Class _,_ Book., HI K"5 COFIfRIGHT DEPOSmy I^ REV. JOSIAH COLEMAN KENT ^Northtorou^h History By JOSIAH COLEMAN KENT With an Introduction by DR. JOSIAH M. STANLEY NEWTON, MASS. GARDEN CITY PRESS, Inc., PRINTERS 1921 b^-*-^^ 2s r' 1A3 Copyright, 1921 By / Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent *^ g)C!.A659538 C^' (^ Illustrations Made By Suffolk Engraving & Electrotyping Co. cambridge APR 10(^22. ' To the people of Northhorough among whom I have lived and labored for twenty-jive years. INTRODUCTION It may very properly be said that this volume came into being as a result of the celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town of North- borough, Mass., which was held August 16 and 17, 1916. The celebration, which presented many interesting and beautiful features — historical and otherwise — was a success in every particular, and called forth much favorable comment from the strangers within our gates. Soon it began to dawn upon the citizens of Northborough that they had staged some- thing worth while, and that the event should be suitably recorded in book form so as not to pass out of the mind of man. This sentiment had become so general that many prominent citizens of the town requested the Business Men's Committee to bring the matter before the General Committee for considera- tion. Accordingly, at the final meeting of the Business Men's Committee, held October 9, 1916, a committee consisting of George A. Brigham, Herbert L. Kimball, and Clarence E. Buckley, was elected to draw up a set of resolutions recommending that the General Committee prepare a suitable record of the cele- bration for preservation and for distribution to the inhabitants of the town. These resolutions were presented to the General Committee at a meeting held October 25, 1916, and after a general discussion were acted upon as follows: viz. — "Moved and voted that a committee of three be elected to prepare and have printed, in suitable form, a history of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary celebration, said com- mittee to have full power to proceed in accordance with their best judgment to carry same to completion. "The following committee was elected: Dr. Josiah M. Stanley Rev. Josiah C. Kent Dr. John L. Coffin" At first thought it seemed a simple matter to collect the data and arrange them in proper form for publication. But when it was discovered that the history of the anniversary was really a history of the town — made so by the character and scope of Rev. J. C. Kent's address — the committee began to realize the magnitude of the task which they had been called upon to perform. Mr. Kent was the orator of the occasion, and his oration was a resume of Northborough's history, from the time of her earliest settler to the time of her anniversary. It was out vi INTRODUCTION of the question to reproduce suitably such a speech for pubH- cation without writing the whole history of the town. This was a task which none had considered, and which was in- escapable if the wish of our citizens were to be carried out. Consequently, this committee authorized Mr. Kent to prepare whatever manuscript, in his best judgment, seemed necessary to meet the requirements of the General Committee. That the end justified the means is proven by the character of the author's production. This volume is not only a complete, interesting and accurate record of historical facts, but it is also a literary masterpiece. The author has spared neither time nor money to verify every statement. The records of the state, county, and neighboring towns have frequently been examined for this purpose. Tradi- tion has been treated as such, and has not been recorded as authentic history. Most local histories dispose of an event by a plain statement of fact; but in this the author has frequently allowed — by the introduction of suitable quotations — the people of the different periods to speak for themselves so that the reader may under- stand the ideals which actuated them in the settlement of important questions. For twenty-five years Mr. Kent has been a student of our local history, and he is probably better fitted to have been the historian of the town than any other person. The committee desires gratefully to acknowledge the assist- ance of Mr. Frank Fames, and Mr Gurdon Fisher in obtaining the illustrations used in this book. JosiAH M. Stanley, Chairman of Committee on Publication. FOREWORD In presenting this book to the public I make no claim for completeness. I have named it "Northborough History" rather than "The History of Northborough." The latter expression is a more comprehensive one, for it implies a complete account of the earliest years of the history of the town, including a statement of the town's topography, land grants, and genealogy. Instead of devoting much space to these matters (which have an interest for comparatively few readers) I have endeavored to answer the many questions of a more general interest which people interested in the town are constantly asking. And in following this plan I have gone into greater detail than local histories generally go into. In many instances, I have used the exact language of the records, frequently quoting reports in full. My purpose in doing this was to enshroud my readers in the atmosphere of the times in which the events occurred, that they might have a more sympathetic understanding of the spirit of the people who made the town's history. My own experience in reading town histories has been to exclaim, "I wish that the author had said just a little more." It is just that "little more" information that I have endeavored to give in these pages. I trust that I have not erred too much in that direction. JosiAH Coleman Kent. Northborough, Mass. May 14, 1921. CONTENTS Chapter Page Introduction y Foreword vii I Early History 1 II Indian Troubles 10 III The Northborough Meeting-house .... 14 IV The Three Town Ministers ...... 35 V Northborough in the French and Indian Wars . 57 VI Northborough in the Revolutionary War. . . 59 VII The War of 1812 84 VIII Early School History 86 IX The Northborough High School 98 X Private Schools 114 XI The Unitarian Church 119 XII The First Baptist Church 129 XIII The Evangelical Congregational Church . . . 140 XIV St. Rose of Luna Church 153 XV Early Industries of Northborough . . . . 156 XVI How Northborough Handled the Temperance Question One Hundred Years Ago . . . 172 XVII Mount Assabet 180 XVIII The Old Town Hall 187 XIX The Town Hall 193 XX Northborough 's Attitude Toward Slavery . . 197 XXI Northborough in the Civil War 209 XXII Northborough in the Spanish-American War . 234 XXIII Cemeteries 236 XXIV The Gassett Fund . 241 XXV The First Fire Engine 246 XXVI The Railroad 249 XXVII The Northborough Free Library 251 XXVIII The Northborough National Bank .... 256 XXIX Ministerial Courtesy and Propriety .... 272 XXX Biography 278 XXXI Interesting Items from the Town Record . 314 XXXII Miscellaneous Items 318 XXXIII Books Written by Northborough People ... 322 XXXIV Northborough in the World War . . . . . 331 Celebration of One Hundred and Fiftieth Anni- versary 427 Appendix 513 Town Officers 514 Heads of Families 519 Index 523 ILLUSTRATIONS Facing page Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent Frontispiece Main Street Through Center of Town 4 The Colonel William Holloway House 4 Mary Goodenow Monument 12 Rev. Peter Whitney 40 The Rev. Peter Whitney Parsonage 42 Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D 48 The Capt. Samuel Wood House — Later the Samuel Seaver House 62 Old Stage Coach 62 Grange Hall Since 1895 92 The Hudson Street School 92 The Unitarian Church 120 The Baptist Church . 128 The Evangelical Congregational Church 140 The Catholic Church 152 The Brigham Mill, Soon After 1700 158 Northborough Town Hall 158 Caleb T. Chapin 164 David F. Wood 166 Samuel Wood 170 Soldiers' Monument 222 Northborough's First Fire Engine 246 Aqueduct Crossing the Assabet River at Woodside . . . 246 Northborough Free Library 250 Isaac Davis 252 Miss Ellen Williams 254 Northborough National Bank 256 George C. Davis 258 Abraham W. Seaver 262 The Deacon Jonathan Livermore House 276 The Dr. Ball Homestead — Now the Mrs. Sarah Searle House 276 Governor John Davis 294 Thomas W. Valentine 298 Prof. John Minot Rice 300 Edwin P. Seaver 304 Prof. Samuel T. Maynard 306 Capt. Cyrus Gale 310 Cyrus Gale, Jr 312 The Northborough Hotel 318 Honor Roll 358 War Medal 394 The One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary Medal . . 436 CHAPTER I EARLY HISTORY Old age is altogether a relative term. It depends upon where one is whether a thing be old or not. The writer recalls being in the city of Bangor, in Wales, a few years ago, and being shown through the Bangor cathedral by its verger. He was taken through the great building, and when he had seen it all (as he supposed), the verger said, "And now I will show you the new part." Over the entrance to "the new part" was an in- scription reading, "This part of the building was erected in 1564." To the people of Bangor a building erected in the sixteenth century is new. To us in America, such a building (if we had one) would be considered not only old, but very, very old. We are celebrating today the one hundred and fiftieth anni- versary of the incorporation of the town of Northborough. And to our way of thinking our town is reasonably old — for one hundred and fifty years carries us back to the eighteenth century, and to a full decade before the beginning of the Amer- ican Revolution — to the days "when we served under a king." We are naturally proud of our age and in no way do we seek to conceal it. On the contrary we have spread the fact broadcast; and not only that, but we, in addition, boldly proclaim that we are older than one hundred and fifty years, for we lived many years before we were given our present name. Northborough was formerly part of Westborough, and West- borough was incorporated in 1717. And Westborough in turn, was formerly part of Marlborough, whose incorporated existence dates back to 1660. Up to the settlement of Marlborough in 1656, Sudbury was the frontier town of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; and Sudbury was incorporated in 1638. With that venturesomeness, which in those early days knew no bounds, a few of the inhabitants of Sudbury had taken up their residence beyond the plantation limits in what is now Marlborough. And in that year, 1656, regarding themselves as sufficiently numerous to carry on a plantation of their own, sent the following petition to the General Court: 2 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY ''To the Hon. Governor, Dep. Governor, Magistrates and Depu- ties of the General Court now assembled in Boston: "The humble petition of several of the Inhabitants of Sud- bury, whose names are hereunder written, humbly sheweth; that whereas your petitioners have lived divers years in Sudbury, and God hath beene pleased to increase our children, which are now divers of them grown to man's estate, and wee, many of us, grown with years, so as that wee should bee glad to see them settled before the Lord take us away from hence, so also God having given us some considerable quantity of cattle, so that wee are so streightened that wee cannot so comfortably subsist as could bee desired; and some of us having taken some pains to view the country; wee have found a place which lyeth west- ward, about eight miles from Sudbury, which wee conceive might be comfortable for our subsistence: "It is therefore the humble request of your Petitioners to this Hon'd Court, that you would bee pleased to grant unto us (8) eight miles square, or so much land as may containe to eight miles square, for to make a plantation. "If it shall please this Hon'd Court to grant our petition, it is farther the request of your petitioners to this Hon'd Court, that you will bee pleased to appoint Mr. Thomas Danforth or Liesten Fisher to lay out the bounds of the plantation; and we shall satisfy those whom this Hon'd Court shall please to em- ploy in it. So apprehending this weighty occasion, wee shall no farther trouble this Hon'd Court, but shall ever pray for your happinesse. "Edmond Rice, Thomas King, John Howe, John Bent, Sr., William Ward, John Maynard, John Woods, Edward Rice, Richard Newton, Peter Bent, John Ruddocke, Henry Rice, Thomas Goodenow." The Hon'd Court looked upon this petition with favor, and on May 14, 1656, granted the prayer of the petitioners; but on condition that "it hinder no former grant," and "that there bee a Towne settled with twenty or more families within three years, so as an able ministry may bee there maintained." The conditions were met, and the new plantation was long known as the "Marlborough Plantation." It covered a large territory, including what is now the city of Marlborough, and the towns of Southborough, Westborough, Northborough and Hudson. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 3 The plantation grew from the start. And just as the ven- turesomeness of some of the people of Sudbury caused them to wander beyond the limits of that plantation, so the settlers of the new plantation soon began to spread themselves over its vast area. The main settlement of the new town, if settlement there were, was where the center of Marlborough now is, the Meeting-house standing on the site of the present high school building. But it was not long ere a numerous settlement had sprung up in the westerly part of the plantation, in the vicinity of Lake Chauncy, several miles from the main settlement. This new settlement had a steady growth of its own, and in fifty years or so, developed an ambition for townhood. Accordingly, they asked the General Court to make them into a town. And the General Court, being nothing loath, granted their request. Thus was the town of Westborough born, in 1717. Now this new town of Westborough likewise covered a wide area, and included what is now the town of Northborough. History has a way of repeating itself. It did in this case. For just as in the mother town, Marlborough, two settlements grew up in widely separated parts, so in the daughter, West- borough, exactly the same thing happened. The settlement around Lake Chauncy did not remain there very long, but migrated a couple of miles to what is now the center of West- borough. Here was a considerable settlement. But over in the north part the number of families were increasing, and in twenty-five years they formed a considerable settlement. They also were developing certain ambitions about that time. But in that they could not be blamed, for their mother had taught them the example. In 1744 there were thirty-seven families in the north part; and being situated at a distance of several miles from the main part of the town, they thought that they could get along much better if they should be permitted to manage their own affairs. So, remembering what the west part of Marlborough had done in 1717, they drew up a petition, went down to Boston, and presented it to the Great and General Court. This petition asked that the north part of Westborough be made into a "distinct and separate precinct" of the town.' The petition was granted on October 20, 1744. The Council in recommending the granting of the prayer to the Legislature says, "We have heard the parties concerned and are Humbly of Opinion that it will very much conduce to the Peace and Comfort of sd Town that ye North Parte of said Town be made a distinct and Separate Precinct, etc." These 4 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY words, perhaps, throw some light on the real conditions which existed between the two parts of the town. Touching this matter. Dr. Allen says, "Nor was the separation effected without much opposition, and mutual recrimination, the unhappy effects of which lasted many years." It is not difficult to understand why this should be. There were only one hundred and twenty-five families in the whole town at that time, only thirty-seven of which were in the north part. The town extended over a wide territory, and the north part was five miles distant from the rest. What unpleasantness there was probably arose over the distribution of town offices. There had been murmurs of dissatisfaction for some time. We learn from the Westborough Records, that as far back as 1734 (ten years before the separation took place), "two constables were chosen this year, one for the south part and one for the north part, James Ball being chosen for the north part." The next year, 1735, the same arrangement was carried out: "Nathan Ball was chosen constable for the north part. Had two this year as last." Both James and Nathan Ball lived on the top of Ball Hill, and it is difficult to understand how they could render any service as constables in an emergency. Their election was doubtless a sop to quiet the dissatisfaction of the settlement — "Merely this, and nothing more." During the next three years there were no constables in the north part. In 1739 and 1741, Seth Rice and Ephraim Allen were elected, but both declining to serve, were fined £5 each. Another possible reason for the dissatisfaction was the loca- tion of the Meeting-house; though in common justice it should be said that this building was located as conveniently for the residents of the north part as it was for those of the south part. The Meeting-house was located on the grounds of what is now the Lyman school, not far from the rear of the Administra- tion building. Distances, as a rule, did not count for much in those days. A mile or two, more or less, did not matter. But families were large; and we can easily understand that getting the children ready for "meeting" was no small chore, especially when there was a ride of from three to five miles ahead of them, as was the case in the present instance. Dis- tances then did count. There is one case on record of a woman with her children having to walk five miles to "meeting." Per- haps it was she who started the agitation for a Meeting-house of their own. But there might have been other reasons which made a separation necessary. Be that as it may, the separation took MAIN ST. THROUGH CENTER OF TOWN Looking East ™%£r^L-— — -;ss=.f-^-^'. NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY 5 place, and the north part became a precinct, "with all powers and privileges as other precincts," on October 20, 1744. Having gained the objects of their desire, steps were imme- diately taken for the perfecting of a government for the new precinct. Accordingly, all the inhabitants of the district were duly and legally warned to meet on the 15th day of November for that purpose. This first precinct meeting was held at the home of Colonel William Holloway, in the house now owned and occupied by Frederick A. King, on the Boylston Road in the west part of the town. This meeting was for purely organization purposes; and as it marks the beginning of our town government, we inscribe its proceedings: * "By vertue of a warrant from John Keys, Esq., for calling a Precinct meeting for the choice of Precinct Officers, the Inhabi- tants meet and proceeded and opened the meeting, by reading the warrant, then the (Order) of Courte which sett us off as a parish. "Voted, and chose Capt. James Eager, Moderator of this meeting. "Then proceeded to choice of a Committee for calling of Precinct meetings for the future. James Ball, Capt. James Eager, Lt. William Holloway, Matthias Rice, Jon^ Livermore, Committee. "Voted, and chose Jon^ Livermore for Precinct Clerk. "Voted, and chose Simeon Hayward, Collector for the ensuing parte of the year. "Voted, and chose Assessors for ye ensuing parte of the year, Jon^ Livermore, Thomas Goodenow, Thomas Billing. "Voted, and chose Bezaleel Eager, Treasurer for the ensuing parte of the year. "Voted, that Precinct meetings for the future should be warned by two notifications, posted up, one at Ephraim Allen's Mill & ye other at Bezaleel Eager's." We have stated above that there were thirty-seven families in the north precinct at the time of its separation from the mother town. We append their names, with the location of their homes. The list includes James Eager, Jr., and Paul Fay, two young men who were not married at the time, but who were married shortly afterwards. It will be seen that these families were widely scattered:! *Let me say just here, that our Town Records are full and complete, and are in an excel- lent state of preservation. tThe author is indebted to Oilman B. Howe for this list of names. Mr. Howe has made a very careful study of the early families of Northborough. 6 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY HEADS OF FAMILIES IN 1744 Ephraim Allen, lived near Woodside. James Ball, lived on Ball Hill, where Mrs. Josie Richardson now lives. Nathan Ball, lived on Ball Hill, where Joseph W. Seaton now lives. Jothan Bartlett, lived on the Marlboro Road, where Mrs. Lizzie A. Balcom now lives. Thomas Billings, lived in the west part of the town. Josiah Bowker, lived in the west part of the town. Jesse Brigham, lived in the east part of the town, where Charles L. Brigham now lives. John Carruth, lived on the farm now owned by George A. Brigham. William Carruth, lived on the farm now owned by Thornton E. Mentzer. Captain James Eager, lived on the Worcester Road, where Ralph T. Fiske now lives. James Eager, Jr., (son of above) lived with his father. Bezaleel Eager, lived on the Worcester Road, on the farm now owned by Charles A. Davis. Gershom Fay, lived on the farm now owned by Chandler Rice. Timothy Fay, lived on the farm now owned by Walter O. Allen. Silas Fay, brother of Timothy, lived on the same farm. Paul Fay, brother of Timothy. Samuel Gamwell, lived in the north part of the town, where Mrs. George H. Murray now lives. Thomas Goodenow, lived where Theodore Woodward now lives. Jonathan Goodenow, brother of above, lived in east part of town. Jonathan Green, probably lived in the west part of the town. Cornet Simeon Hay ward, lived on the farm now owned by Clarence E. Buckley. Seth Hudson, little uncertain as to his living here in 1744, but he did a little later. He lived beyond Chapinville, near the Barnard place. Deacon Jonathan Livermore, lived on Ball Hill, where Chester Smith now lives. John McAllister, lived on the Marshall Maynard place. John McAllister, Jr., probably lived with his father. Nathaniel Oak (sometimes Oakes), lived on Whitney Street, where Miss Ada A. McClure now lives. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 7 John Oak (brother of above), lived on the back road to Shrewsbury, on the farm now owned by John F. Davis. George Oak (brother of above), Hved on the estate now owned by Alfred Thomas. Jacob Rice, lived on the Westborough Road, where Mr. Jenness now lives. Silas Rice, lived on Ball Hill, where Ralph Stearns now lives. Deacon Matthias Rice, lived in the east part of the town, where Daniel R. Pember now lives. Pelatiah Rice, lived beyond Chapinville, directly opposite Seymour Laporte's house, George Smith, it is not known where he lived. Deacon Isaac Tomlin, lived on Tomlin Hill. Hezikiah Tomlin (son of Isaac), lived on Tomlin Hill. Joshua Townsend, lived where Mrs. Lucy Wilson now lives. Thomas Warren, lived where Hermon L. Sparrow now lives. Joseph Wheeler, lived on south side of Ball Hill. Lieutenant William Holloway, lived in the west part of the town, where Frederick A. King now lives. It must not be supposed that the creation of the north part of the town into a precinct made of that precinct a complete political entity. Such was not the case. The north precinct was, politically, still part of Westborough, and its inhabitants continued to exercise their rights as citizens of that town. They received their proportion of the appropriations for all necessary charges of the precinct. The schoolmaster was still in the employ of the mother town, and the north precinct was, as of old, one of the "three districts" in which he labored. The precinct records do not show any appropriations for schools, highways, or any other public improvement. The precinct was free to elect its own officers and to manage its own ecclesiastical affairs; and that seems to have been the only advantage which its new dignity conferred upon it. And all items in the precinct records relate to these two matters. But this privilege was something, and it was guarded very zealously. It was the entering wedge for something larger and better. The precinct could not forget that it was still tied to its mother's apron strings; and the knowledge of this fact was irksome. They wanted to be independent — entirely free and independent. And we may well believe that they cultivated that ambition assiduously. At last the time seemed ripe for the fulfilment of their ambition. So, drawing up a petition, they again went down to Boston and presented it to the Great and General Court. And 8 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY for a second time the Great and General Court lent them a willing ear, and granted their request. As that welcome act of the Legislature marks the beginning of the full-fledged town of Northborough, and is the event whose one hundred and fiftieth anniversary we are celebrating at this time, it seems appropriate to record it here: "Act of Incorporation" "An act for erecting the north precinct in the Town of West- borough, in the County of Worcester, into a separate district by the name of Northborough. ''Whereas the inhabitants of the north precinct in West- borough, in the county of Worcester, labour under many and great difficulties by reason of their not being a distinct and separate district; therefore, "Be it enacted by the Governor, Council and House of Represen- tatives, "Section 1. That the north precinct in Westborough, in the county of Worcester, according to its present known bounds, be and hereby is erected into a district by the name of North- borough; and that the said district be and hereby is invested with all the privileges, powers and immunities that towns in this province, by law, do or may enjoy, that of sending a repre- sentative to the general assembly excepted; and that the inhabi- tants of the said district shall have full power, from time to time, to join, with the town of Westborough, in the choice of a repre- sentative or representatives, which representatives may be chosen indifferently from said town or district; and that the Selectmen of the town of Westborough, as often as they shall call a meeting for the choice of a representative, shall give sea- sonable notice to the clerk of said district for the time being, of the time and place of said meeting, to the end that the said district may join them therein; and the clerk of said district shall set up, in some public place in the said district, a notifi- cation thereof, accordingly; and the pay and allowance of said representative to be borne by said town and district. "And he it further enacted, "Sect. 2. That the said district shall pay their proportion of all town, county and province taxes already set on, or granted to be raised by, said town, as if this act had not been made. "Provided, nevertheless, "Sect. 3. That the inhabitants of the said district shall retain and enjoy the same right and share to all the ministerial NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY 9 lands, and the improvement and profits thereof, as they would have had if this act had not been made. ^'Provided also, and be it further enacted, ^'Sect. 4. That of all the monies, arms and ammunition, weights and measures,* belonging to said town, the inhabitants of the said district shall have and enjoy a proportion thereof, equal to the proportion they paid of the charges of said town, according to their last town tax. "And be it further enacted, ''Sect. 5. That Francis Whipple, Esq., be and hereby is empowered to issue a warrant, directed to some principal inhab- itant of said district, requiring him to warn the inhabitants of the said district, qualified, by law, to vote in town affairs, to meet at such time and place as shall be therein set forth, to choose all such officers as shall be necessary to manage the affairs of said district." The above Act of Incorporation was passed on January 24, 1766. The exception voted in Section 1, relative to sending a representative to the General Court, was nullified in an omnibus bill passed on August 23, 1775. Since which date Northborough has been a town in the fullest sense of the word. *See Weights and Measures. CHAPTER II INDIAN TROUBLES Northborough was particularly fortunate in the early days so far as Indian troubles were concerned. There is a tradition to the effect that John Brigham's house (it was probably little better than a hut) was burned by Indians in the latter days of the seventeenth century. But as its owner had permanently deserted it a day or two before, the incident can hardly be re- garded as an "Indian trouble." John Brigham was the first settler of Northborough, and his house stood on what is now the Eli Sanderson place, on Church Street. There was one episode, however, which forms an interesting chapter of the town's history — the killing of Mary Goodenow in 1707. In August, 1907, two hundred years afterwards, the Northborough Historical Society held a service in the town hall in commemoration of that event. After the service in the hall the people repaired to the site of the garrison house (the scene of the episode), on the Marlborough Road, where a bronze tablet was unveiled. Rev. Charles S. Pease, the then pastor of the Northborough Baptist Church, and one of the founders of the Historical Society, delivered the address on that occasion. Mr. Pease's address was a comprehensive review of the entire Indian situa- tion in New England in those troublesome days. His recital of the Mary Goodenow affair was such a thorough and pains- taking effort that the author asked him to permit its reproduc- tion here, that it might be made available in permanent form. He readily consented to the request, and the author here makes grateful acknowledgment to him. Mr. Pease said: "Our interest on this occasion centers in one of the old garrison houses. It was the scene of Northborough's first — and fortu- nately, her only — Indian attack. "In the year 1707 there appears to have been only four families settled within the boundaries of what is now North- borough. They were Samuel Goodenow, Gershom Fay, Na- thaniel Oakes and Jonathan Forbush. Jonathan Forbush, as nearly as can be ascertained, lived in the neighborhood of Little Chauncy pond. Nathaniel Oakes was located where the Peter Whitney house now stands. Gershom Fay lived on a NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 11 farm owned at the time by his wife's father, John Brigham, now the home of Mr. Theodore Woodward. "Samuel Goodenow, whose house became the garrison for this group, lived just west of Stirrup Brook on the south side of the new Connecticut Road, now the state highway, connecting Northborough with Marlborough. The old house long since disappeared. It probably went rapidly to decay after its last occupant. Widow Sarah Goodenow, in 1727, went to live with her son, Thomas, on the farm which her husband had purchased of Gershom Fay, now owned by Mr. Theodore Woodward. [Middlesex Co., Record of Probate, 6534]. "The location of the garrison house is fixed for us, approxi- mately, by a description given in the will of Samuel Goodenow, the original owner, where it states that the house stood on the west side of the brook, [Middlesex Co. Record of Probate, 6535]. Traditions, gathered nearly one hundred years ago by such reliable authorities as Dr. Joseph Allen, the early historian of this town, and Mr. Gill Valentine, its surveyor, point definitely to a knoll a few rods west of the brook and south of the highway. Traces of old cart roads may still be seen leading to this location. Had Mr. Goodenow foreseen the necessity of a stockade, he possibly would have built a little nearer to his water supply. But for a farmhouse the location was exactly what would be desired in those early days — a dry, firm foundation, with the precious meadow-land all around, and an unfailing brook not far away. In the year 1707 this house, securely protected by a palisade, was occupied by Samuel Goodenow and his son, Samuel Goodenow, Jr. The wife of Goodenow, Sr., was not living. His son had married Sarah, a daughter of John Brigham, and they had two small children at this time. Mary Goodenow, an unmarried daughter, thirty-four years of age, also lived at home. "As already stated, three other families were assigned to this garrison for protection. We do not know whether Nathaniel Oakes or Jonathan Forbush ever availed themselves of this privilege or not. If they remained on their farms they for- tunately escaped harm. "Gershom Fay, whose wife was a younger sister of the wife of Samuel Goodenow, Jr., appears to have transferred his family to the security of the garrison. There certainly was need for caution. In the Massachusetts Archives [vol. 2, page 445] may be seen a letter under date of August 11, 1707, from Col. Peter Schuyler of Albany, the faithful sentinel for the English settlements, stating that his scouts had informed him that a party of French Indians were preparing for a raid upon New 12 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY England. The letter was sent in haste by special messenger to Col. Samuel Partridge, of Hatfield. But with the limited means of communication at that time it is doubtful whether the news could have been very widely circulated. The blow which Col. Schuyler predicted fell upon this locality. It was on the 18th of August, 1707, by the 'Old Style' of reckoning time; or as we would now record it, by the Gregorian calendar, on the 29th of August, — just two hundred years ago today. "Mr. Daniel Howe of Marlborough was working in an out- lying meadow, now overflowed by the Millham reservoir. With him was his hired man, Mr. Jonathan Wilder of Lancaster, a son of Leiut. Nathaniel Wilder, who was killed by Indians in an assault upon Lancaster, in 1704. These two men were surprised at their work by a party of twenty-four Indians who quickly overpowered them and bound their arms with green withes. Each was placed in charge of one Indian. These guards, according to Indian custom, separated the captives to prevent their communication with each other, and awaited the return of their companions. Mr. Howe, lying upon his back with hands concealed, managed to free himself from his bonds; and then, watching for a favorable opportunity, possessed himself of the Indian's gun. The tables being thus turned, the Indian made haste to effect his escape from Mr. Howe; but only to pay the penalty for his lack of vigilance, with his life, at the hands of his savage allies. [Tradition in the Howe family.] "Meanwhile, the main party proceeded stealthily toward the home of Samuel Goodenow. Miss Mary Goodenow and Mrs. Gershom Fay were in the adjoining meadow gathering herbs. As the savages emerged from the woods, the women saw them, and fled as fast as they were able for the protection of the garrison. Miss Goodenow, unfortunately, was lame, and was overtaken. Mrs. Fay barely reached the gate, yet succeeded in closing it in the face of her pursuers. The Indians made a furious onslaught but could not break down the strong posts of the palisade. There was only one man in the garrison at the time (the other men being at work in a distant field). But by prompt use of the muskets (kept for defense) which Mrs. Fay reloaded as fast as used, he was able to keep up a constant fire upon the enemy. This held them back till a party of neighboring farmers came to their relief, aroused some by the sound of the firing and some by the activity of Mr. Howe, who, upon regaining his liberty, had made haste to spread the alarm. No mention is made of Mrs. Fay's sister, Mrs. Sarah Goodenow, but she must have been present and most likely assisted also in the reloading the muskets. Both sisters became widows MARY GOODENOW MONUMENT NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 13 early in life, and left abundant evidence of their courage and enterprise, which they may have inherited from their father, the pioneer, John Brigham. At this time each was the mother of two small children whose presence must have spurred them to the utmost endeavor. But the early historians make special mention of the bravery of Mrs. Gershom Fay. "The Indians, giving up the assault at the approach of re- enforcements, retreated across Stirrup Brook to a wooded ridge on the east side, taking with them the unfortunate captive, Mary Goodenow. Here they killed and scalped her with the pitiless ferocity of Indians when pursued. The other captive, Jonathan Wilder, taken earlier in the day, shared the same fate on the morrow, when Captain Thomas Howe, of Marlborough, with about thirty men from Marlborough and Lancaster, over- took the enemy in the northwest part of Sterling, at a place since known by the name of the 'Indian Fight.' "After a severe conflict, the Indians fled, leaving nine dead on the field. Two of the settlers, besides the captive, were killed. In one of the packs left behind, was found the scalp of Miss Goodenow. This was the first information obtained regarding her fate. Search was made along the trail of the savages, till her mangled body was found. There is a tradition that, owing to this delay in the heat of summer, the body had become so decomposed that no attempt was made to remove it. It was buried where it lay, in the shade of the forest — a spot still lonely and wild, yet beautiful in its woodland seclusion. This land, then owned by the father of Miss Goodenow, was purchased about twenty years later, by Mr. Daniel Bartlett, and continued in the Bartlett family for upwards of one hundred and sixty years, passing from father to son, who reverently marked and protected the grave. "In 1889 the town of Northborough empowered by a special act of the Legislature, erected a substantial and suitable monu- ment. The same year, Mr. and Mrs. William Bartlett con- veyed by deed, for the nominal sum of one dollar, a perpetual right of way from the road to the monument 'for the use of the inhabitants of Northborough and the general public' The monument bears the following inscription: 'In Memory of Mary Goodenow, who was killed by Indians on this spot, August 18, 1707. Erected by the town of Northborough, 1889.' "As already explained, the difference between the 'old' and 'new style' in reckoning time brings the anniversary on the 29th of August instead of the 18th. And today we reverently pay our tribute to this tragic event of two hundred years ago." CHAPTER III THE NORTHBOROUGH MEETING-HOUSE The north precinct was established by an act of the Legis- lature, October 20, 1744. We have stated in another place, that perhaps one of the compelling reasons for the establishment of the precinct was a desire for a more conveniently located Meeting-house. (The Meeting-house was located on the grounds of the Lyman School.) Certain it is, that one of the first things the new precinct did was to take measures toward building a Meeting-house of their own. This was done at a meeting held December 31, when it was voted to build a Meeting- house, and an appropriation of £50 was made for that purpose. But where to locate it was a question not so easy to decide. In fact, the inhabitants of the precinct could not agree upon this matter. Some wanted it in one place and some in another. And what might have proved a very serious rock of contention was averted by one of those happy inspirations which now and then come to serious-minded people in their difficulties. They decided to put it out to arbitration. They accordingly invited Captain Daniel Heywood, of Worcester, Captain Thomas Hap- good, of Shrewsbury, and Captain John Haynes, of Sudbury, to select a site for them. Those men came to the precinct at an appointed time, looked the ground over, and finally decided upon the present site, a few feet west of the present church. That those men had an eye for natural beauty cannot be gain- said, for a more beautifully located church it would be diffi- cult to find. It must not be supposed, however, that the situa- tion was as beautiful then as it is now; for the beautiful meadow in front was a swamp at that time, while the surrounding terri- tory was mostly woodland. It must be remembered, too, that there was no village in the precinct at that time. The forty families that composed the precinct were widely scattered over a large territory; and when the Meeting-house was built there were only four houses within gun-shot of it — that of Jacob Rice, in the vicinity of Grange Hall; that of Captain James Eager, on the Worcester Road, where Ralph T. Fiske's house now stands; that of Simeon Howard, on Boylston Street, near Eli Sanderson's house; and that of Nathaniel Oakes, on Whitney Street, where Miss Ada A. McClure's house now stands. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 15 The site determined upon was owned by Captain James Eager, who very generously gave the land to the precinct "for & in consideration of Love, Good-will & Respect which I have towards the promoting the worship of God in ye North Precinct of sd Town & ye building a hous to his Grate name." The Meeting-house was raised Tuesday, April 30, 1745, but it was not finished until several years afterwards. It was forty-six by thirty-six feet in dimensions; and when, in May, 1746. the church was organized and its first minister was or- dained, it was "without pulpit, or galleries, or pews, or even permanent floors, and was lighted only by openings in the unplastered walls." Fortunately, an interesting account of the "raising" has been preserved. Mr. Parkman of Westborough, busy as he was with his clerical duties and his farming, found time to keep a diary. He records that he had been informed by John Oak, that his aunt, Mrs. Holloway, was desirous that he should come over to the precinct on the day of the raising of the Meeting- house "to pray with them." Also, that he should be there "by eight o'clock in the morning." He told the young man that he was in some difficulty about a horse. The morning of the great day was rainy, and Mr. Parkman's hired man, Thomas, refused to go in the wet. But the rain did not dampen the ardor of those who had set their hearts upon the great event. Deacon Newton drove his ox-cart over to Mr. Parkman's early in the morning with a "hoggeshead for lime," and he probably influenced Mr. Parkman to bestir himself to find a way out of his difficulty. The deacon succeeded and Mr. Parkman went to the "raising." How he went, let Mr. Parkman tell in his own words: "Nobody from the north side to bring me a horse or accom- pany me over. Nor any one person of ye multitude who passed by my house from the South so much as called to see whether I were to go or could go or no. ... I rode over to the north side on my own mare. ... I found Mr. Gushing (of Shrewsbury) and Mr. Morse (of Boylston), then afterwards came Mr. Martyn, and Mr. Goss (of Bolton). "The raising began about 10 a.m., and was finished about 4 P.M. The raising concluded without hurt through the great mercy & goodness of God. To Him be glory. At their request, I prayed after the work was finished, and we sang Ps. 127, first stanza, and Ps. 125, first half stanza, and Ps. 128. The enter- tainment was in the Frame, and the people brought their pro- visions in great plenty." 16 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Mr. Parkman says nothing about "liquid" refreshment; but the precinct record suppHes that item: "Allowed Jothan Bartlett 2£ 10s. for 2 bbls. of cider for the raising." The house was framed by Daniel Hemenway, of Worcester, a well-known builder of that time. He built the second Old South Meeting-house, in Worcester, in 1763, and the Second Meeting-house, in Shrewsbury, in 1766. Those were indeed "the days of small things." How small, the reader may judge from the following votes taken from the precinct records: "Dec. 31st, 1744. Voted, to build a meeting-house. '^ Voted, that the meeting-house should be set on the most convenient spot on a corner of land between the road coming from Nathaniel Oaks', and the road coming down from Ben- jamin Lull's, and leading down to Cold Harbour Bridge. "Voted, that the meeting-house should be forty-six feet in length, and thirty-six feet wide, and twenty feet post. "Voted, and granted the sum of fifty pounds lawful money ($166.66), to be paid in money, labor, or timber for building the meeting house. "April 26th, 1745. Voted, to raise the meeting-house on Tuesday next, to begin at nine o'clock in the morning. "Voted, that every man should provide according as he was spirited. "August 26th, 1745. Voted, and allowed six shillings (twenty- five cents) for scoring timber, and six shillings and six pence (twenty-seven cents) for hewing, and eight shillings (thirty- three cents), per day, for framing, boarding, and shingling. "November 17th, 1746. Put to vote to see if they would lay the meeting-house floor. Passed in the negative. "Put to vote to see if the precinct would glaze the meeting- house forthwith, or as soon as glass can be provided. Passed in the negative. "December 29th, 1746. Voted, and allowed to Lieutenant William HoUoway, for entertaining the council at the ordination, £40, 16s. "June 8, 1747. It was put to vote to see if they would build the pulpit. Past in the negative. "Voted, and granted the sum of £150, old tenor, for glazing and finishing the meeting-house. "September 4th, 1747. Voted, to build the pulpit, the deacon's seat and the minister's pue. "January 30th, 1748. It was put to vote to see if the pre- cinct will have as many pues as can be built by the walls of NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 17 the meeting-house with conveniency, and fouer more in the hind part of the body of seats. Past in the affirmative. "The precinct voted to build the body of seats in the meet- ing-house by the last day of May. "September 4th, 1749. It was put to vote to see if the precinct would build the gallery stayers and lay the gallery floors, and build the brest work of the gallery by the last of next October, come twelve months. Past in the affirmative. "It was put to vote to see if the precinct will grant the pue ground in the meeting-house to those who have paid most on real and personal estate, and one poll only, to what hath been already don to the meeting-house, they building them by the last of next October, come twelve months, or forfeit the ground to the precinct's use again. Past in the affirmative." In accordance with provisions of the last-named vote the "pue ground" was surveyed and an allotment of pues was made. But the meeting-house was not finished at the time and the allotment did not hold good. In fact, the building was not completed until 1756; but in 1752 it was so far advanced that a new and final allotment was made, as will be seen by the follow- ing votes, passed on April 13, of that year. ALLOTMENT OF PEWS "It was put to vote to see if there should be twenty Pues in the Meeting-house (viz.) sixteen round by the walls of the House, and foure more in the Hinde part of the body of seats. It passed in the affirmative. "It was put to vote to see if the Precinct would grant the Pue ground in the Meeting-house to the Highest payers in Real and personal estate and one pole only of the freeholders and Inhabitants of this precinct, the First highest payer to have the first choice, the second highest payer the Second choice, and so on by succession till the whole Pue ground in sd Meeting- house is taken up. It was passed in the affirmative. "It was put to vote to see if that any person or persons shall neglect or refuse to make his choice of his Pue ground, then the next highest payer within the number of Pues granted should make his choice. It was passed in the affirmative." To put these votes into effect Ensign Josiah Rice, Lieutenant William Holloway, Timothy Fay, Samuel Wood, and Thomas Goodenow were appointed a committee "to find the highest taxpayers and measure and lay out the Pue ground in the Meeting-house." 18 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY This committee reported on August 15, that they had "ex- amined the several Hsts of Rates made in said precinct for several years last past, and find that the highest payers in real and personal estate and one poll only, are as they stand in the following list." £ 5. d. £ s. d. 1 Lt. William Holloway 163 4 11 2 Capt. James Eager 126 19 3 James Ball 105 16 8 4 Samuel Gamwell 98 6 3 5 Cornet Simeon Haywood 96 9 5 6 Pelatiah Rice 94 18 7 7 Dea. Matthias Rice 93 7 6 8 Nathan Ball 92 9 5 9 Jacob Rice 88 6 7 10 Timothy Fay 87 5 3 ■ 11 Ensign Josiah Rice 86 10 6 12 Jothan Bartlett 85 12 1 13 Josiah Bowker 85 8 5 14 Lt. Bezaleel Eager 84 9 15 Jesse Brigham 82 8 1 16 Gershom Fay 75 6 7 And that part which his son, Gershom Fay, Jr. hath paid on his estate brings him to the 18th choice 2 8 17 Samuel Allen 74 11 1 And that part which his honored father, Ephraim Allen hath paid on his estate excluding his pole, which if allowed by the precinct to the said Sam- uel will bring him to the 8th choice 18 6 18 Thomas Billing 72 11 10 19 James Eager Jr. 70 16 4 And also one third part of what his honored father, Joseph Wheeler, deceased hath paid excluding his pole, which if al- lowed by the precinct to the said James, will bring him to the 17th choice 9 1 1 20 John McAllister 70 9 11 21 Dea. Jonathan Livermore 66 1 7 22 Thomas Goodenow 62 23 Seth Hudson 60 24 John Oak 54 14 5 25 George Oak 53 3 1 26 Seth Rice 52 10 9 And also that part which Elijah Rice hath paid on his estate including his pole, which if allowed by the precinct to the said Seth will bring him to the 19th choice. 23 5 5 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 19 We have recorded this report in full because it is interesting, not only as showing the ancient way of allotting pew ground in the Meeting-house, but as being what might be called the assessors' first valuation book of the town. As a valuation book it is doubtless incomplete; but as a list of the highest tax payers it is a very careful record. The report of the committee was highly satsifactory and the highest taxpayers were then and there called upon to make choice of their pew ground, which they did as follows: "1. Lt. William Holloway chose the first pue ground by the wall on the East side of the South Dore. 2. Capt. James Eager Chose the Pue Ground on the Hind Part of the Body of Seats on the Men's Side & next the middle Alley. 3. James Ball Chose the Pue Ground In the hinde Part of the Body of Seats on the wimmin's side next the Middle Alley. 4. Samuel Gam- well Chose the Second Pue Ground by the Wall on the north side of West Dore. 5. Cornet Simeon Hayward Chose the second Pue Ground by the Wall on the East Side of the Pulpit. 6. Pelatiah Rice Chose the Pue Ground by the Wall next the Pulpit on the East Side. 7. Dea. Matthias Rice Chose the Second Pue Ground by the Wall on the North Side of the East Dore. 8. Samuel Allen Chose the Pue Ground in the North East Corner of the Meeting-house. 9, Nathan Ball Chose the Pue Ground behind the wimmin's Seats next to the East Alley. 10. Jacob Rice Chose the Pue Ground behind the Men's Seats next to the west alley. 11. Timothy Fay Chose the Pue Ground In the Northwest Corner of the Meeting-house." At this point the meeting adjourned. The "choosing" was continued, however, on March 8, 1753, as follows: "12. Ensign Josiah Rice Chose the Pue Ground on the South Side of the East Dore next to the wimmin's stairs. 13. Jothan Bartlett Chose the first Pue Ground on the West Side of the South Dore. 14. Lt. Josiah Bowker Chose the Pue Ground by ye West Dore next to the Men's Stairs. 15. Capt. Bezaleel Eager Chose the Second Pue Ground on the East Side of the South Dore. 16. Jesse Brigham Chose the first Pue Ground on the North Side of the East Dore. 17. James Eager, Jr. Chose the Second Pue Ground on the West Side the South Dore. 18. Gershom Fay Chose the first Pue Ground on the North Side of the West Dore. 19. Seth Rice Chose the third Pue Ground on the East Side the South Dore next to the wimmin's Stairs. 20. Thomas Billing Chose the third Pue Ground on the West Side of the South Dore next to the Men's Stairs. The above "choosing" throws an interesting sidelight on a social custom of that early time. It would appear that the men 20 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY sat on one side and the "wimmin" on the other side of the Meeting-house. It must be borne in mind that it was only the "pue ground" that was disposed of in the above arrangement. The pews themselves were built and were owned by the individuals to whom the "ground" was assigned. The pews in many of our older churches even today are the personal property of indi- viduals, and the Church Organization has little or no jurisdiction over them. A great deal of inconvenience has accrued to many churches where this custom prevails. In the Northborough Meeting-house it no longer prevails, however. One after another, the pew owners have either given or sold their pews to the church, and the church therefore owns them all. WHO SHALL BE THE MINISTER? The act of the Great and General Court making the north part of Westborough a precinct, after defining the bounds of the precinct, says, "provided the Inhabitants of ye North Parte of sd town give security to the Revd. Mr. Parkman, there present pastor, to give him one hundred pounds lawfull money settlement & fifty pounds like money per annum in case he should incline to settle with them agreeable to what they now promise, or otherwise Twelve pounds ten shillings like money, if he chooses to continue in the South parte." It would seem from the above proviso that the petitioners had promised to invite the Rev. Ebenezer Parkman, the then minister of Westborough, to become the minister of the proposed new parish. It appears also from the precinct records (December 4, 1744) that the precinct was ready to fulfil the promise of the peti- tioners; for on that date a committee was appointed "to Treate with the Rev. Ebenezer Parkman to see if he will tack up v/ith the offer of the precinct as it is sett forth in ye act of Courte which has divided the Town into Two Precincts and come to be our minister, or whether he will stay in the first Precinct and Tack the Twelve pounds, Ten Shillings ordered the petitioners to pay and to give security for sd money agreeable to sd act." The committee reported the following February (February 21) that "we have accordingly applied ourselves to ye Rev. Mr. Parkman and he hath chose to Tack the Twelve pound Ten Shillings, and we have accordingly given bond to ye sd Mr. Parkman of £12. 10s. to be paid by the first Day of May Nexte in sewing, and have Received his Determinate Answer to us." The committee then read Mr. Parkman's "Determinate Answer," and their report was accepted as final. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 21 MR. PARKMAN DECLINES "Dear Brethren and Beloved in Jesus Christ: "After looking up to God for direction I have taken your message to me into serious consideration, wherein you would see whether I would accept of ye offer of your Precinct as it is set forth in the act of ye General Court which divided the town into two Precincts, and to be your minister. The town also to whome I was under previous obligation, and this South Precinct have now had their meeting. Upon which, I have drawn up the following determinate answer to you, In which I heartily thank you for ye regard and affection which you have manifested to me. But in-as-much as the main body of this people have requested my continuance with them, and when they met as a Precinct, manifested their desire by a vote of all the voters that were present: And so unanimous a vote being followed with several others in which they would take upon (as much as in them lay) the obligation which the town has been under to me, and making provision for my support, which having been thus done, I hereupon find myself unable at present to forsake them, or renounce my pastoral relations to them and care of them. "And if, dear brethren, this my denial of your request should at all seem grevious to any of you, you may reasonably consider that I never left you, nor have been in any wise the means or cause of a separation being that in God's Providence we had been brought under such endearing obligations to one another. "But however that may have been, the Lord of his rich mercy grant that whatsoever steps have been taken in either the matter or the manner of your drawing off which have not been pleasing in His sight he would show them to you and graciously remit the same through Jesus Christ. And may you henceforward be restrained from every evil way, from all un- happy divisions, and from all unrighteousness in your proceed- ings, for these things lead to Him. "Touching your obtaining preaching among yourselves and putting yourselves into a preparation for special ordinancy among you in your Precinct, I must, from the affectionate concern I have for your best welfare, earnestly entreat you, brethren, to proceed with all . . . and strictly observing Gospel Order, and he . . . begin with God and keep close to Him, ever looking to Him through Jesus Christ for all that wisdom and grace which you need: And specially to aim really at His glory in all your undertaking, remembering your great account, "Before I break off let me with fervency beseech and charge you all that you recollect the great doctrine of Christ which you 22 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY have been taught, not deceiving your own selves, but that you all labor after an experimental sense of them, and to increase and abound therein — for how shall you escape if you neglect so great salvation. "Finally, brethren, be steadfast, live in peace and holiness, and the God of love and peace shall be with you. "I rest yr very affectionate Friend and servant, "Ebenezer Parkman. " West BOROUGH , "Feb. 18th, 1744-5." Mr. Parkman's declination being final, the matter of choosing a minister was held in abeyance for several months. In the meantime, work on the new Meeting-house was progressing, and it soon became imperative to settle upon a minister. Following the custom of the time in such matters, a day was set apart "as a day of humiliation and prayer for Divine Direction in our further proceedings & in the calling a Gospel minister to settle among us." Also, the ministers of the neighboring churches were invited to be present and give their advice. The day of "humiliation and prayer" was held September 12, 1745, the service being conducted by Reverend Mr. Parkman and Reverend Mr. Goss. But the neighboring ministers did not give their "advice" at that time. They found, or thought they found, "misunderstandings and uneasiness" among the people, and they required further time to think the matter over. But finally, on September 23, they met at the home of Lieutenant William Holloway, and after hearing both sides, they gave their advice in the following written statement: "Westborough, Sept. 23, 1745. "Inasmuch as the committee of the Second Precinct in Westborough have made application to us whose names are underwritten to give them our advice with reference to the settlement of divine ordinances among them, after humble application to God for direction ourselves, and maturely weighing what has been laid before us, do lament the appearance of mis- understandings and uneasiness in the precinct, and would earnestly recommend a mutual condescension as becomes Chris- tian professors, but on consideration that the chief matters of grievance cannot fall under our cognizance, nor can we have any prospect, from anything in our power, to redress them. But though there have been such difficulties subsisting here, yet if there should be any long delay, we have reason to fear they NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 23 would rather increase, in such a day of temptation, than be diminished, we do freely advise that they proceed to nominating a number of candidates for the gospel ministry, to be heard by the precinct, in order to a choice; that they be two, together with the gentlemen they have been sometime hearing. And we (divers of us) recommend the Rev. Mr, Rand and Mr. Jedidiah Addams, of Cambridge, that they all be heard a few Sabbaths each. Upon the whole, brethren, we cannot but express our compassionate concern for you in your new circumstances, and do beseech you to beware of the many evils of strife and conten- tion; be cautious of the snares to which your most precious souls are exposed at such a critical juncture; and may the God of all wisdom and grace conduct and restrain you. "(Signed) John Prentice, Job Gushing, Ebenezer Parkman, Ebenezer Morse." The advice of the reverend gentlemen was heeded; and Mr. Rand, Mr. Addams and Mr. Martyn preached two Sundays each. Still, no call was extended to any of them. Mr. Parkman, in his diary, enlightens us as to the cause of the "misunderstanding and uneasiness" in the precinct. He says: "Mr. Ephraim Allen came with a letter from our North Precinct to Messrs. Prentice and Gushing and me, desiring us to consult and agree wh. yy. had best do about candidates for them, seeing the committee whom they had chose to wait upon these Gentlemen whom ye Precinct had nominated would not go, and whether they might not proceed to call Mr. Martyn." Mr. Parkman read this letter at a meeting of the Ministers' Association at Stow, October 15. But the Association took no definite action upon it until after consulting Mr. Martyn. It seems that Mr. Martyn had, a short time before, delivered a sermon before the ministers, in the course of which he had expressed some theological views with which they had not agreed. The people of the precinct knew this, but they were desirous of extending a call to Mr. Martyn notwithstanding. But they hesitated about doing so lest it give offense to the neighboring ministers. The ministers in their turn were un- willing to recommend Mr. Martyn until he should modify his theological views. Mr. Martyn did modify his views and signed a paper to that effect. Thereupon, "the Association wrote a letter to the Precinct that they had nothing to say why they might not proceed with respect to Mr. Martyn, if their Com- mittee refused to wait upon the other candidates nominated." 24 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY This cleared the air, and the precinct felt at liberty to proceed. And the record tells us, under date of December 9, 1745, "Mr. John Martyn was chosen by a clear vote," and "at a salary of fifty pounds in bills of the last emission, or two hundred pounds in bills of the old form and tenor, with a settle- ment of three hundred pounds of old tenor money." (Con- verted into American money, this salary amounted to $166.66 and the settlement to $246.) Mr. Martyn's answer to the call was not returned until March 31, 1746. It is a lengthy document, but as it shows the character and habit of thought of Northborough's first minister, we quote it in full: JOHN MARTYN'S ACCEPTANCE "For Messrs. Nathan Ball, Matthias Rice and Jonathan Livermore, the Committee chosen by the Second Precinct in Westbroough to present me, the subscriber, with a call to the pastoral office in said Precinct. To be communicated to the inhabitants of said Precinct in Westborough. "I have spent much time and much thought in seriously considering your invitation to me to settle with you in the relation of a pastor to you, and have asked advice of those I thought most proper and capable to give it; and I hope I have not been negligent in seeking to the throne of grace for direction in this important affair. I am sensible, that, as the apostle says in I Timothy, iii, 1, 'if a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work.' So also as that text implies, II Corin- thians, ii, 16, that none is thoroughly sufficient for these things. But yet, as God hath been pleased to commit the treasure of the gospel to earthen vessels, to men like ourselves, and to make it necessary there should be a standing ministry in his church, for the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ, so although all are not apostles, or teachers, though all indifferently may [not] take upon them the work of the ministry, yet it is necessary that some be taken from men to be ordained for men in things pertaining unto God. And as we have not a divine oracle to consult, nor any way to come at the knowledge of God's will, but by observing his provi- dences and comparing those with his word, so when persons of sobriety, learning and orthodoxy, disposed to the work of the ministry, have a clear and regular call from the people and from God, it is the duty of such to comply with such a call, trusting in God that his grace shall be sufficient for them, and that his strength shall be made perfect in their weakness. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 25 "And now, brethren, as the Providence of God seems to have singled me out from amongst others, to commit unto me a dis- pensation of the gospel, and as you have manifested unto me so much respect as to count me worthy to rule, guide, and teach you, by calling and inviting me to labor amongst you in this part of the Lord's vineyard, so I do now testify my compli- ance with your invitation. My brethren, I think that I can say that it is not for the sake of filthy lucre that I am moved here- unto: for I can see no prospect of any great worldly advantage to be in the ministry, especially in country parishes; neither do I expect a life of ease and pleasure, for I am sensible that, as to the work I am engaging in, it is painful and laborious; and, as the temper of mankind is at present, whoever engages in it must expect to meet with contempt, reproof, sorrow and trouble; but I trust in the grace of God to grant me those supplies of strength and grace which may be necessary to enable me to perform any work and to bear any sufferings he may have ap- pointed for me, and to arm me with that patience, self-denial and meekness, which should be eminent and conspicuous in the ministers of Jesus Christ, who should be patterns of every grace and virtue, and who, above others, had need to abound in these things. And I am not without hope that you yourselves, brethren, will contribute what you can to lighten my burden, and to comfort me under it, by manifesting a readiness to receive instructions, by your endeavoring to live a holy, harmless, blameless, circumspect, shining life; and that you will take part with me in whatever sorrows and sufferings God hath deter- mined to lay upon me. My brethren, our interests are now to be united. It will become us, therefore, to seek and endeavor each other's welfare in all proper methods. Your offers to me, as to temporal support and maintenance, are not large; but yet, as I now comply with them with an honest intention, and not desiring to make a gain of you upon account of the uncertain foundation of our medium of trade, so I hope, if I should be in need of any further assistance from you in any matters which might be much to my advantage and nothing to your damage, you will readily afford me help. I know very well, that as the salary is settled upon silver, and that as our paper bills are daily depreciating, so it seems, on a transient view, and considering the present state of trade and living, as if you had given me a considerable advantage over you; on the other hand, if it had not been thus settled, it appears that I might have been sub- jected to many difficulties, and have been a continual complainer or sufferer. But, as I hope, had there been any seeming disad- vantage on my side, you would have endeavored to ease and 26 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY relieve me, upon proper remonstrances and representations of my case, so I assure you, though the advantage at present may seem to be on my side (and, indeed, it does but seem so, for none can tell what turn affairs may take with respect to the medium of trade) — therefore, I say, though it may seem so, yet it is not my design to take any advantage of it to your preju- dice; and if there should ever happen any difficulty upon this account, I shall be very free and willing to leave it to any im- partial judge. "And now, brethren, I commend myself to God, and beg your prayers for me, that I may be found diligent and faithful in the work whereto I am called. And God forbid that I should cease praying for you and myself, that both you and I, in our respective stations, and relations to one another, may so conduct ourselves in this world, as that we may be able to lift up our heads with joy another day, and may meet together in the temple of God in heaven, never more to go out. To conclude, brethren, be perfect, be of good comfort, be of one mind, live in peace, and the God of love and peace shall be with you. And now may the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. 'T am your sincere friend and hearty well-wisher, "John Martyn. "Bolton, March 29, 1746." ORGANIZATION OF THE CHURCH AND THE ORDINATION OF JOHN MARTYN All the foregoing events were preliminary to the organiza- tion of the Church. That was effected May 21, 1746, by the following ten brethren, and the pastor-elect: John Martyn, the Pastor-elect Matthias Rice Ephraim Allen Samuel Allen Joshua Dowsing, alias Townsend Jacob Shephard John McAllister John Carruth Jonathan Livermore Silas Fay Gershom Fay The ordaining council was composed as follows: Rev. Mr. Parkman, of Westborough Rev. Mr. Prentice, of Lancaster Rev. Mr. Gushing, of Shrewsbury Rev. Mr. Loring, of Sudbury Rev. Mr. Hall, of Sutton Rev. Mr. Gardner, of Stow Rev. Mr. Barrett, of Hopkinton NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 27 The ordination sermon was preached by Rev. Ebenezer Parkman, of Westborough, from the text "Obey them that have the rule over you, and submit yourselves; for they watch for your souls as they that must give account, that they may do it with joy, and not with grief." — Hebrews xiii, 17. The Charge was given by Mr. Prentice, of Lancaster, and the Fellowship of the Churches was extended by Mr. Cushing, of Shrewsbury. It is not known what other ministers had part in the service, but, as Dr. Allen says, "from the character of the men in the council, we may conclude that those services were able and appropriate, and contributed to the interest and solemnity of the occasion." The ordination of a man to the Christian ministry was an important event in those days; and we may well believe that this particular ordination, associated as it was with the organiza- tion of a new church, brought together a large and interested congregation. The following covenant was adopted by the new church at this time: THE CHURCH COVENANT* "We, whose names are hereafter subscribed, inhabiting the Second Precinct in Westborough in New England (knowing that we are very prone to offend and provoke the most High God, both in heart and life, through the prevelency of sin that dwelleth in us, and manifold temptations without us, for which we have great reason to be unfeignedly humbled before him from day to day), — "Do in the name of our Lord Jesus, with dependence upon the gracious assistance of his Holy Spirit, solemnly enter into a covenant with God and with one another, according to the will of God, as followeth: — "1st. That, having chosen and taken the Lord Jehovah to be our God, we will fear him and cleave to him in love, and serve him in truth with all our hearts, giving up ourselves to be his people, in all things to be at his direction and sovereign disposal, that we may have and hold communion with him, as members of Christ's mystical body, according to his revealed will, to our lives' end. "2ndly. We also oblige ourselves to bring up our children and servants in the knowledge and fear of God according to his *Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D., in his "Centennial Discourse" p. 43, says: "I find by examina- tion, that this very church covenant, with a few slight variations, had been adopted by the church at Sterling about eighteen months previous, namely, December 19, 1744, at the time of the ordination of their first minister, the Rev. John Mellen. It is not unlikely that it was adopted in other places." 28 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY holy institutions, and according to our best abilities, and, in special, by the use of orthodox catechisms, so that the true religion may be maintained in our families while we live, and among such as shall live when we are dead. "3rdly. We promise to keep close to the truth of Christ, endeavoring, with lively affection toward it in our hearts, to defend it against all opposers thereof, as God shall call us at any time thereunto; and for our help herein we resolve to use the Holy Scriptures as our platform (whereby we may discern the will of Christ), and not the new-found inventions of man. "4thly. We also engage to have a careful inspection over our own hearts, so as to endeavor, by the virtue of the death of Christ, the mortification of our sinful passions, worldly frames, and disordered affections, whereby we may be withdrawn from the living God. "5thly. We, moreover, oblige ourselves, in the faithful improvement of our abilities and opportunities, to worship God according to all the particular institutions of Christ under the gospel administration, — as, to give reverent attention to the word of God, to pray unto him, to sing his praises, and to hold communion with each other, in the use of both the seals of the covenant, Baptism and the Lord's Supper. "6thly. We likewise promise that we will peaceably submit unto the holy discipline appointed by Christ in his church for offenders, obeying them that rule over us in the Lord. "7thly. We also bind ourselves to walk in love one towards another, endeavoring our mutual edification; visiting, exhort- ing, and comforting, as occasion serve th, and warning any brother or sister who offends, not divulging private offences irregularly, but heedfuUy following the several precepts laid down by Christ for church dealing, in Matthew, ISth chapter, 15th, 16th, 17th verses, willingly forgiving all that manifest unto the judgment of charity, that they truly repent of their miscarriages. Now the God of peace, that brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus Christ, the great Shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant make us all perfect in every good work to do his will, working in us all that which is well pleasing in his sight, through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen." THE NEW MEETING-HOUSE The old Meeting-house served its purpose for half a century; but in 1794 it was very much out of repair, if we may believe a committee that was appointed to investigate its condition. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 29 They reported that "the back side of said house wants new clapboarding, that the windows throughout the house want repairing, that the plastering needs considerable repairs, espe- cially overhead, that the back side of the roof is not sufficiently secured to defend the plastering from suffering injuries by driving snow-storms, etc." It would seem that our fathers were developing an aesthetic taste about that time, for in voting that the above repairs be made they also voted that the Meeting-house be adorned with porches; and a tower, if, by subscription enough money could be raised to purchase a bell to put into it. Committees were appointed to put these suggested improvements into effect. It certainly looked as though the old Meeting-house were about to be rejuvenated; but for some reason which does not appear, at a meeting held a little later (November, 1794) it was voted "to reconsider all that had been done respecting the Meeting-House." Then, having reconsidered, they immediately proceeded to choose another committee "to see what repairs are necessary to be made." The report of this new committee was not ac- cepted. The sequel shows that there was something back of these negative votes; and that something was a desire for a new building. The cat was let out of the bag at the March meeting in 1797 when "Thaddeus Fay and others" presented a petition requesting the town "to build a new Meeting-house and to complete it in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred." This petition was defeated ; and nothing more was heard of the matter until 1803, when the effort was renewed — but with as little success as formerly. Two years later, however, it was "voted that a new Meeting-House be built in this town." No measures were taken to put the vote into effect until March, 1806, when the following committee "of seven persons were chosen to find a spot or place to set the Meeting-house, and draw a plan of one: Oliver Eager, Stephen Williams, James Keyes, Deacon Isaac Davis, Phineas Davis, John Ball and Major William Eager." This committee presented a plan for a new building in April, 1806, but no action was taken upon it. In November of that year, it was again "voted to build a Meeting-house and complete it in the year 1808." But another committee was appointed to present a new plan. At a meeting held on Novem- ber 17, 1806, the reports of both these committees were freely and fully discussed, with the result that the first plan was accepted. According to this plan the new building was to be fifty-six 30 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY feet square, with a projection adjoining the south end of said house thirty-four feet in length and fifteen feet in width. The plan also called for galleries along three sides of the main build- ing. The floor plan called for seventy pews, those "between the two outside alleys" to be "long," and those against the walls "square." It was further provided that there should be twenty- six square pews in the galleries. The site where the new building should stand is very defi- nitely stated in the following vote: "Then voted that the com- mittee for building the new Meeting-house be, and are hereby directed, to set the northwest corner of the new Meeting-house thirty-three feet due south from the east post of the passage- way leading into the burying-ground, and the west side due north and south." The committee who superintended the erection of the new Meeting-house were : James Keyes Colonel John Crawford Stephen Williams Seth Grout Deacon Isaac Davis Asaph Rice Hollon Maynard Phinneas Davis Major William Eager THE RAISING The "raising" of a building in those days was an event of great importance. And we may presume that the raising of this building was no exception to the usual custom. It is to be regretted, however, that no contemporary account of the "rais- ing" has been preserved. The only reference to it, so far as we have been able to learn, is in Stephen Williams' journal (Mr. Williams was one of the building committee). He records these simple facts: "June 6, 1808. The frame of the new Meeting- house was raised today." "June 7. The tower was raised today." "June 8. The lantern was raised today." "It cost $500 to raise the new Meeting-house." Though no account of the raising is known to exist, it may not be out of place to record a few notes from the town record in anticipation of the event: May 23, 1808. Concerning raising the new Meeting-house, "Voted, to choose a committee to select fifty persons to raise it, — and that the committee who superintend building the Meeting-house, select them. "Then voted, that they will turn out to raise the Meeting- house free from expense for their labour. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 31 "Voted, to choose a committee of three to provide a nunchion and a dinner for the men, who shall be employed in raising the Meeting-house, while raising, and chose Mr. Oliver Eager, Mr. Samuel Allen, and Mr. Joel Parmenter for the purpose. "Voted, that the building committee provide the beer neces- sary for raising. "Then it was put to vote to see if the town will raise the Meeting-house free of expense for their labour, and have a nunchion and dinner and drink, and it passed in the negative. "Voted, that those who eat breakfast and supper at home shall be allowed the same it will cost to eat at the committee's table. "Then voted, to dismiss the article for the present." Adjourned to May 25. May 25, 1808. "The town met on adjournment and took up the article concerning raising the Meeting-house. "Voted, that all the proceedings at the last meeting concern- ing raising the Meeting-house shall be reconsidered. "Then voted, that the committee who superintend building the Meeting-house shall superintend and provide for the raising." The building committee made its final report at the April meeting, 1809, and at their own request were discharged from further care of the building. We learn from this report that "the whole expense of the house, together with the bell, and exclusive of our services and expense money amounts to $8992." The "bell," spoken of in the report, proved to be too light (1063 lbs., and purchased by Colonel William Eager), and in May, 1809, Stephen Williams was appointed an agent to exchange it for a heavier one. We do not know about the first one, but the one purchased by Stephen Williams (and which is still in use) was cast at the foundry of Paul Revere, and bears his name, with the date, 1809. The pulpit was a huge affair and was built against the rear wall. But it has undergone several changes since, being made smaller with every change. The present pulpit is very large and is considered to be very beautiful. The church was very materially changed in 1848. The galleries were removed, and the floor raised so as to make a vestry. The early settlers of New England were characterized by a general hostility to anything and everything that savored of 32 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY formality in religious matters, but especially in their public worship. This hostility manifested itself in various ways: there was no service at funerals; the Scriptures were not read in the pulpit service; and the word "church" to designate the house of worship was prohibited. All early churches, and even down to the early years of the nineteenth century, were called "Meeting-houses." These were crude and barn-like structures. Hardly one of them had either a tower or a steeple. The first departure from this cold severity was a cupola at the apex of the roof, which inclined from the four sides. A notable example yet remains in the old First Parish Meeting-house at Hingham, built in 1681; also in St. Michael's church at Marblehead, built in 1714, though in this church the cupola is at the side. The next advance, or what we shall call the third period, where a square tower was built from the ground, retaining the same diameter to the bell deck, then a bell section (and always open), with a spire sur- mounting it. The Old South in Boston is a fair example. The fourth style was hardly used before the year 1800. A notable, and really elegant example of this style is the old Unitarian church at Newburyport, built in 1800. It consists of a wide porch of not very great projection, a square tower over it, then the bell section, and that in turn surmounted by either a dome or a spire. The Northborough church is as fine a specimen of the fourth style as can be found in New England. It must be set down to the everlasting credit of those who built this edifice that their artistic taste was so cultivated that they produced what is really an unsurpassed example of Georgian architecture. But what became of the old Meeting-house? It remained standing, and was used, up to the time the new building was dedicated — February 9, 1809 — when it was sold at public auction to Timothy Underwood. Mr. Underwood lived on the farther side of Norcross Hill, on the road to Westborough, in the house now owned by Mr. Elwood Jenness. He took it down, moved it over to his place, set it up again, and made it into a barn. It is still standing and is used for the same purpose — being the central portion of Mr. Jenness's large barn. "To what base uses we may yet return, Horatio! . . . Imperious Caesar, dead and turned to clay. Might stop a hole to keep the wind away." The report which the committee who sold the building made NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 33 at the next town meeting (March, 1810) is interesting as throw- ing some Hght on a custom which obtained at that time at a pubHc sale: We "sold the Meeting-house for $174.43; and paid for liquor at the sale $50.51 ; leaving a balance due to the town, of $123.92." It must be remembered that the Meeting-house was used not only as a place for public worship but for all public uses of the town. It was not only a church; it was a town hall as well. All town meetings were held there. In the new building town meetings were held on "the second floor of the projection of the Meeting-house" — what is now the choir gallery. The first town meeting to be held in this new Meeting-house was on Monday, May 1, 1809. And town business continued to be transacted there until the first town hall was built — in 1821. We presume that it was sometimes difficult to heat the Meeting-house at such times — not even town politics which are sometimes said "to boil," furnishing sufficient heat; for the record tells us fre- quently that "the meeting adjourned to the tavern for half an hour." ARCHITECT AND CONTRACTOR It is to be regretted, too, that the town records make no mention of either architect or contractor. Dr. Allen, however, in one of his pamphlets, says, "the house was built by Col. Eames of Buckland and Capt. Brooks of Princeton." This statement would seem to be substantiated in the case of Captain Brooks at least; for we learn from Mr. Gilman B. Howe (the genealogist) that John Brooks (whom he traces to the Princeton family of that name) was a resident of Northborough in 1808 (the year that the Meeting-house was built), and was taxed here in that year, and only in that year. A bit of internal evidence may also be adduced from the Town Records. Under date of September 26, 1808, it is recorded, that "Mr. Brooks was requested to come in and give information concerning the pulpit. He came in and gave information accordingly." Concerning Colonel Eames there can be no doubt. John Ames, or Eames (two spellings for the same name) was a Marl- borough contractor. He was born in Marlborough in 1767, and is known to have lived some years in the western part of the state in pursuance of his calling. Many churches in western Massachusetts were built by him. He also built the Unitarian church in Marlborough, the Congregational church in South- borough, and the steeple of the Congregational church in Shrews- bury. He became entangled in some financial difficulty in his later years, and committed suicide in 1813. 34 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY When building the Northborough church he had two boys, Horace and Calvin Perkins, working for him, whom he had brought with him from Ashfield, Mass the elder of whom Horace, aged eighteen years, fell from the tower of the church and was instantly killed. CHAPTER IV THE THREE TOWN MINISTERS I. JOHN MARTYN John Martyn, Northborough's first minister, belonged to an old English family long settled in Boston. He was born in Boston, May 6, 1706 (old style), in North Square "hard by the North Church," which at that time and for many years there- after, was the aristocratic residential district of the town. His father. Captain Edward Martyn (1665-1718), was a well- known merchant and large property owner. He was one of the prominent men of his time, and is said to have owned most of the land from Hanover Street to the sea, practically half of the North End of Boston. He was one of a committee who negotiated the several purchases for the cemetery (Copp's Hill burial-ground, to this day one of the points of historical interest). He was several times town commissioner and selectman; was a member of the Great and General Court; was a member of the committee that issued bills of credit to pay the debts incurred in the French and Indian Wars, the first paper money made in Massachusetts. He commanded the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company in 1715, then, as now, a great honor.* He died in 1718 and was buried in Copp's Hill burial-ground, in a tomb which he was granted liberty to make "provided he carry up the wall thereof next the Hway (highway) so as to be a suffi- cient fence." John Martyn was the fifth son and eighth child in a family of eleven children. Upon the death of his father (soon after John had passed his twelfth birthday), his mother moved to Harvard, Mass. John was educated at Harvard College, graduating in 1724. Soon after his graduation, August 18, he married Mary, one of two daughters of Edward Marrett of Cambridge.! The marriage took place at Concord, Mass., at the home of the young wife's aunt; and there the young couple probably lived for a year or two. At the age of twenty-one he was engaged in business in Medford, Mass. Some years later he resided in Harvard, Mass. *Dr. Allen says he was a "sea captain." There is no evidence to that effect. He un- doubtedly got his title of "Captain" from his connection with the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. tThe other daughter married Judah Monis, Hebrew instructor at the College, and a close friend of John Martyn. (See section headed "Judah Monis.") 36 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY At the age of thirty-nine his attention was turned to theo- logical pursuits, and upon the organization of the new church in the north precinct of Westborough he was an applicant for its pulpit. How he was received by the Ministerial Association of the neighborhood is interestingly told by Reverend Ebenezer Parkman, of Westborough. Mr. Parkman kept a diary, a small portion of which has been published. The following quo- tations are mostly from the unpublished part of the diary which is now in the possession of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester. "March 17, 1745. Mr. Martyn preached to the north pre- cinct." "March 18, 1745. Mr. Martyn made me a kind visit and dined with me." "April 9, 1745. "The association met here today . . . present, Loring (of Sudbury), Gushing (of Shrewsbury), Gardner (of Stow), Barrett (of Hopkinton), Stone (of Southborough), Goss (of Bolton), Smith (of Marlborough), and Daivs (of Holden), At eve Mr. Martyn del. a large confession of faith. Debates 'upon his being approbated. Mr. Gardner made objections." "April 10. Resumed conference about Mr. Martin. Gard- ner and he were advised to retire together. They did so and came in reconciled. . . . Further interrogatory with regard to his disuse of the Tongues and Sinners, etc. In a word, he was approbated by a certificate signed by every member." June 11, 1745, there was a conference at Bolton, at which Mr. Martyn expounded his theological views more fully, in the course of which he said things that some of the other ministers did not approve of. Mr. Parkman says of this conference: "Mr. Martyn and Mr. Nat. Gardner, candidates, were there. . . . Mr. Martyn del. an Exercise on Matt. 16, 17 that no one member I think was satisfied with. He advanced that there would be no rewards in the future world according to mere works until the General Judgment. ... I went home with Mr. Martyn and lodged there." "June 12, 1745. In the morning there was a free conversa- tion with Mr. Martyn about his sermon yesterday. The scheme being new and some passages offensive to all." He was invited, December 9, 1745, to become the minister of the north precinct in Westborough (now Northborough) "by a clear vote." His letter of acceptance is dated March 29, 1746. He was ordained to the Christian ministry and settled as the minister of the town, May 21, 1746. He died April 30, 1767, after a ministry of twenty-one years lacking a few days. