), n., an estate of Scipio Africanus Maior at Liternum. litigator, oris [lis, lawsuit + ago], m., a party to a lawsuit, litigant. Httera, ae, f., a letter (of the alphabet) ; in pi., a letter, epistle; literature. lltteratus [Httera], adj., lettered, edu- cated, learned. Htus, oris, n., (sea) shore, beach, strand. LIvius, I, m., gentile name of M. Livius Salindtor, who commanded the gar- rison of Tarentum during the second Punic War. loco, 5re, avl, atus [locus] , to place, put; contract for, let, lease. con — conloco, are, avl, atus, to place, arrange, station, establish. locuples, etis [locus + plenus] , adj., rich in lands, rich. locus, I, m. (pi., loci andloca), a place, spot; locality, region; position, sta- tion, post ; room, opportunity. longe [longus], adv., a long way or distance, at a distance; far, by far. VOCABULARY 175 longinquus [longus], adj., remote, distant. longus, adj., long; distant. loquor, I, lociitus sum, to speak, talk, say. ad — adloquor, i, locutus sum, to speak to, address. con — conloquor, I, locutus sum, to talk with, converse, confer. lorica, ae [lorum], f., a corselet of leather, coat of mail; squamarum lorica, armor-like covering of scales. lorum, I, n., a leather thong or strap. Lucius, I, m., a Roman praenomen. Lucretia, ae, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman matron of the olden time. luctor, ari, atus sum, to wrestle, struggle. luctus, us [lugeo], m., grief, sorrow, mourning. Lucullus, I, m., L. Licinius, horn ahout 110 B.C., consul 74; conducted the war against Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself to a life of luxury, dying in 57 or 56. lucus, I, m., a sacred grove, grove. ludibrium, I [ludus], n., laughing- stock, jest ; mockery, derision. ludicer, era, crum [ludus], adj., play- ful, sportive. ludus, I, to.., play, sport; a game, esp. (in pi.) the public games, consisting of chariot races, gladiatorial combats, and theatrical performances. lugeo, ere, luxi, luctus, to grieve; grieve for, mourn, lament. lugubris, e [lugeo], adj., mournful. lumen, inis [cf. lux], n., light. luna, ae [cf. lux], f., the moon. lupa, ae, f., a she-wolf. lustro, are, avl, atus, to purify, cleanse ; to review, inspect. lux, lucis, f., light, daylight, day; prima luce, at daivn. liixuria, ae [luxus], f., luxury, excess. luxus, us, m., excess, luxury, self- indulgence. Macedo, onis, m., a Macedonian. Macedonia, ae, f., Macedonia, an ex- tensive country north of Greece. Its inhabitants were not generally reck- oned as Greeks. Under Alexander the Great it became the chief power of the ancient world. machina, ae, f., machine or engine of war; a contrivance, trick. macto, are, avl, atus, to offer as sacri- fice, kill, slaughter. mactus, adj., icorshiped, glorified. Maecenas, atis, m., C. Cilnius, the close friend of Augustus and his chief adviser in civil affairs. maestus, adj., sad, gloomy, mourn- ful. magis, comp., adv., in a greater degree ; more, rather; sup. maxime [maxi- mus], in the highest degree, particu- larly ; exceedingly , very. magister, tri, m., master, chief; teacher; magister equitum, Master of the Horse, an officer appointed by a dictator as his lieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had especial command of the cavalry. magistratus, us [magister], m., civil office, magistracy. magnifice [magnificus], adv., in good sense, grandly ; in bad sense, in lordly fashion, haughtily, proudly. magnificentia, ae [magnificus], f., splendor, grandeur. magnificus [magnus + f acio] , adj . , splendid, magnificent. magnitudo, inis [magnus], f., great- ness, size. magnus, comp. maior, sup. maximus, adj., great, large; maior or maxi- mus (sc. natu), elder, eldest. As noun, Magnus, i, m., the Great, cog- 176 VOCABULARY nomen of Pompey; maiores (sc. natu), pi. m., ancestors. Maharbal, alis, m., a Carthaginian general. maiestas, atis [cf. maior], f., great- ness, dignity. maior, maius, gen. maioris, see ma- gnus. male [malus], comp. peius, sup. pes- sime, adv., badly, ill, unsuccessfully ; feebly, barely, scarcely. maledictum, I [male + dico], n., a curse. malo, malle, malui [magis + (1) volo], to prefer. malus, comp. peior, sup. pessimus, adj., bad, wicked; evil, unfortunate. As noun, malum, I, n., evil, misfor- tune, trouble. Mamurius, 1, m., a Koman smith of the time of King Numa. mandatum, I [mando], n., an order, command. mando, are, avi, atus [manus + do] , to hand over, commit, entrust ; order, command; litterls mandare, to write. con — commendo, are, avi, atus, to commit, entrust; assist, defend. mane, adv., early in the morning. maneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, to remain, stay, tarry. re — remaneo, ere, mansi, mansu- rus, to stay behind, remain. Manes, ium, pi. m., the deified spirits of the dead, to whom sacrifice was regularly made. manifestus [manus + *fendo] , adj., clear, manifest, evident; exposed. manipulus, i [manus + *pleo] m., a company of soldiers, maniple (one third of a cohort) . The standard of the maniple orig. bore (it is said) a handful of hay. Manius, I, m., abbreviated M\, a Roman praenomen. Manlianus, adj., Manlian. Manlius, I, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Torquatus. mano, are, avi, — , to flow, trickle; to flow or stream abroad, spread. mansuetudo, inis [mansuetus, tame], f., mihhiess, gentleness. manubiae, arum [manus] , pi. 1., prize- money, booty, plunder. manumitto, ere, misi, missus [ma- nus +mitto], to set free, emancipate. manus, us, f ., hand, arm ; ferreae manus, grappling irons (see cor- vus) ; force, strength, prowess; band, troop; manus conserere, to join battle. Marcus, l, m., a common praenomen. Marcius, I, m., see Ancus. mare, is, n., the sea; Mare Superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea. margarita, ae, f., a pearl. maritimus [mare], adj., pertaining to the sea, sea, maritime. maritus, I, m., husband. Marius, I, m., C, born near Arpinum in Latium, 107 B.C.; conquered Ju- gurtha, 106 ; was seven times consul ; defeated Teutones in 102, Cimbri in 101 ; died in 86. marmor, oris, n., marble. marmoreus [marmor], adj., marble, of marble. Mars, Martis, m., Mars, the Roman god of war ; war, battle. Martius [Mars], adj., of March. Masinissa, ae, m., king of Numidia, ally of Scipio African us Maior, in Africa, B.C. 202. He reigned till 148. Massiva, ae, m., nephew of Masinissa. mater, matris, f., mother. maternus [mater], adj., of a mother, mother's ; maternal, on the mother's side. matrimonium, i [mater] , n., marriage. matrona, ae [mater], f., a married woman, wife, matron. VOCABULARY 177 Mauri, orum, pi. m., Moors, inhab- itants of Mauretania, the modern Morocco. maxim e [maximus], adv., see magis. maximus, adj., see magnus. Maximus, I, m., a Eoman cognomen. 1. M. Valerius Maximus Corvinus, consul 343 B.C. 2. Q. Fabius Maximus, a famous general opposed to Hannibal, sur- named Cunctator, from his caution. He was five times consul, and died in 203. medicamentum, I [medico, to heal],n., drug, potion; antidote, cure. medicus, I [medeor, to heal], m., a physician, surgeon, doctor. meditor, ari, atus sum, to reflect upon, consider ; plan, devise. medius, adj., in the middle, middle, midst of. As noun, medium, I, n., the middle, midst, intervening space ; in medio, in the midst of, between ; in medium proferre, to bring out, produce. melior, ius, gen. oris, adj., see bonus, melius, adv., see bene. Memmius, I, m., gentile name of C. Memmius Gemellus, an opponent of Julius Caesar. memorabilis, e [memoro], adj., worth telling, remarkable. memoria, ae [memor, mindful], f., memory ; record, account. memoro, are, avi, atus [memor, mind- ful], to bring to mind, relate; say, tell. mens, mentis, f ., the mind, intellectual facilities ; thought, purpose. mensa. ae, f ., table ; course (at dinner) . mensis, is, m., a month. mentio. onis, f., mention. mercor, ari, atus sum [merx], to buy, purchase. mereo, ere, ui, itus, to earn, deserve, merit. mergo, ere, mersi, mersus, to dip, plunge in ; sink. merito [meritum, desert], adv., de- servedly , justly . merx, mercis, f., goods, wares, mer- chandise. Metellus, i, m., a Eoman cognomen. 1. L. Caecilius Metellus, one of the young nobles who, after the battle of Cannae, proposed to leave Italy. 2. Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Numidicus, because of the success with which he carried on the Ju- gurthine War, till superseded by Marius. 3. Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, con- sul B.C. 80. He fought against Sertorius. | metor, ari, atus sum, to measure off, mark out. j Mettius, i, m., see Fufetius. metus, us, m.,fear, dread, terror. meus, adj., my, mine. As noun, mei, meorum, pi. m., my friends, my followers. mi, vocative sing, of meus. j mico, are, ui, — , to quiver, flash, gleam. migro, are, avi, atum, to remove, migrate. con — commigro, are, avi, atum, to change one's home, move, migrate. re — remigro, are, avi, atum, to journey (back), return. miles, itis,m.,a soldier, fellow-soldier ; as collective noun, soldiery. Miletus, i, f., a city in Asia Minor, near Ephesus. mllitaris, e [miles], adj., soldierly, military : res mllitaris, the art of rear, military tactics. militia, ae [miles], f., military service, war; militiae, loc, in the field, abroad, opposed to domi, at home. milito, are, avi, atum, to be a soldier, serve in war, fight. 178 VOCABULARY mllle, iudecl. adj., a thousand; as noun, milia, milium, pi. n., thou- sands. millies [mllle]. adv., a thousand times. mimus. i, m., farce, comedy. minime [minimus], adv., see parum. minister, tri, m., an attendant, ser- vant. minitor, ari, atus sum [freq. of mi- nor] , to threaten. minor, us, gen. oris, see parvus. minor, ari, atus sum, to threaten. Minucius, i, m., M. Minucius Rufus, magister equitum under Q. Fabius Maximus. Minturnae, arum, pi. f ., a town between Campania and Latium. minuo, ere, i, utus [minus], to di- minish, lessen; weaken. minus, adv., see parum. mirabilis, e [miror], adj., wonderful, strange, amazing. miraculum, i [miror, to marvel at], n., a wonder, marvel, miracle. mirificus [mirus + facio] , adj., won- derful. mirus, adj., wonderful, marvelous. miser, era, erum, adj., wretched, un- fortunate. misericordia, ae [misericors], i.,pity, compassion, mercy. misericors, cordis [misereo, to pity + cor, heart], adj., tender-hearted, merciful. missio, onis [mitto], f., release from service, discharge. Mithridates, is, m., surnamed the Great, king of Pontus, b.c. 120-63. Mithridaticus, adj., Mithridatic. mitigo, are, avi, atus [mitis + ago], to make gentle, soften, civilize. mitis, e, adj., mild, gentle, kind. mitto, ere, misi, missus, send, despatch, dismiss; throw, hurl, shoot. ab — amitto, ere, misi, missus, to send away, let go, lose. ad — admitto, ere, misi, missus, to admit, receive. con — committo, ere, misi, missus, to send or bring together, join ; en- trust, commit, biding (it) about, cause, allow ; pugnam or proelium com- mittere, to begin battle. de — demitto, ere, misi, missus, to send or let down, cast down, let fall; put. dis — dimitto, ere, misi, missus, to send (away), dismiss; give up, abandon. ex — emitto, ere, misi, missus, to send forth or out; hurl, cast ; utter; let loose. in — immitto, ere, misi, missus, to send in, admit ; send, hurl. ob — omitto, ere, misi, missus, to lay aside ; neglect, omit ; pass over t say nothing of; lose sight of, let slip. per — permitto, ere, misi, missus, to let pass ; permit, allow. pro — promitto, ere, misi, missus, to put forward ; p?*omise. re — remitto, ere, misi, missus, to send back ; yield, give up ; remit, grant exemption from. re + pro — repromitto, ere, misi, missus, to promise in return. sub — submitto, ere, misi, missus, to send or let down ; let grow. trans — transmitto, ere, misi, missus, to send or put across, make to cross; despatch; intrans., to go across, woss. Mitylenae, arum, pi. f., capital of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean Sea. moderatio, onis [moderor, to set bounds tc], f., self-control, modera- tion. moderatus [moderor, to check], adj., within bounds, moderate, merciful. modicus [modus], adj., moderate, modest. VOCABULARY 179 modius, I [modus], m., a measure ; a peck. modo [modus], adv., only ; just now, lately ; modo . . . modo, at one time . . . at another, now . . . now ; non modo . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but also. modus, I, m., measure, limit, end; way, manner; measure, strains (of music). moenia, ium, pi. n., defensive walls, city walls, fortifications. moles, is, f., mass, weight, bulk; mas- sive structure. moleste [molestus], adv., with diffi- culty or vexation ; aegre or moleste ferre, to take amiss, be vexed (at). molestia, ae [molestus], f., trouble, annoyance, burden. molestus [moles], adj., troublesome, annoying, vexatious. molior, iri, itus sum [moles] , to strug- gle, toil; undertake, attempt. mollis, e, adj., soft, tender ; effeminate, unmanly. molliter [mollis], adv., effeminately, luxuriously. Molo, onis, m., see Apollonius. momentum, I [moveo], n., movement ; cause, circumstance ; (sc. temporis) , moment, instant. moneo, ere, ui, itus, to remind, ad- monish ; advise, warn. ad — admoneo, ere, ui, itus, to re- mind, admonish, warn. monitus, us [moneo], m., warning, counsel. mons, montis, m., a mountain, height, hill. monstrum, i [moneo], n., a warning, omen; strange being, monster. mora, ae, f., delay, policy of delay. morbus, i, m., sickness, disease. morior, mori, mortuus sum, to die. moror, ari, atus sum, to delay, linger, tarry ; with ace, to hinder, impede. de — demoror, ari, atus sum, to linger, tarry, remain. mors, mortis, f., death. morsus, us [mordeo, to bite], m., bite; pain, sting, agony. mortalis, e [mors], adj., mortal, human; as noun, mortalis, is, m., a man, mortal. mortuus [part, of morior], adj., dead. mos, moris, m., a habit, custom; man- ner, fashion; pi., customs, character. motus, us [moveo], m., movement, agi- tation, tumult, insurrection. moveo, ere, movi, motus, to stir, move, remove ; affect, arouse. ab — amoveo, ere, movi, motus, to take away, remove. ad — admoveo, ere, movi, motus, to move towards ; bring near ; offer. con — commoveo, ere, movi, mo- tus, to move thoroughly; agitat?, excite. per — permoveo, ere, movi, mo- tus, to move deeply, excite, influence. pro— promoveo, ere, movi, mo- tus, to move forward, promote, ad- vance. sub — submoveo, ere, movi, mo- tus, to thrust aside, remove, dislodge. mox, adv., soon, presently ; thereupon, next. mucro, onis, m., sicord-point, sioord. muliebriter [muliebris, womanish], adv., like a woman, in womanish fashion. mulier, ieris, f., a woman, wife. muliercula, ae [dim. of mulier], f., a (little, i.e.) young woman, girl. mulio, onis [mulus, a mule], m., a mule-driver. multa, ae, f., a fine, penalty. multiplex, icis [multus -f- plico, to fold], adj., manifold, many. multittido, inis [multus], f., a multi- tude, throng. multo [multus], adv., by far, much. 180 VOCABULARY multo, are avi, atus [multa], to fine, punish. multum [multus] , adv., much; greatly, severely. multus, comp. plus, sup. plurimus, adj., much, many a; in pi., many ; plures, several ; often used as noun in all three degrees. munditia, ae [mundus, neat], f., neat- ness, elegance, niceness. munio, ire, ivi (il), itus, to fortify, protect ; open up, build (a road). con — communio, ire, ivi (ii) , itus, to fortify strongly, intrench. munus, eris, n., service ; present, gift. muraena, ae, f., an eel. murus, i, m., city wall, wall. Musae, arum, pi. f., the Muses, the goddesses of the liberal arts, esp. music and poetry. Mutina, ae, f., Mutina (now Modena), a city in Cisalpine Gaul, south of the Po. Mutinensis, e, adj., of or at Mutina. muto, are, avi, atus, to change, alter. con — commuto, are, avi, atus, to alter, change ; exchange. per — permuto, are, avi, atus, to change throughout, exchange, inter- change. mutuus [muto], adj., mutual. N nam, conj. (1) causal, for, because, inasmuch as ; (2) explanatory, you know, indeed. nanciscor, i, nactus sum, to get (by accident), happen upon, find, meet with. narro, are, avi, atus, to narrate, tell. nascor, i, natus sum, to be born; spring from, arise. Nasica, ae, m., cognomen of P. Cor- nelius Scipio Nasica Serdpio, oppo- nent of Tiberius Gracchus. nasus, i, m., the nose. natio, onis [nascor], i., birth, race; tribe, nation, people. natura, ae [nascor], f., nature, char- acter, disposition ; personified, Na- ture. natus [orig. part, of nascor], adj., lit. born ; with annos, old. (natus, us) [nascor], m., birth, age (found only in abl. sing.). naufragium, i [navis + frango], n., shipwreck. navalis, e [navis], adj., naval. navicula, ae [dim. of navis], i., a small vessel, boat, skiff. navigatio, onis [navigo, to sail], f., voyage. navigium, i [navigo, to sail], n., ship, boat. navis, is, f., a ship. Navius, i, m., see Attus. navo, are, avi, atus [(g)navus, busy], to do with zeal ; operam navare, to render vigorous aid, act with vigor. ne, (1) adv., not ; ne . . . quidem, not even, not at all; (2) conj., in order that not, not to, for fear that, lest. ne, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2) as conj. with in- direct questions, whether. nebulo, onis [nebula, mist], m., a wo?*thless fellow, good-for-naught, scamp. nee, see neque. necessarius [necesse, necessary], adj., necessary, indispensable. necessitas, atis [necesse, necessary], f., necessity. neco, are, avi, atus [nex], to kill, slay. nefarius [nefas, a crime], adj., wicked, impious, nefarious. nefastus [nefas, a crime], adj., unhal- lowed; dies nefastus, a day on VOCABULARY 181 which no public business could be transacted. neglegens, entis [orig. part, of ne- glego], adj., heedless, careless. neglego, ere, lexi, lectus [nee + lego], to disregard, despise, neglect. nege, are, avi, atus, to say no; deny, refuse. de — denego, are, avi, atus, to say no, deny ; refuse, reject. nemo, gen. nullius, dat. nemini, ace. neminem, abl. nullo ; pi. not found [ne + homo], m. and f., no one, no- body. nemus, oris, n., a grove. nepos, otis, m., grandson, descendant. neptis, is, f., granddaughter. neque or nee [ne+que], adv. and conj., and not, but not, nor, nor yet ; neque or nee . . . neque or nee, neither . . . nor. nequeo, ire, ivi, — [ne + queo, to be able], to be unable. ne . . . quidem, see ne. nescio, ire, ivi (ii), — [ne + scio], not know, to be ignorant. neuter, tra, trum [ne + uter], adj., neither. nex, necis, f., death; murder, slaugh- ter. ni, conj., if not, unless. niger, gra, grum, adj., black. nihil or nil [ne-fhilum, a trifle], n. indecl., nothing; ace. often as adv., in no wise, not at all, not. nihilum, i [older form of nihil], n., nothing ; abl. nihilo, as adv., not at all ; nihilo minus, none the less. nihildum [nihil -f (1) dum], n. indecl., nothing as yet. Nilus, i, m., the river Nile. nimirum, adv., without doubt, surely, truly, plainly. nimium [nimius], adv., excessively. nimius, adj., beyond measure, exces- sive, too much, too great. nisi [ne + si], conj., if not, unless, ex- cept. niteo, ere, ui, — , to shine, glitter; be conspicuous, flourish. ex — eniteo, ere, ui, — , to shine forth ; be distinguished. nitor, i, nisus or nixus sum, lean or rest upon ; to exert one's self, strive. ex — enitor, i, nisus or nixus sum, to strive, struggle. in — innitor, i, nisus or nixus sum, to lean upon, support one's self by. no, nare, navi, — , to swim. trans — trano, are, avi, atus, to swim across. nobilis, e [nosco], adj., known, noted, famous; high-born, noble. nobilitas, atis [nobilis], f., fame, re- nown; high birth; the nobility, no- bles. nobilito, are, avi, atus [nobilis], to make known or famous, glorify, dig- nify. noceo, ere, ui, iturus, to hurt, injure. noctu [abl. of *noctus = nox], adv., by night. noctua, ae [nox], f., night-owl, owl. nocturnus [nox], adj., of or by night, nocturnal. Nola, ae, f., a town of Campania. nolo, nolle, nolui, — [non+ (1) volo], to be unwilling, not ivish. nomen, inis [nosco], n., a name, esp. the gentile name ; nomina dare or profiteri, to volunteer. nomino, are, avi, atus [nomen], to name, designate. non [ne + oenum = unum], adv., not, not at all. nonaginta, indecl. num. adj., ninety. nondum [non+ (1) dum], adv., not yet. nonnullus [non + nullus] , adj., some, several. nonnumquam [non + numquam], adv., sometimes, at times. nosco, ere, novi, notus.fo come to kr>ow, 182 VOCABULARY become acquainted with; in perf., pi up., and fut. perf., to know. ad — agnosco, ere, gnovi, gnitus, to recognize. con — cognosco, ere, cognovi, co- gnitus, to learn, perceive, under- stand. in — ignosco, ere, ignovi, ignotus, to overlook, pardon, forgive. nota, ae [cf. nosco], f., a mark, sign. notus [orig. part, of nosco], adj., well- known, familiar. novacula, ae, f ., a razor. novem, indecl. num. adj., nine. novus, adj., neio, fresh, young, recent. nox, noctis, f., night. nubes, is, f., a cloud. nubo, ere, nupsi, nuptum, to veil one's self, be married, wed. nudo, are, avi, atus [nudus], to strip, bare. nudus, adj., naked, lightly clad. nullus, gen. nullius, dat. nulli [ne-f- ullus], adj., none, no; as noun, no one. num, interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions expecting a negative answer, not so . . . is it ? (2) in indir. questions, whether, if. Numa, ae, m., see Pompilius. numero, are, avi, atus [numerus], to count out (money), pay. numerus, i, m., number, quantity. Numida, ae, m., a Numidian. Numidia, ae, f., a country of Northern Africa, west of Carthage; now Algiers. Numidicus, adj., Numidian. Numitor, oris, m., king of Alba Longa, grandfather of Romulus, nummus, i, m., a piece of money , coin, esp. the sestertius. See sestertius. numquam [ne + umquam, ever], adv., never. nunc, adv., at the present moment, now. nuntio, are, avi, atus [nuntius], to announce, inform, report; bid, urge, direct. de — denuntio, are, avi, atus, to announce, declare, proclaim. pro — pronuntio, are, avi, atus, to announce, declare. re — renuntio, are, avi, atus, to send or bring back word, report, an- nounce ; with dat., to refuse, decline. nuntius, i, m., a messenger; message, tidings. *nuo, nuere, to nod. ab — abnuo, ere, i, — , to refuse. ad — adnuo, ere, i, — , to nod assent to, agree to; agree, promise. in — innuo, ere, i, — , to signal by a nod, hint, intimate. re — renuo, ere, i, — , to nod re- fusal, refuse. nuper, adv., lately, recently. nurus, us, f., a daughter-in-law. nusquam [ne + usquam] , adv., no- where, in no place. nuto, are, avi, atum [freq. of *nuo], to nod ; of an army, to waver, be ready to give way. nutrix, icis [nutrio, to nourish], f., a nurse. 6b, prep, with ace, to, towards; for, on account of, by reason of; in com- position, towards, against, at, before. obeo, see (1) eo. obicio, see iacio. obiurgo, are, avi, atus, to berate, scold. oblino, ere, levi, litus [ob + lino, to smear] , to daub, smear, defile. oblitus, see oblino. oblitus, see obliviscor. oblivio, onis [cf. obliviscor], f., forget- fulness. obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, to forget. obnoxius [ob + noxa, harm], adj., liable to punishment ; liable, exposed. VOCABULARY 183 obruo, see ruo. obsequor, see sequor. obses, idis, m., a hostage, surety. obsideo, see sedeo. obsidio, onis [obsideo], f., a siege. obsisto, see sisto. obstrepo, ere, ui, — [ob + strepo, to make a noise] , to rail at, roar at. obstupesco, ere, stupui, — , to become amazed, be struck dumb. obtineo, see teneo. obtingo, see tango. obtrectator, oris [obtrecto, to under- rate'], m., detractor, traducer. obtrunco, are, — , atus [ob + trunco, to maim; cf. tr uncus], to lop off; kill,. slay. obvenio, see venio. obviam [ob + via], adv., across one's path, in the way, toivards ; obviam ire, progredi or venire, to go to meet ; obviam esse or fieri, to meet. obvius [ob + via], adj., in the way, meeting ; with esse, fieri, or venire, to meet. obvolvo, ere, i, volutus [ob + volvo, to roll], to lorap round, envelop, cover. occasio, onis [occido], f ., fitting time, opportunity, chance. occasus, us [occido], m., downfall. occido, see cado. occido, see caedo. occumbo, see *cumbo. occupo, are, avi, atus [ob+ capio], to take possession of, seize ; attack. occurro, see curro. Octavia, ae, f ., sister of Octavianus. Octavianus, i, m., see Augustus and Caesar, octo, indecl. num. adj., eight. octoginta, indecl. num. adj., eighty. oculus, i, m., the eye. odium, i, n., hatred, grudge, aversion. odor, oris, m., smell, perfume. offendo, see *fendo. offensus [orig. part, of offendo], adj., vexed, displeased, offended. offero, see fero. officiosus [officium], adj., courteous, obliging. officium, i [opus + f acio] , n., service, kindness, favor ; duty, office. olim [ole, old form of ille], adv., formerly. omitto, see mitto. omnino [omnis], adv., in all, alto- gether. omnis, e, adj., each, every, all, the whole ; omnes ad unum, all to a man. opera, ae [opus], f., work, labor, pains, aid; operam dare, to devote pains to ; operam navare, see navo. opifex, ficis [opus + facio], m., work- man, artisan. Opimius, i, m., Lucius, consul 121 b.c, and opponent of C. Gracchus. opinio, onis [opinor, to think], f., opinion, fancy, belief. oportet, ere, uit, impers., it is neces- sary or proper, it befits. oppidum, i, n., a walled town, city. oppleo, see *pleo. oppono, see pono. opportunus, adj., fit, suitable, con- venient. opprimo, see premo. oppugnatio, onis [oppugno], f ., assault, attack, siege, storming. oppugno, see pugno. (ops), opis, f., aid, help; in pi., power, influence ; means, wealth. optimates, um or ium [optimus], pi. m., the aristocrats, the nobles. optimus, see bonus. optio, onis [opto], f., choice, option. opto, are, avi, atus, to choose, select ; wish ox pray for, desire. ad — adopto, are, avi, atus, to take to one's self by choice, adopt. opulentus [ops], adj., rich, wealthy^ 184 VOCABULAKY opus, eris, n., work, labor ; need, ne- cessity ; opus est with abl., there is need of; magno opere, greatly; tanto opere, so greatly. oraculum, i [oro], n., an oracle ; a prophecy. oratio, onis [oro], f., a speech, oration, discourse. orator, oris [oro], m., speaker, pleader, ambassador. orbis, is, m., Hng, circle, orbit; orbis terrarum (or orbis alone) , the world. orbus, adj., bereft (of parents or chil- dren) , parentless, childless. As noun, orbus, l, m., an orphan. ordino, are, avi, atus [ordo], to set in order, arrange, adjust, regulate. ordior, iri, orsus sum, to begin. ordo, inis, f ., row, series, arrangement, order ; bank or tier of oars ; class, rank. oriens, entis [part, of orior], in. (sc. sol) , the rising sun ; the East, Orient. orior, iri, tus sum, to arise, begin; to spring from, be descended from. con — coorior, iri, tus sum, to arise. ex — exorior, iri, tus sum, to arise, rise, begin. oriundus [orior], adj., descended, sprung from. ornamentum, i [orno], n., prepara- tion ; decoration, ornament, jew el. ornatus [orno], adj., fitted out, equipped ; of men, distinguished, illustrious. ornatus, us [orno], m., dress, fine attire ; decoration, ornament. orno, are, avi, atus, to jit out, equip; adorn, decorate, beautify. ad — adorno, are, avi, atus, to equip, provide ; adorn, beautify. sub — suborno, are, avi, atus, to incite secretly, bribe. oro, are, avi, atus, to speak, plead, treat; entreat, beseech, pray . ad— adoro, are, avi, atus, to sup- plicate ; worship, reverence. per — peroro, are, avi, atus, to speak, plead. os, oris, n., mouth, face. osculor, ari, atus sum [osculum, a kiss], to kiss. de — deosculor, ari, atus sum, to kiss. ostendo, see tendo. ostento, are, avi, atus [freq. of osten- do], to show, exhibit. Ostia, ae [os], f., Ostia, a town at the Tiber's mouth, the sea-port of Rome. otiose [otiosus], adv., leisurely, idly. otiosus [otium], adj., at leisure, idle; in retirement {i.e., not in office). otium, i, n., leisure, ease, idleness. ovo, are, — , — , to exult, rejoice. P., abbreviation of the name Publius. pacatus [paco, to subdue] , adj., pacified, subdued, at peace. paciscor, i, pactus sum, to agree to- gether, bargain, stipulate. paene, adv., almost, nearly. paenitet, ere, uit, — , impers., it grieves, it repents. palam, adv., openly, publicly. Palatium, i, n., the Palatine Hill. Since Augustus had his palace there, palatium came to mean palace. palor, ari, atus sum, to roam abroad, scatter, straggle. palpebrae, arum, pi. f., the eyelids. paludamentum, i, n., a military cloak, cloak. palus, i, m., a stake, post. palus, udis, f., swamp, marsh, pool. pando, ere, i, passus, to spread out, unfold. papaver, eris, n., poppy. par, paris, adj., equal, like, similar; VOCABULARY 185 well-matched. As noun, an equal, mate. parabilis, e [paro], adj., easily ob- tainable, readily procured. parco, ere, peperci, and parsi, — , to spare. parens [parco], adj., sparing, frugal, temperate. parens, entis [part, of pario], m. and f., a parent, a father or mother. pareo, ere, ui, — , to appear (esp. in answer to a command) , obey. ad — appareo, ere, ui, — , to be- come visible, appear ; be plain or evident. pario, ere, peperi, partus, to give birth to, bring forth, produce ; acquire, obtain, procure. ab — aperio, ire, ui, tus, to un- cover, bare ; open, disclose. ad + op — adoperio, ire, ui, tus, to cover, veil. con — comperio, ire, i, tus, to find out, learn. re — reperio, ire, repperi, reper- tus, to find (again), meet with, dis- cover. pariter [par], adv., equally, alike; likewise. paro, are, avi, atus, to make ready, prepare ; resolve, plan ; get, ac- quire. con — comparo, are, avi, atus, to prepare, make ready; obtain, procure. parricidium, i [pater + caedo], n., murder of a father, parricide. pars, partis, f., a part, portion; direc- tion; a side, faction, political party (both sing, and pi.) ; a character, role (esp. in pi.). Partbi, orum, pi. m., the Parthians, a people in Asia, southeast of the Cas- pian Sea. In the second century B.C. they overran the country to the east of the Euphrates. They were brave warriors and skillful archers, and suc- cessfully resisted the Roman power. partim [pars], adv., partly. partior, iri, itus sum [pars], to dis- tribute, divide. partus, us [pario] , m., a bringing forth, delivery, birth. parum, adv., too little, not enough; comp. minus, less, by no means, not ; sup. minime, least of all, by no means, not at all. As noun, parum, indecl. n., too little, not enough. parvulus [dim. of parvus], adj., very small, tiny. As noun, parvulus, i, m., a small child, infant. parvus, adj., little, small; comp. mi- nor, smaller, less ; younger (sc. natu) ; sup. minimus, smallest, least. pasco, ere, pavi, pastus, to feed; of animals, to graze, browse (esp. in pass, and supine) . passim [passus, part, of pando], adv., in every direction, everywhere. pastor, oris [pasco], m., herdsman, shepherd. patefacio [pateo + facio], to lay open, disclose, bring to light. pateo, ere, ui, — , to be open. pater, patris, m., father ; pi., patres or patres conscripts the senators. See conscriptus. paternus [pater], adj., of a father, fatherly, father's. patiens, entis [patior], adj., able to endure, long suffering, patient. patior, i, passus sum, to suffer, bear, endure; experience; allow, permit. patria, ae [pater], f., fatherland, native land. patricius [pater], adj., of fatherly dignity, patrician, noble. As noun, patricii, orum, pi. m., the nobles, patricians, the descendants of the orig. settlers of Rome. patrimonium, i [pater], n., inheri- tance, patrimony , property. 