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 37 GENEALOGY John Martyn, son of Captain Edward Martyn, of Boston, born May 6, 1706; married Mary Marrett, daughter of Edward and Hannah (Bradish) Marrett. He died, April 30, 1767. She died Spetember 8, 1775. THEIR CHILDREN John, born 1730 — married Abigail Baker. Mary, born married Dr. Timothy Minot, of Concord. Richard, born married Susannah Allen Low, of Marlborough, went to Connecticut. Michael, born July 21, 1737 — married Zilpah Eager. Nathaniel, born married Anna Townsend, of Bolton ; resided for a time in Harvard, and later went south. The life of a country minister was not a bed of roses even in John Martyn's time. He had his troubles, but they were mostly financial. Presumably his salary ($166.66) compared favorably with those of other ministers of the time, and would have been adequate to his needs had it been paid regularly. But alas! and alack! the times were hard, the currency was in a state of fluctuation and the minister's salary was neglected; so much so, and so often, that he was compelled to address the following communication to the precinct committee: REV. JOHN MARTYN'S JUST COMPLAINT 'To Bezaleel Eager and Others, Committee of the North Precinct in Westborough : "Gentlemen, — You are not strangers to the terms or condi- tions upon which I settled in this place, neither need I tell you that they have never yet been complied with on the part of the precinct; and as you have the management of the public affairs of this precinct, I thought it therefore not improper to inform you of my uneasiness with respect to my salary from year to year. It is an old saying, that sufferers have leave to speak; and as I have been a very great sufferer upon account of the non-fulfilment of the contract from year to year, I think this, if there was nothing else, would be sufficient to justify me in my present complaints, without telling you that I look upon it a real injury to the people themselves to make no conscience of fulfilling their engagements. For let me tell you, if you have a house for the worship of God, a minister, and ordinances, only 38 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY for fashion-sake, you had better be without them; but if you really intend by them to get that good which God designs by bringing his kingdom so nigh you, how can you expect to reap those benefits, while you injure him who is appointed to bring you the messages of peace and salvation? Is it likely that any success will attend the means of grace among a people who show a manifest slight and contempt of them by their backwardness and unwillingness to maintain and encourage those that wait at God's alter? For is not the laborer worthy of his hire? Don't you acknowledge this in temporal things? for if you have a laborer for the lowest, meanest sort of work, has he not at least his food from day to day? And why must a minister maintain himself, at least nine or ten months of the year, which has all along been the case here, or suffer? Is the work of the ministry of so much less value than digging in a ditch? and can you suppose that persons will always think that anybody they deal with should be better paid than the ambassador of Christ; and that, if they keep their word and make good their promises to others, no matter whether they are kept with ministers or not? Is it not likely that this is oftentimes the case? If there had been fewer instances of it, even in this place, the conditions upon which I settled here had been better performed than they have been. And one great reason, though not the only reason, why the payment of my salary hath been delayed from year to year hath been the putting off making the rates in proper season; and what apprehensions they that are concerned have of public trusts and sacred oaths is very strange to me. "Gentlemen, you know something of the difficulties and charges I have been put to to settle here, and the very small matter of assistance I have had from the people; and I must needs tell you, that, after all this, I take it very hard that I am obliged to take the very money which I should make use of to pay the debts I have contracted towards my building, to buy the necessaries of life; and not only so, but to be obliged through mere necessity to injure those I owe; whereas, if the precinct were faithful and just to their engagements, I need not be brought to this. I am very sorry I am obliged to write thus; but how can I avoid it, when I am a continual sufferer, and those whose busi- ness it is will not move in my behalf? It is a hard case, when a minister is obliged thus to complain, and what I wish there was no occasion for, but necessity puts me upon it; for four years have now passed, and though every year, according to agree- ment, I was to have my salary at two equal payments, yet more than half a year hath always run away, and sometimes more, before any rates have been made, and then some months after NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 39 hath been taken up before I have even had anything of value, which has been to my damage one way or other at least forty or fifty pounds a year. But if the contract were never intended to be kept by the people, why did they ever make it? How vastly different do this people deal with others from their deal- ings with me. I do not intend anything I have writ to be by way of reproach to you or any particular person, for I write in sober sadness; for it is designed as an introduction to a petition which I have to make, and that is, that you would be just to yourselves and me for the time to come, and that I may have no more reasons for complaints of this nature. I have told you before, and tell you now, that I owe a considerable sum yet towards my buildings, and the money I should have took to have paid my debts, and which I never had of the people, I was obliged to lay out for the neccessaries of life; and do now buy all that I expend in my family, which is very discouraging to me. I wish these matters might be seriously thought of by you, and not only so, but that a meeting may be called and proper steps taken to bring things under a better regulation. I know some may say, the times are hard and difificult, and if the rates should be made in season, the money could not be gathered. To this I answer, I am as sensible of the hardness of the times, and have as much reason, under my present circumstances, to lament it, as anybody; but the times are not equally hard with all; some have money, though others haven't; and if the generality would deal as well with me as they do with their shoemakers, tailors, smiths, and the like, I doubt not, though the times are hard, I should be better paid this year than I have been in any year past. But supposing the times to be never so hard, do you think this reason sufficient for the committee to betray their trust, or for the assessors to trifle with a sacred oath? You must remember that I am one party in the covenant with this people, and I never yet consented to any alteration of it; and until I do, it ought to be fulfilled as near as possible. And were the rates made sooner, from year to year, it might be an advantage to the people as well as to me; for, as I have some- thing of a farm, a considerable part of my salary might be paid in labor, without injuring anybody; but so it is that nobody cares to ease their brethren this way till perhaps a year and a half is gone, and when they have nothing to do at home they may offer their services to me; and what is still to my damage, some that I have hired to work, though there have been near or quite six months of the year gone, and sometimes more, have insisted upon their wages, which I have paid them in money, when there has been no reason for it but because there was no rate made. 40 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "Many more grievous things of the like nature I could tell of, if it were likely to do any good. Upon the whole, I pray you would take this matter into consideration, and let what is amiss be rectified as soon as possible. "From your suffering pastor, "Jno. Martyn. "Westborough, "June 23, 1750." The above straightforward communication had its desired effect, and measures were taken to relieve the minister's un- pleasant situation. But the dilatory habits of the precinct soon returned, and three years later the minister was under the necessity of sending a second communication of like tenor. It must not be supposed, however, that this situation was peculiar to Northborough. All ministers of the time probably suffered in the same way, and for the same reason, that John Martyn suffered. Dr. Parkman of Westborough certainly did, as the following item from his diary proves: "Nov. 16, 1778. On this day was the Town Meeting, to Consider my Support, and by reason of ye extraordinariness of ye Depression of ye Medium of Commerce, & being persuaded yt many persons were unknowing to my Circumstances and some were desirous I would say something to inform you, probably. Also if I did not send my mind to you, nor go to the Meeting, would make an Handle of that, and resist, say they did not know yt I desired anything, what should they impose it for? therefore I sent you a paper (which see) drawn with as much wisdom and Care as I could. But it had not the Success that might reasonably be expected, except with regard to ye Wood, which they provided for handsomely. But as to sallery, they voted only £300 where everyone asks in Lawful Money what they used to in old Tenor." (page 68.) John Martyn was ordained May 21, 1746, the same day that the church was organized. He preached his last sermons, April 19, 1767. Morning text: Ps. 49:3. "My mouth shall speak of wisdom: and the mediation of my heart shall be of understanding." Afternoon text: Hebrews iii, 7. "Wherefore (as the Holy Ghost saith), To-day if ye will hear his voice." "On the 24th of April, 1767, on Friday, he was taken sick of the Nerves fever; and on Thursday, the 30th Inst., at Two o'clock in the Morning, He Left a World of Sense and Went to the Father of Spirits: So then, the time he was Minister of the REV. PETER WHITNEY Minister of the Town, 1767-1816 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 41 Gospel in This place was Twenty Years, Eleven Months & Nine Days." [From an unpublished journal.] II. PETER WHITNEY Peter Whitney, Northborough's second minister, was born in Petersham, Mass., September 6, 1744, nearly two years before the Northborough church was organized. He was the son of Rev. Aaron Whitney, the first minister of Petersham. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1762, when only eighteen years of age. Among his forty-seven classmates was Elbridge Gerry of Marblehead (the author's native town), who later became a member of the first Continental Congress, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Minister to France, 1797, a governor of Massachusetts, 1810-12, and a vice-president of the United States, 1813-14. After teaching school in Lexington for a while he studied theology at Cambridge to fit himself for the Christian ministry. He was ordained in Northborough, Wednesday, November 4, 1767, and was settled as minister of the town. After John Martyn died (April 30) the pulpit was occupied by the neighboring ministers who had served as bearers at the funeral. This seems to have been a custom of the time. Thus, on May 3, Mr. Loring, of Sudbury preached, and was followed on successive Sundays by Mr. Barrett, of Hopkinton, Parkman, of Westborough, Stone, of Southborough, and Goss, of Bolton. Mr. Whitney preached his first sermon June 7, and occupied the pulpit continuously (with three or four exceptions) until the day of his ordination, November 4. PROGRAM OF ORDINATION Prayer: By Ebenezer Morse, of Boylston. Sermon: By Rev. Aaron Whitney, of Peterhsam, father of the candidate. Text of Sermon, Matt, xxviii, 19-20. Letter of dismission from the Church in Lexington. Prayer and Charge: By Reverend Ebenezer Parkman, of Westborough. Right Hand of Fellowship: By Reverend Aaron Smith, of Marlborough. Concluding Prayer: By Rev. Josiah Bridge, of East Sudbury. Mr. Whitney's salary was £60 Lawful Money, and his settlement £160 ($220 and $533.33^). Like his predecessor, John Martyn, Mr. Whitney was frequently in financial difficulty, owing to his small salary being unable to keep pace with the 42 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY increasing cost of living. Time and again, the town was obliged to make a special appropriation to meet his financial needs. A small salary and a constantly increasing cost of living did not, however, deter the young minister from taking unto himself a wife; and five months after his settlement we find him making a journey to Reading with that object in view. He married Julia, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Nichols) Lambert, March 11, 1768. Two members of his church, one of whom was Thaddeus Fay, were sent to represent the church at the wedding ceremony, and they accompanied the bride and bridegroom all the way home on horseback. Awaiting them at Marlborough was a large company that had gone over to meet them ; and together, they journeyed homeward. Reaching their home, they found it in possession of a large number of townspeople who extended to them a spontaneous and joyful welcome. The newly married couple became very popular, as the following item will show: PARSON WHITNEY'S SPINNING-BEE The following interesting item is copied from the "Massa- chusetts Gazette'' of October 5, 1769. Parson Whitney had been settled in Northborough about two years at that time, and he and his young "consort" doubtless felt very grateful for this graceful and generous mark of esteem on the part of the good ladies of their parish. "Northborough, Sept. 26, 1769. The good women of North- borough, zealous of emulation, yea, ambitious of exceeding their sisters in other towns, agreed to spin what each should please, and appointed a day on which to meet at the house of Rev. Mr. Whitney to present him and his consort with what each had spun for that end: — Accordingly, on the day appointed they assembled at the house of their minister about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, bringing with them the fruit of their labors and in- dustry. Upon computing it was found that they had brought 70 fourteen knotted skains of linen and 94 seven knotted skains of tow, and S3 seven knotted skains and 4 knots of cotton, amounting to 2223 knots; also, one woman brought a linen sheet, two others brought each of them a towel, another sent a pound of worsted: All which they generously gave to their reverend pastor. The number of women was forty-four. It is presumed that this act of generosity much exceeds what any other people have done for their minister in this way, that we have heard of: especially will it be thought so when the smallness of the place, the fewness of its members, that this was spun at their own houses and out of their own materials are considered." THE REV. PETER WHITNEY PARSONAGE. BUILT 1780 The original John Martyii Parsonage stood on tliis site NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 43 THE PARSONAGE BURNS DOWN April 26, 1780, was the annual Fast Day, and, as the custom then was, the people had assembled in their Meeting-house to hear a special sermon. Preachers in those days, and, indeed, down to modern times when Fast Day gave place to Patriot's Day, chose that occasion for discoursing upon the "conditions of the times," social, moral and political. Two services were held, morning and afternoon, as on Sundays. On this particular occasion, however, only one service was held, and for the reason (as an unpublished journal relates): "This Day Mr. Whitney's House was Burnt." Mr. Whitney preached, that morning, from the text Gen. xxxii, 26, "And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me." Tradition has it, that, in the progress of the service some one stepped up to the pulpit and handed the minister a note, saying, "Your house is on fire." Mr. Whitney read the note, laid it aside, and went on with his service. When the service was over, the parson and his family were homeless. This tradition, if true, shows Mr. Whitney to have been a man who permitted nothing to interfere with his preaching the Gospel. For details of that catastrophe let us draw upon Mr. Park- man's "Diary," an almost inexhaustible mine of detailed information for the time it covers. He says, under date of April 26, 1780: "General Fast thro' out ye States. Preached on ye Text above (Zech. vii, 5-7). "In going to Meeting P.M. was informed yt Mr. Whitney's House of Northboro was burnt down this very noon. I preached on Ps. 107 :43 & took occasion frequently to apply it to ye present Occurrence, so surprising and affecting! May ye Lord sanctifie it to ye Sufferers & to us all!" "April 27. In ye Morning, I rode over to see ye Ruins, & sympathize with those who are bereaved. I found ye sad Cause to be, Mrs. Whitney made a Fire in her Oven, that morning, sat in her Food to be baked for Supper; but ye Fire, while ye People were at Meeting in ye forenoon, kindled in ye Kitchen Chamber, & was discovered by Mr. Saml Allen in ye time of ye last prayer. Many goods in ye lower rooms, ye Church plate &c were saved, but the Library and Papers, which were of great worth: 4 feather Beds, all their Cloths and Linnen, except what they had on. Corn, Cyder, Sauce, &c., &c., burnt. Mr. Sumner (of Shrewsbury) came also and carryed various things. I went in to see Mr. Jonas Badcock, whose Hair, Face and Hands were much Scorched, Swelled and blistered by ye Flames. I dined 44 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY at Mrs. Briggs's where Mr. Whitney and his Family had re- paired to. Mr. Sumner and Mr. Alien, preacher at Bolton, dined there also. The people meet this afternoon to see what they can do toward assisting. N.B.: A great deal has been brot in already." "April 30. On consideration of ye burning of Mr. Whitney's House, I preached (with alterations repeated) on Lam. 3:22-23, both A. & P.M. Appointed contribution for Rev. Mr. Whitney next Sabbath. At noon conferred with Selectmen as well as Deacons about ye Contributions." "May 10. Mr. Andrews delivers me a letter from Mr. Whitney, concerning our Contribution for him, manifesting his Satisfaction in our deferring it, and how gratefully he will accept of whatsoever shall be afforded." "May 14. After ye forenoon Exercise, I read some Parts of Mr. Whitney's Letter to me on ye 8th to ye Congregation. "P. M. A Contribution for Rev. Peter Whitney." "May 15. Deac. Wood here to count ye Contribution made yesterday. It was in Notes 262£, in Money (including 5 Pistareens), 175. In all to Mr. Whitney 438£." The active interest that Mr. Parkman manifested in Mr. Whitney's misfortune shows him to have been a man of large heart and deep sympathy who made other people's sorrows his own. This fact doubtless accounts for his long and successful pastorate. He was born in Boston, September 5, 1703; was graduated from Harvard in 1721; ordained in Westborough, October 28, 1724, at the age of 21; and died December 9, 1782, in the fifty-ninth year of his ministry. The effect of the loss of his house and contents, and the consequent inconvenience to which he and his large family were subjected, must have been very serious upon Mr. Whitney. He did not preach again (in his own church) until May 21. What more natural than that on that occasion he should choose for the subject of his discourse, "Adversity!" His text was the well-known words from Eccles. (vii, 14) : "But in the Day of Adversity, Consider." Nor did he preach again until July 2; nor again, until September 17; and from then until the end of the year he occupied his pulpit only seven times. Ministers had no vacations in those days; when they needed a respite from their labors they exchanged pulpits with the neighboring brethren. This is what Mr. Whitney did, until such time as his new house was ready for occupancy and he could work at his desk without interruptions. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 45 That Mr. Whitney lost no time in rebuilding his house is attested by this further item from Mr. Parkmen's "Diary." Under date of May 29, he says: "Rec'd a Letter from Rev. Whitney to request me to dine with him & to attend the Raising a New House for him. In riding over there met with Mr, McCarty — he was going to Boston. But turned about and went with me to Northborough. Mr. Stone came also. We dind at Mrs. Briggs, & there Supped. Mr. McCarty went to Boston. Mr. Stone and I went to the Raising. I prayed and gave ye Psalm (ps. 127). Mr. Stone (of Southborough) made ye last prayer. No Evil occurrence. Blessed be God! Mr. Elijah Brigham was my Company home. An Excellent Frame & a great Company." Mr. Parkman was right in saying that the house had "an excellent frame" ; for the house is still standing and is in as good condition as it ever was. It is known as "The Old Parsonage," the "Peter Whitney Parsonage," and is one of the points of interest in the town today. It is owned and occupied by Miss Ada A. McClure. The street on which it stands is Whitney Street. A TRADITION Peter Whitney had a large family — eleven children. There is a tradition current that on Sunday morning when the family got ready for church they were lined up according to their age (another version says, according to their height), and in single file marched thus to meeting, the parson of course, heading the procession. When the new Meeting-house was built, according to the custom of the time, one pew was assigned for the use of the minister's family. But the minister's family was so large that the "minister's pue" could not accommodate them, and the parson was under the necessity of buying an extra one. (This last is no tradition, as a reference to the pew plan will show.) MR. WHITNEY'S PUBLISHED WRITINGS A few of Mr. Whitney's writings were printed; and judging from their character we could wish that more of them had been preserved in that way. For they are the product of a strong, virile mind, a mind that grasped the real significance of current events: 1774. Two Discourses on the Occasion of a Publick Fast. 1776. A Sermon on the Declaration of Independence. 1793. History of Worcester County. 1796. A Half Century Discourse. 46 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 1797. An Ordination Charge at Boylston. 1800. A Sermon at the Ordination of his Son. 1800. A Sermon on the Death of Washington. 1806. Address at the Dedication of a Church at South- borough. 1810. A Funeral Sermon at Shrewsbury, on the wife of Rev. Dr. Sumner. All the above are pamphlets, with the exception of the "History of Worcester County," which is a book. This is the first history of Worcester County ever written; and is an accurate and somewhat detailed account of every town in the county. Though the first of its kind, and written as long ago as 1793, it is the basis upon which all later histories were written. Every Worcester County town history written since that date quotes freely from it. It is dedicated to John Adams, then Vice- President of the United States, and was printed by Isaiah Thomas, in Worcester. It has long since been out of print, but a copy now and then turns up at a second-hand bookstore. MR. WHITNEY, THE MAN AND THE MINISTER Peter Whitney preached his last sermon on Sunday, Feb- ruary 25, 1816. He died suddenly, Thursday, February 29. Or, as an unpublished journal puts it, under that date, "This Day the Rev. Peter Whitney fell down dead. He was born September 17, 1744, was ordained in Northborough, November 4, 1767, and died February 29, 1816. From his ordination to his death were 48 years, 3 months and 25 days. He was 71 years, 5 months and 12 days old." He was buried March 5 ; the Rev. Dr. Sumner, of Shrewsbury preached the funeral sermon from the text (Matt, xiv, 12): "And his disciples came and took up the body and buried it, and went and told Jesus." Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D. his successor in the Northborough church, paid him the following tribute: "Distinguished for the urbanity of his manners, easy and familiar in his intercourse with his people, hospitable to strangers, and always ready to give a hearty welcome to his numerous friends; punctual in his engagements, observing an exact method in the distribution of his time, having a time for everything, and doing everything in its time, without hurry or confusion; con- scientious in the discharge of his duties as a Christian minister, catholic in his principles and in his conduct, always taking an active interest in whatever concerned the prosperity of the town and the interests of religion, he was, for many years, the happy NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 47 minister of a kind and an affectionate people. . . . He was extensively known by his 'History of Worcester County;' a work highly valuable for the facts it records, many of which would probably have been lost, had they not, with great pains and fidelity, been collected and embodied in this work." In a later work, after the death of Mrs. Whitney, Dr. Allen added: "Mrs. Whitney survived her husband nearly five years, and died at Quincy, while on a visit to her children, Jan. 10, 1821, aged seventy-nine years. All who knew Madam Whitney will bear testimony to her worth, and admit that she possessed, in no common measure, dignity of manners, sprightliness of mind, and goodness of heart. She was, indeed, a most pleasant companion and a most valuable friend. THEIR CHILDREN Thomas Lambert, born December 10, 1768; married Mary Lincoln, died June, 1812. Peter, born January 19, 1770; married Jane Lincoln ; minister in Quincy; died March 3, 1843. Julia, born May 7, 1771; died February 16, 1772. Julia Lambert; born August 25, 1772; married Antipas Brigham, died November 29, 1800. Margaret, born February 12, 1774; married Josiah Adams, of Quincy, died February 3, 1849. Elizabeth, born September 6, 1775; married Ebenezer Adams of Quincy, died September 26, 1856. William Lincoln, born 1776; became a colonel; married Zilpah Eager, of Northborough, died July 24, 1834. Aaron, born August 11, 1778; went west and died there. Sarah, born November 3, 1781; married Lemuel Bracket, of Quincy, died in the winter of 1864. Abel, born May 23, 1783; died February 22, 1853, in Cam- bridge. John, born September 29, 1785; died January 2, 1850, in Quincy, where he had been teacher and merchant. III. JOSEPH ALLEN Peter Whitney died, as has been stated, February 29, 1816. Following the custom of the time in such matters, the pulpit was occupied by neighboring ministers for several weeks. No candidates were heard until July 7, when Joseph Allen occupied the pulpit. He evidently gave satisfaction to most of the people and no other candidate was invited to preach. It has 48 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY been shown that on the two former occasions when the town was seeking a minister (1745 and 1767), a week-day pubHc service of "humiHation and prayer" was held, "to guide them in the important matter of settHng a minister." That customary service was dispensed with in the present instance, though an article in the warrant for August 26 called for one. On Septem- ber 9, in town meeting assembled, it was "voted to concur with the church in giving Mr. Joseph Allen a call to settle in the Gospel ministry in this town, 97 in favor and 11 against it," and at a salary of $600. The church had already passed a similar vote, twenty-seven to seven. Mr. Allen's answer to the call is dated September 28, and as it is the last answer of the kind to be made to the town it should have place in this history: MR. ALLEN'S ACCEPTANCE ''To the Christian Society in Northborough : "Brethren and Friends: — "The invitation you have given me to settle in the gospel ministry in this town has, I trust, received that deliberate and prayerful attention which the importance of the relation it con- templates ought to excite. "I feel deeply sensible of my need of divine direction, where interests so strong and lasting are concerned. From a con- viction that your Christian attainments and happiness no less than my own are intimately connected with the decision I am now called to form, it has been my devout wish and prayer, that I might be directed in the path of duty. "The great degree of harmony which has so long prevailed in this town — the evidence you have given of my general accept- ableness among you as a Christian minister, and my consequent hope and prospect of usefulness in the contemplated relation between us — the annual provision you have made for my support, when viewed in connection with the generous addition, which, as I have been informed is making by voluntary subscription, and especially with the pledges you have given, by past acts of kindness and generosity, of your readiness to afford all such further aids as circumstances may require — have been the principal motives, which have led me to the following decision. "In the presence of God, and with earnest supplications for his blessing, I do hereby cheerfully accept the invitation you have given me to become your pastor; and may what has been begun under so favorable auspices, end in our mutual everlasting benefit. REV. JOSEPH ALLEN, D.D. Minister of the Town 1816-32; Minister of tlie LTnitarian Church 1832-73 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 49 "I should more cheerfully have formed this decision, had there existed a greater degree of unanimity in the invitation which led to it. But I am aware that a perfect union in sentiment on the speculative doctrines of Chirstianity, is very rarely found; — and I flatter myself that in the conscientious discharge of duty — by ^speaking the truth in love,' while 'I contend earnestly for' those doctrines and duties which my inquiries shall at any time lead me to embrace, as ingredients of 'that faith, which was once delivered to the saints,' 'I may be made manifest unto God, and I trust also in the consciences of you all', as contributing in some humble measure to the advancement of Christian Knowledge, and piety and charity. "My Christian friends, I look to you with confidence for your countenance and support while I continue faithful to my trust. I ask for a charitable construction of my motives — and, for a candid allowance for my imperfections; and especially, I entreat of you to be fellow-laborers with me in the vineyard of Christ, — to unite with me in all prudent and enlightened endeavors to promote useful learning and pure religion, — and finally to join your prayers with mine that I may obtain mercy of the Lord to be found faithful and acceptable and useful in the high and responsible station to which the Providence of God seems to call me; — that I may take heed to myself and to my doctrine; and that while I fail not to declare the whole counsel of God, I may never teach for doctrine the commandments of men, — that in short, when I come unto you, I may come to the fulness of your gospel of Christ. "Your friend and servant in the Lord, "Joseph Allen. "NoRTHBOROuGH, Sept. 28, 1816." This interesting document discloses the fact that its author fully understood the duties of a Christian minister which he was about to assume, also, that the success of any minister depends upon the loyal co-operation of his people. COUNCIL AND ORDINATION At the same meeting to which the above acceptance was read a committee was appointed to confer with Mr. Allen concerning the ordaining council. They conferred, and together they selected "the following ministers with their delegates": Dr. Joseph Sumner, of Shrewsbury. Dr. Reuben Puffer, of Berlin. Rev. Asa Packard, of Marlborough. Dr. Aaron Bancroft, of Worcester. 50 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Rev. Ward Cotton, of Boylston. Rev. Elisha Rockwood, of Westborough. Rev. Nathl. Thayer, of Lancaster. The College Church (Harvard) under the care of Doctors Kirkland and Ware. Dr. Sanders, of Medfield. Rev. Mr. Abbot, of Salem. Rev. Mr. Frothingham, of Boston. Rev. Mr. Damon, of Lunenburg. Rev. Peter Whitney,* of Quincy. All preliminaries being arranged the ordination took place on Wednesday, October 30, 1816, as follows: "being the eighth month and one day after the death of the Rev. Peter Whitney." Introductory Prayer: By Rev. Peter Whitney, of Quincy. Sermon: By Professor Henry Ware, of the Harvard Divinity School. Consecrating Prayer: By Dr. Kirkland, President of Harvard College. Charge: By Rev. Dr. Sanders, of Medfield. Right Hand of Fellowship: By Rev. Mr. Abbot, of Salem. Concluding Prayer: By Rev. Doctor Puffer, of Berlin. Among the delegates to the ordaining council, besides those already mentioned, were Dr. James Walker, later. President of Harvard College (he represented the College Church), and Levi Lincoln, later Governor of Massachusetts, who represented the Second Parish of Worcester. An elderly person, speaking to the author many years ago, said, "half of Harvard College was there." In those days when the minister was the town minister, i.e., engaged by the town, and his salary paid by the town, he held the position for life; and he generally lived to a ripe, old age. When a new one was engaged he was pretty sure to be a young man, without experience. Thus, Peter Whitney was only twenty- three when he was ordained in Northborough, and Dr. Park- man only twenty-one when he was ordained in Westborough. John Martyn was forty, and his "old" age was held as an objec- tion to his settlement. Dr. Allen was twenty-six at the time of his ordination. In every case the young applicant was put to a very severe test by the ordaining council, to see whether he were "sound in the faith." In this connection, the following statement by Dr. Allen will be read with interest, bearing in mind of course, that a similar statement might have been made (and doubtless was with variations), by every young minister. In a note appended to his twenty-fifth anniversary sermon he says : *Peter Whitney was a son of the former minister. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 51 "In the presence of this Council the pastor-elect was called upon to give a summary of his theological views, and of the leading purposes and aims with which he entered the ministry. This not giving satisfaction to all the members of the Council, a great number of questions were put to him in relation to his faith, to each of which he endeavored to give an explicit answer, in accordance with the dictates of his conscience. It was a trying occasion, and one from which a young man would naturally shrink. But on most of the points on which I was questioned I had, as I thought, clear and definite ideas, whether true or false, and I was not ashamed to avow them, believing them to be in harmony with the word of God, and suited to have a propitious influence on those who should receive them. Besides, I knew that I was surrounded by friends, and I well remember how much I was encouraged and sustained by the benignant looks and kind words of that good old man (Dr. Sumner, of Shrewsbury) who presided over the Council. The result was, that one of the pastors (Rev. E. Rockwood, of Westborough), and two delegates, Deacon Forbes, of Westborough, and Deacon Fay, of Berlin, voted against the ordination. Dr. Puffer, of Berlin, declined voting, but took a part in the public services." In these days of frequent changes, when a minister hardly gets his carpets down before he is looking for a new parish, ordinations are an every-day occurrence, and attract little atten- tion beyond those who are immediately concerned. But in those early days, when a minister remained in one parish anywhere from forty to sixty years, the ordination of the new minister was a matter of general and enthusiastic interest. Again, observation by Dr. Allen on his own ordina- tion will serve to bring the importance of such an event to our attention. It describes not only his ordination, but with a change of names, all similar events of one hundred years ago. In the same discourse, already quoted, he says: "The interest pervaded the whole community, and extended into neighboring towns. Preparations were made for it on a scale of liberality, which seemed to imply that trouble and expense were of no account. To the inhabitants of Northborough, it was a day of Jubilee, such as had not occurred among them for nearly fifty years; and as might well be supposed it was antici- pated and welcomed with great joy. The day at length arrived; and it was one of those serene and mild days, that in our climate commonly intervene between the first frosts and the setting in of winter. Multitudes flock in from the neighboring towns. The church is filled in every part; and great numbers are unable 52 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY to gain admittance. After the services are over, the great as- sembly disperses, and all find a welcome at the well-furnished tables that are spread for them in the houses of the inhabitants. The eagerness, with which the invitations are given and pressed even upon strangers, reminds one of Eastern hospitality." And in another discourse he says: "A sumptuous dinner was provided for the members of the ordaining council, at the house of Colonel William Whitney; while the wives of the ministers and delegates, and other invited guests, were handsomely enter- tained at the house of Dr. Stephen Ball." Dr. Allen does not say, but the Town Records do, (November 4> 1816) that the town voted its thanks to Dr. Ball "for entertaining the ministers' ladies"; and to Stephen Williams, Esq., "for keep- ing horses and lodging part of the council at the ordination." Also, that it voted $109.69 "to sundry persons for entertaining the council, etc." The new minister occupied his pulpit on the following Sunday (November 3), and preached from the text, II Cor. ii, 6: "Who is sufficient for these things?" His congregation was large, for it was a mark of respectability to attend church in those days, being made up largely of "men in the prime of life mostly heads of families, and respectable in their appearance." We can well imagine that it was with considerable trepidation that the young minister faced his congregation, for he was a young man without experience, and they long had been accus- tomed to the well-seasoned thought and speech of his veteran predecessor. Speaking of his congregation at a later time he says: "It was oftened remarked by the ministers with whom I exchanged, and by strangers who visited us, that they had seldom seen a better looking congregation than at that time occupied these seats on the Lord's day." Thus began a ministry that was to last fifty-seven years. His service as the "town minister" did not cover that long period however — for many circumstances conspired to change the old order of New England church affiliations, and a new order was ushered in. All men can not be made to think alike on any question; and much less on the subject of theology. During the first third of the nineteenth century the theological waters were stirred to their depths; and when they subsided there were three churches in Northborough, where, before the stirring began, there had been only one* ♦This matter is discussed more fully under "The Northborough Baptist Church" and "The Evangelical Congregational Church." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 53 The Baptist church came into existence in 1827, and the "EvangeUcal Church," in 1832. On the latter date the North- borough Meeting-house became the "Unitarian Church," and has since been known by that name. Dr. Allen, consequently, ceased to be the "town minister," and has no further place in this chapter. But, as he continued to be a dominant figure in the life of the town for many years thereafter, it seems better to continue the sketch of his life here begun, than elsewhere. Dr. Allen entered upon his pastoral duties with an enthu- siasm natural to a young man. He was immensely interested in education. And it was not long after his settlement that he embarked upon an educational crusade that was destined to make the schools of Northborough take rank with the best in the state. In after years he prided himself upon the large number of teachers the schools turned out. Edward Everett Hale once asked him "what proportion of teachers do your North- borough schools send out?" "All of them," he answered; "all of them." That is hardly an exaggeration, so far as the female students are concerned, for a large acquaintance with the women of this town will disclose the fact that practically "all of them" have taught school at some time in their lives. In 1817 he introduced a unique plan for the improvement of the children, which he continued in operation for ten or twelve years. This plan he called a "Lecture to the Schools," and was, as its name implies, an address to all the children of the town. It was given in the Meeting-house at the close of the winter term. The method of assembling the children was spectacular — which fact doubtless helped the children to keep up their interest in the plan. There were six district schools in town at that time. On the appointed day the pupils gathered at Munroe's Tavern where they were arranged according to their respective districts, each district being in charge of its teacher. Arranged thus, in procession they marched to the Meeting-house where the minister instructed them "in the way they should go." This plan was continued until about the time a new state law required all towns to provide a general school committee. This was in 1826. Dr. Allen was elected a member of that first school committee, and he was re-elected every year for fifty years, all of which time he was its chairman. During those fifty years he spent two solid years of his life in the schoolhouses of Northborough. He loved the children; and almost to his dying day he could call every child in town by name. The children loved him. One of the happiest days of his life was a day when all the children 54 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY in town presented him a fur coat which they had bought with pennies they themselves had saved. He had received many tokens of appreciation throughout his long career, but none of them all touched his heart as did that love-token from the children. Text books were not provided by the town in those days, but by the pupils. This entailed considerable expense, especially upon those parents who had several children in the schools. It was a matter of common knowledge that Dr. Allen at his own expense furnished books to many children in order that they might remain in school. In years gone by, Northborough enjoyed a reputation all her own, for education, culture, and breadth of view. That sort of thing does not spring up of itself; it is not indigenous to the soil of any community. It must have some underlying in- spiration, some guiding force. And it cannot be gainsaid that so far as Northborough is concerned that inspiration and guiding force was the personality of Dr. Allen. Early in his ministry he began to lead the people into the pleasures and satisfactions of the intellectual life. With this end in view Dr. Allen, in 1827, gave a course of lectures on "Astronomy" in the town hall. These lectures met with a keen response on the part of the people, for they opened up to them a newer and larger world of intellectual life than they had ever known before. Those lectures proved to be the be- ginning of the "Northborough Lyceum," an institution which, for fifty years thereafter brought to the town the best platform orators in the country, who discussed every conceivable subject of interest. An open discussion, participated in by many keen and active-minded men, followed each lecture. The result was wholesome, for the men of this town soon developed the ability of thinking on their feet; and the town meetings of those days never lacked men who could discuss matters of local and national concern which were brought before them. Another direction in which Dr. Allen's activity manifested itself was the public library. Our present public library was not organized until 1868. But that was the logical outcome of several smaller libraries that preceded it,* with all but one of which Dr. Allen had much to do. But this sketch has already extended beyond its bounds, and must be drawn to a close. There is no question but that Dr. Allen for upwards of half a century was the leader of the *The subject of libraries is discussed more fully in a separate chapter, "The Northborough Free Library." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 55 intellectual and cultural life of this town. His life touched the life of the community, directly and indirectly, at more points than can be enumerated. In educational matters he always occupied an advance position ; and it is the testimony of those best qualified to judge, that, had he followed the profession of education exclusively, he would have become an educator second to none in the country. But this sketch cannot be closed without a reference to his influence upon the physical aspects of the town. Northborough is known far and wide as a beautiful New England town on ac- count of her many shade trees. The thousands of automobilists that ride through our main street every summer have spread her fame in this respect broadcast. Even the inhabitants of the town are conscious of her superior beauty. But do we ever stop to consider to whom we are indebted for this physical beauty? I am afraid that we do not. "We boast the blessings we possess, Yet scarcely thank the one who sends." Dr. Allen records in his journal that when he brought his bride to Northborough (February, 1818), "there was not a shade tree between my house and the village." And he might have added, "and there were less than half a dozen on the main street." The author was speaking with a highly cultivated woman from Providence, a few years ago; and happening to mention Dr. Allen's name she burst forth as follows: "Dr. Allen! Dr. Allen! Why, he taught the people botany, and horticulture, and Christian charity!" There are many yet living who know that all the shade trees on our streets were set out either by Dr. Allen himself, or by those who were under his influence. His interest in horticulture was profound; as was also his interest in botany. His wonderful flower garden is one of the traditions of this town. GENEALOGY Joseph Allen was born in Medfield, Mass., August 15, 1790; died in Northborough, February 23, 1873. He was the son of Phineas and Ruth (Smith) Allen. He was graduated from Harvard College, 1811; was ordained in Northborough, Octo- ber 31, 1816, and was settled as minister of the town; held that position until 1832, when the church ceased to be the town church; continued as minister of the Unitarian church until his death in 1873, an unbroken ministry of fifty-six years and four months. He married Lucy Clark Ware, daughter of Professor Henry Ware, February 3, 1818. She was born in 56 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Hingham, Mass., June 6, 1791, and died in Northborough, February 10, 1866. They had the following children : Mary Ware, born March 7, 1819; married Dr. J. J. Johnson. Joseph Henry, born August 21, 1820; married Anna M. Weld. Thomas Prentice, born July 7, 1822; married Sarah A. Lord. Elizabeth Waterhouse, born June 29, 1824; died July 15, 1893, unmarried. Lucy Clark, born October 28, 1826; married Albert E. P. Powers. Edward A. H., born August 15, 1828; married Eugenia S. Tenlon. William P., born September 5, 1830; married Mary T. Lambert. CHAPTER V NORTHBOROUGH IN THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS The only data concerning Northborough's participation in the early wars is contained in Dr. Allen's "History of North- borough." That "History" was written in 1826; and as Dr. Allen knew personally some of the men who participated in those wars, what he says concerning them is first-hand knowledge. And, as his "History" has long been out of print, and copies of it very scarce (we have been able to locate only three copies in this town), we have thought it advisable to reproduce verbatim what he says on the subject, that it might be more generally available On pages thirty-nine and forty he says : "Nothing has been found on record relating to the part which this town bore in the old French wars, as we have been accustomed to hear them called by our aged fathers. We learn, however, from the few who survive of the generation then on the stage of active life, that this small district was not back- ward in furnishing men to join the several expeditions, which were undertaken for the conquest of the French in Canada. "Eliphalet Warren, John Carruth and Adam Fay joined the expedition to Halifax in 1754. In the following year, Ben- jamin Flood and Eber Eager, the latter of whom did not live to return, were at Crown Point. In 1758, the following eight persons were with the army under General Abercrombie, at his defeat before Ticonderoga. Captain Timothy Brigham (now living and who retains a perfect recollection of the scenes he passed through in this ill-fated expedition), Eliphalet Stone, Samuel Stone (who died on his return), Benjamin Flood, Josiah Bowker, Samuel Morse, Gideon Howard, and Joel Rice. Captain Brigham says that the attack upon the French lines commenced at 5 o'clock, A.M. and lasted till 7 o'clock, p.m.; and that over 1,900 of our men were missing at the calling of the rolls that evening. Capt. B. says that after this repulse, the army re- treated to Lake George, soon after which, the company to which he belonged (Captain Stephen Maynard's, of Westborough) was dismissed and returned home. "There is one man now living in this town, at the age of 88, nearly (Lieut. Abraham Monroe), who was at Halifax, in the regiment of Maj. Rogers, of Londonderry, N. H., in the year 1757, and, at the taking of Ticonderoga under Gen. Amherst, 58 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY in 1759. Mr. Monroe had there the rank of Ensign; and in the following year, received a Lieutenancy. He served in the regiment of Col. Saltonstall, of Haverhill; and at the departure of our army for Montreal, received orders to remain at the head of a detachment of men, for the purpose of completing the repairs of the fortifications at Crown Point. Lieut. Monroe continued at Ticonderoga till his discharge in May, 1763, under Capt. Ormsbury, or Amsbury, to whom the command of the fort had been committed. "Several other persons belonging to this town, whose names I have not learned, were in service at different times during the French wars, some of whom did not live to return." CHAPTER VI NORTHBOROUGH IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR The patriotism of Northborough is proverbial. She has always been foremost in taking an advanced stand on questions touching the national honor. Her voice has always, and early, been raised in protest against encroachments upon the nation's rights. She has always been jealous of those rights and zealous in supporting them. The rafters of her old Meeting-house and her old Town Hall have many times rung with the eloquence of her debaters. Nor has she been content with patriotic words. She has, on every occasion, supported her words with deeds. We have, in the previous chapter, shown that, while still under the dominion of Great Britain she aided the mother country in her wars against France, in what are known as "The French and Indian Wars." In this chapter we shall attempt to show that when the mother country began to treat her transatlantic colonies as undutiful children, and to exploit them for her own advantage without a thought for the rights of her children, those children, conscious of their rights, turned on their mother and demanded that she recognize them. Northborough did not lag behind other towns in this matter. As early as February, 1773, some of her citizens waylaid a pedler and burned his tea before his astonished eyes,* as a protest against what they considered the unjust tax which had been laid upon it. Up to that time their protests had been the mur- murings of an angry and dissatisfied people. But on March 22, of that year (1773) their grievances took on an official character. On that day, in town meeting assembled, the citizens of Northborough registered their pent-up feelings in the following votes: "The vote was put to see if the District would concur with the town of Boston, as the said town has stated the rights of the colonists at their meeting Oct. 28, 1772, and sd rights as then stated by sd town exhibited to this District by a printed pam- phlet sent to the Selectmen of this District. Passed in the affirmative. "The Articles are as follows: viz. — This District taking into consideration a pamphlet presented to them by order of the *See "The Northborough Tea Party." 60 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY town of Boston, in which the rights of this Province are stated; and also, a list of grievances and infringements of those rights by Administration at home. After mature deliberation thereon came to following votes, namely: "1st. Voted, as the opinion of this District, that the rights of this people are very justly stated in sd pamphlet, and that ye grievances and infringements therein pointed out are real and not imaginary ones, as too many endeavor to insinuate. "2nd. Voted, as the opinion of this District that it is the indispensable duty of all men and all bodies of men to unite and strenuously to oppose by all lawful ways and means such unjust and unrighteous encroachments made or attempted to be made upon their just rights, and that it is our duty earnestly to endeavor to hand those rights down inviolate to our posterity as they were handed to us by our worthy ancestors. "3rd. Voted, that the thanks of this District be given to the town of Boston for this, their friendly, seasonable and necessary intelligence, and that they be directed to keep up their watch and guard against all such invaders and encroachers for the future. "4th. Voted, that Capt. Bezaleel Eager, Dr. Stephen Ball, and Mr. Timothy Fay be a committee to make answer to the Committee of Correspondence at Boston, informing them of the opinion of this District in this matter." The above action took place in 1773 — two years before the Battle of Lexington and Concord, and three years before the Declaration of Independence. Toward the end of that year it began to be rumored that a Provincial Congress was about to be held; and while the matter was yet in the rumor stage, Northborough, on January 9, 1774, "elected Mr. Levi Brigham a delegate to represent said District at a Provincial Congress whenever or wheresoever met." It was also "put to vote to see if the town would adopt and strictly adhere to the several resolves of the Continental Congress Association and Provincial Congress as represented to us in the public prints." It passed in the affirmative. And to make sure that those resolves should be "strictly adhered to," so far as their town was concerned, it chose the following representative citizens a committee "to inspect those persons who may violate those rules: Capt. Bezaleel Eager John Ball Dea. Paul Newton Samuel Wood Henry Gaschet Artemas Brigham Seth Rice, Jr. Gillam Bass Thaddeus Fay NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 61 We do not know whether the word "preparedness" as we use it today, was talked of at that time; but the above vote proves that Northborough beheved in it, and governed herself accordingly. The Provincial Congress was not held however, until Octo- ber, 1774; but when it was held it marked the end of Royal rule in Massachusetts. It, in itself, was a strong revolutionary measure, in that it was a revolt against the tyranny of the Royal Governor (Governor Gage) . Among other acts of tyranny, he had fortified Boston Neck; and the Provinicial Congress protested vigorously against it. It also protested against recent acts of Parliament, which the colonies regarded as unlawful. But perhaps the most significant act of that Congress was its author- ization of the enrollment of twelve thousand minute-men and the mobilization of a large quantity of ammunition and other military stores. Governor Gage in his turn, naturally protested against these acts, but no attention was paid to his protestations. In the meantime, August 24, 1774, a special and very urgent meeting of the town was called to act upon the following articles : "1st. To see if the town will appoint a Standing Committee of Correspondence to correspond with the town of Boston agreeable to the other towns in this County and Province, as its a measure that has had a tendance to serve to strengthen the Union of the Province & Colonies as much as any plan yet adopted, "2nd. To see if the town will take under consideration the letter lately received from the town of Boston voted at their last meeting. "3rd. To see what steps the town will take in regard to the persons that still refuse to sign the agreement; whether the town will choose a committee to wait on them and know whether they will sign or not, and set a certain time for that purpose, in order to make return to the Committee of Correspondence at Boston how many signers there are." This must have been a rousing, patriotic meeting — one that shows our revolutionary forbears at their best. They were roused to the highest pitch of enthusiasm; and it requires no stretch of the imagination to believe that the old Meeting-house rocked with an eloquence such as had never rocked it before. Of course they chose a "Committee of Correspondence"; and we append their names that the present inhabitants of Northborough may know them: Bezaleel Eager Levi Brigham Seth Rice, Jr. John Ball Gillam Bass 62 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "It was proposed to the town [at this meeting] that we are determined to defend our charter rights and privaleges at the risque of our Hves and fortunes, and that the town desire the Committee of Correspondence to write to their brethren at Boston and inform them thereof." It is needless to say that the above proposal was quickly accepted. This was in August, 1774. The Provincial Congress was held in October following. In November, it was "voted to buy 100 wt of powder, 300 wt of lead, and flints, 240." Here was no half-hearted, lukewarm patriotism. Nor was it a burst of enthusiasm which they regretted as. soon as their ardor cooled off. Those men meant business. And the sequel shows that they supported their votes with their lives. Shortly after this, in the spring of 1775, a company of minute-men was organized, who forthwith began to drill that they might be prepared for any, eventuality. They did not have to wait long for that eventuality — for on the nineteenth of April, at about noon, news of the Battle of Lexington arrived in town. Curiously enough, the minute-men were gathering at the time for the purpose of listening to a patriotic address by their minister, Parson Whitney, who, we shall show later, was in thorough sympathy with the spirit of the times. In- stantly their minds were made up. They repaired to their homes, bade good-bye to their families, and assembled at the home of their captain, Samuel Wood.* Here, their good parson commended them to the protection of God, in an earnest prayer; after which, to the sound of Joseph Sever 's drum and Ebenezer Hudson's fife they started on their way to Boston. All this happened "within three or four hours" of the arrival of the news from Lexington. We append the names of those fifty men: THE MINUTE MEN OF NORTHBOROUGH Samuel Wood, Captain Timothy Brigham, 1st Lieut. Seth Rice, 2nd Lieut. Thomas Seaver, Ensign Oliver Barnes, Corporal Jethro Peters, Sergeant Levi Gaschet, Corporal Amos Rice, Sergeant Joseph Sever, Drummer Asa Rice, Sergeant Ebenezer Hudson, Fifer Abraham Wood, Clerk Joseph Allen Ezekiel Bartlett Reuben Babcock Zadock Bartlett John Ball Artemas Brigham ♦Captain Samuel Wood lived at the time at the corner of East Main and River Streets. THE CAPT. SAMUEL WOOD HOUSE— LATER THE SAMUEL SEAVER HOUSE Built before the Revolution, 1749-50 OLD STAGE COACH The last to be used on the Northborough Line NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 63 THE MINUTE MEN OF NORTHBOROUGH (continued) Abner Bruce Abner Maynard Jonathan Bruce Hollon Maynard Joseph Eager . Levi Maynard William Fay Alvin Newton Henry Gaschet Paul Newton Josiah Goddard Paul Newton, Jr. Solomon Goddard Joel Pratt Joseph Gold Joel Rice Asa Goodnow Joseph Rice Edward Goodnow Josiah Rice, Jr. Nathan Green Luther Rice Isaac Howe Nathan Rice Elijah Hudson Nathaniel Rugg Edward Johnson John Tenney Nathan Johnson Eliab Wheelock John Kelley Benjamin Wilson William Kelley John Wyman Thomas Kenney Samuel Wyman Dr. Allen in his "History of Northborough," written in 1826, records the interesting fact that, "of the fifty men belonging to this company, the following persons are now living in this town. Capt. Timothy Brigham, then the Lieut, of the company, Capt. Amos Rice, Mr. Isaac How, Mr. Joseph Seaver, Mr. Reuben Babcock, and Mr. Nathan Rice. Capt. Samuel Wood, the commander of the company, died Sept. 21, 1818, aged 75 years. He was present, and received a slight wound, at the Battle of Bunker Hill. The Ensign of the company was Mr. Thomas Sever, now of Townsend, in this state." THE MINUTE MEN OF NORTHBORO'* April 19, 1775 'Tis noonday by the buttonwood, with slender-shadowed bud; 'Tis April by the Assabet, whose banks scarce hold his flood ; When down the road from Marlboro' we hear a sound of speed — A cracking whip and clanking hoofs — a case of crying need! And there a dusty rider hastes to tell of flowing blood. Of troops afield, of war abroad, and many a desperate deed. *This poem was written by Wallace Rice of Chicago, son of John Asaph Rice who was born in Northborough. The poem is printed here by special permission of the publisher, Fleming H. Revell. It may be found in a volume entitled "Ballads of Valor and Victory." 64 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The Minute Men of Northboro' were gathering that day To hear the Parson talk of God, of Freedom and the State; They throng about the horseman, drinking in all he should say, Beside the perfumed lilacs blooming by the parson's gate: The British march from Boston through the night to Lexington; REVERE alarms the countryside to meet them ere the sun; Upon the common, in the dawn, the redcoat butchers slay; On Concord march, and there again pursue their murderous way; We drive them back; zve follow on; they have begun to run; All Middlesex and Worcester's up: Pray GOD, ours is the day! The Minute Men of Northboro' let rust the standing plough, The seed may wait, the fertile ground upsmiling to the spring. They seize their guns and powder-horns; there is no halting now, At thought of homes made fatherless by order of the King. The pewter-ware is melted into bullets — long past due. The flints are picked, the powder's dry, the rifles shine like new. Within their Captain's yard enranked they hear the Parson's prayer Unto the GOD of armies for the battles they must share; He asks that to their Fathers and their Altars they be true. For Country and for Liberty unswervingly to dare. The Minute Men of Northboro' set out with drum and fife; With shining eyes they've blest their babes and bid their wives good-bye. The hands that here release the plough have taken up a strife That shall not end until all earth has heard the battle-cry. At every town new streams of men join in the mighty flow; At every cross-road comes the message of a fleeing foe: The British force, though trebled, fails against the advancing tide. Our rifles speak from fence and tree — in front, on every side. The British fall: the Minute-men have mixed with bitterest woe Their late vain-glorious vaunting and their military pride. The Minute Men of Northboro' they boast no martial air; No uniforms gleam in the sun where on and on they plod ; But generations yet unborn their valor shall declare; They strike for Massachusetts Bay; they serve New England's GOD. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 65 The hirelings who would make us slaves, themselves are back- ward hurled, On Worcester and on Middlesex, their flag's forever furled. Their's was the glinting pomp of war; our's is the victor's prize: That day of bourgeoning has seen a race of freemen rise; A nation born in fearlessness stands forth before the world, With GOD her shield, the Right her sword, and Freedom in her eyes. The Minute Men of Northboro' sit down by Boston-town; They fight and bleed at Bunker Hill; they cheer for Wash- ington. In thankfulness they speed their bolt against the British Crown ; And take the plough again in peace, their warriors' duty done. THE INFLUENCE OF PARSON WHITNEY It is a well-attested fact that the ministers of the colonies were, with few exceptions, heart and soul in sympathy with the revolutionary spirit of the time, and gave it an inspiration second to none in importance. And many an interesting story is told of the "fighting parsons," which lend a picturesqueness to the historical narrative of those times. Those parsons believed in God, and in the power of the Christian religion to regenerate the lives of sinful men. But they were men of influence, and resented any encroachments upon their authority, from whatever source. They thundered forth the law of justice from their pulpit thrones Sunday after Sunday, and held their people to a strict account for any infraction of that law. The}^ could not, therefore, view with composure the increasing acts of injustice on the part of the British Parliament toward the colonies. Nor did they. Northborough was blessed with a minister who made the wrongs against his people his own. Rev. Peter Whitney was a "parson" of firm convictions and uncompromising will. He was quick to detect an act of injustice on the part of the government, and as quick to denounce it. Fortunately, two of his sermons of that period are preserved to us in printed form. They were preached on "Fast Day" in 1774, and dealt with "The Dark Aspect of Our Public Affairs." One treats the subject on its political, the other on its moral and social side. Some observations he makes might be written today, so modern are they in their application. We quote a few passages: "The supposition of a divine hereditary right in some, to govern the rest, is glaringly absurd and groundless. God's setting aside 66 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Saul and his family, and bringing David, the son of Jesse, to be the King of Israel . . . proves that such right cannot be founded on the Bible. And where can we go to find and prove this doctrine of the divine hereditary right of particular persons and families to rule and govern others, if not to the revelation from heaven." "Every wrong step in rulers may not proceed from a settled disposition to abuse their power and injure their subjects. But when they make use of their power and authority in a manner subversive of the end of their designation to office; when they encroach on the natural and constitutional rights of the people; when they trample on those laws, which were made, at once to limit their power, and defend their subjects; in such cases the people are bound not to obey them, but resist them as public robbers and the destroyers of mankind and of human happiness." The sermon then goes on to enumerate some of the wrongs which bore heavily upon the colonies. It mentions first, the large number of retired office holders, who, while rendering no services were drawing salaries — thus piling up the debt of the country, for the payment of which the colonies were unjustly taxed. Next, it makes these trenchant observations about "standing armies," which, it will be remembered, was one of the chief grievances of the colonies: "Further, a large standing army, consisting, perhaps of near a hundred thousand men in all parts of the British dominions, is kept up at an amazing expense to the state. Some under half pay, others under full pay; the higher officers have very great wages, while the soldiers have scanty allowance. This army is kept up to aid the civil power, it is pretended; but were the requirements of civil rulers just and reasonable, there would be no occasion of having recourse to the powers of the military, to coerce obedience. When measures are to be carried, and can be carried, only by force of the soldiery, and the terror of arms, it is proof abundant that they are unlawful and uncon- stitutional. For however there may be persons of a factious, licentious turn, yet the body of a people are disposed to obedience and submission from a principle of self-interest, if nothing else. They are disposed to 'lead quiet and peaceable lives.' When there arises general uneasiness and complaint among a people, it is a certain sign things do not go well in the state, and that the measures pursuing are not just, right and equal. A standing army kept up, as they always are, in idleness in time of peace, are the bane of religion, virtue and social felicity, and the nursery of the most exuberant growth of all kinds of wickedness and NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 67 debauchery. This is a plan to fright people into a compHance with favorite measures, which the abettors are sensible mankind will not readily consent unto. And may it not be, because they are not just? "But to proceed. We, in this land, have seen and felt and still see and feel, the evils of a standing army posted among us in time of peace; sent hither to force or fright this people to comply with acts of the British Parliament, which are generally looked upon as unconstitutional and grievious; and they will probably be improved to force this people, if possible, to relinquish their chartered rights and liberties, which we hold by the plighted faith of former princes, and the Crown. "But enough has been said to show when government, instead of being a blessing becomes a scourge, and a punishment to a people." The words quoted above were spoken in 1774 while the war was yet in the rumor stage. Nor did he change his attitude after the war had really begun. The Battle of Lexington and Concord was fought April 19, 1775. On May 11, a public Fast Day, Mr. Whitney preached from the text (II Chron. xx, 11, 12) : "Behold, I say, how they reward us, to come to cast us out of thy possession, which thou hast given us to inherit. O our God, wilt thou not judge them? for we have no might against this great company that cometh against us; neither know we what to do: but our eyes are upon thee." On May 28, 1775, he preached from the text (Joshua v, 13, 14) : "And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand: and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him, What saith my lord unto his servant? And he said, Nay: but as captain of the host of the Lord am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto him. What saith my lord unto his servant?" On July 9, he preached from this text (Ps. xliv, 5, 6) : "Through thee will we push down our enemies; through thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us. For I will not trust in my bow, neither shall my sword save me." These sermons were never published; nor do they exist in manuscript. But judging from the texts, they were militant in a high degree, and quite in keeping with the strong words of the Fast Day sermon of 1774, and were well calculated to keep the patriotism of his hearers at a white heat. That they had that effect is attested by a vote passed in town meeting on June 3, 1776. Under Article II of the warrant it 68 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY was voted: "If it be the mind of this town to be independent of Great Britain, in case the Continental Congress think proper, and that we are ready with our hves and fortunes, if in Provi- dence called to defend the same. Passed in the affirmative." The Declaration of Independence was adopted in Phila- delphia, July 4, 1776. The above vote, passed a month before, shows that Northborough was in full sympathy with that momentous act. It was several days before the news of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence reached Massachusetts. But when the news did arrive, it goes without the saying that most ministers made it the theme of one or more discourses. On July 21, Mr. Whitney preached from two texts, Acts xvii, 26, and Deut. xx, 1 : "And hath made of one blood all nations of men, for to dwell on all the face of the earth; and hath deter- mined the times before appointed, and the hounds of their habi- tation" -/'^hen thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the Lord thy God is with thee." On August 1, he reverted to the subject again, using the text, Jerem.iah xviii, 7: "At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it." These texts speak for themselves. We can easily imagine the line of thought the preacher pursued. September 12 of that year, 1776, was a day set apart for publishing to the people the contents of the Declaration of Independence. On that occasion Mr. Whitney delivered a lecture which must have made the rafters of the Meeting-house shake with emotion. (This lecture was published.) His subject was "American Independence Vindicated"; and his text was what must have been a favorite text with all patriotic ministers during those stirring times: I Kings xii, 16, "So when all Israel saw that the king hearkened not unto them, the people answered the king, saying. What portion have we in David? neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: to your tents, Israel! now see to thine own house, David."* The preacher first rehearses in full the story of the revolt of the ten tribes of Israel against the arbitrary rule of King Reho- boam, and then proceeds to apply the story to the revolt of the thirteen colonies of North America against their mother country. He says: "We have just cause of complaint, and sufficient reasons to reject him as our King (George III), and to set up as free and independent states, saying, what portion have we in George? ♦The reader, in order to understand the full application of the discourse should read the entire twelfth chapter of I Kings. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 69 neither have we inheritance in the house of Hanover; to your tents, O Americans, and now see to thine own house, George." He then enumerates twenty-six of the King's crimes, and pro- ceeds: "These are some of the acts and doings of George HI, but not all; we therefore cheerfully renounce him as totally unfit and unworthy to be our King and head; let them who like him take him and make the best of him. It is a pity that some way could not be discovered whereby the few in these states who appear peculiarly fond of such a King, might be transplanted to Great Britain there to participate in the fruits of his reign." The effect of such an address must have been electrifying upon his audience. And how different the attitude of the preacher from that of his father, the Rev. Aaron Whitney, of Petersham, concerning whom the following is told: Against Rev. Mr. Whitney, who had continued, both in his preaching and his praying to inculcate submission to the sovereign, the tide of popular indignation rose at length to a high pitch. The church was rent by dissensions, and public worship was neglected, till at length, about the close of 1774, the town voted that "they will not bargain with, hire nor employ the Rev. Mr. Whitney to preach for them any longer." Mr. Whitney attempted to open negotiations for a reconciliation with the people, but they refused to compromise with him, discontinued his salary, and finding that that would not cause him to desist from preaching, they chose a committee of ten on the 24th of the next May, "to see that the public worship on Lord's day next, and all future worship be not disturbed by any person or persons going into the desk, but such as shall be put in by the town committee." In pursuance of this vote, an armed guard was stationed at the Meeting-house door on Sunday morning, who, when the minister arrived, and would have entered as usual, refused to allow him to pass. After this, Mr. Whitney preached regularly at his own house on the Sabbath, the services being attended by those who were politically in sympathy with him. From what has been said above, it is evident that the Whitney father and the son were not on the same side of the political fence. Peter Whitney was a patriot of the most pronounced type. His politics were bold, intrepid and straightforward. These extracts clearly show the source of the patriotic inspiration which the inhabitants of Northborough imbibed in those troublous times. There were many times during the progress of the war when it seemed as though the colonies had embarked upon an unsuccessful venture; but there can be no doubt but that such preaching as Parson Whitney's inspired them to continue their efforts to the end. We append a partial list of texts which were used by Mr. Whitney and the neighboring ministers with whom he exchanged. A perusal of them will clearly show the wonderful influence 70 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY which that intrepid parson exerted upon the thought and action of his time, upon the moulding of public opinion, and upon the success of one of the greatest political movements of the world's history — the independence of America! 1774. July 14, Fast Day, Proverbs xxviii, 2. 1775. May 11, Fast Day, II Chronicles xx, 11, 12. May 28, Joshua v, 13, 14. June 21, Lecture by Sumner,of Shrewsbury, Haggai ii,7. July 2, sermon by Willard, of Boxboro, Acts v, 31, Habakkuk i, 12, 13. July 9, Psalms xl, 44: 5, 6. July 20, General Fast, Psalms Ixxx, 8 to end. August 27, Amos iv, 12, 13. September 3, same as above, September 17, Isaiah Iviii, 13, 14. December 10, sermon by Bowers, Psalms xxii, 28. 1776. March 3, I Peter ii, 13, 16. April 7, same as above April 19, In memory of 1775, Isaiah viii, 9, 10. July 21, Acts xviii, 26; Deuteronomy xx, 1. August 1, Jeremiah xviii, 7. September 12, lecture for publishing Declaration of Independence, I Kings xii, 16. October 3, Sumner, of Shrewsbury, Joshua v, 13, 14. THE DRAFT Drafting men into the country's military service is no new thing. In the present year (1917), when President Wilson's "Draft Bill" was under consideration by Congress, considerable opposition to its passage manifested itself. The ground of the opposition was "the draft is unnecessary because a sufficient army can be raised by voluntary enlistments." History does not bear out that belief. In all the important wars in which our country has engaged it has been necessary to resort to the "draft." The term was first used in connection with the "War of 1812"; but the idea was employed during the "Revolution." While individual men were not conscripted, as in the present war, towns were conscripted and were obliged to furnish a certain number of men at each conscription. Thus, as early as May, 1778, Northborough was called upon to furnish its quota. And by vote of the town (May 1, 1778), "the Selectmen together with the militia officers were empowered to hire five men to go into the service." During the following summer (1779) the town was called upon to furnish seven men. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 71 In June, 1780, the town was conscripted again for seven men. In July, 1780, the town was again called upon for seventeen men, "nine for the term of six months and eight for the term of three months." In every instance the town was obliged to pay the men whom it hired into the service, and it paid them willingly. But the currency was in a state of fluctuation at the time (generally of depreciation), and because of this fact the men never got what they thought they were getting. It thus became increasingly difficult to hire men into the service. On Christmas day, 1781, the town considered a resolve of the General Court for raising men to serve in the Continental Army "for three years, or during the war," and appointed a committee to give the resolve further consideration and make report at an adjourned meeting. That committee reported three days later (December 28, 1781). As their carefully considered report throws considerable light upon the financial conditions of that time, and as the action of the town concerning it shows that the town endeavored to treat its soldiers justly and fairly, we quote it in full : ''To the Inhabitants of the town of Northborough in Town Meeting Assembled by Adjournment on the 28th day December, A.D. 1781: "Gentlemen: Your committee appointed at a meeting of the town on the 25th instant, to consider the most salutary measures to be taken in order to raise your quota of men to serve in the Continental Army for the term of three years, or during the present war, having attended that service and would now beg leave to report. That whereas the fluctuating state of our paper currency has had, in our opinion, a very great tendency to discourage soldiers from entering into the service of these states, for, often- times, soldiers that we have hired thought that the town was generous to them when they entered the service, yet on their return home from the army it turned out very inadaquate to their expectations, the depreciation of the currency in the mean- time being so rapid: and add to this the many embarrassments government having been laboring under, by which means they, in many respects were not able to fulfill their engagements to the soldiers with respect to their wages and clothing; for these, and many other reasons your committee might here mention, would now recommend to the town, that they pay their soldiers now sent for, as an encouragement, their wages in hard money at forty shillings per month, and quarterly; and 72 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY that they give them as a hire twenty-one pounds hard money pr year, during their continuance in the service; and that they give them a sute of cloathes yearly — that is to say, one coat, one waistecoat, one pair woolen breeches, two pairs linen overalls, two shirts, two pairs stockings, two pairs shoes, a hatt and blanket — and that the soldiers on their part give the town their obligation, should they receive from the Continent, or state, any wages or cloathing, to return them to the town, or otherwise discount so much out of their wages aforesaid, and cloathing supplied them agreeable to the above. And we would further advise and recommend that the town would choose a committee in order to procure the above men sent for, and that the said committee be otherwise empowered to receive their obligations and give them theirs, in behalf of the town. All which your committee humbly submit. "Seth Rice, Jr. Timothy Brigham Samuel Wood } Com?mttee Jethro Peters GiLLAM Bass "Northborough, Dec. 26, 1781." It is to the credit of the town that it accepted the above report and immediately took measures to put its recommendations into effect. But for some reason or other the men called for had not been procured at the time of the following March meeting. At that meeting a second resolve of the General Court was read "by which resolve the assessors and commanding ofiticer of the militia in the several towns who had not raised their quota of men were empowered and strictly enjoined immediately to class their inhabitants in order to raise their quota of men sent for to fill up the Continental Army." The town acted favorably upon this resolve and "the in- habitants were classed into eight classes," and each class pro- cured one man for the purpose. In July, 1781, the town was called upon to raise five men. They were sent to West Point. Between July and September, one man was called for, and he was sent to Rhode Island. These six men were paid in "hard money." It thus appears that between May, 1778 and July, 1781, the town was conscripted for fifty men; which it raised and paid. But it was not only men that the town was conscripted for. In April, 1778, the General Court asked that the towns provide clothing for the Continental Soldiers. And Northborough, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 73 true to her ideals, appointed a commmittee to raise its share of clothing. And in June it appropriated £140 to pay for the same. In November, 1778, the town appropriated £4 2^. for taking care of Benjamin Curtis, "a soldier who fell sick among us." In October, 1780, the town appropriated £6660 "to purchase beef for the use of the army." On December 11, 1780, the town appropriated £15,330 "to purchase a quantity of grain which the Selectmen engaged to the six and three months' men the summer past." On January 8, 1781, the town ''Voted and granted the sum of £13,000 to purchase a quantity of beef for the use of the army." On May 17, 1781, the town appropriated £3300 "to pay for three horses the Selectmen provided for the use of the Con- tinental Army agreeable to a resolve of the General Court." On September 3, 1781, the town ''Voted and granted the sum of £77, hard money, to pay for 3518 lbs. beef sent for by a resolve of the General Court of the 22nd June last, for the use of the Continental Army." In view of the above very generous expenditures the following item will be read with interest: "At a meeting of the town held September 3, 1781, "a resolve of the General Court of the 22nd June last, requiring a quantity of clothing for the Continental Army was considered, and the Selectmen mentioned to the town the purchasing or making the said clothing themselves. Where- upon it was put to vote to see if the town would grant money to purchase the same; and it passed in the negatived This is the only instance on record where Northborough failed to respond to the calls made upon her through the long and tedious years of the American Revolution. We could have wished that she had responded in this instance. But she surely might be forgiven for not having done so. We must remember that the town was only nine years old when the war began, and that its long continuance meant a constant and steady drain upon her resources. Like most other towns in the Colonies, she had no wealth except her land. Her loyalty to the cause of freedom was unquestioned. From 1773, when her young men disguised as Indians, burned the pedler's tea near the tavern in Shrewsbury, till 1784 when she "Voted and granted the sum of two pounds and eight shillings to pay for a gun Jno Maynard let the town have in the year 1775," she had shown her faith in the cause by her works. From her small population she had sent upwards of one hundred men into the military service. From her slender resources she had spent many thousands 74 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY of dollars. And even on the day when she declined to furnish a quantity of clothing for the Army, she had appropriated $664.16 in hard money, for purposes connected with the war, and which, everything considered, doubtless proved a cumbersome burden. Surely, Northborough's record is an enviable one. And it is only because of such unstinted patriotism and devoted loyalty to the cause of freedom throughout the colonies that the American Revolution was finally brought to a successful issue. Its cost was heavy and burdensome; but those who paid the cost believed it to be worth while; and our great, rich, powerful, liberty-loving nation today, fighting in the old world to bring about similar conditions there, fully justifies the faith of our revolutionary forebears. COST OF THE WAR FROM APRIL, 1775 TO JUNE, 1778 At a town meeting held June 15, 1778, Article III of the warrant read as follows: "To see if the town will vote to make an average of the whole of the public cost that they have been at occasioned by the present war since the 19th of April, 1775 until this time, and all necessary cost that may for the future arise on account of sd war, each one to pay according to his estate, as in other taxes." Under this article it was voted: 1st, "To make an average agreeable to the first clause." 2nd, "To pay all cost that may for the future arise, agreeable to the second clause"; and 3rd, "To choose a committee to make an average of past service, &c." Chose for the committee: "Capt. Samuel Wood Lt. Amos Rice Jethro Peters Artemas Brigham Gillam Bass." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 75 The committee made a careful investigation, and reported, June 29, as follows: "Account of services done personally in the Army and of cash advanced for carrying on the war, since the 19th day of April, 1775": SERVICE CASH £ 5. d. £ 5. d. Dea. Jonathan Livermore 25 Capt. Bezaleel Eager 12 25 Ens. Josiah Rice 15 Gershom Fay — — — — — — Seth Rice 15 Jacob Rice 25 Capt. Jesse Brigham 15 Timothy Fay 25 Thomas Goodenow 10 Samuel Gamwell 3 10 Wd. Mary Holloway 18 Col. Levi Brigham 27 10 10 Wd. Lydia Warren — — — — — — Dea. Paul Newton 14 19 12 8 William Badcock 10 Ens. Silas Rice 12 Jotham Bartlett 30 5 7 Samuel Allen 31 10 Jonathan Bruce 3 25 Joshua Child 14 1 Joseph Muzzy 10 Benjamin Willson 18 Paul Fay 34 Jonathan Bartlett 46 12 6 18 Dr. Stephen Ball 35 Josiah Goddard 7 7 21 Henry Gaschet 25 2 6 10 Maj. Joseph Mixture — — — — — — Lt. Abraham Munroe 39 18 Thaddeus Fay 5 23 15 Lt. Joel Rice 1 7 22 5 4 Ens. Timothy Brigham 8 10 Samuel Gamwell, Jr. 5 19 4 Lt. Seth Rice 9 7 6 4 1 Solomon Goddard 5 7 6 16 John Ball 9 28 5 4 Artemas Brigham 10 14 11 Capt. Samuel Wood 8 Ens. John Carruth 15 15 Lt. Amos Rice 5 5 7 7 5 4 John Maynard 10 Antipas Bowker 21 Adam Fay 25 Jethro Peters 3 15 Simeon Hill 15 76 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY SERVICE CASH {continued) £ 5. d. 1 £ 5. d. Gillam Bass 13 Eliphalet Warren 10 13 4 Nathan Green 3 15 15 John Gamwell 15 16 14 Oliver Barnes 3 5 7 15 John Taylor — — — — — — Thomas Billing — — — — — — Wd. Miriam Eager — — — — — — Silvanus Billing — — — — — — Josiah Bowker 19 4 8 John Wiman 3 21 Isaac How 12 Jonah Brigham 9 15 Samuel Townsend 24 5 Hollon Maynard 25 5 7 Ebenezer Ball 10 William Brigham 10 Abraham Wood 5 5 7 15 Joseph Eager 6 3 9 Asa Goodenow 19 9 7 George Smith — — — — — — Levi Maynard 3 7 6 15 Josiah Rice, Jr. 9 5 7 9 Jesse Wood 9 Joseph Seaver 3 7 6 Lt. Benjamin Wilson 3 7 6 12 Jonas Badcock 4 5 18 6 8 Thomas Kenney 3 10 Timothy Newton — — — — — — Joseph Allen 21 7 6 Ens. Jacob Adams — — — — — Nathan Rice 1 2 6 Moses Newton 8 15 Joseph Rice 4 10 Reuben Badcock 9 12 6 10 William Hagget 12 Wd. Abigail Eager 9 Luther Rice 17 7 6 10 1 8 Paul Newton, Jr. 12 James Longley 4 10 Eli Goodenow 15 Samuel Morse — — — — — — Susannah Ball — — — — — — Dea. Paul Newton's Adminsr. 11 7 Calvin Rice 19 PROFITEERING AND PRICE FIXING War always entails much hardship upon a nation. All sorts and conditions of people feel its baneful influence. We of the present time are beginning to find that out, now that our country NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 77 has entered the great World War and is making preparations (1917) to do its part toward "making the world safe for democ- racy." Already, we have begun to feel the pinch of the titanic struggle — in the increased and increasing cost of living; in heavy war taxes which are burdensome ; and in the scarcity of food and other important necessary commodities. In these matters, however, history is but repeating itself. Our revolutionary forebears suffered the same hardships that we now suffer. But their sufferings were greater than ours, for they were less able to bear them. In 1779, after the Revolution had been dragging along for four years, those sufferings reached the acute stage when it became absolutely necessary that measures be taken to relieve them. Distress, in Massachusetts at least, was well-nigh uni- versal. The currency had depreciated to such an extent that one never knew what his money was worth. Food and other necessaries of life had reached such exorbitant prices that the people could not purchase them. And the public credit had fallen to a very low ebb. Congress had made certain recom- mendations looking to relief from these direful conditions. But Congress had no power to enforce its recommendations. The town of Boston took the initiative in this matter (as it has in so many other relief measures, since then). It sent out invita- tions to every town in the state asking that delegates be sent to a convention to be held at Concord for the purpose of discussing ways and means of giving effect to the recommendations of Congress. These invitations were accepted, and the proposed convention (composed of delegates from all parts of the state) was held at Concord, on July 14, 1779. It discussed the recommendations of Congress, and some other things of interest to Massachu- setts. It adopted a set of resolutions, extracts from which we quote, as showing the condition of the country and the spirit of those earnest delegates — which we may presume fairly rep- resented the spirit of the country: "As many of the respectable merchants and fair traders have retired from business, their places have been supplied by an augmented number of locusts and canker-worms, in human form, who have increased and proceeded along the road of plunder, until they have become odiously formidable, and their con- tagious influence dangerously prevalent: Therefore, Resolved: That such persons ought not to be admitted to bear a part in any mercantile consultation, but should be considered pesti- lential mushrooms of trade which have come up in the night of public calamity, and ought to perish in the same night. 