186 VOCABULARY patrius [pater], adj., of a father, father's. patro, are, avi, atus, to carry out, per- form, execute. patronus, I [pater], m., defender, patron; pleader, advocate, lawyer. paucus, adj.,/ez«, little (chiefly in pi.). paulatim [paulum], adv., little by little, by degrees, gradually. paulo and paulum [paulus, little], adv., by a little, somewhat. Paulus, l, m., L. Aemilius, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216 B.C. In the latter year he fell at Cannae, and was hence regarded as a national hero. pauper, eris, adj., poor; scanty, small. pauperculus [dim. of pauper], adj., quite poor. pavidus [paveo, to be afraid], adj., trembling, fearful, frightened. pavor, oris [paveo, to be afraid], m., terror, fear, dread. pax, pacis, f., peace; treaty. peccatum, I [pecco], n., an error, fault, sin. pecco, are, avi, atum, to do wrong, act amiss, err, sin. pectus, oris, n., breast, bosom, heart. pecunia, ae [pecus], f., money, prop- erty. pecus, oris, n., cattle, flock, herd. pedes, itis [pes], m., a foot-soldier; collectively, foot-soldiers, infantry. pello, ere, pepull, pulsus, to drive out or aioay, expel ; defeat, rout. ad — (1) appello, ere, pull, pul- sus, to drive towards, steer for, direct. ad — (2) appello, are, avi, atus, to call (by name), address; appeal to, call upon; name, term, mention. con— (1) compello, ere, puli, pul- sus, to drive together ; force, compel. con — (2) compello, are, avi, atus, to address. de — depello, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive out or away, expel, dislodge. ex — expello, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive out, expel, banish. per — perpelio, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive, force, induce. pro — propello, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive forward or away ; incite. re — repello, ere, reppuli re- pulsus, to drive back, shake off, re- pulse, reject. pendeo, ere, pependi, — , to hang, be suspended; hang one's self . pendo, ere, pependi, pensus, to weigh, pay. ex — expendo, ere, i, pensus, to weigh or pay out. re — rependo, ere, i, pensus, to pay for, purchase ; used esp. of buy- ing a thing with its weight in money. penitus, adv., inwardly, within; deeply, completely. per, prep, with ace. ; used (1) of place, through, across, over, throughout; (2) of time, through, during ; (3) of means or agency, by means of, by the agency of, through ; (4) often in adv. phrases, per iocum, jokingly, per otium, quietly, per intervalla, at intervals; in composition, thor- oughly, very. per ago, see ago. peragro, are, avi, atus [per + ager] , to wander through, roam over, traverse, scour. peramoenus [per + amoenus, lovely], adj., very lovely, charming. per cello, ere, culi, culsus, to smite, strike; overturn, upset; dishearten, discourage. percieo, ciere, civi, citus [per + cieo, to stir up], to arouse thoroughly, ex- cite. percitus, see percieo. percontor, ari, atus sum, to ask, ques- tion. VOCABULARY 187 percussor, oris [percutio], m., mur- derer, assassin. percutio, see quatio. perdo, see do. perduco, see duco. peregrinus [per + ager], adj., from foreign parts, foreign. perendie, adv., on the day after to- morrow. perennis, e [per + annus], adj., peren- nial ; perpetual, never-failing. pereo, see (1) eo. perfero, see fero. perficio, see facio. perfidia, ae [perfidus], f., treachery. perfidus, adj., faithless, treacherous. perforo, are, avi, atus [per + foro, to bore], to bore through, pierce. perfruor, see fruor. perfuga, ae [perfugio], m., a fugitive, deserter, refugee. perfugio, see fugio. pergo, see rego. periclitor, ari, atus sum [periculum] , to try, test ; intrans., to be in danger, incur risk. periculosus [periculum], ad]., perilous, dangerous. periculum, i, n., trial; danger, peril. peritus, adj., experienced, skilled, ex- pert. As noun, peritus, i, m., an expert. perlicio, see *lacio. permitto, see mitto. permoveo, see moveo. permultus [per + multus] , adj., very much, very many. As noun, permul- tum, i, n., a great deal; permulti, orum, pi. m., very many (persons). permuto, see muto. pernicies, ei, f ., destruction, ruin, over- throw. perniciosus [pernicies], adj., danger- ous, destructive. peroro, see oro. perpello, see pello. perpetuo [abl. of perpetuus], adv., continually, forever. perpetuus, adj., continuous, uninter- rupted ; in perpetuum, forever. perrumpo, see rumpo. persaepe [per + saepe], adv., very often. perscribo, see scribo. persequor, see sequor. perstringo, see stringo. persuadeo, see suadeo. pertaesus [orig. part, of pertaedet, it wearies, disgusts], adj., disgusted with, sick of. pertinaciter [pertinax, persistent], adv., persistently , stubbornly. pertineo, see teneo. pertraho, see traho. perturbo, are, avi, atus [per + turbo, to disturb] , to confuse, disturb, upset. pervenio, see venio. pes, pedis, m., the foot ; a foot (in measurements) . pessimus, see malus. pestifer, fera, ferum [pestis + fero], adj., baneful, destructive. pestilens, entis [pestis], adj., baneful. pestilentia, ae [pestilens], f., pest, plague, disease. pestis, is, f., plague, pest; curse, bane. petitio, onis [peto], f., candidacy. peto, ere, ivi (ii), itus, to strive for, seek; beg, ask, request; assail, at- tack; intrans., to be a candidate. ex — expeto, ere, ivi, itus, to seek, desire, crave. re — repeto, ere, ivi, itus, to seek again, try to get back, demand back. phalerae, arum, pi. f., a metal breast- plate (esp. for horses) , trappings. Pharnaces, is, m., a son of Mithridates. Pharsalicus, adj., of or at Pharsalus. Pharsalus, i, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C. Philip pi orum, pi. m., a city in Mace- 188 VOCABULARY donia, near which Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony, B.C. 42. philosophia, ae, f., philosophy. philosophus, I, m., a philosopher. Philus, I, m., see Furius. pietas, atis [pius, dutiful], f., con- scientiousness, dutiful conduct, devo- tion, piety ; filial affection, loyalty. piget, ere, uit and itum est, impers., it pains, grieves, disgusts. pignus, oris, n., pledge, security; as- surance, proof. pilleus, I, m., a (close-fitting) cap. pinguis, e, adj.,/a£, sleek. pirata, ae, m., a sea-robber, pirate. piraticus [pirata], adj., of or with (against) the pirates. piscina, ae [piscis], f., a fish-pond. piscis, is, m., a fish. Piso, onis, m., a cognomen in the Calpurnian gens. 1. Cn. (Calpurnius) Piso, men- tioned in XIII, 64, as a type of excess- ive rigor and severity. 2. L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, con- sul 133 B.C. ; opponent of C. Gracchus in 121 ; author of a historical work called Anndles. Placentia, ae, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po. placeo, ere, ui, — , to please, be agree- able to ; seem best to ; impers., placet, uit or placitum est, with dat., to be resolved by. dis — displiceo, • ere, ui, — , to displease. placide [placidus, calm], adv., calmly, quietly. placo, are, avi, atus, to soothe, ap- pease ; conciliate, reconcile. plaga, ae, f., a stroke, blow. Plancus, i, m., C. Plotius Plancus, proscribed by the Second Trium- virate. plaustrum, i, n., a wagon, cart. plausus, us [plaudo, to clap the hands], m., applause, acclamations. plebeius [plebs], adj., plebeian. As noun, plebei, orum, pi. m., the ple- beians. See plebs. plebs, plebis, f., the common people, rabble ; the plebeians, or the popula- tion that grew up round the patricians (see patricius) from such causes as the settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation of slaves. plecto, ere, — , — , to beat, punish (usually in pass.). plenus [cf. *pleo], ad]., full, full of. *pleo, plere, plevi, pletus, to fill. com — compleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill (to the brim) ; complete. ex — expleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill up, fill. in — impleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill up. ob — oppleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill; cover. re — repleo, ere, evi, etus, to fill again, refill, fill up. plerique, aeque, aque, adj., very many, most. Plinius, i, m., C. Plinius Secundus, commonly known as Pliny the Elder, a.d. 23-79. He wrote a sort of ency- clopaedia called Historia Naturalis. Plotius, i, m., see Plancus. plumbeus [plumbum], adj., leaden. plumbum, i, n., lead. plurimus, see multus. plus, pluris, adj., see multus. poena, ae, f., compensation, punish- ment, penalty. Poeni, orum, pi. m., the Phoenicians, Carthaginians (see Carthago) . poeta, ae, m., a poet. Pollio, onis, m., Vedius Pollio, pun- ished by Augustus for cruelty to a slave. Pompeianus, adj., Pompey's, Pom- peian. VOCABULARY 189 Pompeius, i, m., Cn. Pompeius, sur- named Magnus ; born B.C. 106, he was consul in 70, having fought Sertorius in Spain, 76-71 ; defeated the pirates in 67, Mithridates in 66, and formed the First Triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus in 60. He was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus in Thessaly, and soon after murdered. Pompilius, I, m., Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome. Pomponius, I, m., M. Pomponius, trib- une of the people in 362 B.C. Pomptinus, adj., Pomptine ; paludes Pomptinae, the Pomptine Marshes in Latium, southeast of Rome, pondus, eris [pendo, ], n., weight. pono, ere, posui, positus, to put down, place, set, deposit ; serve (at meals) ; spend ; set up, build ; castra ponere, to pitch a camp ; rudimentum po- nere, to lay aside (i.e. get through) the first steps, to learn. ad — appono, ere, posui, positus, to set before, serve (at table). con — compono, ere, posui, posi- tus, to arrange, settle; conclude, finish. de — depono, ere, posui, positus, to lay down or aside, put down; stop ; arrange, establish. dis — dispono, ere, posui, positus, to arrange, array, dispose. ex — expono, ere, posui, positus, to set or put forth ; land, disembark ; expose, abandon; relate, explain. in — impono, ere, posui, positus, to place or put upon or in ; leges imponere, to dictate terms. ob — oppono, ere, posui, positus, to put in the way, set against, op- pose. prae — praepono, ere, posui, posi- tus, to set over, put in charge of. pro — propono, ere, posui, posi- tus, to put or set forth ; expose to view, submit ; propose , off er ; resolve, determine. re — repono, ere, posui, positus, to put back, replace, restore. pons, pontis, m., a bridge. ponticulus, i [dim. of pons], m., a lit- tle bridge. Ponticus, adj., pertaining to Pontus, Pontic. Pontus, i, m., Pontus, a country in Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea. popularis, is [populus], m., a fellow- countryman. populor, ari, atus sum, to lay waste, ravage, plunder. populus, i, m., a people, nation; col- lectively, the people, the citizens. Porcia, ae, f., a daughter of Cato Uti- censis (see Cato), and wife of M. Brutus. porrigo, see rego. Porsena, ae, m., Porsena, a king of Clusium in Etruria. porta, ae, f., a city gate, gate. portendo, see tendo. porticus, us [porta], m., a colonnade, arcade, portico. porto, are, avi, atus, to bear, carry, bring. re — reports, are, avi, atus, to bring back ; carry off or away. portorium, i [portus], n., a tax, duty, tariff. portus, us, m., a harbor, haven. posco, ere, poposci, — , to ask, de- mand. de — deposco, ere, poposci, — , to demand urgently, claim. ex — exposco, ere, poposci, — , to demand, claim. re — reposco, ere, — , — , to de- mand (back), claim. Posidonius, i, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with Cicero and Pom- pey. possum, posse, potui, — [potis, able 190 VOCABULARY + sum], to be able, can; have influ- ence, be strong. post, (1) adv., after, later, afterwards ; (2) prep, with ace, after, behind. postea [post + is], adv., afterwards. posterus [post], adj., following, next; comp. posterior, us, gen. oris, later; sup. postremus, last, lowest ; in po- sterum, for the future ; ad postre- mum, finally ; postremo, at last, finally. As noun, postevi, 6mm, pi. m., descendants, posterity . posthabeo, see habeo. posthac [post + hie] , adv., hereafter, thereafter, in the future. posticum, i [posticus, in the rear], n., a back door. postis, is, m., a door-post, post. postquam or post . . . quam [post + quam], conj., after, when. postremo, see posterus. postremus, see posterus. postridie [posterus + dies] , adv., on the following day, next day. postulatum, i [postulo] , n., a demand, request. postulo, are, avi, atus, to request, demand. potens, entis [orig. part, of possum]. adj., able, mighty, influential. potentatus, us [potens], m., power, authority, dominion. potentia, ae [potens], f., power, might. potestas, atis [potis, able], f., might, power (esp. that of a magistrate) ; dominion, rule ; opportunity . potior, iri, itus sum, to become master of, obtain, acquire, get. prae, prep, with abl., before, in front of; in comparison with ; in com- position, before, very. praeacutus [prae + acutus, sharp] , adj., sharp at the end, pointed. praebeo, see habeo. praecedo, see cedo. praeceptor, oris [praecipio], m., teacher. praeceptum, i [praecipio], n., teach- ing, maxim, rule ; command, order. praecido, see caedo. praecino, see cano. praecipio, see capio. praecipue [praecipuus, special], adv., chiefly, principally , especially. praeclare [praeclarus] , adv., glori- ously, excellently. praeclarus [prae + clarus], adj., very bright or brilliant, excellent, dis- tinguished. praeco, onis, m., a crier, herald. praeda, ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder. praedicatio, onis [praedico],f., a pub- lic proclamation, statement. praedico, see dico. praedico, see dico. praedo, onis [praeda], m., one that makes (gains) booty, robber. praefectus, i [praeficio, to place in command] ,m.,a leader, commander. praefero, see fero. praeferox, ocis [prae + f erox] , adj., insolent, full of confidence. praefor, fari, fatus sum [prae + for, to speak], to say by way of pref- ace. praeluceo, ere, luxi, — [prae + luceo, to shine], to shine before, light the loay before. praemium, i [prae + emo], n., reioard, prize. praepono, see pono. praeripio, see rapio. praesens, entis [orig. part, of prae- sum], ad]., present, at hand; face to face. praesidium, i [praesideo, to defend], n., help, aid, defense ; defensive force, garrison ; fort, post, station. praesto, see sto. praesum, see sum. praeter, prep, with a,cc.,past, beyond; VOCABULARY 191 contrary to, against ; besides, except ; in composition, past, beyond. praeterea [praeter + is], adv., in addi- tion to this, besides, moreover. praetereo, see (1) eo. praeteritus [orig. part, of praetereo], adj., past. praetextus [orig. part, of praetexS, to edge, border], adj., bordered, edged. As noun, praetexta, ae (sc. toga), f., the toga praetexta, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and by free-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they became of age and assumed the toga virilis, which was wholly white. praetor, oris [orig. praeitor, from prae+(l) eo], m., a leader, com- mander; among the Romans, a prae- tor or magistrate, whose especial business was the administration of justice. After Sulla's time eight or more were elected annually. The praetors often served in command of armies, esp. in the provinces, and after acting as judges in Rome, were regularly assigned to duty in the provinces with the title of pro- praetor. praetSrius [praetor], adj., of ox belong- ing to the general, the general's ; praetorian. As noun, praetorius, i, m., a man of praetorian rank, an ex-praetor. praeveniS, see venio. prandium, i, n., lunch. pratum, I, n., afield, meadow. pravus, adj., crooked, wrong ; perverse, wicked. precor, ari, atus sum [prex], to ask, beg, beseech.. de — deprecor, ari, atus sum, to plead against, plead, avert by prayer; decline. prehendS, ere, i, prehensus, to grasp, seize, catch. ad — apprehendo, ere, i, hensus, to lay hold of, seize, grasp. con — comprehendo, ere, i, hen- sus, to seize, catch, arrest ; under- stand. de — deprehendS, ere, i, hensus, to seize, catch ; surprise, detect, dis- cover. re — reprehends, ere, i, hensus, to hold back, check ; blame, criticise, reprove. premS, ere, pressi, pressus, to press; press hard, crush. con — comprimS, ere, pressi, pres- sus, to restrain, check, crush. ex — exprimS, ere, pressi, pres- sus, to press or force out; utter, express. ob — opprimS, ere, pressi, pres- sus, to crush utterly, overpower, over- ivhelm, master. re — reprimS, ere, pressi, pressus, to press or keep back, check, restrain. pretiSsus [pretium], adj., of great value, costly, precious. pretium, i, n., money value, price; money ; recompense, reward ; operae pretium est, it is worth while. prex, precis, f., a prayer, entreaty (chiefly in pi.) . pridem, adv., long since, long ago. pridie [pri(or) +die], adv., the day before. primS, see prior. primSres, um [primus], pi. m., first men, chiefs, nobles. primum, see prior. primus, see prior. princeps, ipis [primus + capiS], adj., first, foremost. As noun, m., lead- ing man, chief, leader. principium, i [princeps], n., beginning. prior, us, gen. priSris, comp. adj., foremost, first, prior; sup. primus, first, foremost ; primS, primum, at first, first 192 VOCABULARY Priscus, I, m., cognomen of Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. prius [neuter of prior], adv., before, sooner, previously, first of all. priusquam or prius . . . quam [prius + quam], conj., earlier than, before. privatim [privatus], adv., individu- ally ; by one's self, privately. privatus [privo], adj., personal, pri- vate, individual. As noun, privatus, l, m., a man in private life, a private citizen. privo, are, avi, atus, to bereave, de- prive, rob. pro, prep, with abl., in front of, before ; in behalf of, for; instead of; in comparison with, in accordance with ; in composition, forth, for. pro, inter j., 01 ah! alas! Heavens! proavus, i [pro+avus], m., great- grandfather. probo, are, avi, atus [probus, good], to test (and find good) , approve, com- mend; show, prove. ad — approbo, are, avi, atus, to approve fully , favor ; show, demon- strate. con — comprobo, are, avi, atus, to approve, sanction ; confirm. Proca, ae, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amulius. procedo, see cedo. procella, ae, f., a strong wind; storm. proceritas, atis [procerus, tall], f., height, tallness. proclamo, see clamo. proconsul, is [pro, in place o/+con- sul], m., a proconsul, governor of a province. See consul (end). procul, adv., in the distance, afar; with abl., far from. Proculus, i, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus appeared to him after his death. procumbo, see *cumbo. procuro, see euro. prodigium, i, n., an omen, portent; strange being, prodigy, monster. proditio, onis [prodo], f., treason. proditor, oris [prodo], m., a traitor. prodo, see do. proelior, ari, atus sum [proelium], to fight, wage war. proelium, i, n., a battle, combat. profecto [pro + factum], adv., indeed, in truth, certainly, to be sure. profero, see fero. proficiscor, i, profectus sum, to set out, proceed; depart. profiteor, see fateor. profligo, see *fligo. profugio, see fugio. profugus, i [profugio], m., a fugitive, exile. prof undo, see fundo. profusus [orig. part, of prof undo], adj., lavish, extravagant, profuse. progredior, see gradior. prohibeo, see habeo. proicio, see iacio. proinde [pro + inde], adv., hence, therefore. prolabor, see labor, promineo, ere, ui, — , to project, extend, lean out. promissus [orig. part, of promitto], adj., hanging down, long , flowing . promissum, i [promitto], n., a promise, promitto, see mitto. promo veo, see moveo. prompte [promptus], adv., quickly, readily. promptus [promo, to put forth], adj., visible, at hand; ready, alert, prompt. pronepos, otis [pro + nepos], m., great- grandson. pronuntio, see nuntio. propago, are, avi, atus, to propagate, increase, prolong. prope, adv., near by ; nearly, almost (esp. with numbers) : comp. propius ; sup. proximo, nearest, next. VOCABULARY 193 propello, see pello. propero, are, avi, atum [properus, quick], to speed, hasten. propinquus [prope], adj., neighbor- ing, near ; as noun, a relative. propior [prope], comp. adj., nearer; sup. proximus, nearest, next ; latest, last; next, following ; in proximo, near by. As noun, proximi, orum, pi. m., bystanders. propono, see pono. propositum, i [propono], n., plan, purpose. proprie [proprius], adv., peculiarly, especially. proprius, adj., own, one's own; with gen. or dat., peculiar to, character- istic of. propter, prep, with ace, on account of. proripio, see rapio. prorogo, see rogo. proscribo, see scribo. pr o scrip tio, onis [proscribo], f., a no- tice of sale; proscription, confisca- tion. prosequor, see sequor. prosilio, see salio. prospectus, us [prospicio, to look for- ward], m., view , prospect . prospere [prosperus], adv., propi- tiously, successfully. prosperus [pro + spes], adj., accord- ing to one's hopes, favorable. prosterno, see sterno. pro sum, see sum. protendo, see tendo. protinus, adv., right on, continuously ; at once, immediately. proveho, see veho. provincia, ae, f., a province (i.e. a ter- ritory outside of Italy under Roman government) ; sphere of operations. provoco, see voco. proxime, see prope. proximus, see propior. prudens, entis [orig. providens, part. of provideo, to see ahead], adj., fore- seeing, skillful, clever, prudent. prudentia, ae [prudens], f., foresight, practical wisdom, good sense. psittacus, i, m., a parrot. Ftolemaeus, I, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time of Alexander the Great. publice [piiblicus], adv., in the name of (by order of) the state, publicly, officially. publico, are, avl, atus [publicus], to open to the public, make public. publicus [orig. populicus: cf. popu- lus], adj., belonging to the people (state), public; official. As noun, publicum, i, n., the state treasury. Publius, i, m., a Roman praenomen. pudor, oris, m., modesty, shame, hesi- tancy. puella, ae [dim. of puer], f., a girl. puer, pueri, m., a child; boy ; slave. puerllis, e [puer], adj., boyish, youth- ful. pueritia, ae [puer], f., childhood; boy- hood, youth (extending usually to the 17th year) . pugio, onis, m., a dagger, dirk. pugna, ae, f., a combat, fight, battle. pugnax, acis [pugna], adj., fond of fighting, combative. pugno, are, avl, atum, to fight; op- pose, resist. ex— expugno, are, avi, atus, to take by storm, capture; overpower, prevail upon. in — impugno, are, avi, atus, to fight against, oppose, attack. ob — oppugnS, are, avi, atus, to fight against, assault, besiege. re — repugno, are, avi, atus, to fight back, oppose, resist. pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., beautiful; excellent, illustrious. Pulcber, chrl, m., P. Claudius, a son of A. Claudius Caecus, consul 249 B.C. 194 VOCABULARY pullarius, I [pullus], m., keeper of the sacred chickens. pullus, I, m., a young animal ; chicken. pulvis, eris, m., dust. pungo, ere, pupugi, punctus, to strike, prick, puncture ; sting, torment. Punicus, adj., Phoenician, Punic; Carthaginian (see Carthago), punio, ire, Ivi, itus [poena], to punish. purgo, are, avi, atus [purus, clean + ago], to make clean; clear away, excuse. puto, are, avi, atus, to cleanse (vines by cutting) ; consider, think, suppose. am — amputo, are, avi. atus, to cut all round, cut away, lop off. con — computo, are, avi, atus, to sum up, reckon, compute. dis — disputo, are, avi, atus, to iveigh, examine ; discuss ; argue. re — reputo, are, avi, atus, to think over, reflect on, reflect. Pyrenaeus, i (sc. mons), m., the Pyre- nees. Pyrrhus, I, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with Tarentum, and invaded Italy, 280-275 b.c. Q Q., abbreviation of the name Quintus. quadragesimus [quadraginta], num. ad]., fortieth. quadraginta, indecl. num. adj., forty. quadrigae, arum, pi. f ., a four-horse team. quadringenti, ae, a [quattuor + cen- tum], num. adj.,/owr hundred. quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, to seek ; ask ; get, gain. ad — adquiro, ere, quisivi, quisi- tus, to acquire, get, gain. con — conquiro, ere, quisivi, qui- situs, to seek or search for ; hunt up. re — requiro, ere, quisivi (ii), quisitus, to seek or search for. quaeso, ere, ivi, — , to seek; beg, pray. quaestor, oris [orig. quaesitor; cf. quaero, quaeso] , m., quaestor, quar- termaster, a name given to certain magistrates who had the care of pub- lic monies and military supplies, both at Rome and in the provinces. quaestura, ae [quaestor], f., the quaes- tor ship. qualis, e, adj., (1) interrog., of what kind? ivhat sort of? (2) rel., of such a kind, such as, as. qualiscumque, qualecumque, adj., of whatsoever kind, of any kind. quam [(1) quis], adv., how, how much ; after a comp., than ; with a sup., as possible ; quam primum, as soon as possible ; quamdiu, as long as ; tarn . . . quam, as . . . so, not only . . . but also. quamquam, conj., although, even if. quam vis [quam + vis, from volo], adv. and conj., hoivevermuch, although. quandoquidem [quando, since + qui- dem], conj., since indeed. quantus [quam], adj., (1) interr., how great f how much? (2) rel., correl. to tantus, as great as, as. quantum, adv., hoio much? how far? quapropter [(l)quis + propter], adv. ; (1) interr., why? wherefore? (2) rel., for ivhich reason, wherefore. quare [qua + re], adv., (1) interr., why? (2) rel., for which reason, wherefore, therefore. quartana, ae [quartus] , f . (sc. febris, fever), a fever or ague recurring every fourth day. quartus [quattuor], num. adj., /ourtfi. quasi, adv. and conj., as if, just as if, as though, ostensibly ; on the ground that. quater, adv., four times. quatio, ere, — , quassus, to shake, strike. VOCABULARY 195 de — decutio, ere, cussi, cussus, to shake off ox down, strike off. ex — excutio, ere, cussi, cussus, to shake off, fling off. per — percutio, ere, cussi, cussus, to strike through, pierce ; smite, strike ; kill, slay ; overwhelm, shock. quattuor, indecl. num. adj.,/owr. que, conj., enclitic, and, and yet, but. queror, i, questus sum, to complain. con — conqueror, I, questus sum, to complain bitterly, lament, deplore. questus, us [queror], m., complaint, lament. (1) qui, quae, quod, interr. pron., used adjectively, which? what? what kind of? See (1) quis. (2) qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, what, that; whoever, what- ever. (3) qui, quae, or qua, quod, indef. pron., used adjectively, any, some. (4) qui [old abl. of (1) qui], adv., hoio ? quia, conj., because, since. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcum- que, indef. rel. pron., whoever, which- ever, whatever. quidam, quaedam, quiddam, and as adj., quoddam, indef. pron., a certain one, somebody ; a certain. quidem, adv., indeed, in fact, to be sure ,• ne . . . quidem, not even, not at all. quies, etis, f., rest, sleep, quiet, respite. quietus [orig. part, of quiesco, to be at rest], quiet, peaceful. quin [(4) qui + ne], conj., how not? why not; that, that not, but that; quin et or etiam, nay more. Quintilius, i, m., gentile name of P. Quintilius Varus, an officer of Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans, B.C. 9. Quintilis, is [Quintus], m. (sc. mensis) , July, the fifth month (counting from March. See December) . quindecemvir, i [quindecem,./z/^een + vir], m., a member of a board of fifteen men. quingenti, ae, a [quinque + centum] , num. 2i&].,five hundred. quinquaginta, indecl. num. adj., fifty. quinque, indecl. num. adj., ./we. quinquennium, i [quinque + annus] , n., a period of five years. quinquies [quinque], adv., ./we times. quintus [quinque], num. adj., fifth. Quintus, i, in., a Roman praenomen. quippe, adv., indeed, as you see, surely. Quirinalis, is (sc. collis) m., the Quirinal Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. Quirinus, i, m., a name given to Romu- lus after his death and deification. Quirites, ium [Cures], pi. m. (orig. the people of Cures ; after the union of the Sabines with the Romans, the name was used to denote the Romans in their civil capacity, hence) citi- zens, Romans. See Roman!. (1) quis, quid, interr. pron. used sub- stantively, who ? which ? what ? See (1) qui. (2) quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. used substantively, some one, any one; something, anything. See (3) qui. quisnam, quaenam, quidnam [(1) quis + nam], interr. pron., icho or ichat in the world? who? which? what? quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, indef. pron., adj. or noun, any one, anything, any. quisque, quaeque, quidque or quod- que, indef. pron., noun or adj., each, every, each one, every one. quisquis, quicquid, indef. pron., who- ever, whatever, evei^y one who, every- thing which. quo [qui], adv. and conj. As adv., 196 VOCABULARY (1) interr., whither? (2) rel., whither ; as ccmj., in order that, that, that thereby. quocumque, adv., whithersoever. quod, conj., because, that, in that; as to the fact that, so far as ; quod si, but if. quomodo [(1) qui + modus], adv., (1) interr., how ? (2) rel., in the manner that, as. quondam, adv., once, former hj. quoniam [quom (= cum, since) +iam], conj., since, because, seeing that. quoque, conj., also, too (placed after the word it emphasizes) . quorsum or quorsus [orig. quoversus ; quo + verto], adv., whither? quotannis [quot + annus] , adv., each year, yearly. quousque [quo + usque, until] , adv., (1) interr., until what time? (2) rel., until. radius, l, m., a staff, rod; beam, ray. radix, Icis, f., a root ; foot, base. rapina, ae [rapio], f., robbery, pil- lage. rapio, ere, rapui, raptus, to seize and carry off, drag off ; plunder, destroy ; hasten, hurry. ab — abripio, ere, ui, reptus, to take away forcibly , drag off. ad — adripio, ere, ui, reptus, to snatch quickly, seize. con — corripio, ere, ui, reptus, to seize, catch up; morbo corripi, to fall sick. dis — diripio, ere, ui, reptus, to tear apart; ravage, plunder. prae — praeripio, ere, ui, reptus, to snatch away, carry off or away. pro — proripio, ere, ui, reptus, to fling forth ; with se, rush. raro [rarus], adv., seldom, rarely. rarus, adj., thin; scattered, rare. ratio, onis [reor], f., reckoning, calcu- lation, account; method, plan. ratis, is, f., a raft, boat, vessel. re or red, insep. prefix, again, back. rebello, see bello. recedo, see cedo. receptus, us [recipio], m., a retreat. recessus, us [recedo] , m., nook, corner. recido, see cado. recipero, are, avi, atus, to regain, re- cover. recipio, see capio. reconcilio, see concilio. recreo, see creo. recte [rectus (part, of rego), straight, right], adv., rightly, duly, well. recubo, see cubo. recuso, are, avi, atus [re + causa], to decline, refuse. reddo, see do. redeo, see (1) eo. redigo, see ago. redimo, see emo. redintegro, are, avi, atus [red + in- teger], to make whole again, renew. reditus, us [redeo], m., a going (or coming) back, return. reduco, see duco. refello, ere, i, — [re + fallo, to de- ceive] , to prove false, refute, disprove. refero, see fero. refoveo, see foveo. refringo, see frango. refugio, see fugio. regalis, e [rex], adj., kinglike, royal. regia, ae [regius], f. (sc. domus), a palace. regina, ae [rex] , f . , a queen. regio, onis [rego], f., district, region. regius [rex], adj., kingly, royal, ki?ig's. regno, are, avi, atus [regnum], to be king ; rule, govern. regnum, i [rex], n., kingly government, sovereignty, sivay ; a kingdom. rego, ere, rexi, rectus, to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule. VOCABULARY 197 con — corrigo, ere, rexi, rectus, to straighten, correct, improve. dis— -dirigo, ere, rexi, rectus, to guide, steer, direct. ex — erigo, ere, rexi, rectus, to raise or lift up ; stir up, arouse. per pergo, ere, perrexl, per- rectus, to go straight on, ,proceed, hasten ; with ace, pursue with vigor, perform; partes pergere, to play the role. por (=pro) — porrigo, ere, por- rexl, porrectus, to spread or stretch out; hold forth, offer, present. regredior, see gradior. Regulus, I, m., M. Atllius, consul in 256 B.C. ; defeated in Africa and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, 255. reicio, see iacio. relabor, see labor. relego, are, avi, atus [re + lego, to send], to send out of the way, remove. religio, onis, f., sense of duty; re- ligion, devotion to the gods; scruple. religiosus [religio], adj., careful, scru- pulous ; sacred, holy. religo, see ligo. relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus [re + lin- quo, to leave], to leave behind, leave ; bequeath ; appoint by will. reliquiae, arum [relinquo], pi. f., re- mainder, remnant, residue. reliquus [cf. relinquo], adj., remain- ing, rest. remaneo, see maneo. remedium, I [re + medeor, to cure], n., a cure, remedy. remigro, see migro. remitto, see mitto. remuneror, ari, atus sum [re + mu- nero, to reward], to reward, repay. Remus, I, m., the brother of Romulus. renovo, are, avi, atus [re + novus], to renew, restore, revive. renuntio, see nuntio. renuo, see *nuo. reor, reri, ratus sum, to reckon ; think, suppose ; ratus, thinking. repello, see pello. rependo, see pendo. repente [repens, sudden], adv., sud- denly, unexpectedly . repentinus [repens, sudden], adj., sudden, unexpected. reperio, see pario. repeto, see peto. repleo, see *pleo. repono, see pono. reporto, see porto. reposco, see posco. reprehendo, see prehendo. reprimo, see premo. repromitto, see mitto. repudio, are, avi, atus, to cast off, divorce ; reject, scorn. repugno, see pugno. repulsa, ae [repello], f., rejection, repulse ; a defeat at the polls. reputo, see puto. requiro, see quaero. res, rei, f., thing, matter; affair, deed, exploit, event ; circumstance ; a story ; property, fortune ; trouble ; res fa- miliaris, private property ; res pu- blica, the commonwealth, state ; res gestae, exploits ; res repetundae, ex- tortion ; re vera, in reality, in truth. reseco, see seco. resero, are, avi, atus [re + sero, to bolt] , to unlock, open. resido, see sido. resisto, see sisto. resolvo, see solvo. respergo, ere, spersi, spersus [re + spargo, to strew, sprinkle], to be- sprinkle, bespatter. respicio, see *specio. respiro, see spiro. respondeo, see spondeo. responsum, i [respondeo], n., answer, reply, esp. of an oracle ; warning. 198 VOCABULARY res publica, see res. restinguo, see stinguo. restituo, see statuo. retineo, see teneo. retraho, see traho. reus, I, m., defendant, accused person, prisoner. revertor, see verto. revivisco, ere, — , — [re + vivesco, inceptive of vivo], to come to life again. revoco, see voco. rex, regis [cf. rego], m., king, mon- arch. Rhea, ae, f., Rhea, also called Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Re- mus. Rhenus, I, m., the river Rhine. rhetor, oris, m., a teacher of oratory, rhetorician ; orator. Rhodus, i, f ., Rhodes, a large island off the coast of Asia Minor, famous for its schools of rhetoric (see Apollo- nius), its colossal statue of Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navi- gation. rideo, ere, risi, risus, to smile, laugh; laugh at, mock. de — derideo, ere, risi, risus, to laugh at, mock, deride. in — inrideo, ere, risi, risus, to jeer at, mock, ridicule. rigo, are, avi, atus, to wet, moisten. rigor, oris, m., severity, rigor. ripa, ae, f., a tank (of a river). risus, us [rideo], m., laughter. rite [cf. ritus], adv., with due cere- monies, duly , fitly , properly. ritus, us, m., religious ceremony, rite. rixa, ae, f ., a quarrel (of blows), brawl. robur, oris, n., hard wood, oak; strength, vigor, power. rogo, are, avi, atus, to ask, inquire ; request, implore. ab — abrogo, are, avi, atus, to re- peal, annul. inter — interrogo, are, Svi, atus, to ask, question. pro — prorogo, are, avi, atus, to prolong, extend. Roma, ae, f., Rome. Romanus, adj., Roman; as noun, Ro- manus, i, m., a Roman; Romani, orum, pi. m., the Romans, the name given to the Romans in their military capacity. Romulus, i, m., Romulus, founder and first king of Rome, son of Rhea and Mars. Roscius, i, m., Sextus Roscius, defended by Cicero on a capital charge. rostrum, i [rodo, to gnaw], n., the beak or ram of a ship ; pi., the Rostra, or speaker's platform in the Forum (adorned with beaks of captured Rubied, onis, m., the Rubicon, a river in the northeastern part of Italy. rudimentum, i [rudis] , n . , first attempt, beginning. See pono. rudis, e, adj., uncouth, unpolished; ignorant, rude. ruina, ae [ruo], f., downfall, ruin, destruction; pi., a fallen building, ruins. rumor, oris, m., a story, report, rumor. rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, to break, destroy. con — corrumpo, ere, rupi, ru- ptus, to destroy ; seduce, bribe, cor- rupt. ex — erumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, to break forth or out, burst forth. per — perrumpo, ere, rupi, ru- ptus, to break through, force a way through, get across. ruo, ere, i, tus, to fall; rush, hasten ; with ace, to cause to fall, overthrow. con — corruo, ere, i, — , to fall (in battle) . dis — diruo, ere, i, tus, to tear apart, overthrow, destroy. VOCABULARY 199 ex — eruo, ere, i, tus, to cast out; dig up, destroy utterly. in — inruo, ere, I, — , to rush in, make an attack. ob — obruo, ere, i, tus, to over- whelm, hide, bury. rupes, is [rumpo], f., a rock, cliff. rursus or rursum [orig. revorsus ; cf . reverto], adv., back; again. rus, ruris, n., the country; pi., the fields; ruri, in the country. rusticor, ari, atus sum [rus], to live in the country ; take a vacation. rusticus [rus], adj., rural, rustic. S Sabini, orum, pi. m., the Sabines, a race in central Italy, adjoining Latium on the north. sacer, era, crum, adj., holy, sacred; as noun, sacrum, i, n., a holy thing, sacred vessel; pi., religious rites, sacrifices. sacerdos, otis [sacer], m. and f., priest, priestess. sacrarium, i [sacer], n., sanctuary, shrine. sacrificium, i [sacer -ffacio], n., a sacrifice. sacro, are, avi, atus, to set apart; bless ; curse. con — consecro, are, avi, atus, to dedicate, consecrate, devote. ex — exsecror, ari, atus sum, to curse, abhor. saeculum, i, n., a race; generation, age, time. saepe, adv., frequently, often. saevio, ire, ivi (ii), itum [saevus], to be fierce or cruel, rage ; saevire in aliquem, to treat any one cruelly. saevitia, ae [saevus], i.,fury, cruelty. saevus, adj., raging, fierce, cruel. sagino, are, avi, atus [sagina, stuff- ing], to fatten. sagulum, i, n., a short military cloak. Saguntus, i, f., and Saguntum, i, n., Saguntum, a town on the east coast of Spain. Salernitanus, adj., of or near SaXer- num (modern Salerno), a town in Campania. Salii, orum [salio], pi. m., the Salii or Leapers, the dancing priests of Mars. Salinator, oris, m., see Livius. salio, ire, ui, tus, to leap. de — desilio, ire, ui, sultum, to leap down. in — insilio, ire, ui, — , to leap up or on, mount. pro — prosilio, ire, ui, — , to leap or spring forward. trans — transilio, ire, ui, — , to leap across, jump over. saltern, adv., at least, at all events. salto, are, avi, atus [freq. of salio], to dance, leap. ex — exsulto, are, avi, — , to leap, dance (esp. with joy), exult, rejoice. saltus, us [salio], m., a leap, bound; leaping, jumping. saltus, us, m., a forest pasture, moun- tain glen, ravine, pass. saliibris, e [saliis] , adj., health-giving, xoholesome, healthy ; beneficial. salus, utis, f., health, vigor; safety. salutatio, onis [saluto], f., greeting, salutation. salutator, oris [saluto], m., saluter, visitor. saluto, are, avi, atus [salus], to wish one health, greet, salute, visit. con — consaluto, are, avi, atus, to greet or salute warmly. salveo, ere, — , — [salvus] , to be well; imperative, salve, salvete, hail! greetings ! salvus, adj., well, sound, safe. sambuceus [sambucus, an elder-tree], adj., of elder, elder. Samnites, ium, pi. m., the Sam?iites, 200 VOCABULARY a branch of the Sabine race inhab- iting the mountains southeast of Latium. sane [sanus, sound], adv., indeed, truly, by all means; certainly. sanguinolentus [sanguis] , adj., bloody. sanguis, inis, m., blood. sapio, ere, ivi, — , to taste; to have taste or understanding ; be wise. de — desipio, ere, — , — , to be foolish or crazy. sapiens, entis [orig. part, of sapio], adj., wise, sensible, discreet. sapientia, ae [sapiens], f., wisdom. Sardinia, ae, f., an island between Italy and Spain. sarmentum, i [sarpo, to prune], n., a twig; pi., brushwood, fagots. satis, ady., enough; tolerably, quite; as noun, n., enough, sufficiency. satisfacio, ere, feci, factum [satis + facio], to satisfy, make reparation. saucius, adj., wounded, hurt. saxum, i, n., a stone, rock, boulder. scamnum, i, n., a bench, stool. scando, ere, — , — , to climb, mount. ad — ascendo, ere, i, scensus, to climb up, mount, ascend. con — conscendo, ere, i, scensus, to mount, ascend ; go on board. de — descends, ere, i, scensum, to climb or come down, descend; dis- mount. ex— escendo, ere, i, scensus, to mount, ascend. trans — transcendo, ere, i, scen- sus, to climb or pass over, cross. scapha, ae, f., a light boat, skiff. sceleratus [scelus], adj., loicked, im- pious, accursed. sceleste [scelestus, impious], adv., wickedly, impiously. scelus, eris, n., wicked deed, sin, crime. schola, ae, f ., leisure, leisure for learn- ing ; place of learning, school. scilicet [scire + licet], adv., plainly, of course, doubtless. scindo, ere, scidi, scissus, to cut, tear, rend, split. ab — abscindo, ere, scidi, scissus, to cat or tear off, hew off. scio, ire, scivi, scitus, to know, under- stand; with infin., to know how. Scipio, onis, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of Rome, belonging to the Cornelian gens. 1. P. Cornelius Scipio, consul 218 B.C.; defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus and the Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain, in 212. 2. P. Cornelius Scipio Africdnus Maior, son of (1), born B.C. 237; commanded in Spain 210-206 ; consul in 205 ; defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202. He died about 183 B.C. 3. L. Cornelius Scipio, brother of (2), consul in B.C. 190. After de- feating Antiochus at Magnesia, he received the cognomen Asidticus. 4. P. Cornelius Scipio Africdnus Minor, captured Carthage, b.c. 146; took Numantia, in Spain, 133; died in 129. 5. P. Cornelius Scipio Ndsica Serdpid, see Nasica. 6. Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father- in-law of Pompey. sciscitor, ari, atus sum [scisco], to ask, inquire. scisco, ere, scivi, scitus [scio], to seek to know ; approve, enact, de- cree. con — conscisco, ere, scivi, scitus, to approve of, decree; mortem sibi consciscere, to commit suicide. de — descisco, ere, scivi, scitum, to withdraw, desert, revolt. scriba, ae [scribo], m., a clerk, secre- tary. scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus, to write. VOCABULARY 201 ad — adscribo, ere, scrips!, scri- ptus, to add, include, enroll. con — conscribo, ere, . scripsi, scriptus, to enroll, enlist. de — describo, ere, scripsl, scri- ptus, to copy off, sketch, describe. dis — discribo, ere, scripsl, scri- ptus, to mark off, divide. in — inscribo, ere, scripsi, scri- ptus, to write on, inscribe on. per — perscribo, ere, scripsi, scri- ptus, to write out (in full) . pro — proscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to offer for sale ; proscribe, outlaw. sub — subscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to write beneath. scrinium, i, n., a case, box (esp. for books or papers) . scriptor, oris [scribo], m., a writer, author ; narrator. Scultenna, ae, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina. scutum, i, n., a shield. (1) se, see sui. (2) se or sed, insep. prefix, apart, away from. secedo, see cedo. secerno, see cerno. seco, are, ui, tus, to cut. re — reseco, are, ui, tus, to cut loose or off. secretus [part, of secerno], adj., sepa- rate ; hidden, concealed ; secret; abl. secreto as adv., secretly. sector, ari, atus sum [freq. of sequor], to follow eagerly, pursue, seek the society of. secundus [sequor], adj., following, second; favorable, fortunate. securis, is [seco], f., an axe, hatchet. secus, comp. setius, adv., otherwise, differently. sed, conj., but, on the contrary. sedecim [sex + decern], indecl. num. adj., sixteen. sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, to sit. ad — adsideo, ere, sedi, sessus, to sit at or beside, besiege. in — insideo, ere, sedi, sessus, with dat., to sit in, on, or upon; with ace, to settle on, occupy. ob — obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus, block, besiege, beset. sedes, is [cf. sedeo], /., seat, chair; residence, abode. seditio, onis [sed + itio, from eo, ire], f., dissension, rebellion, revolt. seduco, see duco. sedulitas, atis [sedulus, earnest], i., earnestness, persistency . sedulo [abl. of sedulus, earnest], adv., earnestly, busily ; purposely, delib- erately. segnis, e, adj., slow, tardy, sluggish. segniter [segnis], adv., without spirit or vigor, lazily. sella, ae [sedeo], f., a seat, chair; sella curulis, a portable stool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a camp-stool. Such chairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved, and inlaid with ivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right to use this chair belonged at first only to the king, hut later to curule aediles, praetors, consuls, dic- tators, and the Flamines. semel, adv., once, once for all. semet, see sui. semper, adv., always, continually. sempiternus [semper], adj., eternal. Sempronius, i, m., Ti. Sempronius Longus, defeated by Hannibal at the Trebia B.C. 218. senator, oris [senatus], m., a sena- tor. senatorius [senator], adj., senatorial. senatus, us [cf. senex], m., council of elders, senate, in the time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when he desired 202 VOCABULARY advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state. Seneca, ae, m., L. Annaeus Seneca, the Stoic philosopher, tutor of the Emperor Nero, senecta, ae [senex], f., old age. senectus, utis [senex], f., old age. senex, gen. senis, adj., old; comp. senior, elder ; sup. maximus (natu) , eldest. As noun, senex, senis, m., an old man; seniores. um, pi. m., the elders (men over 45) . senior, see senex. senium, i [senex], n., old age, decay. sententia, ae [sentio], f., opinion, thought ; wish, inclination. sentio, ire, sensi, sensus, to discern by sense, feel; see, perceive; bene sentire de, to think well of. con — consentio. ire, sensi, sen- sum, to agree; conspire, plot. separatim [(2) se + paro], adv., sepa- rately, apart. sepelio, ire, ivi (ii), sepultus, to bury, inter. septem, indecl. num. adj., seven. septeni, ae, a [septem], num. adj., seven each, seven apiece. Septimuleius, i, m., L. Septimuleius of Anagnia in Latium, a friend of Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for gold, septimus [septem], num. adj., seventh. septiremis, e [septem + remus, oar], f. (sc. navis), a ship with seven banks or tiers of oars. septuagesimus [septuaginta, seventy'], num. adj., seventieth. sepultura, ae [sepelio], f., burial, funeral. - sequor, i, secutus sum, to follow; favor. ad — adsequor, i, secutus sum, to follow up, overtake; gain, attain. con — consequor, i, secutus sum, to follow, overtake; attain, acquire. in — insequor, i, secutus sum, to pursue, overtake. ob — obsequor, i, secutus sum, to comply with, yield to, submit to. per — persequor, i, secutus sum, to follow persistently , pursue, hound. pro — prosequor, i, secutus sum, to follow, accompany , escort. sub — subsequor, i, secutus sum, to follow after, follow. Sergius, i, m., a Roman gentile name. 1. L. Sergius Catilina, see Cati- lina. 2. M. Sergius Catilina, grand- father of (1). serio [abl. of serius], adv., in earnest, seriously, in good faith. serius, adj., grave, serious, earnest. sermo, onis [sero], m., talk, conver- sation; speech. sero, ere, — , tus, to bind together. con — consero, ere, ui, tus, to join ; manus or pugnam conserere, to join battle, fight. de — desero, ere, ui, tus, to leave, abandon, forsake , neglect. dis — dissero, ere, ui, tus, to speak, discourse, harangue. ex — exsero, ere, ui, tus, to thrust out. sero [abl. of serus, late], adv., late, too late. Sertorius, i, m., Quintus, an officer in the army of Marius. He went to Spain as propraetor in B.C. 82, and maintained himself at the head of an independent force till his death in 72. serva, ae [servus], f., a slave woman. servilis, e [servus], adj., of a slave; slavish, servile. servitus, utis [servus], f., slavery. Servius, i, m., see Tullius. servo, are, avi, atus, to save, preserve, watch. con — conservo, are. avi, atus, to keep safe, preserve. VOCABULARY 203 semis, I, m., a slave. sese, see sul. sestertius, I [semis, /iaZ/ + tertius], m. (sc. nummus), a sesterce, a small silver coin equivalent orig. to two and one-half asses, but later worth about four cents. See as. In nam- ing large sums of money the Romans speak of ' so many times a hundred thousand sestertii ' (centena milia sestertium). setius, see secus. seu, see sive. severe [severus], adv., gravely, se- verely, sternly, strictly. severitas, atis [severus], f., sternness, strictness. severus, adj., stem, strict, severe. sex, indecl. num. adj., six. sexaginta, num. adj., sixty. SextHis, e, adj., of the sixth month. As noun, Sextilis, is, m. (sc. mensis) , August. See December. Sextilius, i, m., praetor in Africa in B.C. 88. sextus [sex], num. adj., sixth. Sextus, i, m., a Roman praenomen. si, conj., if, ivhether ; quod si, hut if. sibi, see sui. sibilus, i, m., a hissing, ivhistling. Sibylllnus [Sibylla, a Sibyl, prophet- ess], adj., pertaining to the Sibyls, Sibylline. sic, adv., in this way, thus, so. sicco, are, avi, atus [siccus], to drain. siccus, adj., dry. As noun, siccum, i, n., the d?~y ground. Sicilia, ae, f., Sicily. Siculus, adj., Sicilian. sldo, sidere, — , — , to seat one's self, sit down. ad — adsido, ere, sedi, — , to seat one's self, sit down. con — consldo, ere, sedi, sessum, to sit down ; settle, encamp ; take a position. re — resido, ere, sedi, — , to settle down, sink, subside ; abate, grow calm. signified, are, avi, atus [slgnum + facio], to make signs, show; point out, indicate. slgno, are, avi, atus [slgnum], to set a mark on ; sign, seal (a document) . ad — adslgno, are, avi, atus, to allot, award, assign. slgnum, i, n., sign, signal; military standard, ensign ; statue, image ; slgna inferre alicui, to advance against or attack any one. Sllanus, i, m., D. Iunius Silamis Man- lianus, praetor in Macedonia b.c. 142. silens, entis [orig. part, of sileo, to be still], adj., still, quiet, silent. silentium, I [silens] , n., stilhiess, quiet, silence. silVa, ae, f., a wood, forest. Silvia, ae, f., see Rhea, similis, e, adj., like, similar". similiter [similis], adv., in like man- ner, similarly. similitudo, inis [similis], f., likeness, resemblance, similarity. simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as. simulo, are, avi, atus [similis], to make like, copy ; feign, pretend. dis — dissimulo, are, avi, atus, to disguise, conceal, dissemble. simultas, atis [simul], f., enmity, ha- tred ; simultates gerere, to carry on a feud. sine, prep, with abl., without. singularis, e [singuli], adj., one by one, single, individual; remarkable, singular, unparalleled. singuli, ae, a, adj., one at a time, one apiece, single. sinister, tra, trum, adj., left. sino, ere, sivi, situs, to put, place ; permit, let. sinus, us, m., a curve, hollow, fold ;fold 204 VOCABULARY of the toga (as it crosses the breast), pocket; bosom. sistS, ere, stiti, status, trans., to cause to stand, place, set ; intrans., stand. ab — absistS, ere, stiti, — , to with- draw, cease, desist. con — consisto, ere, stiti, — , to stand, take position (of an army) ; stop, halt; be firm, endure, con- tinue. de — desisto, ere, stiti, — , to stand off from, cease, desist. ex — exsistS, ere, stiti, — , to step forth; come to be, become, arise. ob — obsistS, ere, stiti, — , to stand in the way of, resist, oppose. re — resists, ere, stiti, — , to op- pose, withstand, resist. sub — subsists, ere, stiti, — , to take a stand, remain, tarry. situs [orig. part, of sinS], adj., placed, situate, lying. situs, us [sinS], m., location, site. sive or seu, conj., or, or if, whether; sive . . . sive or seu . . . seu, whether ... or, if ... or if. sSbrius, adj., sober, temperate. socer, soceri, m., a father-in-law. societas, atis [socius], f., fellowship, association; alliance. socio, are, avi, atus [socius], to join, unite ; hold in common, share, divide. socius, i, in., fellow, comrade, ally. sodalis, is, m., companion, associate. sSl, sSlis, m., the sun. soleS, ere, itus sum, to be wont, be accustomed, use. solitarius [sSlus], adj., lonely, isolated. sSlitudS, inis [solus], f., loneliness; lonely place, wilderness. solitus [soleS], adj., wonted, usual, accustomed ; as noun, solitum, i, n., the customary, the usual. solium, i, n., chair of state, throne. sollemnis, e, adj., religiously fixed, holy, sacred. sollicitS, are, avi, atus [sollicitus, troubled], to stir up, arouse, ex- cite. sSlum [sSlus], adv., only; nSn . . . sSlum . . . sed . . . etiam, not only . . . but also. sSlus, adj., alone, single-handed, single, only; lonely, solitary. solvS, ere, i, solutus, to loosen, un- bind; let do ion ; impair, destroy. ab — absolvS, ere, i, solutus, to set free , release ; acquit. re — resolvS, ere, i, solutus, to loosen ; dissolve, melt. somnium, i [somnus], n., a dream, vision. somnus, i, m., sleep. sonitus, us [sonS, to resound], m., sound, crash, noise. sSpiS, ire, ivi (ii), itus [cf. sopor, a deep sleep], to put to sleep ; pass., to sleep ; sSpiti, buried in slumber. soror, Sris, f., a sister. sorSrius [soror], adj., of a sister, sis- ter's. sors, sortis, f., lot, fate, destiny ; de- cision by lot. sortior, iri, itus sum [sors], to cast lots ; obtain by lot. spatium, i, n., space, room ; distance ; period of time. species, — , ace. em, abl. e [*speciS] , f., sight, appearance ; semblance, pretense. *speciS, ere, spexi, — , to look. ad — adspiciS, ere, spexi, spectus, to look at, examine, inspect. con — cSnspicio, ere, spexi, spec- tus, to catch sight of, spy ; see. de — despiciS, ere, spexi, spectus, to look down upon, despise. dis — dispiciS, ere, spexi, spectus, to descry , perceive. in — inspiciS, ere, spexi, spectus, to look into, examine, consider. re — respiciS, ere, spexi, spectus, VOCABULARY 205 to look back {at), gaze at, consider ; regard, respect. spectaculum, I [specto] , n., shoiv, sight, spectacle. spectator, oris [specto], m., spectator. specto, are, avi, atus [freq. of *specio], to look at, watch, behold. ex — exspecto, are, avi, atus, trans., to look out for, await, expect ; intrans., wait, ivait to see. speculator, oris [speculor], m., a lookout, spy, scout. speculor, ari, atus sum [specula, a watch-toioer], to spy out, examine. speculum, I [*specio], n., a looking- glass, mii^ror (usually of metal) . sperno, ere, sprevi, spretus, to set aside, despise, scorn. ab — aspernor, ari, atus sum, to disdain, despise, scorn. spero, are, avi, atus [spes], to hope (for), look for, expect. de — despero, are, avi, atus, to lose hope^ despair, despair of. spes, spei, f., hope, expectation; promise. spiritus, us [spiroj, m., breath; dis- position, lofty spirit, ambition, pride. spiro, are, avi, atus, to breathe. ex — exspiro, are, avi, atus, to breathe out; die, expire (sc. ani- mam). re— respiro, are, avi, atum, to breathe back or out, breathe (again) ; intrans., to recover breath, revive. splendor, oris [splendeo, to shine], m., brightness, splendor, magnifi- cence. spolio, are, avi, atus [spolium], to strip, rob, plunder. spolium, i, n., booty, spoil. spondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsus, to promise (sacredly), agree. de — despondeo, ere, i, sponsus, to promise in marriage, betroth. re — respondeo, ere, i, sponsus, to answer, reply ; correspond to, agree with. sponsus, i [spondeo], m., a lover, be- trothed man. sponte [abl. of *spons, free will], f., voluntarily ; with mea, tua, or sua, of my, your, or his oxonfree will. Spurinna, ae, m., Yestritius Spurinna, an augur of the time of Julius Caesar, squama, ae, f., scale (of fish or snake), statim [cf. sto], adv., instantly, at once. statio, onis [sto], f., station, post; picket line, guard. statua, ae [statuo], f., a statue, image. statuo, ere, i, utus [sto], to cause to stand, set up, place; determine; de- termine on, appoint, arrange. con — constituo, ere, i, utus, to set up, erect ; set in order, organize ; arrange, appoint; resolve. in — instituo, ere, i, utus, to set in place, arrange; found, establish; determine, undertake, begin; train, teach. re — restituo, ere, i, utus, to set up again, replace, restore, reinstate ; repair, remedy, save. sub— substituo, ere, i, utus, to put in place of, substitute ; put. statura, ae [sto], f., size, height, stature. status, us [sto], m., state, condition, rank. stercus, oris, n., dung, manure. Sthenius, i, m., a Sicilian chief. sterno, ere, stravi, stratus, to spread out, scatter ; lay low. con — consterno, are, avi, atus, to terrify, frighten, confound; move deeply, affect powerfully . pro — prosterno, ere, stravi, stra- tus, to overthrow, destroy. stimulus, i, m., goad; sharp point, prick. stinguo, ere, — , — , to quench. 206 VOCABULARY ex — exstinguo, ere, stinxi, stinc- tus, to extinguish ; destroy, kill. re — restinguo, ere, stinxi, stinc- tus, to quench, extinguish, destroy. stipendium, i [stips, gift + pendo], n., a payment ; salary, pay ; campaign ; stipendia facere or merere, to serve a campaign. stirps, stirpis, f., stock, race ; off- spring, progeny. sto, stare, steti, statum, to stand; stand firm, abide ; stare promisso, to stand by (lit., on) one's promise. circum — circumsto, are, stiti, — , to stand about, surround. con— consto, are, stiti, — , to agree ; stand firm, be fixed ; consist of; constat, it is agreed, it is xoell known, it is certain ; sibi constare, to be consistent. ex — exsto, are, stiti, — , to be ex- tant, remain, exist. prae — praesto, are, stiti, stitus, intrans., to stand before, surpass, excel; trans., to show, make, render. stolide [stolidus, stupid], adv., stu- pidly. strages, is [sterno], f., overthrow, rum, defeat ; massacre. stragulum, i [sterno], n., coverlet, bed- spread. strenuus, adj., brisk, active, vigorous. strepitus, us [strepo, to make a noise], m., noise, din, crash ; applause. stringo, ere, strinxi, strictus, to draw or bind tight, press together, graze ; draw, unsheathe (a sword or dagger) . de — destringo, ere, strinxi, stric- tus, to draw, unsheathe. per — perstringo, ere, strinxi, strictus, to touch, graze; thrill, run through. struo, ere, struxi, structus, to pile up, arrange; build, erect. ex — exstruo, ere, struxi, struc- tus, to pile or heap up, build. in — instruo, ere, struxi, structus, to build; arrange, draw up or array (troops) ; make ready, equip, fit out. studiose [studiosus, eager], adv., eagerly, zealously. studium, i [studeo, to be eager], n., zeal, enthusiasm ; desire, pursuit, study ; good-will, affection. stultitia, ae [stultus], i., folly. stultus, adj., foolish, silly. stupens, entis [orig. part, of stupeo], adj., dazed, confused, dumbfounded. stupeo, ere, ui, — , to be struck sense- less, be amazed or astounded. suadeo, ere, suasi, suasurus, to advise, urge, exhort. dis — dissuadeo, ere, suasi, sua- sus, to advise against, oppose (by argument) . per — persuadeo, ere, suasi, sua- surus, to persuade, induce ; con- vince. sub, prep, with (1) ace, under, towards, until, after; (2) with abl., under, beneath, at the foot of, close to ; in the reign of; in compo- sition, under, somevjhat ; in place of; underhandedly . subdo, see do. subduco, see duco. subeo, see (1) eo. subicio, see iacio. subigo, see ago. subitus [subeo], adj., sudden, unex- pected; abl. subito as adv., on short notice, suddenly. sublatus, see tollo. sublicius [sublica, a pile], adj., con.- sisting of or resting on piles. sublimis, e, adj., uplifted, lofty; on high, through the sky. submitto, see mitto. submoveo, see moveo. suboles, is, f., a sprout, shoot; off- spring, issue ; race. suborno, see orno. VOCABULARY 207 subscribo, see scribo. subsellium, I [sub + sella], n., a low bench, seat. subsequor, see sequor. subsidium, I [cf. subsido, to lie in wait], n., reserve troops; aid, help. subsisto, see sisto. substituo, see statuo. subtexo, ere, ul, tus [sub + texo, to weave], to weave under, join; sub- join, add (in speech). succedo. see cedo. successor, oris [succedo], m., follower, successor. successus, us [succedo], m.. favorable outcome, success. succingo, see cingo. succlamo, see clamo. succurro, see curro. suesco, ere, suevi, suetus, to become accustomed to. ad — adsuesco, ere, suevi, suetus, to accustom one's self to, be wont. con — consuesco, ere, suevi, sue- tus x to become accustomed. sufficio, see facio. suffigo, see figo. suffoco, are, avi, atus [sub + fauces, the th?-oat] , to choke, strangle. suffodio, see fodio. suffragator, oris [suffragor, to vote for], m., supporter, partisan, fol- lower. suffragium, i, n., a voting tablet, vote, ballot. sui gen., sibi dat., se ace. and abl. of the reflexive pron., sing, and pi., him- self, herself, itself, themselves ; sese, semet, strengthened forms of se. Sulla, ae, m., a cognomen in the Cor- nelian gens. 1. L. Cornelius Sulla, surnamed Felix, born B.C. 138; consul in 88; commanded against Mithridates 88- 84; fought Marius in 88, and again in 83, 82, becoming master of Italy. He was then chosen perpetual dicta- tor, and made many changes in the constitution. He resigned the dic- tatorship in 79, and died next year. 2. P. Cornelius Sulla, nephew of (1), defended in 62 B.C. by Cicero from a charge of complicity in Cati- line's conspiracy. Sullanus, adj., of or by Sulla, Sullan ; as noun, Sullani, orum, pi. m., the „ followers of Sulla. Sulpicius, i, m., Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune of the people in 88 B.C., and a supporter of Marius. sum, esse, fui, futurus, to be, exist, live ; with gen., belong to, be the part of; be true, be so ; happen, take place ; with dat., have, possess. ab — absum, esse, afui, to be aivay or absent, be far from ; prope abesse, to be at no great distance, be near. ad — adsum, esse, adfui, to be present or near; to aid (esp. in court) . de — desum, deesse, defui, to be away or absent; be wanting ; fail ; to miss, let slip. in — insum, inesse, infui, to be in or on ; belong to. inter — intersum, esse, fui, to be present at, take part in. prae — praesum, praeesse, fui, to be over or before ; rule, govern^ be in command of. pro — prosum, prodesse, profui, to benefit, profit, aid. super — super sum, esse, fui, to be over and above, remain ; survive, outlive. summa, ae [summus], f., top, summit; chief point or place, supremacy ; total, amount, sum. summus, see superus. sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus [sub + emo], to take up, take, choose ; enter upon, begin; spend. 