78 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "Whereas, regrators in the public markets, forestallers, en- grossers 'of the produce of the country, and higlers, have had a great share in depreciating the pubhc currency by their per- nicious practices: Resolved, That all such persons are guilty of a dangerous opposition to the measures necessary to promote the well-being and prosperity of this country, and ought to be subjected to the resentment and indignation of the public, whether their conduct proceeds from a general disaffectation to public measures and the independence of these states, or from private motives of sordid interest. "Resolved: That whoever refuses to sell the surplus of the products of his farm, and retains the same to produce a higher price by means of an artificial scarcity, is very criminally acces- sory to the calamities of the country, and ought to be subjected to those penalties and disabilities which are due to an inveterate enemy." This is pretty vigorous language; but the situation doubtless justified it. Nothing can be more despicable than the cornering of foodstuffs in times of national calamity. A second state convention was held at Concord, on October 12, and a county convention at Worcester, on August 11. Con- ventions in those days did something more than talk. They acted. The above-mentioned conventions sought to relieve the distressed conditions in the state by regulating the prices of foodstuffs. Northborough was very much alive to the situation; and as she had borne her part of the suffering, so also she had her part in all attempts to relieve the same. But if we may judge by a later vote of the town, we must conclude that the action of the Concord and Worcester conventions did not go far enough to meet her needs: for on September 13, she chose Thaddeus Fay, Jesse Wood, Lieutenant Abraham Monroe, Gillam Bass, and Captain Timothy Brigham a committee "to state the prices of articles in town not stated by the convention at Worcester." The report of that committee made September 20, is very interesting and we append it in full : "The committee appointed by the town at their meeting on the 13th inst. to afffx prices to articles and mechanics' work, etc., not already stated by the conventions at Concord and Worcester beg leave to report that the within articles be not sold at an higher price after this day, nor mechanicks take more for their work than is herein specified, (viz.): Barley, 4£ll5. per bushell. Malt that is ground, 5 £ 25. per bushell. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 79 Good flaxseed, 5£ 25. Potatoes, 185. Turnips, White beans. 125. 5£ 25. Salt pork. Hog's fat. Il5. 105. Fried tallow, 105. Rough ditto. 75. Poultry, Milk, 65. 25. Live shoats, 45. Firewood, 3£ 125. per bush ell. per bushell. per bushell. per bushell. per pound, per pound, per pound. 75. 6d. per pound, per pound, per quart, per pound, per cord. Winter apples of the best quality, IO5. per bushell. "Blacksmiths, for setting a shoe, 55.; and other work in pro- portion. "Shoemakers for making a pair of men's shoes, and finding thread and wax, 485.; and other work in proportion. "Coopers, for a good heart barrell, 6O5.; and other work in proportion. "Spinning, for spinning a double skain of linen yarn, 55.; and all other spinning in the usual proportion. "And all other tradesmen to pall in their work in proportion to the above regulation. "Horse hire, 3s. per mile. "N.B. The above articles are to be of the best qualtiy. "GiLLAM Bass, ''Per order. "NoRTHBOROUGH, Sept. 20, 1779." "Then voted that a copy of the foregoing be posted up at Lt. Abraham Monroe's in Northborough." Thus Northborough, as early as 1779, became, or sought to become, her own food comptroller.* It does not appear from the records however, whether the attempt was successful or not. But considering the spirit of the people, born of their intense sufferings, we may assume that it met with some measure of success. But not a very large measure; for the regulation of prices is an economic question which cannot be settled by votes of towns or of conventions. History shows that all attempts to regulate prices in that way have proved abortive. ♦This is interesting in view of the present situation. President Wilson has recently (1917) appointed Herbert C. Hoover national food comptroller, and he is grappling with the same conditions that confronted the country in 1770. 80 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY THE NORTHBOROUGH TEA PARTY Is the story of the Northborough Tea Party an historical fact or is it merely a tradition? We cannot say with certainty, but we are inclined to believe it true. We first heard the story from the lips of Warren T. Bush, in December, 1895, at a reception in the town hall tendered to Mr. and Mrs. Cyrus Gale. Mr. Bush was then an old man and he told the story with much pride as reflecting credit upon the patriotic ardor of our revolutionary forebears. He probably got the story from Dr. Allen who tells it with approval in one or two of his historical pamphlets. Dr. Allen got it from the Massachusetts Gazette, a newspaper published in Worcester. The story is as follows, in the issue of February 17, 1773: "We hear from Shrewsbury that one day last week a pedler was observed to go into a tavern there with a bag containing about 30 pounds of tea. Information of which being made at Northborough, about five miles distant, a number of Indians sent from the great swamp, or thereabouts, seized upon it and com- mitted it to the flames on the road facing said tavern where it was entirely consumed." We have made diligent search for corroboration of the story but without success. We can find no other reference to the incident. But that is not strange, for it was a small affair. A similar incident which occurred at Boston was on a much larger scale and was attended with several spectacular features. The latter incident, therefore, looms large in Boston's history, and justly so. Assuming the Northborough incident to be true (and we know of no reason for not doing so), the point we wish to make is, that the spirit in both incidents was the same. Furthermore, the Northborough Tea Party antedated the Boston Tea Party by about ten months, the former having taken place in February, the latter in December of the same year, 1773. THE LOYALISTS The revolt against the mother country was an uncertain venture, and for a long time its success or failure hung in the balance. Everywhere there were those who were sceptical of the movement. Some hesitated long before declaring them- selves. Their loyalty to the Revolution was therefore suspected, and the towns took measures to apprehend them. Others were outspoken in their loyalty to the King. They fled the country and their property was confiscated. There were four such in Northborough — James Eager and his brother, John Eager, Ebenezer Cutler and Michael Martyn, sons-in-law of Captain NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 81 James Eager. No reproach is attached to the names of the loyaHsts, for they but exercised their undoubted right to decide for themselves what form of government they beHeved in. All that we can say is, they were short-sighted and faint-hearted. On June 23, 1777, the town appointed a committee "to take care and lay before the court the evidence which may be produced against the persons in Northborough which are looked upon by said town as inimical to this and the United States of America agreeable to a late act directing the same. Then was a list presented to the town of the names of persons supposed to be inimical and were judged so to be by said town, and voted that their names be returned by the town clerk to such justices as are proper to try the same. The list of the names of the persons are John Taylor, Thomas Billings, Sylvanus Billings, James Eager, John Eager and Widow Miriam Eager." The ''Massachusetts Spy" informs us that some of those men were confined to their farms. That method of detention was more or less general throughout Massachusetts. One of those men, Sylvanus Billings, found it irksome to be confined within the narrow limits of his farm, and unpleasant to have his loyalty suspected; and in December of that year he petitioned the town "for a reconciliation," and asked "to be restored to favor and friendship." But the town was obdurate and refused to grant his petition. Nothing more is heard of the matter until May 17, 1781, when Mr. Billings renewed his petition to the town: "To the Gentlemen Selectmen and Committee of Corres- pondence for the town of Northborough, the petition of Sylvanus Billings humbly showeth, that he is desirous to settle with this town, and is willing to confess his faults; he owns that he has been backward and unfriendly in not defending this country against the British Power; he owns that he was unfriendly in not bringing Caleb Green to justice who was a notorious villain and an enemy to his country; to this, and all other of his faults in this matter, he is heartily sorry for, and humbly asks forgive- ness of the good people of this town, and so is willing to submit to a peaceable and reasonable settlement; he desires you would hear his petition and take it into your wise consideration and restore him to friendship again as in duty bound shall pray. This from your most obedient and well-wishing friend who promises in future to be a good member of society. "Sylvanus Billings. "March 23, 1780." 82 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY This change of heart on the part of Mr. Billings, and his willingness to atone for his lack of patriotism was evidently sincere; but there were some citizens of the town who were as yet unwilling to grant him full forgiveness, and they were success- ful in having consideration of the petition postponed to a future meeting. But at an adjourned meeting. May 28, they were unable to defer the matter any longer (though they tried hard to do so), and by vote of the town, the petition was granted, and Mr. Billings was restored into the good graces of the town. That the forgiveness of the town was as genuine as was Mr. Billing's contrition is shown by the fact that, within two years Mr. Billings was elected to the important ofifiice of surv^eyor of highways and collector of highway taxes. That the town was in earnest in dealing with those who were not in sympathy with the revolutionary movement is shown by a vote passed on March 2, 1778, granting "the sum of ten pounds to pay the Hon. Levi Lincoln for pleading the cause of the town against the inimical persons thereof at a special court." NORTHBOROUGH MEN IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Note. — This list includes the company of Minute-men given on another page. One hundred and twenty-four in all. Ephraim Allen Joseph Allen Jonas Badcock Reuben Badcock Robert Bailies John Ball Oliver Barnes Ezekiel Bartlett Jonathan Bartlett Zadok Bartlett Antipas Bowker Gideon Bowker Josiah Bowker Benjamin Bragg Artimas Brigham Ebenezer Brigham Gardner Brigham Levi Brigham Eber Brigham Timothy Brigham Winslow Brigham Abner Bruce Jonathan Bruce Henry Gaschet Joseph Buckman Josiah Carruth William Carruth William Clare John Colston Jonathan Conn John Cook James Cutting Jonas Cutting Bezaleel Eager Joseph Eager Oliver Eager Drury Fairbanks Josiah Farrar Adam Fay Asa Fay David Fay Moses Fay Timothy Fay William Fay Cato Freeman James Gamwell John Gamwell Thomas Keene NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 83 Levi Gaschet Garner Goddard John Goddard Josiah Goddard Josiah Goddard, Jr. Levi Goddard Moses Goddard Solomon Goddard Joseph Gold Asa Goodenow Edward Goodenow Eli Goodenow Nathan Green Joel Hager James Hart Silas Hastings Stephen Hayward John Horn Gershom How Isaac How John How, 1st John How, 2d Ebenezer Hudson Elijah Hudson Ezra Hudson Edward Johnson Nathan Johnson Nathan Rice Seth Rice John Robinson Elijah Ross Nathaniel Rugg Caleb Segers Joseph Seaver Thomas Seaver Daniel Tenney Gideon Tenney John Tenney John Kelley William Kelley Thomas Kenney Thomas Keyer James Longley John Monis Martyn Abner Maynard Holland Maynard Levi Maynard Samuel Morse Alvin Newton Moses Newton Paul Newton Paul Newton, Jr. Jethro Peters Joel Pratt Adonijah Rice Amos Rice Asa Rice Calvin Rice Eben Rice Elisha Rice Ezra Rice Joel Rice Joseph Rice Josiah Rice, Jr. Luther Rice Daniel Warren Eliphalet Warren John Wesson Eliab Wheelock Benjamin Wilson Ephraim Wilson Reuben Wisman Abraham Wood Samuel Wood John Wyman Samuel Wyman CHAPTER VII THE WAR OF 1812 There is no item of any kind on our town records relative to Northborough's participation in the War of 1812. We learn from other sources, however, that a company of forty-five men was raised in Westborough, Northborough, and vicinity, and that it did service in Boston from September 8 to October 30, 1814. This company was captained by Pierpont Brigham, and was attached to Lieutenant-Colonel S. Town's Regiment. As knowledge of these facts is not easily accessible we append the names and rank of the full company : OFFICERS Capt. Pierpont Brigham Lieut. Charles Parkman Sergt. Elijah Morse Sergt. Elias Forbes Sergt. Asa Godfrey Sergt. Eli Chamberlain Musician, John Warren Musician, Horace Kendall Corp. Otis Brigham Corp. Nathaniel Brigham Corp. Jesse Rice Corp. Ephraim Maynard Musician, Newell Bellows Musician, John Rice PRIVATES John Andrews Bayley Bird Barnum Blake John Bowman Benjamin Brigham Dexter Brigham Joseph Brigham Samuel Brigham Edward Chamberlain Jason Chamberlain Elihu Fay William Fay Nahum Fisher Levi G. Glover William Goodenow Joseph Green Dana Harrington Eli Harrington Luther Hawes Samuel Kendall Ebenezer Maynard Moses Gill Maynard Silas Maynard Rodolphus Miller Thomas Morn (Morse?) Jonas Sibley Abijah Stone Thomas Stone Willard Warren Russell Wesson NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 85 Of the above company the following men were from North- borough : John Andrews, Corporal Nathaniel Brigham, William Fay, Luther Hawes, Jonas Sibley. Asa Godfrey, was taxed in Northborough in 1808 and pre- sumably lived here when this company was organized. Ebenezer Maynard, was taxed in Northborough in 1804 to 1806, and presumably lived here at the time. Corporal Jesse Rice. His father moved to Northborough from Westborough in 1808, but it is not known whether Jesse came with him or not. Presuming that the last three men lived in Northborough at the time the above-mentioned company was raised, it appears that the town of Northborough sent eight men into the "War of 1812." CHAPTER VIII EARLY SCHOOL HISTORY The early history of the Northborough schools is very interesting. It goes back to the year 1726 while Northborough was still part of Westborough. A stringent law of the Province (passed in 1701) required every town having fifty householders to support a schoolmaster, and it meted out drastic punishment to them if they did not do so. By 1726 the number of house- holders in Westborough having reached fifty or more, the town took measures to comply with the school law. A committee chosen for that purpose made choice of a certain Joshua Town- send of Brookfield, who contracted to teach "six months in three different sections of the town for eighteen pounds." And as the present town of Northborough was one of the "three sections" of Westborough at that time, we are able to fix upon Joshua Townsend as the first schoolmaster of Northborough. He continued as our schoolmaster for at least a dozen years. Townsend married Mercy Rogers in 1730, and this event seems to have made him a fixture in this locality (as marriage has made so many teachers "fixtures" in many localities). Later he took up his residence in the north district, having purchased the estate known as the "Brewer Place" on the road to Berlin, and now occupied by Mrs. Lucy Wilson. In May, 1746, we find him to be one of the ten men who organized the Northborough church. In 1749 he was one of the precinct assessors. Soon after this date, in 1756, he became a member of the Episcopal church in Hopkinton (or said he did; though we believe his name does not appear on the church book), and protested against payment of his ministerial taxes, here. He drops out of sight about this time and it is presumed that he moved away from town. It is not possible to obtain a complete list of the names of our school-teachers before 1814 for the reason that no records were kept. The meagre information that the author has been able to gather has come to him quite incidentally. ]Mr. Town- send's probable successor was a man named William Jenison. We learn this from an original letter which he sent to Lieutenant Edward Baker (one of the selectmen) asking that he be paid his salary, for, he says, "I shall have need of what I can get in an honest way to answer my intentions." This was in 1742. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 87 How long Mr. Jenison remained as schoolmaster is not known, nor how many successors, if any, he had between that date and 1766. Westborough had no schoolhouse until about the time, or soon after, its second precinct had been set ofT and incorporated under the name of Northborough. In the meantime, school was kept in private houses, the schoolmaster teaching two months each year in each of the three districts. The separation of the precinct from the parent town was completed in 1766. And from that date Northborough went its way as a separate town. From its very beginning as a town, Northborough has been interested in education. "A lawful school for the ensuing year" seems to have been a desideratum of the new town from the date of its incorporation. At its first town meeting, in March, 1766, no action was taken on schools. But a month later, on April 1, "It was put to vote to see if ye district would provide a reading and writing school- master." The vote passed in the affirmative. "It was then put to vote to see if ye district would choose a committee to provide schooling." This vote also was passed in the affirmative. The meeting then chose as its first school committee, Jesse Maynard, Seth Rice, Jr., and Lieutenant John Martyn. The committee made choice of Thomas Goodenow for schoolmaster. Mr. Goodenow was an inhabitant of the town who lived on the place now owned by Theodore Woodward. There evidently was no "dead line" in the teaching profession in those days beyond which one was considered too old to teach, for Thomas Goodenow was fifty-seven years of age and was serving that year as town assessor. The school was kept twenty-seven weeks that year, during most of which time the schoolmaster "boarded himself." In the years 1768 and 1769, Mr. Goodenow was paid I65, and ISs. for "boarding the schoolmaster," so we conclude that the exacting details of a schoolmaster's life were no longer congenial to him, and that he had withdrawn in favor of a younger man. Northborough, time and again, has anticipated state legislative action looking toward the improvement of our public schools. In 1 789 an act was passed by the General Court requiring towns to be divided into districts in order that children in all parts of the town might be equally accommodated. Twenty years before this, in 1769 (November 20) the Northborough town meeting "Voted and chose a committee to divide the town into squadrons (another term for school districts) so that each part may have their proportion of schooling." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The committee attended to the duties assigned them and on March 5, 1770, made the following report: "We, the subscribers, being chosen a committee to divide the town into parts, or squadrons, for the keeping of the school, having viewed the situation of the town and each particular family or house, have come to the following conclusion, viz.: that the district be divided into four parts, or squadrons, and the persons hereinafter named, to be the first squadron: "First Squadron Dea. Jonathan Livermore Josiah Bowker Thomas Taylor Mary Holloway Elizth. Ball Thomas Billings Paul Fay Silas Rice Jonathan Bartlett Benja. Wilson Silva^- Billings Ephraim Bowker John Ball John Taylor Nathan Green Eben-^- Ball Asa Rice Saml. Townsend George Smith Antipas Bowker Joseph Eager Joseph Mazzy Josiah Bowker, Jr. Susannah Ball "For the Second Squadron Bezaleel Eager Joel Rice Seth Rice Jacob Rice Timothy Fay Josiah Rice Miriam Eager Stephen Tenney Stephen Ball "For the Third Capt. Jesse Brigham Thomas Goodenow Levi Brigham Jothan Bartlett Saml. Allen Jon^- Bruce Henry Gaschet John Martyn Richard Martyn Timo. Brigham Isaac Tomblin Amos Rice Martha Warren Seth Rice, Jr. Joshua Child John Kelley Daniel Tenney Squadron Saml. Wood Artemas Brigham Oliver Barnes Thos. Seaver William Hawkins Jesse Wood Jethro Peters Antipas Brigham Levi Gaschet Michael Martyn NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 89 "For the Fourth Squadron Rev. Mr. Whitney Josiah Goddard Pelatiah Rice Thad^- Fay Gershom Fay Samuel McAllister Samuel Gamwell Solomon Goddard Thomas Warren Sam'l Gamwell, Jr. Jesse Maynard Adam Fay Wm. Badcock Eliphelet Warren Dea. Paul Newton Lemual Maynard John Carruth, Jr. Levi Maynard John Gamwell Gideon Hayward John Goddard Benja. Fisk David Fay Nath'l Fay" Nathan Carruth The above report was accepted and its recommendations adopted. These four divisions were known respectively as the west, south, east and north squadrons. This doubtless proved a very convenient arrangement, for each child knew to which district he belonged, and when school in his district would keep. Teaching was carried on as before — the master boarding in the respective districts during the term of his service. The schoolmaster for the years 1770 and 1771 was a Mr. John Molton; for the year 1772 there were two — a Mr. Curtis and a Mr. Houghton; in 1773, and for several years thereafter, a Mr. James Hart. By the year 1780 the number of children in the town had increased to such proportions that they could no longer be accommodated in private houses, and in March of that year "it was voted to build a schoolhouse in each squadron, on the town cost, 18 feet square." To defray the cost of these first schoolhouses a grant of four thousand pounds was made. When the bill for the house in the south squadron was presented and allowed, two years later, it was found that the committee had expended only £40 ISs. Ad. Hence it was "Voted the three houses in the other districts be sett at the same price." This makes an expenditure for the four buildings of only £163 135. Ad., a signal instance of a public building being built within the appropriation. Whether this were an exemplary building committee, or the currency had materially fluctuated within those two years does not appear; very probably the latter. These first schoolhouses were located as follows: The East 90 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY School was on Maple Street, at what we now know as Bailey's Corner. It stood a few feet back of Mr. Bailey's carpenter shop, on the left hand side of the road, going toward Bartlett's Pond. Later, a new house was built farther down the road on what is now the Frank Codd place. The South school stood on the Plains road, a few hundred feet beyond the Picard place, on the left-hand side of the road going toward Westborough. A second house was built near the site of the first. This second house was built of brick and is well remembered, it having been taken down only about a dozen years ago. The North school stood in what is now a wood lot, on the right-hand side of the old road that goes by and beyond the Edwin S. Corey place. It is difficult now to locate the exact site on which the house stood, it is so overgrown with brush. The author visited the place not long ago in company with Mrs. Lucy Wilson. Mrs. Wilson is eighty-seven years old, and as a child attended school in the old building (a second house which was built in 1792 on the original site). As she has always lived in the neighborhood she remembers the place very well and was able to point out the exact spot on which the school- house stood. Another house for the North school was built later, on the right-hand side of the Berlin road, a few hundred feet beyond the Corey farm. This house was built of brick and is still standing, and is now a tenement house. The West school has had three locations, the original one being on the Ball Hill road, on the left-hand side and directly at the bend of the road a little beyond what is still known as the "Nathan Green Farm." The place is now owned by Mr. Pond. A second house was built in 1795 in an entirely new location, in what is now Mr. King's pasture, on the Boylston road, and a few feet beyond Mr. King's house. The corner-stone of this house may still be seen — directly opposite the bars opening into the pasture, and about twenty feet back therefrom. In 1837 a new house was built in yet another location, on the corner of the Boylston road just this side of the King place. This building burned down, and was replaced by a brick one in 1847, which is still standing though not occupied. TWO NEW SCHOOL DISTRICTS The west district covered a large territory and included a 1 arge number of children. The inhabitants of Ball Hill and vicinity were becoming dissatisfied. They wanted a school of their own; and in 1795 when it became necessary to build a new house in the district, they made an attempt to get one. The NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 91 attempt was futile however; but they put up such a good argu- ment that the voters of the town recognized the justness of their claim to the extent of setting aside five dollars of the west district apportionment of school money. The vote reads "that the committee-man who shall be chosen to provide schools in the west district shall lay out five dollars annually of the school money belonging to said district to hire a woman to teach a school at Mr. John Ball's, or some other place on the hill, so- called." Two years later, and for several years afterwards, one third of the west district's apportionment was reserved for this purpose. The above-mentioned vote is interesting for two reasons: First, it shows the humble beginning of what afterwards became a full-fledged school district; and second, it marks the introduc- tion of female teachers in our public schools. This arrangement seems to have met the needs of "the people on the hill" for awhile; at least they remained quiescent. During this time their school was kept in the "schoolhouse by Mr. Nathan Green's" (which, as has already been said, was the original schoolhouse in the west district). A new house was built in 1812 on or near this site. This new building seems to have aroused the ambitions of the Hill people anew. They were an appendage to the west district. They desired independence; and with their usual persistency they fought for it— successfully too, for on April 19, 1813, they had the extreme gratification of assisting the town in passing the following vote: "To choose a committee of five from the West school district to divide said district, and make their report at May meeting, and report their opinions how much money they ought to have for schooling to make them equal with the other parts of the town." How better could they cele- brate the Battle of Lexington and Concord than by taking this important step toward their own independence? Their cup of joy was full to overflowing two weeks later (May 2, 1813, to be exact) when the town accepted the report of this committee which recommended that the west district be divided and that the Ball Hill part of it be a free and independent school district. This new district, dating its independence from 1813, had a more or less successful career for twenty-four years. But in 1837, the number of pupils having greatly diminished, the winter session of the school was merged with that of the west district. From this time on, the Ball Hill school had a constantly diminishing life. In 1848 it had thirteen pupils; in 1854 it had 92 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY twenty; in 1856-57 the school committee recommended that it be discontinued; in 1858-59 it is not even mentioned in the school records. It continued its existence until 1868 when it was completely merged with the west district. Some time after 1840 the schoolhouse was moved to the top of the hill, about half way between the Richardson and Stearns estates. It was finally sold and moved to Berlin. THE CENTER DISTRICT The Center school district was established in 1811, having been set off from the east district, which at that time, and for some years previously, had grown to large proportions. A house was built for it on a piece of land donated by Captain Samuel Wood, who lived at the time in the old house on the corner of East Main and River Streets. This schoolhouse is still standing and is the middle one of the group of three small houses just this side of Mr. Alfred Thomas's mansion. This school continued to grow from the time it was organized. In 1822 it had seventy-eight pupils — more than any other school in town. In 1828 ithad one hundred and one pupils and the school- house was already too small for their accommodation. In 1836 a vigorous effort was made to get a new building; but the effort failed. The following year another effort was made; and, as was customary on most occasions when a new schoolhouse was asked for, a committee was appointed "to investigate the whole matter of schooling." This committee made a careful exami- nation, and in their exhaustive report, used these words (which are as true in 1920 when we are trying to get a new high school building as they were in 1837) : "But in order to have good schools it is deemed highly important that we should have good school- houses." This report was a strong one and closed by recom- mending a new building. It had its desired effect, for the town immediately accepted it, and chose Cyrus Gale, William Seaver, and Eben D. Blake a committee "to build a new house in District No. 1." This new house was erected in 1837, and was the most pre- tentious school building that the town had ever built. It is still standing, and is the present GRANGE HALL As it is one of the old buildings of the town in which all of our people take just pride, it is not out of place at this time to tell the story of its erection. This story is so well told in the report of the building committee that the report is quoted in full: GRANGE HALL SINCE 1895 Before that date it was the Center School, built 1837 THE HUDSON STREET SCHOOL, BUILT 1895 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 93 "NoRTHBOROUGH, March 5, 1838. "The committee appointed by the town in April last to build a schoolhouse in District No. 1, and to dispose of the old one, have performed the duty assigned them and report: "That in July the District purchased a spot for the new house at their own expense, and your committee immediately com- menced their work; and after examining the situation, concluded to alter their first design in one respect; believing the declivity of the ground would oblige them to expend nearly as much in preparing a proper foundation for the building and leveling up around it as it would cost to dig a cellar and use the ground for that purpose, they therefore dug a cellar which cost $90.27, and they erected a brick building 42 feet long, 32 feet wide, and two stories high. "The upper room is 30 feet 4 inches, by 30 feet, finished in a plain, tight and substantial manner according to the plan most approved by practical teachers. "In the lower story they have finished a room in the same manner for the primary school; and there is an unfinished apart- ment now used for a wood room. But should the population in this section of the town continue to increase in future as it has done for some years past, that must eventually be added to the primary department, and a part of the cellar will then be wanted for a wood room. And the remainder is so situated that it is not improbable it will soon rent for enough to pay the interest on the whole cost of the cellar. "Your committee have built a cupola upon the house which cost $97.44, and hung a bell in it for the benefit of the school, which has been done at the expense of individuals, making the amount paid, or to be paid, by the citizens of the District for land, cupola, bell and fixtures not less than $240, leaving the whole expense of the house to the town, $2,232.03. "From which deduct. Amount of old house and shed, $88.00 Materials and chips sold at new house, 12.67 Belfry to be paid for by individuals, 97.44 $198.11 $2,033.92 Cash received from treasurer, 1,567.00 Balance due from the town, $466.92 "Your committee would state to the town that before they commenced their work they agreed with Mr. James Hall to 94 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY superintend the business and work on the building until it should be completed; and he was to receive ten shillings per day if he fulfilled his part of the contract. But for some cause unknown to the committee, after having received a part of his wages he left the work very abruptly, and much to the disadvantage of the town; and therefore is not in justice entitled to anything more for his services. "Every other bill respecting the house we believe has been received and will be adjusted without any difficulty whatever. "All which is respectfully submitted to the town by Cyrus Gale 1 William Seaver \ Building Committee." Eben D. Blake J This report was accepted April 2, 1838. This report is a lengthy one; but it contains such a complete account of the origin of one of the town's most cherished buildings, that the author feels confident that our townspeople will be glad to see it in print, especially that large number of them who received their early education there, and who hold the building in tender remembrance. Our people have been familiar with this building all their lives; but there are few, if any of them, who know how near it once came to becoming a fortress. It was only the high cost of labor and building materials that prevented this. On June 11, 1849, the town "Voted to build a stone wall around the school house in District No. 1, the same to be of large stones and narrow on the top so that the scholars cannot throw it down nor run on the top of it, and that it be built about 3§ feet high." Whether this were done to keep the scholars within narrow limits at recess time or to protect them from threatened attacks by scholars from the other districts, does not appear. Let us hope, however, that the boys of the center district were not cowards, and that they were able to hold their own with boys from other parts of the town. At any rate, the proposed Chinese wall was never built, for the committee reported the following year "that the lowest offer for doing the same was $4.88 per rod; and thinking it higher than it is for the interest of the town to pay, asks leave to build a suitable board or pickett fence instead of stone." This building was used for school purposes continuously for nearly sixty years, until the Hudson Street house was erected in 1895 and the "district schools" became a thing of the past. The Northborough Grange purchased the Center school- house in 1895, since which time it has been the home of that worthy organization. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 95 THE FACTORY SCHOOL The Factory school was built in 1880 and began its career of usefulness December 6 of that same year, with Miss Emily F. Wheeler of West Newton, as teacher. It must not be supposed, however, that that date marks the beginning of educational advantages in that part of the town. Like all new school districts, the Factory district was not estab- lished until the need became imperative. The first mill began operations in the first quarter of the century (about 1820 or 1822). That brought to the village many families from Canada, mostly French, who had very little knowledge of the English language. In those days there was no law compelling children to attend school. Families were large, and the children went to work in the mill at a tender age. Efforts were made from time to time, to correct this evil; for it was considered a very serious evil that children should grow up in the community without even the rudiments of an education, and especially, without the ability to speak the language of the community. Some of the children attended the district school, but that was too far away for the youngest children of school age. The first efforts to remedy the evil were on a small scale. The children were gathered into private homes and teachers were provided for them. This plan was continued for some years, with more or less success — rather less than more. In 1858 a more concerted effort was made. What success attended the effort is told by the school committee in their report for the years 1858-59, from which report we quote the following: "Owing to circumstances well-known, their duties (the committee's) the past season have been somewhat more oner- ous than usual. Early in the season, they were called upon to provide for, organize, and superintend a school for the special benefit of the children connected with the cotton mills, for which the town had made an appropriation of fifty dollars. As the mills were not in operation, quite a large number of children were without employment; and we consider it a fortunate cir- cumstance, that funds had been provided by the town for opening a school for their benefit. A room was fitted up for their accommodation, a teacher (Mrs. Cyrus Davis) appointed, and more than thirty children, including several young persons between the ages of sixteen and twenty, and one adult of forty- five, most of them the children of foreigners (French-Canadian), some of whom were wholly ignorant of our language, attended with much constancy. It was gratifying to witness the interest 96 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY they manifested in their studies, and the proficiency they made, during the ten weeks that the school lasted. All of them learned to read, some with more fluency and correctness; several made good proficiency in arithmetic and geography; and all were able to write and spell about as well as other children of the same age. "In a word, we have no hesitation in saying that the school accomplished all that it promised, and fully as much as we anticipated. The whole number of scholars attending this school was thirty-six; of which number, twenty-eight were present at the examination." But notwithstanding this large measure of success this arrangement did not continue; and for the reason, doubtless, that parents found it more profitable to keep their children at work in the mills. But within a few years conditions changed. Children were more numerous and they desired to attend school. Largely through the efforts of the school committee, and Mr. Chapin and Mr. Wood, owners of the two mills, the Factory school was built in 1880 and a long-needed educational want was realized. As has already been stated, the new school opened its doors on the sixth day of December, 1880, with Miss Wheeler as teacher, and it has been in operation ever since. It was a difficult work that Miss Wheeler undertook, for it was "the largest school in town" and the teacher was young and inexperienced. In the language of the school committee, "to attempt to control and teach 58 restless children varying in age from 4 to 14 years is an undertaking to severely tax the skill and endurance of a veteran teacher." But Miss Wheeler succeeded in the difficult undertaking, and remained in the school until she herself became a "veteran" teacher. She left it in June, 1885, after a faithful service of five years. Writing to the author in 1907, Miss Wheeler (referring to the children in the school) said: "In the main they were bright, affectionate, and obedient children. A horse-whipping admin- istered the last day of the first week, just to prove the fallacy of ever-effective moral suasion, subdued the bullying, swaggering, and boastful 'son of Erin' into a sunny, obedient, well-balanced pupil, and quite upset the high ideals of the teacher in the direc- tion of discipline. I remained until June, 1885, and parted from those children with reluctance and w^th a memory of my happy years. They were the most grateful and appreciative children with whom I have ever dealt." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 97 For forty years the Factory school has exerted an important influence upon the life and character of the mill villages. Many of its pupils were "foreigners" when they entered the school, but when they left it, they were as true and loyal Americans as any town ever had. THE HUDSON STREET SCHOOL The district schools which had been the pride of the town for a century and a quarter were soon doomed to become a thing of the past. There had been for some time, a feeling that the interests of the children could be better served if they could be brought together into one central building. This feeling was crystalized in 1894 when the town, in special meeting, voted that a suitable school building be erected to accommodate both the high and grammar schools. The vote stood ninety-two to eighty-eight. It now looked as though a new building were assured. But alas! and alack! This vote was rescinded one month later. But the proponents of the new idea in education would not be downed, and through their efforts another meeting was held (May 29). This meeting took final action favoring a new building, and appointed Guilford P. Heath, Nathaniel Randlett, Francis M. Harrington, Lewis F. Stratton and Richard R. Yates a com- mittee to build the same. This committee was also empowered to select a site for the building. The committee lost no time in attending to the business assigned them. They selected the site, erected the building, and the new schoolhouse was occupied in the fall of 1895. All the district schools save the west and factory districts were brought together in the new building. The West school preserved its individuality a few years longer, when it, too, was absorbed by the new school. CHAPTER IX THE NORTHBOROUGH HIGH SCHOOL The Northborough High School was organized in 1866. It must not be supposed however, that it sprang into being all at once; on the contrary, it was the result of an agitation ex- tending over a period of thirty years. As early as 1835 the need for a high school was realized by some of our people, and the town appointed a committee to look into the matter. This committee made a thorough investigation of the entire school situation, the results of which are embodied in a report of three thousand words. Any town might well feel proud to have such a report upon its records: It reflects credit not only upon the committee who made it, but upon the town that accepted it and tried to put its recommendations into operation. The author questions whether there be anywhere a more intelligent understanding of the educational problem, especially when we consider the early period in which it was written. It is not possible to reproduce that lengthy report in this place, but as reflecting the thought on public school education that was in the minds of our people at that early time, we might be per- mitted to quote that portion of the report which sums up the reasons why the town should establish a high school. It says: "Several reasons were suggested to the minds of your com- mittee for the adoption of the plan proposed, some of which they may be permitted here to give: "1. Scholars are now in the habit of leaving school at too early an age, while their education is very incomplete. It is thought that a high school will remedy this defect in consequence of the stronger inducements which the more advanced scholars will have to attend. Should this be the case, it is obvious that the standard of education will be raised in our whole com- munity. "2. Again, such a school might in some measure take the place of a seminary for teachers; and it cannot be doubted that a much larger number of persons would qualify themselves to keep school than is now the case. By this means we should be able to furnish a supply not only for our own schools but for the schools in other places. And we should have not only more but better teachers for our district schools. Our winter schools would be what our summer schools now are, under the care of NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 99 those who would understand the views of the general committee on the subject of education, and be willing to conform in their mode of teaching and governing the schools, to those views, and the wishes of the community, Thus the greatest obstacles to the prosperity of our schools would be easily and at once re- moved. "Were there no other advantages than this to be gained by the adoption of the plan proposed, your committee think this would be sufficient of itself to entitle the subject to a serious considera- tion. "3. Your committee have also thought it probable that we should in this way have the advantage of a school of high order through the year. They think that the teacher who should be employed by the town for five or six months in the year would have sufficient encouragement to induce her to keep a private school the remaining portion of the year, by which means we would be more likely to retain the same teacher from year to year. This, they think, would be an inestimable advantage to the town. "4. But perhaps the principal advantage of the new over the old system will be derived from the superior qualifications of the teacher of the High School, and it cannot be doubted that the higher wages that will be paid, and the greater length of time the school will be kept will command the services of an able and experienced teacher, one who will be competent to teach the most advanced among the scholars, and who will be willing to devote himself entirely to the duties of his office. It is certain that he will have much more to stimulate him to activity and faithfulness in the discharge of those duties, not only in respect to the recompense of reward, but in view of the higher character of the school and the more advanced standing of the scholars. Besides, he will be more concerned for his own reputation as a teacher than those are apt to be who come into the town as strangers, remain with us a few weeks, receive their pay, and retire without further interest in their schools or in the town which employed them. In the case of the former, the consequences of success, or want of success, must be felt more deeply and will be more extensively known." All this sounds very modern. It might have been written in our 1920 school report. It embraces problems that school committees have constantly to face — children leaving school too early; better teachers; better schools, and teachers remaining in them long enough to be of genuine service. It is to be regretted, however, that this fine project for a 100 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY high school was not put into effect. It was no fault of the town that it was not put into effect; for the report was accepted and facilities provided. Neither was it the fault of the committee; for we may be sure that Dr. Allen, the chairman, to whose heart the project was very dear, left no stone unturned to perfect his plan for improving the schools. The project fell through for a reason that sounds very strange to us — "your committee cannot find a good teacher for that school this winter." This failure must have had a disheartening effect upon those who were most interested, for the matter was held in abeyance until 1851, when the school committee (of which Dr. Allen was still chairman) revived the project, and with better success. The special committee appointed at this time "to investigate the whole matter of schooling" closed their report with the following recommendation : "Your committee recommend that a High School be opened in the upper room of the Center schoolhouse, the old vestry under the Town House, or such other place as the town may consider most central and convenient for all the scholars in town of such age and such acquirements as may be determined on by those having charge of the school." All preliminaries having been attended to, the high school was finally started in the upper story of the Center schoolhouse (now Grange Hall). It was an experiment which proved un- successful, and was continued only six months — from September, 1852 to February, 1853, inclusive. The teacher of this first high school was Robert C. Metcalf of Wrentham. He had been graduated with honor from the State Normal School, at Bridgewater, had taught there one term, and had come to Northborough highly recommended by Mr. Tillinghast, the accomplished prinicpal of that institution. After leaving Northborough he taught in the Cohasset High School, Roxbury High, was headmaster of the Adams Grammar School in Boston, also of the Wells School, and was supervisor of the Boston public schools for twenty years. Then he settled in Winchester where for some years he was superintendent of schools. It is said in the preceding paragraph that the experiment was unsuccessful. We judge that it was from the fact that it was not continued. The committee, however, did not think so. In an exhaustive report made to the town in March, 1853, they say: "The school was examined at the close of the second term, Feb. 20th, in the presence of a large number of spectators. The examination lasted all day, and was conducted in such a manner as to test the scholarship of the pupils in the most satisfactory NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 101 manner. Most of them stood the test well and gained much credit for their recitations, especially in the mathematical de- partment. The exercises in algebra and geometry especially, displayed a thoroughness and a familiarity with the principles of those sciences which excited our admiration." The pupils were also commended for the satisfactory progress they had made in all other studies. The report goes on to say: "On the whole, the Committee congratulate the town on the satisfactory result of the experi- ment they saw fit to make of a High School. It did not accom- plish all that its friends had hoped, as it failed to bring together as large a number of the good scholars from the remote parts of the town as we had hoped and anticipated, and as it had to en- counter not a little hostility from those who regarded it as an unwise and unrighteous measure. Still we think that it accom- plished much good." In the above statement we probably have the secret of its failure. The town was not unanimous in its vote to try the experiment. The vote was eighty-five to fifty-nine; so it is easy to see that there was strong opposition to it from the beginning. Of the sixty-four pupils who were admitted to the school, thirty- two came from the center district, twelve from the north, three from the east, eleven from the south, three from the west, and three from the Ball Hill districts. "The several districts were all proud of their schools and were more or less jealous of one another," so John D. Estabrook, one of the pupils, told the author. This jealousy on the part of the districts manifested itself anew at the March meeting in 1853, and it was "Voted not to continue the high school." Whether the experiment was successful or unsuccessful this unknown chapter in the history of our high school is worthy of the large space devoted to it, as showing the development of the thought of our people in the matter of public school education. We append a few impressions of the school and of some of the townspeople. They are taken from Mr. Metcalf's private journal and were given to the author by his son, R. B. Metcalf: FROM MR. METCALF'S JOURNAL "In the autumn of 1852, through the influence of Mr. Tilling- hast of the Normal school, I became Principal of the Northboro High School. "Previous to this time, Northboro had had no High School, and, as I learned some months later it was only after a series 102 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY of stormy discussions concerning the location of a High School that one was established in the center of the town. It should be remembered that in 1851 High Schools were firmly established in only a few of the towns of Massachusetts. Private academies were doing the work that is now done by our free public High Schools. Comparatively few of the children of any town could afford to pay the fees required by the academies, and few of the academies were sufhciently endowed to warrant their offering free instruction to the children of the town. When the State took the initiative in establishing High Schools, and passed laws allowing communities to raise money by taxation for this purpose, the people gladly accepted the privilege, which would give all children the opportunity for extending their school life, at least a few years, in a preparatory school, and possibly a few more in a college. When, however, it came to locating the High School, there arose a decided difference of opinion, which, in some instances, became so pronounced, not to say bitter, that the establishment of a High School was deferred for several years. "Northboro had passed through this stormy period before my advent into the town, and the opposition to a central High School had so far moderated that, for months after the school was opened, I had not heard of any difference of opinion con- cerning its location. However, I must confess that I have never ceased to wonder at the selection, as Principal of the School, of a young man of nineteen, who could offer no college diploma and only a little more than one year's training in a Normal School, and who, besides, was an entire stranger to every inhabitant of the town. I am very sure that, had I been a member of the Northboro School Board, one vigorous objection to the selection would have been recorded. It is very possible that an exami- nation of the records of the Secretary of the Northboro School Board for the year 1852 would reveal several such objections. However that may be, the school was carried on successfully and, so far as I ever knew, was warmly supported by the citizens of the town. "Perhaps the most prominent citizen of Northboro at this time was Dr. Joseph Allen, an old man, as I recollect him, but vigorous both of body and of mind. For many years he had been the settled pastor of the Unitarian church in this town, and leader in its educational work. I spent several days in his family before the opening of my school, and during my six months' residence in the town, became much attached to him personally and his warm admirer because of his public spirit, his excellent judgment in educational matters, and his great interest in all affairs pertaining to the welfare of the town. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 103 "Ultimately, I became a member of Dr. Jewett's family, where I made my home during my service in the High School. Dr. Jewett was a prominent physician of the town, and I had reason to be grateful that so good a home was generously offered me in this crucial period of my experience. "My school relations in Northboro were exceedingly pleasant, and no disturbing experiences occurred to mar the general harmony that prevailed throughout the two terms of three months each. My social relations with the people of the town were also pleasant and helpful. The Lyceum in Northboro, at this time, was of great value to the young people, for here we met on equal terms and discussed both local and national affairs with great freedom and excellent spirit. Probably the speeches made and the sentiments expressed, to say nothing of the wisdom set forth, have not been preserved, but that the participants in those lively debates gained much of real value to themselves admits of no doubt whatever. "There were a number of notable scholars in this school who, later in life, filled important positions in various parts of the country. "Edwin P. Seaver, then a boy of fourteen, attended the High School while I was Principal, and in September, 1855, entered the Bridgewater Normal School. After his graduation from the Normal School, he taught three years in Stoughton and New Bedford, in the latter city in the Friends' Academy. Jn 1860-61 Mr. Seaver prepared for college in the Phillips- Exeter Academy, and entered Harvard in 1861. i\fter his graduation from college, he was employed as Tutor in Mathe- matics, and later, became Assistant Professor of Mathematics in Harvard. In 1874 Mr. Seaver was elected Head Master of the Boston English High School, which position he held until 1880, when he was appointed Superintendent of Schools of Boston. This position he held until 1904. "John Rice, another pupil in the Northboro High School, graduated from the Bridgewater Normal, and afterwards taught in Nantucket. He later entered and was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School in Cambridge. Mr. Rice was immediately appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics in the Naval Academy in Annapolis, and became the head of the department. He published two mathematical books of con- siderable note. "Joseph P. Davis, after leaving the Northboro High School, entered the Rensselaer Polytechnic School of Troy, N. Y. After his graduation from this institution, he was appointed 104 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY civil engineer of the city of Boston. Mr. Davis accepted this position in order that he might construct a system of sewerage for the city. This work was accompHshed under his direction. "The High School in Northboro was closed in February, 1853, and a few weeks later I took charge of the Cohasset High School." LIST OF STUDENTS Solon W. Rice John L. Bailey William D. Burdett Joseph H. Allen John D. Estabrook Geo. E. Blake Joseph P. Davis Wilder M. Bush Nathaniel Fisher, Jr. Asaph Glazier Lyman M. Brigham John L. Stone Joseph Chaffin Jerome Pierce Eugene Gibson Joseph Boyden Daniel Maynard John Minot Rice Lewis P. Curtis Artemas Ball Henry Whiting Edwin P. Seaver Cornelius Macmaniman Henry J. Burdett L. M. Brigham M. A. Maynard M. S. Houghton M. A. Fosgate Mary A. Shaw Marrietta Maynard Sarah A. Burdett Harriet F. Fay Abbie S. Maynard Carrie S. Miller Susan N. Hunt Harriet L. Hunt Martha J. Wells Harriet E. Colburn Esther M. Haven Elizabeth M. Rice Mary S. Warren Sarah W. Tidd Ellen E. Cook Susan A. Hale Ellen Bruce Susan M. Monroe Elizabeth Blake Mary R. Brewer Lucy A. Jerauld Elizabeth Perry Mary Fisk Marsylva Rice Harriet Ball Adalaide Stone Abbey Fay Keziah Wood Ellen Stone Olive Fairbanks Ann J. Streeter C. N. Carter Maria L. Fairbanks Caroline L. Johnson Abbie F. Miller Sarah J. Pierce The failure of the town to continue the high school was a great disappointment to the committee, especially to its chair- man. But with the then state of feeling they did not consider it opportune to press the matter. Nor did they for several years. In the meantime certain changes were taking place, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 105 especially as effecting the scholarship of the young men and women. In their report for 1858-59 the committee call atten- tion to this fact (page 10) : "We have much better accommodations," they say, "more commodious schoolhouses, together with great improvements in books and maps and other school apparatus. How happens it, then, that we had better scholars in nearly every district — scholars more advanced in the higher depart- ments of learning — than, with few exceptions, we can boast of now? This result may be owing in part to the changes which have taken place in the character of the population; but the chief cause, we apprehend, is the practice, which has been gaining ground every year, of shortening the period of school attendance. On looking back a quarter of a century or more, we find that nothing was more common at that time than for young men and young women, from sixteen to twenty, and up- wards, to attend our winter schools, some of them engaged in the branches of science now virtually excluded from our common schools, but which ought to be considered as essential parts of a good education. According to the practice which now prevails in our community, where few attend school after the age of sixteen, and where the winter term seldom exceeds three months, it is unreasonable to expect that our young men or our young women will become ripe scholars, unless they are furnished with other advantages than those belonging to our common schools. The best remedy for the evil complained of would be the estab- lishment and maintenance through the year, of a High School." "Through the year" should be underscored; for the words have reference to an experimental high school that was tried out in the fall of 1858 with Jairus Lincoln and Miss Sarah P. Byam as teachers. The town had appropriated $200 for the support of such a school "for a limited term in the autumn, for the benefit of the whole town, to which all persons over the age of twelve should be admitted, without any other qualification than that they lived within our borders." The school was com- posed of seventy pupils, and it lasted ten weeks — from Septem- ber 1, to the middle of November, Among the studies intro- duced in this experiment were geometry, algebra and physical geography, because, in the minds of the committee, such studies "would form an excellent discipline for the mind." "The experiment was completely successful," according to the testimony of the committee; but there was considerable opposition to it on the part of the people. The committee did not urge a repetition of the course unless it could be continued throughout the year. "But public sentiment was not ripe for 106 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY such a radical change in our educational system. We wish it might be otherwise," said the committee; "but, till the people are prepared for it, till there shall be a loud and imperative call for a change — it behooves us to wait as patiently as we can, and, in the meantime, to make the most of our present system, imperfect and unsatisfactory as it confessedly is; leaving it for those who shall come after us to supply what is defective and amend what is amiss." A high school was put into operation the following year and was continued throughout the year, with Mr. and Mrs. Jairus Lincoln as teachers. It started with seventy-three pupils, and closed with thirty-five. The committee in their report for 1859-60 assign many causes for the reduction in the number of pupils. Some of the pupils did not like the teachers; some did not like the text-books; some said they could not learn any- thing; while many others had a general dislike of the school. That ended the experiment, and nothing more was heard of a high school until five years later. But the high school idea had taken deep root in the minds of those who had the best interests of the town at heart, and they refused to let the matter rest until a high school became a reality. Persistency finally prevailed, in this case as in all other matters, and the Northborough High School was born in the spring of 1866. THE PRESENT HIGH SCHOOL The story of the opening of the school may best be told in the words of the School Committee. In their report, dated March 4, 1867, they say: "The repairs on the Town House having been completed, the first day of May (1866) was set apart for its dedication, and for the commencement of the school. An address was made on the occasion by Rev. B. G. Northop, State Agent of the Board of Education, followed by speeches from several members of the School Committee and other gentlemen present, and all seemed pleased with the appearance of the new schoolroom. "The school began with 34 scholars, and ended the last day of June, having been kept only nine weeks. It was conducted with much ability, with uninterrupted harmony, and, we believe, to the entire satisfaction of all concerned. A new term began August 27, with 55 pupils, and ended with a very satisfactory examination, November 17. The winter term began the first Monday in December, with 63 pupils, and NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 107 lasted thirteen weeks, which closed the first year under the new r'egimey The first home of the Northborough High School was in the Old Town Hall, that building of blessed memory to all the older inhabitants of the town. It stood a few feet south of the present school building, and for nearly half a century was the center of the social life of the community.* It had been fitted up at much expense for its new use, and bade fair to continue its career of usefulness for many years to come. But unfortu- nately it was soon doomed to destruction. On the twenty- second day of February, 1870 (a cold day), some of the pupils had gathered around the register to warm themselves, when, looking down, they discovered a mass of flames. Word was quickly passed along that the building was on fire. The pupils made a hasty exit, but none too hasty, for in a surprisingly short time the entire building was in flames, and soon, it was a mass of ruins. The pupils shed no tears over it at the time — on the contrary they seemed to rejoice that "the old thing had burned down." The reason for their being in that frame of mind was this: The 22nd of February was a holiday, and the pupils had asked that there should be "no school" on that day. But the unpatriotic School Committee, who had either forgotten, or were indifferent to, the great service the "Father of his Country" had rendered, had turned a deaf ear to their request. Hence their sullenness. They soon got over that feeling, however. Naturally, the burning of a public building was a subject for investigation; and a committee was appointed for that purpose. The committee reported, one month later (March 21), as follows: "Your committee chosen to investigate the cause of the fire at the High School House, have attended to their duty and report, that from all the information we have been able to obtain, we are of the opinion that the fire was in consequence of the insecure manner in which the furnace was set; and that, in our opinion those having charge of the house are in no way respon- sible for the fire. C. Eames 1 John Rice \ Committee' ' J. B. Parker J The town immediately took measures to build a new house. The intention was to erect it on the site of the old one; and preparations were m.ade to that end. But the First Parish Church stepped inand prevented it. The church had no objection *See chapter. "The Old Town Hall." 108 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY to a new schoolhouse; but, as the church owned the land, it insisted that any new building that might be erected upon it should be set far enough back so that its front should be on a line with the front of the church. The attitude of the church was purely an aesthetic one. There was more or less contention over the matter, which delayed progress on the new building. But it was finally settled amicably, and to the satisfaction of all concerned; and work on the new building proceeded without further interruption (1870). The Northborough High School was born, as has already been said. May 1, 1866. But it must not be supposed that it sprang into being a full-fledged, well-organized institution. Such was not the case. The primary objects which the several committees who for so many years had tried to establish a high school, had in view, was to prevent children from leaving school too early, by giving them a course of instruction in subjects which, for lack of time, could not be given in the district schools. The state at that time did not exercise the paternal direction over the schools that it exercises now. Aside from the mere rudiments of learning — reading, writing, and arithmetic, each town was left free to provide such a system of education as it considered best suited to its needs. Therefore, when this school was established it sought to gather into its fold all the children in town over twelve years of age, who had already received such instruction as the district schools afforded. It began in May with thirty-four pupils, and closed its first year the following February, with sixty-three. We may well believe that the teacher had no easy task that first year, and that he doubly earned his salary (which, by the way, was $800). For those sixty-three children were a conglomerate mass, of different ages, of differing degrees of intelligence, and of unequal attainments. Naturally, there had to be some careful process of selection adopted in order to place those children where they belonged. It was not so difficult after the first year because the committee, foreseeing such a condition, graded all the under schools, and established at the same time, an intermediate school which should be a feeder for the high school. There were no graduations in the earlier years of the school ; therefore there was no prescribed time that one must remain. Children went to the school to get what they could, and they stayed there as long as they pleased. Some remained one year, and some as long as six years. There can be no question but that the new school supplied a real need, notwithstanding the fact that the town was so long in realizing its need. The neighboring town of Berlin soon NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 109 began to appreciate the opportunity which such a school afforded, and in 1878 it made a request that its children be permitted to attend it. The request was granted and arrangements were made whereby children from out of town could become members of the school upon payment of five dollars as a tuition fee. In that year there were ten children from Berlin enrolled as members of the school. There was also one from Marlborough. Berlin continued to send its children to the school for many years. All of which, together with the continued success of the school, go to prove that the School Committees were fully justi- fied in so frequently and so urgently pressing their convictions upon the town. The Northborough High School has long been an established fact which has done much to enhance the material welfare of the town; for out of it have gone, year after year, for more than fifty years, young men and young women who have made enviable positions for themselves in every walk of life, and good citizens for the communities wherein they have resided. "J. B." DAVIS Josiah B. Davis of Princeton, Massachusetts, was its first teacher; and judging from the length of time he remained, he must have been a good one. Indeed, that is the testimony of all his pupils with whom the author has come into contact. J. B. Davis's name is spoken with reverence and admiration whenever two or more of his students fall into the happy pastime of reminiscency. He was stern, but he was gentle withal. He could be sarcastic when he chose to humble a refractory pupil, but never with intent to hurt the pupil's feelings. He was in- terested in the school as a school, but what is more to the point, he was interested in his pupils as individuals. And it was this personal interest in each one that endeared him to all. He was a man of general information who seemed to know something about everything. He always opened his school with a short address on some timely topic. He was a good reader, and in his teaching laid great stress upon that art, with special emphasis upon pronunciation. He was principal of the high school nine years; but before entering upon those duties he had successfully taught the north district school one year. During the last five years of his stay in Northborough he served as a member of the School Committee. In their report for the year 1872-73 the committee, speaking of the high school, makes this observation concerning him: "The principal, being a member of the Board, his colleagues, without consulting him, take this opportunity to express their 110 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY high appreciation of the fidelity and skill which has been shown in the management of this school for these several years." And in their report for the year 1875-76, speaking of Mr. Davis's resignation, the committee said, "this change was regretted by most of his old pupils, and the choice of a new person made difficult by the strong feeling of some, that no one could fill his place satisfactorily." The High School Alumni, have, in recent years, been holding reunions annually on the church common. One such reunion was held June 26, 1912, that will ever be memorable in the history of that organization. J. B. Davis (he is always spoken of as "J. B.") was the guest of honor. And if a man ever spent an absolutely happy day in this world, that man was J. B. Davis. It was forty-six years since he took up his duties as the first principal of the new school, and thirty-seven years since he left the school; yet notwithstanding that long lapse of time, fifty of his former pupils were present to greet their old master. They came from far and near, and were all glad to be there. Mr. Davis himself had "the time of his life, " so he said. And we may well believe it ; for his face beamed with gladness all day. The former pupils gathered during the forenoon. Lunch was served at noon; after which all repaired to the high school building, sat in their seats, sang songs and indulged in reminiscences of their schooldays. The weather was warm, but nobody minded it. The cup of joy was full to overflowing, so that it was difficult to tell which was the happier, the old schoolmaster or the old schoolmaster's former pupils. Mr. Davis was the pioneer. He spent nine years in working over his material and moulding it into such shape as to make a good foundation for a school that should be a creditable insti- tution. It remained, however, for his successor to organize that material into a duly-credited, smooth-running school. Albert Gray, Jr., succeeded Mr. Davis in 1875 and remained until 1891, a period of sixteen years; a record of service that has not been approached by any other teacher in the school. Mr. Gray organized the school into classes, and such organization has con- tinued until now. The first regular class, as such, was graduated in the spring of 1878. The class consisted of three young ladies. Miss Amy Barnes, Miss Ellen S. Stone, and Miss Grace Thompson. Each of them read graduation papers, and each of them was given a diploma — the first diplomas ever given by the school. Reference is made above to the annual reunions of the High School Alumni. These reunions are a source of great interest NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 111 to all who attend them. And as many of the pupils who were in the school in its earlier years are still living, and proclaim their interest in the school either by their personal attendance upon the reunions, or by letter, the author thinks it would be a matter of special interest to them to see a list of their former schoolmates. We therefore append such a list. Space forbids a complete list of the school's pupils; we therefore confine the list to those pupils who were in the school during the first four years of its existence from 1866 to 1870. In the case of the female pupils we have, as fully as possible, given their married names in parallel columns with their schoolgirl names. No school records were kept in those days, and it is not an easy matter to compile such a list at this distance. No claim, therefore, is made for its completeness: PUPILS IN NORTHBOROUGH HIGH SCHOOL 1866-1870 Adams, George K. Ashley, Edgar Bancroft, Julius Barnes, Charles Bartlett, Arthur F. Bemis, Elwin H. Bemis, Justin Butler, George Carruth, Clarence Carruth, Everett Cawthorne, Frank Chandler, Leander Coolidge, Henry C. Coolidge, Walter M. Crawford, John B. Crosby, John Q. Curtis, James L. Davis, Willard P. Davis, Willie P. Dryden, Willie Eddy, Andrew B. Ellsworth, Cornelius J. Ellsworth, James J. Eylward, James Farwell, DeWitt C. Fawcett, William Fay, Louis E. Fay, Willie E. Flagg, Edward N. Gibson, Charles Winthrop Gibson, Wilder B. Gorman, John Green, George Harrington, John A. Harrington, William Hastings, George Haverstock, William E. Hunt, Fred Jewett, Henry L. Maynard, Charles H. Maynard, William A. Maynard, Wilder Mayo, Walter B. McCarthy, John McClure, William F. Mclntire, Samuel J. Mentzer, Thornton E. Mentzer, Walter Moore, Charles Moore, Josiah L. Moore, Levi W. Parker, Edward S. Paul, Henry W. Perry, Fred G. Pike, Henry Rice, Chandler T. 112 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Rice, Charles Henry Rice, Edward Rice, E. J. Rice, Fred S. Rice, S. Wilson Richardson, Fred W. Russell, Walter Sawyer, Charles Southworth, Elmer F. Stone, Edward J. Stratton, William E. Thurston, Daniel S. Walker, Fred Maiden Name Adams, Etta Adams, Hattie Barnes, Amy Barnes, Anna Barnes, Edith Barnes, Emma A. Bartlett, Sarah E. Batchelor, Alice A. Bemis, Helen G. Bigelow, Annie Billings, Emma S. Brigham, Augusta Carruth, Ada M. Currier, Mary Davis, Annie E. Davis, Elizabeth B. Day, Mary J. Ellsworth, Ellen Farnsworth, Lizzie Farnum, Ella Fayerweather, Lizzie Flagg, Mary G. Gustine, Clara E. Gustine, May J. Harrington, Ada Harrington, Carrie Hildreth, Mary E. Jewett, Anna Johnson, Ella F. Kahler, Abbie Kidder, Maria King, Hannah Maynard, Ella S. Maynard, Ida Maynard, Inez Mclntire, Lizzie Married Name Mrs. Josiah L. Moore Mrs. Wilder Gibson Mrs. Samuel T. Maynard Mrs, Edward Powers. Mrs. Seth A. Emery Mrs. W. J. Codd Mrs. George Harrington Mrs. George Eddy Mrs. Andrew Otis Mrs. Dwight B. Bradley Mrs. Walter Lambeth Mrs. Francis H. Atwood Died young Mrs. George Fisher Mrs. Prouty Mrs. Eli Sanderson Mrs. Henry W. Paul Mrs. Welcome Wadsworth Mrs. Lucius Ball Died young Mrs. Richardson Mrs. Levi Moore, 1st Mrs. Frank Picard Mrs. Taft Mrs. Frank G. Holcomb Mrs. George Howe NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 113 Mentzer, Mary E. Moore, Hannah Newton, Ellen Randlett, Emma L. Randlett, Hattie Rice, Eliza Rice, Lottie Russell, Emily W, Saxton, Emily A. Searle, Edith G. Searle, Ella F. Silver, Nellie Stockwell, Mary J. Stone, Hortense M. Stratton, Maria S. Valentine, Hattie Valentine, Sarah Washburn, Clara O. Whipple, Mary, 1st wife White, Elizabeth Wilcox, Mary E. Wood, Hattie Yeaw, Katie G. Mrs. Watrus Guarnsey, 2d Mrs. DeWitt C. Farwell Mrs. Alfred Brooks Mrs. Irving Morse Mrs. George Thayer Mrs. George Beck Mrs. Reed Mrs. John F. Johnson Mrs. Henry Maynard Mrs. Brewer Died young Mrs. Henry G. Corey Mrs. George Rice Mrs. Lewis F. Stratton Mrs. George E. Goodrich Mrs. Charles H. Newton Mrs. George K. Adams Mrs. George R. Freeman Mrs. Walter Farwell Mrs. Frank Pope CHAPTER X PRIVATE SCHOOLS We have already stated that Northborough from the date of its incorporation has been actively interested in education. It provided a "schoolmaster" for the instruction of its children in the first year of its existence as an incorporated town. It has continued such instruction, gradually increasing its scope, until the present time. But in addition to the schools provided at public expense the town has had several private schools which have given it a wide reputation. The first of these private institutions was known as THE NORTHBOROUGH SEMINARY The leaders of public thought in the early days of this com- munity must have had the subject of education very much at heart; for simultaneously with the building of the four school- houses in 1780, certain public-spirited men organized a private school, and subscribed generously of their means for its housing, as the following table will show: £ s. d. 13 1 12 5 9 7 7 9 16 11 10 3 5 9 3 14 11 9 3 10 9 1 5 3 6 8 4 7 6 6 12 11 2 19 2 1 18 5 3 /. Thaddeus Fay . . Henry Gaschett . . Joel Rice Abraham Monroe David Monroe . . Solomon Goddard Samuel Wood ... Amos Rice Gillam Bass .... Simeon Hill John Wyman . . . . Abraham Wood . . . Edward Martyn . John Carruth .... The house was built at a total cost of £95 II5. Id. We have thought it worth while to record these figures for several reasons: Northborough built four schoolhouses that year. The country was in the midst of the Revolution, and there was more or less uncertainty as to how it would terminate; and it NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 115 was entailing heavy expenses upon the people, as war always does. Yet, the people of this small town voluntarily assumed the extra financial burden of a private school. It shows at least, the value they placed upon education. A few of the records of the proprietors of the Seminary are extant from which we copy the following obligation one assumed when he purchased a share in the Seminary : "I, the subscriber, having purchased a share (or shares as the case may be) in the Seminary in Northborough of A.B., do promise and engage to pay one- (two or three as the case may be) thirty-fifth part of all the cost that shall hereafter arise in repairing the house and keeping the school which shall be kept in the same, and that I will be subject to, and govern myself by, the Rules and Regulations of the Proprietors, for the due performance of which I do pledge my honour to the Proprietors of sd Seminary, as witness my hand." A bit of internal evidence in the above obligation enables us to conclude that the stock in the Seminary was divided into thirty-five equal shares. There is a record to the effect that on May 5, 1784, Thaddeus Fay sold two of his shares, one to Isaac Howe, the other to Hol- loway Taylor; which would seem to indicate that the Seminary was flourishing at that date. How long it flourished we do not know: but the following receipts shed a little light on the question : "Northborough, April 14, 1790. "I have received of Capt. Samuel Wood Eight Pounds Two Shillings in full in behalf of a school began at Northborough Seminary, April 8, 1788, for three months. "Samuel Brigham." And on July 12, 1790, the following: — "Received of Samuel Wood Three Pounds Twelve shillings in full for Boarding Master Samuel Brigham three months from April 8, 1788. "Rec'd payment, "Daniel Brigham." This is the latest data concerning the Seminary that we have been able to find. If the school ended at this time, it would appear that Samuel Brigham was its last teacher. James Hart was its first teacher, and he continued as such from its com- mencement in 1780 till 1785. The Seminary was located on the plot of ground at the junc- tion of Pleasant Street and the Boylston road, directly in 116 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY front of the house now owned by Miss Ellen Williams. The Town Records for April 2, 1805, contain this item: "Voted that the proprietors of the Seminary may remove it from off of the town land when they shall think best; or they may let it stand where it is, to be used for a schoolhouse." We learn from other sources that at about this time (1807) the building was sold to Altomont Rice (father of the late Pro- fessor John Minot Rice), and was moved by him to a piece of land at the corner of Whitney Street and Rice Avenue, and converted into a dwelling-house. It is still in existence, forming the rear central portion of Linden Cottage, the present home of Miss Caroline Caswell. THE ALLEN HOME SCHOOL Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D., was born in Medfield, Mass., in 1790. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1811, studied theology under the famous Professor Henry Ware (and others who shortly afterwards organized the Harvard Divinity School), and in 1816 settled in Northborough where he remained until his death in 1873. Dr. Allen was immensely interested in education; and as chairman of the School Board for half a century he made the schools of Northborough famous through- out the state. In 1834 he organized a private school of his own. He began by taking ten boys into his family. The venture was successful beyond his hopes, and within a short time he found it necessary to enlarge his already large house. This school, known far and near as "The Allen School" was continued for many years. Many boys who afterwards became famous in many walks of life were educated there. Even at this late date there is hardly a year that passes when some former student does not return to Northborough with his wife or children to point out to them the scene of his early school days. The Allen School and the Valen- tine School (to be spoken of later) were for a third of a century important institutions in the life of this community, and did more, perhaps, than anything else to make Northborough known throughout the state. One fact in connection with the Allen School is of special historical interest. From June, 1836 to March, 1837, the boys of this school published a paper known as The Meteor, all the mechanical, and part of the intellectual work of which was done by the boys themselves, the whole being under the super- vision of Dr. Allen. Editorials and contributions were solicited from many older people who discussed questions of interest to the community, and some of wider interest — chief among the NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 117 latter being the slavery question, which at that time was beginning to be discussed vigorously throughout the country. The most important contribution which this little paper made to the history of the town was the naming of Mt. Assabet. It will be remembered that up to this time (1836) the beautiful hill in the center of our town had borne the name "Liquor Hill." Agitation for changing that name originated in The Meteor, and was carried on with such success that on July 4, 1836, the name was changed to "Mt. Assabet," the name it has since borne.* The Meteor was the first paper ever published in North- borough. Note. Among the pupils of the "Allen Home School" who afterwards became famous may be mentioned Webster Wells, for many years professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Robert S. Peabody, of the firm of Peabody & Stearns, one of the leading architectural firms of the country; Mr. Coolidge, headmaster of St. Mark's School, Southborough; and Adolph Low, a famous importing merchant of New York City, cousin of Mayor Seth Low's father. THE VALENTINE SCHOOL Another private school that brought fame to Northborough was the "Valentine Boarding School." This was widely known throughout eastern Massachusetts. It was kept by Elmer Valentine, father of Walter Valentine who still lives on the Valentine farm in the west part of the town. Elmer Valentine was born in Hopkinton, in 1795. His people moved to Northborough when he was a small boy and lived on the Dana Rice farm, near Straw Hollow. He was educated in the public schools of Northborough ; privately, by Rev. Dr. Allen; and at the Framingham Academy. Making teaching his profession, he taught for some time in the schools of this town. Later, he opened a private school in Boston where he had as pupils many boys who afterwards became famous, among whom were Rev. S. F. Smith, author of our national anthem, "America"; Charles Sumner, who so ably represented our state in the United States Senate at a time when that august body was composed of intellectual giants; George Sumner, brother to Charles; and the Hon. Gardner Colby, for whom Colby College was named ; Fanny Fern, the well-known authoress, and sister of N. P. Willis; and Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis, said to be the handsomest woman in Boston. In 1837 (probably) he gave up his Boston school and opened one in Northborough. That was the year of the great "panic." *The story of this interesting occasion is told under "Mt. Assabet.'! 