208 VOCABULARY ab — absumo, ere, sumpsl, sum- ptus, to use up, consume; spend. ad — adsumo, ere, sumpsl, sum- ptus, to take to one's self, receive. con — consumo, ere, sumpsl, sumptus, to use up, spend. sumptuarius [sumptus] , adj., relating to expense, sumptuary. sumptus. us [sumo], m., outlay, ex- pense. supellex, supellectilis, f., household stuff, furniture. super, prep. (1) with ace, over, above, upon, in addition to ; during ; (2) with abl., over, upon, beyond, in addition to. superbe [superbus], adv., haughtily, proudly, arrogantly. superbia, ae [superbus], f., pride, arrogance. superbus [super], adj., haughty, proud, arrogant, insolent. Superbus, I, m., see Tarquiuius. superiacio, see iacio. superior, see superus. supero, are, avi, atus [superus], to pass over, cross; overcome, subdue, conquer; excel, surpass. supersum, see sum. superus [super], adj., above, upper, higher ; comp. superior, higher, su- perior, earlier ; as noun, a superior; sup. supremus, highest, topmost, last, or summus, highest, greatest, extreme, most distinguished ; often the highest part of, top of; Mare Superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea. supervenio, see venio. supervlvo, see vivo. supplex, icis [sub + plico, to fold, bend], adj.. bending the knees in entreaty, begging, suppliant ; as noun, a suppliant. suppliciter [supplex], adv., suppli- antly, humbly. supplicium, i [supplex], n., a kneeling dozen (as suppliant, or to receive punishment) ; punishment, execu- tion. supplico, are, avi, atum [supplex], to kneel down; entreat, beseech; pray, worship ; thank. supra [super], adv., above. surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum [sub + rego], to stand up, rise, arise. ad — adsurgo, ere, surrexl, — , to Hse up, arise. suscipio, see capio. suspectus [orig. part, of suspicio, to suspect], adj., mistrusted, suspected. sustineo, see teneo. sutor, oris [suo, to sew, stitch], m., a shoemaker, cobbler. suus [sui], adj., his own, her own, its own, their own ; his, her, its, their ; as noun, sui, orum, pi. m., his (their) friends, followers, soldiers ox fellow- citizens. Syphax, acis, m., a prince of Numidia. Syria, ae, f., Syria, a country on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. T. , abbreviation of the name Titus, tabella, ae [dim. of tabula], f., a small board, writing tablet. taberna, ae, f., stall, shop (of boards) ; hut, tent. tabernaculum, I [taberna], n., a tent. tabula, ae, f., a board, plank; picture (sc. picta, painted) ; writing tablet; record, list. taceo, ere, ui, — , to be silent, say nothing. tacitus [taceo], adj., silent, secret. taedium, I [taedet, it wearies], n., weariness, disgust, loathing. talentum, I, n., a talent, a Greek money measure, worth about $1100. talis, e, adj., such, of such a kind; talis . . . qualis, such . . . as. VOCABULARY 209 tain, adv., to such a degree, so much, as much, so ; tarn . . . quam, as . . . so, not only . . . but also. tamdiii, adv., so long. tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that, all the same, however, nevertheless. tamquam, conj., as if. Tanaquil, Ills, f ., the wife of Tarquinius Prise us. tandem, adv., at length, at last, finally. tango, ere, tetigi. tactus, to touch. con — contingS, ere, tigi, tactus, with ace., to touch; with dat., to occur to, fall to lot of, befall ; happen. . ob — obtingS, ere, tigi, — , to fall to the lot of, befall ; occur. tantum [tantus], adv., so much (and no more), only, merely. tantummodS [tantum + modS] , adv., only, merely. tantus, adj., so great, such; as noun, tantum, i, n., so much. tarde [tardus, slow], adv., slowly. tarditas, atis [tardus, slow], f., slow- ness, sluggishness. tardS, are, avi, atus [tardus, slow], to delay, hinder, impede. Tarentinus, adj., of Tarentum, Taren- tine; as noun, Tarentini, Srum, pi. m., the people of Tarentum. Tarentum, i, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of Italy ; modern Taranto. Tarpeia, ae, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus. Tarpeius, adj., of Tarpeia, Tarpeian; rupes Tarpeia, the Tarpeian rock, a part of the Capitoline Hill, on the side toward the Forum. (1) Tarquinii, orum, pi. m., a city in Etruria. (2) Tarquinii, orum, pi. m., the Tar- quin family, the Tarquins. Tarquinius, i, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come from Etruria. 1. Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. 2. Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, expelled b.c. 509. 3. Sextus Tarquinius, son of (2) . 4. L. Tarquinius Colldtinus, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia. Tatius, i, m., Titus Tatius, a Sabine king, and joint ruler with Romulus. tectum, i [tegS], n., a covering, roof; covered structure, house. tego, ere, texi, tectus, to cover ; hide, conceal; defend, guard. de — detegS, ere, texi, tectus, to uncover, expose ; betray. tegula, ae [tego], f., roof tile, tile. telum, i, n., missile; spear, javelin. temerarius [temere], adj., heedless, rash, reckless. temere, adv., blindly, rashly, heed- lessly. temeritas, atis [temere], f., rashness, heedlessness, temerity. temperans, antis [orig. part, of tem- pers], adj., moderate, temperate, sober. tempero, are, avi, atus [tempus], to set bounds to, restrain. tempestas, atis [tempus], f., point or period of time ; storm, tempest. templum, i, n., a sacred spot ; temple. tempus, oris, n., time, period, season; opportunity , occasion. tendS, ere, tetendi, tentus and tensus, to spread out, stretch ; insidias ten- dere, to lay a trap for, plot against. con — contends, ere, i, tentus, to stretch ; exert one's self, strive, in- sist ; hasten, march quickly. in — intends, ere, i, tentus, to stretch, stretch towards; aim, di- rect. ob(s) — ostendS, ere, i, tentus, to stretch out, shoio ; produce, fur- nish ; disclose, make known. por (=prS)— portends, ere, i, 210 VOCABULARY tentus, to point out, indicate ; fore- shadow, portend. pro — protendo, ere, i, tentus, to stretch out, extend. tenebrae, arum, pi. f., darkness, gloom ; a hiding place. tenebricosus [tenebrae], adj., dark, gloomy. teneo, ere, ul, tentus, to hold, keep ; possess; maintain, guard, defend; seize. ab — abstineo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold back or/wm ; keep aloof from ; refrain from, abstain. con — contineo, ere, ui, tentus, to keep, hold, contain; restrain, rule, curb. de — detineo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold back or off; detain, hinder. ob — obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold, possess ; rule, govern. per — pertineo, ere, ui, — , to stretch out, extend; reach. re — retineo, ere, ui, tentus, to keep or hold (back), retain, detain. sub(s) — sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold up, support, sustain; bear, endure ; hold in check, restrain. tento, are, avi, atus [freq. of tendo], to touch, handle; try, attempt; sound, try to win over. tentorium, i [tendo], n., a tent. ter, num. adv., thrice, three times. Terentius, i, m., a Roman gentile name. See Varro. Terentius, i, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great. tergiversor, ari, — [tergum + verto], to twist and turn, shuffle, evade. tergum, i, n., back, rear. terni, ae, a [cf. tres], num. adj., three on each side, by threes, three. tero, ere, trivi, tritus, to rub, wear away ; waste, kill. terra, ae, f., the earth, ground; land. terreo, ere, ui, itus, to frighten, alarm, terrify; de.er. de — deterreo, ere, ui, itus, to frighten off, deter, keep from. terribilis, e [terreo], adj., frightful, dreadful. terror, oris [terreo], m., fear, panic. tertius [cf. tres], adj., third; abl. n. tertio as adv., the third time. testimonium, i [testis, a ioitness~\, n., evidence, testimony, proof. testor, ari, atus sum [testis, a wit- ness'] , to bear witness, be a witness. Teutobocbus, i, m., a chief of the Teutones. Teutones, um, pi. m., the Teutones, a Germanic people which invaded Italy, but was defeated by Marius. thesaurus, i, m., a treasure, hoard. Thessalia, ae, f., Thessaly, a large dis- trict in the northeastern part of Greece. Ti., abbreviation of the name Tiberius. Tiberis, is, m., the river Tiber. Tiberius, i, m., a Roman praenomen. Ticinus, i, m., the Ticinus, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, tributary to the Po. tigillum, i [dim. of tignum, beam], n., a little beam. Tigranes, is, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates. timeo, ere, ui, — , to be afraid, fear. timidus [timeo], ad]., fearful, timid. tirocinium, i [tiro, a raw recruit] , n., a soldier's first campaign; military inexperience. titulus, i, m., inscription, placard, notice. Titus, i, m., a Roman praenomen. toga, ae, f., the toga, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans. See also praetextus. togatus [toga], adj., clad in the toga; in peaceful garb, unarmed. tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus, to lift, raise, take up ; remove, abolish. VOCABULARY 211 tonitrus, us [tono, to thunder], m., thunder, peal of thunder. tonsor, oris [tondeo, to shear], m., a barber. tonsorius [tonsor], adj., of a barber, barber's. Toranius, I, m., Titus, who betrayed his father to the second triumvirate. Torquatus, I [torquis], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian gens. 1. T. Manlius Torquatus, dictator in 353 and 349 B.C., consul 347, 344, and 340. 2. T. Manlius Torquatus, son of (1), put to death by his father for disobedience of orders. torqueo, ere, torsi, tortus, to turn, twist; torture, torment. torquis, is [torqueo], m., a twisted collar, necklace. torve [torvus, grim], adv., sternly, grimly. tot, indecl. adj., so many. totidem [tot], indecl. adj., just as many, the same number of. totiens [tot], adv., so many times, so often. totus, gen. totius, dat. toti, adj., all, all the, the whole, entire. trado, see do. traduco, see duco. traho, ere, traxi, tractus, to draw, drag; detain. sib — abstraho, ere, traxi, tractus, to drag off or away ; carry off. con — contraho, ere, traxi, trac- tus, to draw together, collect, as- semble. de — detraho, ere, traxi, tractus, to draw or strip off, remove ; drag. dis — distraho, ere, traxi, tractus, to pidl asunder, part, separate. ex — extraho, ere, traxi, tractus, to draw or pull out ; prolong, wast\ per — pertraho, ere, traxi, trac- tus, to draw along, drag ; lead. re — retraho, ere, traxi, tractus, to draw or drag back. traicio, see iacio. trano, see no. trans, prep, with ace, across, beyond, over. transcendo, see scando. transeo, see (1) eo. transfero, see fero. transfigo, see figo. transfodio, see fodio. transfugio, see fugio. transgredior, see gradior. transigo, see ago . transilio, see salio. transmitto, see mitto. trans versus [trans + verto], adj., turned awoss, crosswise; out of the way. Trasumenus, I, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of Hannibal's victory over the Romans in B.C. 217. Trebia, ae, f., the Trebia, a small tributary of the Po, near Placentia. trecentesimus [trecenti], num. adj., three hundredth. trecenti, ae, a [tres + centum] , num. adj., three hundred. tredecim [tres -f decern], indecl. num. adj., thirteen. tremo, ere, ui, — , to quake, tremble. trepidatio, onis [trepido], f., alarm, confusion. trepido, are, avi, — , to be in alarm or confusion ; tremble, waver. tres, tria, num. adj., three. tribunal, alis [tribunus], n., a judg- ment seat, tribunal. tribunatus, us [tribunus], m., the tribuneship, office of tribune. tribunicius [tribunus], adj., of a trib- une, tribunitial. tribunus, I [tribus], m., chief of a tribe, tribune ; tribunus militum or militaris, military tribune, captain, one of the minor officers of a legion, 212 VOCABULARY six in number ; tribunus plebis, trib- une of the people, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 B.C. to protect the plebeians against the patricians. Ten tribuni plebis were elected annually. Their persons were sacred. tribuo, ere, i, utus [tribus], to assign, grant, give. dis — distribuo, ere, I, utus, to divide, distribute, apportion. tribus, us [cf. tres], f., a tribe (orig. a third part of the people) . tributum, I [tribuo], n., tax, tribute. triennium, I [tres + annus], n., the space of three years, three years. trigeminl, ae, a [tres + geminus] , adj., born three at a birth; as noun, pi. m., triplets. triginta, indecl. num. adj., thirty. tristis, e, adj., sad, sorrowful; stern, severe. triumphalis, e [triumphus], ad]., per- taining to a triumph, triumphal. triumpho, are, avi, atum [triumphus], to celebrate a triumph, triumph. triumphus, I, m., a triumph, the splen- did procession in which the victorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the spoil and cap- tives he had taken. The procession passed round the Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. triumvir, viri [tres + vir], m., a tri- umvir, one of a board of three com- missioners. tropaeum, I, n., a trophy, sign of victory, made usually by fastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree. trucido, are, avi, atus, to cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher. truncus. I, m., stem, trunk (of a tree) ; trunk, body. tu, tui, pi. vos, vestrum or vestri, pers. pron., thou, you. tueor, eri, itus sum, to look at, watch ; defend, protect. in — intueor, eri, itus sum, to look closely at or upon, gaze at. Tullius, I, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome. 2. M. Tullius Cicero, the orator. See Cicero. Tullus, i, m., praenomen of Tullus Hostilius, third king of Rome. turn, adv., then, at that time; there- upon. tumultuor, ari, atus sum [tumultus], to make a disturbance, riot. tumultus, us, m., a disturbance, up- roar ; rebellion, riot. tumulus, i [tumeo, to swell], m., a hillock, mound, hill. tunc, adv., then, at that time; accord- ingly, thereupon. turba, ae, f., a hubbub, crowd, throng. turbulentus [turba], adj., stormy, confused, troubled. turdus, I, m., a thrush, fieldfare. turma, ae, f., a troop or squadron (of cavalry) . turpis, e, adj., ugly ; base, dishonor- ' able. turris, is, rn., tower, castle; howdah. tus, turis, n., incense. tutela, ae [tueor], f., protection, guar- dianship. (1) tutor, oris [tueor], m., protector, guardian. (2) tutor, ari, atus sum [freq. of tueor], to guard, protect. tutus [orig. part, of tueor], adj., safe; tuto, abl. as adv., safely. uber, eris, n., teat, dug, udder. ubi, interr. adv., xohere? when? As VOCABULARY 213 conj., both interr. and rel., where, when. ulciscor, I, ultus sum, to punish, avenge. ullus, gen. ullius, adj., any, any one. ulterior, ius, gen. oris [ultra], adj., farther, remoter ; sup. ultimus, farthest, last, utmost, greatest; ulti- ma manus, finishing touches ; ulte- rius, adv., beyond, farther, more, longer; ultimum, adv., for the last time. ultimum, ultimus, see ulterior. ultio, onis [ulciscor], f., revenge. ultra, adv. and prep, with ace., on the other side, beyond ; ultra fidem, in- credibly. ultro, adv., of one's own accord, vol- untarily. umbra, ae, f., shadow, shade. umerus, I, m., the shoulder. unde, adv. (1) interr., whence? from whom, from which ? (2) rel., whence, from whom, from which; where- fore. undecim [unus + decern], indecl. num. adj., eleven. undique, adv., from all sides; on all sides, everywhere. unguis, is, m., a (finger) nail. universus [unus + verto], adj., all in one, whole, entire. unus, gen. unius, adj., one, only, sole, alone ; unus quisque, each one. urbanus [urbs], adj., o/or in the city, esp. in Rome ; refined, witty ; as noun, urban!, orum, pi. m., city people; town wits. urbs, urbis, f., a city ; The City (Rome) . Srinator, oris, m., a diver. urna, ae [uro], f., a vessel, urn (of baked clay) . uro, ere, ussi, ustus, to burn. co + amb(i) — comburo, ere, ussi, ustus, to burn up, consume. de — deuro, ere, ussi, ustus, to burn up, consume. ex — exuro, ere, ussi, ustus, to burn up, consume. usquam, adv., anywhere. usque, adv., all the way, right on, continuotisly , even. usurpo, are, avi, atus [usus + rapio], to make use of, enjoy. usus, us [utor], m., use, employment ; experience, training; profit, advan- tage, convenience. ut, adv., interr., how? in what way? rel., as, just as; since, seeing that; ut . . . ita, just as . . . so. ut, conj., (1) with indie, when; ut pri- mum, as soon as; (2) with subj. of purpose, in order that, that ; of result, so that, that. (1) uter, utris, m., leather bag, skin. (2) uter, utra, utrum, adj., (1) interr., which of (the) two? (2) rel., which- ever one (of the two) . uterque, traque, trumque [uter + que], adj., each (of the two), both. utilis, e [utor], adj., useful, helpful; profitable, expedient. utilitas, atis [utilis], f., profit, ad- vantage. utinam, adv., oh that! would that! utique, adv., at any rate, surely ; espe- cially. utor, uti, usus sum, make use of, em- ploy ; enjoy, take advantage of ; aliquid utendum dare, to lend. utpote, adv., seeing that, inasmuch as, since. utrimque [uterque], adv., from or on both sides, on either hand. uxor, oris, f., a wife. vaco, are, avi, — , to be empty, be free (e.g. from labor) , have leisure. vacuus [vaco], adj., empty, unoccupied. 