118 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Whether that had anything to do with Mr. Valentine's change of location does not appear. For a while he lived on South Street, and conducted his school in the vestry of the Baptist Church (not the present church, but the original one which is now a tenement house at the corner of School and Summer Streets). The next year, 1838, he established himself in the west part of the town, on what is now the Walter Valentine farm. There the school was continued until 1865. Mr. Valentine was a very successful teacher, but he is remem- bered particularly for his beautiful penmanship. The few specimens of it which are still extant look like copperplate en- graving. The writer met an elderly gentleman in New Hamp- shire last summer who, when he learned that he lived in North- borough said, "Northborough? I used to live in Northborough. I was a pupil at Elmer Valentine's school. Mr. Valentine was a fine penman and he made fine penmen of his pupils. I could write a good deal better then than I can now." Apropos of Mr. Valentine's talent in this direction the follow- ing testimonials from early Boston newspapers are interesting. The Boston Evening Gazette said: "We have seen a very beautiful specimen of penmanship done by Mr. Elmer Valentine, which is highly creditable to his taste and talents. We know he has been very successful with the youth entrusted to his care, and several of the first writing masters in the country derived their instruction at his school." And the Bunker Hill Aurora said: "Mr. Valentine has lately published a new edition of his "System of Penmanship," which has heretofore sustained a high rank, with several additional copies of medium and running hand. From this gentleman's long experience and well-known ability as a teacher of this art, we have no doubt that those who may put themselves under his instruction will be amply compensated for their expense of time and money." CHAPTER XI THE UNITARIAN CHURCH* The corporate name of this society is "The First Congrega- tional Unitarian Church of Northborough." It was incor- porated under that name in 1911. When it was organized, May 21, 1746, and thereafter until 1832, it was known as "The Church of Christ in Northborough" (with a change of town name that is the designation given to all the old New England churches of the Congregational order). After the organization of the Baptist Church (1827), and the Evangelical Congregational Church (1832), this society came to be known as the Unitarian Church, a name which it still bears. The only action the town took, with reference to the separa- tion, was on April 2 (the day before the Evangelical Congrega- tional Society, and ten days before the Evangelical Church was organized), when it appointed a committee "to take measures to form the town into parishes." The committee reported (ver- bally) November 12, "that they had caused the town to be formed into parishes." Since which time the old church was most generally spoken of as "The First Parish." The activities of the parish did not lessen after the separa- tion ; on the contrary they increased. And within a year they found it necessary to ask the town to grant them permission to build a vestry under the town hall, that they might have more room. Permission was granted, and the town hall was moved across the street, raised, and a vestry built under it, all at the expense of the parish. The parish used, and paid rent on this vestry until 1848, when its own building was remodeled. f ALTERATIONS Some alterations in the church building were made in 1837 at which time the old pulpit was replaced by a new one. The old pulpit was a huge affair, built against the rear wall of the church. Very radical changes were made in 1848 — the galleries were taken out, the floor of the church was raised, and a vestry built underneath. The floor at that time was on a level with the outside stone steps, and the front doors opened directly into the *For the history of this church prior to 1832, see chapter "The Northborough Meeting- house." tSee chapter "The Old Town Hall." 120 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY vestibule. Before this change was made there were two rows of windows in the church, one above and one below the galleries; but when the galleries were removed the two rows of short windows gave place to the present row of long windows. In 1872 changes were made in the vestry, at the solicitation of the Ladies' Society. One end of the vestry was converted into a ladies' parlor and a kitchen. It was in this same year that the roof of the church was slated, and the auditorium frescoed. All of these structural changes were done at considerable expense, which was met mostly by personal subscriptions. The parson- age was built in 1875 and its first occupant was Rev. Henry F. Bond, who became the minister in 1877. CHRISTENING FONT The church was presented with a heavy, cut glass christen- ing font in 1834. The gift was accompanied by the following letter, which explains itself. The letter was addressed to Dr. Allen, the minister: "Worcester, Dec. 18, 1834. "Sir: "You will oblige me by asking the society under your care to accept the font which will be delivered with this. It is a plain piece of cut glass, made under my direction for that purpose, and I hope will not be considered unworthy of a place upon the alter in the church. It is not designed to enrich the society but is a testimonial of my respect for it, and of my best wishes for its prosperity as a Christian community. "I am. Dear Sir, with Great Respects, your faithful friend, "J. Davis." "J. Davis" was "Honest John" Davis who, at the time, was Governor of Massachusetts. He was born in Northborough, and was reared in the church. It goes without the saying, that the gift was gladly accepted, and is today, together with the autograph letter which accom- panied it, counted among the treasures of the church. THE "TOWN" CLOCK There seems to be an almost universal misunderstanding as to the ownership of the clock in the church tower. People speak of it as the "Town" Clock, and think of it as being owned by the town. And so it is the "town clock," in the sense that it does service for everybody in the town, but in no other sense. It is the property of the church. THE UNITARIAN CHURCH, BUILT 1808 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 121 On December 30, 1844, the church received a communica- tion from Jonas Ball, Esq., offering to donate a clock to be put into the tower of the church, on certain conditions. One of the conditions was, that the church should pay for installing the same. The conditions were readily accepted; and after passing a vote of thanks to Mr. Ball for his generous gift, the parish appointed a committee to superintend placing "the clock on the meeting-house." The clock was put into place the following year (1845), since which time it has kept time for the whole town. To be sure in these latter days, it sometimes gets balky and refuses "to go." But that is true of all clocks. In that respect, clocks show their kinship with human nature. All they need at such times is a little coaxing. THE ORGAN AND THE CHOIR Measures were taken as early as 1844 to procure an organ, but the organ was not forthcoming until 1851. It was made by George Stevens of Cambridge, at that time, and for many years thereafter, one of the prominent organ builders of the country. It was paid for largely by personal subscriptions. In this connection it will be interesting to read an observa- tion on the choir made by Dr. Allen in his twenty-fifth anni- versary sermon (1841). He said: "On the day of my ordina- tion (October 30, 1816), the singers' seats were filled, the ladies being tastefully adorned with white turbans and blue ribbons. "Italy," which was sung to the 278th hymn in Belknap, has ever since been one of my favorite tunes, and I never hear it, without a vivid recollection of the occasion when, as an ordained minister, I first listened to its sweet notes. "Mr. Cephas Newhall, now of Sterling, then an inhabitant of this town, was the leader of our choir here referred to, of whom it is no more than justice to say, that, in the selection of appropriate tunes, in adapting the tones to the sentiments expressed, and in exercising a sort of magic influence over the whole choir, so as literally to be their leader, drawing them along after him insensibly and without effort, he was surpassed by few." He adds: "At the time I came to this place, Watts's Psalms and Hymns were in use. Belknap was substituted for Watts on Thanksgiving Day, about one month after my ordination. Belknap was retained till January, 1835, when Greenwood's beautiful selection of Hymns was substituted for it, and gives, I believe, universal satisfaction." All of the hymn books mentioned above were very popular in their day, and were used quite extensively for many years. In 1868, Greenwood's was replaced by the Unitarian Hymn 122 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY and Tune Book which did vaUant service for nearly a third of a century. In the meantime many hymn writers had arisen who had produced hymns of surpassing beauty. And when the present minister was settled (December, 1895) he regarded it as unfortunate that an otherwise up-to-date church should be neglecting these modern hymns. He had a profound reverence for the good things of the past, but he in no way neglected the good things of the present. He remembers to have preached a sermon one Sunday from the text, "Sing unto the Lord a new song." His arguments were convincing, and resulted in the introduction of a new "Hymnal: Amore Dei" (June 19, 1898). This hymnal is still in use. But to return to the choir: As far back as 1835 the question of establishing a singing school was brought before the parish meeting with the result that a committee was chosen to raise money for the support of a singing-school. It does not appear that this committee ever made a report. But on September 24, 1838, the parish appropriated one hundred dollars "to defray the expenses of a singing-school," and Thaddeus Mason, Anson Rice, and Henry B. Phelps were appointed a committee to expend said money. From a report made to the parish the following spring we learn that the singing-school was held, that the money was wisely expended, and that Joseph Addison Allen was the teacher of the school. The next year the school was continued at the parish's expense, and for some years thereafter. The church choir about this time (1840) was said by the ministers who exchanged with Dr. Allen, to be the best choir in the county. It was composed as follows: Thaddeus Mason (who from all accounts had a magnificent tenor voice), was leader. Martin Stowe played the clarionet; H. R. Phelps, the trombone; Anson Rice, the violoncello; and Munroe Mason and Joseph Addison Allen, the violins. Lucy M. Allen (later, Mrs. James Davis), Mary W. Allen (later, Mrs. Dr. J. J. Johnson), and three daughters of Dr. Stephen Ball, were the leading women singers. This choir and singing-school were important institutions in their day, furnishing a great deal of the entertaiment of their time, not only for this church but for the town as well. The members were devoutly interested. And, as no one was per- mitted to sing in the choir on Sunday, who had not previously attended the rehearsal, interest was kept at a white heat. Thanksgiving Day was made much of in those days, a principal feature of which service being the music and singing by the choir. For weeks beforehand the anthems were re- hearsed and thoroughly learned; so that when the great day NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 123 arrived, the choir was letter-perfect. The Thanksgiving Ball was a feature of the day which was looked forward to with pleasurable anticipation by everybody, especially by the young people. One grand event which looms up prominently in the history of the choir was the Grand Concert given in the church in 1840. It consisted mainly of choruses from the oratorios. The music books were loaned by the "Handel and Haydn" Society of Boston. The choir was drilled by Joseph Addison Allen, but the concert was conducted by Professor Miiller of the Boston Academy of Music, who came to Northborough for that special purpose. That is one picture of a church choir, and it is good to behold. But alas! and alack! church choirs present two pictures — one when they are singing sweetly; another, when the minister is preaching. This particular choir was no exception to choirs in general. Having said all these nice things about it, the author ought to close his sketch. But in the interests of exact truth he feels bound to continue until he has told the whole story. So, with the relentlessness of Hamlet, he continues: "Look here upon this picture, and on this." Poor old Dr. Allen had his patience tried many times in not being able to hear himself speak because of competing voices at the opposite end of the church. Very frequently he was obliged to stop in the course of his sermon to reprimand the "sweet singers of Israel." And his reprimands were not always effective, save for the time being, for on the church records under date of November 1, 1841 is to be found this entry: "Voted, to choose two monitors to prevent whispering and disorderly conduct in the gallery of the Meeting-house during service on the Sabbath — chose M. L. Stowe and W. L. Haven." This heroic measure seems not to have had the desired effect, for in March, 1842, it was again voted "to choose a committee of fifteen persons to take such measures as they shall deem ex- pedient relative to detecting persons who have defaced the pews in the gallery of the Meeting-house by cutting and marking, and to prevent similar injuries in future; and also to prevent dis- orderly conduct in the Meeting-house on the Sabbath, and other days when it is opened for religious services." The preceding paragraph might not have been meant for the choir alone, for there were other people in the galleries besides the choir. But that the reprimands of Dr. Allen were meant for the choir admits of no doubt, for the writer was told by one of them that he addressed himself directly to the choir. 124 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Just here, the writer feels bound to defend our present-day- choirs from the imputation that they have degenerated from the choirs of olden times. Church choir quarrels are proverbial; but they are not a modern innovation, as the following fact will show: "At a parish meeting in November, 1841, a committee was appointed to investigate the musical instruments. This committee reported in March, 1842, that the double bass viol was in good condition, in the Meeting-house; the clarionet in good condition in the hands of M. L. Stowe; the bass viol was in the hands of Anson Rice who declined purchasing it, or giving it up, and who said that he did not know but that he could hold it by possession. The parish seems to have acted very wisely on this report; for instead of sending a sheriff to Mr. Rice and demanding the bass viol, it voted "to choose a com- mittee to request Anson Rice to return to the society and play as heretofore for said society upon the bass viol." THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL The Sunday-school is, comparatively speaking, a modern institution. Established in England by a poor workingman (Robert Raikes, 1780), for the purpose of teaching poor and neglected children the rudiments of knowledge, it soon developed into a school for teaching the children the rudiments of religion. A recent discussion of the question brought out the fact that Sunday-schools in New England came into being about the year 1820 (in one or two of the Boston churches). The Sunday-school of this church was not organized until 1824. "But," says Dr. Allen, in his Half Century Sermon, "for several years before this date, even from the commence- ment of my ministry (1816), religious instruction had been given to the children and youth of the town, at first in the use of the catechism, and afterwards by written questions on portions of the Gospels; by our encouraging success in which I was induced to prepare the series of Question-Books to which reference has been made." The series of Question-Books to which he refers, are: "The Worcester Catechism," "Questions on the Old and New Testa- ments," "Questions on the Gospels," "Questions on the Acts," and "Questions on the Book of Genesis." These books were extensively used in the Sunday-schools of the Unitarian denomin- ation for many years. One interesting fact in the history of the Sunday-school was a public examination of the school held in the Town Hall on NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 125 November 5, 1829, at which there were one hundred and thirty pupils present. COMMUNION SERVICE In the destruction of the parsonage by fire, the Church Records were lost — records from 1746 to 1780 (see chapter, "The Three Town Ministers: II Peter Whitney"). A new book was speedily obtained. The following inscription on the fly-leaf tells how: This Book Cost a Silver Dollar. NORTHBOROUGH ChURCH BoOK OF RECORDS, 1780. This Book was Given to the Church of Christ in Northborough By MR. THADDEUS FAY, A Member of Said Church, 1780. In this new record book Peter Whitney records as much of the early history as he and some of the older members of the parish could recall. Among the items he records is the follow- ing statement concerning gifts made to the church. As the writer deems it of general interest he reproduces it in full, just as Mr. Whitney wrote it: "Soon after the ordination of Mr. Martyn, Mr. Martyn's mother (then a widow) of Boston, gave the church two flagons and four tankards for the wine, and two dishes, all pewter. Mrs. Martyn (wife of the minister) first lent the church a table- cloth and napkins, and then gave them; or died without reclaim- ing them. The table-cloth and napkins and one of the tankards were destroyed by fire when Mr. Whitney's house was burned, April 26, 1780. The church soon afterwards, by subscription procured another table-cloth and napkins. Capt. James Eager and Lieut. William Holloway, leaving each a legacy to the church, the church therewith procured a silver cup, as appears by the inscription thereon, in the year, 1760 . . . and with the residue of their joint legacies the church procured a book for their records, which book was burned in Mr. Whitney's 126 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY house. This present book was given to the church by Mr. Thaddeus Fay. "In the year 1760, Mr. Monis (who had been Hebrew in- structor in Harvard College) gave the church a new silver cup, as appears by the inscription thereon. He likewise gave them at the same time, a large silver tankard with an inscription thereon, similar to that on the cup he gave. (This silver tankard the church voted in 1811 to have made into two silver cups, which was accordingly done, with an inscription on each, showing them to be Mr. Monis' gift. "In 1768, Mrs. Anna Rice, relict of the late Deacon Rice, gave the church a handsome new silver tankard with their names inscribed thereon, as the tankard shows. Sometime after the year 1770 (the time cannot now be ascertained as the records were burnt) the church having money sufficient in the hands of the Deacons, purchased therewith two silver cups with this inscription since put on them — 'The Property of the Church in Northborough.' "In 1775, Mr. Pelatiah Rice gave the church, by will, with which, and thirteen dollars added by Mr. Thaddeus Fay, another cup was given to the church in 1797 with an inscrip- tion thereon. The church accepted ten dollars in the interest of the above legacy, with which and a voluntary subscription of several members of the church, another silver cup (of a new form) was purchased, with this inscription — 'The Property of the Church in Northborough.' At the same time, Capt. Gideon Tenney gave a cup to the church similar in form to the last men- tioned. "When the town built their new Meeting-house they included in the general expense thereof, the cost of the new, elegant ma- hogany Communion Table and two armed chairs, which was twenty-two dollars. Several years after Mr. Martyn was ordained the church purchased the present very decent baptismal basin, which cost in that day 8 shillings lawful money. "The above record is made from the best information I could get of ancient things and from my own knowledge of things since 1767. "Attest, Peter Whitney, Pastor." "Northborough, May 5, 1812." TABLE STOLEN The "elegant mahogany Communion Table" spoken of above, was used until 1870. At that time an entirely new set of pulpit furniture was provided, including a new table. The NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 127 old table, not harmonizing (in color) with the pulpit, was placed at the rear of the church where it served as a receptacle for denominational tracts until the early days of October, 1907, when it was stolen by a Worcester man who made the stealing of antique furniture his business. The author traced it to Joliet, Illinois, thence to Chicago. It went into the possession of a lawyer of unsavory reputation, from whom it could not be restored. THE PULPIT BIBLE One of the treasures of the church is its pulpit Bible in two volumes. The following inscription which appears on the fly- leaf of each volume explains where it came from : The PROPERTY of the CHURCH AND TOWN of NORTHBOROUGH. The GIFT of MR. JOSEPH FOSTER, A RESPECTABLE MERCHANT In the TOWN of BOSTON, JANUARY 31, 1809. BIRTHPLACE OF FREEMASONRY It has already been stated in another place, that the Evan- gelical Congregational Church was organized in the Unitarian Church. This church was also the birthplace of local Free- masonry. The first Masonic Lodge in what was once a part of Marlborough was consecrated in this church, January 1, 1811, Right Worshipful Grand Master, Timothy Whiting of Lancaster, officiating. The Grand Lodge opened its session at Abraham Munroe's Tavern. Then a procession was formed, consisting 128 • NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY of the Grand Lodge, the Lodge about to be consecrated, and a number of the reverend clergy and brethren of other Lodges, and proceeded to the Meeting-house where the following exercises were carried out: 1. An appropriate anthem. 2. Prayer by the Grand Chaplain, Rev. James Thompson of Barre. 3. An appropriate anthem. 4. A Masonic discourse by the Grand Chaplain. 5. Consecration of Fredonia Lodge. 6. Installation of its officers. 7. A Masonic address by the Grand Master. 8. An appropriate anthem. The procession then reformed and returned to Munroe's Tavern "where they partook of an excellent dinner." The new Lodge bore the name, "Fredonia," and continued in existence until early in the thirties, when it was obliged to succumb (as did may other Lodges) on account of the Anti- Masonic agitation which was then sweeping over the country. The charter of Fredonia Lodge is now in the possession of United Brethren Lodge, of Marlborough. MINISTERS Rev. John Martyn, May 21, 1746 to April 30, 1767. Rev. Peter Whitney, November 4, 1767 to February 29, 1816. Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D., October 30, 1816 to February 23, 1873. Rev. Trowbridge B. Forbush, January 1, 1857 to July 1, 1863. Rev. Joseph Henry Allen, D.D. (Supply), about two years. Rev. Henry L. Myrick, D.D., June 27, 1866 to October 1, 1868. Rev. Frederick L. Hosmer, D.D., October 28, 1869 to October 25 1872 ' Rev.' Charles T. Irish, July 1, 1873 to July 1, 1876. Rev. Henry F. Bond, 1877 to June 1, 1882. Rev. Obed Eldridge, January 1, 1883 to 1891. Rev. James Aubrey Chase, 1892 to January 1, 1895. Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent, December 1, 1895 to April 1, 1921. THE BAPTIST CHURCH, BUILT 1860 CHAPTER XII THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH The ecclesiastical history of every old New England town forms the most important part of the early history of that town. Originally, there was only one church — the town's Meeting-house. It was the common property of all the inhabitants, and all the inhabitants resorted to it on the Sabbath to partake of its spirit- ual ministrations. There was not much diversity of thought upon theological matters in those early days. With few excep- tions, all were happy and contented with the New England form of religion into which they were born, and in which they were bred. Our fathers took their religion very seriously: it formed an integral part of their character, and developed within them what has come to be known throughout the country as the "New England Conscience." This New England conscience was, for many years, a very real thing, and it reflected the hard, austere life which our forefathers lived on these barren hills. But human life is not static: and as the austere life of our fathers became less and less severe, and their simple life more complex, some changes of great moment were quietly taking place which were destined to work a complete revolution, not only in their individual lives but in the life of the communities in which they lived. Not the least of these changes was the revolution in theologi- cal thought. In a democratic country such as ours, founded upon the inherent right of every man to the exercise of his own conscience in the matter of government and religion, it is im- possible that there be only one church and one religion. We do not recognize the right of the state to impose any form of religion upon our consciences. Every man is "free and independent" in these matters to work out his own theological belief and to choose his own church. So it is not at all surprising that, in a town which had been foremost in shaking off the shackles of a form of government which was irksome to it there should develop a form, or forms, of religion different from that which had held sway for many years. So it was in Northborough. "The Church of Christ," established in 1746, held undisputed sway over the moral and religious lives of the community for a period of eighty-one years, 130 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY when its right to do so longer was challenged by a new organ- ization. The First Baptist Church of Northborough was organized, July 2, 1827, with the following membership: Samuel Gage Elmer Valentine Lewis Allen Rebecca C. Valentine Ruhamah Allen Willard Converse Daniel Gage Persis Rice Mary Gage Lydia Bride John Gage Lucinda Bride Samuel S. Gage Martha Brigham Martin Brigham Susan Eager Mary Brigham Mary B. Fisher Arte Patterson Lucy W. Fay Asenath Patterson Polly Rugg William Walker Eliza Munjoy Mary Walker Martha Munjoy But it must not be supposed that it blossomed out spon- taneously, all at once. No important organization is born in that way. The law of development must be followed in such a matter as in all other matters — "first the blade, then the ear, then the full grain in the ear." The facts in the present case are, the seeds of Baptist doctrine were sown in Northborough some years previously. A "Baptist Church" had been organ- ized in "Shrewsbury and Boylston" as early as 1812, and another in Westborough, in 1814. And as the social custom of "visiting" was more common in those days than in ours, it is fair to pre- sume that the doctrines of the new churches were freely dis- cussed on these visits. On April 22, 1812, Seth Grout filed a certificate with the Town Clerk saying he had afifiliated himself with the Baptist movement in Westborough; and in 1814, when that movement crystalized into an organized church he was made a deacon, which office he held until his death in 1823. On April 21, 1814, Lewis Allen filed a similar certificate to the effect that he had joined the "Shrewsbury and Boylston" Baptist Society. And before the Baptist Church in Northborough was organized the following persons had filed similar certificates: April 25, 1814: Arte Patterson; Shrewsbury and Boylston Baptist Society. October 4, 1814: Elijah F. Valentine; Baptist Society, Westborough. October 7, 1814: Benjamin Warren, Jr.; Baptist Society Westborough. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 131 June 26, 1815: Elijah Fay; Baptist Society, Westborough. June 26, 1815: Rice Fay; Baptist Society, Westborough. April 21, 1817: Joel Brigham; Shrewsbury and Boylston Baptist Society. April 26, 1817: Edward Bigelow; Shrewsbury and Boylston Baptist Society. June 6, 1817: Asaph Rice; Baptist Society, Westborough. April 22, 1820: Benjamin Flagg; Shrewsbury and Boylston Baptist Society. February 19, 1821: Eli Fairbanks; Baptist Society, West- borough. May 5, 1823: Ezra Brown; Shrewsbury and Boylston Baptist Society. Thomas W. Valentine, in his "Historical Discourse,"* says, "the first baptism in Northboro', so far as I have been able to discover occurred at the Factory Pond in 1811, when Eljah (probably Elijah) F. Valentine, Jane Mahan Valentine, his wife, Barbara Temple, and a Miss Phelps, were baptized upon a profession of faith in their Lord Jesus Christ — by what admin- istrator I have been unable to ascertain. These, with Benjamin Warren and wife, and perhaps one or two others, whose names I am unable to learn, attended meeting in Westboro', and, upon the organization of the Baptist Church in that town in 1814 united with that body." Mr. Valentine also says: "In 'Straw Hollow' many such meet- ings were held (in private dwellings), and several professed con- version and were baptized. Among these were Joseph and Benjamin Fawcett, Joel Brigham, John Stiles, Jr., and others. Meetings for preaching also began to be held about this time in the easterly part of this town with some success. In October, 1813, Lewis Allen and Arte Patterson, with their wives were baptized upon a week day, in the Factory Pond, by the Rev. Elias McGregory of Shrewsbury, an event that 'made no small stir among the people.' " It will be seen from the above that the seeds of the Baptist doctrine were being disseminated more or less generally, and that some of them had taken deep root as early as 1812 and 1813. But more were lying dormant awaiting a richer cultivation. This came in the early twenties, when the individual Baptists began to get together and hold meetings at one another's houses. They were as yet, few in numbers, but "strong in the faith." In 1827 they thought themselves numerous enough to be a ♦"Fifty years of Pilgrimage," delivered before the First Baptist Church in North- borough, Mass., on the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of its Organization, July 2, 1877. 132 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Society, and they accordingly held a meeting with the idea of organizing one. This meeting was held at the home of Mrs. Grout, widow of Seth Grout, who was one of the first deacons of the Baptist Society in Westborough.* It was the sense of this meeting that a church be organized; and the following persons were elected a committee to make arrangements for a future and final meeting: Elmer Valentine, Samuel Gage, Lewis Allen, Samuel Wood, and Captain Jeremiah Hunt. A Council of Delegates from the churches in Southborough, Westborough, Grafton, Shrewsbury, West Boylston, and Wor- cester was called for the second day of July. This Council assembled on the appointed day, and after listening to an en- couraging sermon t by Rev. Jonathan Going, of W^orcester, "Voted unanimously to constitute a church." Thus the First Baptist Church of Northborough started on its career of usefulness, July 2, 1827. Let us pause for a moment to acquaint ourselves with the situation, and to learn if possible, what effect it had upon the community. This new religious movement was one of the most revolutionary events that had ever taken place in the town. The town was small, and the existing church none too large to extend religious ministrations to all. While but few members with- drew from the existing church and it was therefore little effected, a spirit of antagonism was aroused which, from all accounts, permeated the whole community. And that unhappy feeling persisted throughout many years. There are no quarrels so bitter as religious quarrels. Happily, at this late date, we may review the matter calmly and dispassionately. On the one hand was the existing church, which had been in operation eighty-one years. It had minis- tered successfully to the religious needs of the people during all that time. It had grown from very humble beginnings to a powerful and influential institution. It was then, the conserver of the religious hope and aspiration of the people. What more natural then, than that it should feel itself impugned by the erection of a new church? What more natural than that Dr. Allen, its minister, who was also the minister of the town, should do everything in his power to preserve the integrity of the old organization? He did no more than any minister in our day would do under similar circumstances. On the other hand, there was a group of high-minded people ♦Mrs. Grout lived on East Main Street, in the house now occupied by James J. Wood. fMr. Going's text was Psalm xxxvii, 3 — "Trust in the Lord and do good; so shalt thou dwell in the land, and verily thou shalt be fed." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 133 who had undergone a change in their theological beliefs. They could no longer give their allegiance to a church which did not believe as they believed. They were perfectly honest in their allegiance as they were in their beliefs. And they had an un- doubted right to withdraw from one church and to ally them- selves to another. In our day, such a change would pass un- noticed. In our day the establishment of a new church would attract no unfavorable comment. But we must remember that ninety years ago religious feeling ran high. The people then did not have so many matters to claim their attention as we have, and their thought was centered largely upon religion; and the people generally held to their theological beliefs with a tenacity that has seldom been equalled, and never surpassed. That a new church should have been established at this time was inevitable. New England was in the throes of a great theological discussion which shook it to its foundations; and in the heat of the discussion both sides to the controversy often forgot that true Christian spirit which they were supposed to exemplify in their dealings with one another. Such bitter criminations and recriminations are unseemly among Christian people; but we must remember that there is a good deal of human nature in all people. It is interesting to know what effect the establishment of this new church had upon Dr. Allen. He was the minister of the town, and as such, was vitally interested in the religious welfare of all the people. He was a young man of thirty-seven at the time, and had been settled eleven years. Naturally, any movement that threatened the disruption of his church was keenly felt by him. Doubtless, he labored to prevent such disruption (as any minister would do under similar circum- stances) ; but there was no bitterness in his heart, as is evidenced by the following sentiments which he recorded in his journal: "I think it is my desire to do good; let not this desire be weak- ened, let it rather be strengthened by the discouragements I am called to experience. Should those who have been my friends withdraw from my ministry, and endeavor to draw others after them, let me not be disheartened or dismayed. Let it not tempt me to withdraw my affection from them, or to labor and pray the less earnestly for their spiritual good." That the Baptists of this period were subjected to many petty annoyances, and perhaps to some that were not petty, goes without the saying, for, as a recent minister of the church said, some time ago, "the Baptists, one hundred years ago, were despised everywhere." Mr. Valentine relates the story of how one such annoyance turned out to be a blessing in disguise. He 134 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY says: "Rev. Thomas Paul, of Boston, the well-known colored preacher, also occasionally visited this vicinity, and, in one instance, while preaching in a schoolhouse in Westboro', was somewhat disturbed by a company of young men, some of whom were from Northboro', who had gone to hear 'the nigger preacher,' only to have a little fun. Seeing what their object evidently was, the preacher suddenly stopped and said, 'Deacon, please to place a candle out there in the entry. The devil is out there, and he hates light.' The disturbance ceased at once; and more than that, the last remark, uttered in the peculiarly impressive manner of the preacher, was an arrow from the Almighty's quiver, even though the bow was drawn at a venture, which pierced between the joints of the harness, and carried convic- tion to at least one young heart. 'He who came to scoff remained to pray' ; and I trust I violate none of the rules of propriety when I add, that that young man has since long been well known in Baptist circles, and through the country, as the Honorable Isaac Davis, now (1877) of Worcester, but a native of this town." Mr. Valentine, too, is authority for the following story of Dr. Allen: "One good lady, yet living, in the early days of the Baptist Church, visited the factory village, with a view of gathering into the Baptist Sabbath-school, one or two stray waifs who did not attend such a school anywhere. The eagle- eyed 'minister of the tovv^n' heard of it, forthwith called upon the lady, and, in a two hours' argument, endeavored to convince her that she had done very wrong. 'What,' said she, 'are you not willing that I should seek out those who don't go a?tywhere?" 'No!' said he, decidedly. 'Not unless you bring them to MY Sunday-school.' " But Mr. Valentine goes on to say that Dr. Allen "outlived that feeling, and that all through the latter part of his ministry, he manifested only the most cordial and fraternal spirit toward other denominations." Another annoyance to which they were subjected concerned the selection of a site for their church. And again we quote Mr. Valentine: "The first spot selected was one in the rear of the Unitarian Meeting-house, near the old horse-sheds, then belonging to Mr. Lowell Holbrook. He, it appears, was willing to sell, until waited upon by a prominent member of the old church, and told that it must not be. They next applied for the lot on which the present house now stands, belonging to Mr. Samuel Fisher. Mr. Fisher's wife was then a Baptist, and he afterwards became one; but at that time he was a member of the old parish, and when a prominent citizen waited upon him to dissuade him also from selling, he hesitated. At this juncture, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 135 the chairman of the committee began to feel some indignation. 'If we can't have a spot on which to build a Baptist Meeting- house in Northboro', he said, 'I'll see!' And forthwith he offered his own garden, one of the finest and most central lots in the village, on the corner of Main and South Streets, and now known as 'the Burnt District.' This settled the question; for no sooner did the landlord of the opposite hotel hear that the Baptists were going to build 'right under his nose,' than he hurried to Mr. Fisher, and urged him to sell the lot on which they finally built. But mark the providence of God in this case! Had the committee succeeded in getting the first lot, the Baptist Meeting-house would probably have been a full quarter of a mile out of the village (as too many Baptist houses of worship are), instead of in the very heart of it." This surely was a great hardship, and doubtless did more than any other one thing to intensify the bitterness already en- gendered against the First Parish. But this statement of Mr. Valentine will bear analysis. If, as he says, the "providence of God" intervened in the selection of a site, what quarrel had the Baptists with the Unitarians who refused to sell their land? Was not their refusal to sell part of that same "providence of God?" We cannot accept the one without the other, for it was all one process. One wonders what the feeling of any one of our churches would be today if an attempt were made to establish a church of another denomination in close proximity to it. Human nature has not changed very much since 1828; and we question whether Baptist human nature be very different from Unitarian human nature. Such annoyances, persecutions they may be called, are part of the inheritance of every important movement in this world that has ever amounted to anything; and they form the basis of our love and loyalty to every institution which we cherish. That is the principal reason why organic church union is a dream not likely to be realized in the near future. Every de- nomination is proud of its inheritance, and rightly so. But, as Christians, we can work together and must work together, else, our Christian religion will become a by-word and a hissing. "Paul may plant, and Apollos may water, but God alone can give the increase." This church, like all our churches, had small beginnings. Obstacles, seemingly insurmountable, were overcome, and for three-quarters of a century the Baptist Church has been an influential factor in the life of the community. During the pastorate of Rev. William H. Dalrymple (1837-40) it put itself on record as being opposed to the national sin of slavery. And 136 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY in 1842, during the pastorate of Rev. Bartlett Pease, it passed the following resolutions touching the same subject: ''Resolved: That as a church of our Lord Jesus Christ we feel it to be our duty to bear public testimony against the oppressive and wicked system of American slavery — a system which in our opinion is subversive of the rights of humanity, the laws of order, and the principles inculcated by our Lord and Redeemer. And we are persuaded that if this system be tolerated and per- petuated in our country it cannot fail to bring down upon it the judgment of a sin-avenging God. ''Resolved: That entertaining such views of this odious and abominable system, that we will not admit a slave-holding min- ister into our pulpit (knowing him to be such), nor a slave- holding, nor an advocate of slavery to our communion-table. "Resolved: That as disciples of Christ, we feel grieved that ministers of the Gospel and members of Evangelical churches should be found strengthening the hands of the oppressor, if not by actual apology, at least by leaving him unrebuked in his sins, and so far despising or forgetting the oppressed as to leave them to suffer and die in their bonds, without special prayer and effort for their speedy and entire deliverance; and that we do most affectionately and solemnly entreat such min- isters and church members to repent before God; and henceforth 'to remember those who are in bonds as bound with them,' and hastening with the oppressor and the oppressed to the judgment seat of Christ. "Resolved: That the Christian Reflector, in our opinion, is exerting a powerful influence in favor of the abolition of slavery, and for this reason we hope it will be extensively patronized. The church had hard sledding during the first twenty years of its existence. All of its members were comparatively poor and the church, therefore, could not pay its ministers a living salary. This accounts for the frequent change of ministers (ten in twenty years, one-fifth of which time there was no minister) . But a brighter day was dawning. In the summer of 1848, Rev. Charles Farrar became the minister, and he remained seven years. During his pastorate an event of great importance took place. The Society had been carrying a debt ever since the church was built. This debt forced them to practice the most rigid economy. But they needed a bell for their empty belfry, and decided to purchase one if they could get the money where- with to pay for it; and, says Mr. Simmons, in his unpublished history, "One of the members called upon Hon. Isaac Davis, of Worcester, for a subscription toward it. His reply was, 'Yes, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 137 you need a bell; but there is one thing you need more. You owe a small debt upon that house to my grandmother, and it is time it was paid. First pay that off, and I will give you as large a bell as you can hang in that belfry.' They paid the debt and he gave the bell. So well was the lesson learned, that when the new house was dedicated it was free of debt." Mr. Simmons goes on to say that "the church today is as afraid of a debt as it is of the smallpox. Every Sunday morning the pastor and the sexton receive an envelope from the treasurer containing their salary; and other bills seldom run longer than a month, while the pastor is paid in advance when he goes on vacation."* One of the red-letter ministries of this church was that of Rev. Silas Ripley, whose pastorate (the longest in the history of the church) covered a period of ten years, 1855-65. He was a man whom "everybody respected and many loved." It was during his incumbency that the present church was erected. Mr. Ripley was followed by Rev. Darius F. Lamson, who remained eight years, 1865-73. His pastorate was marked by the purchase of the Baptist parsonage at a cost of $1,500, and by the installation of a baptistery. Rev. Edward A. Goddard served as pastor from 1877 to 1878. That he did not serve longer was due to failing health. It was during his short pastorate however, that the church celebrated its fiftieth anniversary. Mr. Thomas W. Valentine, a Northborough man, but who for many years was a teacher in Brooklyn, N. Y., delivered an historical address on that occa- sion, which was afterwards put into print under the title "Fifty Years of Pilgrimage," and is the pamphlet so frequently quoted from in this chapter. Mr. Valentine was diligent and faithful in collecting and preserving every scrap of information con- cerning the earlier years of this church, which, except for his "labor of love" would never be known. Mr. Valentine was also a poet of no mean order. His long poem, read at the town's centennial anniversary in 1866, was one of the enliven- ing features of that occasion. He also read a poem at the dedi- cation of the Town Hall, in 1868, but this latter poem was never published, at least, not to the knowledge of the author. In 1883 the "Baptist Society" ceased to exist. On March 10, of that year, it voted "to give back to the church all the property that they held in common with the church." It was *A fine illustration of church financing. This is characteristic of all the churches in Northborough. The writer has known all the ministers in town during the past twenty-five years, and he has yet to hear one of them complain that his salary is in arrears. His own check comes regularly every month. 138 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY then voted that the Society disband. The action on both these votes was unanimous. Thus ended what is known as the "double organization," an arrangement common to all old churches, and which persists in some to this day. Rev. Charles D. Swett served the church from 1884 to 1890. And, says Mr. Simmons, "if numbers added, improvement of church property made, and increased efficiency of the church count for anything, his was the most successful pastorate of the seventy-five years." During the pastorate of Rev. Job H. Wells, 1891-93, the old cracked bell which for several years had sounded so harshly on the ears of sensitive and long-suffering people, was replaced by a new and larger one. The Rev. Charles Gilbert Simmons became pastor in 1898 and remained until his untimely death in 1902. And just here we must pause a moment; for the mere mention of Mr. Simmons's name brings up a flood of pleasant recollec- tions. Mr. Simmons was a true pastor of this church — but he was more than that — he was a friend of the people. The writer of this sketch knew and loved him. The citizens of North- borough knew and loved him. He was genial; he was open- hearted; he was human, and "nothing that was human was alien to him." His good nature was effervescent. To be in his presence for a short or for a long time was like drinking a draught of tonic* The Rev. Charles Stanley Pease was pastor of this church from 1903 to 1910. Mr. Pease was greatly beloved by his church people, and, like his predecessor, Mr. Simmons, enjoyed the respect and admiration of the townspeople irrespective of their church affiliations. He was one of the founders of the North- borough Historical Society and took a deep interest in the affairs of the town. During his pastorate an addition, twelve feet deep, twenty-eight feet wide, and two stories high, including a new baptistery, was made at the rear of the church (1905), and both the interior and exterior of the church were newly decorated at an expense of $1,222. The present pastor. Rev. Andrew T, Ringold, began his ministry in 1916. At the beginning of this chapter mention was- made of the hard feelings which were engendered during the early days of the church. As an evidence of how that rancorous feeling has passed away, we cite the following: *Mr. Simmons died at the Massachusetts General Hospital, September 8, 1902, as the result of an operation for appendicitis. The author was the last person from this town to see him alive. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 139 Mr. Valentine in his Historical Discourse says, "He (Dr. Allen) was present at the dedication of this new sanctuary, and would unquestionably have taken a part in the services had he been invited to do so.'' In happy contrast to this, let us say that the writer of this sketch (who is the minister of the same church which Dr. Allen served) has been an honored guest at the Annual Home Gathering of the Baptist Church for fully fifteen years, and that at many of those gatherings, he was not only invited, but did "take part in the services." The Baptist Church, as already has been said, was organized in Mrs. Grout's house on East Main Street. Its first place of worship was in a small building in Mrs. Grout's yard, that had been used by Seth Grout as a country store. But they did not worship there long, however, for the following year, 1828, they built a church on the site of the present church (a few feet back), at a cost of $1200. This served them well for a third of a cen- tury, when it was replaced by the present more commodious structure (at a cost of $5000), which was dedicated on November 28, 1860. The old church was sold, moved to the corner of School and Summer Streets, and is now occupied as a dwelling house. MINISTERS Rev. Jonathan E. Forbush, Rev. John Woodbury, Rev. Winthrop Morse, Rev. Alonzo King, Rev. Edward Seagrave, Rev. Wilson Crocker Ryder, Rev. William H. Dairy mple, Rev. Bartlett Pease, Rev. Artemas Piper, Rev. Tubal Wakefield, Rev. Charles Farrar, Rev. Silas Ripley, Rev. Darius Francis Lamson, Rev. William K. Davey, Rev. Edward A. Goddard, Rev. Jonathan Tilson, Rev. George Boice Titus, Rev. Charles Darius Swett, Rev. Job H. Wells, Rev. Henry D. Bentley, Herbert E. Wise, Rev. R. B. Moody (supply) Dec. Rev. Charles Gilbert Simmons, Rev. Charles Stanley Pease, Rev. Ernest E. Ventres, Rev. Andrew T. Ringold, 1827-1828 1830-1831 1831-1832 1832-1834 1835-1836 1837 (six months) 1837-1840 1841-1842 1843-1844 1846-1847 1848-1855 1855-1865 1865-1873 1873-1877 1877-1878 1878-1882 1883 1884-1890 1891-1893 1893-1895 1895-1897 1897 to April 1898 1898-1902 1903-1910 1910-1915 1916- CHAPTER XIII THE EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH The Evangelical Congregational Church, of Northborough, was organized April 12, 1832, with the following membership. Eleven of these members had never been affiliated with any church before. All the others had been; and the church to which they had formerly belonged is indicated: Nathan Ball, Unitarian Church in Northborough. Susannah Ball, Unitarian Church in Northborough. Elizabeth P. Ball, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Jemima Ball, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Hannah (Day) Ball, on profession. Sophia Ball, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Sophia (Flagg) Ball, on probation. Holloway Brigham, Congregational Church, Westborough. Frances Brigham, Congregational Church in Westborough. Isaac Davis, Park Street Church in Boston. Polly Davis, Park Street Church in Boston. Adeline P. Davis, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Henry G. Davis, on profession. Susan B. Davis, on profession. Nahum Fay, Unitarian Church in Northborough. Lucy Fay, Unitarian Church in Northborough. Lewis Fay, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Anna Fay, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Grace Fay, Unitarian Church in Northborough. Grace H. (Sanger) Fay, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Martha L. (Long) Howe, on profession. Julia A. Howe, on profession. Maria (Seaver) Mandell, on profession. Edward Phelps, on profession. Asaph Rice, Congregational Church, Westborough. Hannah Rice, Congregational Church in Westborough. Benjamin Rice, Evangelical Congregational Church, in Berlin. Susannah Rice, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Alice Rice, Unitarian Church in Northborough. THE EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, BUILT 1847 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 141 Lucy B. Rice, on profession. Charlotte (Whipple) Stone, on profession. William L. Throop, Evangelical Congregational Church in Berlin. Lucretia D. Throop, First Church, Norwich, Conn. Theresa (Maynard) Whitney, on profession. John Whipple, on profession. The Rev. W. A. Houghton, of Berlin (formerly of North- borough), in his "Semi-Centennial" address delivered in 1882, says: "Of incidental influences which conspired to induce the organization of the Congregational Church, was the death of a young man extensively known and much beloved in the town, Isaac B. Davis, son of Isaac Davis, Esq. His religious senti- ment was much quickened in his sickness, and his faith in Christ was firm. He left as his parting word to the young men who knew him, this message: 'Seek ye first the kingdom of God and his righteousness.' " Young Davis died January 7, 1832, and was buried from the Unitarian Church, which was kindly offered for the occasion. The funeral sermon was preached by Rev. Abraham C. Baldwin, pastor of the Evangelical Congregational Church, of Berlin, who chose for his text the farewell message of Davis to his young friends: "Seek ye first the kingdom of God and his righteous- ness." How much influence the death of Davis had upon the organ- ization of the new church does not appear. His death occurred in January, 1832, three m.onths before the church was born, and services had been held in private houses for some time. Mr. Houghton was doubtless right in calling this an "incidental" influence. But it is interesting in any case; for little things are frequently the forerunners of great events. The compelling reason for the formation of the new church was unquestionably a theological one. Dr. Channing had preached his famous Baltimore sermon at the ordination of Jared Sparks in 1819, and from that time the Congregational churches of New England began to divide into "Orthodox" and "Liberal." Many of the old First parishes joined the Liberal movement, and in course of time came to be known as "Uni- tarian." But there were many members of those First parishes who could not conscientiously follow the Liberal movement. They therefore withdrew from their several churches and formed new ones. Many Orthodox Congregational churches date from about that time, notably the Park Street Church in Boston, which 142 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY was organized with the avowed purpose of combatting the Liberal movement of the time. This schism in the Congregational body raged long and bitterly; and things were said and done by both sides that would scarcely be called "Christian" today. There is nothing people hold to so tenaciously as to their theological beliefs; and in holding to their theology they often forget to be Christian. This long controversy has happily run its course. True, heartburnings here and there, now and then disclose themselves; but the con- troversy is over and never again will be revived. This ter- centenary year of the Landing of the Pilgrims should brush away the last vestige of grievance and suspicion and ill-will from the two branches of the great and powerful Congregational church. Although the Society was formally organized on April 3, and the Church on April 12, preaching had been carried on throughout the previous winter, and several preliminary meet- ings were held. Thus, in January a meeting was held at the home of William L. Throop* when measures were taken to pro- vide for regular preaching. On February 12, another meeting was held when it was agreed to form a society to be called the Evangelical Congregational Society, and a committee was ap- pointed to draw up a constitution for its governance. The idea of a house of worship took shape at this meeting too, and another committee was raised to formulate plans for raising the necessary funds for building the same. Five days later (February 17) the committee reported a constitution of which the following is the preamble: "Having associated ourselves together for the purpose of pro- viding and maintaining the preaching of evangelical truth as taught by the Lord Jesus Christ and his inspired apostles, in the Bible, as we understand them, which are in addition to the social and moral virtues, the essential divinity, the distinct personality, equality and unity of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, the entire depravity of human nature prior to regeneration, the necessity of a radical change produced by the Word and Spirit of God, and the retributions of Eternity as embracing the Eternal blessedness of the righteous, and the everlasting punishment of the wicked, together with those other kindred doctrines usually considered as harmonizing with these, we agree to govern ourselves by the following constitution." On February 23, the Meeting-house committee reported that *Mr. Throop was a young man of twenty-eight at the time, and had not been in town very long. He lived in the house occupied until recently by Dr. Ira Guptil. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 143 they had viewed with approval a certain piece of land as a suitable location whereon to stand the Meeting-house. This piece of land was owned by Mr. Asa Fay, who generously gave it to the Society on condition that the doctrines specified in the preamble should be preached in the Meeting-house to be erected thereon. And that there should be no evasion of the terms, it was stated in the deed of gift that "whenever these doctrines cease to be preached the land reverts to the original owner or to his heirs."* It was then voted to build a Meeting-house; and Isaac Davis, William L. Throop, and Lewis Fay, were chosen a committee for that purpose, all preliminaries having been effected. The Evangelical Congregational Church was organized April 12, 1832, in the Unitarian Church, the latter edifice having been offered and accepted for that purpose. The sermon was preached by Rev. J. S. C. Abbott,! of Worcester, from the text, 'T came not to send peace, but a sword." Mr. Houghton ob- serves (in his semi-centennial address), "from reports I judge the sermon was somewhat militant." Quite likely it was. Mr. Abbott was only twenty-seven years old at the time, just the age when a young man enjoys militancy. Mr. Abbott after- wards became a famous author of historical and biographical literature. In the meantime, work on the new Meeting-house was progressing rapidly. Between the organization of the church (April 12) and July 1, services were held alternately at the homes of Esq. Davis and Mr. Throop. Sometimes they had a preacher, but more frequently Mr. Nahum Fay read a printed sermon. On July 1, the church was so far advanced as to permit the use of the vestry. The service on that day therefore, was held there, a Mr. Este preaching the sermon from the text Gen. xix, 27, 28. And thereafter, until the church was dedicated, services were held in the vestry. The new church was dedicated and its first minister, Samuel A. Fay, was ordained, on Wednesday, October 17, 1832, as follows : Dedicatory Prayer: Rev. Mr. Rockwood, of Westborough. Sermon: Rev. Dr. Fay, of Charlestown. I Cor. iv, 15, "For in Christ Jesus I have begotten you, through the gospel." *This piece of land is at the junction of Boylston and Pleasant Streets. The Church built thereon is now a dwelling house, owned until recently, by Miss Ellen Williams and Mrs. Annie D. Fairbanks. tMr. Houghton is in error in his "semi-centennial" address, when he says that Mr. Abbott preached the sermon at the dedication of the Church. Mr. Abbott preached at the organization of the church. 144 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Consecrating Prayer: Rev. Dr. Fay, of Charlestown. Charge to the Minister: Rev. Mr. Rockwood, of Westborough. Right Hand of Fellowship: Rev. Mr. Chickering, of Bolton. Charge to the People: Rev. Mr. Badger, of Andover. Concluding Prayer: Rev. Mr, Baldwin, of Berlin. The dimensions of this first church building were thirty-six by forty-six feet. It had a vestry beneath it, four feet below ground and four feet above ground. It cost $2100; $1000 of which was contributed by members and friends of the congre- gation, $600 by friends from abroad, leaving a debt of $500, on the day of dedication. A communion service was presented to the church in October, 1832, by Rev. Warren Fay, of Charlestown, father of the first minister. A book for the church records was presented by Mark H. Newman, of Andover. The church was without a bell until 1835, when one was procured through the active interest of the young minister. It was made by the Revere Copper Company, of Boston, weighed 978| pounds, and cost $280. It was put into place December 19, 1835.* The Rev. Samuel Austin Fay, the first minister of this church, was of Northborough stock. He was the son of Rev. Warren Fay, D.D., then of Charlestown, and grandson of Nahum Fay, of Northborough. He was graduated from Amherst College and from the Andover Theological School. He was only twenty-two years of age at the time of his ordination to the Christian ministry. He was a young man of promise, but his health was never robust. He resigned in 1836 and went to Barre, that he might be benefited by the higher altitude of that place. He did not remain there long however, for constantly failing health forced him to resign his pulpit and leave the ministry altogether. He became the principal of Munson Academy, and served in that capacity until 1843, when death cut short his earthly career. He was buried with his fathers in Northborough. REV. DANIEL H. EMERSON Mr. Fay was succeeded by Rev. Daniel H. Emerson. Mr. Emerson was born in Salem, January 23, 1810. He was or- dained in Northborough, October 19, 1836, his father. Rev. Dr. Reuben Emerson, preaching the ordination sermon from the text Daniel xii, 3. The new minister occupied his pulpit on the Sunday following his ordination, and then started on a long * From this point on, the author acknowledges his obligations to William H. Stearns, the clerk, and to Mrs. Francis H. Atwood, the historian of this society. Both have aided him very materially. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 145 journey which kept him away nearly a month. When he re- turned to Northborough he brought a wife with him. In the meantime he had married Miss Lucy Ann Page at Fairfax County, Virginia. She was born in Salem, Mass., March 29, 1810, and lived there until 1835, when she moved to Virginia. The marriage took place November 7, 1836. The happy couple arrived in Northborough, November 17, and Mr. Emerson preached on the following Sunday morning from the text, "Come unto me ... . and I will give you rest;" and in the afternoon from the text: "Take my yoke upon you and learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart." History doth not record what effect the announcement of those texts had upon the congregations. REV. JOSHUA BATES, D.D. The next minister in succession was Rev. Joshua Bates, D.D. Dr. Bates was a very eminent man, and a very active man, remaining in public life as preacher or college president upwards of half a century. At the time of his death, his friend of thirty years. Dr. W. B. Sprague, of Albany, said of him, "during his long life his force of intellect, his firmness of purpose, and energy of action remained unabated, and his last labors were among his most earnest and effective." Dr. Bates was born in Cohasset, Mass., March 20, 1776. He used to say that he "was born a subject of King George the Third, and was three months older than our National Indepen- dence." As a boy he worked on his father's farm; but while cultivating the lands he, at the same time, gave diligent attention to the cultivation of his mind. This made him a highly edu- cated man. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1800; taught at Phillips Academy, Andover, one year; was licensed to preach in April, 1802; was ordained to the Christian ministry and settled as minister of the church at Dedham, March 16, 1803. After a successful pastorate of fifteen years he resigned his charge in March, 1818, to become the president of Middle- bury College. He served in this capacity with marked ability for more than twenty-one years, resigning his arduous duties in 1839. For a while he served as chaplain in the United States Congress. Was pastor in Northborough from March 31, 1841, until December, 1842. He did not go through the formalities of settlement in Northborough, but for reasons of his own, re- mained as supply. Leaving Northborough early in January, 1843, he was settled over the church in Dudley, remaining there until his death, in 1854. It has been said of him that "one could hardly say for what 146 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY he was most distinguished or for what he was least distinguished ; but one could say with confidence that he was distinguished for doing everything well." THE PRESENT CHURCH BUILDING The Rev. William A. Houghton became pastor of this church in 1843 and remained as such until 1851. Mr. Houghton was a native of Berlin, Mass., being of the seventh generation of Houghtons in that town. He was gradu- ated from Yale College in 1840, and from Yale Divinity School in 1843. In 1833 he was living in Northborough and became a member of this church. Leaving the Northborough church in 1851, he became the pastor of the Berlin church in 1853 (October 26), remaining as such a quarter of a century (October, 1878), when he resigned. He was made pastor emeritus, and died there, March 21, 1891, at the ripe age of seventy-eight years. It was during Mr. Houghton's ministry that the present church was erected (1847). When the idea of building a new church took definite form it was decided "to build a church with seventy pews dividing the cost of same into seventy shares." Each share represented $100. In January, 1848, as the church was nearing completion, the shares were increased to seventy- two. They were taken as follows: Isaac Davis, 10 Benjamin Rice, Silas Haynes, 10 Jeremiah Hunt, Nathaniel Fisher, 10 Martin L. Rice, Abraham W. Seaver, 7 John F. Fay, Lewis Fay, 10 A. B. Rice, Horace S. Fiske, 2 Warren E. Moore, Columbus Fames, 2 Abraham Fay, John Glazier, 1 Sophia Ball, Abel Fawcett, 1 Cyrus Davis, Martha Davis, 1 Foster Shaw, Susan B. Bruce, 1 Warren Fay, Anna W. Farland, 2 Seth Flagg, Horatio T. Carruth, 1 One in the name Cyrus Gale, Jr., 1 of the Society, 1 The church was built in 1847, and was dedicated February 23, 1848, the pastor. Rev. William A. Houghton, preaching the dedicatory sermon, from the text I Timothy i, 11, "The Glorious Gospel of the Blessed God." The church records make no reference to the dedication, save to a bill that was paid for music. And no data from any other source are available. Mr. Houghton's sermon was printed; NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 147 but it is entirely a theological discourse and does not contain the program of dedication. It does say, however, near its close, that "A kind providence has prospered the labor of your hands. No calamitous accident has befallen those who have constructed this sanctuary of our God." He adds, "The project of building this sanctuary of God, originated in the professed desire to promote His glory, and the truth as it is in Jesus. Its founda- tions were laid in prayer, though without ceremony. Prayer, we trust, has attended its progress and completion. And today it has been consecrated to Almighty God, in prayer and solemn dedication." The total cost of the church was $8206.07. The Building Committee were Nathaniel Fisher, Abraham W. Seaver, Horace S. Fiske, John Glazier, and Columbus Eames. CHURCH STEPS REMOVED A very radical structural change in the church building took place in 1871. When the church was built the vestry, as now, was entirely above ground, and was entered, of course, directly from the lawn; but not so, the auditorium. That was entered by means of a flight of steps extending entirely across the front of the church. They looked very well; but they were exceedingly dangerous in windy and in icy weather. In 1871 they were removed, and the present easy and safe entrance to the church was substituted. In that same year the present pulpit desk and chairs were introduced. IRON FENCE REMOVED Originally the church property was enclosed (on the front) by a neat iron fence. That was removed in 1887; the two granite gate posts, still standing, are all that remains of it. CHURCH RENOVATED Another very radical change was made in 1907. The steeple for a long time had been causing trouble. It leaked; and the water seeping through into the choir loft destroyed the plaster- ing. Much money was spent upon it at this time to put it into good condition. It was thought best however, to do away with the choir loft altogether. This was accordingly done. The open space was boarded up, and the organ removed to its present location at the front of the church. The wing pews, and two rows of pews extending across the entire width of the church were removed, and the pulpit platform was much extended. The floor carpets were removed and the floor painted. The walls and ceiling of the auditorium were covered with metal. 148 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY All this was done at considerable expense, and the audience room was reoccupied on Sunday, November 3, 1907, when the following programs were rendered: Morning Service Organ Voluntary. Doxology. Invocation. Anthem: "Sing unto the Lord." Schnecker Responsive Readings: Selection 49; page 74. Hymn: No. 757. Scripture: Rev. E. A. Adams, D.D. Solo: "The New World." Mary A. Bissell Mr. Wm. F. Sims. Prayer: Rev. Horace Dutton. Notices. Offering, with Solo: "Come unto Me." Little Mrs. H. Prescott Brigham. Hymn: No. 627. Sermon: By the Pastor, Rev. A. D. Smith. Hymn: No. 220. Prayer and Benediction: Rev. H. V. Emm.ons. Evening Service Organ Voluntary. Doxology: "Holy, Holy, Holy." Invocation: Rev. J. C. Kent, of Northborough. Anthem: "How Excellent is Thy Loving Kindness." Bissell Scripture: Rev. Horace Dutton, of Auburndale. Hymn: No. 211. Address: By the Pastor, Rev. A. D. Smith. Dedicatory Sentence: We reconsecrate to Thy worship this beautiful house which has once been dedicated to Thy name, and with it we renew the consecration of ourselves to the service and glory of God. May the beauty and the favor of the Lord our God be upon us. Amen. Prayer: Rev. E. A. Adams, D.D. Solo: By Mrs. Minnie A. Hildreth. Address: By Rev. S. I. Briant, of Westborough. Hymn: No. 915. Address: By Rev. A. H. Sedgwick. Address: By Rev. C. O. Parker. Hymn: No. 35. Prayer and Benediction: By Rev. C. S. Pease of Northborough. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 149 REV. SAMUEL S. ASHLEY Rev. Samuel S. Ashley was installed July 16, 1852, and served the parish a period of twelve years, until October 1, 1864. He was born in Cumberland, R. I., May 12, 1819, and died October 5, 1887. He was graduated from Oberlin College in 1849, and was settled at Tiverton Globe Village that same year. Leaving Northborough in 1864 he entered the service of the United States Christian Commission where he remained until the close of the Civil War. He was a member of the North Carolina Constitutional Convention; was the first Superin- tendent of Public Instruction under the reconstruction; was at Straight University, at New Orleans, in 1871; was employed by the American Missionary Association at Atlanta, Ga., in 1874; returned to Northborough in 1878, where he was postmaster from 1883 to 1886. REV. HORACE DUTTON The Rev. Horace Dutton served as pastor of this church for a period of nine years (1870-79). He was never settled. He was graduated from Yale College and from Andover Theological School. He was a good pastor and a good man, and to the end of his life (August 1920) maintained a tender and friendly interest in the church. He was a man of some means, and when he retired from the pastorate of this church he retired from the active work of the ministry, and spent the remainder of his life in philanthropic and charitable pursuits. THE ADAMS BROTHERS Two pastors whose names are held in tender remembrance by the older members of this church were George Blake and Edwin A. Adams. It is said of the former that "few men have ever entered a community and so immediately endeared them- selves to the hearts of the people as he did. His talents were of such an order that their recognition was immediate and marked. He was a brilliant speaker, having fine gifts in the divine art of utterance, and was ready at all times and upon every occasion to lift his voice in behalf of every interest precious to God and dear to humanity. Young, consecrated, and ambitious in the cause of his Master, he entered upon his work with a zeal beyond his endurance. He died, beloved and lamented, August 25, 1881."* He was succeeded, a year later, by his brother, Edwin, who had but recently returned from Prague, Austria, where he had ♦Mrs. Francis H. Atwood, in an unpublished sketch of this church. 150 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY served for ten years as missionary in the employ of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Leaving North- borough in 1884, he went to Chicago to engage in missionary work among the Bohemians. Mr. Adams, throughout the inter- vening years, has kept up his interest in this church, and when- ever possible, returns to occupy its pulpit. He is always a welcome visitor. MORE RECENT MINISTERS Rev. Edward L. Chute ministered to this parish eleven years (1885-96); Rev. Albert D. Smith, nearly twelve years (1896- 1907); Rev. John H. Hoffman, nearly four years (1909-12); Rev. Frank L. Bristol, four years (1913-17); and the Rev. Albert P. Van Dusen, seventeen months. The present pastor, Rev. Seldon E. McGeehon, began his ministry on April 1, 1920. This church has always prided itself upon being a temperance church. And well it may; for when it was organized, in 1832, a temperance reform which was destined to place the prohibitory amendment into the Constitution of the United States, was just beginning. Drinking liquor was a common practice among all our American people. The temperance movement was un- popular, and good people, and churches even, were loath to give it their moral support. But this church before it was a year old (January 7, 1833) took a very decided stand in favor of temperance, as the following preamble and resolutions will show: "Viewing with heartfelt regret the prevalence in our land of the vice of intemperance, and regarding the use of distilled spirit as an article of luxury as not only needless, but highly pernicious; and believing that no person ought to be enrolled as a member of the visible church unless he totally abstains from it except as a medicine in case of bodily infirmity, there- fore, be it ''Resolved: that we will admit none to our fellowship in this church without their assent to the spirit and letter of the fore- going preamble. And selling as a drink, or drinking ardent spirits shall be considered a disciplinary offence as contrary to the spirit of the gospel." MISCELLANEOUS FACTS The Clock. The clock in the auditorium was presented to the church by Rev. Warren Fay, D.D., father of the first minis- ter, April 12, 1855. Mr, Fay had retired from the active NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 151 ministry and at the time, was living in Northborough. In his letter of presentation he said, "A clock within a house of worship, I have well known from many years' experience, is a great convenience to the minister. ... I present this clock to the Evangelical Church and Society to be their property so long as they maintain the stated preaching of the gospel in accordance with the present Calvinistic, Or- thodox creed of the church as expressed in their Articles of Faith." Afternoon Preaching. Afternoon preaching was discontinued after July 16, 1871. Previous to this date, churches of the Congregational order (and some others) held preaching ser- vices both morning and afternoon. Great Fire. Northborough was visited by a great fire on July 21, 1871. Several buildings in the center of the town were destroyed. The roof of this church caught several times, and it would doubtless have burned down had it not been for the untiring efforts of Rev. Mr. Dutton, Milo Hildreth, Dr. Jewett, and other members of the church. They carried water to the roof, which was thus kept wet. Parsonage. The parsonage was acquired August 25, 1875, during the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Dutton. It is on record that "a vote of thanks was extended to Rev. Horace Dutton for his generosity and for his personal efforts in raising money to pay for the parsonage." Pulpit Bible. The pulpit Bible was a gift to the church from Mrs. Martha Dutton, 1875. Communion Service. On October 17, 1872, a special gathering was held in the vestry on which occasion a new communion service was presented to the church. The old service, presented by Dr. Warren Fay in 1832, was given to a church in Independence, Kansas, in July, 1874. Conference. October 30, 1874, this church dissolved its con- nection with the Worcester Central Conference and united itself with the Middlesex South Conference. Alterations in the Vestry. Alterations in the vestry were made during Mr. Chute's pastorate, 1890; the vestry was parti- tioned into separate rooms, and an extra window added to the parlor. The Church Bell. The church bell cracked in 1887 and a new one was installed in that same year. It cost $221.24. Women Obtain Their Rights. On April 30, 1878, the women were given the right to vote in the Evangelical Congregational Society. 152 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The ''Society Disbands. On January 21, 1918, the Evangelical Congregational Society, organized April 3, 1832, met for the last time. Fourteen members were present, and they voted to disband the "Society." The Church Incorporated. This step was taken in consequence of the incorporation of the Church in November, 1917. Thus ended what is known as "double organization." Electric Lights. Electric light was introduced into the vestry in 1909; and into the auditorium in 1919. MINISTERS Rev. Samuel A. Fay, October 17, 1832 to October 19, 1836. Rev. Daniel H. Emerson, October 19, 1836 to April 23, 1840. Rev. Joshua Bates, D.D., March 31, 1841 to December, 1842. Rev. William A. Houghton, July 5, 1843 to June 11, 1851. Rev. Samuel S. Ashley, June 16, 1852 to October 1, 1864. Rev. George E. Sanborn, July 21, 1865 to March 31, 1870. Rev. Horace Dutton, April 1, 1870 to May 1, 1879. Rev. George B. Adams, November 19, 1879 to August 25, 1881. Rev. Edwin A. Adams, D.D., September 1, 1882 to September 1, 1884. Rev. Edward L. Chute, February 24, 1885 to March, 1896. Rev. Albert D. Smith, August 1, 1896 to June, 1907. Rev. John H. Hoffman, January 21, 1909 to December 1, 1912. Rev. Frank L. Bristol, June 1, 1913, died August 5, 1917. Rev. Albert P. Van Dusen, April 1, 1918 to September 7, 1919. Rev. Seldon E. McGeehon, April 1, 1920. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, BUILT 1883 CHAPTER XIV ST. ROSE OF LUNA CHURCH Catholicism in Northborough dates back to 1843. Two years before that date Cornelius MacManniman brought his family from Ireland and took up his residence in the east part of the town, on what is now the Thomas H. Blair estate. The one-story cottage house in which he lived is still standing, though now it is two stories high. It was raised a few years ago and another story built under it: Mr. MacManniman's son repeatedly told the author that his father's family was the first Irish family to live in this town. This was undoubtedly true; but there were individual Irishmen living here long before the MacMannimans came. One such lived here as far back as 1799, he having come here with Stephen Williams in that year. Mr. MacManniman was a devout Catholic, as was also his wife. In 1843 there were a few more of that faith living in the town; enough in fact, for the holding of mass. And in June of that year the Catholic mass was said for the first time in North- borough, in the kitchen of the MacManniman home. Thereafter mass was said there at more or less regular intervals until early in the sixties, when the Catholics had become so numerous that a private house was not large enough to accommodate them. During the seventeen years or more that services were held in the MacManniman home the spiritual needs of the Catholics were ministered to by priests from Marlborough — Fathers Conlen, Gouesse and McGuire. The following early Catholics are known to have attended services in the above-mentioned home, and may be considered, therefore, the pioneers of the present Catholic Church: Mr. and Mrs. Richard Ay 1 ward Mr. and Mrs. James Carrigan Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Carrigan Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Collins Miss Ellen Daley Mr. and Mrs. William Ellsworth Mr. and Mrs. Morris Fitts Mr. and Mrs. John Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Edward Grififin 154 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Griffin Mr. and Mrs. J. Griffin Mr. and Mrs. Walter Gorman Mr. and Mrs. James King Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius MacManniman Miss Ellen McManis Mr. and Mrs. John Mooney Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Mooney Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Morrissey Miss Barbara Norton Miss Bridget Murray Mr. and Mrs. John Ryan Mr. and Mrs. Michael Sullivan Mr. and Mrs. Teahn Mr. and Mrs. Charles Tenney The Catholic church, like the three Protestant churches, had small beginnings; and, like them, again, their first services were held in private houses. The MacMannimans are known to have walked to Worcester frequently (ten miles) on Sunday mornings in order to attend five o'clock mass. Others put themselves to the expense of hiring teams to take them to Worcester for the same early mass. Still others journeyed to Westborough and to Marlborough. It is such devotion to their religion as this that made the present Catholic church a possi- bility, and which makes all Catholics proud of their history. Mass was also said for a while at the home of Mr. and Mrs. John Ryan (a ^small house that stood on the corner of Hudson and River Streets, the site now occupied by the Whittaker and Bacon Mill). Father Donovan officiated there. In the meantime. Catholics were growing in numbers, and for a while worshipped in the old town hall. Upon the com- pletion of the new town hall in 1868 they occupied the eastern end of the third story of that building, until it was condemned as unsafe, when they moved into the western end. It was in the eastern end of this upper hall where Father McGuire pre- pared the first class of children for confirmation — the confirma- tion itself taking place in the old Marlborough church. The Westborough priests who ministered to the religious needs of the North borough Catholics were Fathers Donovan, Egan, Cronan, Anderson, Kittredge, Peurcel and Burke. Up to this time this small movement was known as a Catholic mission. But in 1886 the movement had grown to such propor- tions that the mission was made a parish, and the Rev. James McCloskey was placed over it as its first priest. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 155 THE CHURCH BUILDING The present church edifice was erected in 1883, and the following program was rendered at its dedication: Blessing of the building: Rt. Rev. P. F. O'Reilly, D. D., Bishop of Springfield. Celebrant of mass: Rev. Michael H. Kittredge. Preacher: Rev. James Boyle. Patrick Ford of Boston was the architect. Rev. Richard S. J. Burke, rector of Westborough and Northborough, directed the building of the church. The church has steadily grown in membership until now it comprises nearly five hundred souls. Rev. James A. Hurley, S.T.L., the present priest, has been settled here since July 4, 1912. LIST OF PRIESTS Father James McCloskey Father Levi J. Achim Father James Galvin Father Thomas P. Smith Father Dwyer Father James A. Hurley CHAPTER XV EARLY INDUSTRIES OF NORTHBOROUGH* England sent to New England twenty thousand emigrants during the twenty-year period, 1620-40. Thereafter, for one hundred and fifty years very few came. At the time of the American Revolution the inhabitants of New England were nearly all descendants of the first twenty thousand immigrants. As none but church members were permitted to vote (though all were taxed), town government was in reality parish govern- ment. Each town was inhabited chiefly by like-minded people — as those who differed from the established standards were obliged to move on. Early town meeting records contain frequent warnings to people to leave town. Cambridge, Mass., (while yet called Newtowne) lost half its population in 1636 because of objection to parish government as administered to the town. The hanging of Rev. George Burroughs in Salem, in 1690, was a climax to his having dared to differ from the other clergy. Every man was expected to have a farm and annually to accomplish certain results — like clearing a bit of the forest, burning the cut timber, harrowing seed grain, and the ashes into such soil as could be loosened between stumps, curing hay on the natural meadows and building stone fences. He was to hew from selected oak trees frame timber for his buildings. When the time for raising the frame arrived, a neighborhood holiday was observed, with much cider drinking. So strongly mortised, braced, and pinned was the frame that it withstood the several gales, sometimes for years, before the last portion was enclosed. After one or two rooms were hurriedly and roughly made habitable, then more time and care were bestowed on the balance of the house. Perhaps some neighbor, skilled in house carpentry, worked all winter, paneled wain- scoting and "fire frame" in the best room. Over the front en- trance a Greek pediment supported by pilasters, or columns, was *This chapter was written by the late John D. Estabrook, and was read by him before the Northborough Historical Society, November 14, 1907. It is a thoroughly exhaustive account of the subject treated, and this History would be incomplete without it. It is printed as Mr. Estabrook wrote it, save that his references to present-day ownership of various prop- erties have been brought up to date. These changes seemed necessary because much property has changed hands since this paper was written. The notes also were added by the author. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 157 built. Seldom were the front entrance or best room opened except for weddings, funerals, and calls from the minister. The occasional son sent to college and fitted for the ministry or the practice of medicine, probably kept alive their classic touch at the front entrance. As in England, so here, the homestead descended to the eldest surviving son; and the average New England home came to represent generations of family toil. Everything was home- made. This region, comprising Westborough and Northborough was, according to tradition, first occupied by haymakers from the parent town of Marlborough. Temporary shelters were con- structed, and later, houses were built and farms were cleared. The farm then, was not only the home, but the center of all activities. Duties outside of farm work had to be sandwiched in between farm demands. Food and clothing were not sought at the store. The farm must supply fruit and vegetables, flour and meal, meat, clothing, many utensils, work animals, etc. The whole family worked. Occasionally there was help in the family, from the dressmaker and the itinerant shoemaker who made shoes for the family from bundles of leather from the attic. His work came to be locally known as "whipping the cat."* Aside from farming, activities were naturally connected with home existence and home building rather than with trade with other people. John Brigham, 1645-1728, was for this region, the pioneer explorer, surveyor, farmer, miller, doctor and speculator. Tradi- tion would place him here v/ith his sawmill, his one-room log cabin, his wife, and his half a dozen children, before other settlers appeared. But county records free him from such indiscretion. He was a born explorer, not tied to money-making in any one spot; reporting to others successful enterprises rather than monopolizing them himself. In 1672 he was awarded a large tract of land north of what became, seventy-five years later, the Westborough North Precinct Meeting-house Knoll or Common. This grant to John Brigham was in part compensation — compensation for services of explora- tion and survey. In 1713 he sold to Simeon Hay ward the above grant and defined clearly its boundaries and area of two hundred and fifty acres. Soon after its purchase by Simeon Hayward, the farm buildings were just north of Meeting-house "pond hole," on the Eli Sanderson place, opposite the present hydrant *Stephen Hunt, who died a few years ago at the age of ninety, frequently told the author that his father, Stephen Hunt, Sr., "whipped the cat" in Northborough and vicinity as recently as one hundred years ago. 158 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY on Church Street. It is altogether probable that these buildings were built and occupied by John Brigham long before he sold to Simeon Hay ward. SAWMILLS AND CORN-MILLS In 1694 Samuel Brigham, who was a younger brother of John Brigham, and was a tanner in the eastern part of Marlborough, sold to Nathaniel Oke (Oaks) . . . "tract of land in town of Marlborough, being one-half part of the thirty acres the above said Samuel Brigham bought of town and is laid out now John Brigham's sawmill. . . ." In short, John Brigham built his pioneer sawmill on land of his younger brother, Samuel, and thereby acquired an undivided half interest in the property. Nathaniel Oaks acquired, by purchase from Samuel Brigham, ownership of the remaining undivided half of the pioneer sawmill. This pioneer sawmill was located on Howard Brook; and its thirty-acre tract formed a part of the eastern boundary of the above two hundred and fifty acre John Brigham grant, and the eastern boundary of Meeting-house Common. Nathaniel Oaks' dwelling was on the east bank of Howard Brook, just above the sawmill. Later, this house became the home of Rev. John Martyn, and after his death, the home of Rev. Peter Whitney. They were the first two ministers of the north precinct church, which later became the Northborough church. It is probable that the sawmill was built after John Brigham received, in 1672, his grant of land. Tradition says that the mill and nearby log-cabin were burned in 1707 when John Brigham's daughter, Mary (Brigham) Fay, escaped from, and John Brigham's granddaughter, Mary Goodenow, was slain by the Indians. In 1713 John Brigham sold his several holdings in this region and, having married a second wife, moved with his family (except two married daughters who remained here) to a less frontier region, nearer Boston. Hamlin Garland's tribute to the stricken mountaineer applies to John Brigham: "And when dies, as soon he must, A magic word goes with him to the grave, He was a pioneer. Above his dust Set these plain words: 'He was a brave. He faced the winter's wind unscared. He met stern nature, stark alone. Our velvet way his steel prepared. He died without a curse or moan.' " THE BRIGHAM MILL, SOON AFTER 1700 The Original John Brigham Mill was built about 167 NORTHBOROUGH TOWN HALL Dedicated February 25, 1868 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 159 Probably the next sawmill was built by George Oaks, a son of Nathaniel Oaks, and was located on the Assabet a half mile east of the pioneer mill. It was not far from the rear of the present residence of Walter M. Farwell (now Stephen W. Norcross's residence) on Hudson Street, and near the north corner of the Wesson (now Alfred Thomas) property, on Main Street. Some citizens of today remember signs of its old road approaches, and old dam. The mill had disappeared in 1793 when Rev. Peter Whitney wrote his history of Worcester county. In the first half of that same century, William Holloway was the largest property owner in the north precinct, and had, on the upper waters of Cold Harbor Brook in the west part of the town both a corn-mill and a sawmill. Stephen Williams bought the property at the close of that century (1799) when Nathan Rice was serving there as miller. The location was east of Crawford Street, near where it is intersected by the cross road from the Wilcox stone cottage. It is claimed by Mr. John Johnson, that the old sawmill was in what is now the mill pond of the present lower shoddy mill, and the old corn- or grist-mill was just below, and in the rear of the present mill. Whitney's history of 1793 mentions these mills. On Bummet Brook, at the southwest corner of the town and between Tomlin Hill and Boston Hill, was the sawmill of Jothan Bartlett and his son Jonathan Bartlett, now the Lawrence place. Down stream a mile, and just below where Bummet Brook joins Hop Brook, was the combined saw- and grist-mill of Dr. Stephen Ball, Sr. George Clinton Davis (born 1813) was, when a small boy at the raising of the frame of this mill, and much to his chagrin was sent home when the frame was only half up. His father. Colonel Joe Davis, had learned of a pledge among the neighbors to drain Dr. Ball's keg of rum. Unfortunately for their purpose. Dr. Ball heard of the project and secretly secured another full keg of the same size, and turned the joke against the scheming neighbors. This mill was on the western boundary of the original Marlborough town grant of 1660. The Amory Barnard corn- and flour-mill, in the northeast part of the town — now Chapinville — was built about a century ago. It received water from the Assabet through a very long head-race, and discharged through an equally long tail-race. Where School Street crosses the Assabet, south of Brigham Street and a mile south of Northborough village, was the saw- and corn-mill of James Wright, built before 1799. We have no particulars except that it was built subsequent to 1793 and had disappeared before 1830. 160 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The 1808 diary of Stephen WilHams says: "July 30, my new- Tub Mill run for the first time, dam not finished." "November 22, ground corn in my new mill for the first time. The grist-mill and sawmill cost $800." The "Tub Mill" got its name from its tub wheel, a crude wooden turbine, running in a tub-like case. It was located some rods up stream from the old HoUoway mills and on the west side of Crawford Street. Later it was known as the Joseph Ball grist-mill, and more recently as the upper rubber shoddy mill. Joseph Ball added to it a sawmill. The sawmill mentioned above in the Stephen Williams' diary is supposed to be the mill bought in 1843 by Charles Johnson, father of John F. Johnson, located east of Crawford Street, near the site of the old Holloway grist-mill. Johnson rebuilt the dam in 1849, rebuilt the sawmill and added a shingle- mill, lath-mill and grist-mill. Then Joseph Ball added to his grist-mill a sawmill, thus making tw^o complete sets of mills less than a quarter of a mile apart. Before Stephen Williams bought the property (1799) a reser- voir for the mills had been secured at the head waters of the stream in Boylston, by building a dam that formed Rocky Pond. We shall see later that Stephen Williams sold for the benefit of the cotton-mill a half interest in this reservoir. About sixty years ago, Lewis Fay had a steam sawmill on new Boylston Road (now Church Street) where it descends from the town level to the level of the meadows of Howard Brook. At Main Street and the Assabet is the grist-mill of today. It was built as a bone-mill and ground horn piths in the days when bones for the comb makers came from the local slaughter houses. Just outside the several town boundaries were other corn- mills and grist-mills. We cannot wonder that the forests vanished. WOOD-WORKING INDUSTRIES It was long after the active period for sawmills that wood- working industries were established here. In 1870 Sumner Small made wooden piano keys in the Gibson shop, just east of Cold Harbor Bridge, and continued the business fifteen years. H. G. Brook was in the same business, first on Main Street and later on Hudson Street, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 161 The manufacture of bedroom furniture was started, but not long continued, by Thornton & Smith, on Hudson Street. Gill Valentine made baby carriages from about 1836 till 1844 on the south side of Main Street, east of the Assabet. METAL WORKING In 1768, Samuel Wood, 2nd, whose mills were located at the northeast corner of the crossing of Main Street and the Assabet, sold to Henry Gassett, blacksmith, for three pounds lawful money, forty-six rods of land at the southwest corner of said crossing, together with four to six rods of land adjoining on the east side of the Assabet, with right to build a dam. Four years later, the above was sold by Gassett to Jonathan and Ephraim Cobb, ironmongers of Northborough, with building and privileges, for the sum of five hundred Spanish milled dollars. Four years after- wards, in 1786, Jonathan Cobb sold his undivided half of the property for seventy-five pounds to James Godfred, blacksmith. This included "two Coal housing," blacksmith shop, and forge, or iron works, also bellows, anvil, hearth-plates and every other utensil belonging to the same. Whitney's history of 1793 says: "On this lot are works for the manufacture of Iron from bog ore found in the vicinity, and many tons of Iron have been made." From the above it appears that Jonathan and Ephraim Cobb built the iron works between 1782 and 1787, and they probably made the many tons of iron mentioned. Dr. Stephen Ball, Sr., bought the property in 1791, and near its western boundary established works for extracting potash from wood ashes. The manufacture of iron ceased, but the building with its trip-hammer remained a long time, so that some of our citizens remember it. The abandoned limekiln on the Marshall Maynard farm where a limestone outcrop appears, may have been built when lime- stone was in demand as a flux for the bog-iron ore. Another sale of land was made by the same Samuel Wood, 2nd. This was in 1800, to Seth Grout of Maine, "Nailer," twenty-five to thirty rods of land on the north side of Main Street, east of the Assabet. At that time all nails were forged from the rod by hand. Seth Grout's dwelling was the present house of James Wood, opposite the foot of Summer Street. East of his dwelling was a storehouse or shop, now standing at South and Summer Streets, as the dwelling of Harry F. Carbrey. Seth Grout added more land to his nailing works and built a carding factory. In 1812 162 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY he sold for $2500 to Pierpont and Dexter Brigham of Westborough "a house in the town of Northborough in which are a Carding Factory and Nailing Works with all the apparatus and imple- ments together with seventy rods of land." Three years later, in 1815, William Beeton, blacksmith of Westborough, bought the shop and its original twenty-five or thirty rods of land for $3700.* Eighty years ago, Jacob Pierce manufactured scythes, hoes and other tools at his small trip-hammer shop at the confluence of Howard Brook and Cold Harbor Brook, the site of the present Toad Mill. The shop burned in 1828. Then he built a shop without a trip-hammer, located on the north side of W'hitney Street, east of Howard Brook, where he continued a less extensive business. The Samuel Wood, 2nd, before referred to, died in 1818, and bequeathed his mills to his nephew, Samuel Seaver. In 1823 Samuel Seaver sold for $2000 to Thomas W. Lyon of Lancaster, the old "Clothier's Shop" fronting south on Main Street east of the Assabet, together with three acres of land and the old fulling mill near the north end of the lot, reserving to Samuel Fisher certain blacksmith and cabinet-making shop-rights. Tradition says the original fulling mill that was built in 1751, had been partially rebuilt when it was sold by Seaver in 1823. It has recently been moved and is now in use as a dwelling. At first, the Lyon industry was repairing looms; then building looms and mill machinery. Thomas W. Lyon was a machinist; Moses Merriam was a blacksmith with a gift in the direction of clock repairing and delicate machinery; Samuel Fisher was a cabinet-maker and wheelwright; Samuel Sawyer was a wheel- wright and general wood-worker; Luther Hawes was a house carpenter. Together, these men were able to repair or to build almost any machine. In 1837 Thomas W. Lyon sold the property to Captain Cyrus Gale, who, the same year sold to Samuel Fisher. In 1871 Sumner Packard, of Grafton, engaged in the manu- facture of shoemakers' tools in a shop on Hudson street, but did not long continue the business. From about 1840 to 1847 Edwin Wesson manufactured rifles in what had been the Seth Grout mailing and carding factory, on Main Street, east of the Assabet. Outgrowing his accommodations there, he moved to Hartford, Connecticut and took from town several families of his workmen. *At that time Main Street doubled south from in front of the Seth Grout house nearly to the present Baptist parsonage and crossed the Assabet at the level of the basement of the Lyon's shop. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 163 During the past few years both the Lyon shop and the Grout shop have been occupied by Thomas H. Blair, in the manufacture of lamps and cash registers. WOOLEN-MILLS AND COTTON-MILLS It is but little more than a century ago when both spinning and weaving were done by hand, and mostly in the homes of the operatives. Wool and linen were the two fibres in common use. Here, farms produced wool and flax, and the household converted them into cloth. Cotton came to the front when, in 1794, Eli Whitney invented the cotton-gin and made it possible for a thousand pounds of cotton fibre to be cleaned in the time before required for one pound. The cotton plant had been brought to America as early as 1536, but the difficulty of removing the seed and cleaning the fibre prevented its extensive culture till the introduction of the cotton-gin, a little more than a century ago. Until that time flax had been cultivated and prepared on the farm for home spin- ning and home weaving. Then suddenly, American cotton exports jumped from two hundred tons to forty-five thousand tons. Machine spinning and machine weaving were yet classed among newer accomplishments, not yet practical in the States, when Congress imposed heavy import duties on cotton fabrics. Again, war with England made cotton manufacturing here, desirable. In 1814 was organized the Northborough Manufacturing Com- pany for manufacturing cotton and woolen cloth and yarn by the use of machinery. Samuel Wood's fulling mill had then been in successful operation sixty-three years, dressing homespun cloth brought in by the farmers' wives. In 1751 Samuel Wood, Sr., bought of George Oaks three-fourths of an acre of land on the east bank of the Assabet, and fronting south on Main Street. At the rear of this lot he at once erected and put into active service, his fulling mill. In 1760 Samuel Wood, Sr., died, and left his homestead and fulling mill to his eldest son, Samuel Wood, 2nd who was then seventeen years of age. The son continued the business in the fulling mill, and before the Revolutionary War, built near the Main Street end of the same lot a large, one-story frame building with basement and ell, called his "Clothier's Mill Shop." In 1774 he deeded for £60 lawful money "a half of his clothing mill shop, tools, privileges and clothing business in general" to his younger brother, Abraham Wood, who had then just reached his majority. 164 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY One of the industries mentioned in Whitney's history of 1793 is "the Fulling Mill and clothiers' business in all its branches where seven thousand yards of cloth are dressed annually by Samuel and Abraham Wood, but for the present, by the latter only." Samuel Wood, 2nd, died without children, in 1818, and be- queathed his estate to his nephew, Samuel Seaver. Abraham Wood had died in 1804, and his half of the clothing mill shop, tools and privileges of the clothing business was then appraised at $450. He had not acquired any ownership in the fulling mill. Most of the industries thus far enumerated were small and supplemental to farming; that is, the mill was run during hours of sufificient water supply. Generally the miller had to depend for help on his own household, his half dozen sons. No large mill dams were built. Any progress toward that end, uncom- pleted and with insufficient help, might be wiped out any day by a freshet. Almost any farmer could, however, at his leisure, excavate a level ditch, or head-race, from some high point in a neighboring stream to a mill site sheltered from the course of high water; and from the mill site dig another ditch, or tail- race, to the same stream at a point where it had reached a lower level. Then with an inexpensive dam and head -gate he secured control of the water power. The Northborough Manufacturing Company, before men- tioned, was organized in 1814, by George Sloane, Deacon Isaac Davis, Silas Gates, Phineas Davis, Asaph Rice, Benjamin Rice, Caleb Weatherbee, Joseph Davis, and Joseph Howe. On March 17, 1814, they bought of Samuel Allen, 2nd, for $3000 the corn-mill before mentioned, at Woodside, six acres of land on both sides of the Assabet, with mill and privileges, etc., and right to raise the dam one foot, for the purpose of manufacturing cotton and woolen cloth and yarn. On the west side of the Assabet, near where the Woodside Woolen Mill now stands (now the Taylor Manufacturing Com- pany), they erected a cotton-mill, "Weaving Shop," etc. The cost of the same, fully equipped with machinery, was $30,000. March 31, 1814 (two weeks after the purchase of the above mill privilege), they bought from one of their own members, Caleb Weatherbee of Marlborough, for $1700, another piece of land, two acres, fronting one hundred and seventy-three feet on the north side of Main Street in the village of Northborough, and extending north toward Cold Harbor Brook about five hundred feet. Possibly, it may have been designed to supply to this last purchase, water power from Cold Harbor Brook near the glazier CALEB T. CHAPIN NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 165 mill, by means of a long canal or head-race. Signs of such a canal still exist in the Monroe pasture. But the two-acre pur- chase in the village of Northborough was sold at an advanced price, within one year. Captain Cyrus Gale served as agent for the manufacturing company. Till about this date, American experience in cloth making was restricted to hand spinning and hand weaving. It is doubt- ful if any of the manufacturing companies had previous experi- ence with mill machinery. For a dozen years the new cotton factory operated with varying success, till, in 1826, it was sold at auction to Isaac Davis, 2nd, Asaph Rice, Robert Rogenson, and Oliver Eldridge, who, that same year, bought of Lewis Allen, additional land near the mill, and in 1831 bought of Stephen Williams, a half interest in the Rocky Pond Reservoir. Then, March 4, 1831, was organized the Northborough Cotton Manufacturing Company, which took, at a valuation of $15,000, all the land and mill property that had, for five years been in the name of Isaac Davis, 2nd, Asaph Rice, and Oliver Eldridge; and for a dozen years before that time had been in the name of the Northborough Manufacturing Company. The Northborough Cotton Manufacturing Company operated for twenty years, and in 1851 sold to Alonzo B. Howe who had then recently returned from California. Of this mill, Allen's History of Northborough (1826) says: "The mill contains 700 spindles for cotton, 100 for woolen, 10 looms, a fulling mill, carding machine, &c., and manufactures 80,000 yards of cloth annually." From 1851 to 1866 there were repeated changes in ownership of this mill property and in the nature of the mill product. The cotton mill was burned in 1860. The corn mill on the east side of the Assabet was burned in 1866. This left no mill building standing at Woodside. In 1832, soon after the organization of the Northborough Cot- ton Manufacturing Company, Isaac Davis, 2nd, bought of Paul Newton for $1750, twenty-two and one-half acres of land and the old Amory Barnard grist-mill, before mentioned, together with right of flowage, right to enlarge the canal, etc. Phineas Davis, Joseph Davis, and Isaac Davis, 2nd, three brothers, joined in supplying $30,300 for the erection and equip- ment of a brick cotton factory on the site of the present Chapin Mill, and three brick dwellings. Samuel Wood, 3rd, was the builder, and for a time he lived in one of the brick houses, where one son, the present Dr. Albert Wood, of Worcester, was born 166 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY (Dr. Wood has since died). For this mill, one year's supply of cotton was bought at six cents per pound in Boston, on one year's credit without interest, and was hauled to the mill by ox teams. Isaac Davis, 2nd, operated this mill about twenty-six years, till his decease in 1859, when the mill was sold for $14,800 to L. S. Pratt, of Grafton. In 1864 the mill was sold by Pratt to Caleb T. Chapin, the father of the present occupant. The price then paid for the Davis Cotton Factory, five dwellings and seven acres of land was $6000. For five years it was operated as a cotton-mill by C. T. Chapin, and then in 1869, it burned down. Mr. Chapin was insured for $20,000; and he at once built, on the same site, the present, much larger, brick woolen factory and engaged in the manufacture of cloth from wool, shoddy, and cotton. At first it was equipped as a "two set" woolen-mill, but has since had much more machinery added. Now, for certain kinds of cloth it is claimed to have capacity for twenty- five thousand yards per week. Today it is the only cloth-making mill in operation in Northborough.* THE DAVID F. WOOD MILL In 1866, David F. Wood bought the Woodside mill property, which then consisted of some dwellings leased to C. F. Chapin, the foundations of the first cotton -mill left from the fire of 1860, and the old Eleazer Howe corn-mill of 1725. This old corn- mill was at once equipped with one full set of wool and shoddy machinery and put into operation, but burned before the close of 1866. Fire hazard from rag pickers is very great. Left with no mill building, David F. Wood immediately built a much larger frame woolen-factory on the site of the original cotton-factory. This new woolen-factory was operated twenty years, till it was burned in 1887. Then Mr. Wood promptly built the present woolen-mill, and continued to operate it from 1888 till his death in 1900. Legal complications the past six or eight years have kept this mill idle.f In textile goods, the only other Northborough industry was the manufacture of corsets by Fay & Reynolds, followed by Water- man & Meyer. This was in the "Old Barn Shop," just north of the town hall, and the industry was short-lived. *Ezra Chapin, "the present occupant" referred to above, has since died. After his death the mill was closed for some time. It was then bought and operated by Whittaker & Bacon, of Boston. The larger portion of it burned down January 28, 1918. tit was afterward reopened and operated for a time by a company of Northborough men. Later, it came into the possession of The Taylor Manufacturing Company who has operated it successfully for several years. This company has made extensive enlargements of the property, making it a more valuable plant than it ever was before. DAVID F. WOOD NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 167 COMB MAKING Pioneer comb making in Northborough was near the site of John Brigham's pioneer sawmill. In 1839, Bush & Haynes, comb makers of Feltonville (now Hudson) bought of Lowell Holbrook twenty-five acres of land on both sides of Whitney Street, east of Meeting-house Common. They built their comb manufacturing shop on Howard Brook, just above the site of the pioneer saw-mill, and built storehouses at other points on the land purchased. Toad Mill was occupied for one branch of their comb making. Dressing combs, for which there was at all times a market demand, were their chief product. Dealing in horns was also an active branch of their business. Very soon, numerous other parties commenced the manu- facture of combs, chiefly fancy combs, buying raw material from Bush and Haynes. Warren T. Bush had a comb shop on Hudson Street, the site of the present Whittaker & Bacon mill. He was a brother of Wilder Bush. A brother of Mrs. Wilder Bush, Samuel Gibson, established a comb shop just below Cold Harbor Bridge. Fancy combs paid large profits so long as the fashion lasted, but were liable to become dead property almost any day when a more attractive design appeared. Consequently, small or family comb shops came into operation wherever suitable shops and dwellings could be found. The Woodside Cotton Mill, that was bought by Alonzo B. Howe in 1851, was sold in 1853 to Nathaniel Fisher and occupied for comb making. Again, in 1859, it was sold to Milo Hildreth who, with two brothers, engaged in comb making there till the mill burned in 1860. The weaving shop adjoining the Woodside Cotton Mill was also occupied by another party for comb making. After being burned out at Woodside, Milo Hildreth engaged in comb- making at Main Street and the Assabet, in what originally was the ' 'Clothier's Mill Shop" of Samuel and Abraham Wood. Asso- ciated with him at various times were Lovejoy and Yates. Hildreth died in 1893. For a time combs were made on the south side of Main Street, east of the Assabet, in the Wesson Rifle Factory. Also in the glazier mill of Cold Harbor Brook. Again in the old barn shop north of the town hall. In the latter shop horn buttons were made by Josiah Proctor. Of those interested in comb making we may see the names of Woodward, Woodbury, Gallup, Lock, etc. Today, the only comb making here is that of Walter M. Far- well who gives employment to as many persons as were ever 168 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY employed at any one time in all the Northborough comb shops.* Raw material for comb making in early days came from slaughter houses and tan-yards in the immediate vicinity. Now, South American horns are imported. Shell was at one time used extensively; but cheap, fancy combs today are mostly made of celluloid. LEATHER AND SHOES As before stated, Samuel Brigham was the pioneer tanner east of the village of Marlborough at the time of John Brigham's pioneer sawmill. Other tan-yards appeared later in different sections of Marlborough and in its Westborough and North- borough offshoots. The Samuel Baker tan-yard in Westborough, before North- borough became known, occupied one-eighth part of an acre of land on the west side of the road leading to the south Meeting-house, and on the south side of a brook flowing east. This was in 1748, two years after the building of the north precinct Meeting-house, and rwo years before the south precinct Meeting-house was transferred from Wessonville to Westborough. In 1756, this tan- yard had passed to William Holloway and his brother-in-law, Cornet Simeon Hay ward, who sold to Joseph Baker, a minor. Twenty-five years later the name Joseph Baker appears as witness on the papers conveying land for the Isaac Davis tan- yard. We have not been able to identify the site of the Samuel Baker tanyard. About 1770, when Isaac Davis was twenty-one years of age, Captain Stephen Maynard engaged him to build and operate a tan-yard on the Maynard farm in Westborough, opposite the Lyman School, and to teach Antipas Maynard, the son, the tan- ner's trade. In addition to carrying out his part of the contract, Isaac Davis, in 1772, married Anna Brigham, the step-daughter of Stephen Maynard, and a direct descendant from the pioneer tanner, Samuel Brigham. Soon came the American Revolu- tion. Antipas Maynard disappeared. Stephen Maynard be- came financially involved and in 1781 Isaac Davis bought of Elizabeth Gray the farm at the east end of Mills Porridge Plain in Northborough. Here he built the Davis tan-yard that remained in the Davis family through three generations, and was operated by them *Mr. Farwell died several years ago and his factory is now owned by the Whittaker and Bacon Company, who used it as an addition to tlieir Chapin Mill. Since the destruction of the Chapin mill they moved their entire business here, having enlarged it very extensively. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 169 about ninety years, till hides to be tanned were imported, and bark for tanning was brought by rail from distant states; then tanning in Northborough ceased. Rev. Joseph Allen's History of Northborough (1826) says: "The annual sales of leather by the Davises amount to $20,000." Besides tanning hides, the business included dressing or currying leather; and for a time the manufacture of shoes — that is, a part of the leather product was cut into shoes that were sent to neighboring farm shoe shops to be pegged and finished. Two Hunt brothers, Jeremiah and Stephen, nearly a century ago, were perhaps the earliest shoe manufacturers to employ in Northborough, a force of apprentices and journeymen. Their shop was on the south side of east Main Street, opposite the Alfred Thomas estate. They owned a license to manufacture in Worcester County under a patent for fastening bottoms to shoes with nails or pegs instead of sewing. It is now difficult to learn definitely about early patents, as Washington records were burned in 1836, and this industry dates probably earlier than 1820. After operating for some years as partners they dissolved, and each brother continued the business independently, Stephen at the old site, and Jeremiah in the ell of a new house he built at the road intersection further east (Maple and Brigham Streets). A little later, but contemporaneous with the Hunt Brothers, was Marvin Chapin, who built the house occupied so long by Charles A. Rice, and later by his son, Henry Rice (the brick house on Main Street, adjoining the railroad track). Mr. Chapin manufactured shoes in the ell of that house from about 1829 to 1839. About 1830 Isaac Crosby built a brick shoe shop on South Street, a quarter of a mile north of the Davis tan-yard and manufactured shoes there for a short time. The shop, since considerably enlarged, is now the Longley dwelling. Half a century ago. Dr. Henry Barnes, Sr., manufactured shoes on the second floor of a frame building (since burned) then known as the Anson Rice store, on the site of the present Noah Wadsworth store at the corner of Main and South Streets. The industry there was not continued long. Before 1860, John H. Mclntire manufactured shoes in the old Gale store on Main Street (now the dwelling house of Fritz Fredericks), and in 1867 was manufacturing in the old barn shop, north of the town hall. Conlin and Garrity were manufacturing shoes in the old Gale store in 1866. 170 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY C. M. Howe succeeded Mclntire in the barn shop. Poland, Kinney & Maynard succeeded Howe in the barn shop. Shoe manufacturing in Northborough ceased about 1873. Continuously for about forty years, Charles E. Johnson has conducted the business of converting leather shavings into shoe counters and leather board, first on Hudson Street, then in the Wesson shop, then in the Gibson shop, then in the glazier mill, and for the past quarter century in the upper floors of the barn shop. (Mr. Johnson died February 27, 1920, aged eight^^-seven years.) BRICK MAKING The brick industry has been carried on chiefly in the east part of the town. Unmistakable signs of an early brickyard long existed on the shores of Solomon Pond. Tradition says that long ago signs of an early brickyard were to be seen on the Brigham farm, on Brigham Street. West of Stirrup Brook, and south of the present Marlborough road, bricks were made by Stephen Howe and his son, Alonzo B. Howe, till about forty years ago. Farming, with intermittent brick making as the market demanded, appears to have been the rule there. (This brickyard was on the property now owned by Mr. Auguste Shutte.) The Goodrich brickyard started on Hudson Street, west of Walter M. Farwell's residence. Later it was transferred to the low land between Woodside and Chapinville. To advertise the product, a house of selected brick was built there. Quantities of brick were demanded at Framingham for the Cochituate Water Works, and Goodrich secured a contract for one million bricks which served to keep that yard busy, giving employment to many teams hauling to Framingham. Bricks for houses in the south part of Northborough are said to have been made on the Rice Farm in Westborough, just across the Assabet which there forms the town boundary (now part of the Lyman School property). BOOK BINDING AND NEWSPAPERS Dr. Allen's History (1826) mentions bookbinding by William Morse as then active. The industry was located apart from, but near the Berlin boundary. Orders for binding books 'were secured from the Salisburies, of Worcester, from Isaiah Thomas, of Farmer's Almanac fame, and from customers as far distant SAMUEL WOOD NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 171 as Hubbardston. Morse's account book indicated that he also acted as agent for the purchase of goods of different kinds in Boston from customers widely scattered. Tradition says that Morse was an irascible character, unable to agree with relatives or neighbors, but dealt amicably with distant customers. Crossed, by the Berlin family of his wife, report says their front door was shattered by a boulder rolled down the opposite hill, and that Morse avoided door and window openings in his own house looking toward Berlin. In 1836, when Rev. Joseph Allen had been twenty years a resident of Northborough, he published The Meteor, a weekly newspaper, written and printed at the parsonage. One son, Prentice Allen, and some of the parsonage students assisted. A few generations ago each small water power attracted some industry and soon became, with its five to fifty dwellings, a separate industrial center, competing for importance with the old town center. Of late, steam power has come into general use by reason of more extensive mining of coal. Today, many water powers are idle. Wind power and water power have been used and will be used again. We need only a successful accumulation or storage device to ensure the harnessing of the winds of heaven. The man full of ideas, with ability to fashion something the world needs, and then to set others to making it, sooner or later appears. Again, the man born to accumulate, "to make money," is of a different type. Fortunate is the town that succeeds in making these two types — "the man who makes money," and "the man who makes things," mutually helpful within its bounds. It was the late George Williams, of Northborough, who pithily expressed his opinion of neighboring towns as follows: "Northborough proud: Westborough pious: Shrewsbury wicked: Boylston fool: Berlin poor: Marlborough hog. "In the strife for worldly success pride stood aloof while hog won the race." CHAPTER XVI HOW NORTHBOROUGH HANDLED THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of in- toxicating Hquors, was ratified by the State of Nebraska, January 16, 1919; and as Nebraska was the thirty-sixth state to adopt it (the Constitution requires two-thirds of the states to ratify a proposed amendment), national prohibition became an assured fact. The amendment went into effect one year from its adop- tion by the thirty-sixth state, on January 16, 1920. The proposed amendment was passed by the United States Senate, August 1, 1917, by a vote of sixty-five to twenty. It was passed by the House of Representatives, December 17, 1917, by a vote of two hundred and eighty-two to one hundred and twenty-eight. It was then referred to the several states for action thereon. Mississippi ratified it January 8, 1918, and to that state belongs the honor of being the first state to ratify it. Our own state of Massachusetts ratified it April 2, 1918, being the eleventh state to accept it. In view of this important measure, which is destined to bring about a revolution in the social and economic condition of our country, the author deems it of interest to record the part that Northborough played in the matter. The eighteenth amendment was the result of one hundred years of agitation. It will be the aim of this chapter to show that Northborough was a pioneer in that agitation, a leader and not a follower. One hundred years ago, intemperance had become not only an evil but a positive scandal. Everybody drank. Even Christian ministers were not immune from that social evil. A custom of the time almost compelled them to drink. When the minister called on his people they were expected to offer him a glass of "toddy." And if he made more than one call in an afternoon and drank his "toddy" at every home, it was not infrequently the case that he needed assistance in finding his way home. Our late senator, George F. Hoar, used to say that in the early years of the nineteenth century "the United States was a NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 173 nation of drunkards." And Senator Hoar was not far wrong. The history of any one of our New England towns will corrobo- rate his judgment. Our own town of Northborough certainly supports his contention. The temperance question was then, as it is now, a moral question. And the town of Northborough grappled with that question as it did with other moral questions, fearlessly, and with vigor. A temperance reform began to sweep over the country be- tween 1820 and 1830; and the movement for national prohibition which has resulted in the adoption of the eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution might be said to have had its beginning at that time. Northborough was a pioneer in that movement. Several years before that nation-wide agitation began, Northborough was dealing with the question in her own way; and with what success will presently appear. The use of liquor was common on all public occasions. If a Meeting-house were to be raised the free use of liquor was a very essential part of the exercises. If a public "vendue" (auc- tion) were held, the knowledge that there would be plenty of liquid refreshment helped to draw a crowd. If a funeral were held the men of a community thought they could best show respect to their departed friend and neighbor by drinking around the corpse. In fact, liquor drinking was a social custom which was indulged in by all classes of people on all occasions which drew the people together. Naturally, the custom soon came to be an evil. Strange as it may seem to us, that evil, so far as Northborough was concerned, first manifested itself at funerals. Men disgraced themselves by turning the house of mourning into a house of conviviality. And it is largely to that fact that we owe the present fact of national prohibition. So common had this custom become in Northborough that the leading men of the town became ashamed of it, and consequently took measures to lessen the evil. They drew up the following paper, and signed their names to it: "Northborough, 1817. "Impressed with the belief that the practice of using wine, or ardent spirits, on funeral occasions, is attended with needless expense, which to the poorer class is no inconsiderable burden — and moreover, that it has a tendency to interrupt those devout feelings and pious meditations which such occasions ought to call forth, "We, the undersigned, are willing to use our influence to discountenance such practice; and we engage for the future, 174 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY to allow of no wine or spirituous liquors to be carried to the mourners at our own houses: but, if any of the mourners, or others, think it necessary or expedient to use it, to cause it to be placed in a separate apartment for the use of such person: "Samuel Seaver "Holton Maynard William Eager William Whitney Oliver Eager John Crawford Samuel Wood Benj. Abraham Wyman Jonas Ball Moses Norcross Cyrus Gale Silas Bailey Holton Maynard, Jr. Windsor Stratton Taylor Maynard Josiah Brigham James Maynard Gill Bartlett William Valentine Stephen Ball Phineas Davis Naham Fay Winslow Brigham James Keyes Stephen Williams Jonas Bartlett Isaac Davis Caleb Harrington Henry Hastings" We regard this as a very important document. To be sure, it leaves a loophole big enough for all the signers to crawl out of; but notwithstanding, it shows the recognition of a serious evil which they were desirous of correcting; and it proved to be the inital step in a temperance reform which, within a few years, spread all over the country. From this time on, the question was more or less discussed, and in 1821 an attempt was made to prohibit retailers from mixing liquors in their stores to be drunk on the premises. But nothing came of it. In the meantime, intemperance was growing at an alarming rate and the best citizens of the town were beginning to feel disgraced over the situation. And on May 3, 1824, they caused to be put into the warrant for town meeting an article "to see if the town will adopt any measures for the suppression of the great and growing evil of intemperance, or act any way on the subject which they may deem proper." The action taken under this article was the appointment of a committee of thirteen, consisting of the selectmen. Deacon Isaac Davis, Isaac Davis, Jr., Esq., Mr. Samuel Seaver, Colonel William Eager, Mr. Asaph Rice, Colonel John Crawford, John F. Fay, and Mr. Silas Bailey. On May 24, this committee made the following interesting report : NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 175 'To the inhabitants of the town of Northborough in town meet- ing assembled on adjournment the 24th day of May, A.D. 1824. "Your committee chosen to investigate the subject of the great and growing evil of intemperance have taken the matter into their most serious consideration, and are of opinion, that the excessive use of ardent spirits in this town, as well as in many other places, has become seriously alarming, and forebodes great and ruinous evils, no observing and considerate person will presume to deny; — and that something ought to be done to check the progress of this growing vice is equally evident; for this lamentable fact is visibly depicted on the countenances of many individuals, some of whom are engaged in this ruinous practice, while others stand anxiously waiting to see some method adopted whereby the evil may be repelled. "Therefore, your committee beg leave to recommend the following measures to be pursued: "That the inhabitants of the town of Northborough endeavor to lessen the use of ardent spirits in their families. "That the military officers use their exertions to prevent persons from intoxication on training and muster days. "That the inhabitants use their best endeavors by their example, advice and entreaties to persuade the intemperate to become temperate: "That a committee of six be chosen to assist the Selectmen in selecting intemperate persons and others to be posted up till next September, hoping that the idle will become industrious, that the intemperate will become temperate, and those who spend their earnings for ardent spirits, will spend part of them for the comfort of themselves and families, and lay up a part of their earnings to support themselves and families in sickness and old age, that they may not be burdensome to their friends nor the town; and that all persons will become valuable and useful members of society: "And that this town meetingbeadjourned to the first Monday in September next at one o'clock in the afternoon at this place for further consideration on the subject. "All which is humbly submitted to the consideration of the inhabitants of the town of Northborough by their committee. "Isaac Davis, Chairman.'' The town accepted this report and "chose a committee of six to assist the Selectmen in selecting intemperate persons and others to be posted up according to law, and chose Stephen 176 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Williams Esq., Colonel Joseph Davis, Samuel Seaver, Colonel William Eager, Mr. Winslow Brigham and Mr. Jonas Bartlett." To "post" the names of intemperate persons in public places was indeed a drastic measure, for the "intemperate persons" were not foreigners (there were no foreigners in Northborough at that time), but men of old New England stock. The threat probably had its desired effect, for at the adjourned meeting in September no mention is made of any names having been "posted." The measure did not do away with intemperance entirely, however, for the town on several occasions during the years immediately succeeding, felt called upon to appoint committees to investigate the condition of morals, with special reference to intemperance. Thus on March 1, 1830, it was "Voted to recom- mend to farmers not to use spirituous liquors by giving it to their hired men." Also, "Mechanics are requested to abstain from using ardent spirits." An interesting fact in this connection, not generally known, connects the "Worcester County Institution for Savings" of Worcester, with Northborough. The Worcester Association (an association of ministers which is still in existence, and of which the writer has been a member for twenty-five years) held a meeting in Northborough in the fall of 1826, at the home of Rev. Joseph Allen. The topic for discussion at that meeting was "The Growing Evil of Intemper- ance," a topic that was beginning to engross the minds of thoughtful people throughout the county. The discussion was followed by the appointment of a committee consisting of Dr. Allen of Northborough and Dr. Thayer of Lancaster, which should consider the matter and report at a future meeting such measures as in their judgment the members of the Associa- tion should adopt "for the prevention and suppression of intem- perance." The committee made its report in the form of a resolution, which bound the members of the Association "as individuals, to be examples of uniform sobriety in the use of ardent spirits; that in our Association they shall not form a part of the usual entertainment; that we will not in our families offer or receive them as an expression of hospitality." The report further recommended that a committee be ap- pointed to consider the subject of the report and prepare such facts concerning the matter as the members of the Association might report to their congregations. This report was accepted. But the report of the subsequent committee "led only to an interesting discussion, but to no NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 177 definite action ; and further consideration of the subject was indefi- nitely postponed." Thus the ministers of the Worcester Association put them- selves on record as being unwilling to help along a temperance reform. But the sequel is interesting. While the ministers were discussing the subject and wondering what they could do to curb the growing habit of intemperance, Mrs. Allen, wife of Rev. Dr. Joseph Allen, suggested that it might be feasible to establish a bank, or some other kind of savings institution, whereby men, and especially working men, could save part of their hard earned wages. Dr. Aaron Bancroft of W^orcester — minister of the Court Hill Church was quick to recognize the wisdom of Mrs. Allen's suggestion and said, "That's a good idea, Mrs. Allen; and when I go home I will put it before the leading men of Worcester and see how it strikes them." He did so; and it struck the leading men of Worcester favorably, and the result was the organization of the "Worcester County Institu- tion for Savings," the oldest savings bank in the county and one of the oldest in the country. It was incorporated in 1828, and from that day to this has been one of the strong financial insti- tutions in the country. It should always be a source of pride that this strong savings institution had its origin in Northborough. Another interesting sidelight on Northborough's earnest- ness in dealing with the evil of intemperance is found in the Town Records under date of May 5, 1828. In town meeting on that day it was "Voted that the person who shall be chosen Representative is required not to treat the inhabitants of the town." Jonas Bartlett was then chosen representative. The record goes on to say "and as he was requested not to treat the inhabitants of the town, he paid the Rev. Joseph Allen $5.50 to be appropriated for the benefit of the Juvenile Library." Reading between the lines we learn that it cost something to be elected to political office in those days, as it does in our day. Drinking at weddings was as common as it was at funerals ; and it is a well-known fact that after the wedding festivities were over many guests had difficulty in reaching their homes without assistance. It is not on record that any concerted movement was made to stop that practice, but individual brides and grooms occasionally discountenanced it. Abraham W. Seaver and Maria Mandell were married in 1833, and no liquor was dispensed on the happy occasion. Mr. Seaver used to say in later years that his was the first wedding in North- borough at which liquor was not used. 178 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY One of the "general" stores of Northborough before 1850 was kept by Captain Cyrus Gale and Abraham W. Seaver. A perusal of their cash books and ledgers discloses the fact that liquor was one of their most popular articles of trade. They were a progressive firm, always seeking to increase their business. One of the novelties they employed to that end was the custom of giving a glass of "flip" to every customer whose purchase amounted to one dollar, or more. Needless to say, they never lacked for customers. But the custom grew into an evil which the firm soon recog- nized as such; and they determined not only to do away with the custom but to discontinue the sale of liquor altogether. They adopted a sensational way of doing it, which became "the talk of the town." They took their liquor retainers into the street, knocked in their heads and poured the liquor into the street. Some of their customers vowed that they would never enter the store again. They kept their vows about three months, but they gradually drifted back. Both Captain Gale and Mr. Seaver became rabid temperance reformers. The temperance reform had gained such headway in North- borough by 1836 that the people suffered the name of the beau- tiful eminence in the center of the town — "Liquor Hill" — to be changed. The story of how it was done is told in the next chapter. The following extract from a private letter will show that the temperance agitation had worked its way into politics and that it had become a live issue as early as 1838. The letter was written by Anson Rice, who was then Postmaster of North- borough, to his friend. Dr. Joshua J. Johnson, who was living temporarily in St. Louis. He says: "The political community in this town has been very quiet since you left, until a day or two. It has been kept very still about candidates for Representative, the temperance and liberals both appear to be afraid to have it known who their candidates are. Last Saturday evening I was told that C. Gale, Esq., had put up a public notice, in pursuance of a circular sent to him by the Whig County Committee, calling on all in favor of the regular Whig nominations to meet at the Town Hall on Wednesday evening next. "This seems to trouble the 'Striped Pigs' liberals very much. They complain that it is unfair; that it ought to have been a call to all the Whigs. So, to steal a march on the temperance call they posted notices yesterday, calling a meeting of the Whigs on Tuesday evening. What the result will be I cannot tell." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 179 The letter is dated November 5, 1838. The author was interested in the expression "striped pigs" in the above extract, and made diHgent inquiry to ascertain its meaning. He finally learned that an encampment of the State militia was held at Dedham, in 1840. A State law of the time prohibited the sale of liquor except in large quantities This law was evaded at this encampment in this way : A tent bearing at its entrance a sign advertising a "striped pig" on exhibition was erected on the grounds. By paying admission to the exhibition one discovered on entering, that the "striped pig" was nothing more or less than a bar for the sale of liquor. The exhibition did a thriving business. The above encampment was held in 1840. Mr. Rice's letter was written in 1838. Thus, it would seem that the temperance reform movement, which was destined to amend the Constitu- tion of the United States, was fairly under way during the thirties. It is a source of pride that Northborough's participation in that reform began in 1817. Thus, was Northborough a pioneer in the movement for national prohibition. CHAPTER XVII MOUNT ASSABET Mount Assabet is one of the most beautiful topographical features of Northborough. Down to the year 1836 it was known as "Liquor Hill." That such a beautiful hill in the very center of the town should bear such an incongruous name seems not to have given the inhabitants of the town any uneasiness. Perhaps from their point of view there was no incongruity, for "liquor" in those days was a household word. Liquor drinking formed a large part of the common life of the time. But the sentiment of the people all over the country underwent a change during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. For ten years pre- vious to 1836 the town of Northborough was considerably stirred up over this social custom. A reform had set in. Then it was that the inappropriateness of the name "Liquor Hill" as applied to one of the most beautiful natural features of the town began to dawn upon the minds of the people. The first suggestion that the name be changed appears in The Meteor, a little paper published by some of Dr. Allen's schoolboys. In the issue of June 18, 1836, appears the following contribution from a correspondent who signs himself "N ": He says: "There is in the center of this town a beautiful hill which goes by the unromantic name of 'Liquor Hill.' It derived its name from the following circumstance: "There was formerly at the foot of this hill, a tavern, at which an Indian stopped one day to have his bottle replenished. On his return home, he passed over the hill, and sat down under a tree to take another refreshing draught, not being able to resist the temptation any longer. When he had drunk until he was entirely disabled from proceeding any farther, his bottle (one of the ancient form in the shape of a small keg), by some unhappy accident, slipped from his grasp and rolled down the hill. The Indian eyed it wistfully on its rapid course, and, hearing the peculiar sound of the liquor issuing from its mouth, called after it, 'Ay, good, good, good! I hear you, but I can't get at you!' "Ever since this incident occurred the hill has been called by the name aforesaid ; but we think that, in this age of Temperance and Improvement, so pretty a hill should not be suffered to retain so ugly a name. For these reasons, we would propose that such of our subscribers as like the plan, should send us their NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 181 opinions, and suggest a better name, before the publication of the next number. We should prefer an Indian name." This communication called out the following letter which was published in the issue of July 2, 1836: "Mr. Editor: — "In the last number of the Meteor, I noticed an article relating to Liquor Hill, so-called, giving an account of the origin of the name and suggesting a very good idea — that the appella- tion should be changed for one more romantic, or at least, better suited to the present state of the times. "I have often noticed that as a stranger comes into our village, this hill is the first object to attract his attention; and he very naturally inquires, 'What is the name of the beautiful hill opposite your church?' 'Liquor Hill,' is the reply. 'But why was this name given to it?' 'O, because,' — some small boy answers; — and this is about as much of a reason as most of our people are able to give. Here the curiosity of the stranger ends. It pleased his imagination at first view, but the name has dispelled the charm, the poetry of the scenery has gone. It is seldom that he ascends to the top, and even among our own inhabitants, how few have stood upon its summit and beheld the beautiful prospect which opens to their view — how beautiful, how interesting to the humble admirer of nature! But the name — Liquor Hill! Whence this insignificant name? 'O, because' — ^just because some straggling Indian spilt a quart of whiskey on its top — a very silly reason, sure enough. And I am gratified to find that others think so besides myself. "Mr. Editor, I have heard it suggested that Assabet, the name of the stream which runs through the village, would be a good appellation. I have no objection to its being so-called, but allow me to propose one which I think better — Sachemachu- sett; 'Sachem', a chief, a ruler, and 'chusett', a hill: Sachema- chusett, the King of Hills. "But some of your readers may inquire, why call it the King of Hills? My answer is, not because it is the largest hill in town, for a king is by no means always the largest man of a nation, but because his throne is generally near the center of his dominions, and he overlooks his subjects. As in an Indian council, the sachem takes his stand by himself and is surrounded by the people of his tribe, so it is with this hill. It is not the largest in town, but it is the most beautiful and commanding. Therefore, let us cease to call it by its present vulgar appellation, and give it a name of which it is so worthy — 'Sachemachusett.' "Georgius." 182 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The proposition to change the name met with a ready response, and "it was not difficult to fix upon the name Mount Assabet, from the river of that name which runs through the town," says the author of the Allen "Memorial." This same "Memorial" goes on to say, that: "A celebration was set on foot for the 4th of July, 1836. The whole town participated. The multitude gathered on the hill, and after a collation and other festivities, an open barrel of water was rolled down the hill to efface the memory of the liquor spilled there, while the children sang with energy two songs written for the occasion by our mother. Altogether it was one of the pleasantest affairs the village had known." Up to that time the town had not been in the habit of cele- brating the Fourth of July, though a patriotic address had been delivered the previous year. As this event marks the beginning of Fourth of July celebrations we have thought it worth while to reproduce here an account of this great day which appeared in The Meteor under date of July 16. It said: "The day was celebrated in this village in a new and interest- ing manner. Arrangements were made for a general gathering together of the children belonging to the different schools in town, on the Hill which has been mentioned in our former numbers. A picnic entertainment was provided for them by their parents and friends, and at an early hour on Monday morning several young ladies and gentlemen assembled on the Hill to make the necessary preparations. "The tables were arranged in the form of a hollow square on the slope of the hill, commanding a beautiful view of the village, and having the center filled with seats for the children. They were loaded with the munificent contributions of their friends, and were tastefully decorated with flowers; and when the seats were filled with smiling and happy faces it was one of the most beautiful and interesting sights that could be imagined. "A short address was expected to be delivered, and in front of the seats was a platform raised for the speaker. In the center of the table, and directly in front of the speaker, on the top of a large loaf of cake was a figure of the identical Indian himself, with tomahawk in hand, and bottle slung over his shoulder. He was a fine, sturdy-looking Indian, and doubtless had no expectation at the time he spilt his whiskey, of being thus immortalized. "The weather was rather doubtful all the morning; but one o'clock holding out every promise of a fair afternoon, the bells rang a merry peal as a signal for the children to assemble. And NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 183 soon they were seen flocking from all quarters to the vestry (under the old town hall) where they were to meet. At two o'clock they set out in procession to Mount Assabet, two hundred and sixty-four in number. Their teachers marched in front, and many others joined them, to the number of above four hundred persons. "But just as they set out a drizzling rain began to fall, which continued till they reached the hill. It then abated and the Welcome Song was sung. The last verse was repeated ; and at that moment a cask of water which had been placed on the hill was rolled down, amid the merry shouts of the boys. The refreshments were then handed around, and the other two pieces were sung. It continued to sprinkle at intervals, and at last, as there was every appearance of a thunder shower approaching, we hastened down the hill even more eagerly than we had has- tened to it. We were in too much haste to make a regular retreat, and we had more the appearance of a flock of frightened sheep, or of the hurried flight of an army, than of the neat and orderly band in which we at first advanced. "O, what a scampering was there! What drabbled dresses and straightened curls, and what green and brown streaks upon the white pantaloons (white alas, no longer) ; and to peep a little into futurity — what mourning the next day over soiled and unstiffened ribbons and handkerchiefs, and defaced kid shoes, and, worse than all, what scolding at the wash tubs over the green- kneed pantaloons, and other efi^ects of that disastrous flight. "We had the full benefit of all the rain that fell both going and returning, as it stopped almost immediately upon our arrival at the Meeting-house, where we went to hear the address which was prepared to be delivered on the hill. "But after all, there was only rain enough to damp a little, without extinguishing our enjoyment. Notwithstanding our disappointment, it was universally agreed to be one of the most pleasant occasions ever witnessed in this place." Such is the impression which this important occasion made upon the youthful editor of The Meteor. Compare this impression with that which the same event made upon a hard- headed stock raiser and farmer. This is the entry which Stephen Williams made in his journal: "Monday, July 4, 1836. Ther- mometer 61. Cloudy, wind S. E. showers P.M. All the Sunday school's children (except the Orthodox) met on Assabet Hill, treated with all sorts of cake, and an address to them at the Meeting-house by Mr. Allen." Mention is made, in the account quoted from The Meteor, 184 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY of certain songs which were sung on this occasion. Fortunately, those songs are preserved in the same number of the paper that gives an account of the celebration. They were written for the occasion by Dr. Allen's wife. We reproduce them in the order in which they appear: All hail the day! let joy abound! Let all our troubles flee: Let praise to God from all resound; For a great nation's free! When tyrants laid a heavy hand Upon our Liberty, Then soon arose that patriot band, That said, "We will be free!" Our ancestors who fought and bled, We now no longer see; And though they rest among the dead. Yet still the nation's free! While we enjoy our dear-bought rights And join in social glee; May all the Blacks as well as Whites, Be heard to say, "We're free!" The above hymn breathes at once the prayer of gratitude for our national independence, and the prayer of hope that the time might come when the national sin of slavery should be blotted out and our nation become one, all of whose citizens should be free. But the next song, the song of welcome, is of especial interest to us now, because it relates particularly to the rechristening of Liquor Hill. THE SONG OF WELCOME Welcome the day, the happy day, That we from care are free ; Away with study, welcome play, We'll independent be. Then welcome playmates, one and all, O hasten to this pleasant hill ; Our feast partake, of fruits and cake. Enjoy it all who will. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 185 Mount Assabet, with smiles we greet, Now, Liquor Hill no more; That odious name, no more we claim. Though long that name it bore. Then welcome playmates, one and all, O hasten to this pleasant hill; Our feast partake, of fruits and cake, Enjoy it all who will. For Southern slave, we pity crave. But O, consistent be; The heaviest chain is forged by sin, We would be truly free. Then welcome playmates, one and all, O hasten to this pleasant hill; Our feast partake, of fruits and cake. Enjoy it all who will. Vile rum we hate — abominate — We will forever flee; When on this hill we liquor spill, Pure water it shall be. Then welcome playmates, one and all, O hasten to this pleasant hill ; Our feast partake, of fruits and cake, Enjoy it all who will. The third hymn also breathes the prayer for freedom, uni- versal^ freedom. Northborough at that time was just beginning her agitation against slavery: O happy children! blest are we! Instructed, civilized and free! Not forced to wear the galling chain And weep our sorrows o'er in vain. Our mothers can our footsteps guide. With all a mother's love and pride: Our fathers lead our wayward youth In paths of innocence and truth. But O, may pity move our breast For all the unhappy and opprest; Freedom to all we would extend, And be the slave's and Indian's friend. 186 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Their darkened minds we would invite To share with us Religion's light: And let them by our actions see That Christ has made us truly free. In his address, delivered on this occasion, Dr. Allen gives no clue as to how the name Mt. Assabet, was decided upon; and in the absence of other information (except The Meteor, already quoted), we may presume that the change of name was a spon- taneous desire on the part of the people of the town to show their interest in the temperance reform which was then making considerable headway. This Fourth of July celebration, coupled with the changing of the name of one of the town's beautiful hills was a great event, the echoes of which reverberated through many years. Seventy- three years after the event the author talked with four people, who, as children, had taken part in it — Mrs. George Valentine, Miss Mary Brigham, Mrs. Samuel Russell (Lucy Pierce) and Charles A. Rice. All of them remembered the occasion with pleasure, and spoke of it as one of the outstanding joys of their childhood. CHAPTER XVIII THE OLD TOWN HALL What is now the LInitarian Church was formerly the Meeting- house. It could be wished that that word had never fallen into disuse; for it is a beautful word, and expresses a beautiful custom of our forefathers — ^"going to meeting." The Meeting-house was the gathering place on all occasions which called the people together. It belonged to all the people. It was their church on Sundays; it was their Town Hall on voting days; it was their gathering place on all social occasions. Life was simple in those days. There were no clubs and no societies to call people from their homes. Such society as there was was centered around the Meeting-house. The Meeting-house was the one center of in- fluence in the community. And, as the people used frequently to resort to it, the building itself came to occupy a warm place in their hearts. That is why our old New England churches are revered so highly today by all our people, even by those of other faiths who seldom go into them. The traditions of their fathers cluster around them, and they are the one link in the com- munity which connects the present with the past. But when societies began to multiply and life became more complex, the need of other gathering places more suited to their needs was felt. Then it was that the idea of a Town Hall, a place distinct from the Meeting-house, began to develop in the minds of the people. Northborough seems to have been abreast of the times in this respect, for as early as 1821 the idea of a Town House began to take definite form. On April 2, of that year, the matter was brought before the town meeting for the first time, with the result that a "committee of five were chosen to make a form or plan of a building for a Town House, estimate the expense, locate a spot to set it, and receive proposals for donations and report at May meeting." The committee lost no time in attending to the duty assigned to them, and on May 7, just one month later, made a very definite report. The committee evidently knew just what kind of a building they wanted; and as their report is a model of what such reports should be, we quote it in full : 188 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 'To the inhabitants of the town of Northborough in town meeting assembled: "The committee chosen the 2nd day of April last for the purpose of making a plan of a building for a town house, of estimating the expense, of locating a spot on which to place said building, and receive proposals for donations, beg leave to submit the following report: "1st. Having consulted together, and collected what in- formation they could on the subject, they recommend to the town that a building be erected forty feet in length, thirty-six feet in width, and thirteen feet in height; that the entrance be at one end ; that eight feet of the building at that end be partitioned off from the main body of the building, over which at a height of seven feet, there be a floor laid and finished above in form of a gallery for the accommodation of youth, children and strangers. That one end of the entry be partitioned off for the accommo- dation of gentlemen to transact private business on public days, or for the use of committees who wish to consult and make report at the same meeting; that there be one stack of chimneys erected with two fireplaces, so placed that one fire shall warm the great hall of the building, the other, the smaller room before described; that the garret floor be raised in the center to form an arch; that the inside of the whole building be lathed and plastered; that there be a suitable platform and seats erected for the use of the moderator, town clerk and selectmen ; and that there be three ranges of seats on each side of the hall, constructed in the most convenient manner for singing schools, leaving an area in the center for the use of a militia company, if it should be wanted some rainy day. "2nd. In estimating the expense, your committee attempted to ascertain the difference in the expense of building either with brick or wood, and find the difference according to their esti- mation to be less than twenty-five dollars — the expense of build- ing with brick somewhat less than $800. The extra expense of building with brick lies principally in the underpinning. "3rd. The spot which they would recommend on which to erect said building, is the naked ledge of rocks lying between the Meeting-house and the Rev. Mr. Allen's house. "4th. In order to obtain as much as could be by subscription your committee lost no time in having a subscription paper in circulation directly after town meeting, and has been lodged with the Messrs. Davis for them to solicit subscriptions ever since till this time; and the whole amount subscribed which we think will be collected in cash, materials for building, or in labor, amounts to sixty-two dollars, and two day's work. "Signed, Asaph Rice, Chairman." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 189 This business-like report was evidently convincing, for the town forthwith voted to build a Town House, but of wood, and not of brick, as the committee recommended. The third section of the above report, that relating to the location of the proposed Town House, aroused considerable discussion after the meeting. The "naked ledge of rocks" westerly of the Meeting-house did not seem to be an appro- priate place for the new building; so another meeting was called during the following summer to talk about it. The upshot of the meeting was the appointment of a committee to consult Mr. Abraham Monroe relative to purchasing from him a piece of land lying easterly of the Meeting-house, which he owned. The conference with Mr. Monroe was entirely satisfactory, for he very generously offered to give the said land on condition that "the town would build the Town House upon it, and keep it there." This offer was accepted, and the land passed into the hands of the town.* The Town House was accordingly built in the summer of 1821, and was ready for occupancy in October of that year. The carpentry work was done by Lyman Howe, a contractor from Shrewsbury. The building cost $966. It stood a little east by south of the present high school building, directly on Whitney Street — Whitney Street at that time lying a little farther west than its present location. In 1832, the activities of the Unitarian Church had multi- plied to such an extent that they could not be carried on in the Meeting-house as it then was. They needed more room. So the parish asked the town to raise the Town House and build a vestry under it, the parish to rent the same. The proposi- tion was also made at this time to move the Town House to the opposite side of the road. Both propositions were favorably received and the town voted to put them into effect, on condition however, that the parish bear the expense, and "that they be done to the acceptance of a town's committee." Both things were done, and to the acceptance of all concerned. And the parish rented the vestry under the Town House until its own Meeting-house was remodeled, in 1848. When these changes were made the Town House was placed a few feet south of the present high school building, and the road was pushed a few feet to the eastward, where it now is. We have written at some length concerning this first Town *The deed of the land says that the town paid $60 for it. As it is not generally known that the town owns this piece of land, it may be said here that it is a triangular lot lying southeast of the Unitarian Church — bounded on the east by Whitney Street, on the south by Church Street, and on the west by the Unitarian Common. It contains one hundred rods. 190 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY House because for half a century it was a landmark in this neighborhood. About the time it was built the town was much interested in the development of the art of singing, making an appropriation from year to year for that purpose; thus in an official way encouraging an art which did not receive adequate recognition in most towns until a much later time. Those singing lessons were carried on in this old Town Hall. Later, private singing schools were held there for many years under the direction of Joseph Addison Allen; and still later, by Jairus Lincoln. Those singing schools were an important institution, and did more for the social and cultural life of the community than can well be computed at this late date. Then again, that old Town Hall was the home of the "North- borough Lyceum," another helpful institution that flourished in this town for more than half a century. All questions of local and national and international importance were discussed there with a freedom that brought forth results, not the least of which was the ability of citizens to think on their feet in town meeting, and to discuss intelligently all questions pertaining to the welfare of the town. The "Lyceum" also brought to town many of the best known lecturers of the day, all of whom poured forth their eloquence and enthusiasm in that little old Town Hall. Let us name a few: John B. Gough, the famous temperance lecturer, delivered his first public lecture there. Nathaniel P. Banks, who later became a famous Governor of Massachusetts. Anson Burlingame, who, as American Minister to China, did such a wonderful work. Elizabeth Oak-Smith, who was one of the first of that large army of women who have employed the public platform for the presentation of their doctrines. Henry Wilson, United States Senator and Vice-President of the United States. Edward Everett, the greatest orator of his day. Alexander Everett, brother of Edward, who would doubtless have equaled his brother had he lived long enough. Horace Mann, one of the country's greatest educators. Lowell Mason, known and beloved by every lover of music. Wendell Phillips, the silver-tongued orator, who first made his auditors mad, and afterwards made them think. William Welles Brown, and George and Ellen Crafts, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 191 three fugitive slaves, who stirred the northern people to righteous indignation against the national sin of slavery. Rev. Henry Giles, an eminent Englishman, who half a cen- tury ago was connected with Dr. James Martineau in the great Liverpool Controversy, delivered his first sermon and his first lecture in this country, in Northborough. Frederick Douglass, honored and beloved of all colored people, and the first colored man that most Northborough people had ever seen. These are only a few of the famous public speakers who made the rafters of t^iat old Town Hall ring with their eloquence. As early as 1837, and for many years thereafter, the question of slavery was denounced in no uncertain terms from the plat- form of that same old Town Hall, thus making of it North- borough's veritable "cradle of liberty." And last, but by no means least, the old Town House was the early home of the Northborough High School. For five years it sheltered the youth of the town and gave them instruction in those humanitarian studies which have strengthened and beauti- fied their lives unto this day. A fitting ending this, for a building around which for fifty years were centered so many traditions of our little community. We do well to revere its memory. The old Town Hall burned down on February 22, 1870. It was a cold day, and the high school was in session. And some of the students are known to have expressed their joy "that the old thing had burned down." But that was because they had asked that the day be a holiday, and their request had been refused. The mind of youth is irreverent. It is safe to say now, however, that the men and women of today who were students then in the old Town Hall, hold that building in tender reverence. Note. Since writing the above we have come into possession of the address (in manuscript) which Dr. Allen delivered at the dedication of the new Town Hall in 1868. He had seen the Old Town House built, and had been familiar with it throughout its many years of usefulness, and naturally had something to say about it upon the dedication of the new Hall. What he said is such an affectionate tribute that we feel sure our readers will want to hear it. We therefore append it: "The Old Town House built in 1821, was, if I mistake not, the first build- ing of the kind in all this region round about — the first town hall built ex- pressly for secular uses; and, inferior as it seems today in comparison with this noble structure, it was regarded at the time of its erection as one of the chief ornaments of the village. It was also, I think, the first building with a Grecian front, in imitation (on a very small scale indeed), but after the pattern of the famed Parthenon at Athens — the first, I say, in this style that was 192 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY erected in this neighborhood ; and in its earlier years strangers of cultivated taste were accustomed to express in strong terms, their admiration of its fair proportions and classical beauty. "Let not the Old Town House be despised or forgotten. It has a history of which we need not be ashamed, but of which we have reason to be proud. . . . We take leave then, of the Old Town House not without tender and grateful recollections of what it has been to us and what it has done for us, commending it to your favor in the transformation it has undergone in the uses to which it is now applied." CHAPTER XIX THE TOWN HALL The old Town Hall was built in 1821, and served its purpose for more than forty years. The town was growing in the meantime and its social activities were multiplying. The need of a larger and more commodious building was beginning to be felt. As early as 1860 measures were taken to meet this larger need. Plans for a new building were drawn at that time; but before any definite action was taken the Civil War broke out. That put an end to all expenditures that were not absolutely essential. As soon as the war was over, however, the matter was revived, and under date of March 5, 1866, we read in the Town Records that it was, "Voted, that the Selectmen be in- structed to obtain the refusal of a suitable lot for a town hall, and report." The Selectmen lost no time in attending to the duty assigned them and two weeks later reported that "they had examined two lots; and that a lot where the Northborough Hotel now stands is offered for $1500." But the town was not as expedi- tious as were the Selectmen and the latter were asked to make further investigations. This, they did, and made another report on April 2. Their second report was accepted and it was "Voted, that the Selectmen be instructed to purchase a lot suitable for a town hall as soon as convenient." They were also instructed to have plans drawn. In November of that year the land had been purchased, a Building Committee appointed with instructions to "locate and build such a house as they may see fit;" but with the further instructions "to build the town hall of brick and stone," and that "it be completed within 11| months." But these were days immediately following a great and costly war; and, as always happens at such times prices of everything were very high. In view of this fact, the Committee in a lengthy report March 18, 1867, recommended "that the town rescind the vote whereby they instructed them to complete the building in 11| months, that the committee may take advantage of the market for the purchase of the lumber, or make the contract based upon a much lower price than the present, which they feel confident they can do when the new lumber comes into the market." 194 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The recommendation of the committee was accepted and the restriction removed. The new Town Hall was built during the summer and winter of 1867, and was dedicated on Tuesday, February 25, 1868, with the following program: ORDER OF EXERCISES Music: By the Band 1. Invocation: By Rev. Mr. Myrick. 2. Remarks: By the President, Geo. C. Davis, Esq. 3. Statement from the Building Committee: By their chairman, Wilder Bush, Esq. 4. Reading Scriptures: By Rev. Mr. Lamson. 5. Original Hymn: By F. M. Chesbro. 6. Address: By Rev. Dr. Allen. Anthem: "Great is the Lord." 7. Dedicatory Prayer: By Rev. Mr. Sanborn. 8. Poem: By Thomas W. Valentine, Brooklyn, N. Y. Music: By the Band. 9. Addresses: By Citizens and Invited Guests. 10. "Old Hundred": By the Audience. At the March meeting, 1868, the Building Committee made its final report, as follows: "Your committee chosen at the November meeting of 1866 to build your town hall, having attended to the duty assigned them, ask leave to make the following report: "After several consultations in committee, in which we found some differences of opinion, as to plans, etc. (though no more perhaps than might be expected in a committee of that number), we decided almost unanimously to adopt the plan furnished by A. R. Esty, Esq., and directed him to complete plans and specifications for the building, from which we now have the pleasure to present for your inspection, this building substan- tially completed. For some cause unknown to your committee, early in our proceeding, one of their number who doubtless was selected on account of his practical experience and skill in building, withdrew from their meeting, and we have been obliged to proceed without his aid and assistance. "Your building has been done mostly by contract, and we have the pleasure to say to you that there has been a disposition manifested by the contractors and their employees generally to do their work in a satisfactory manner, and that they have NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 195 given you as a whole, a good, substantial and thoroughly finished building, which we trust will, with small repairs, last as long as any of us remain here to use it, and do good service to those who may come after us. "The stone work, including cellar wall, was done by Messrs. S. A. Wheeler & Son, and Mr. D. Damen, of Fitchburg, with granite brought from that place. Your building (except stone work) has been built by Mr. J. C. French, of Worcester. The mason work was done by E. and W. Ames, of Worcester. All the work has been superintended by Isaac B. Crosby, a man we think fully qualified for the charge assigned him. "Your committee have agreed with Mr. J. H. Mclntire for an exchange of land on the north end of your lot which will give you more room on your easterly front, and would recommend that you authorize some person to make and execute suitable papers for the exchange. "There are a few small things not yet finished — the fence on the west side, and some grading on the north end of the lot we were prevented from doing by winter setting in; and there may be some other small things wanting, which we will finish, if you desire, when the spring opens. "Your committee having very nearly completed the duties assigned them, will take this opportunity to say that it has been no small task to perform; that it has necessarily taken con- siderable time as well as some expense, for which we have made no charge. The committee in undertaking their duties had not the vanity to expect they could give entire satisfaction in every particular, and will be content if we have succeeded as a whole. We have endeavored to carry out your wishes so far as expressed, and to give you a building not only for present use but for future use. "Your committee has received from town treasurer, $35,550.00 "Bills paid, 34,892.72 Committee. "Leaving cash on hand, $657.28 "Wilder Bush G. G. Valentine MiLO HiLDRETH Abraham W. Seaver "NoRTHBOROUGH, 2nd March, 1868." The "extras" which the committee promised to do in the spring, were done during the summer, and on November 3, 1868, the committee made a supplementary report saying that the 196 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY entire cost of the building, including fitting up of stores, was $37,672.43. The committee in their excellent report, neglected to say that the bricks used in the construction of the building were made by Alonzo Howe, who at that time conducted a brick- yard on his farm, on the Marlborough Road (the farm now owned by Mr. Shutte). Rev. Dr. Allen, in his dedicatory address very finely out- lined the uses to which the new building should be put. He said: "But to what uses shall we appropriate and to what objects shall we dedicate and consecrate this spacious and beautiful hall? It is to the town what the State House is to the Com- monwealth — what the Capitol at Washington is to the Nation — the hall of legislation, the place where the people assemble in their sovereign capacity to exercise their rights as free citizens. Every incorporated town or district is a little republic whose prerogative it is, within certain prescribed limits, to make rules and regulations for their own guidance and protection and improvement. These primary assemblies, these meetings of the people in their sovereign capacity as the original sources of political power, are indeed pure democracies , and the best speci- mens of the kind that the world has known. "This Hall, then, is to be our Senate Chamber, our House of Representatives, our Congress. Let it be dedicated then, to the cause of civil liberty and popular rights. And let those who from time to time shall meet here discharge their duties, exercise their rights as citizens and free men, intelligently, honestly, conscientiously, independently, with a single regard to the public good. "We dedicate it, moreover, to the cause of popular education. Hither will come up we trust as the seasons revolve, crowds of eager listeners to be instructed, entertained, made wiser and better by what falls from the lips of the learned and eloquent who, from time to time shall occupy this platform. We dedicate and devote this Town Hall to this important object — the edu- cation of the people." The oil painting of Daniel Webster which hangs on the front wall of the hall was given to the town by Thomas W. Valentine, at the time the hall was dedicated. That of Isaac Davis which also hangs on the front wall, belongs to the North- borough Free Library, being merely loaned to the hall. CHAPTER XX NORTHBOROUGH'S ATTITUDE TOWARD SLAVERY We have shown in another place that Northborough dis- tinguished herself during the Revolutionary period of our country's history. Her zeal for freedom and liberty cannot be gainsaid by anyone who is familiar with her patriotic devotion during those momentous days. We shall endeavor to show in this chapter that her zeal for freedom extended to the black man as well as to the white man. The United States Constitu- tion was a compromise on the negro question — a solution of the problem that satisfied no one; and which sowed the seeds of generations of trouble which terminated only after four years of unprecedented civil war. The truth of Lincoln's epi- gram, "this country cannot exist half free and half slave," was fully realized throughout the north many years before Lincoln uttered it. Slavery brought on the Civil War in the spring of 186L But for nearly thirty years before that event the people of North- borough sensed it, and began to discuss ways and means for averting it. The earliest record we can find dates back to 1834. There was in the town at that time an organization known as the "Northborough Lyceum." That organization was a very active one. It started as early as 1827 in a series of lectures on astronomy by Dr. Allen. Its purpose in the beginning was purely educational. The townspeople were quick to catch its inspiration however, and within a short time it had broadened its scope until it became a veritable forum for the discussion of all moral questions which affected not only the life of the com- munity, but of the state and nation as well. Speakers were im- ported from abroad; and during its existence of more than half a century many of the best public speakers in the country spoke from its platform.* It was from the platform of this organization that the question of slavery was first discussed in Northborough. The early records of the Lyceum are not known to be in existence. But we learn from a private diary kept by one who attended its meetings, that on January 14, 1834, "Mr. Russell of West Boylston gave a lecture on Slavery." The people were evidently interested in the subject, for one week later, January 21, we read that "Mr. Keith gave a lecture on slavery; how to remove *See chapter, "The Old Town Hall." 198 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY slavery; showing the disadvantages of colonization, and how much better it is to abolish slavery at once." This item is interesting as showing that the idea of colonizing the negroes (which has its advocates in our day, as a solution of the negro problem) was broached at that early day. Those Lyceum lectures and discussions kept the matter before the people. But by 1837 the people had become so much interested that they felt the need of more frequent discussion than the Lyceum could afford, and they petitioned the town for permission to use the Town Hall for that purpose. The Town Record reveals the following under date of November 13, 1837: "Article XIL To see if the town will give liberty to Lyman Allen and others, to have the use of the Town Hall to hold lectures on 'Slavery.'" And it was "Voted that the prayer of the peti- tioners be granted." How long these lectures were continued does not appear; but sufficiently long to imbue the people with a thorough detesta- tion of the iniquity of the institution of slavery, as will appear from the following Resolutions against the annexation of Texas which was adopted on June 5, 1844, These Resolutions were drawn by a skilful hand; and any town might well feel proud to have them on its official records. REMONSTRANCE AGAINST THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS "To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled: "The legal voters of the Town of Northborough, in the County of Worcester and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in town meeting legally assembled and duly organized, in accordance with a right guaranteed to them by the Constitution, ask leave respectfully to present to your honorable body the following remonstrance against the annexation of Texas to the United States, either by treaty or by a joint resolution of Congress, or in any manner whatever. "And they respectfully urge upon the consideration of your honorable body the following reasons for their remonstrance: "In the first place, they regard the annexation of Texas to this Union under any form now proposed, as unconstitutional. Mr. Jefferson has declared, that the Constitution has made no provision for holding foreign territory, still less for incor- porating foreign stations into our Union, and the fact that the Constitution provides the manner in which 'new states may be admitted' is evidence, that the admission in any other manner is unconstitutional; hence the annexation proposed, your NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 199 remonstrants believe, would be on the part of the Executive and the Congress of the nation an assumption of undelegated, ar- bitrary, unrighteous power; in its tendency subversive of the Constitution, the union of these states, and even of the founda- tion of our republican government, and in no way to be justified or tolerated by any previous acquisition of or for the accom- plishment of any party, or sectional purposes, or for the advan- tage of the bond-holders or the speculators in Texan lands, or for any other reason now known to exist. "The second reason for remonstrance against the annexa- tion of Texas is, that it would be a violation of our treaty with Mexico, and an attempt to wrest from that government a large territory to which her claim has been conceded by this nation, a claim in no way annulled or even weakened by a recognition on the part of our government of the independence of Texas; and your remonstrants believe, that the proposed annexation would be in these circumstances a flagrant violation of our pledged faith to Mexico, an offence against the law of nations, and gross injustice to a government who may be supposed to have not the power of successful resistance. "A third reason against the annexation of Texas is, that it will be a virtual declaration of war — an unnecessary and unjust war with Mexico. This is believed, not only by your remon- strants, but by many of the most eminent statesmen and jurists in the land; and the presidential incumbent, if he does not wish to provoke a war to hasten the annexation of Texas, as is manifest by his gathering troops on the banks of the Sabine and sending a squadron to the Gulf of Mexico. And the almost inevitable result of this unprecedented train of measures must be a war with some of the most powerful nations of Europe, and the merited indignation of the civilized world. "A fourth reason against the proposed annexation is, that it is designed and adapted to perpetuate and extend the evils of slavery, and also to augment the relative power of the slave states; a design apparent from the written communications of those who negotiated the Texas Treaty, and from the treaty itself; a measure against which this meeting earnestly and con- scientiously remonstrate, because they regard American slavery as the bane of this nation, and a stain upon our national character in the view of the civilized world, a violation of the inalienable rights of the enslaved, a violation of the precepts of Christianity, inconsistent with our boasted pretensions to freedom, and a sin, which, in the language of Mr. Jefferson, "as God is just, should lead us to tremble for our country. "A fifth reason is, that should Texas be annexed to the 200 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Union, it is conceded by the highest authority, that the Union will become responsible for the debt of Texas, whether that debt be assumed by express stipulation or not; a debt, the amount of which is not precisely known here, but computed by those best qualified to judge, to exceed thirteen millions of dollars; and against the assumption of any such pecuniary responsibility, or increasing a national debt by purchasing of Mexico a terri- tory we do not want, and the acquisition of which in the manner proposed would be our reproach in the sight of all nations, we respectfully and deliberately remonstrate. "The sixth and last reason for remonstrance to which this meeting would call the attention of your honorable body is, that to extend our territory so widely would greatly multiply conflicting and opposing interests, furnish new causes for col- lision and strife, and sectional jealousies; and surely weaken if not utterly subvert, our republican government. Two million of square miles under a genial sun, in a healthy climate, with a fertile soil, capable of sustaining a population of one hundred millions must obviously be a domain and a nation vast enough for any free government; and unless the citizens are universally free, enlightened, patriotic and virtuous — far too vast to dwell in peace, and sustain free republican institutions. "These are some of the reasons why the citizens of North- borough in legal town meeting would respectfully and earnestly remonstrate against the annexation of Texas in any form to the territory of the United States; and pray your honorable body to resist such annexation. "All which is respectfully submitted. "Warren Fay Joseph Allen Joel W. Fletcher r^ Committee. Asaph Rice Wilder Bush "North BOROUGH, June 5, 1844." This remonstrance was adopted June 5, 1844, and the com- mittee, was instructed to procure signatures to the same, have it certified by the town clerk, and send it to the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled" ; and also "to the Wor- cester Spy, and Boston Chronicle, and Emancipator for publication. The Tyler Administration, with John C. Calhoun as Secre- tary of State, had negotiated a secret treaty with the Texan government on April 12, looking to the annexation of Texas to the United States; and ten days later it was presented to NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 201 the Senate for ratification. But it was not ratified. Many of the Senators who voted against it did so on the ground that annexation of territory should not be made by treaty, but by both branches of Congress. The matter was brought up again at the following session of Congress in December. That Northborough was in earnest in its opposition to a measure which it regarded as iniquitous is shown by the fact that it held another town meeting on December 23, when it readopted the remonstrance, and sent the following petition to the Massachusetts Legislature: 'To the Honorable Senate and the House of Representatives in General Court assembled: "The Inhabitants of Northborough in the County of Wor- cester in town meeting legally assembled hereby petition your Honorable body to remonstrate forthwith to the Congress of the United States against the annexation of Texas to this Union." Doubtless, many other towns in the state sent similar peti- tions, for it is a matter of history that the Massachusetts Legis- lature did remonstrate to the Congress of the United States. And it is also a matter of history that no attention was paid to the remonstrance; for on March 1, 1845, Texas was annexed to the United States by a joint resolution of both branches of Congress; and the resolution was signed by President Polk on the following day. This action of Congress and of President Polk kindled the ire of the citizens of Northborough to a white heat. As an evidence of which, we append the following, which explains itself: Note. What follows, is copied from the Secretary's original report, which manuscript is in the possession of the Northborough Historical Society. "At a meeting of the citizens of Northborough at the house of E. D. Blake on Monday evening, March 3, 1845, for the purpose of adopting some suitable measures to express in a faint degree, the feelings of regret and deep sadness with which we have heard of the passage in the Senate of these United States, the resolutions by which Texas is annexed to this Union. "Mr. Asaph Rice being called to the chair chose A. W. Seaver, Secretary. ''Voted, that as the flag had been loaned to a neighboring town, that the same be sent for. 202 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "Voted, that the two gentlemen who loaned the flag be a committee to send for it. "Voted, to raise the flag tomorrow morning at half mast, with Union down, to hang in that position during the day. "Voted, to have both the bells tolled for half an hour at sunrise, noon, and sunset. "Voted, to choose a committee of three to revise the doings of this meeting and put it in proper form for publication, and send the same to the editors of the Worcester papers for publi- cation. Chose Jairus Lincoln, A. W. Seaver and Dr. J. J. Johnson. "Voted, that the same gentlemen be a committee to prepare business for the next meeting." The meeting was then adjourned to March 5, at which adjournment the chairman of the above-mentioned committee "read certain declarations, which were discussed." In view of the language used in the above votes it would be interesting to know what those "certain declarations" were. And in the hope that they were published in the "Massachu- setts Spy," the author recently spent an entire afternoon at the rooms of the American Antiquarian Society in Worcester going over the files of that paper — but his search brought nothing to light, beyond certain editorials reproduced from well-known papers throughout the country. Those editorials were couched in language not one whit less vigorous than the language em- ployed by the citizens' meeting in Northborough. Indeed, the similarity of the language from various parts of the country is strong contemporary evidence that the Annexation of Texas was a measure to which the people of the northern states were bitterly opposed. They all prophesied that it meant war. And, as a matter of fact, the prophecy was fulfilled in the "Mexican War" — the one chapter in our country's history of which Americans are not altogether proud. Being curious to know whether this "Remonstrance" was actually sent to Washington and read in the Congress of the United States, the author wrote to the Hon. John Jacob Rogers, Congressman from the Fifth Massachusetts District, asking him to look over the Congressional Record to see whether any mention were made of it. His request elicited from Mr. Rogers the following reply: NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 203 "House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Washington, D. C. May 21, 1918. ''Rev. J. C. Kent, "Northborough, Mass. "Dear Mr. Kent: "T am sending you today by registered mail a tube containing photographs of the two documents of which you desire the text and signatures. "It may be interesting to you to know why I have taken two weeks to get this for you. "Upon receipt of your letter I referred your inquiry to the Library of Congress. After a few days they notified me that they were unable to find any trace of the documents or even any reference to them. I then secured a copy of the Congressional Globe — the Congressional Record oi that day — for 1844 and made a personal search. I finally found the following entries: "The Journal of the House of Representatives for December 30th, 1844, page 145 (28th Congress, 2d Session), shows that the following resolution was filed by Representative Hudson of Massachusetts : 'A Memorial of Citizens of Northborough in the State of Massachusetts against the Annexation of Texas.' "The Journal of the House of Represetitatives for June 15th, 1844, page 1126 (28th Congress, 1st Session), shows that the following resolution was filed, also by Mr. Hudson: 'A Remon- strance of the Citizens of Worcester County in the State of Massachusetts' against the Annexation of Texas to the United States. "I then turned again to the Library of Congress giving this clew and asking for a report. On the fifteenth instant the Libra- rian wrote me the enclosed letter. I then took up the matter as he suggested with the Clerk of the House of Representatives. He gave me a further clew and insisted that he was sure that the papers must be somewhere in the Library of Congress. "I accordingly turned to the Library for the third time and after a long search in the archives, the originals were located and, at my request, photographed. "I hope they will reach you safely, and will serve your purpose. "With kind regards, I remain, "Sincerely yours, "John Jacob Rogers." 