214 VOCABULARY vado, ere, — , — , to go, rush. ex — evado, ere, vasi, vasus, to go forth or away ; get away, escape ; get to be, become. in — in vado, ere, vasi, vasum, to enter; attack; seize, take possession of. vae, inter j., oh! alas! woe! vagitus,us [vagio, to cry], m., squall- ing, crying. valeo, ere, ui, iturus, to be well or strong ; have power or influence, prevail. Valerius, I, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. M. Valerius Mdximus Corvinus. See Maximus (1) . 2. C. Valerius Catullus. See Ca- tullus. valetudo, inis [valeo], f., health (good or bad) ; good health ; sickness. validus [valeo], adj., strong, stout; powerful. valles, or vallis, is, f., valley, vale. vallum, i, n., stockade, rampart, wall. vanus, adj., empty, idle; ostentatious, vain. varius, adj., various, different, diverse. varix, icis, m., a dilated vein. Varro, onis, m., C. Terentius Varrb, consul in 219 and 216; defeated at Cannae, with his colleague Paulus. Varus, i, m., see Quintilius. vas, vadis, m., bail, security ; surety. vas, vasis (pi. vasa, orum), n., a vessel, dish. vasto, are, avi, atus [vastus], to lay waste, devastate, destroy. vastus, adj., empty, waste ; immense, huge. vegetus [vegeo, to quicken], adj., lively, animated. vehementer [vehemens, earnest], adv., earnestly, seriously, severely; ex- ceedingly. veho, ere, vexi, vectus, to bear, carry, convey ; in pass., with navi or equo, to sail, ride. ad — ad veho, ere, vexi, vectus, to carry or bring to, bring. ex — eveho, ere, vexi, vectus, to lift, raise, elevate. in — inveho, ere, vexi, vectus, to carry in or to; in pass., ride into, sail to. pro — proveho, ere, vexi, vectus, to carry forward ; in pass., to sail, proceed. Veientes, um, pi. m., the people of Vexi, a town in Etruria, about twelve miles from Rome, vel [old imperative of (1) volo], adv. and conj., even ; or, or else ; vel . . . vel, either . . . or. velo, are, avi, atus, to cover up, veil. velocitas, atis [velox], f., speed, swift- ness. velox, ocis, adj., swift, fleet, quick. velut or veluti, adv., just as if, as if; ostensibly. venabulum, i [venor], n., a hunting spear. venatio, onis [venor], f., hunting; a hunting spectacle, in which wild beasts fought against men, or against one another. vendo, ere, didi, ditus [contr. from venumdo], to sell. venenum, i, n., poison. veneratio, onis [veneror], f., respect, reverence ; an object of reverence or awe. veneror, ari, atus sum, to reverence, worship, revere, respect, honor. venia, ae, f., indulgence, favor , pardon. venio, ire, veni, ventum, to come, go. ad — advenio, ire, veni, ventum, to come to, reach, arrive at, arrive. circum — circum venio, ire, veni, ventus, to surround, beset. con — convenio, ire, veni, ventus, to come together, assemble ; with VOCABULARY 215 ace, to meet; convenit, impers., it is agreed, an arrangement is made. in — invenio, ire, veni, ventus, to come upon, find, discover. ob — obvenio, ire, venl, ventum, to come or go to meet ; befall, occur to ; fall to the lot of. per — pervenio, ire, venl, ventum , to come to, reach ; penetrate, attain to. prae — praevenio, ire, veni, ven- tus, to come before, get start of, an- ticipate, outstrip. super — supervenio, ire, veni, ventum, to come to the rescue, arrive. venor, ari, atus sum, to hunt, chase. venter, tris, m., the stomach. ventito, are, avi, — [freq. of venio], to come or go often, resort. ventus, i, m., wind. venumdo, dare, dedi, datus [venum, sale + do], to sell. Venusia, ae, f., a town in Southern Italy, between Apulia and Lucania. venustus [venus, grace] , adj., charm- ing, graceful. verber, eris, n., a lash, whip; blow. verbum, i, n., a word ; saying, phrase. vere [verus], adv., trtithftdly, truly. verecundia, ae [vereor], f., modesty, shame; respect, reverence. vereor, eri, itus sum, to feel awe of, respect ; fear, be afraid. vero [abl. of verus], adv., truly, heart- ily ; in truth, indeed, however, but. verruca, ae, f., a wart, pimple. versiculus [dim. of versus], m., a little verse ; a line. verso, are, avi, atus [freq. of verto], to twist, turn ; pass., to dwell, abide, be; employ one's self, conduct one's self. versus, us [verto] , m., a verse, line. vertex, icis [verto], m., summit, peak, crest. verto, ere, i, versus, to turn, change ; in pass., turn about, return. ab — a verto, ere, i, versus, to turn away or aside, avert, divert. con — converto, ere, i, versus, to turn round, change ; turn, direct ; divert, misuse ; conversus, turning. dis — diverto, ere, i, versus, to turn away or aside. ex—- e verto, ere, i, versus, to overturn, destroy, ruin. inter — interverto, ere, i, versus, to turn aside ; embezzle, misappro- priate. re— revertor, i, reverti or (less often) reversus sum, to return; re- vert, recur. verum [verus], adv., truly, certainly ; but. verus, adj., true, real, genuine. For re vera, see res. vescor, i, — , to eat. vesper, eri, m., evening. Vesta, ae, f., the goddess of the hearth, and so of the family and the state. A fire was kept burning continually in her temple near the Forum, which six maidens, called Vestals, watched in turn, since the Romans believed that the maintenance of this fire was closely connected with the continu- ance of their state. The Vestals were not allowed to marry during their term of office. vester, tra, trum [orig. voster; cf. vos], poss. pron. adj., your, yours. vestibulum, i, n., vestibule, entrance. vestigium, i, n., footstep, footprint. vestis, is, f., clothing, garments; a robe. veteranus [vetus], adj., old, veteran. As noun, veteran!, drum, pi. m., veteran soldiers, veterans. veto, are, ui, itus, not allow, forbid. vetus, eris, adj., old, aged; of a former time, ancient. 216 VOCABULAKY vexo, are, avi, atus [freq. of veho], to shake ; trouble, disturb. via, ae, f., highway, road; passage, march, journey. vicarius, I [vicis], m., a substitute, proxy. vicesimus [cf. viginti], num. adj., twentieth. vicies [cf. viginti], num. adv., twenty times. vicinus [vicus], adj., neighboring, near. (vicis), is (nom. wanting), f., alterna- tion, change, succession; in vicem, in turn. victor, oris [vinco], m., conqueror, victor ; as adj., victorious. victoria, ae [victor], f., victory. vicus, i, m., a street ; village, town. videlicet [videre + licet] , adv., you see, clearly ; of course, that is. video, ere, vidi, visus, to see, perceive, understand; in pass., seem. in — invideo, ere, vidi, visus, to look askance at, to envy. vigil, vigilis, adj., wakeful, alert; as noun, a watchman, sentinel. vigilantia, ae [vigil], f., wakefulness, vigilance, watchfulness. vigilia, ae [vigil], f., wakefulness ; a watch (a fourth part of the night) . viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty. vQicus, i [villa] , m., overseer, steward. villa, ae, f., a country house, villa. viminalis, e [vimen, an osier], adj., of osiers; as noun, Viminalis, is, m. (sc. collis), the Viminal Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome, vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, to bind, fetter. vinco, ere, vici, victus, to conquer, defeat; surpass; intrans. , prevail. de — devinco, ere, vici, victus, to conquer completely, subdue. vinculum, i [vincio], n., a bond; in pi., bonds, chains, jail. vindex, icis, m., champion, protector. vindico, are, avi, atus [vis + dico], to claim ; protect ; avenge ; pun- ish. vinum, i, n., wine. violentus [vis], adj., violent, impetu- ous. violo, are, avi, atus [vis], to injure; dishonor, oufrage. vir, viri, m., a man, hero ; husband. vires, see vis. virga, ae, f., a rod, scourge. Virginia, ae, f., the maiden whose attempted enslavement hy Appius Claudius led to the downfall of the Decemvirs, b.c. 449. Virginius, i, m., L., the father of Vir- ginia, consul in B.C. 449. virgo, inis, f., young girl, maiden, virgin. virilis, e [vir], adj., manly. viritim [vir], adv., mom by man, singly, individually. virtus, litis [vir], f., manliness, strength, bravery; ability. vis, gen. and dat. wanting, ace. vim, abl. vi, f., strength, force; hostile force, violence.; quantity, number ; pi., vires, energy, vigor, resources; vim facere, to use violence. viso, ere, i, us [freq. of video] , to go to see, visit. visus, us [video], m., appearance, vision. vita, ae [cf. vivo], f., life. vitium, i [vieo, to twist], n., a fault, failing, vice. vituperandus [gerundive of vitupero], adj., blameworthy. vituperatio, onis [vitupero], f., cen- sure, criticism. vitupero, are, avi, atus, to blame, cen- sure. vivo, ere, vixi, victum, to live. super — supervivo, ere, vixi, — , to live beyond, outlive, survive. VOCABULARY 217 vlvus [vivo], adj., living, alive; of water, running. vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly, scarcely. vociferor, ari, atus sum [vox + fero], to cry out, shout, exclaim. vocito, are, avi, atus [freq. of voco], to call repeatedly or loudly. voco, are, avi, atus [cf. vox], to call, summon, name. ab — avoco, are, avi, atus, to call off, or aioay. ad — advoco, are, avi, atus, to call to (one), summon; call together. con — convoco, are, avi, atus, to call together, summon. ex — evoco, are, avi, atus, to call forth or out, summon. pro — provoco, are, avi, atus, to call forth, challenge ; appeal to. re — revoco, are, avi, atus, to call back, call again, recall. volito, are, avi, — [freq. of (2) volo], flit about ; fly, hasten. (1) volo, velle, volui, — , to wish ; be willing ; be minded, determine. (2) volo, are, avi, aturus, to fly. ab — avolo, are, avi, — , to fly or hasten away. de — devolo, are, — , — , to fly down, fly. Volsci, orum, pi. m., an ancient tribe living in the southern part of Latium, finally subdued by the Romans in B.C. 338. volucer, cris, ere [(2) volo], adj., fly- ing, winged ; as noun, f . (sc. avis) , a bird. volumen, inis [volvo, to roll], n., roll of writing, scroll, volume, book. voluntarius [voluntas], adj., of free will, voluntary. voluntas, Stis [(1) volo], f., will, wish, desire, inclination. vos, see tu. votum, i [voveo], n., a vow, wish, prayer. voveo, ere, vovi, votus, to promise solemnly, vow, dedicate. de — de voveo, ere, vovi, votus, to consecrate, doom, devote. vox, vocis, f., voice, sowid, tone; cry, call; saying, speech. vulgaris, e [vulgus], adj., common- place, ordinary, vulgar. vulgo [vulgus], adv., commonly , pop- ularly, generally. vulgus, i, n., the masses, multitude, the common people. vulnero, are, avi, atus [vulnus], to wound, hurt, injure. vulnus, eris, n., a wound; blow, mis- fortune. vultur, uris, m., a vulture. vultus, us, m., the expression of the face, features, countenance. Xanthippus, i, m., a Spartan general by whose aid the Carthaginians de- feated Regulus in B.C. 255. Xenophon, ontis, m., Xenophon, an Athenian general and author, who lived about B.C. MO-350. Xerxes, is, m., a king of Persia, de- feated by the Greeks at Salamis b.c. 480. Zama, ae, f., a city in Numidia, near Carthage. zona, ae, f., a girdle, belt; money belt. Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Norwood, Mass. 1 ROCKWOOD'S CICERO'S CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE Edited with Introduction and Notes by FRANK ERNST ROCKWOOD, A.M., Professor of Latin in Bucknell University. Linen, i2mo, 159 pages. Price, 90 cents Cicero's defense of old age is so charming in style and so inter- esting in matter that it deserves something more by way of commen- tary than mere discussion of grammatical and linguistic usage. Accordingly an attempt ha* been made in the illustrative notes, on the pages with the text, to give prominence to the historical and literary features of the essay, and to show by numerous quotations what ancient and modern authors have uttered like thoughts, couched in similar forms of expression. In order that the chief emphasis may be placed on the literary element, the grammatical and textual commentary is placed in a separate body of notes following the text. The commentaries are supplemented by a list of variations from the text of Miiller, an index to the notes and an index of proper names. The text is preceded by an introduction containing a life of Cicero, a resume of his works, a valuable bibliography, and a discussion, analysis and summary of the De Senectute, Copies of Cicero s Cato Maior De Senectute will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price by the Publishers : AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK ♦ CINCINNATI ♦ CHICAGO (60) ROMAN LIFE IN LATIN PROSE AND VERSE Illustrative Readings from Latin Literature, Selected and Edited by H. T. PECK, Ph.D., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature in Columbia College, AND ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. Cloth, i2mo, 256 pages. Price, $1.50 This work gives a representative survey of Latin Literature, intended to be read in advanced academic or college work, as supple- mentary to a regular course in Latin Literature, or to be itself the fundamental work in such a course. The selections range from the popular songs which antedate written literature, to the Christian hymns of the third century, covering the early dramatists, historians, orators, philosophers, the writers of satire and epigram, the lyric and epic poets, the collectors of anecdotes, letter writers, and authors of prose works, and including other material of a popular nature, such as lampoons, parodies, epitaphs, advertisements, announcements of ball games, theatrical and gladiatorial notices, etc. To each selection is prefixed a concise account of the author, when known, and of his works, with a brief bibliography. For convenience in sight reading the text is provided with a translation of the more difficult words, and is followed by a fuller commentary of special points of interest. Copies of Roman Life in Latin Prose and Verse will be sent, prepaid \ to any address on receipt of the price by the Publishers : AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK ♦ CINCINNATI ♦ CHICAGO (62)