204 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY With this letter from Mr. Rogers came the photographic copies of the original remonstrance, which prove conclusively that the voice of Northborough was actually heard in the halls of Congress. On June 4, 1842, the Baptist Church expressed its detesta- tion of slavery in the following resolutions: ''Resolved: That as a church of our Lord Jesus Christ we feel it to be our duty to bear public testimony against the op- pressive and wicked system of American Slavery ; a system which in our opinion is subversive of the rights of humanity, the laws of order, and the principles inculcated by our Lord and Redeemer. And we are persuaded that if this system be tolerated and per- petuated in our country, it cannot fail to bring down upon it the judgments of a sin-avenging God. ''Resolved: That entertaining such views of this odious and abominable system, that we will not admit a slave-holding minister into our pulpit (knowing him to be such), nor a slave- holding member, nor an advocate of slavery to our communion table. "Resolved: That as disciples of Christ, we feel grieved that ministers of the Gospel and members of evangelical churches should be found strengthening the hands of the oppressor, if not by actual apology, at least by leaving him unrebuked in his sins, and so far despising or forgetting the oppressed, as to leave them to suffer and die in their bonds, without special prayer and effort for their speedy and entire deliverance; and that we do most affectionately and solemnly entreat such ministers and church members to repent before God; and henceforth 'to remember those who are in bonds as bound with them ; and hastening with the oppressor and the oppressed to the judgment seat of Christ. "Resolved: That the Christian Reflector, in our opinion, is exerting a powerful influence in favor of the abolition of slavery, and for this reason we hope it will be extensively patronized." The above resolutions express the true Northborough spirit. THE MEXICAN WAR This remonstrance of the town of Northborough, together with many more throughout the North, proved unavailing, for Texas was annexed to the Union and the area of slave-holding territory was thereby greatly increased. The Mexican War followed as a natural sequel to this event; for no sooner had the Annexation of Texas been proclaimed than a dispute arose over its southern boundary. Mexico claimed NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 205 that the Neuces River marked the boundary; while the United States claimed that the Rio Grande marked the boundary And on the strength of its claim the United States Government ordered General Taylor to occupy the disputed territory. When he did so, his advance forces were attacked by the Mexicans. War followed, "by act of Mexico," as our Government claimed. The Mexican War was vigorously opposed by New England, and by some other sections of the North. It gave a new impetus to the discussion of the slavery question; and it might be said that our Civil War had its beginning in the Mexican War. There is no evidence whatever to show that Northborough participated in the Mexican War except in way of protest. Her protest voiced itself in a set of statesmanlike resolutions against the Annexation of Texas in 1844-45. That event immediately preceded the war; and it is safe to presume that the temper of the people as expressed in those Resolutions was not mollified by the war itself which followed so soon afterwards. The Mexican War was very unpopular throughout the Northern states, and our young men were loath to enter it. We are told that the neighboring town of Marlborough contributed only one man to it. Northborough had had her share in all the righteous wars of her country; but it is a matter of pride with her that she abstained from participation in the Mexican War, which she considered an unrighteous one. THE FREE-SOIL PARTY The war lasted two years, 1846-48, and cost $66,000,000. In the meantime the institution of slavery was discussed vig- orously. A presidential election took place in the latter year, 1848, and it was generally supposed that either one or both of the great political parties would take a stand on the question. The dominant parties of that time were the Democrats and the Whigs. The Democrats held their Convention in Baltimore, on May 22, and nominated Cass and Butler as their standard- bearers. The Whigs held their Convention in Philadelphia on June 7, and nominated Taylor and Fillmore. Both parties adopted resolutions embodying their platforms, and adjourned. But neither party took any stand whatever on the slavery question, a question that was uppermost in the minds of the people. Their failure to do so was regarded as a cowardly dis- regard of the people's wishes. Massachusetts was quick to give vent to its feelings. Peti- tions were drawn up in many towns and cities asking that a new party be formed that should take a decided stand against slavery. 206 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY It is not an easy matter to organize a new political party. It is impossible to crystalize a party around a man, or a vagary. Many attempts to do so have been made in ['our country, but they have all been futile. Political parties grow up around great principles, never around a personality, no matter how popular that personality might be. But here was a great principle — a principle that was rocking our country to its foundations. Northborough was not one whit behind other towns in the state in this matter. She drew up a petition. And thereby hangs a tale. The following is NORTHBOROUGH'S PETITION FOR A NEW PARTY "We, the Subscribers, voters of the town of Northborough, and members of the different political parties, believing that our rights and interests have been long enough trifled with by the Slave-holding aristocracy of the South; and being disap- pointed and disgusted with the nominations for President and Vice-president, recently made by the Democratic and Whig Conventions; and having fully determined to vote for no man for either of those offices who is not KNOWN to be opposed to the further extension of Slavery — ^Would earnestly recommend the calling of a Convention of all opposed to Southern dictation, to deliberate and ACT in the present crisis, in reference to the nomination of independent candidates for President and Vice- president who are KNOWN to be opposed to the further exten- sion of Slavery, and in favor of its immediate abolition in any District or Territory belonging to the United States:" Asaph Rice Cyrus Gale Silas Haynes Calvin B. Cook Lucius H. Wakefield Cyrus Davis Asa Holmes Gardiner P. Houghton Warren Fay Henry Barnes Russell Drake Thomas Keith C. J. Howe Geo. Barnes John Rice James S. Baird Adams Whitney Samuel A. Smith Silas S. Whitney George F. H. Rice Winslow Beeton Jonas Hastings G. G. Warren T. W. Warren Elijah Bemis S. W. Norcross Warren B. Hale Gill Valentine Caleb Maynard Denna How A. B. Rice William Hills Caleb Rice Chas. D. Eager Lewis Allen Stephen Jerauld Stephen Jerauld, Jr. John Brigham Daniel Brewer Abel Beeman James Potter Delano Patrick Samuel Gibson George Gray Silas Allen Columbus Eames Charles Phelps Henry Warren Wm. Young Ephraim Adams Denna Eager Levi Hastings Lorenzo Whittemore William Burdett J. Hernev Moore John H. Wood Sidney Bigelow W. A. Sawyer Milo Hildreth Samuel L Rice Samuel Clark James Davis Robert Temple S. M. Davis Josiah Stone Wm. Ware Charles N. Hill Robert Ball H. H. Crosby Charles M. Bailey. Charles E. Brigham Frederick W. Brigham Wm. A. Rich Jeremiah Hunt Edward Warren Moses Green Matthias Walker William Stratton John Winch Henry G. Colburn W. H. F. Eager Jonathan Bartlett Wm. A. Houghton Wm. T. Have n F. D. Bartlett Shaal Mason Joshua J. Johnson Abel Warren Ancil Tyler, Jr. Enoch Patterson Nahum Eager Stephen Glazier Phineas Allen M. G. Fosgate Geo. C. Valentine Thomas F. Seaver Stephen Ball Martin Wright Samuel Fisher David Yeason Samuel Russell Lorenzo L. Moore Levi Stratton Wm. Gibson NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 207 David Densmore Curtis Rice Silas A. Cutler Albert Goodrich Henry Ball Chas. Miles John Wood Myles Wood E. C. Graves Robert Moor Samuel L. Ward Thomas I. Johnson W. T. Bush J. Davis James Maynard William Seaver Cyrus Gale, Jr. William L. Eager George W. Ball John F. Fay Abraham W. Seaver John Boyden Josiah R. Southworth William C. Southworth John R. Miller Joshua C. Jewett Charles Southworth Amos Palmer Brigham Howe Elmer Valentine Edward B. Ball William Fay Joseph Allen Luther Hawes Harwood Proctor Arte Pattison Brigham Patterson W. H. Freeman Florence Rice A. Haskell Albert H. Haskell Stephen Yates Albert H. Stacey James B. Gallup David Carter Horatio T. Carruth Joseph A. Maynard Stephen H. Hunt F. G. Maynard Adams J. Perry Ira Stearns Charles K. Stacey Horace S. Fisk Foster Shaw Holloway Bartlett Hebron Hart Oliver Adams Alpheus Adams Charles Johnson Joseph Ball Henry Goodnow Elijah Ball Alvin Ball John Sear!e Lewis Fay J. T. Fay John B. Crawford Note. So far as is known there is only one copy of this circular in exist- ence. It is in glass and frame, and hangs in the vestibule of The Northborough Free Library. It was given to the Library by the late Cyrus Gale, one of the men who signed it. Unfortunately, the above circular bears no date. But Mr. Gale (who gave it to the library) told the writer that he once showed it to John Milton Earl, the editor of the Massachusetts Spy, and that Mr. Earl pronounced it "the first of the many petitions on the subject." The writer naturally took that state- ment at its face value; and being proud of the town's history and desirous of claiming for her all the honor that belongs to her, did not hesitate to announce Northborough's part in the forma- tion of the Free-soil Party. But wishing to have the fact corrobo- rated by one who was thoroughly conversant with the political history of the country, he wrote to Senator Hoar, acquainting him with the above-mentioned facts. His letter elicited from Senator Hoar the following reply: "Worcester, Mass. January 21, 1904. ''Rev. Josiah C. Kent, Northboro, Mass. "My Dear Sir: "I cannot say what was done in Northboro. But if what you say be true, as I have no doubt it is, it does not seem to me to make 'Northboro the founder of the Free-soil or Republican Party.' All that seems to have been done was to send a petition to Mr. John Milton Earl, the editor of the Massachusetts Spy, which Mr. Pliny Earl — who was an unfortunate son of the editor, feeble in body, with an impediment in his speech, and unable to do any intellectual work except occasionally to pick up a little news when the other reporters were engaged, which did not require much activity or any great intelligence — told Mr. Gale was the first call for the formation of a new party. On 208 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY the other hand the circular written at Concord and headed by my father, which I pubHshed in my book, was sent to every county in the Commonwealth and signed by the leading men in each county — such as Charles Francis Adams, Charles Sumner, and Stephen C. Phillips. They issued the call for that Con- vention and fixed the place and date. The call was read at the Convention, I have no doubt, as a warrant for a Town Meeting is read at the meeting. Mr. Hoar, who headed the call was made its Chairman. There is no propriety in saying that the editor of the Massachusetts Spy, with Judge Allen and some others, called the Convention, except that Judge Allen undoubt- edly signed this call with a great many others all over the state. I do not think that Mr. John Milton Earl signed it. He went very reluctantly into the movement and held back until after Judge Allen made his famous speech in the City Hall, in which, turning to Earl who was in the meeting, he said, 'The editor of the Spy knows I don't want to hurt his paper. But we must have an organ.' It was not until weeks after the call for the Worcester Convention that John Milton Earl joined the movement. "I have the honor to be, "Faithfully yours, "Geo. F. Hoar." The above letter speaks for itself; and the facts are doubtless as Senator Hoar relates them, for he was well versed in the political history of that period. But the fact remains, however, that one hundred and sixty-eight voters of the town of North- borough signed their names to the above-mentioned petition some time between June 7 (the date of the Whig Convention) and June 28 (the date of the Worcester Conference). And it shows that the men of Northborough were keenly alive to the necessity of having a political party that should stand squarely and firmly against the national sin of slavery that was threaten- ing the life of the nation. It is a matter of small consequence, at this late date, whether Concord (as Senator Hoar believed) or Northborough (as some of our citizens believe) was the first to propose such a party. The important thing is that the peti- tions of Northborough and Concord, and of other towns resulted in a Conference at Worcester on June 28, 1848, at which the cowardice of the Democratic and Whig Conventions was hotly denounced, and the formation of a new party urged ; and that this Worcester Conference eventuated in a National Convention at Buffalo on August 9, when the new "Free-soil," which later developed into the great "Republican" Party, was born. In either case, Northborough is justly proud of the part she per- formed in the matter. CHAPTER XXI NORTHBOROUGH IN THE CIVIL WAR The Whigs triumphed in the election of 1848, and their triumph brought on a crisis in the question of the extension of slavery. The people of the North and the people of the South were thoroughly aroused. The smouldering embers at last burst into flames. And from the day that General Taylor was inaug- urated President of the United States (March 5, 1849) to the day that witnessed the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861) excitement was kept at a white heat. There were giants in those days in our halls of legislation, and it is doubtful whether there has ever been in our country's history another period of such fierce and uncompromising debate. To name but a few of the incidents that came under discussion within those momentous years is to confirm the stability of our democratic form of government: Henry Clay's "Compromise of 1850"; "The Fugitive Slave Law"; "The Kansas- Nebraska Law"; "The Struggle for Kansas"; "The Underground Rail- road"; "The Dred Scott Decision"; "John Brown's Raid into Virginia." Truly, if democracy can discuss such questions, and preserve itself, it can endure anything. Never was there a more determined group of men than those Southern statesmen who fought for a wrong ideal, except it be that group of Northern statesmen who opposed them with a right one. But on the main question, slavery, neither side won. It was to be a fight to a finish, a fight between right and wrong. When the Legislature of South Carolina assembled on November 6, 1860, the Governor asked it to remain in session until after the presidential election; "for," said he, "if Lincoln be elected the secession of South Carolina will be necessary." Lincoln was elected, and on December 20, 1860, the legislature passed the following resolution : "We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain . . . that the union now sub- sisting between South Carolina and other states, under the name of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved." This act of South Carolina was soon followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. And on February 7, 1861, delegates from these states met in convention 210 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY at Montgomery, Alabama, and organized a new nation under the name, the "Confederate States of America." In the meantime, the first overt act of war had been com- mitted. On January 9, 1861, the merchant vessel, Star of the West, carrying provisions and reinforcements to Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, was fired upon when within two miles of her destination, and was forced to return to New York. That was the situation that confronted Abraham Lincoln on March 4, 1861, when he became President of the United States. And this is the way he met that situation. In his inaugural he said : "I consider the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability I shall take care . . . that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the states. "In doing this there need be no bloodshed or violence; and there shall be none, unless it be forced upon the national authority. "The power confided in me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the Government and to collect the duties and imports." "There shall be no bloodshed or violence unless it be forced upon the national authority." But even such a man as Abraham Lincoln was powerless to prevent it, for on April 12, 1861, the Confederates fired their first gun at Fort Sumter, and four years Civil War had begun. No one was killed in this bombardment, but one of its consequences was the issuance by President Lincoln of a call for seventy-five thousand volunteers who should serve for three months. These volunteers were apportioned among the several states. Those states that had joined the Confederacy, of course paid no attention to the call; but in the other states the call was answered with enthusiasm, and within a few days thousands of soldiers were on their way to Washington. We are concerned here with Northborough's attitude in the matter. How did Northborough respond? In view of her attitude on previous occasions it is not to be supposed that she would fail in patriotism on this, the greatest of all occasions. Nor did she. President Lincoln issued his historic call on April 15. On the following day Northborough posted a warrant calling a town meeting for April 17. Article II of that warrant reads as follows: "To see what measures the town will take to respond to the Proclamation of the President of the United States calling upon the loyal citizens to sustain the Federal Government, and also to see if the town will take any measures to raise volunteers for the militia, and appropriate money to defray expenses of volunteers, or act any way on the subject." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 211 The meeting was held according to schedule. But "A state- ment being made that the meeting was not regularly called for a town meeting (the time of the notice not being sufficient), it was resolved to proceed with it as a citizens' meeting, and Cyrus Gale, Esq., was called to the chair, and J. B. Crawford appointed secretary." On motion of Rev. S. S. Ashley that a committee be appointed to draw up Resolutions, the following gentlemen were appointed for that purpose: Rev. S. S. Ashley, Wilder Bush, Rev. Joseph Allen, D. D., Samuel Clark, George C. Davis. The committee withdrew, and after a while, presented the following : RESOLUTIONS "Whereas, Seven of the Southern states of this Union are now in armed rebellion against the Constitutional Government of the United States, and are so pushing forward their schemes of treason and war that the safety and integrity of the Republic are imperiled, and "Whereas, The President of the United States has called on the several states for aid in defense of our rights and for the pro- tection and recovery of public property unjustly seized or threatened, and "Whereas, It is the duty of all good citizens, forgetting all past differences, to rally and unite as one man in putting down rebellion and in support of lawful government, "Resolved, 1st. That we, the citizens of Northborough, do hereby pledge to liberty and our country, our property, our lives and our sacred honor, and will give our united and cordial support to the Government of these United States in the present alarming crisis of our national affairs; and that we will hold ourselves in readiness to contribute according to our means, to the defence of our common country against the dangers which now impend over us. "Resolved, 2nd. That we will encourage patriotic men to offer their services as volunteer soldiers for the Militia, and whenever they shall be called into service from this town it is incumbent on us to see that the families dependent on them for support are well provided for. "Resolved, 3rd. That we will make ample provisions for all expenses necessarily incurred in drilling, equipping and uni- forming volunteers from this town. 212 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY ^'Resolved, 4th. That the invitation be extended to the other towns of the 15th Representative District (Shrewsbury and Boylston) to join this town for the purpose of raising and equipping one company of soldiers, and offer the same to the Commander-in-Chief of this Commonwealth. "Resolved, 5th. That we recommend to each and every Representative District in the state to raise in addition to any already raised, at least one company of volunteers for the State Militia. These Resolutions were adequately discussed, and the follow- ing votes passed : "1st. To choose a committee of three persons to carry into effect the 4th resolve. Chose George C. Davis, Anson Rice, and Samuel I. Rice. "2nd. That a committee be chosen to pay any monies called for in carrying out the 4th resolution. Chose George H. Williams, H. S. Fiske, and W. T. Bush. "3rd. That the Selectmen draw orders on the town treasurer for such sums as may be required. "4th. To accept and adopt the preamble and resolutions pre- sented by the committee to this meeting and that the town clerk be instructed to put the resolutions with the proceedings of this meeting on the town record. "5th. To send copies of these resolutions to the Boston and Worcester papers for publication." These proceedings display the temper of the people of North- borough in those excitable times. Northborough had never been, up to that time, nor has she been since, a laggard in the matter of patriotism. She has always been at the forefront. The meeting then adjourned for one week. At the adjourned meeting (April 24), it was voted "to pay the volunteers one dollar a day for drilling." It was also voted "that the Select- men be requested to call a town meeting as soon as may be, to make provision for the volunteers." It should be borne in mind that the two meetings already held were "citizen's meetings." But that they had the sanction of the town need not be stated. All future meetings referred to were regularly called town meetings. A meeting was held on May 4, which was devoted wholly to matters pertaining to the war. And in order that we might understand the patriotic spirit in which the town responded to the situation, we record the votes: NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 213 "Art. II. Voted, to borrow $3000 for the use of the town. "Art. III. Voted, that a committee of five persons be ap- pointed by the Moderator to enroll volunteers." J. B. Parker, J. M. Crane, Nathaniel Randlett and R. W. Newton were appointed. "Art. IV. Voted, that the town authorize a committee to furnish suitable uniforms and equipments for such volunteers from this town as may be enrolled, organized and accepted for service in connection with the town of Shrewsbury and Boylston. "Voted, that the Selectmen be authorized to pay for the uni- forms and equipment of the members of the Clinton Guards belonging to this town. "Art. V. Voted, that the town pay said volunteers one dollar per day for twelve day's elementary drill, after said company shall have been organized and accepted as State Militia. "Voted, to pay each volunteer from this town one dollar per day during the time they are in actual service of the Government. "Voted, to pay members of the Clinton Guards belonging to this town, one dollar when called out in full company for drill. "Art. VI. Voted, that the Selectmen appoint a committee of three persons to confer with the towns of Shrewsbury and Boylston with regard to furnishing uniforms and equipment for the volunteer company to be raised in the three towns, the committee to have the power to procure uniforms and equip- ments for the members belonging to this town. "Voted, that W. T. Bush, George H. Williams, and Horace S. Fiske be a committee to pay the volunteers for all necessary expenses in performing military duties." On July 4, another meeting was held. We record the votes passed at this meeting because they show the solicitude of the town for the soldiers and the soldiers' families: "Art. II. Voted, that the town allow to the families and relations of the volunteer soldiers from this town as follows: To the wife, ten dollars per month. To the wife and one child (under sixteen years of age) sixteen dollars per month; and two dollars per month for each additional child ; but in no case shall the sum paid by the town exceed the sum of twenty dollars per month to any one family. And to each parent, brother or sister of such volunteers who, at the time of his enlistment were de- pendent upon him for support, the sum of six dollars per month ; and in case of sickness in the families of the volunteers it shall be the duty of the town through some authorized agent or agents, 214 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY to do all that may be necessary for the families in addition to what is above mentioned, so that they may have an honorable support." It was then voted that such payments be made monthly and that the selectmen be a committee to carry the vote into effect. "Voted, that the town treasurer be authorized to pay to each of the volunteers belonging to this town the sum of ten dollars for pocket money upon being called into service." "Art. IV. Voted, to erect a liberty pole at the expense of the town; and that Anson Rice, Nathaniel Randlett, and William Ware be a committee to erect the liberty pole." This vote was later reconsidered and the following vote substituted, "that the committee receive subscriptions for the purpose of erecting the liberty pole." In the meantime local patriotism was at a white heat, and the boys were volunteering their services. There was in exist- ence, when the war broke out, a military organization in Clinton, known as the "Clinton Guards." The following sixteen boys from Northborough were members of that organization: Lieut. James N. Johnson Sergt. Joseph P. Johnson Corp. Horace L. Peverly Sergt. Walter Gale Corp. Charles L. Shaw Wagoner Thomas G. Mahan Alfred Smith Thomas Breach Charles E. Smith Samuel Hodgkins Charles A. Trowbridge Henry Kenney Charles E. Warren John P. Larkin Thomas N. Woodward Waldo B. Maynard This organization was mustered into the State Militia as a body, and became Company C, of the 15th Regiment. The above-mentioned boys were the first of the Northborough boys to enter the service, with one exception. That exception was David H. Ball, who was a member of a Worcester Company which was attached to the famous 6th Massachusetts Regiment. It will be remembered that while that regiment was marching through Baltimore on the 19th of April it was attacked by a mob of Southern sympathizers and several of its soldiers were slain. This was the first bloodshed of the war; and took place only four days after President Lincoln's call for volunteers. It is a matter of interest that Northborough was represented at this first conflict of the war.* *It will be noticed in the list of soldiers which follows, that David H. Ball was mustered in April 22, 1861. The Baltimore Riot occurred April 19. There is no discrepancy in these dates. The 6th Massachusetts Regiment was not mustered into service until after it reached Washington — April 22 — three days after the Baltimore Riot. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 215 The votes cited above, show the spirit with which the town entered the war. This spirit was maintained throughout the entire period of the war. There are many other votes on the town record showing the tender soHcitude of the town for the soldiers who had entered the service of their country, and for the famihes of those soldiers who remained at home. It was the evident determination of the town that neither the soldiers nor their families should suffer unnecessarily. Material needs were supplied willingly and generously. NORTHBOROUGH'S FIRST SACRIFICE The town record, under date of November 4, 1862, contains the following pathetic item: "Voted, that the Selectmen be authorized to pay the expense of bringing home the body of Warren Eames." War always presents two pictures. When the "call to arms" is sounded, and the boys, in their eagerness to serve their country, are laying aside their vocations and are hastening to the recruit- ing stations that they might be the first to represent their town on the firing line; and later, having enlisted, they march gallantly and hopefully away to the scene of action amid the proud and enthusiastic plaudits of their fellow-townsmen, hopeful of returning, but always with the uncertainty as to whether they will or not; that is one picture, and a glorious one. The young soldier is ever optimistic. The possibility of failure never enters his head. The cause in which he is enlisted is just, and he will see that it is vindicated, and vindicated speedily. The doubt, the uncertainty, the fear of failure, the tears, the pulling on the heart-strings, the mental anguish are not for him, but for the loved ones whom he leaves behind. But those loved ones are patriotic and are willing to make any sacrifice, to the end that the honor of their beloved country might remain untarnished. All this makes a glorious picture which the earliest days of war enact in every community. But, there is another, and a very different picture which sooner or later presents itself. When the opposing armies meet upon some field of battle, and the sabres clash and the cannons roar, and the clearing of the smoke of battle discloses that field strewn with the dead and the dying; and we at home scan the newspapers with fear and trembling lest we read the name of our beloved boy among the casualties — that, too, is a picture which war enacts in every community. Nor was such a picture withheld from the gaze of North- borough. 216 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY On August 31, 1861, Warren F. Eames was mustered into the military service of his country. In the short space of two months he had made the supreme sacrifice, and his body was lying in an unknown grave beneath the sunny skies of the Southland. Then it was that his native town of Northborough began to realize the terrible cost of war. He was mortally wounded in the blundering battle of Ball's Bluff, October 21, and died two weeks afterwards. Young Eames was a mere boy, nineteen years of age; and the report of his death made a deep impression upon his native town. The following letter, the last but one he ever wrote, was received by his father about six weeks before the battle. We append it in full because it shows his enthusiastic impatience to get into the fight, the false rumors that were being circulated among the troops, the inconveniences to which he was subjected, his uncomplaining spirit, and his confident belief that he, with his comrades "could knock all the rebels into Kingdom Come," if the authorities would only give the order to advance. (This letter but voices the spirit of all the other boys in the early days of the War) : "Camp Benton, Poolsville, Sept. 9, 1861. "Dear Father: "I was much gratified last night to receive 3 more papers. I have not however, heard anything from you by letter since I wrote before. "We have not crossed the river yet. I don't know when we shall. I don't see what need there is of staying here on this side any longer. I don't think there are rebels enough near here to hurt us with the force we can send over. They act rather curious. I think there are none to be seen except the pickets; only once in awhile they will come up with a battery and give us a few shells, and then retire. I think we could knock the whole of them into Kingdom Come, if they would only let us cross and go at them. "But they say General McClellan is coming out here soon, and that we shall then cross for a grand battle. One thing is certain, that troops have been sent in here in good numbers within a few days. Charlie Warren* and T. Woodward were down here on Sunday and said the land was covered with troops all around there. We do not see the troops as we are the most advanced of any. ♦Thomas N. Woodward, Jr., was taken prisoner at the Battle of Ball's Bluff, and died at Richmond, November 25, 1861. Charles E. Warren was wounded at Antietam, September 17. 1862 and died October 2, 1862. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 217 "The other night we saw several signals (they telegraph to Washington by signals) ; and in a few minutes a horseman came galloping into camp, and we soon had orders to fill all our canteens and get everything ready to march, with nothing but our rifles and ammunition. The officers' horses were all saddled, and we were all ready; but for some reason or other we did not go. "The next day, they said we were to cross the river that night with 16 other regiments; but we did not go then, either. However, we were roused up and 4 of our companies sent to the ferry, as they expected an attack from rebel cavalry. So we went down at 10 o'clock and stood around awhile, and then went into a forsaken old store and lay down anywhere we could. 1 lay, a part of the time, on a counter; and a part I got on a dry goods shelf. Lucky I was, as many had to lie on the dirty floor. That was the first building I had been in since I left Washington. "We have reports here that Sumter and all forts in that vicinity have been retaken, Lexing bombed,* driven back, Texas back in the Union, and all married men going home in a few days. Nobody knows whether there is any truth in any of them or not. Three or four of our Lieutenants and Captains have gone home on furlough, and sent in their resignations. Don't know whether they have been or will be accepted. "All the regiments here are quite discontented because they are not sent across the river. I hope they will either kill or cure us by trying the experiment. "The company I am in, D, is the left flank company, the second post of honor, and the hardest time. The right and left flanks are the skirmishers. We have just placed 25 cannon and 2 howitzers right on the bank of the river. "I must close now. Will write again soon. Respects to all, "Warren F. Eames." Six weeks after this letter was written the young soldier received his baptism of war. The battle of Ball's Bluff" was fought October 21, 1861, and, like its predecessor. Bull Run, only a few weeks before, was a signal defeat of the Federal Forces. Both battles were blunders, having been forced by public opinion at a time when our troops were not ready to give battle, and many young lives were needlessly sacrificed. News of both these battles sent a thrill of horror throughout the North; and survivors of the 15th and 20th Massachusetts Regi- ments even today, shiver when those battles are mentioned. *One word here cannot be deciphered. 218 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Warren F. Eames was mortally wounded at the battle of Ball's Bluff. One side of his jaw was severely injured ; so much so, that it became necessary to remove it by an operation. He survived the operation about two weeks (the exact date of his death is not known), and was buried (without a cofhn) at Leesburg, Va., a few miles northwest of Washington, and about three miles south of the Potomac River. In the news columns of the daily papers he was reported as "missing." His father, Columbus Eames, immediately started South in search of him. The reader who has read Oliver Wendell Holmes's story, "My Search for a Captain," will understand the nature of the anxious father's search. He did not find his son, nor did he obtain any clue as to his whereabouts. Some months afterwards (May, 1862), he addressed a letter to the postmaster at Leesburg in the hope that it might bring results. It happened that the postmaster was acquainted with two women who lived on the outskirts of the town, whose sympathies he knew to be with the Union cause. He turned the letter over to one of them; and, sure enough, she proved to be the good angel who had ministered to the missing soldier in his distress. Miss Susan Luckett (for that was the name of the good woman) immediately replied to Mr. Eames' letter, giving him such information as she had. In addition to the information noted above, she states that after the battle of the 21st of October the wounded Federal soldiers were taken to the "Eagle Hotel Hospital" where they were cared for. "We visited him daily and contributed in various ways to his comfort. You may be assured he did not suffer for anything. . . . Poor fellow, he often tried to talk to us but could not . . . your son was a stranger in a strange land and our hearts yearned in sympathy over him ... if he had recovered he would have been much disfigured . . . his nose, forehead, eyes and one cheek had sustained no injury ... he always looked bright and cheerful and did not seem to suffer one moment's pain ... a day or two before his death he looked much better, and when I went into his room (never shall I forget his bright cheerful look) he seemed so glad to see me, and still tried to talk. ... I trust that this letter may relieve your mind of all anxiety that you may have felt with regard to your son's comfort, etc., etc." The receipt of this letter naturally afforded the parents much comfort; and Mr. Eames immediately went South again, located the body of his son, brought it home, where it was accorded a public funeral at the Evangelical Congregational Church. The exact date of the funeral is not known — but it was within two or three days after June 6, 1862. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 219 Warren F. Eames, son of Columbus and Maria F. (Rice) Fames, was born in Northborough in 1843. Was mortally wounded at the Battle of Ball's Bluff, October 21, 1861, and died about two weeks afterwards. Order of exercises at the funeral of Warren F. Eames, of Northborough who was mortally wounded at the Battle of Ball's Bluff: 1. Anthem: "Deep be Thy Sleep." I Deep be thy sleep, Rest thee within thy grave. Thou lovely form, whose breath From cold, relentless death. No bloom of youth could save. Deep be thy sleep In peace, within thy grave. 11 Deep be thy sleep, — How brief thy fleeting day! The morning's rosy light To shades of silent night Too soon hath passed away: Deep be thy sleep How brief thy fleeting day! HI Deep be thy sleep, — Thy spirit goes before; Through bitter, falling tears. Our faith the message bears, "Ye shall all meet once more:" Deep be thy sleep, — Thy spirit goes before. 2. Reading the Scriptures and Praye: By Rev. S. Ripley. 3. Singing. I Gone to his grave through pain, A soldier young and brave; His battles o'er, his wounds are healed; From earthly wars in sweet release, His eyelids bravely closed ; From earthly wars in sweet release, His eyelids bravely closed, bravely closed. 220 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY II Gone to his peaceful rest; For him we need not weep, Since he is now among the brave, No more by pain or sorrow pressed. But hushed in glory's sleep; No more by pain or sorrow pressed, But hushed in glory's sleep, glory's sleep. Ill Gone to his grave; and while His absence we deplore. One thought our sorrow shall beguile — He for his country bled and died, But now can die no more; He for his country bled and died. But now can die no more, die no more. 4. Addresses: By Rev. Dr. Allen, Rev. T. B. Forbush, Rev. S. S. Ashley. 5. Prayer. 6. Dirge by the Band. 7. Benediction. A DOUBLE FUNERAL Another event that brought home to the people of North- borough the terrible cost of war was a double funeral that took place on the 30th day of October, 1862. Waldo B. Maynard and Charles E. Warren, both members of Co. C. 15th Regiment, were mortally wounded at the frightful battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. Maynard died September 24, and Warren, October 2. Their bodies were brought home at the expense of the town and buried on the same day from the Unitarian Church. It was an impressive service and made a deep impression on those who witnessed it. These boys were schoolmates; their fathers before them were schoolmates; they enlisted at the same time, were wounded in the same battle, died only one week apart, their bodies were brought home together and were buried on the same day. Writing of Warren, a newspaper of the time says that he died at the "Hoffman Hospital, near Keedysville, Maryland. He was engaged in the great Battle of Antietam, and very soon after the opening of the fight on W^ednesday morn- ing, received a wound in the upper third of the left thigh bone, which proved fatal. This was his eighth battle. He lay upon NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 221 the battlefield, within the rebel lines, suffering and unattended, for forty-eight hours. After the retreat of the rebels he was removed by comrades of the Federal Army, to a comfortable, temporary hospital. At the expiration of two weeks, amputa- tion was performed, but he survived the operation only nine hours." Order of exercises at Northborough, Thursday, October 30, 1862, at the funeral of Waldo B. Maynard and Charles E. Warren, who were mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam Creek: 1. Organ Voluntary. 2. Anthem. 3. Invocation: By Rev. Mr. Ripley. 4. Reading of Scriptures: By Rev. S. S. Ashley. 5. Hymn. 6. Addresses: By Rev. Dr. Allen and Rev. Mr. Forbush. 7. Hymn: "How sleep the brave who sink to rest. By all their country's wishes blest!" 8. Prayer: By Rev. Mr. Forbush. 9. Dirge. 10. Benediction. ACTION OF THE TOWN ON LINCOLN'S DEATH The four years of Civil War ended in victory for the North, but in an irreparable loss to the whole country. Both North and South rejoiced that the long war was over; but in the midst of their rejoicings came the sad news of a great calamity — Abraham Lincoln was ruthlessly stricken down by the hand of a half-crazed assassin. The fearful news stunned the whole country; it could hardly be believed at first. But when the bitter truth of the report became a certainty the universal joy was changed into universal sorrow. Northborough had her part in that sorrow. On April 17> 1865, in town meeting assembled, the following preamble and resolution were offered by Mr. Warren T. Bush and were quickly adopted by the town: 'Tn view of the recent national calamity and bereavement which has befallen us, in the brutal assassination of the President of the United States, it seems proper that the day of his funeral should be suitably observed by the people of this place in their town capacity, by appropriate public demonstration under the direction and management of the town authorities. Therefore, 222 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY ^'Resolved: that the Selectmen of the town be, and are hereby- requested to inaugurate, provide for, and carry into effect, such observance of the day as will be fit and proper for the solemn occasion." It was also '^Voted, to add a committee of six citizens to the Board of Selectmen to carry out the foregoing Resolution. Chose, Stephen W. Norcross, Samuel I. Rice, Richard W. Newton, Abraham W. Seaver, Wilder Bush, George C. Davis." It was further ''Voted, that the citizens be requested to close their places of business on the day of the funeral- ceremonies." The selectmen of that year (1865) were: Samuel Clark, George G. Valentine, William A. Bartlett, 2nd, Warren E. Moore, William Burdett. In accordance with the above resolution the people of Northborough assembled in the Unitarian Church at the hour of Lincoln's funeral and did honor to the memory of the great President. THE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT How shall the town memorialize its war veterans? That was the question that Northborough, in common with most cities and towns throughout the country had to consider soon after the war was over. There seems to have been great paucity of ideas on that question; in fact, there was only one idea — a monument. As one travels over the country he is confronted at every turn with a granite shaft, a silent token of the gratitude and appreciation of the community for the patriotic "boys in blue" who served their country in her hour of stress and need. There is very little variety in these monuments and many of them are devoid of beauty. But the sentiment that prompted their erection is altogether beautiful. "In Grateful Remem- brance," might be inscribed on all of them. Northborough 's first idea of a memorial was tablets on the walls of the new town hall, which was then being built; and on March 18, 1867, it was ''Voted that the committee on town hall be instructed to provide in the construction of the hall, suitable places for Memorial Tablets of our fallen soldiers in the late rebellion. On November 5 of the same year, "the subject of a Soldiers' Memorial was taken up by common consent and dis- cussed at some length; some preferring tablets to be placed in the town hall, others to build a monument. It was finally decided to leave the matter in the hands of a committee for consideration." SOLDIERS' MONUMENT, ERECTED 1869 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 223 On April 6, 1868, it was "Voted to build a Soldiers' Monu- ment" ; and Columbus Eames, Asa B. Fay and L. L. Moore were chosen a committee to carry out the provisions of the vote. In a month's time the committee presented a design for a monu- ment, together with an estimate of its cost. The report was accepted, and the committee was authorized to expend not more than $3,000 for the purpose. The question of where the monument should be located gave rise to considerable discussion, which extended over three town meetings. That the selection of the present site was not unanimous is attested by the vote which stood forty-nine to thirty-six. Some other sites which were suggested were the middle of the Cemetery, Mt. Assabet, the Common, and the site of the Old Hay Scales. On March 8, 1870, the committee made the following written report: "Your committee chosen to build your soldiers' monu- ment having attended to the duty assigned them ask leave to make the following report: "After carefully examining into the quality of the different kinds of granite and the work done and skilful specimens shown us by different granite makers and contractors, your committee unanimously decided to and did contract with Messrs. Webber & Murch, of Groton Junction ; and we have the pleasure of saying to you that they did on all occasions, manifest a disposition to do their work in a satisfactory manner, and to the entire acceptance of your committee; and we believe they have built and set you up a monument which is a credit to them as workmen. "We regret, however, to say, that a series of circumstances have occurred beyond their or our own control, by which they have sustained a serious loss. They nevertheless finished their job from the base to the topmost stone strictly in accordance with their contract. "Your committee would also express their gratification that the town by its liberal appropriation and instructions has enabled them to build a monument which is a credit to the town, but which no more than redeems the pledge made to our soldiers at the time of their enlistment, that if their lives were sacrificed in the defence of the liberties of their country, there should be erected to their memory a monument that should last as long as the granite of their own New England Hills. 224 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "The expenses of your monument are substantially as follows: Webber & Murch for monument, $2,527.50 Webber & Murch extra letters, 387.00 Expense paid out by committee, 189.70 Timbers to raise monument, ^ 18.18 Expenses of building foundation, 184.67 "Total expense of monument, extra letters and foundation, $3,307.05 "Expense of grading, and per bills in hands of Select- men, 229.94 $3,536.99 "All which is respectfully submitted, ' ' COLUM BUS E AM ES 1 Lorenzo L. Moore [ Committee.'' Asa B. Fay A year later, four more names were inscribed on the monu- ment which cost $175, making the total cost, $3,711.99* The monument was dedicated September 17, 1870, which was the eighth anniversary of the battle of Antietam; in which battle five Northborough boys were killed. Order of exercises at the dedication of the Soldiers' Monu- ment, Northborough, September 17, 1870. 1. Call to Order: By Geo. C. Davis, Esq., President of the Day. 2. Music: By the Band. 3. Prayer: By Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D. 4. Music: By the Band. 5. Song: "America," by the Audience. 6. Formal Delivery of the Monument to the Town: By C. Fames, Chairman of Building Committee. 7. Poem: By J. Lincoln. 8. Music: By the Band. 9. Address: By Hon. Geo. B. Loring. 10. Music: By the Band. 11. Benediction: By Rev. Horace Dutton. *If Columbus Eames, the chairman of the committee, had been less modest, he would have stated in this report that he himself designed the monument. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 225 NORTHBOROUGH SOLDIERS IN THE CIVIL WAR This List Includes 154 Names 1861-1865 Aldrich, William M., age 18, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Allen, George W., age 22, Co. C, 24th Regt.; Sept. 7, 1861 to Sept. 6, 1864. Arley, Doctor, age 28, Co. K, 36th Regt. ; Aug. 8, 1862. Dis- ability. No date. Ashton, Thomas, age 19, Co. G, 42nd Regt.; July 21, 1864 to Nov. 11, 1864. Austin, Caleb S., age 38, Co. B, 57th Regt.; Jan. 4, 1864 to May 24, 1865. Babcock, William B., age 41, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Bacon, Charles W., Musician, age 21, Co. C, 34th Regt.; Julv 31, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Bailev, S. Henry, Capt., age 27, 36th Regt.; Aug. 22, 1862. Killed May 12, 1864. Baird, James Herbert, age 20, Co. E, 5th Regt.; July 22, 1864 to Nov. 16, 1864. Ball, David H., age 25, Co. B, 3rd Batt., 6th Regt.; Co. D, 51st Regt.; April 22, 1861 to July 27, 1863. Ball, Lucius W., Musician, age 18, 23rd Regt.; Oct. 8, 1861 to Aug. 30, 1862. Bartlett, Frederick, age 40, Co. C, 25th Regt.; Sept 30, 1861 to July 13, 1865. Beaman, William, Co. H, 3rd Batt., 15th U. S. Inf.; April 8, 1865. Died of disease at Mobile, Ala., March 18, 1866. Bemis, Adelbert W., age 20, Co. B, 57th Regt.; Jan. 4, 1864. Died at Andersonville, Sept. 11, 1864. Bemis, Ezra C, Corp., age 38, Co. B, 57th Regt.; Jan. 4, 1864 to July 30, 1865. Billings, Charles E., age 28, Co. A, 18th Regt.; Sept. 7, 1861 to Sept. 19, 1862. Disability. Bonner, George C, age 18, Co. E, 4th Heavy Artillery; Aug. 17, 1864 to June 17, 1865. Bonner, James F., age 18, Co. E, 4th Heavy Art.; Aug. 12, 1864 to June 17, 1865. Bonner, William, 1st U. S. Regt. Bowers, Francis A., age 18, Co. C, 25th Regt.; Oct. 9, 1861 to Oct 13, 1863. Disability. Breach, John, age 28, Co. G, 38th Regt.; Aug. 20, 1862. Died May 11, 1863. 226 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Breach, Thomas, age 31, Co. C, 15th Regt. ; Co. E, 20th Regt; Dec. 24, 1861 to July 27, 1865. Bremer, Henry C, age 21, Co. E, 5th Regt.; July 22, 1864 to Nov. 16, 1864. Brigham, George G., age 27, Co. H, 29th Regt.; Dec. 9, 1861 to Dec. 22, 1864. Brigham, James H., age 19, Co. P., 4th Heavy Art.; Aug. 15, 1864 to June 17, 1865. Brine, John A., age 44, Co. C, 61st Regt.; Sept. 7, 1864 to June 4, 1865. Bucklin, Alonzo K., age 28, Co. C, 25th Regt., Sept. 30, 1861 to Oct. 24, 1864. Burdett, Jerome W., Corp., age 19, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Burdett, Thomas E., age 22, Co. D, 20th Regt.; Sept. 4, 1861 to Sept. 14, 1864. Burke, John, age 25, Co. K, 13th Regt.; July 16, 1861. Deserted July 26, 1861. Co. F, 28th Regt.; Dec. 13, 1861. Killed Sept. 17, 1862. Carcagne, Frank, age 20, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Carruth, Albert H., age 18, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862. Died April 19, 1865. Carruth, Joseph W., age 19, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Carter, Charles W., age 19, Musician, Co. A, 53rd Regt.; Oct. 30, 1862 to Sept. 2, 1863. Cashen, John, age 36, Co. E, 4th Heavy Art.; Aug. 16, 1864 to June 17, 1865. Chapin, George P., age 32, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Cheever, George H., age 31, Co. B, 32nd Regt.; Nov. 4; 1861 to Jan. 29, 1865. Clemence, William L., age 23, Co. B, 1st Batt., Heavy Art.; Oct. 16, 1862 to June 29, 1865. demons, Walter, age 18, unattached, 6th Regt,; May 4, 1864 to Aug. 2, 1864. Coleman, Darius, 21, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862 to Dec. 27, 1862. Disability. Conant, Leonard W., age 21, Co. C, 25th Regt.; Oct. 9, 1861 to Oct. 20, 1864. Craig, John W., 19, Co. C, 25th Regt.; Sept. 30, 1861 to March 12, 1863. Disability. Cunningham, John, age 32, Co. P, 17th Regt.; Sept. 3, 1864 to June 30, 1865. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 227 Cutler, Silas A., Musician, age 40, Co. E, 32nd Regt.; Dec, 2, 1861 to March 3, 1863. Disability. Dandurand, Austin, age 22, Co. F, 21st Regt.; Co. K, 36th Regt.; Co. K, 56th Regt.; Aug. 19, 1861 to July 12, 1865. Davis, James, age 44, 11th Batt. Light Art.; Jan. 2, 1864 to Jan. 16th, 1865. Davis, Joseph A., Lieut., Co. K, 149th Regt.; N. Y. Davis, Thomas B., age 18, Co. H, 1st Cavalry Regt.; Sept. 25, 1861. Died May 31, 1864. Day, Henry J., age 20, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862 to July 22, 1865. Duffee, John R., age 34, 4th Batt. Light Art.; Sept. 16, 1861 to Oct. 14, 1865. Dudley, Joseph, age 18, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862. Died Sept. 4, 1864. Dunn, Michael, age 21, Co. C, 4th Heavy Art.; Aug. 15, 1864 to June 17, 1865. Eames, Warren F., age 18, Co. D, 20th Regt.; Aug. 31, 1861. Wounded, Oct. 21, 1861. Died two weeks later. Fairbanks, Alonzo P., age 20, Co. E, 5th Regt.; July 22, 1864 to Nov. 16, 1864. Fairbanks, Joseph J., Sergt., age 19, Co. C, 34th Regt.; Aug. 4, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Farwell, Charles B., age 19, Co. D, 2nd Regt.; Co. D, 51st Regt.; May 25, 1861 to Sept. 13, 1861. DisabiUty. Sept. 30, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Fay, Asa B., 1st Lieut., age 23, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Fay, Leander, age 18, Co. G, 25th Regt.; Oct. 18, 1861. Died June 5, 1864. Felton, Charles A., age 27, Co. L, 2nd Heavy Art.; Dec. 22, 1863 to Sept. 3, 1865. Fiske, George W., age 34, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Fitzpatrick, John, age 21, Co. E, 15th Regt.; Co. E, 20th Regt.; March 23, 1864 to June 28, 1865. Fletcher, Lorenzo, age 19, Co. G, 57th Regt.; March 10, 1864. Died May 10, 1864. Forbes, John M., Sergt., age 22, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862. Died Jan. 13, 1865. Fuller, Nathaniel A., age 18, Co. B, 3rd Heavy Art.; Aug. 14, 1863. Deserted June 28, 1865. Gale, Walter, Major, age 27, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to July 29, 1864. Gamache, Peter, age 24, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862. Transferred to V. R. C, March 8, 1865. 228 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Gates, George H., age 28, Co. K, 13th Regt.; July 16, 1861 to Aug. 1, 1864. Glazier, Asaph, age 29, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to March 3, 1863. Disability. Glazier, Joseph S., age 19, Co. E, 13th Regt.; July 16, 1861 to Feb. 12, 1863. Disability. Gleason, Spencer W., age 24, Co. C, 9th Regt.; Co. C, 32nd Regt.; July 14, 1863 to May 25, 1865. Goulding, Henry C, age 34, Co. K, 57th Regt.; April 6, 1864 to July 30, 1865. Green, Allen, age 21, Co. K, 61st Regt.; Feb. 7, 1865 to July 16, 1865. Green, Lorenzo B., age 25, Co. K, 25th Regt.; Sept. 16, 1861 to Jan. 3, 1862. Disability. Hanley, Francis, age 27, Co. H, 15th Regt.; Jan. 27, 1862. Died July 5, 1862. Harrington, William E., 35, Co. C, 24th Regt.; Sept. 7, 1861 to Sept. 6, 1864. Heath, Guilford, P., age 19, Co. D, 51st Regt.; Co. K, 57th Regt.; Sept. 30, 1862 to July 30, 1865. Hodgkins, Nathaniel, S'ergt., age 18, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862. Died Sept. 27, 1864. Hodgkins, Samuel, age 19, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to Dec. 6, 1863. Holman, Henry B., age 19, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to Dec. 6, 1862. Disability. Johnson, James N., age 34, Co. C, 15th Regt.; unassigned, 20th Regt.; March 31, 1862. Transferred to 20th Regt.; July 27, 1864. Johnson, John F., Sergt., age 19, Co. C, 51st Regt.; Co. F, 4th Heavy Art.; Sept, 25, 1862 to June 17, 1865. Johnson, Joseph P., 1st Sergt., age 27, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861. Died Oct. 14, 1862. Johnson, Lewis, age 31, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Johnson, William H., Corp., age 22, Co. C, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Kaighn, Charles T., age 31, Co. G, 11th R. L Regt.; Sept. 22, 1862 to Dec. 24, 1862. Kingman, Lucius F., age 19, Co. A, 25th Regt. Sept. 18, 1861. Died Sept. 24, 1862. Kinney, Henry, age 28, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to Oct. 10, 1862. Disability. Kirby, Thomas, age 18, Co. K, 26th Regt.; Sept. 14, 1861 to Aug. 26, 1865. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 229 Knight, George W., age 23, Co. G, 17th Regt.; Co. G}. 2nd Heavy Art; Sept. 2, 1864 to June 30, 1865. Larkin, John P., age 19, Co. C, 15th Regt.; Dec. 27, 1861. Killed Sept. 17, 1862. Leach, Frank T., age 26, Capt., 34th Regt.; Aug. 6, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Lewis, Charles H., age 31, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 13, 1862 to July 16, 1865. Lincoln, John W., age 26, Prin. Musician, Co. C, 24th Regt,; Sept. 28, 1861 to Jan. 20, 1866. Lowell, Edward, age 18, Co. B, 57th Regt.; Jan 4, 1864 to July 30, 1865. Mahan, Thomas D., Wagoner, age 40, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to July 28, 1864. Maynard, Waldo, B., age 23, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861. Died Sept. 24, 1862. Mayo, Charles L., Musician, age 16, Co. F, 20th Regt.; Feb. 25, 1862 to July 16, 1865. Mentzer, Cyrus H., age 18, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Mentzer, George, age 23, Co. C, 24th Regt.; Sept. 25, 1861 to Sept. 28, 1864. Merriam, George F., age 20, Co. C, 25th Regt.; Oct. 1, 1861. Killed June 3, 1864. Miles, Samuel J., age 29, Musician, Co. E, 21st Regt.; July 19, 1861 to Sept. 14, 1861. Disability. Minot, Justin, age 18, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Montague, Daniel, enlisted first from Boston, and later from Northborough under an assumed name. Moore, John H., age 35, 1st Regt., Cavalry Band; Jan. 6, 1862 to April 24, 1862. Disability. Muzzy, Charles C, age 23, Sergt., Co. F, 21st Regt.; Aug. 19, 1861 to Sept. 24, 1864. Nelson, John, age 26, Co. I, 61st Regt.; Jan. 26, 1865 to July 16, 1865. Nolan, Daniel, age 44, Co. E, 4th Heavy Art.; Aug. 12, 1864 to June 17, 1865. Norcross, Thomas A., Sergt., age 26, Co. C, 25th Regt.; Oct. 1, 1861 to June 3, 1863. Disability. Overton, Richard, age 27, U. S. 6th Art. Colored Troops; Oct. 7, 1864. Palmer, John T., Corp., age 18, Co. B, 57th Regt.; Jan. 4, 1864 to July 30, 1865. 230 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Peverly, Horace L., Corp., age 23, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to Feb. 18, 1863. Disability. Pierce, Edwin W., age 19, Co. D, 15th Regt.; Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to Oct. 9, 1863. Disability, Jan. 5, 1864. Died Dec. 26, 1864. Proctor, Joseph H., age 19, Co. D, 20th Regt.; Aug. 11, 1862. Died Dec. 13, 1862. Proctor, Josiah, age 21, Co. D, 20th Regt.; Aug. 29, 1861 to Aug. 29, 1864. Prouty, George A., Corp., age 23, Co. C, 34th Regt.; Julv 31, 1862. Died June 17, 1864. Randlett, Nathaniel, age 37, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Rice, Moses P., age 22, Co. I, 13th Regt.; July 16, 1861 to July 3, 1862. Disability. Rice, Walter C, age 45, Co. I, 53rd Regt.; Oct. 8, 1862 to Sept. 2, 1863. Rich, William A., age 37, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Richardson, Edward P., Musician, age 24, Band, 13th Regt.; July 26, 1861 to Aug. 31, 1862. Richardson, Gustavus, age 18, Co. K, 57th Regt.; April 6, 1864. Died July 25, 1864. Robbins, Arthur W., age 18, Co. E, 4th Heavy Art.; Aug. 26, 1864 to June 17, 1865. Russell, Henry, age 18, Co. K, 11th Regt.; Feb. 15, 1864 to July 14, 1865. Sanford, William F., Corp., age 18, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862 to June 16, 1865. Sargent, Henry, age 28, Co. K, 57th Regt.; April 6, 1864 to June 21, 1865. Seymour, Lewis, age 28, Co. G, 34th Regt.; Aug. 5, 1862 to April 25, 1863. Disability. Shaw, Charles L., Corp., age 28, Co. C, 15th Regt.; Co. E, 20th Regt.; July 12, 1861. Died Dec. 19, 1864. Smith, Alfred, age 27, Co. C, 15th Regt.; Co. E, 20th Regt.; Feb. 19, 1864 to July 16, 1865. Smith, Charles E., age 25, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to Dec. 13, 1861. Stacy, Albert H., age 36, Co. K, 16th Regt.; Aug. 16, 1861. Killed Aug. 27, 1862. Stearns, John M., age 27, Co. H, 20th Regt.; July 31, 1861 to Nov. 21, 1862. Disability. Steen, John, age 25, Co. E, 4th Heavy Art.; Aug. 12, 1864 to June 17, 1865. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 231 Stone, James L., age 23, Co. F, 13th Regt.; July 16, 1861 to Nov. 10, 1862. Disability. Stone, Joseph H., age 33, Co. A, 1st Batt. Heavy Art.; Feb. 25, 1862 to Feb. 27, 1865. Stone, Lyman, age 19, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept. 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Sullivan, James H., age 18, Co. K, 21st Regt.; July 19, 1861. Killed March 14, 1862. Taylor, Robert, age 33, Co. H, 31st Regt.; Oct. 27, 1864 to Sept. 9, 1865. Towle, Perry W., age 18, Co. C, 34th Regt.; July 31, 1862. Died July 13, 1863. Trowbridge, Charles A., Sergt., age 34, Co. C, 15th Regt.; Co. G, 57th Regt.; July 12, 1861 to October 28, 1862. Disability. March 10, 1864 to June 19, 1865. Twitchell, Frederick L., age 30, Co. A, 51st Regt.; Sept 25, 1862 to July 27, 1863. Valentine, Walter, age 22, Co. F, 45th Regt.; 14th Batt. Light Art.; Oct. 28, 1862 to July 7, 1863. Feb. 27, 1864 to June 15, 1865. Warren, Charles E., age 18, Co. C, 15th Regt.; July 12, 1861. Died Oct. 2, 1862. Warren, William H., Co. G, 42nd Regt.; July 6, 1864 to Oct. 16, 1864. Watterson, James, age 18, 3rd Batt. Light Art.; 5th Batt. Light Art.; Jan. 28, 1864 to June 12, 1865. Watterson, William, age 32, 3rd Batt. Light Art.; 5th Batt. Light Art.; Jan. 28, 1864 to June 12, 1865. Wetherbee, Emory G., Musician, age 15, Co. K, 21st Regt.; July 19, 1861 to Dec. 24, 1862. Disability. Whitcomb, Levi, age 18, Co. D, 20th Regt.; Aug. 29, 1861 to March 25, 1865. Williams, Warren W., age 21, Co. K, 13th Regt.; July 16, 1861 to Jan. 9, 1863. Disability. Wood, Albert, age 28, Surgeon, 29th Regt.; 1st Cavalry Regt.; July 31, 1862. Resigned Nov. 1, 1864. Wood, Henry Fox, age 26, Co. C, 1st Regt.; Cavalry; Sept. 23, 1861 to Oct 3, 1864. Wyman, Benjamin F., age 23, Co. E, 5th Regt.; Sept. 16, 1862 to July 2, 1863. Wyman, John C, Capt., age 39, 33rd Regt.; 3rd Cavalry; July 24, 1862 to May 15, 1865. Yeaw, Jesse L., age 19, Musician, Co. A, 25th Regt.; Oct. 15, 1861 to Aug. 8, 1862. Disability. 232 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Yeaw, Welcome P. M., Musician, age 45, Co. B, 32nd Regt.; Nov. 20, 1861 to June 5, 1862. Disability. Yeaw, Daniel, Corp., age 25, Co. D, 3rd R. I. Heavy Art.; Aug. 30, 1861 to Aug. 8, 1865. LOSSES IN THE WAR Losses are Arranged in Chronological Order Warren, F. Eames, Co. D, 20th Regt.; wounded at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Died two weeks later. Thomas N. Woodward, Jr., Co. C, 15th Regt.; taken prisoner at Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861; died at Richmond, Va., Nov. 25, 1861. James H. Sullivan, Co. K, 15th Regt.; killed at Newbern, N. C, March 14, 1862. Francis Hanley, Co. H., 15th Regt.; died July 5, 1862. Albert H. Stacy, Co. K, 16th Regt.; accidentally killed at Warrenton June, Va., Aug. 27, 1862. John Burke, Co. F, 28th Regt.; killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. John P. Larkin, Co. C, 15th Regt.; killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Lucius F. Kingman, Co. A, 25th Regt.; died at Newbern, N. C, Sept. 24, 1862. Waldo B. Maynard, Co. C, 15th Regt.; wounded at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17; died Sept. 24, 1862. Charles E. Warren, Co. C, 15th Regt.; wounded at Antietam. Md., Sept. 17, died Oct. 2, 1862, at Hoffman Hospital, near Keedysville, Md. First Sergt. Joseph P. Johnson, Co. C, 15th Regt. ; wounded at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, died Oct. 14, 1862. Joseph H. Proctor, Co. D, 20th Regt.; slightly wounded at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. John Breach, Co. G, 38th Regt.; died May 11, 1863. Perry W. Towle, Co. C, 34th Regt.; died at Washington, July 16, 1863. Adelbert W. Bemis, Co. B, 57th Regt.; died at Andersonville Prison, Ga., Sept. 11, 1864. Lorenzo Fletcher, Co. G, 57th Regt.; died at Washington, May 10, 1864. Capt. S. Henry Bailey, 36th Regt.; killed at Spottsylvania, Va., May 12, 1864. Thomas B. Davis, Co. H, 1st Cavalry; died at Andersonville Prison, Ga., May 31, 1864. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 233 George F. Merriam, Co. C, 25th Regt.; killed at Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, 1864. Leander Fay, Co. G, 25th Regt.; wounded at Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, died June 5, 1864. Corp. George A. Prouty, Co. C, 34th Regt.; wounded June 5; died June 17, 1864 at Harrisburg, Pa. Gustavus Richardson, Co. K, 57th Regt. ; died at Philadelphia, Pa., July 25, 1864. Joseph Dudley, Co. C, 34th Regt.; wounded March 31. Died at Pt. Rocks, Va., Sept. 4, 1864. Sergt. Nathaniel Hodgkins, Co. C, 34th Regt.; died of wounds, Sept. 27, 1864. Charles L. Shaw, Co. E, 20th Regt.; died at Andersonville Prison, Ga., Dec. 19, 1864. Edwin W. Pierce, Co. C, 34th Regt.; wounded Oct. 13; died at Winchester, Va., Dec. 26, 1864. Sergt. John W. Forbes, Co. C, 34th Regt.; died a prisoner at Salisbury, N. C, Jan. 13, 1865. Albert H. Carruth, Co. C, 34th Regt.; died at Alexandria, Va., April 19, 1865. Lieut. Joseph A. Davis, Co. K, 149th New York Regt. CHAPTER XXII NORTHBOROUGH IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR The Spanish-American War was the shortest war in which our country has ever engaged. It was waged from April to July, 1898. And so far as our country was concerned, it was fought for purely humanitarian reasons. It is not true that the destruction of the United States gunboat "Maine" in Havana Harbor on the fifteenth of March caused the war — though that unfortunate event is sometimes said to have been the cause. Our great country never goes to war except for the furtherance of some great principle. The real cause of this war was Spain's ill-treatment of Cuba. Spain, for three hundred years, was a great colonizing country. But she never knew how to treat her colonies. She exploited them for her own selfish purposes, with never a thought for the rights of her subject peoples. It has been said of that country by a very brilliant woman of our acquaintance that "Spain has carried the Cross of Christ into every corner of the globe, and everywhere she has crucified humanity upon it." And that is the reason why, one after another, in course of time, she has been bereft of all her colonies. Her treatment of Cuba was no exception. That little island — the Pearl of the Antilles — was shamefully abused for three hundred years. The cries of those suffering people were wafted across the water and were heard by the United States; and the United States could do nothing to stop them, for it is a principle of international law that no nation must interfere with the domestic affairs of a sister nation. But so piercing did the cries of the Cubans become, and their agony so intense, that the United States at last felt obliged to interfere, and the Spanish-American War resulted. The war was of such short duration that not many soldiers were called into service. Northborough was represented in that war by the following men: Elmer Bertrand, Co, F, 6th U. S. V. Frank A. Bouvier, Co. E, 6th U. S. V. Fred W. Estabrook, Co. F, 6th U. S. V. ; enlisted May 25 ; mustered out January 21, 1899; served in Puerto Rico. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 235 Chester W. Hunt, age 23; enlisted in Co. F, 6th Regt., U. S. V. at Framingham; thence to Camp Alger, Va.; thence to Charleston, S. C; thence to Puerto Rico on transport "Yale." Returned to Boston on hospital ship, "Bay State"; thence to Camp at Framingham where he was mustered out January 21, 1899. JohnW. Kellette, age 23; enlisted in Co. F, 6th Regt., U.S.V., at Marlborough; thence to Camp Dewey at Framingham; thence to Dunn-Coring, Va.; detached from Co. F, to Clen- denning's "Rough Riders," a detachment made up of boys from the 6th Mass., 6th 111., and 8th Ohio regiments, to take care of, exercise, break and bridleise green horses to be used as officers' mounts, at Charleston, S. C; then to Puerto Rico (July 25) where he was reassigned to Co. F; campaigned in Puerto Rico until October 21, on which date the Spanish troops evacuated the island; contracted yellow fever at Ad Juntas which reduced his weight from 192 to 109 pounds; mustered out January 21, 1899. Joseph J. Kellette, brother of above, served in the Marine Corps on the "Montgomery," previous to, during, and after the war; the "Montgomery" was a scout cruiser, which took part in Admiral Sampson's bombardment of San Juan, in which engagement Kellette was wounded in the right leg. CHAPTER XXIII CEMETERIES 1. THE OLD BURIAL GROUND Unknown to most residents of the town is the old Burial Ground on the left-hand side of Brigham Street, two or three hundred feet from the Westborough road. Inquiry concerning it is occasionally made by an old resident, but the inquiry brings forth no satisfactory information. Its origin is shrouded in obscurity. The only definite information concerning it is ob- tained from one of the few gravestones which are still standing. This stone is dated 1733; which fact unquestionably places the origin of the Burial Ground back to within a few years of the incorporation of Westborough. (Westborough was incorporated in 1717). In a Committee's Report which follows, the state- ment is made that "it was originally laid out November 7, 1729." Where the committee got this definite information does not appear; but considering the date of the gravestone above mentioned, it is probably correct. On November 10, 1845, the committee made the following report: "In the performance of their duty your committee could ob- tain but very little from records to afford any assistance. The most that they could learn is, that it was originally laid out November 7, 1729, that it was of a diamond form and contained about three acres; that the bounds were renewed November 8, 1800, and that the wood was all cut off and sold in 1804. As the usual landmark is so liable to become obscure the committee thought it expedient to procure stone monuments for the several corners, which they have set firmly in the ground and left them between three and four feet above the surface. The ground has been surveyed by your committee, and the following is a descrip- tion of it: Commencing at the southwest corner of said Burying Ground at a stone monument on the north side of the road, and runs N. 13°, W. twenty- two rods and fourteen links by land of William E. Davis' heirs, toa stone monument; thence S. 77|°, E. twenty-three rods and twenty links by land of George C. Davis to a stone monument; thence S. 11°, E. twenty-one rods and thirteen links by land of said George C. Davis to a stone monument; thence N. 81', W. twenty-two rods and eighteen links by the road to the first-mentioned bounds, containing NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 237 two acres and one hundred and forty rods. A plan of said ground is hereto annexed which the committee recommend should be transferred to the town books in connection with this report. "The present state of the ground is such as shows great dis- respect for our departed ancestors, and great neglect to a spot consecrated as a resting-place for the dead. While the moss- covered monuments remind us that nobody lives there, the brush and rubbish are such as would lead a stranger to think that nobody who has any claim to Christianity or civilization lives anywhere near. Public buildings, public grounds and places serve as an index to the character of the people, and a stranger can form a pretty correct opinion of their character from the general appearance of these things. "From these considerations your committee recommend that the ground be cleared of all underbrush, the trees properly trimmed, and such other improvements made as may be thought proper, so that a place thus consecrated may appear more in accordance with the general character of the town. "The committee in the discharge of their duty have been at the following expense, viz. : "Paid for monuments, $2.00 "Paid for transporting same from Westborough, .70 $2.70 "All which is respectfully submitted by your committee, "Gill Valentine 1 H. T. Carruth I ^ ■,. ,, c T7 \ Committee. Samuel b isher Asaph Rice J This report was accepted, and presumably its recommen- dations were adopted, though there is no record of the fact. We have recently made a careful examination of the Burial Ground, and find it to be in the same condition that the com- mittee described in their report. We would like to renew the recommendations. Personally, we do not believe in burying our dead. Cremation is the only sanitary way of disposing of them. But as long as we continue the custom, we should see to it that our burial grounds are kept in good condition, for they are sacred acres, inasmuch as they contain all that was mortal of those whom once we loved, and whose memory we still cherish. 238 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY We find that there are four slate gravestones all in a good state of preservation. We append the inscriptions: HERE LYES THE Here Lies Buried Y^ BODY OF M^ Body of Aaron ADAM HOLLOWAY Wheeler Son of M-" Joseph and M" Deed JUNE Y« 7 Elisabeth Wheeler 17 3 3 Who Deed April Y^ IN Y^ 80th YEAR 12th A.D. 1747 Age 19 Years OF HIS AGE 2 M & 5 D« Here Lies Buried Here Lies Buried Ye Body of M--^ Y« Body of M-- Elisabeth Wheeler JOSEPH WHEELER Wife of M"^ Joseph Wheeler Who Who Departed Deed Sept. Y« 12 This Life May A.D. 1748 Y^ 20 A.D. 1747 Age 61 Years Aged 56 Years 5 M & 10 D« 2 M & 6 D« We find also, five stones which have the appearance of being gravestones, but from which all lettering has been obliterated. We find also, what we think are evidences of twenty-five graves. There are no gravestones to these, but in many cases, the graves are covered with heavy stones. On September 11, 1846, it was again, ''Voted to choose a committee of three to make the repairs on the Old Burial Ground," and Warren Fay, Rev. Joseph Allen and Asaph Rice were chosen for that purpose. But the records do not show that NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 239 this committee ever made a report. So it is uncertain whether the matter was attended to. We append a diagram of the burial ground taken from the town records. Land of George C. Davis 2 acres and 140 rods -7- "-'sh. trect lUi it/) 2. THE CHURCHYARD The burial ground at the rear of the Unitarian Church dates from 1750. An epidemic of "Throat Distemper" swept over the town during the winter of 1749-50 carrying off sixty children. They were the first to be buried in the new churchyard. 3. THE CEMETERY The "new" cemetery on Howard street dates from 1837. It has been enlarged twice since that date. The beautiful iron gate at the main entrance was a gift to the town from Mrs. Cyrus Gale, Jr., and Mrs. Samuel Wood. 240 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Mary Susan Andrews, aged 12 years, was the first person to be buried in the new cemetery, October 25, 1837. That is, the first to be buried directly from a home: there had already been several bodies removed from tombs in the churchyard and buried there. She was a daughter of Sally (Rice) Andrews. At the time of her death she was a student at a private school in the town hall, kept by William Seaver, with Charlotte Ann Ball as assistant. She, with several other children, went up into the tower of the Unitarian Church, took cold, died, and was buried just one week from that day. Her sudden death was a great shock to all the children, as indeed it was to the whole town. She was buried from the Unitarian Church, and her funeral was quite generally attended by the townspeople. The service began by the singing of the following hymn, which was composed for the occasion : Why are we assembled here? Why these sighs and sounds of woe? Bursting sighs the bosom fill. Silent tears unbidden flow. See! upon yon sable bier Susan's lovely form is laid; Radiant face and gentle mien All in death's cold garb arrayed. Parents, teachers, schoolmates, all. Take one sad, one last farewell, Take the kiss she left for you. E'er she went with God to dwell. From His garden here below, God selects his choicest flowers. Plucks them from their parent stem To adorn his heavenly bowers. Things too bright and fair for earth He collects and treasures there, In His day to bring them forth, With his jewels to appear. CHAPTER XXIV THE GASSETT FUND Ever since the Town Reports have been printed (between seventy and seventy-five years) there have appeared in those documents a statement from the "Trustees of the Gassett Fund." Comparatively few of the inhabitants of the town know what that fund is, but many, doubtless, have wondered about it. It is a fund (originally $3000) designed, eventually, to relieve the town of Northborough of the burden of taxation. That happy event will not be consummated within the lifetime of anyone now living, but the generations to come after us will reap the benefits of Mr. Gassett's thoughtful beneficence. The contract, entered into by the town when it accepted the fund, is a very unusual and an exceedingly interesting document. And as it concerns all the inhabitants of the town it seems appropriate that it should have place in this history. The document is given in full, and is as follows: "To all persons whom it may concern, be it known the following Instrument executed in triplicate on this fifteenth day of July, A. D. 1831, by and between Henry Gassett of the City of Boston, in the County of Suffolk and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Merchant, and the Inhabitants of North- borough, a municipal corporation within the County of Worcester, in said Commonwealth — one copy whereof is to be deposited with the said Gassett, one with the said Inhabitants, and one with the Congregational Society hereinafter mentioned. "Witnesseth, That whereas the Town of Northborough is the place where the said Henry was born and where he resided during the early part of his life, and also the place where his parents with many of his near and dear relatives lived and died, and where their remains are deposited — and whereas from these circum- stances, as well as from many other considerations he has attachments to that place, and a regard for its population, of which he is anxious to give a solid and lasting proof by placing in their hands a fund to be applied to the several purposes herein named, and designed eventually to relieve the said In- habitants and their Successors from the burden of taxation for town and parochial charges — and whereas, the said Inhabitants have agreed by their vote to accept the proposals of said Henry, and have appointed the committee hereafter named to carry 242 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY into effect his benevolent designs; — Now, therefore, I, the said Henry Gassett, in consideration of the promises, do freely and voluntarily hereby bestow upon said Inhabitants of North- borough in their corporate and municipal character and their successors forever, the sum of Three Thousand Dollars to be held by them upon the several trusts and conditions and for the several purposes hereinafter mentioned. "1. It shall be put at interest by prudent investments and shall forever be known and called by the name of Gassett Fund. "2. The income or interest of said fund shall first be appro- priated to the comfortable support and maintenance in sickness and health of Winslow Gassett, brother of said Henry, during his natural life, in a manner suitable to his education, condition, and habits of life, within said Town, in some kind and respectable family, and at his decease, to his burial in a decent and proper manner. It is next to be appropriated to the comfortable support and maintenance of John Gassett, uncle of said Henry, provided his own property and income shall be insufficient for that purpose during his natural life, in a manner suitable also to his education and condition in life, and at his decease to his burial in a decent and proper manner. And to the end that all matters touching these two provisions may be adjusted in a friendly and satis- factory manner to all concerned, the Minister of the Congrega- tional Society over which the Rev. Jos. Allen is now Pastor in said Northborough, the Chairman of the Board of Selectmen and the Town Clerk of said town ex officio shall at all times have a supervisory power over the doings of the town in respect to these individuals and if any complaint arises, whether made by said Winslow and John or any of their friends, it shall be the duty of said Committee forthwith to attend to and examine such complaint, and they shall have full power to determine what shall be done and the parties shall be bound by their decision. And upon the failure of the town forthwith, and without any delay whatever to comply with all or any of the requisitions of said Committee forthwith to make every necessary provision according to their determination and decision aforesaid at the cost, charge and expense of the Town. And if a vacancy or vacancies should occur in said offices, or in case the persons filling them or any one of them, save the Chairman of Selectmen, shall at the same time be an Overseer of the Poor or a Selectman, the Board of Selectmen shall fill such vacancy or the place, or the place of such Selectmen or Overseer of the Poor by electing some citizen or citizens as the case may require of the town for that purpose, it being the intention of the donor that said supervising board shall consist of three, no one of whom, except the Chairman NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 243 of Selectmen, shall be a Selectman or Overseer of the Poor at the same time. "3. If the interest annually accruing shall be insufficient for the above purposes the Inhabitants of said Town shall supply the deficiency so that the principal of said fund shall never be lessened or impaired. If, on the other hand, the annual interest should be more than sufficient for the above purposes during the lives of said Winslow and John and the survivor of them, the excess shall annually be added to the principal until it amounts to Four Thousand Dollars — and from and after that period one-sixth only of the annual interest shall be added to the principal, which shall continue to be done until the principal becomes large enough to yield an annual income equal to all the charges upon the fund which shall be named in this Instru- ment. "4. So soon as the fund yields anything beyond the above annual appropriations for the said individuals and for its own increase, whatever it so yields shall annually be paid to the Congregational Society in said Town over which the Rev. Jos. Allen is now the settled minister until the amount shall annually be equal to the sum of Seven Hundred Fifty Dollars, for the support and maintenance of such Ministers and Preachers as said Society shall employ to preach the Gospel so long as said Society shall exist; which said sum shall be laid out for such purpose under the direction and at the discretion of said Society — the charity being intended for their benefit and relief, and is to be paid into their Treasury — provided however, and if the said Society shall cease to exist or shall cease to maintain a good and convenient house of Public Worship for an unreasonable length of time, upon or near to the spot where the present Meeting-house stands, they shall upon the happening of either event cease to enjoy the benefit of said annual sum and the same shall remain with, and be the property of the said Town to be applied by them to the support and maintenance of a good public school, to be constantly kept at some central place in said Town for the benefit of the Inhabitants thereof forever. "5. When the said fund shall have so accumulated as to yield a sufficient income for all the above purposes and also Fifty Dollars in addition thereto, the Inhabitants of said Town shall give that sum as a premium in cash, or some other suitable article or articles (at their discretion) of that value, to the most worthy and best Mother who has been a resident there for at least the term of three years, who shall be selected by a Com- mittee of five Mothers or five Fathers, chosen by the Town for that purpose; and a like gratuity shall forever after be bestowed 244 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY at the end of every three successive years in Hke manner, but no successful person shall be again a candidate for the premium. This appropriation is made by the donor with a view to encourage a faithful observance of those high obligations and parental duties which devolve upon a Mother and upon an exemplary discharge of which depends in a great measure the prosperity, happiness and success in life of her offspring. "6. After the said fund has increased by the addition an- nually of one sixth of the interest as aforesaid, so as to be suffi- cient for all the aforesaid purposes, the said Inhabitants are at liberty to apply to their current municipal expenditures from year to year any surplus that may remain of the annual interest, until by the addition annually of said one-sixth, the principal becomes large enough to afford an annual income equal to all the expenditures from year to year of the Town, when they shall cease to increase the principal, but shall keep it as a perpetual fund the income of which shall be applied to meet their annual expenditures so as to relieve the Inhabitants from all burden of taxation for town purposes. "7. In case the said Town of Northborough shall fail or neglect to comply with the aforesaid conditions and stipulations, any party thereby prejudiced may apply to the Supreme Judicial Court, or any other Court having authority to act in the matter, and have new Trustees to the fund appointed, who shall manage the same according to the provisions herein con- tained, except no part shall go to the Town to defray town charges, but the fund shall accumulate in manner herein pro- vided, by adding all the annual income over and above what is appropriated to other objects to the principal, until it becomes large enough to found and maintian a free grammar school with the annual income, when the said Trustees shall establish one at some central place in said Town of Northborough for the benefit of the Inhabitants thereof which said Institution shall be forever called and known by the name of Gassett School — and after the fund shall become adequate to this purpose, the said town of Northborough may if they see fit apply to the Legislature of the Commonwealth for statuary aid in securing permanently said fund, and in managing said School in a manner most for the interests of said Town, but no authority here given shall be so construed as to authorize the appropriation of said fund to any other purpose whatever. And in case of such forfeiture by the Town as aforesaid and appointment of Trustees by the Court, if vacancies should afterward occur in the board, the Supreme Judicial Court shall fill them (making at all times all appointments of Trustees from the Inhabitants of said Town) NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 245 until the Legislature shall otherwise provide on the application of the Town as aforesaid. And if such forfeiture of the interest of the town in said fund should occur as aforesaid, and afterwards the Parish or Society aforesaid should also forfeit or lose their right to have said sum appropriated to their aid, the same shall fall into and become a part of said school funds and be dealt with as such. It is the intention of the donor that there shall be but one school in any event, and that all the funds shall go to that. "8. The Treasurer of the Town shall annually render a full and clear account of the state of said fund, which shall be open to the inspection of all persons interested, and especially to the Heirs & Descendants of the said Henry — and in case of forfeiture as aforesaid the said Trustees so appointed by the Court as aforesaid shall annually render a like account to them, to the end that they and all others interested may know the state of the fund, and when it shall be large enough to found a school as aforesaid. "In the testimony of all which, I, the said Henry Gassett, and we, the Inhabitants of Northborough by our Committee duly authorized have hereunto set our respective signatures and Seals this fifteenth day of July, A.D. 1831. "Henry Gassett. "Signed, sealed and 1 interchanged in \ Inhabitants of Northborough. presence of us. J "By Anson Rice Abraham W. Seaver Joseph Allen Stephen Williams Joseph Davis ASAPH RICE Phineas Davis" Their Committee duly authorized by vote of the Town. CHAPTER XXV THE FIRST FIRE ENGINE The problem of fire protection was evidently not a very serious one for Northborough until a comparatively late date — though there were a few who preached the doctrine of "prepared- ness" much earlier. But they preached to deaf ears. No record of their preachments is to be found until 1820, when they succeeded in having an article put into the warrant for the March Meeting asking the town "to purchase a fire engine." When the article was taken up in the due progress of the meeting, it met with the fate that has overtaken so many other articles in every town meeting since; it was "Voted, to pass over the article without acting on it." This is an easy and quick way of disposing of a matter in which but few people are interested; but it hardly does credit to the intelligence of those few who regard the matter as im- portant. But as a town meeting is not an occasion where one expects the niceties of politeness, one is not offended when his pet schemes are treated in such a summary manner. The only result of such treatment is to make one feel that perhaps his pet scheme is not as important as he thought it was. This evidently was the case with those who stood sponsor for a "fire engine" in 1820; for they remained quiescent for ten years. In 1830 they brought the matter before the town again and met with the same fate. After nursing their disap- pointment nine years longer they determined to try again, evi- dently in the belief that "the third time never fails." First it didn't, and then it did. At a meeting held on November 11, 1839, they had the extreme gratification of having had the article acted upon, with the result that the meeting "Voted, to choose a committee of three persons to make inquiry as to the cost of a good fire engine and report to the next meeting." The "three persons" chosen to make the inquiry were Asaph Rice, John R. Miller, and Job Andrews. The inquiry was duly made, and the committee reported on April 6, 1840, "that a good fire engine would cost $300." The report was then laid on the table "for the present"; and later, when it was taken from the table it was "Voted, to pass by the report without acting upon it." And that is precisely what was done twenty years before. NORTIIlJoKoLGirS FIRST FIRE ENGINE, BOUGHT IN 1846 f-% fm-, ■ ^i^^,, "'j*^C^^™^^'''Wj^'':'!.''"!!H'', r^W^fS!'^^sr':m ..5^. J^ AQUEDUCT CROSSING THE ASSABET RIVER AT WOODSIDE NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 247 Victory came at last, however, after six years more of patient waiting. The warrant for the March Meeting, 1846, contained the following article: "Article XX: To see if the town will vote to raise any part of the sum necessary to purchase a fire engine of Captain Thomas W. Lyon, or act any way on the subject." And under this article it was voted : "That a committee of five persons be chosen to confer with Captain Lyon concerning his engine and report at a future meeting. Chose: Silas Haynes, Samuel Fisher, Edwin Wesson, John Glazier, Warren Fay." At a subsequent meeting the following persons were added to that committee, though their names do not appear on the committee's report: Nathaniel Fisher, Henry R. Phelps, Eben D. Blake. Captain Thomas W. Lyon, with whom the committee were instructed to confer, was a first-class mechanic who had a machine shop on East Main Street, where Thomas H. Blair's factory now is. The committee lost no time in attending to the duty assigned them, and reported the results of its inquiry at a special meeting on May 27, 1846. That report is so historically interesting that we quote it in full: "The committee appointed by the town to make inquiries respecting a fire engine suitable to the wants of this community, having performed this service, ask leave to present the results of their inquiries in the following report: "Your committee after due deliberation proceeded to ascer- tain for what sum a suitable second-hand engine could be ob- tained in the city of Boston, and consider themselves as very fortunate in having obtained the refusal of one for a short time at a sum less than half what a new one of the same value could be afforded by our ingenious townsman, Capt. Thomas Lyon, or by any engine maker in Boston. Your committee having satisfied themselves from the best testimony, that the said engine would answer all purposes for which it would be needed, and was offered at a very low rate, and being obliged to purchase it, if at all, sooner than a town meeting could be conveniently called, immediately opened a subscription which met a ready response by the inhabitants of the village and other citizens of the town. "Encouraged by this gratifying success, and unwilling to lose the favorable opportunity of procuring so valuable an engine at so cheap a rate, your committee closed the bargain immediately 248 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY and procured the engine at $150; additional hose, freight, etc., $21.75; making the whole expense $171.75. "The subscription obtained by your committee amounts to $158.50, most of which has been paid in; and what has not yet been collected will be paid in; leaving about $14 arrearage, which it is understood the town will assume in accepting the engine. "With this report of their proceedings, your committee in behalf of the subscribers to whose generosity they chiefly owe their success, and who are now the proprietors of the engine, present said engine to the town of Northborough to be kept constantly in good order, and to be used for the benefit of the inhabitants against the ravages of fire. "Your committee also recommend that the town authorize the building of a suitable engine-house immediately for the safe keeping of the engine, and that they choose a committee for this purpose. "All which is respectfully submitted." The town readily accepted this report, "Voted to purchase a dozen of fire-buckets," and appointed a committee "to procure a suitable spot and build a convenient house upon it for the safe keeping of the fire-engine." A month passed by; and the committee not having attended to their duty, were instructed at another special meeting (held June 22) "not to build a house until they receive further instruc- tions from the town." Those "further instructions" were not forthcoming until five months later (November 9), and they specified that "said house should not exceed the size of 16 by 20 feet, and one story high." The house was not built, however, until the following summer (1847). It stood on Hudson Street, near Armour's blacksmith shop. A few years ago it was moved to Chapinville, where it now is. CHAPTER XXVI THE RAILROAD The railroad began operations in Northborough in 1856. In speaking of the subject, our older inhabitants tell us with evident pride that "when the railroad was built Northborough was the terminus of the 'road,' meaning thereby, the END of the route. We wish to corerct that impression. Northborough was not the end but the BEGINNING of the route. Our authority for this statement is the act of the legislature which authorized the construction of the road. Section 2 of said Act reads as follows: "Said Corporation is hereby empowered to locate, con- struct, and maintain, with one or more tracks, a branch railroad COMMENCING at some point near the village of Northborough, thence running to a point near the center village of Southborough, thence to connect with any branch of the Boston and Worcester Railroad near the center village of Framingham, etc."* This act was passed in 1847; and according to Section 4 it would become void if the road were not constructed within sixteen months. It was not constructed within that time, but successive acts of the legislature in 1848, 1851, 1852, and 1853 extended the time limit until finally the road was completed and began operations in 1856. This first railroad was known as "The Agricultural Branch Railroad." If we may judge by the first Board of Directors it must have been financed largely by residents of this section of the state; for said Board was composed of men who resided in Framingham, Southborough, Northborough, Marlborough, Ber- lin, Clinton, Leominster, and Fitchburg. There was one from Concord and two from Boston. Of the fifteen men who com- posed the Board two resided in Northborough — Captain Cyrus Gale and Anson Rice. The first station stood where the present one now stands. There was a turntable just beyond. The wood-yard was where George H. Felt's coal-yard now is. The roundhouse stood a few feet beyond the present grain store. William Ellsworth was the first caretaker of the yard. *This is indeed a small matter; but in this our anniversary year we desire to claim for Northborough all the honor that belongs to her. 250 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Thomas B. Rice was the first station agent. Amaziah Twitchell also served as station agent for several years. He also served as conductor on the Boston & Albany road. Henry Goulding was one of the first engineers. Elijah Brigham was one of the first firemen. Herbert Baird was a fireman. Herman Fay was the first conductor. He afterwards was conductor on the Boston & Albany. There was naturally great excitement in town when the first engine came in. A free ride to Marlborough was provided for all who cared to give themselves that enjoyment. Settees were arranged on platform cars for that purpose. It is needless to say that many people availed themselves of the opportunity to have their first ride on a railroad train. The road was later extended to Fitchburg, and was there- . after known as the Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg Railroad. It is now the Northern Division of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad. Engines were named in those days, instead of numbered, as they are now. One bore the name of a Northborough man, Cyrus Gale. Note. Since writing the above we have come into possession of an interesting fact. It seems that the town took a lively interest in the con- struction of this road; and, in an ofificial capacity sought to aid in financing it, as the following from the Town Records will show: — Under date of August 22,1853. Art. II: "To see if the town will take any measures to raise a sum not exceeding $10,000 for the purpose of building the Agricultural Branch Railroad from Framingham to this town: or furnish to individuals funds to enable them to subscribe for stock in said railroad, and act any way on the subject of building said railroad." "Voted: That the town treasurer be authorized and empowered to borrow the sum of five thousand dollars to pay town charges, and for other purposes, at a rate not exceeding six per cent per annum." "Voted: That the town treasurer, with two others to be chosenby the town, be a committee to loan the above five thousand dollars to citizens of this town who have, or may become, subscribers to the capital stock of the Agricultural Branch Railroad Company, in sums not exceeding twenty per cent of the amount of their subscriptions, and on such security as they may deem sufficient. Chose Abraham W. Seaver and Eben D. Blake." "Voted: To add one more to the committee, and chose Samuel Clark." Whether this opportunity was taken advantage of does not appear. Note. Another interesting fact which the Town Records reveal is the following. It explains itself. Feltonville was that part of Marlborough which afterwards became the Town of Hudson. March 5, 1855. Art. XI. "To see what action the town will take upon an order of notice served upon the inhabitants of Northborough by the petitioners for a charter for a Railroad from Feltonville to Northborough." "Voted: To choose a committee of five persons to go before the committee of our present Legislature on Railways and Canals and oppose the granting of a charter for a Railway from Feltonville to Northborough. Chose Cyrus Gale, Wilder Bush, Anson Rice, George C. Davis, and Samuel Clark." CHAPTER XXVII THE NORTHBOROUGH FREE LIBRARY* The Northborough Free Library was organized in 1868; but it did not spring into being in a night. No good thing that is worth having ever comes to hand ready made. It must first be thought out with painstaking care and nourished with an optimistic faith. This is true of our pubUc Hbrary. We have shown in another place (under schools) that Northborough's interest in education is coterminous with its incorporated exist- ence. We desire to show here that her interest in public libraries as an adjunct to education extends back into the eighteenth century. Rev. Peter Whitney in his "History of the County of Wor- cester" (published in 1793), writing of Northborough, says: "Here about thirty gentlemen have united and established a Social Library, containing at present one hundred volumes, and such are its regulations as that it will annually increase." It is difficult to understand why Mr. Whitney did not give some details of this library, for a library in those early days was an important institution, and Mr. Whitney was an historian. There is no data concerning it beyond three manuscript papers which call upon its collector to collect certain fines which were then overdue; and a statement by Dr. Allen to the efTect that 'this library was maintained until its incorporation with the Free Library of the First Parish in 1828." This Free Parish Library above referred to, was organized in 1827, Dr. Allen himself contributing fifty volumes thereto. When, the following year, the Social Library was united with it its name was changed to the "Free Library of the Congrega- tional Society in Northborough." We quote two articles from the constitution, which happily is preserved, together with its catalogue of books: "Article I. Any inhabitant of the Town of Northborough, or any resident in said town, over the age of 16 years. shall be permitted to take books from this Library. "Art. VI. The Library shall be kept in the projection of the Meeting-house and shall be open at such times on each Lord's Day as may be found to be most convenient." ♦For a full account of the Library see the excellent monograph by Miss Cora Small, entitled "History of the Northborough Free Library." It may be purchased at the Library. 252 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The "projection of the Meeting-house," referred to in Article VI, was what is now the choir gallery. In the meantime, two other libraries had been organized. And as their origin has an historical interest we tell it in Dr. Allen's own words:* "Regarding a good Library as an efficient means of pro- moting the cause of education, the formation of such an insti- tution was one of the earliest objects to which my efforts were directed. The result was the formation of 'The Young Ladies' Library,' in the spring of 1817, under the direction of an asso- ciation consisting at first of about sixty young ladies, who were accustomed for several years to hold meetings one afternoon each week, and afterwards once in two weeks, during six months in the year, bringing their work with them, and while engaged in their labors, listening to the reading by their pastor of such books, generally of a moral and religious character, as he had selected for that purpose. By the proceeds of their labor they were soon able to purchase a valuable library, besides contrib- uting a handsome sum every year to charitable purposes. Of the propitious influences of this institution, not only upon its mem- bers but upon the whole town, no one acquainted with the facts will doubt. There was at that time only one Library in town, which had had its day, but consisting principally of works on theology and religion, and those of an older date, the library was, I believe, little read, and excited but little interest in the young. "It was just at the close of this part of my ministry, viz., May, 1824, that the wants of a younger class of persons were met by the establishment of a Juvenile or Sunday School Library. The subject was first proposed to the Church, May 7, 1824, and the first contribution for its support was made on the 16th of the same month. I mention these dates, because I suppose it is one of the oldest institutions of the kind in New England, that is, of a Free Juvenile Library, supported by an annual contribution of the Society. It has always been an object of interest to the children and youth in this place, and the annual contributions for its support have been creditable to the town and parish. Many of the books have been worn out or lost, but these have been replaced by others, so that the library now contains more than four hundred volumes." The next step in the development of our public library took place in 1857, and was known as the "Agricultural Library." *Dr. Allen's Twenty-fifth Anniversary Sermon. This was delivered in 1841 (October 31) and is replete with historical information. ISAAC DAVIS NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 253 This was a privately owned library, shares in which were sold at $3.00 each. The only data concerning it we have is a paper giving a list of shareholders. This list contains the names of many citizens who were prominent in the town at that time. In 1867 the "Northborough Library Association" was formed, "the object of which," says Miss Cora Small in her 'History of the Northborough Free Library,' "was to obtain money by subscription, public entertainments, lectures, etc., for the purchase of books; and it succeeded in raising $62L5L" Miss Small also says, that "Capt. Cyrus Gale had made a formal offer of $1000, and Hon. Milo Hildreth $250 towards starting a public library on condition that a town hall should be built and a room furnished for the books in the new building." The present town hall was built in 1868, and on April 6 o that year the town meeting voted "that the Town establish a Public Library." It was also voted that $150 be appropriated for maintaining the same, and the following first Board of Library Trustees were chosen: Hon. Cyrus Gale, Josiah B. Davis, Richard W. Newton, Abraham W. Seaver, Dr. Henry A. Jewett, George Barnes, Dr. Joshua J. Johnson, George L. Chesbro, Walter Gale. The money and other property of the Northborough Library Association were accordingly turned over to the Library Trustees, together with $500, and $500 worth of books which the Hon. Isaac Davis of Worcester had donated. The Northborough Free Library, which had been the dream of our citizens for many years, thus started on its way in the spring of 1868 with the following assets: Gifts from Hon. Cyrus Gale $1,000.00 Hon. Isaac Davis 500.00 Hon. Milo Hildreth 250.00 Library Association 621.51 Town appropriation 150.00 Interest 62.13 !,583.64 The library was housed, first in the town hall (in the room now occupied by the selectmen) ; next, in the room now occupied by the postofifice; and finally and permanently in the beautiful building of its own on East Main Street. This building was a gift from Cyrus Gale, son of the Hon. Cyrus Gale, one of the library's first benefactors, and was dedicated on Wednesday, June 12, 1895. 254 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The Library at the present time contains nearly fifteen thou- sand volumes, and has an endowment of $20,398.22. From the beginning, the town has dealt generously with it, regarding it as one of its most important assets. In their report for the year ending February 1, 1904, the Library Trustees make the following statement anent the value of our Library property: "The loss of several libraries by fire in nearby towns in the early part of the year moved your trustees to investigate the value and protection of our own Library property. The inquiry was entered into somewhat carefully by a special committee, which reported in part, as follows: that the cost of our Library building was $33,600; that the present value of books is $10,000; that the value of furniture and pictures (including book-stacks, card catalogue, etc.), is $3000; making a total valuation of $46,600." The Northborough Free Library is one of the important assets of the town. Its building is in itself a "thing of beauty," while its collection of books is surpassed by but few, if any, small libraries in the state. MISS ELLEN WILLIAMS No statement concerning the Northborough Free Library would be complete without mention of Miss Ellen Williams. Miss Williams died in Northborough, June 13, 1917, aged seventy-eight years. She was the last of her race, so far as Northborough was concerned. Her grandfather, Stephen Williams, came to Northborough from Salem, Mass., in 1799. He bought the farm now owned by Frederick A. King, about a mile out on the Boylston road, and until his death in 1838, carried on a stock farm. He was a raiser and importer of pure- blooded stock and was well known throughout the country. Upon his death, the farm was carried on by his son, George Williams, father of Ellen. Miss Williams came into possession of the property, and lived there until 1898 when she sold it to Mr. King, its present owner. The property remained in the Williams family three generations, just ninety-nine years. Miss Williams was a highly intellectual woman — inde- pendent in her views and fearless in expressing them. In her earlier years she taught school — the West School. Later, she went to Syracuse, New York, where she taught in a school for the feeble-minded. She later returned to Northborough where she spent the remainder of her life. Upon her retirement from the Board of Library Trustees in 1916, the Trustees passed the following resolutions: MISS ELLEN WILLIAMS NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY 255 "The Trustees of the Northborough Free Library meet today (April 4) with a feeling of regret which is akin to sadness; for we miss from our ranks a familiar face. Miss Ellen Williams has been a member of our Board for more than thirty years, during which time she has been a faithful servant of the North- borough Free Library, and through the Library, a faithful servant of the Town of Northborough. Her comprehensive knowledge of the best literature, her rare literary judgment, and her whole-souled devotion to the welfare of the Library have made her the most commanding influence in the building up of an institution which we believe to be one of the most im- portant assets of our Town. Her term of service has extended over so many years, and the quantity of that service has been so great and its quality so rare, that the Board of Trustees desire to put on record at this time its appreciation of that service. Be it therefore ''Resolved: That the Board of Trustees of the Northborough Free Library express to Miss Ellen Williams their keen appre- ciation of the valuable services which she has so faithfully and so generously given to the Library during a period of thirty years. They realize, as perhaps none others do, or can, the magnitude and value of that service, not only to the Library but to the entire intellectual interests of the Town of Northborough. Be it ''Resolved: "That in Miss Williams's retirement from the Board, the Board of Trustees lose a wise counselor and devoted friend." CHAPTER XXVIII THE NORTHBOROUGH NATIONAL BANK Banking institutions are never numerous in a rural neighbor- hood, but in this immediate vicinity at the present time there are several banks; so many in fact, that it is almost impossible to realize that until one was established in Northborough there were none in this entire region. Marlborough had none; West- borough had none; Hudson had none; Shrewsbury had none, Berlin had none; Southborough had none. The Northborough bank, therefore, was the pioneer bank of this neighborhood. The Northborough bank was organized as a state bank under the following Act of the Massachusetts Legislature, in 1854: "An Act to incorporate the Northborough Bank in the Town of Northborough. "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same as follows: "Section L George C. Davis, Cyrus Gale, Wilder Bush, their associates and successors, are hereby made a corporation by the name of the President, Directors and Company, of the Northborough Bank, to be established in the town of North- borough, and shall so continue until the first day of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five; and shall be entitled to all the powers and privileges, and be sub- jected to all duties, liabilities and restrictions, set forth in the public statutes of this Commonwealth relative to banks and banking. "Section H. The capital stock of said bank shall consist of one hundred thousand dollars to be divided into shares of one hundred dollars each to be paid in such installments, and at such times as the stockholders may direct, provided that the whole be paid in before the first day of May in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five. "Section HL The stock of said bank shall be transferable, only at its banking-house and on its books. "Section IV. The said corporation shall be subject to all the liabilities, requirements and restrictions contained in such acts as may be hereafter passed by the General Court in rela- tion to banks and banking." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 257 The above act was passed by the House of Representatives, March 25, by the Senate, March 27, and signed by the Governor, March 28, 1854. Under authority of this Act the three men named therein issued the necessary notices to subscribers to the capital stock, and a general notice to all others interested, inviting them to a meeting to be held on the 31st day of May. The proposed meeting was held at the appointed time, George C. Davis being temporary chairman and Cyrus Gale, temporary secretary. After voting to admit the subscribers to the capital stock as members of the corporation, a permanent organization was effected, with George C. Davis and Cyrus Gale, chairman and secretary, respectively. The subscribers present at this initial meeting were as follows: Abraham W. Seaver, Lewis Fay, Eber Brewer, Caleb Maynard, Otis Newton, Anson Rice, John Stone, Selina Gleason, Henry G. Colburn, Horace S. Fiske, Wilder Bush, Jonathan H. Nelson, George C. Davis, and Cyrus Gale. The charter of said bank was unanimously accepted; after which the following Board of Directors were chosen: George C. Davis, Cyrus Gale, Wilder Bush, Abraham W. Seaver, John Rice, Otis Newton, Jonathan H. Nelson, Jabes H. Weatherbee, J. H. Spring. On June 9, 1854, the Board of Directors elected George C. Davis president; and on September 11, they elected Abraham W. Seaver first cashier. The election of Mr. Seaver as cashier made it necessary for him to resign from the Board of Directors. This he did, and on October 2, Thomas Corey was elected in his stead. The bank issued its own money and owned its own bill plates. The following vote under date, September 25, 1854, is interesting as showing how the Directors selected the design for their plate: "Voted, that each person present mark on paper the denomination of bills which they wish Gov. Davis's head to be placed on." On the first ballot they were equally divided; but on the second they "Voted, 2 to 5 to place Gov. Davis's head upon the I's, 2's, 3's and 5's." It was then "Voted, to place the heads of the following persons upon the lO's, 20's, 50's and lOO's: George Washington, John Quincy Adams, Zachary Taylor, Charles Sumner." In the meantime the Directors had purchased a piece of land and were erecting a permanent home. The bank commenced business December 8, 1854, in their new home which had cost, "real estate, including vaults, etc., $2,350.63." 258 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Wilder Bush was the first depositor, he depositing on the opening day, $200. On January 30, 1855, it was voted "to join the Association of Banks for the suppression of counterfeiting, and send a delegate to the meeting to be held in Boston on February 14." The bank continued its membership in this association for several years — as long, in fact, as the association remained in existence. The bank by this time was in full operation, and proved to be a great convenience to the business interests of the whole neighborhood. It would seem to have been in successful oper- ation, too, for in nine months' time, September 17, 1855, it was '^Voted, to declare a dividend of 4% on each and every share." The bank was operated on conservative and economical lines, even the president receiving no salary whatever. On October 1, 1860, George C. Davis was unanimously chosen president for the seventh consecutive time. With the growth of the bank's business the duties of the president had increased to such an extent that they were demanding more of his time than he thought he could afford to give them gratuitously; and on his seventh election Mr. Davis demurred a little at continuing them. So "he stated (to the Directors) that he had served the bank for nearly six years without any remuneration and thought that if his services were not worth anything to the bank he ought not to occupy the place; but would leave it to the Directors to do as they thought best." This statement brought the Directors to a realization of the fact, that for six years they had been receiving valuable services for nothing. And realizing the value of those services, and being unwilling to dispense with them, they voted (October 15), as follows: "The undersigned. Directors of the Northborough Bank, propose that in the future the President of said Bank be paid liberally for his time in signing the bills, and for all other services that he performs more than the other Directors, and in this proportion of compensation, to the year past, ending October 1, 1860." This arrangement (though not very great as we reckon the salaries of bank presidents today), was evidently satisfactory to Mr. Davis, for he accepted his election and continued to serve as president for thirteen years thereafter. In the spring of 1861 the Civil War broke upon us with its four y^ars of financial strain and uncertainty. War always entails a vast amount of extra work upon our banks There seems to be an unwritten law that, in times of national crisis, the banks of the country vshall render patriotic service to the GEORGE C. DAVIS First President of the Northborough Banli, 1854-73 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 259 government and to the people alike, "without charge." And the banks have never failed to render that service. During the summer months of that year (1861) thousands of our troops were concentrating in army camps; and in the autumn, many of them were already on the firing line. North- borough had sent her quota, some of whom had made the supreme sacrifice. The financial problems of our soldiers in war time, small in themselves but large in the aggregate, and of first im- portance to the soldiers and their families, must be taken care of. The Northborough Bank was quick to ofi^er assistance, and on November 4, placed this vote upon its records: "Voted, to receive and disburse such sums of money as the soldiers may send home, free of charge." This is an innocent looking vote, which probably means nothing to us at this far distance; but when we recall that the war lasted four years and that Northborough sent one hundred and fifty-four men into it, it is fair to presume that many of them took advantage of it, and that the work of the bank's clerical force was largely increased in consequence. Nor was this the measure of the Northborough Bank's patriotic service at that time. In war time Government must have money with which to meet its immediate expenses. It obtains that money largely through the issuance of bonds. After the war had continued through two discouraging years, and there was yet no prospect of its victorious termination, the Government made a new issue of bonds to which the North- borough Bank subscribed $25,000. This was in April, 1863. Other purchases were made before the war ceased. CHANGED TO A NATIONAL BANK As has been stated above, the Northborough Bank was organized as a State Ba7ik under a special Act of the Massachu- setts Legislature. In 1864 the United States Congress passed an act entitled, "An Act to provide a national currency, secured by a pledge of United States Bonds, and to provide for the circulation and redemption thereof." The Northborough Bank, soon afterwards, thought it wise to take advantage of this law, and it accordingly proceeded to take measures to change its status from a State Bank to a National Bank. To make this radical change it was necessary to procure the consent of the owners of two-thirds of its capital stock. This consent was obtained, as the following document will show: "We, the undersigned stockholders of the Northborough Bank, located in the Town of Northborough, County of Wor- cester, and State of Massachusetts, having a capital of one hundred 260 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY thousand dollars, do hereby authorize and empower the Direc- tors thereof to change and convert said Bank into a National Banking Association, under the general Banking Law of the United States, and according to the provisions of the 44th Section of the Act of Congress entitled 'An Act to provide a national currency, secured by a pledge of United States Bonds, and to provide for the circulation and redemption thereof,' approved June 3, 1864; and we do also authorize the said Directors, or a majority thereof, to make and execute the articles of Association and Organization Certificate required to be made or contemplated by said Act; and also to make and execute all other papers and certificates, and to do all acts necessary to be done to convert said Northborough Bank into a National Banking Association; and to do and perform all such acts as may be necessary to transfer the assets of every description and character of said Northborough Bank to the National Banking Association into which it is to be converted, so that the said conversion may be absolute and complete; and we do hereby assume, as the name of the National Banking Association into which the said North- borough Bank is to be converted, 'The Northborough National Bank'; and we do hereby appoint George C. Davis, Cyrus Gale, Wilder Bush, John Rice, Jonathan H. Nelson, Otis Newton, Thomas Corey, F. D. Brigham and Hamilton B. Fay, who are now the Directors of the said Northborough Bank, to be the Directors of the said Northborough National Bank, to hold their office as such Directors until the regular annual election of Directors is held, pursuant to the provisions of said Act of Congress and until their successors are chosen and qualified; and we do hereby authorize the said Directors of the said Northborough National Bank to continue in office the officers of the said Northborough Bank, or to appoint or elect others, as to them may seem best. "In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and written against our names the number of shares owned by us respectively, this twenty-seventh day of March, A. D., 1865." (Here follows a list of subscribers representing six hundred and seventy-six shares.) Armed with this authority, the Directors voted, April 17, 1865: "Having been authorized by a vote of the stockholders of the Northborough Bank, and having procured the assent of two-thirds of the capital stock, it is moved: "That the Directors now decide, and immediately proceed to change this Bank into an Association for Banking purposes under the laws of the United States. "Voted, that the vote be taken by yeas and nays. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 261 "Voted, as follows: George C. Davis, yea. Jonathan H. Nelson, yea. Cyrus Gale, yea. Thomas Corey, yea. Wilder Bush, yea. F. D. Brigham, yea. "Voted, that the cashier publish the notice required by the statutes of the Commonwealth and do all the acts necessary to be done to carry out the above vote." Notice of the proposed change was duly published in the Boston Journal and in the Worcester Transcript. THE ORGANIZATION CERTIFICATE Issued by the Board of Directors, under date. May 22, 1865, is as follows: "We, the undersigned. Directors of the Northborough Bank in the State of Massachusetts, do hereby declare that the owners of two-thirds of the Capital Stock of said Bank have authorized the Directors of said Bank to make the necessary Organization Certificate, and to change and convert the said Bank into a national association, under the provisions of the Act of Congress entitled, 'An Act to provide a national currency, secured by a pledge of United States Bonds, and to provide for the circu- lation and redemption thereof,' approved June 3, 1864, and by virtue of said authority, and in accordance with the provisions and requirements of the 44th Section of said Act, we do hereby make and execute this Organization Certificate; "First: The name and title of this association shall be the Northborough National Bank. "Second: The said Association shall be located and continued in the Town of Northborough, County of Worcester, and State of Massachusetts, where its operations of discount and deposit are to be carried on. "Third: The Capital Stock of the Association shall be one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) ; and the same shall be divided into 1000 shares of $100 each, as it is now divided in the said Northborough Bank. "Fourth: The name and residence of each of the stockholders of the said Northborough Bank, under the provisions of the Act of Congress aforesaid and the number of shares of $100 each, held by each stockholder, are as follows:" 262 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY (Here follows a list of stockholders with their holdings. We subjoin them according to places where the stock was held.) Where Held Boylston .... Boston Berlin Bolton Harvard .... Lunenburg. . . Med way .... Marlborough Northborough Princeton . . . No. of Shares 23 33 11 5 5 2 3 . 46 . 557 3 Where Held No. of Shaxes Southborough 20 Sterling 8 Worcester 110 Westborough 20 Shrewsbury 82 Stow Philadelphia . . . . New York City Ohio Rhode Island . . New Hampshire Buenos Aires . . . 26 10 11 5 5 10 5 The Directors of the Bank at the time the change was made were: George C. Davis of Northborough; Cyrus Gale, of North- borough; Wilder Bush, of Northborough; John Rice, of North- borough; Jonathan H. Nelson, of Shrewsbury; Francis D. Brigham, of Marlborough; Hamilton B. Fay, of W^orcester; Otis Newton, of W^estborough; Thomas Corey of Marlborough. The condition of the bank. May 20, 1865, was as follows: Capital Stock. . . $100,000.00 Bills discounted $183,822.63 Circulation .... 64,631.00 Nat. Bank of Re- Deposit 26,345.86 demption .... 1,886.52 Unclaimed Divi- Nat. Park Bank 6,696.00 dends 501.50 Stock in National Discount and In- Bank of Re- terest 774.71 demption .... 5,400.00 Reserved Profits 15,800.00 Real Estate 2,000.00 Expense 247.52 Specie 6,145.08 Foreign Bills, Checks and Cur- rency 1,855.32 $208,053.07 $208,053.07 The necessary papers were forwarded to Washington, John Rice (one of the Directors) personally carrying $100,000 worth of bonds, which were exchanged for registered bonds, deposited with the Treasurer of the United States to secure the circula- tion of the Bank. In the spring of 1873, George C. Davis, who had*served the ABRAHAM VV. SEAVER NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 263 Bank as president ever since it was established in 1854 (nearly nineteen years), died. The Directors passed the following resolutions, on March 5: "Whereas, it has pleased God in his all wise Providence, to remove from our midst our honored President, George C. Davis, who for nineteen consecutive years has been unanimously chosen to fill that office, the sudden and sad event causes us to turn with fuller confidence to Him who doeth all things well. "Resolved, that in the death of Mr. Davis this Board loses a worthy and efficient President, and the community a respected, public-spirited and influential citizen, one long to be remembered by old and young as a wise counselor and esteemed friend. "Resolved, that this Board will attend the funeral services of the deceased, and that we tender to Mrs. Davis and family, our sympathy in their affliction. "Voted, that these resolutions be entered upon our records, and that a copy be presented to Mrs. Davis. "A. M. Seaver, Clerk r As a further tribute of respect to Mr. Davis's memory the office of president remained vacant until the following January, when Wilder Bush was elected as his successor (January 13). Mr. Bush continued in office until his death in 1880. On March 22, 1875, Abraham W. Seaver, who had per- formed the duties of cashier ever since the inception of the bank, resigned that office to become the president of the Wachu- sett National Bank of Fitchburg; and Wilder M. Bush was unanimously elected his successor. In April, 1875, George A. Seaver, the assistant cashier, died, and was succeeded (May 7, 1875) by Omon H. Lawrence of Fitchburg. Mr. Lawrence served as assistant cashier until July 1 of the same year when he assumed the duties of cashier. He acted in the latter capacity until April 1, 1878, when he resigned. He in turn, was succeeded by Abraham W. Seaver who had held the office for so many years before. In February, 1880, the Hon. Thomas Rice was elected presi- dent, and Samuel Wood, vice-president. In the meantime death had invaded the Board of Directors, frequently. Jonathan H. Nelson, of Shrewsbury, died in May, 1872. President George C. Davis died in March, 1873. Thom^as Corey, of Marlborough, died in January, 1875. President Wilder Bush died in 1880. 264 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Cyrus Gale died in September, 1880. John Rice died in February, 1881. Francis D. Brigham, of Marlborough, died in March, 1883. Caleb T. Chapin died in September, 1883. Lambert Bigelow died in October, 1884. ABRAHAM W. SEAVER On the second day of September, 1887, Abraham W.Seaver died. Mr Seaver had lived a long and useful life, and for many years had been one of the leading men of this town. No account of the town of Northborough or of the Northborough Bank would be complete without a more or lesss extended notice of this man. And, as his connection with the bank extended over a period of thirty years, this would seem to be the proper place for it. The following notice of his life appeared in the Boston (Morning) Jo^lrnal under date of September 3, 1887: "Mr. Abraham Wood Seaver died at his home in Northboro', Mass., at twenty-five minutes of 7 o'clock Friday morning, Sept. 2, after a short sickness from a chronic trouble of the liver. He was born in Northboro' 78 years ago the 19th of last March. His parents lived at the time of his birth in the large house opposite the factory of Milo Hildreth, on Main Street. His father, Samuel Seaver, died Jan. 25, 1838, aged 68 years. His business was carding wool. Mr. Seaver was the oldest son of a family of seven children, all of whom are now dead except Beacon Samuel Seaver, who is father of Edwin and Francis Seaver, now living in Boston, the former Superintendent of Schools in the city, and the latter cashier of the Manufacturers' Bank. In 1824, at the age of 15 years, he went into the store of Joseph Davis and Cyrus Gale of Northboro'. After his apprenticeship he was admitted as partner in the business with the late Hon. Cyrus Gale. The firm's name was C. Gale & Co. The^^ were together quite a number of years, and did a large and successful business. In 1845 they sold out to Cyrus Gale, Jr., and Kenry Maynard. Mr. Seaver then went to Boston in the paint and oil trade. This business not proving satisfactory, he returned to Northboro' after an absence of one or two years. In 1853 he went into the manufacture of combs with Milo Hildreth, under the firm's name of Seaver & Hildreth, at the old factory formerly owned by the Northboro' Manufacturing Company. In 1854 the Northboro' Bank was incorporated, and Mr. Seaver retired from the firm to take the position as cashier, with George C. Davis, president. He continued in office 21 years, when in 1875 he retired to accept the position as president of the Wachu- NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 265 sett Bank, a new bank in Fitchburg, Mass. In 1888 he resigned and returned to Northboro', and was re-elected cashier, with the Hon. Thomas Rice of Shrewsbury president of the bank. For a period of 30 years he has held the office and performed the duties of cashier up to his last sickness. He was a quiet but busy man, and enjoyed the confidence of the community, was prudent in his manner of living, cautious in his investments, and a man of wealth and a Christian gentleman. Outside of his regular work he has done considerable business at conveyancing, settling estates, dealing in Western securities and real estate. He was a well-known and a highly respected citizen of the central and eastern portion of Worcester County. He held many posi- tions of honor and trust, with credit to himself and profit to others. The offer of the appointment of Judge of the Second Worcester District Court was made to him by Governor Thomas Talbot after the resignation of Judge Forbes of Westboro', which he declined. In town affairs he always favored a liberal appropriation for schools and roads, was an earnest advocate of the new Town House and free library and the construction of the water works. In politics he was a Republican and a strong friend of temperance and prohibition, and was a total abstainer from the use of all intoxicating liquor and tobacco. He regarded the liquor saloon as the greatest curse of the town. He was a member of the Legislature in 1849 and 1850. Before the formation of the Free-soil Party he was a strong Anti-Slavery W^hig. He was a member of the Evangelical Congregational Society, but not of the church, and paid liberally for its support, and was among the largest contributors of the new church build- ing and parsonage; also, of establishing the union fund for the support of the society. Mr. Seaver was married September 5, 1833, to Miss Maria Mandell of Northboro'. She was sister of the late Mr. Mandell, of the large dry goods firm of Jackson, Mandell & Daniell. His wife died January 8, 1886. The fruit of thier union was five children. Three died in childhood. Mr. Geo. A. Seaver, a young man of promise, died in 1875. There is still living Miss Annie Seaver, who has always remained at home, tenderly caring for her parent, with the exception of a European tour in 1880." On September 5, 1887, the Northborough National Bank placed upon its records the following estimate of Mr. Seaver. Resolutions as a general thing are perfunctory — they are written as a matter of courtesy. But the present instance seems to be an exception. They breathe a spirit of genuine and heartfelt feeling engendered by a real loss. They read : "At a meeting held Monday, Sept. 5, 1887, to take action 266 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY in regard to the death of our cashier, all the Directors were present. "It is our painful duty to record the death of our lamented cashier and friend, Mr. Abraham W. Seaver, which occurred Sept. 2, 1887. He was the last of the original members of this Institution, which was founded in 1854, serving as cashier from that time until his death, except the time between the years 1875 and 1878, when he was president of the Wachusett National Bank of Fitchburg. "The manner in which he filled this position of honor and responsibility for nearly thirty years, proves the wisdom and foresight of the founders of this Bank, in selecting a man for cashier possessed of true traits of mind and character. "His judgment, integrity, uprightness, and Christian courtesy are accorded by all. He had not only the fullest confidence of all the members of this Institution, but of the community in which he held many positions of trust, faithfully and honorably. In his death we feel that we suffer an irreparable loss; but his memory will ever be held by us with reverence and honor. "The following resolutions were then passed: ^'Whereas, God in his infinite wisdom, has seen fit to remove our friend and honored cashier, who, for more than thirty years has filled that position, "We desire to place upon our records an expression of our high appreciation of his character, and of our sense of loss. He was a man kindly in disposition and always courteous in his inter- course with his fellowmen. His acute and orderly mind, his long familiarity with financial concerns, inspired a confixdence in his judgment that was never disappointed. Therefore, "Resolved, that we consider with unwonted sorrow, our loss, while we acknowledge full credit to Mr. Seaver in the manage- ment which has brought so much of success to this Bank, whose members, as well as the community, will ever hold him in grateful remembrance. "Resolved, that we ofTer our heartfelt sympathy to his daughter. Miss Anna M. Seaver, and desire the privilege of expressing our sorrow by attending his funeral. "Resolved, that these resolutions be entered upon the records of this Bank and that a copy be sent his daughter, Miss Anna M. Seaver, also to the Northhorough Farmer and Northborough Enter prize. "Samuel Wood, Clerk, pro tem." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 267 The Hon. Thomas Rice died in May, 1888. He had held the office of president from February 8, 1880. Mr. Rice was succeeded in the presidency by Samuel Wood. He had been vice-president since February, 1880. He was elected clerk, September 14, 1887, in succession to Mr. Seaver. He was elected president June 13, 1888. Mr. Wood discharged the duties of this office until his sudden death in September, 1898. He was succeeded by Mr. Potter. Ezra W. Chapin served the bank as vice-president from June, 1888, till August 5, 1891, when he resigned. Charles O. Green succeeded Mr. Chapin as vice-president, serving from November 4, 1891 till January, 1904. Guilford P. Heath served as clerk from January, 1904 till January 1913, when he was succeeded by Ezra H. Bigelow. Noah Wadsworth was elected vice-president, January 10, 1905, and has held that office ever since. WILLIAM J. POTTER William J. Potter's connection with the Northborough National Bank began on February 8, 1877, on which date he entered its service as a clerk. On June 1, 1881, he was elected assistant cashier. Little did Mr. Potter think, nor could he think, when he entered upon the duties of clerk, that he was embarking upon a career of usefulness that should extend over a long period of years. Yet such was the case. He served as assistant cashier from 1881 to September, 1887, when he was unanimously elected cashier, in succession to Abraham W. Seaver who had died on the second day of that month. On September 14, that year, he was made a member of the Finance Committee, and on June 30, 1888, he was elected, clerk. Ten years later, September 24, 1898, the Directors voted "to invite Mr. Potter to be president." Upon consultation with Mr. Potter the Directors persuaded him that he was the man for the place, and on October 5, 1898, his resignation as cashier was accepted and his unanimous election to the presidency was affected. He was also made a director at this meeting. He faithfully discharged the duties of president until July 1, 1917, when he retired, to devote his attention to his personal affairs which had greatly multiplied in the meantime. Mr. Potter's connection with the Northborough National Bank extended over a period of forty years, a longer period than that of any other official ever connected with the institution. In the minds of people of the present generation Mr. Potter's name is synonymous with that of the Northborough Bank — they are never thought of apart. The reason for this is not simply 268 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY that he was president of the bank for so many years, but that he was the friend and counselor of everybody in every stage of their financial difficulties. He counts everybody his friend, and everybod}^ looks upon him as their friend. By reason of his connection with the bank, but more by reason of his natural aptiude, for many years he has been the one man in town whom people have appointed, in their last will and testament, to be the executor of their worldy estate. In addition to the above he has held many town offices; in fact, he has held one or more public offices ever since his twenty- first birthday; among which, may be mentioned the following: Town Treasurer from 1886 to 1898; and again. Town Treasurer from 1905 to 1911; Selectman from 1897 to 1902; Trustee of the Sinking Fund, 1885 to 1887, and from 1898 to 1899; Trustee of the Gale Fund from 1899; Trustee of Free Library, 1893; he has been Justice of the Peace from 1899 to the present time. In 1907 he was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature. In March of the present year (1920), he was elected an Assessor. BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK The Federal Reserve Act, an Act relative to the banking insti- tutions of the country, became a law on the 23rd day of December, 1913. Six days later, December 29, the Directors of the North- borough National Bank voted to accept the terms and provisions of this Act and to make application to the Secretary ot the Treasury to become a member of the Federal Reserve Bank which this Act created. After the necessary formalities were complied with the following application for stock in said Bank was transmitted to the Reserve Bank Organization Committee at "Washington, D. C. "At a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Northborough National Bank of Northborough, duly called and held on the 23rd day of April, 1914, the following resolution was offered, seconded, and duly adopted: "Whereas, in accordance with Section II of the Act of Congress known as the Federal Reserve Act, approved on the 23rd day of December, 1913, this bank duly notified the Reserve Bank Organization Committee of its intention to accept the provisions of the said Act and to subscribe to its proper propor- tion of the Captial Stock of the Federal Reserve Bank to be organized in this district. And "Whereas, notice has been received from the Comptroller of the Currency that according to the certificate filed by said Organization Committee with the Comptroller designating the several Federal Reserve cities, and defining the geographical NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 269 limits of the districts to be respectively served by the Federal Reserve Banks located in such cities, this Bank is located in District No. 1, which District will be served by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. And "Whereas, six per cent of the unimpaired capital and surplus of this Association amounts to seven thousand and two hundred dollars; "Now, therefore. Be it Resolved, that the President, or Vice- president and Cashier of this bank be, and they are hereby authorized, empowered and directed to make application for, and to subscribe to, 72 shares of a par value of $100 each, of the Capital Stock of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, now organizing, and to pay for such stock in accordance with the provisions of Section II of the said Federal Reserve Act as, and when called upon by the Reserve Bank Organization Committee, or by the Federal Reserve Board. "Pursuant to the foregoing resolution the Northborough National Bank of Northborough hereby subscribes to and makes application for 72 shares of the Capital Stock of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, of a par value of $100 each, amounting to $7200, and agrees to pay for same in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Reserve Act. "Northborough National Bank of Northborough, "By W. J. Potter, President. "Attest: "E. H. BiGELOw, Cashier." EZRA H. BIGELOW In closing this sketch of the Northborough National Bank, a word must be said concerning its present president — Ezra H. Bigelow. Mr. Bigelow's connection with the bank covers a period of twenty-six years. What was said on a previous page, concern- ing Mr. Potter, applies with equal truth to Mr. Bigelow. His name and the bank are synonymous terms. The present genera- tion in Northborough does not know the Northborough Bank apart from Mr. Bigelow. He entered it as a boy in 1895 and has grown up with it and in it. When, on October 5, 1898, Mr. Potter resigned as cashier to assume the duties of president, Mr. Bigelow was elected cashier to succeed him. And again, on June 28, 1917, when Mr. Potter resigned the presidency and retired to private life, Mr. Bigelow succeeded him to that high office. On January 12, 1915, he became a director; both of which offices — director and president — he now holds. 270 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY As a recognition of their appreciation of his services the Directors presented Mr. Bigelow a beautiful silver loving cup on the 25th anniversary of his connection with the bank. Mr. Bigelow has been a servant of the public as well as a servant of the bank, serving the town in an official capacity in various ways : as Registrar for several years ; as Town Treasurer five years; as Trustee of the Gassett Fund five years; as Trustee of the Gale and Wood Funds several years; and as Chairman of the Board of Selectmen from 1916 to 1921. (See also, "Liberty Bond Issues" in chapter on "Northborough in the World War.") BANK CLERKS FROM 1854 TO 1921 George Gale, deceased. Wilder M. Bush, deceased. John L. Bailey, deceased. Francis E. Seaver, deceased. George A. Seaver, deceased. Henry L. Jewett, now with International Trust Co., Boston. Fred Rice, deceased. William Dryden, deceased. William J. Potter, ex-president of Northborough Bank. Francis E. Corey, now with Commonwealth Trust Co., Boston. Lambert Bigelow, deceased. Charles E. Proctor, with Waldo Bros., Boston. Charles E. Valentine, now with Commonwealth Trust Co., Boston. Ezra H. Bigelow, president of Northborough Bank. Raymond B. Potter, deceased. Norman B. Potter, now with Merchants' National Bank, Worcester. Carl E. Peinze, now assistant cashier at First National Bank, Douglas, Wyo. Martin H. Ryan, now head bookkeeper at Merchants' National Bank, Worcester. Rodney M. Leland, now assistant cashier, Northborough Bank. Gustaf H. Carlson, now teller at Merchants' National Bank, Worcester. Clara Maria Bigelow, present clerk. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 271 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE BANK No. 1279 (53-584) NORTHBOROUGH NATIONAL BANK, NORTHBOROUGH, MASS, Statement of Condition, April 28th, 1921 Resources Loans-Discounts $325,790.42 U. S. Government bonds 119,338.89 Stocks and Bonds 36,221.00 Federal Res. Bank stock 4,500.00 Real Estate 2,600.00 Cash and Due from Banks 45,382.70 5% Redemption Fund . 5,000.00 Liabilities Capital Stock $100,000.00 Surplus 50,000.00 Undivided Profits . . . 19,176.48 Circulation 93,700.00 Ind. Deposits 275,771.03 Dividends Unpaid . . . 185.50 Total $538,833.01 Total $538,833.01 CHAPTER XXIX MINISTERIAL COURTESY AND PROPRIETY The following correspondence is interesting as showing how ministers, a century ago, "stood on their rights." [Rev. Peter Whitney to Rev. Reuben Puffer, of Berlin.] "NoRTHBOROUGH, April 2 2d, 1801. "Dear Sir: — Since I saw you last (Sabbath evening) at Mr. Packard's, some things have taken place, which need, and must have an explanation, before any ministerial intercourse is renewed between us. "In the meantime, to prevent all future difficulty, I now tell you, plainly & explicitly, that if you wish to preserve the harmony which has, for so many years, happily subsisted between us; & to keep up that ministerial interchange of kind and brotherly offices which has, heretofore, been so much for our mutual ad- vantage, you must not presume, hi any case or histance what- soever, to come within the limits of Northborough to perform any ministerial act or service, when I am at home, & able to perform the same. "I am, your friend & brother, "Peter Whitney. "Rev. Mr. Puffer." [Mr. Puffer to Mr. Whitney.] "Berlin, April 23d, 1801. "Rev. &. Dear Sir: — "The explanation you demand in your letter of yesterday, it was my determination to have given unasked, the first con- venient opportunity. "Last Saturday, Deacon Davis came to me with a request from Mrs. Ball to attend the funeral of her husband on the Monday following. I observed to him, that, previous to my answer, I must first know your sentiments respecting such a step. He informed me, that he had conversed with you on the subject, and that, on his proposing to you this question, 'Will Mr. Puffer's attending Mr. Ball's funeral create any difficulty betwix you and him?' your answer was, after some hesitation, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 273 'No, not that I know of.' This by no means satisfied me; and I told the Deacon, that I doubted the propriety of my going, and desired him to return and urge Mrs. Ball, by every consideration, to send for you. This he agreed to do, first re- questing me to accompany him. Flattered with the hope of being the happy instrument of bringing to a conclusion a long- subsisting difficulty, I consented; but went with the full deter- mination of not attending on Monday, in case my arguments failed of the desired effect. The conversation that took place was too lengthy to be detailed. Suffice it to say, that, after exhausting every topic of persuasion, to no purpose, I conveyed to Mrs. Ball in an oblique manner, and in the softest terms possible, a denial of her request. She fell into tears — said she wished not to involve me in difficulty — and that, if it must be so, she acquiesced in it as the will of Providence. In that im- pressive moment, I felt my resolution give way. Turning to Deacon Davis, I said to him, 'Is it your opinion, sir, from all the conversation you have had with Mr. Whitney, that my attending this funeral will cause him to be offended with me?' He directly answered, 'No.' I then consented to attend; first desiring that Mrs. Ball would invite you to be present, still entertaining the secret hope, that a friendly interview, especially on so solemn an occasion, might efface every unfavorable im- pression, and revive ancient friendship. "From this statement you will perceive, that nothing was further from my intentions than to grieve or offend you. Could I have foreseen that you would have viewed my conduct in the offensive light you do, no ordinary consideration should have prevailed with me to have gone into Northborough on such an occasion. Malignity toward you, I trust you will believe me when I say, I certainly had none. And if you think it a weak- ness in me to suffer myself to be overcome by a sight unusually affecting, I hope you will at least allow it to be a pardonable one. "And thus, sir, I have rendered you the explanation you ask. Whether satisfactory, or not, I must leave you to decide. "Respecting the latter part of your letter, I am unable to reply to it so fully as I could wish, till I know how far you extend the idea of ^any ministerial act or service.' A neighbor and parishoner of mine moves within the limits of Northborough. Sickness & death invade his family. I make him a visit on the occasion. This is a lower act of ministerial service. I converse with him, and offer him the consolation of the gospel. This is a further act of it. He earnestly requests me, his former minister, to pray with and for him in his affliction. This is a still higher act of it. Be pleased to let me know which, or 274 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY whether all of these, fall within your meaning of 'any ministerial act or service,' which you 'plainly and explicitly' tell me, I 'must not presume, in any case or instance whatsoever , to come within the limits of Northborough to perform.' Or, I have a son in Northborough: must I not 'presume' to pray with him, in case of sickness, till your permission is first obtained? Be assured. Sir, that no one will be more careful than I, 'to prevent all future difficulty'; but if you mean, by anything you have said, to place me in a singular and disadvantageous situation, I better know what becomes me as a man, and a Christian minister, than tamely to submit to it. In the meantime, I act on no principle which I will complain of in another. And therefore, though I shall not probably again 'come within the limits of Northborough,' on any occasion similar to that which has given you so much offence, yet I give you my free consent to 'come within the limits' of Berlin, for the purpose of perform- ing 'any ministerial act or service,' to which you may be invited, whether 'I am at home, and able to perform the same' or not. "As you have thought fit to suspend our 'ministerial inter- course,' till such time as a satisfactory 'explanation' of my con- duct shall be given, I have a right to expect that you will ex- plicitly inform me, whether you consider this communication in that light, or not; as in the latter case, I am determined to take measures to ascertain, whether I had your consent to attend Mr. Ball's funeral, or went without it. I am. Rev. and Dear Sir, respectfully yours, "Reuben Puffer. "Rev. Mr. Whitney" [Mr. Whitney to Mr. Puffer] "Northborough, April 27, 1801. "Dear Sir: — Your letter of the 23rd inst. I received next day, at evening in the midst of company; and have had company till this morning, and then had sick to visit; & this afternoon, though I now have company, I think it expedient to make the following reply : "The explanation you have given is so far satisfactory as to operate for the renewal of our ministerial intercourse in any and every respect. "As a proof of this, I request you to attend my lecture on the Thursday after next (the 7th of May) & come in season to dine. I know not whose turn it will be to preach, as I mean to send to Mr. Sumner. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 275 "As to the latter part of my letter to you of the 22d inst., you make some exceptions to my general, perhaps, universal proposition, to which I readily consent, as being not only, not improper, but very reasonable. "Perhaps you may think of some others hereafter, which you may suppose your duty as a man, & a Christian minister may lead you to make, but I shall reserve to myself the liberty to consider & receive any acts of yours in conformity to such ex- ceptions, as brotherly or otherwise, according to existing cir- cumstances: nothing doubting, however, from what you say, that your prudence & caution will lead you to avoid everything which might grieve or offend a weak brother. I am. Sir, your friend & brother, "Peter Whitney. "Rev. Mr. Puffer." The above episode was a sequel to something that had gone before. A bitter feud had long existed between the Ball family and the Rev. Peter Whitney. The story of the feud is told in a letter of Rev. Warren Fay, D.D., to the late George C. Davis. Mr. Davis was a grandson of John Ball, Sr., and great-grandson of James Ball. James Ball died in 1756. His widow survived him many years and died at the age of ninety-two. The story in the following letter concerns itself with Mrs. Ball's funeral. The letter reads: "My Dear Sir:— "In compliance with your request, I give what I believe to be a true history of some singular, and what seemed to us, strange facts in regard to your maternal ancestors. Your honored grandfather, John Ball, Sr., was a member of the church in Northborough of which the Rev. Peter Whitney became the second pastor. "Mr. Whitney assumed the power and authority, without the consent or action of the church, as I am informed, to alter the church covenant, which had been adopted before his settle- ment and by which the members had bound themselves. This your grandfather thought to be undue assumption of power, unprecedented and wrong. After more consultation and re- monstrance he withdrew and absented himself. Mr. Whitney then induced the church to inflict some censure upon your grandfather. After all this your grandfather proposed to meet Mr. Whitney before any impartial tribunal and have an investigation and an adjustment of all difficulties, saying he was willing to do whatever was right for a conciliation. 276 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "I understand that to do this Mr. Whitney persistently- objected, and said that he intended to bring Mr. Ball to terms. This position Mr. Whitney maintained, and Mr. Ball ceased to attend on his ministry. "Thus they stood in reference to each other when your great- grandmother (whose maiden name was Sarah Harrington) died at the home of your Grandfather Ball, where she had spent her married life and by whom she had been cared for to the very great age of more than ninety years. She died in the spring of 1801. Your grandfather invited the Rev. Mr. Fairbanks of Boylston to officiate at the funeral, but did not invite Mr. Whitney. However, Mr. W'hitney and wife started for the funeral, but having got stuck in the mud on the way, did not arrive until Mr. Fairbanks was about to offer prayer. Mr. Whitney took Mr. Fairbanks aside and absolutely forbade his offering prayer. And Mr. Ball, under these circumstances, and after these wanton and unprecedented interferences, did not wish for the services of Mr. W^hitney. Thus they went to the interment without any funeral services. "Mr. Whitney proposed offering prayer in the church after the burial, and invited all who would to attend. Your Grand- mother Ball asked her husband, on leaving the cemetery, if she should attend. Mistaking the negative for the affirmative reply, she went into the church — which she afterwards deeply regretted — as her feelings were very much wounded. "Mr. Whitney never had any ministerial intercourse with Mr. Fairbanks after this strange scene." That the Whitney-Ball feud was not continued indefinitely is attested by an item in Dr. Stephen Ball's memorandum book. Under the head of "Gifts," he records one of $100 "to the Rev. Peter Whitney." This would seem to indicate that he harbored no animosity on account of the unpleasant episode at his grand- mother's funeral. Deacon Jonathan Livermore, the centenarian, died shortly after the above-mentioned incident. His first wife was sister of James Ball, Sr. The Balls would not have Mr. Whitney officiate at the funeral, but invited Dr. Puffer instead. Dr. Puffer respectfully declined, and it is related that the good deacon was buried without obsequies. The following humorous incident is interesting in this con- nection. It may or may not be true, but it is hard to "down" a tradition: THE DEACON JOXATIIAN Ln'ERMORE HOUSE, BALL HILL, BUILT 1727 THE DR. BALL HOMESTEAD— NOW THE MRS. SARAH SEARLE HOUSE NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 277 There were two men in Mr. Whitney's congregation (one of whom was Mr. Ball) who were bitter enemies. It happened that these two men were on opposite sides of the political fence. One Sunday, Mr. Whitney took it into his head to preach a political sermon; and being a man of independent mind and of forceful speech, he naturally expounded his own view of the political situation. His view coincided with that of one of these men, but was utterly opposed to that of Mr. Ball. Both these men were in the congregation. Mr. Ball endured the sermon as long as he could. But finally, reaching the end of his endurance, he arose from his seat, scuffed down the aisle and left the church, slamming the door behind him. After the service, the other man went up to Mr. Whitney and congratu- lated him, saying, "Well parson, I always knew you were a pretty good follower of the Master, but I never knew until today that you possessed the power 'to cast out devils.'" Referring to the Whitney-Puffer incident, it would appear that their differences were speedily adjusted, for on May 7, Mr. Puffer preached the sermon at the Thursday Lecture in North- borough, and on June 14 the two men exchanged pulpits. CHAPTER XXX BIOGRAPHY JOHN BRIGHAM The following is quoted from Dr. Allen's "History of North- borough," pages 24 and 25: "John Brigham was one of three brothers (John, Samuel, and Thomas), who came from Sudbury to Marlborough some time previous to 1672. Their father was from England, married a Mercie Hurd, also from England; settled in Sudbury, where he died, probably in middle life, as his widow had buried a second husband by the name of Hunt, before her sons removed to Marl- borough. Samuel Brigham was the grandfather of the late Dr. Samuel Brigham of Marlborough; Thomas was an ancestor of the late Judge Brigham, of Westborough; and John, who had sometimes been called Doctor Brigham, was the father of Mrs. Mary Fay, wife of Gershom Fay, of whose remarkable escape from the Indians we shall presently give an account. John Brigham was one of the selectmen of Marlborough in 1679, and in the winter of 1689-90 representative to the convention then sitting in Boston. The Coram Farm was granted to him, it is said, by the General Court to compensate him for services as a surveyor of lands. Mr. Brigham lived to be quite aged, and used to come to reside with his daughter, Mrs. Fay, in this town." He was the first settler of Northborough. For further notice concerning him and his mill, see the early part of chapter "Early Industries of Northborough." DEACON JONATHAN LIVERMORE One of the names that appear most frequently during the first half century of Northborough history is that of Jonathan Livermore. He was one of the early settlers of the town and during his long life bore a conspicuous part in its affairs. He was born in Watertown, Mass., August 16, 1700, the son of Jonathan and Rebecca (Barnes) Livermore, and grandson of Samuel and Anna (Bridge) Livermore. He married Abigail Ball, daughter of James and Elizabeth (Fisk) Ball, June 23, 1723. They removed to Northborough (then Westborough) in 1727, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 279 and built a house on Ball Hill. Mrs. Livermore's two brothers, James and Nathan Ball, also lived on Ball Hill, the hill receiving its name from them. Mrs. Livermore died on her birthday anniversary, June 5, 1775, aged 73 years. Five months afterwards, November 16, 1775, the deacon married a second wife, Mrs. Jane Dunlap, late of Milton, and soon regretted it; for, if we may judge from certain letters she addressed to the church, she led the good deacon a pretty strenuous life. In the above-mentioned letters she demanded that the good offices of the church be withheld from the deacon until such time as he treated her as a Christian man ought to treat his wife. The deacon's unhappy marital relations did not work to the detriment of his physical health, however, for he lived to the ripe old age of one hundred years and nearly seven months. He died April 21, 1801. It is recorded of him that, on his hundredth birthday he mounted his horse, rode to town to attend a military muster, and then rode home again, a distance of nearly three miles. It is also related of him, that, at the above-mentioned muster "he started to ride over the lines but was challenged by the guard. But the colonel of the regiment coming up, gave him leave to go, saying that a man one hundred years old ought to be allowed to go where he pleased." Rev. A. A. Livermore, D.D., one of the deacon's descendants, writing to Dr. Allen in 1866, said (speak- ing of the deacon), "Mr. Sawyer of Bolton, told me that when a boy about eight years old, he saw Deacon Livermore, then one hundred years of age, at the funeral of a friend in Bolton, to which he had ridden on horseback." Jonathan Livermore was made Deacon of the Church at the time of its organization in 1746, and held that honorable office until 1782, when he resigned. When the north part of West- borough was made a precinct in 1744, he was made clerk of the new precinct — thus he was the first town clerk of Northborough. He held the position of precinct clerk from 1744 to 1750; 1754, 1755, 1763, 1764. He was a member of the precinct committee (corresponding to selectman) in 1744; was assessor 1744-48, 1750-52, 1754-55, 1762-64. In 1779 he was a representative to the State Convention. Deacon Livermore died, as has been said, April 21, 1801. His will, dated May 24, 1799, was allowed by judge of probate, May 5, 1801. Section eight of that instrument shows him to have been a loyal American, and that he regarded America as the best country on earth. It reads: "I give to my grandson, 280 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Calvin Rice, late of Northborough, now of Canada, within the dominion of the King of Great Britain, sixty-six dollars, sixty- six cents and seven mills, to be paid to him within seven years after my decease, without interest, on condition that he quit the kingdom of Great Britain and return with his family to spend the remainder of his days within the limits of the United States of America, a land of liberty and good government. Otherwise it is not to be paid to said Calvin, but to revert to, and become the property of my executors hereafter named."* Deacon Livermore's son, Jonathan, born December 6, 1729, was graduated from Harvard College in 1760, became the minis- ter of Wilton, N. H., in 1763, married Elizabeth Kidder. From them are descended the Livermores of Wilton. Dr. Allen, in his "History of Northborough," says of Deacon Livermore, "he possessed uncommon learning for his time, was an accurate surveyor, and an excellent penman, owing to which circumstance, the early records of the town appear in a remark- ably fine state." CAPTAIN BEZALEEL EAGER Inquiry is frequently made concerning what seems to be a gravestone, by the roadside on the "Plains Road" to Shrewsbury (from Cobb's Bridge), not far from the Davis mansion, bearing this inscription: "Capt. Bezaleel Eager was killed on this spot Oct. 31, 1787, aged 74. Erected by I. Davis." It is not a gravestone marking the resting place of Captain Eager, but, as the inscription says, it identifies the spot where he v/as killed. The story of the incident is told in Isaiah Thomas's magazine (published in Worcester in 1787), and is as follows : "Died in Northborough Oct. 31, very suddenly, in the 74th year of his age, Capt. Bezaleel Eager, formerly a representative for the town of Westborough in the General Court. He was a person well known, and as well respected, and his death is much lamented. He was a sensible, honest, worthy man, and has left behind him a fair character and a good name. "The manner of his death was as follows: Retiring from a lecture [held at a house near by], he mounted his horse in the view of a number of people; but not being properly seated, and not having full possession of the bridle — as was supposed — his horse, lively and gay, immediately set out upon a run, and threw him against a stone wall, whereby his brains were instantly *My beloved grandson, Thomas Keyes. (Calvin Rice was a son of Asa Rice, who mar- ried a daughter of Deacon Livermore). NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 281 dashed out, perhaps not more than twenty rods from where he first mounted. Several persons ran to him as he fell, but dis- covered not the least sign of life in him, except the motion of the lungs, which continued nearly an hour; and then he expired, — probably without any sense of pain, as it was without the least motion of any limb or part of the body." Captain Bezaleel Eager was born December 22, 1713, while Northborough and Westborough were yet a part of Marlborough. He married Persis Ward, a sister of General Artemas Ward of Shrewsbury, and lived on the place recently owned by Charles A. Davis, near the Shrewsbury line. He was a lieutenant in the French and Indian Wars, and a captain in the Revolutionary War (probably of General Artemas Ward's staff). He was active in town affairs, serving as Precinct Committee in 1745-46; 1750-57; 1759-64; as precinct treasurer, 1745-52; as select- man, 1766; 1768-75; as town clerk, 1770. He also served as representative to the General Court for the years 1760 and 1761. THE THREE DRS. BALL The "Ball" family has been identified with Northborough ever since the early days of the eighteenth century. They were descended from John Ball who came from England in the early part of the seventeenth century. "He was admitted freeman in 1650, and died some time between 1653 and 1655. John's son, Nathan, settled in Concord; Joseph was killed by Indians at Lancaster in 1675; and John, Jr., who was a tailor by trade, lived in Water- town. John Jr., was twice married — first to Elizabeth Pierce, second, to Eliza Fox. From this second marriage came the third John Ball. This last-named John was a weaver by trade. He married Sarah Bullard, daughter of George and Beatrice Bullard of Watertown, and had seven children. One son, James, who like his father was a weaver, married Elizabeth Fisk and reared a family of eight children. Two of these eight children, Nathan and James, came to Northborough about the year 1720, and settled on Ball Hill. From them, Ball Hill took its name.* James Ball died in 1756 at the age of 61 yrs." Dr. Stephen Ball (the first Stephen) was a son of James and Sarah (Harrington) Ball, and was born in 1735. In 1765 he married Mary Fairbanks, of Lancaster. He is known in North- borough history as the first physician that the town ever had; but where and how he obtained the title of Doctor we are not informed. There was no medical school in the country entitled *We are indebted to Dr. Henry J. Barnes, a lineal descendant from the Balls, for much of the information contained in this sketch. 282 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY to grant the degree until 1779, and Dr. Ball at that time was forty-four years old. Says Dr. Barnes: "He might have been apprenticed to a physician possessing the degree; or more likely, experience in the care of the sick resulted in the title being con- ferred by appreciative beneficiaries." After his marriage Dr. Ball lived on the estate for many years known as the "Ball Tavern," about a mile out on the Worcester road (now known as "The Gables"). The Ball Tavern was a well-known hostelry for many years, under the management of Jonas, Dr. Stephen's son. It was known for miles around for its ballroom, a large room with arched ceiling and spring floor. It was also used as the Masonic lodge room of Fredonia Lodge from the time of its organization in 1811 till its disbandment in about 1832. Dr. Ball took his part in the political life of the town having served as selectman three years, 1772, 1773 and 1783; as assessor, 1781 and as overseer, 1787. In 1773 he was one of the Com- mittee of Correspondence. Dr. Stephen Ball and Mary Fairbanks were the parents of nine children. Mary, who married Dr. Samuel Brigham of Boylston (pay- master in Washington's Army in 1777). Stephen, the second Dr. Ball. Sarah, who died in infancy. A second Sarah, who married Charles (or Chesley) Howe. James, who lived only three years. Jonas, who kept the Ball Tavern. A second James Abel, who married Sally, daughter of Abraham Monroe. Nahum, who married Lucy Wyman. Dr. Ball died, October 17, 1798, in the house east of the library, now occupied by Mrs. Sarah Searle. His gravestone in the churchyard contains this inscription: "Dr. Ball was the first Physician of the town of Northborough, who died instantly in a fit of the apoplex." THE SECOND DR. STEPHEN BALL He was the son of Stephen, the first. At the age of thirty- two years when he was generally spoken of as "an old bachelor," he married Lydia Lincoln, of Hingham, age nineteen years. This interesting story of how he met his bride-to-be is told by Mrs. Edith Searle Maynard, his granddaughter. She says: NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 283 "We have the interesting Httle story in our family, of the first meeting of our grandparents — how Dr. Ball came out of his side door one fine day, to take, as usual, his horse and yellow gig (so well remembered by old residents of the town) ; how he stepped to the old poplar tree, which even within my remem- brance stood close to our sitting-room window, and untied the reins from a ring attached to said tree. Just then his eye caught sight of two people passing on the opposite side of the street One of them he recognized as living in the house then standing on the site of the present Wadsworth house; the other, a sweet- faced maid whom he knew did not belong in Northborough. "Watching those two enter the opposite house, some strange prompting bade him refasten his horse, and then, lost in thought, our grandfather went into the house. Soon he came out again; but it was not Dobbin and the yellow gig which claimed his attention — instead, with some 'thought-up errand,' this digni- fied physician walked into his neighbor's house across the street — a liberty which to the physician of that period was ever granted — and so our grandfather and our grandmother first met — and later, married — a marriage that for fifty years was happily lived together." The new bride proved to be a remarkable woman. She possessed considerable musical talent for those early days, and her husband bought for her the first piano that ever came into Northborough.* It is also related of her that she carried the first umbrella ever seen in town. Dr. Barnes relates that "horses jumped and reared at the sight of Mrs Ball's 'portable penthouse' which a dictionary of the age called them, and she was told to 'shut down that thing; shut it down!' " Dr. Ball, the second, is described by Mrs. Forbes in her little book, "The Hundredth Town," as being "a stout man with a short neck, wearing, in winter, a yellow fur hat, much larger at the top than at the bottom, including even the inch-wide brim; and in summer, a plain straw, painted drab . . . and it was a common remark that any one passing Dr. Ball in the night could recognize him by the odor of the drugs exhaled from his old gig. He was a quiet man, never very merry, sorrowful, nor angry, with a gentle, 'softly' way with his patients." Dr. Ball was a well-known physician in this whole neighbor- hood, having patients as far away as Leicester on the west and Framingham on the east. And, says Dr. Barnes, "he was the *It is now in the possession of the Northborough Historical Society, a gift from Mrs Ball's daughter, Mrs. Sarah Searle. 284 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY preceptor of a number of medical students who sought his in- struction, for which he received from $100 to $125 a year; which probably included their board. Among his students he records the name of Jesse Brigham, James King (1801), Levi Brigham (1805), Rubin Washburn (1806), Lincoln Hart (1808), Calvin Lamb and George Sargent (1811), John Andrews (1812), Joseph Bullard, Stephen Ball, and Henry Barnes, who married his daughter, Elizabeth." Mention has been made of Dr. Ball's yellow gig. He used it for a long time, but in the natural course of events it became dilapidated and grated harshly on the ears of the townspeople. If it be true, as the old proverb has it, that "Coming events cast their shadows before," then Dr. Ball's coming was always heralded by the rattling of the wheels of his gig. It is related that Squire Stowe, out of consideration for the nerves of Northborough, once went to Dr. Ball's barn after dark with a monkey wrench and tightened the nuts of the axle-tree of the offending gig. Dr. Ball practiced medicine for about fifty-four years. His practice netted him about $1000 a year. But when we consider that his fees were twenty-five cents for an offtce patient and thirty-seven and one-half cents for a visit, it would seem that his practice was very large. Dr Ball had other irons in the fire. He established and carried on the first apothecary business in Northborough, and he taught young men that business. At one time he carried on a shoe business (the manufacture of morocco shoes) ; and at another time he carried on a millinery business. And, as though this were not enough to occupy his time, he also carried on ex- tensive farming interests. He also built the grist-mills at what is now known as Smith's Mills. The third Dr. Stephen Ball was a son of the second Stephen. He was educated at Dr. Allen's Home School, Leicester Academy and Harvard Medical School. He built the brick house on Main Street (west of the library), now occupied by Miss Emma A. Barnes and Dr. Henry J. Barnes, his grandchildren. Thus for two centuries has the Ball family been identified with the life of Northborough. COLLEGE MEN The following list of college-bred men (except the last name and some dates which were added by Dr. Allen) was compiled by Rev. Peter Whitney. It is a comparatively long list for a small town in those early days: Jonathan Livermore, son of Deacon Jonathan Livermor e NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 285 was graduated from Harvard College in 1760. He settled in the ministry at Wilton, N. H., where he died in 1809 in his eightieth year. Ebenezer Rice was graduated from Harvard in 1760. He took up his residence in Marlborough where he was a physician for many years; later, he moved to Barre, Mass., where he died. Jacob Rice was graduated from Harvard in 1765. He entered the ministry and settled in Henniker, N. Y., as the first minister of that town. He was dismissed on account of ill health, but later settled at Brownfield, Maine, where he died suddenly on Sunday, February 1, 1824, soon after preaching the morning sermon. Elijah Brigham was educated at Dartmouth College where he was graduated in 1778. He studied law but never practiced it; engaged in business in Westborough, was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1791-93; was justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1795-1811; was state senator, 1796, 1798, 1801-05, 1807-10; was state counselor, 1799, 1800, 1806; was elected to Congress as a Federalist and served from 1811 to 1816. He died in Washington, February 2, 1816. John Taylor was graduated from Harvard in 1786, and settled in Northampton where he practiced law. He also was a representative to the General Court. Peter Whitney, son of Rev. Peter Whitney, was graduated from Harvard in 1791. Was assistant preceptor of Derby Acad- emy at Hingham for a few years, and in 1800 was settled as the minister of Quincy, Mass. Henry Gassett was educated at Harvard College, from which institution he was graduated in 1795. He engaged in business in Boston where for many years he was a prominent merchant. He was born on East Main Street in v/hat is known as the "Esquire Clark House." He was the donor of the "Gassett Fund." Israel Monroe was graduated from Harvard College in 1800; studied law and set up in the practice thereof in the town of Boston. Warren Fay was graduated from Harvard College in 1807. Was ordained, and installed as the minister of Brimfield in the following year. Luther Rice was graduated from Williams College in 1810. He was one of the first missionaries from America to foreign parts. He was the founder of Columbian College (now George Washington University) in Washington, D.C. Died in 1836. 286 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY John Davis was graduated from Yale College in 1812. Was a prominent lawyer in Worcester for many years; Governor of Massachusetts, member of Congress, and United States Senator. Isaac Davis, son of Phineas Davis, was graduated at Brown University in 1822. Was a prominent lawyer in Worcester. JUDAH MONIS W^e seldom see anyone wandering around in our old church- yard. Yet it is worth visiting, for it contains at least one grave- stone of rare interest — that of Rabbi Judah Monis, the first Christian Jew in North America. An occasional visitor comes to see it; but we fear that it is entirely unknown to most of our townspeople. A slight sketch of Judah Monis's life might not, therefore, be out of place in this history. There is some uncertainty as to Mr. Monis's birthplace. One authority places it in Algiers, another in Italy. But be that as it may, Judah Monis was born in 1683, and soon after that date his family was living in Italy. The New England Courant, of April 2, 1722, says that he was educated "in the Jewish Acade- mies of Leghorn and Amsterdam." He was of Sephardic stock and was educated "in the strict training of the pious Jews." In 1716 we find him in New York where he was admitted a freeman by the Mayor and Common Council. In 1720 he was settled in Boston. In that year Harvard College gave him the degree of M.A., and in 1722 made him instructor of Hebrew, which position he held forty years. He published a Hebrew Grammar in 1735 which for many years was used as a college text book. It was printed in Boston by Jonas Green. He translated into Hebrew, the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, and the Assem- bly's Shorter and Larger Catechisms. As a side light upon the ability of Judah Monis as a teacher we quote a line or two from the "History of the Town of Bille- rica." Of one of the early ministers of that town, Rev. Henry Commings, it is said, "he was considered a fine Hebrew scholar, having been taught while in college by a Jew who took unmeas- ured pains with a small class to perfect them in the language he loved, and took great pride in their success." Another evidence of Monis's ability as a teacher is the fact that we have already stated, he held his position forty years. An event of very great importance in his life took place in 1722. He became an apostate. Born and reared after the NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 287 strictest manner of the Jews, he gave up his Hebrew religion and embraced Christianity. He was pubHcly baptized on March 27, 1722. We may well suppose that it was an illustrious audi- ence that assembled in the College Hall to witness the Christian baptism of the well-known Jewish rabbi. To the Rev. Ben- jamin Colman, pastor of one of the Boston churches fell the honor of preaching the sermon (his text was John v, 46), and to the Rev. Nathaniel Appleton, pastor of the First Parish in Cambridge, fell the honor of baptizing him. Immediately after the baptism, Mr. Monis delivered a carefully prepared address on "The Truth," in which he ad- dressed his Jewish brethren. In the same year (1722) he pub- lished this address, together with two more with separate title pages; the titles of the three being, "The Truth," The "Whole Truth," and "Nothing but the Truth." The volume also con- tained Mr. Colman's sermon.* Increase Mather, the famous Boston divine who wrote the preface to this volume, was so impressed by the sincerity of Monis's apologia, that he said in his preface, "The Conversion of Mr. Monis to Christianity is an effect of Divine Grace. The Truth and Reality of this Conversion appear in what is here Exhibited, in that he has notably confuted the Jews, from the Scriptures in the Old Testament, which they pretend to believe. , . . There is no cause to fear that Mr. Monis will renounce his Christianity, since he did it Voluntarily and Gradually, and with much Consideration, from the Scriptures in the Old Testa- ment. God grant that he (who is the first Jew that I ever knew Converted in New England) may prove a blessing unto many, and especially to some of his own nation." On January 18, 1724, Judah Monis married Miss Abigail Marrett of Cambridge. John Martyn, Northborough's first minister, married a Miss Marrett, too. The two wives were sisters; and Martyn and Monis therefore became brothers-in- law. They had previously formed a close friendship in college-;- the former as student, the latter as instructor. Mrs. Monis died in 1761, and Judah came to Northborough (then a precinct of Westborough), to live with his friend and brother-in-law. In this way this famous Jewish scholar became associated with Northborough. At the time of his coming to Northborough Mr. Monis was a venerable man, full of years and honor. It was because of these facts and because they felt honored by the presence of such a distinguished man in their midst that the precinct did *Mrs. Harriet H. Johnson of this town owns a copy of this book. 288 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY what it could to honor him. There was not much it could do, but what it did it did gladly. It voted that "Mr. Judah Monis should be seated in the foor (fore) seat below." "The fore seat below" was the seat of honor in the Meeting- house; and as Dr. Allen says, "with his three-cornered hat, and stave and enormous shoe buckles he must have made quite an imposing appearance as he came in to take his seat." Mr. Monis did not live long in his retirement, however, and passed away on April 25, 1764. He was buried in the old church- yard and his quaint slate gravestone remains to this day the Mecca of many strangers who visit Northborough every year. We transcribe the inscription: "Here lies buried the Remains of Rabbi Judah Monis, late Hebrew instructor at Harvard College in Cambridge in which office he continued 40 years. He was by Birth and Religion a Jew but embraced the Christian Faith and was publickly bap- tized at Cambridge, A. D. 1722 and departed this life April 25, 1764 Aged 81 years 2 months and 21 days. "A native branch of Jacob see. Which, once from off its olive broke, Regrafted in the living tree, Rom. xi, 17-24 Of the surviving sap partook. "From teeming Zion's fertile womb, Isa. 65-8 As dewy drops in early morn, Ps. ex, 3 As rising bodies from the tomb, John v, 28-29 At once be Israel's nation born. Isa. 66-8" In his will Mr. Monis gave to the church for its communion service, a silver tankard and a silver cup. The tankard was melted and two cups made from it in 1811. All three cups are still in existence. REV. LUTHER RICE* Missionary and Educator The name. Rice, has been a familiar one in Northborough throughout the entire course of its history; and even before Northborough had a history the name was well known in this neighborhood, for Edmund Rice, the founder of the family name, was one of the earliest settlers of Sudbury, who, in 1656, peti- tioned the Great and General Court "that you would be pleased *The author has drawn freely upon an unpublished "Life of Luther Rice," by Rev. Charles Stanley Pease, formerly pastor of the Baptist Church of Northborough. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 289 to grant unto us eight square miles, or so much land as may containe to eight miles square, for to make a plantation." The petition was complied with, and the grant for many years was known as the "Marlborough Plantation." It included the present city of Marlborough, and the towns of Southborough, Westborough, Northborough and Hudson. The Rice families settled in all these towns, wherein, from 1656 to the present time they have borne a conspicuous part in their development. It is one of the strange ironies of fate that one of the most conspicuous members of that family is least known in the town where he was born; and this, notwithstanding the fact that there is a printed biography of him in the town library. This is doubtless due to his leaving town at an early age and never returning, save for one or two flying visits. Luther Rice was the son of Amos, and was of the sixth genera- tion from Edmund, the founder of the name. He was born in Northborough, March 25, 1783, in a small "lean-to" house, on what is locally known as "Lovers' Lane." The house remained until about twenty years ago (1900), when from long disuse, it fell into decay and was taken down. The present house of Mr. Worsfold stands on its site. He was a younger brother of ASAPH RICE (he always wrote his name in capitals), who was as WELL known as Luther was UNknown. An intimate friendship existed between these two brothers, and as long as Luther lived they carried on a confidential correspondence. The life-work of the man was presaged in the inclinations of the boy. He early developed a deep interest in religion, united with the church at nineteen years of age, and at the suggestion of a neighboring minister, began to prepare himself for the work of the ministry. This plan seems not to have met with the ap- proval of his father, and he was therefore obliged to support himself during these years of preparation. He spent three years at the Leicester Academy, supporting himself by conducting a music school in the evenings, and by teaching school during the vacations. Upon his graduation from the academy he entered Williams College, in October, 1807. Williams College was a long way from home, had been recently established, and offered unusual inducements to students of limited means. At the college he made the acquaintance of Samuel J. Mills, a student who was destined to make his mark in the religious world. Mills was the leader of the "Haystack Prayer-meeting," a prayer-meeting that was destined to become famous, because of what resulted from it. The idea of sending missionaries to heathen lands was seriously debated by those young students. 290 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY This famous prayer-meeting took place in 1806, the year before Rice entered the college. But when he arrived upon the scene he immediately associated himself with that group of missionary enthusiasts, who, early in the fall of 1808 "formed the now famous society of 'Brethren' for the cultivation of a mission- ary spirit and the furtherance of their missionary aims. In this organization Rice was a charter member, his name standing fifth among the signers of the constitution, as follows: Samuel J. Mills, Ezra Fisk, James Richards, John Seward, Luther Rice . . . the object of the society, as concisely stated in the consti- tution, was 'to effect in the persons of its members a mission, or missions, to the heathen.'" And, as the Rev. Charles S. Pease continues, "it was the first society of its kind to be or- ganized on this continent." From Williams College Rice went to the Theological School at Andover, where he had as classmates several young men who had been his intimates at Williams. In addition to these was a young man from Brown University whose name (and that of his noble wife) is spoken with reverence whenever and wherever the subject of missionaries is discussed — Adoniram Judson. The society of "Brethren" was reorganized at Andover and Rice was made president. Membership was limited to those who pledged themselves to go out as foreign missionaries. But there were no foreign missionary societies in America to whom they could offer their services. So they made overtures to the London Missionary Society. At this stage, they made their plans known to certain professors of the Theological School who advised them to submit their plans to the General Association of Massachusetts which was about to convene at Bradford. This was accordingly done. Their case was referred to a committee who reported in favor of the creation of a Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Thus arose the first foreign missionary society in this country; and Northborough played a conspicuous part in it. Luther Rice, Adoniram Judson, Gordon Hall, Samuel Nott, Jr., and Samuel Newell were appointed missionaries and were ordained to the Christian ministry at the Tabernacle Congre- gational Church in Salem, February 6, 1812, in the presence of a large and solemn congregation. Some of these men, with their wives, sailed from Salem, February 19; others, including Rice, sailed from Philadelphia, February 20. These were the first missionaries to foreign parts ever to sail from America. The Philadelphia party reached Calcutta, India, August 10, having consumed nearly six months on their voyage. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 291 An event of great importance to the Baptist denomination took place soon after Rice's arrival in India. On his voyage over, he had as fellow-passengers, two English Baptist mission- aries who were bound for the same destination. Naturally, they discussed theology. Long before they reached India, Rice had begun to have serious doubts as to the validity of the method of baptism as practiced by the Congregational order to which he belonged. And after he reached India he discovered that his friend Judson (who had arrived six weeks before) had already changed his views on the same subject. Both these young men were strong-minded, and independent in their thinking; and it is not to be supposed that either of them would, or could, change his theological views except after a desperate struggle. But both of them did. Rice was baptized in the Lall Bazar Baptist Mission, Calcutta, November 1, 1812. Previously to which, however, he had written the following letter to Rev. Dr. Worcester of Salem, the Secretary of the American Board, acquainting him with his change of views: "The solemn and important ordinance of Christian baptism has presented itself to my mind in such an attitude, that I could not refrain from examining it. With very considerable means at command, I have endeavored, I trust with prayerfulness and in the fear of God, and with no small impression of the delicacy and high responsibility of my situation, to give it a careful and serious examination. But it is with emotions pecu- liarly affecting that I proceed to inform you that in the result of the examination, I am compelled to relinquish a view of that sacred ordinance which I have formerly apprehended to be highly important. I am satisfactorily convinced, that those only who give credible evidence of piety, are proper subjects, and that immersion is the proper mode of baptism. This being the case we think it expedient and proper that I should unite with Brother Judson in a mission rather than with the other brethren." In the meantime, war between England and the United States had begun (the War of 1812), and the American mission- aries (who were looked upon as spies), were ordered to leave India. Mr. and Mrs. Judson and Rice got away as soon as they could, and travelled together as far as the Isle of France. Here, the Judsons decided to remain and await developments, while Rice concluded to return to America. He arrived in New York, September 7, 1813, and in Boston a few days later. Rice's chief purpose in returning to his native land was to endeavor to enlist the Baptist denomination in the cause of foreign missions. Soon after the Baptists of Boston learned that Mr. Judson had allied himself with their denomination 292 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY they formed the "Baptist Society for Propagating the Gospel in India and other Foreign Parts." And to this Society Mr. Rice addressed himself. This Society, together with societies in Salem and Haverhill looked upon Mr. Rice as the one man who could do more than any one else to create an interest in missions among their churches, and they requested him to visit the churches in the eastern, middle, and southern states with this purpose in view. Nor were they mistaken in their belief. Rice accepted the appointment, and after making a flying visit to his home in Northborough, began those series of visits to the eastern and southern states, extending over a period of years, which resulted in making the Baptists a great missionary denomination. "Every- where he was received almost with acclamation," says Dr. Wayland. Local missionary societies were established every- where, out of which was formed the great parent society, which for more than one hundred years has managed the missionary afifairs of that great denomination. Another phase of Luther Rice's life concerns itself w^ith educational matters. The Baptist ministry, one hundred years ago, was an uneducated ministry. To remedy this defect a school of theology was opened in Philadelphia in 1818, and Mr. Rice was appointed an agent to solicit funds for its maintenance. The success of the school was so well assured from the start that the idea of founding a college next presented itself. Where to locate the proposed college was a matter for consideration. Luther Rice was one of a committee to find a suitable location. The committee found such a location in the City of Washing- ton, D.C., and in a surprisingly short time had collected $10,000 toward its purchase. The parent society thereupon voted to remove its school of theology to Washington and to operate it henceforth in connection with the college. In the meantime they had secured a charter from the United States Congress (1821), and work on the new college was begun. In the charter, the name of the institution was designated as "The Columbian College in the District of Columbia"; and in the act of incorpora- tion, Luther Rice was named as one of its trustees. When the trustees organized they named Mr. Rice as treasurer of the college, which position he held many years. The theological school began operations in September, 1821. The college proper was opened January 9, 1822. The Board of Trustees, in their report, rendered April 24, 1822, puts on record their appreciation of the part that Mr. Rice had in the success of the institution, in the following words: "The Colum- bian College in the District of Columbia, which has risen under NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 293 the auspices of the Board, and more especially by the unwearied labors of their much-valued Agent, the Rev. Luther Rice, is now in operation," etc. The "unwearied labors," spoken of above, are emphasized by Rev. Dr. Taylor (Mr. Rice's biographer), in these words: "The amount of labor performed by him at this period far ex- ceeded all his previous efforts, and in many instances was almost incredible. In addition to the mission agency which he held, nearly the whole dependence of the college, for funds, rested upon him. Scarcely allowing time for meals or repose he was continually employed in travelling from place to place, and conducting a correspondence with persons in all parts of the United States." When this college opened its doors it had thirty students. Five years later it had more than two hundred — all that it could accommodate. It continued to thrive for a few years, when it began to suffer reverses. The reason for this being, that in the meantime other Baptist institutions had come into being in several parts of the country, thus drawing the financial support that had originally gone to Columbian. In 1873, through the munificence of the Hon. W, W. Corcoran, the Wash- ington philanthropist, it received an endowment sufficient to place it on a sound foundation. In 1904 it was reorganized under a special Act of Congress, and has since been known as the George Washington University. Thus the heroic labors of Luther Rice, one hundred years ago, are in a fair way to continue indefinitely. Northborough may well take pride in this institution. Mr. Rice was also a preacher, and a convincing one. Rev. Francis Wayland, D.D., a man who stands high in the annals of Baptist history as preacher and as president of Brown University, relates the following incident. He was twenty years old at the time and was preparing himself to become a physician: "About this time (1816) Rev. Luther Rice visited Troy to awaken an interest in the subject of missions. He stayed with my father and preached several times in the Baptist Church. . . . Mr. Rice was a man of decided ability, and a solemn and effective preacher. ... I well remember the effect pro- duced on me by a sermon which he preached from the text 'The Glorious Gospel of the Blessed God.' For the first time in my life I was constrained to believe that the sentiments of my heart were in harmony with the gospel; that I loved God and all that God loved; and that it would be a pleasure to me to devote my life to his service." 294 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Mr. Wayland forthwith left the medical school and went to the Andover Theological School to prepare himself for the work of the Christian ministry. He later became the minister of the First Baptist Church of Boston, and still later, the presi- dent of Brown University. Professor James B. Taylor, Mr. Rice's friend and biographer, described him thus: "As a preacher of righteousness he has been rarely excelled. By nature he was endowed with many of the essential attri- butes of an effective speaker. His appearance was highly prepossessing. Above the ordinary height, with a robust and perfectly erect form, there was at once produced on the mind of the beholder a most favorable impression. None could fail to entertain respect, for it was demanded by a peculiar dignity of appearance and manner. . . . His voice was clear and melodious. The moment he began to speak attention was aroused, and uniformly the interest thus awakened was kept up throughout the services. The clearness of his conceptions, the accuracy and force of his language, and the solemn dignity of his manner, all contributed to render him one of the most interesting public speakers of our land. Occasionally, his eloquence was overpowering, particularly when he advocated the more sublime doctrines of our holy religion." Mr. Rice died at Edgefield, S. C, September 25, 1836, at the home of his friend. Dr. R. G. Mays, at the age of fifty-three years. "He was buried the next day (Sunday) near the Pine Pleasant Baptist Church, which is five miles south of the Saluda River, and twelve miles below the Abbeville line." The Baptists of South Carolina erected a monument over his grave bearing a long description of his life work. Mr. Rice's work is also memorialized by a tablet in Lall Bazar, now Carey Baptist Chapel, Calcutta, India. It was the gift of Mrs. L. E. Gurley, of Troy, N. Y., and was unveiled January 1, 1909. The inscription thereon reads as follows: This tablet is erected to the memory of Rev. Luther Rice, born in Northborough, Mass., U. S. A., on March 25, 1783, and educated at Leicester Academy, Williams College, and Andover. Sailed for India as a missionary of the American Board, February, 1812, embraced Baptist views and was baptized in this chapel by the Rev. William Ward of Serampore, November 1st, 1812. Sailed with Dr. and Mrs. Judson to Mauritius, November 30, 1812. Returned to America, arriving at New York, September 7th, 1813, and spent the remaining years of his life laying GOVERNOR JOHN DAVIS NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 295 deep and broad the foundations of the American Baptist Missionary Union. Died at Edgefield, South CaroHna, September 25th, 1836. A missionary enthusiast, eloquent preacher, and devout and wholly consecrated servant of the Lord Jesus Christ. Erected in recognition of his noble services on behalf of foreign missions, by a few American Baptists, and unveiled at the centenary celebration of this church, January 1st, 1909. GOVERNOR JOHN DAVIS Governor John Davis was the son of Isaac and Anna (Brigham) Davis. He was born in Northborough, January 13, 1787; was edu- cated in the public schools of his native town and in Leicester Academy, Leicester, Mass.; was graduated from Yale College in 1812; taught school in Northborough one winter; studied law, and in 1815 began practice in Worcester; was elected to Con- gress as a Whig and served from 1825 to 1834; was Governor of Massachusetts, 1834; United States Senator 1835 to 1841, when he resigned; Governor of Massachusetts, 1841 to 1843; was nominated for Vice-president at Whig meeting held in Dayton, Ohio, in 1842, but this action was not ratified by the national Whig Convention in 1844; again United States Senator to fill vacancy caused by death of Hon. Isaac C. Bates, and served from 1845 to 1853; died in Worcester, April 19, 1854. Because of his uprightness of character, both private and public, he was known for many years as "Honest" John Davis. At the time of his death he was the president of the American Antiquarian Society. That society held a memorial service in his honor in Boston, April 26, 1854, on which occasion the Hon. Thomas Kinnicutt, of Worcester, delivered an address on "The Life and Character of The Hon. John Davis." In his address Mr. Kinnicutt says: "The success of Mr. Davis in his profession was remarkable. He has been known to say, that his diffidence was so great in early life, that, for years after he had acquired some reputation at the Bar, he never rose to address the court or jury without embarrassment; yet, at the end of ten years after his admission to practice, upon the elevation of Governor Lincoln to the Bench, he was the acknowledged head of his profession in a county of wide extent, and always distinguished for the ability of its Bar. As an advocate, he had few superiors in Massachu- setts. Others there were more eloquent, possessed of more genius, capable of producing more thrilling effect by impassioned 296 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY declamation and beautiful imagery; but there were few, if any, possessed of more power to convince or persuade a New England jury. His imagination was always subordinate to his judgment; perhaps he had too little of the former faculty. He seldom indulged in declamation. His strength lay in the clearness of his statement, in logical arrangement, in a facility of grouping the evidence bearing upon a given point, in a sagacity that never failed him in the selection of the topics and illustrations suited to the tribunal he addressed, with which his mind was stored by extensive reading and wide observation; and, added to this, a sincerity of manner so perfect that it could not be counterfeit. It is not strange, that, with such endowments, he should be successful with a jury composed of men distinguished as most New England juries are, for their common sense, earnest to discover the truth, and suspicious of ail attempts to lead their judgments astray by appeals to their feelings or imagination. "But it was as a statesman that Governor Davis was most distinguished, and upon his character in this capacity will rest his chief claim to an enduring reputation. He had not long been a member of the House of Representatives before he became distinguished. "Upon his elevation to the Senate, he entered upon an arena in which it was still more difficult to acquire and sustain a reputation of a high order . . . but he soon took a rank, which never deserted him, among the wisest and most able members of that remarkable body. "Governor Davis was a man of large reading, and of wide and minute observation. His knowledge was extensive and varied. It was difficult to suggest a subject on which some- thing could not be learned from him. He had devoted much time to the reading of history, both ancient and modern ; and few persons were so thoroughly instructed in the details of our own colonial and national history. "In conversation he possessed remarkable power. Few men equalled him as a talker. His resources seemed to be never- failing. It was delightful to listen to him, as he sat in his own house, surrounded by his friends, pouring forth instruction by the hour, from lips that never tired, and from a mind never exhausted of its treasures, upon themes of the most varied character, social, political, historical, moral — rising from those of ordinary interest, up to those which deal with the highest questions of human life and human destiny. "Though deeply engrossed with the cares and duties of polit- ical station, he yet found time to interest himself in those NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 297 benevolent enterprises which have for their object the improve- ment of the world in civilization, in morals, and religion. In the proceedings of the American Bible Society he felt a warm interest, and consented for a number of years to act as the president of the Worcester County Auxiliary Bible Society, in which capacity he afforded efficient aid to the parent associa- tion." Said Dr. Alonzo Hill, in a sermon preached in the Second Parish Church in Worcester, April 23, 1854: "John Davis, through years of public service and party strife, never incurred a suspicion of the purity of his motives or the integrity of his life : but through all political changes, retained the profound respect of those who opposed him most." The newspapers, at the time of his death, made such com- ments as: "A great and good man has fallen." "A shining light among the resplendent luminaries of the republic is extinguished." "The honest man and politician is gone." The Hon. Abbott Lawrence paid him this fine tribute: "It had been my happy privilege to be associated with Gov- ernor Davis in bonds of social intimacy for a long series of years; I have also been connected with him in the care or arrange- ment of many important matters of general interest. I can say of Governor Davis, that no one could be a more true and judicious friend; no one more devoted to the faithful discharge of delegated power; no one in whose bosom glowed a more pure or ardent patriotism; no one whose moral character was more free from blemish. Governor Davis possessed extraordinary sagacity, incorruptible integrity, and industry which never flinched in the face of arduous labor. These qualities, backed by the results of close observation of men, and extensive re- searches in books, enabled him to take and sustain a position in our national councils which it has fallen to the lot of few men to achieve. They were qualities which even political hostility has neither depreciated nor denied, and whose beneficent effects illuminate the pages of our nation's legislative history." Mr. Davis's wife, Eliza Bancroft, was a daughter of the Rev. Aaron Bancroft of Worcester, and a sister of George Ban- croft, the historian. Mr. Davis bears the distinction of being the only man ever elected Governor of Massachusetts, four times, with the excep- tion of Governor George Briggs who was elected seven times. 298 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY In the "Diary of Philip Hone," recently published (a very prominent citizen of New York City), we read, under date of June 2, 1835: "I then went to the Mayor's, Gen. Lyman, who gave a soiree to the civil and military characters on the occasion of the annual election of the artillery company, where I met the Governor of the state, Mr. John Davis, a distinguished man, and Mr. Armstrong, the Lieut-Governor, with whom I was much pleased, and many others whom it was well to know. Mr. Davis has been recently elected, and the state lost a most excellent and valuable representative in Congress when they gained in him a good governor." THOMAS W. VALENTINE Thomas W. Valentine, son of Gill and Sabra (Wood) Valen- tine, was born in Northborough, February 16, 1818. He was educated in the public schools of his native town, and at an early age, chose teaching as his life work. In that noble profession he had a long and successful career, beginning in that part of Lancaster which is now the town of Clinton, Mass., in 1836, and ending in the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1879. During the years 1837 to 1839 he taught in his native town; in 1840, in the State of Pennsylvania; in 1841, in Ashland, Mass. From 1842 to 1854 he was principal of a public school in Albany, N. Y.; he was superintendent of the Albany Orphan Asylum during the last two years of his residence in that city, and served the city as Alderman of the ninth ward during his last three years there. He was also editor of the "New York Teacher" for two years. In 1855 he was made principal of public school No. 19, Brooklyn, N. Y. (a school which for several years numbered more than 1600 pupils), which position he held until his death in April, 1879. In a little volume, "The Genealogy of One Branch of the Wood Family," which he himself compiled, he says: "The only speciality he claims in his professional life is his efforts to excite more esprit de corps among teachers. In 1838 (while teaching in Northborough) he called and presided over the first convention of teachers held in Worcester County. In 1845 he originated the New York State Teachers' Association (the oldest of the twenty-five state associations in this country). In 1857, while President of the New York State Association, he made the first movement which resulted in the organization in Philadelphia of The National Teachers' Association, which is the largest and most important body of teachers in the world." [1871.] THOMAS W. VALENTINE NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 299 Concerning his activities along this line he speaks at greater length in the following letter which he wrote to Dr. Joseph Allen in Northborough : "Williamsburg, N. Y. "Feb. 5, 1866. *'Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D. "Dear Sir: "I find, on page 301, in Hudson's 'History of Marlborough,' or rather in your 'Sketch of Northborough,' contained in that book, a reference made to the large number of teachers North- borough has furnished, etc. In that paragraph you mention that some one has 'a list of fifty-seven teachers, male and female, whose education was obtained principally in our public schools.' If I knew who that person is that has such a list, I would not trouble you, but would write directly to him. If that list is perfect, and especially if it contains also some brief statements in relation to the amount of service each has rendered, I would not mind paying $5.00 for a copy of it. I do very much doubt whether any other town of the same size in the whole Common- wealth, or in the whole country, can show a better record in that respect. "That much of the credit for this is due to you, Sir, as the Chariman of the School Committee for so long a period, I think all will acknowledge; and I hope and believe that fact will be distinctly stated whenever such a record shall be made up. The great Apostle to the Gentiles considered it no boasting to speak of his own labors, sufferings and success; and I trust, whenever the proper time shall come, your modesty will not keep you from even claiming that credit which is honestly and honorably and justly yours. "But for myself, I repudiate all such modesty. That same Apostle could 'speak as a fool,' and so may I while claiming credit for my native town. It cannot be denied that the first call for a nieeting of teachers in Worcester County emanated from Northborough. What that small beginning has resulted in, you yourself know; and I never read the proceedings of the present County Association without thinking of that first meeting in 1838. "It cannot be denied that the first idea of a State Association of Teachers originated with a native of Northborough twenty-one years ago. That idea has resulted in the formation of at least twenty-three such associations — four of which I have had the honor of addressing. 300 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "It cannot be denied that the plan of a teachers' periodical, as such, distinctively, was drawn up by a wanderer from that same little town. Now, there are at least a dozen such, in this country. "But more than all, and above all in its results, the National Teachers' Association may be traced to the same origin. When I looked upon that immense gathering at Harrisburg last summer, before which two Governors were not ashamed to speak, I must confess I did not recognize my own bantling. I could not help exclaiming with one of old, 'what hath God wrought!' If a national Bureau of Education shall ever be organized under our Government, it will be done through the efforts and influence of that Association. On this very day, a meeting of State Superintendents is to be held in Washington to do what they can to bring about the establishment of a National System of Education; but this too, is the result of the Harrisburg meet- ing, where this meeting was planned. "Of course, these organizations have all got beyond me now, for the Chief Brothers are not apt to remember Joseph; but little care I, so that the work goes bravely on. There is yet much land to be possessed, and if I can live to see the blessings of our New England system of Free Schools extending over our •whole united country, I can die as contented as did old Simeon. If, in all these great public movements, I have been permitted to bear some humble part, I must thank God, AND YOU, for the inspiration. If, 'solitary and alone, I set this ball in motion,' I have the satisfaction of knowing that the ball will roll on long after I am dead and forgotten. "I am now in my 30th year of teaching, and in three states I have met with more success than I have deserved or expected. Not fewer than 18,500 pupils have been under my charge. These have been in country and in city; in small and in large schools; in private and in public schools; in day and in evening schools; in normal and in primary schools; and really, I must be getting into my dotage, for I am beginning to live upon the past. You, at least, know what that means, and can excuse it. Cer- tainly, few have been permitted to see more in the school line than I ; and I have not yet seen 48 years. Twice has the Hon. Henry Barnard pressed me for a portrait and sketch of my labors, for publication in the American Journal of Education, but poverty has hitherto prevented, on account of the cost of engraving. "Now, Dr. Allen, you see I have spoken as a fool; but it is only that Northborough may claim something on the score of her teachers. I shall feel honored in being classed with the PROF. JOHN MINOT RICE NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 301 Fays, the Aliens, the Seavers, the Bartletts, the (elder) Valen- tines, and the scores of others who have gone out from that town to teach the young idea. "Yours most truly, "Thomas W. Valentine." Besides the little book spoken of in the early part of this sketch, "Genealogy of the Wood Family," Mr. Valentine is the author of "A Fifty Years' Pilgrimage," a pamphlet, being the history of the Baptist Church, written on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of that church. He also wrote occasional poems, though he did not claim to be a poet; chief among which was one written for the celebration of the town's Centennial Anniversary in 1866. Another was written for the dedication of the town hall in 1869; though unfortunately, this last-named poem has not been preserved. Mr. Valentine's father, Gill Valentine, was a man of some note in his day, being a land surveyor, map-maker, postmaster and deputy sheriflf. For fifteen years he was auditor for the City of Worcester. In 1871 he returned to Northborough where he died, February 22, 1879. PROFESSOR JOHN MINOT RICE The Northborough schools have turned out a great many teachers, some of whom have become famous in the larger educational world. And the town delights to honor their memory for they have reflected glory upon her. By no means the least among those teachers was John Minot Rice. It is a long distance from a district school in North- borough to the head of the mathematical department of the greatest naval academy in the world; but John Minot Rice traversed that distance, and in a surprisingly short time. And he did it by virtue of his own native ability and his own almost unaided ambition. He was the son of Altamont and Laura (Holt) Rice and was born in Northborough, March 13, 1831, and died there March 2, 1901, aged seventy years, lacking eleven days. It may be that he imbibed his love of learning from the house in which he was born — for that house was formerly the Northborough Seminary. It stood at the junction of Pleasant and Boylston Streets until about 1807, when Mr. Rice's father bought it and moved it to its present location at the corner of Rice Avenue and Whitney Street. Until fourteen years of age he attended the district school in 302 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY the north part of the town — that school which bears the distinc- tion of having turned out a surprisingly large number of able teachers. Then he was obliged to leave school, and for nine years he worked, first for Warren T. Bush, then in the grocery store of William L. Eager. But he did not cease to study during those years. His ambition for the higher education burned constantly, until finally, in 1853, with the aid of $150 which he borrowed from his former employer, Mr. Bush, he became a student at the Bridgewater Normal School. He remained at that institution one year, when he embarked upon a career of teaching — in the public schools at Provincetown, as principal of the Houghton School at Bolton, and in the public schools at Nantucket. This early phase of his teaching career was only a stepping- stone to larger things, and it provided him with the wherewithal for pursuing his ambition for knowledge. He was a learner as well as a teacher. Thus, giving up teaching for more thorough preparation, he entered the famous boys' school — The Allen School at West Newton, From there he went to Exeter Academy, thence to Brown University, 1860-61, and thence to the Law- rence Scientific School at Harvard University. At the latter institution he was a roommate of John White Chadwick, who afterwards became a famous Unitarian divine and author. Here the two students cemented a life-long friendship. Both were destined to become famous — the one as a theologian, the other as a mathematician. From the following incident it would seem that Rice had attained much proficiency in his chosen subject while yet a student: in his later years he was asked if he knew Prof. ? "Oh yes," he replied, "I knew Prof. . When I was a student at the Lawrence Scientific School, , then professor of mathe- matics at Tufts College, came regularly to Cambridge for two years to take lessons of me." Upon leaving the Cambridge institution Rice connected himself with the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, where he remained as instructor and professor for a period of twenty-seven years, as follows: Assistant Professor of Mathematics, 1863-66. Assistant Professor of Natural Philosophy, 1866-67. Assistant Professor of Mathematics, 1867-70. Professor of Mathematics, 1870-80. Head of Department of Mechanics, 1880-90. He retired to private life in 1890 on account of ill-health and increasing deafness, and returned to the quiet of his native town, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 303 where he spent the remainder of his life, in the house where he was born. The house, in the meantime, had suffered damage by fire. In rebuilding it he converted it into the beautiful home which has since been known as "Linden Cottage." Professor Rice was intimately acquainted with the naval heroes of the Spanish War, Admirals Sampson, Schley and Dewey. At the time of Rice's death, Admiral Sampson was Commandant of the Charlestown Navy Yard, and had signi- fied his intention of coming to the funeral. But on the morning of the day of the funeral he himself was stricken with an illness, which proved to be his last. The following letter from Professor Johnson was received by the writer in reply to an inquiry concerning Professor Rice: "April 10, 1912. "Sir: "In reply to your request for information with regard to the late Professor John Minot Rice, I jot down the following reminis- cences : "When I joined the Naval Academy in Dec, 1864, as one of the Assistant Professors under the headship of Professor Wilcox, I found Rice, who had preceded me by, I think, not more than a year, as one of my colleagues. He came to Annapolis the next year when the Academy returned here after the Civil War. He was Wilcox's right-hand man in the department; and some years later when Calculus was first introduced into the Academic course and Professor Wilcox dissatisfied with existing text books, Rice was associated with myself (at that time Professor of Mathematics in St. John's College) in writing a text book on the Calculus to meet his views. After Wilcox's death the department was administered by Line Officers, but eventually the Department of Applied Mathematics was created with Rice as its head. "I do not remember whether this preceded his appointment in the corps of professors of Mathematics in the Navy some time in the seventies. "Rice was very loyal to high ideals in mathematical instruc- tion and did much to build up the course of study here. Per- sonally Rice was of a genial and conciliatory temperament, and was generally popular with naval officers. "Yours very truly, W. WooLSEY Johnson." 304 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY EDWIN P. SEAVER Edwin P. Seaver, who ranks among the best educators that the state of Massachusetts ever produced, was born in North- borough, February 24, 1838, and he always reserved a warm place in his heart for his native town. He was a product of the district schools of Northborough, having been a student at both the South and the Center Districts. Upon his graduation from the Bridgewater Normal School he embarked upon a career of teaching which has few parallels in the country. His career is partially told in a letter to Miss Harriet L. Allen, who, in 1912 prepared a paper on "Some of the Teachers Who Have Gone Forth from Northborough." This letter is such a charming bit of biography that we publish it in full. He says: "After graduating from the Bridgewater Normal School I taught for one spring term (13 weeks) a district school in East Stoughton — now the town of Avon; and in September of that year went to the Friends' Academy in New Bedford where I was the assistant of the late Thomas Prentice Allen, having charge of the English branches. Mr. Allen, as you know, was born and educated in Northborough, and was one of the most renowned teachers of his time. "I remained with Mr. Allen three years devoting my spare time to the study of Latin and Greek, and receiving Mr. Allen's instruction in these languages as a part of my compensation for teaching. Sometimes it happened that I recited Latin and Greek with the same boys I had taught arithmetic the hour before, or would teach geography the next hour. In this way I was prepared for college; but feeling some doubts as to the thorough- ness of my preparation, thought it best for me to enter the Phillips Academy at Exeter for one year. This I did, and during the year 1860-61 took double work, finishing my preparation for college with a higher class and doing the whole work of the freshman year. This cannot, however, be considered as doing the whole of two years' work in one; for I was already well ad- vanced in mathematics. "During my college course I did some teaching, including one winter term in the East District in Northborough. After grad- uating from college I came back to the Friends' Academy for a year (1864-65) and was then called back to Harvard College, where I served as tutor and assistant professor of mathematics for nine years — 1865 to 1874. "Then I was elected Head Master of the English High School in Boston, and held the position for six years, 1874-80. After which I served the City of Boston for 24 years as Superintendent of Public Schools— 1880 to 1904." EDWIN P. SEAVER NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 305 In speaking of the number of teachers of Northborough he goes on to say: "It seemed to me when a boy that almost every- body who was possessed of more than a common school educa- tion was, or had been, a teacher; and that so many went to Bridge- water Normal School was chiefly due to the influence of Dr. Allen, who is the one man to whom Northborough owes its reputation as a nursery of teachers." The Massachusetts Schoolmasters' Club put forth the following brochure on Edwin P. Seaver, in 1919: "Edwin P. Seaver, born in Northborough, Massachusetts, Feb. 24, 1838, died at his home in New Bedford, Dec. 8, 1917, in his eightieth year. Mr. Seaver was always both a scholar and an educator. He was an unusual combination of the student and the schoolmaster. We can learn of no educator who, prior to 1870, spent so much time in scholastic preparation as did he. "From seventeen years of age, when he entered the Bridge- water State Normal School, until at thirty-two, when he was graduated from the Harvard Law School, he was always a student in one of the four leading educational institutions of their class in the United States. "Later he spent two years in study and travel in Europe. This makes seventeen years devoted to student life, in the Bridgewater State Normal School, Phillips Academy, Harvard College, Harvard Law School, and the schools of Europe. "Even now such extended preparation for a public school career would be unusual, but fifty years ago it was phenomenal. "Although Mr. Seaver early taught, incidentally he had set his heart upon college work in mathematics in which he had made a reputation as a student. "Mr. Seaver was the first Bridgewater graduate to go to Phillips Academy and Harvard University. After fifteen years of eminently successful student life he was successively principal of a Boys' School in New Bedford, assistant professor in Harvard College, headmaster of the English High School of Boston, and for twenty-four years superintendent of the schools of Boston, a longer term than that enjoyed, or endured, by any other educa- tional leader in Boston. He was for twelve years one of the overseers of Harvard University, as high a professional honor as can come to a public school man. "Bridgewater men have always known Mr. Seaver, who was for more than sixty years among its alumni, but the great body of New England school men of today knew him as superinten- dent of Boston schools. "Mr. Seaver was one of the most impersonal men who ever 306 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY honored the profession. He cared little what people said about him in praise or censure. "He was always a storm center. He bore much abuse for a time from the ardent admirers of John D. Philbrick, and later from the worshippers of Colonel Francis W. Parker, and no one was ever an admirer of both Philbrick and Parker. "In later life when the storms raged fiercest he had as near the unanimous support of the teaching force of Boston as one can ever expect to enjoy. "Through thrift and fortunate investments Mr. Seaver was able to retire at the age of sixty-six and enjoy a leisure life for the last thirteen years. "Mr. Seaver was not naturally educationally progressive, but his great professional service to the country, was as chairman of a famous Committee on Industrial Education, which was as important progressive service as any committee up to that time had ever rendered through schools of America since the days of Horace Mann and Henry Barnard. "Mr. Seaver was a noble man among schoolmasters. His preparation for the work was wholly unprecedented, his service unusual, his honors abundant." PROFESSOR SAMUEL T. MAYNARD The town of Amherst, in Central Massachusetts, is an edu- cational center, being the home of "Amherst College" and of the "Massachusetts Agricultural College." Both of those institu- tions are beauty spots. In fact, the town itself is a beauty spot, being accounted one of the most beautiful of the cultured New England towns. The visitor to Amherst always carries away with him a mental picture of rural loveliness. Nature has done much for it, but the brain and hand of man have done more. The casual visitor to any town accepts such beauty as he finds, and is satisfied. But he seldom questions himself or anyone else as to who is responsible for that beauty. In these latter days we assume that the beauty of a town was wrought under the magic touch of some landscape gardener, name unknown. And we assume rightly. But in the case of beautiful Amherst it is not difficult to trace her beauty to its source. Given an agricultural college, with a professor of horticulture whose interest in his department is personal rather than general, and a beautiful town is easily accounted for. For that professor soon becomes well known, and his genius much sought after. Amherst is indebted (not wholly, but pretty largely) to one such professor — a man whose name Avas a household word in PROF, SAMUEL T. MAYNARD NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 307 that town for a third of a century. When he went there as a student, in 1868, the Massachusetts Agricultural College was new, and its two buildings were set in the midst of acres of pasture land, devoid of beauty save the little that nature pro- vided. There were a few trees on the grounds — old then, but older now, and lending a touch of picturesqueness to the changed place. Marvelous has been the change wrought in those barren acres! Today, numerous footpaths wind in and around well- trimmed lawns; shrubs of wonderful interest dot the landscape here and there ; and trees in great variety afford a welcome shade from the heat of the summer's sun. Truly, the horticultural genius of that professor hath caused those once desolate acres "to blossom as the rose." And the man who wrought this great change was Professor Samuel Taylor Maynard of Northborough. Mr. Maynard was not born in Northborough. But he be- longs to an old Northborough family whose name has been conspicuous in the town's history for a hundred and fifty years. His father was a farm manager, and lived at various times, in Hardwick, Harvard, West Berlin, and Northborough. It was while his people were living in Hardwick that the subject of this sketch was born — December 6, 1845. He lived there only six months however, when his family moved to Harvard, where they remained one year. Then they came to Northborough, where the father managed what is locally known as the Holloway Bailey Place (in the north part of the town, just this side of the Berlin line). Then they moved to West Berlin, and then back to Northborough again, where they remained perma- nently. Samuel T. Maynard was about ten years old when his family finally settled in Northborough. He lived in the cottage house on Washburn Street, which house is still owned by him. He worked with his father at shoe-making. Those were the days of the little shoe shops. The modern, great shoe factory had not then come into existence. Many of our old New England towns are dotted all over with small shops which were used by the farmers during the winter season for the making of shoes, as an adjunct to their regular occupation of farming. Soles were fastened to the shoes by means of square wooden pegs, which operation was performed by hand. In course of time a machine was invented for that purpose; and Mr. Maynard bought and used the first pegging machine that was used in Northborough. He worked at this business eleven years. His evenings were not idle, however. He was of a studious nature and spent the long winter evenings studying under the tuition of 308 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY J. B. Davis, the popular teacher of the North District School, and later, of the high shool. In the winter of 1868, Mr. Maynard entered the Massachu- setts Agricultural College as a student, and was graduated therefrom in 1872, the class numbering forty-four. The college was new at that time and Mr. Maynard's class was the second to be graduated. His college course was made possible because of money earned by pegging shoes. And because of this he is fond of saying that he literally "pegged his way through college." But pegging shoes did not furnish enough money for a complete college education, and long before the course was over his funds gave out. He thought his education was at an end and packed up his belongings preparatory to leaving for home. He went to bid President Clark good-bye. "What are you going for?" the president asked him. "Because my funds have given out," he replied. "I have something for you, if you can do it," the president made answer, and brought out a roll of canvas telling him what he wanted done with it. Maynard unpacked his suit case and went to work with those three rolls of canvas, and finished his course. With that roll of canvas he made diagrams of the many parts of flowers. So well made were these diagrams that they were used in the botanical department of the college for many years. Having shown his skill as a mechanical draftsman Maynard was next set to work on diagrams illustrative of the geological history of the world. These diagrams also, were used in the classroom for many years. But the young student's genius was next to bring forth a more remarkable production. In studying horticulture it is necessary to have at hand, plants and fruits. These are not available at all seasons of the year. But genius may procure substitutes for some of them. So young Maynard set himself the task of making models of the different varieties of fruit. Such perfect imitations of the real fruits were these models that, when the World's Fair was held at Chicago in 1893, the College had nothing better to send as an exhibit, and it sent them, to- gether with other models made by him at that time. Mr. Maynard also prepared for that exhibit specimens of all the tree woods of Massachusetts, which attracted considerable attention. One of these specimens was a chestnut oak from the Elbridge Moore place in Northborough. As has already been said, Mr. Maynard finished his college course and was graduated in the class of 1872. Immediately after graduation he was employed as foreman in the Nonantum NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY 309 Hill nurseries and greenhouses in Brighton. But he did not remain there long, however, for he was soon invited to return to the college as instructor in horticulture. This offer was attract- ive to him and the work admirably suited his tastes; and he began teaching in the fall of 1873, and continued to teach until 1902. In 1876, Colonel W. S. Clark, the president, was invited to go to Japan to organize the Royal Agricultural College. Upon his departure from Amherst the chair of botany was added to that of horticulture, and from that time on Professor Maynard filled both chairs. The college has grown enormously since its small beginnings, late in the sixties, new departments being added from time to time as resources permitted. But to Professor Maynard belongs the honor of introducing some of the more important courses, such as landscape-gardening, forestry, floriculture, greenhouse management, etc., all of which departments were under his per- sonal management. Some years ago, the college and the United States Govern- ment established a beet sugar experimental equipment. To publish the results of this experiment entailed the making of innumerable drawings, all of which were made by Mr. Maynard. Later, the Morrell Bill passed by Congress, gave to every agricultural college in the country two hundred thousand acres of land, which were sold and the proceeds used to start experi- mental stations. One such station was established at Amherst. The Horticultural Department of the Amherst station was under the charge of Professor Maynard. Innumerable experiments were constantly carried on, the results of which were published in the bulletins, often with illustrations. The illustrations for these experiments were made by Professor Maynard, entailing an almost endless amount of extra labor upon an already overworked man. Truly, the office of an agricultural college professor is no sinecure. Professor Maynard gave up teaching in 1902 and returned to Northborough, where he has since resided. But he has not been idle in his retirement. He has pursued the art of land- scape gardener and lecturer in a private capacity, traveling all over New England. And in the midst of his many duties he has found time to write several books. At Amherst he served on the School Committee, and on the Parish Committee of the Unitarian Church. At Northborough he has served in similar capacities, and as a member of the Park Commission. 310 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY In 1894 he founded the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation and served as its secretary many years; also as its presi- dent, one year. He is also connected with many horticultural societies. The financial rewards of a college professor are pitifully small, and if one depended upon them for his satisfaction he might think that his labor was in vain. But there are other rewards that come to the faithful teacher which more than make up for the meager salary. The constant meeting of former students who have passed through his hands, and who have made enviable positions in the world for themselves as a result of his teaching, and who freely acknowledge the teacher's part in their success, brings joy to an old teacher's heart such as no big salary could ever do. This sort of thing affords a large part of Professor Maynard's enjoyment in his retirement. THE GALES— FATHER AND SON For one hundred years the name "Gale" was closely inter- woven with the social and financial life of Northborough. And the name will be perpetuated in the town in many ways for a long time to come. Captain Cyrus Gale and Cyrus Gale, Jr., were men of considerable property ; but they had something more than property — they had a true sense of how to use their prop- erty for the benefit of the community. They were true and loyal citizens of the town, serving it in various official capacities, and by their influence, preserving its integrity. Their names are inextricably connected with the financial history of the town through their association with the Northborough National Bank; with the commercial history of the town through their ownership of the Gale stores; with the intellectual history of the town through their beneficence to the public library; to the social history of the town through the hospitality of their homes; and in other phases of the town's history too numerous to mention. For many years the name Gale was synonymous with Northborough. One could not think of the one without the other. Captain Cyrus Gale was born in Westborough, October 7, 1785, and died in Northborough, September 10, 1880, at the ripe age of ninety-five years. He was three times married : first to Eliza Davis, daughter of Isaac and Anna Davis, in 1816; second, to Sarah Patrick, of Worcester, in 1823; and third, to Mrs. Susan (Grout) Holbrook, widow of Daniel Holbrook, and daughter of Seth and Susannah (Haskell) Grout. CAPT. CYRUS GALE NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 311 Going to Boston at an early age, he engaged in business and continued therein until coming to Northborough. His title of "Captain" came to him through his connection with the Massa- chusetts militia. At the age of twenty-three he became a mem- ber of Massachusetts Lodge A. F. and A. M., and until the time of his death, was more or less prominent in Masonic circles. He came to Northborough in 1813, where for more than half a century he carried on a general store, on the Main Street in the somewhat imposing building (the one with columns) nearly opposite the library. He served the town as town clerk from 1831 to 1833; as selectman in 1829, and from 1831 to 1833; as assessor, from 1823 to 1825, 1841, and 1843. In 1850 he served as a member of the Governor's Council. He was one of the early benefac- tors of the Northborough Free Library and he was the founder of the "Gale Fund" — a beneficent town fund designed to help 'the worthy poor. The son, Cyrus Gale, Jr., followed in his father's footsteps in many ways. He served the town as treasurer and collector from 1850 to 1857, and as trustee of the public library at a later date. Both father and son were directors of the Northborough Bank, and both were intimately associated with the financial interests of the town. Assabet Park was a gift to the town from Cyrus, Jr., as was also the beautiful home of the Northborough Free Library. He also made a handsome addition to the "Gale Fund" which his father established. The following resolutions presented by Rev. J. C. Kent, adopted at a special town meeting, June 3, 1908 (Mr. Gale died in April of that year), express more fully Mr. Gale's benefi- cence and the town's appreciation therefor: "Whereas, It appears by the last will and testament of the late Cyrus Gale, that he, the said Cyrus Gale, has bequeathed the sum of $9000 to the Town of Northborough ($6000 for the use of the Free Library, $1000 for the care of the Library Build- ing and Grounds, and $2000 for the aid of the silent poor), be it "Resolved, That the Town of Northborough hereby expresses its deep appreciation of the late Mr. Gale as a citizen and bene- factor. As a life-long citizen he was deeply and actively in- terested in the affairs of the town, serving it in various useful and helpful capacities as officer, counselor and guide; giving it his best service with never a thought of personal advantage. He was unselfish and modest. For many years, one of the 312 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY largest tax-payers of the town, he never withheld his support of any needed improvement for fear that his tax would be increased thereb}', but rather, aided every project that seemed to promise universal good to the community. He willingly bore his part of the town's burden, ever glad that his part was a large one. "He was modest. Though bestowing his benefactions freely and profusely throughout many years he never believed that those benefactions gave him the slightest claim upon the town for special privileges. What he gave, he gave; and that was the end of it, so far as he was concerned. Indeed, the only special privilege he enjoyed was free access to the town library. This privilege the Library Trustees conferred upon him upon his retirement from their Board, not because Mr. Gale asked it, but out of consideration for his long and continued benefactions thereto. "As a benefactor Mr. Cyrus Gale was unique. Most men give of their income. He gave of his principal. Most men give that which they do not feel the loss of. He gave that which appreciably diminished his income. Over a long period of years his benefactions extended, and they were both private and public. That chivalrous act of filial devotion whereby he made good to the town a $10,000 bequest of his father, which at the time of his father's death had depreciated to nothing, must ever be spoken of as a high-minded act. From that time until his death he bestowed his gifts upon the town with a lavish hand, and as a consequence the town will ever have a public Park and a beautifully-housed Library; while many poor but proud inhabitants will be spared the humiliation of passing their last days in the almshouse. Truly, Mr. Gale's gifts have been munificent, and the Town of Northborough is glad to put itself on record in grateful appreciation. Be it further "Resolved, That the Town of Northborough express its ap- preciation of Mrs. Ellen M. Gale, widow of Cyrus Gale, for the whole-hearted and willing manner in which she has for so many years aided Mr. Gale in his benefactions. Every noble impulse of the husband has had the loyal co-operation of the wife. To- gether they thought out good deeds, and together they wrought them. The town has been fortunate in having two such citi- zens for so many years. "Be it further "Resolved, That the Town of Northborough send greetings to Mrs. Ellen M. Gale, with the earnest hope that she may yet be spared for many years of happiness. CYRUS GALE, JR. Donor of the Gale Library Building NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 313 ^^ Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the Town Record and a copy sent to Mrs. Gale. "Signed: J osiAH Coleman Kent, President of Library Trustees. Henry H. Cook, Chairman Board of Selectmen. Chester E. Hildreth, Chairman Board of Overseers. William J. Potter, Town Treasurer. Guilford P. Heath, Chairman Board of Assessors. George F. Sargent. Dr. John L. Coffin." CHAPTER XXXI INTERESTING ITEMS FROM THE TOWN RECORD "REV. JOHN MARTYN TO YE SECOND PRECINCT" "Westborough, Oct. 1, 1753. "Samuel Wood, Clerk of Ye 2nd Precinct in Westborough to be communicated: "Gentlemen: "Understanding that part of your Business today is to vote on addition to my Salary and being requested to say something to it because what is proposed exceeds the Contract, all I have to say is that until the Contract is fulfilled as to the time of payment as well as the sum, it is not fulfilled according to the Intention of it, and as to the time, the last year's Collector can satisfy you. Moreover, if it was fulfilled as to the Time as well as sum it would be so small that I could not possibly in any credible manner to myself or you subsist upon it, and whether you value my Comfort or not, yet if you shall value your own Credit which doubtless you do, you will not make the Salary less than it was the last year; especially when you consider that I am obliged to add to that for my Subsistence all the income of my Farm (which if at Interest would be near as much) for my Support and how far short you have yet come to my year's wood which I was encouraged to expect. I need add no more but to tell you that an ingenious friendly treatment of me you may expect will be rewarded by a bountiful God, and I trust you will not find me backward to recompense it by my Labors for your good here and hereafter. "from your affectionate Pastor, "Jno. Martyn." The above is copied from the original letter. NAHUM FAY'S RETIREMENT FROM THE OFFICE OF TOWN CLERK Nahum Fay belonged to one of the oldest families in town. He served the town in various capacities, principally as Town Clerk, which office he held forty-one years. When, in 1829, he declined a re-election, the town took the following action, as appears from the Town Records under date of March 2, 1829: NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 315 "Some conversation took place concerning making a present to the town clerk (Nahum Fay) who has served 41 years, and received 22 dollars for his last year's service. Messrs. Asaph Rice, Cyrus Gale, William Eager, Prentice Keyes, and Lyman Allen were the most prominent speakers. It was proposed to make him a present of fifty dollars, and to be included in the grant about to be made. It was said that they were willing to pay their part toward it, but thought it would not be legal. The Town Clerk then stated he did not wish them to spend time on the subject, thanked the town for the respect they had shown him, thanked those who were willing to make him the present, presuming some were willing, others not — when he was formerly chosen they did not expect to make him any remuneration, therefore he only requested that if ever he should be burdensome to the town, that they would deal kindly with him. "It was stated that it was said by some that they had treated the town clerk disrespectfully, but it was not intended ; it was only meant that they did not mean to pay their town ofhcers. "The Town Clerk was asked whether he were willing that those who were willing to make him a present of fifty dollars should show their minds. The vote was then put, and it passed in the affirmative, almost unanimously. "Then voted him their thanks almost unanimously, and that a record be made of it. "The Town Clerk then made his acknowledgments to them for the respect shown him, and that he was not dissatisfied with their conduct, for every man has a right to act his opinion." PATRIOTIC CITIZENS PAY TOWN BILLS At a town meeting held April 2, 1838, "William Sherman presented a bill amounting to $2.50 for removing and treading down the snow in the highway near Nathaniel Brigham's; upon which it was voted to choose a committee of eleven to confer with said Sherman and Brigham upon the subject of said claim, to see if some arrangement can be effected so that said bill may be withdrawn. Chose Asaph Rice, chairman. "The above committee met the parties named, when Sherman relinquished part of his claim, but Brigham was obstinate and refused to relinquish his claim. The committee therefore paid it themselves." That Brigham was not always "obstinate" is seen from the following record : "March 4, 1839. Prentice Keyes, Esq., presented a bill for 316 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY $11, for services rendered in making taxes, the past year. Mr. Nathaniel Brigham proposed that he would pay one-half of the bill if Capt. Keyes would relinquish the other half. Capt. Keyes immediately accepted the proposition provided Mr. Brigham should pay the cash then. Thereupon Mr. Brigham drew the money from his pocket and paid Capt. Keyes $5.50. And Capt. Keyes withdrew his demand, saying it is settled. "The town immediately passed a vote of thanks to Mr. Brigham and Capt. Keyes for the exhibition of their liberality in relieving the town from the payment of said bill." TEMPTATION REMOVED On November 4, 1873, the following Preamble and Resolu- tion, offered by J. J. Johnson, was voted in the affirmative: "Whereas, there has grown up a custom by which Railroad Corporations give passes, which they value at hundreds of dollars, to each member of the State Government; and as we all know Railroad Corporations don't give something for nothing, it is plain that they mean bribery; and every man who accepts their gift may be suspected of accepting a bribe, therefore, "Resolved, That we instruct those who represent us in the State Government not to accept passes or other favors from any railroad or other corporation. "Resolved, That the Preamble and Resolution be placed on the town records and printed in the Clinton Courant.'' This is another instance where the town of Northborough anticipated State Legislative action. JAIRUS LINCOLN'S REPORT TO THE TOWN CONCERNING STREET LAMPS At the town meeting in March, 1870, Jairus Lincoln suggested that more street lights were needed. The town thereupon ap- pointed a committee to investigate the matter, making Mr. Lincoln, chairman. The committee reported March 21, 1879, as follows: "Your committee on lamps, appointed to report. Will respond here today: our report will be short: We've considered the subject & in this we've agreed That of more lamps for safety the town truly has need. "Mr. Moderator, we all say let there be here more light To guide those who sometimes stray out late at night; That all be directed to their own quiet home; That none may in doubt e'er from place to place roam. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 317 "That if two or more drive with unwarranted speed, To determine who is to follow, or who is to lead, A bright light may guide them, in their too rapid pace, That no necks be broken & no collisions take place. "For safety in night time, your committee agreed. That six more new lamps on the Main street we need: Of the location of each we were all of one mind. And the report here presented each has cheerfully signed. "At the Guide-Board near Gibson there should doubtless he one: Another between the houses of J. T. Fay and John Stone: Near the house of Jna. Rice, on the south road, the third, A fourth near the 2nd church, & by the Guide-Board. ''A fifth, near the Adams House at the foot of the hill. A sixth, at the bridge, and near the bone mill: As six is the number which we recommend. Our work now is finished, our report will here end. "Mr. Moderator, our report on lamps we've now made. It may be accepted — or on the table laid : We hope 'twill be accepted — may the lamps shine out bright. When the sun and the moon shall refuse to give light." "Jairus Lincoln, For the committee. "Jairus Lincoln Columbus Fames Charles Fayerweather George C. Davis Samuel Gibson Committee." It is needless to say that this unique report was accepted, and that more light was communicated to the town. CHAPTER XXXII MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS COUNT JOHANNES* There lived at the Northborough Hotel in its palmy days (when the hotel was kept by Mr. Bundy) a man named George Jones. The reason for his being there was the fact that he had married for his second wife, a sister of Mr. Bundy. Mr. Jones was an actor of some note. He went under the name of "Count Johannes" — claiming to have received the title from the Pope of Rome. He had long black hair, black mustache (which he is thought to have colored), and wore a camlet cloak. He was a lawyer at one time. He was the first actor to play the part of "Claude Melnotte," in Bulwer-Lytton's long-famous play, "The Lady of Lyons," in Boston. When Sothern presented "The Crushed Tragedian," Johannes thought it was intended as a caricature of himself, and he sued Sothern. He lost the case. Johannes had a daughter, Avlonia Jones, who was a good actress. His first wife, Matilda, was a fine actress, who played old women's parts. The people of Northborough used to laugh at Johannes be- cause of his tragic mien. But they had no need to, for Johannes was a man of parts. In addition to being an actor he was some- thing of a literary man, the following books bearing his name on their title pages: "The First Annual Jubilee Oration upon the Life, Character and Genius of Shakespeare." Delivered at Stratford-Upon- Avon, April 23, 1836, before the Royal Shakespeare Club. Five Editions. "History of Ancient America, Anterior to the Time of Colum- bus; Proving the Identity of the Aborigines with the Tyrians and Israelites; and the Introduction of Christianity into the Western Hemisphere by the Apostle St. Thomas." 1843. "A Letter from Count Johannes to the New York Herald, Sept. 4, 1869." (In reference to the Stowe-Byron Controversy.) *The subject of this sketch has no real place in Northborough History, as he lived in the town only a few years. But he was so well-known while he lived here, and a character of such general interest in his profession that we think it worth while to notice him. THE NORTHBOROUGH HOTEL NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 319 "The Life and History of General Harrison, Inclusive to the Treaty of Washington of August 9, 1842. With Original Letters, etc," London, 1844. "Tecumseh and the Prophet of the West: an Historical Israel-Indian Tragedy in Five Acts. With Historical Notes, Original Letters, etc." 2nd Edition. THE "BELL" WATERING TROUGH Query is frequently made concerning the "Bell" on the Westborough Road, opposite the head of Summer Street, which is used as a watering trough. The Rev. Charles G. Simmons, a former minister of the Baptist church, is authority for the facts stated below: When the present Baptist Church was erected, in 1860, the bell that had done service in the old church was thought to be too small for the new church, so it was exchanged for a larger, steel one. The new bell was warranted for a certain length of time. Just thirteen days after the guarantee expired the new bell "cracked by violent ringing on some public occasion." It continued to be used however, for more than thirty years. Mr. Wells, who became the minister in 1891, "had an ear for music," and he could not stand the harsh, jangling music (or lack of music) of the Baptist bell. So he set himself the task of pro- curing a new one, "which should be the largest in town." Sub- scriptions came easily, for there were many people in town whose nerves had been unstrung by the inharmonious clanging of the cracked bell. A new bell was purchased (the one now in use) and the old one put upon the market. But as the other churches in town were well supplied with bells, and, as no one else seemed to want a cracked bell which its owners had rejected, the Baptist Society presented it to the town, to be inverted and used as a drinking fountain for thirsty beasts. "So," adds Mr. Simmons, "the Baptists are extending their good influences and leaving memorials behind them." DOUBLE FUNERAL A funeral that attracted considerable interest took place in Northborough, December 9, 1863. It was a double funeral — Captain Joel Bartlett and his wife, Sarah. Private services were held at the house, and public services at the Unitarian Church. It was the first instance in town of a man and his wife being buried at the same time, and in the same grave. Captain Bartlett had been a prominent man in his native town, serving as selectman for several years and as representative to the General Court four years. 320 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY LITTLE CHAUNCY "Little Chauncy" pond gets its name from "Big Chauncy." The latter got its name from the Rev. Charles Chauncy, the president of Harvard College. Harvard College in its earlier days, was more or less under the control of the State. The State paid the president's salary. At the time when Mr. Chauncy was president, the State having more land than money, paid him with a grant of land. That land lay along the shores of what is now Chauncy Lake. COLD HARBOR MEADOW Tradition assigns this name, according to Dr. Allen. He says: "Cold Harbour Meadow, in the western part of the town, so called from the circumstance of a traveller, having lost his way, being compelled to remain through a cold winter's night in a stack of hay in that place, and on the following morning, having made his way through the wilderness to the habitations of man, and being asked where he lodged during the night, replied, 'In Cold Harbour!' " TOMBLIN HILL "Tomblin Hill" was so called, from the fact that it was once the home of Deacon Isaac Tomblin. He was deacon of the Westborough Church, and died in 1745. GHOST HILL It is said that someone while walking up the hill, saw some- thing white which he thought was a ghost. He went home and reported that he had seen a ghost. It turned out that he had seen a white horse. Since which time the hill has been known as "Ghost Hill." BALL HILL "Ball Hill" got its name from James and Nathan Ball, two brothers, who came from Watertown, about 1720. James settled on the farm now owned by Mrs. Josie Richardson, and Nathan on the farm now owned by Mrs. Joseph W. Seaton. They were sons of James Ball, and were of the fifth generation from John Ball who came to this country from England in the early part of the seventeenth century. James was the father of Dr. Stephen Ball, the first physician of Northborough. SOLOMON'S POND Tradition tells us that "Solomon's Pond" was named from the unfortunate incident of an Indian named Solomon who was drowned in the pond. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 321 THE GREAT FIRE On the night of July 21 and 22, 1871, Nor thborough was visited by a conflagration of such proportions that it is known in history as "The Great Fire." Three buildings were consumed in a more or less spectacular manner. These buildings stood at the corner of West Main and South streets — one directly on the corner, one adjoining it on West Main Street, and one on South Street (the latter being a tenement house). The fire started in a shed that stood on South Street between two build- ings, and spread rapidly to the adjoining buildings. The corner building was two stories high — the lower story being occupied by the "general store" of J. Wadsworth & Co., the upper story by two families. The building on West Main Street was also a two-story building, occupied as follows: on the lower floor by the postoffice, Wallace's market and Mr. Paul's tailor shop; the upper story, by Samuel Clark's office, Mr. Daboll's cobbler shop, and a small hall. The town was thrown into consternation, for several buildings caught fire from flying sparks — notably the roof of the Orthodox Church. This church was saved from destruction by the heroic efforts of its pastor, Rev. Mr. Button. The burned buildings were owned by Dr. Barnes (father of the present Dr. Henry J. Barnes). On the night before this "Great Fire" Dr. Barnes also lost a large barn that stood on South Street, adjoining the present Yates estate. Twenty head of cattle and quantities of hay were consumed in this fire. All this property was a total loss to Dr. Barnes ($12,000) for he had no insurance. CHAPTER XXXIII BOOKS WRITTEN BY NORTHBOROUGH PEOPLE We asked an intelligent woman today whether she knew of any books that had been written by Northborough people. She named one book with the remark, "That is the only one I know anything about; are there others?" A similar answer would be made by most of our people, if the question were put to them. In fact, we have ourselves received that answer from many people. We do not think of our town as having ever been active along literary lines. And that is an anomaly ; for few towns have been more devoted to the cause of education than our own. We have, from time to time, made diligent investigation along this line, and the result which we present herewith, will, we are sure, surprise and interest our readers as much as anything in the present book. The following is indeed, a surprisingly long list of books to have emanated from so small a town. This knowledge should give zest to our celebration, as it will surely afford an added reason for the pride which we have in our town's history. PUBLICATIONS OF REV. PETER WHITNEY 1. "History of the County of Worcester," 1793. 2. "Two Discourses on the Occasion of a Public Fast," 1774. 3. "A Sermon on the Declaration of Independence," 1776. 4. "A Half Century Discourse," 1796. 5. "An Ordination Charge at Boylston," 1797. 6. "A Sermon at the Ordination of his Son," 1800. 7. "A Sermon on the Death of Washington," 1800. 8. "Address at the Dedication of a Church at Southborough," 1806. 9. "A Funeral Sermon at Shrewsbury, on the Wife of Rev. Dr. Sumner," 1810. Mr. Whitney's "History of the County of Worcester" is historically important as being the first history of Worcester County ever published. It turns up now and then at the second- hand book shops, though not very often. A copy of it may be found at the Northborough Free Library. The "Two Discourses on the Occasion of a Public Fast" are not a dry theological dissertation on piety, as their name would seem to imply, but a vigorous discussion "of the dark aspect of NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 323 our Public affairs" in the days immediately preceding the American Revolution — one, treating the subject on its political, the other on its moral and social side. A perusal of these Dis- courses will give one a keen insight into the patriotic inspiration which the inhabitants of Northborough received from the pulpit of their Meeting-house. We have never seen but one copy of these Discourses, and that is in the possession of Mrs. Edwin S. Corey, through whose courtesy we have been made familiar with them. PUBLICATIONS OF REV. JOSEPH ALLEN, D.D. 1. "A Funeral Discourse on the Death of Winslow Brigham, Jr.," 1818. 2. "A New Year's Sermon," delivered in Shrewsbury at a Meeting of the Worcester Association, 1822. 3. "History of Northborough," 1826. 4. "A Fast Sermon — Sources of Public Prosperity," 1828. 5. "A Sermon on Family Religion," in Liberal Preacher, 1831. 6. In 1832, he compiled the first volume of the "Christian Monitor," containing his sermon before the Society for Promot- ing Knowledge, Piety and Charity; and remarks on the Lord's Supper. 7. "An Address" to the parish at the ordination of Rev. Robert F. Walcott, Berlin, 1830. 8. "A Minister's Account of his Stewardship"; a sermon on completing the twenty-fifth year of his ministry, 1841. 9. "An Address" at the ordination of Rev. Hiram Withing- ton, Leominster, 1844. 10. "A Centennial Discourse" on completing a century from the organization of the Church, 1846. 11. "A New Year's Sermon," Monthly Religious Magazine, 1855. 12. "An Address" before the Worcester Sunday School Society, Lancaster, 1854. 13. "A Catechism," prepared at the request of the Worcester Association, 1822. 14. "Easy Lessons in Geography and History," for schools, of which several editions were published, the first in 1825. 15. "A Memoir of Rev. Dr. Lathrop, of Springfield," 1823. 16. "Questions on the Gospels, in Two Parts; Questions on the Acts." Many editions were published, the first in 1829. 324 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 17. Part I of a series of questions on the Old Testament was published in 1837, under the title of "questions on the Penta- teuch"; but as the work was not called for, he abandoned the project. 18. "An Address," at the Centennial Celebration of the In- corporation of Northborough, August 22, 1866. 19. "Half Century Sermon," on the fiftieth anniversary of his settlement in Northborough, October 30, 1866. 20. "History of the Worcester Association," 1868. 21. "Historical Sketch of Northborough," written for Hud- son's "History of Marlborough." Numbers 3, 8, 10, 18, 19 and 21 in the above list are historical, and contain a fund of information about the early history of Northborough. Dr. Allen's "History of Northborough," No. 3 in the list, is almost extinct. We have been able to locate only three copies in town, one in the Northborough Free Library, one in the Historical Society, and one in the home of Miss M. Evelyn Potter. BY ABRAHAM WOOD "Divine Songs set to Music in Three and Four Parts." BY THOMAS W. VALENTINE "Fifty Years, a Pilgrimage." An Historical Discourse de- livered before the First Baptist Church in Northborough on the Semi-centennial Anniversary of its Organization, July 2, 1877. Mr. Valentine also wrote a long poem on Northborough, which he read at the Centennial Celebration of the Town in 1866. It was published in the pamphlet, descriptive of that Celebration. "The Genealogy of One Branch of the Wood Family." BY EDWIN A. DAVIS Mr. Edwin A. Davis was a prominent lawyer of Indiana. He edited the "Indiana Digest" in 1866 and 1870. He edited the "Revised Statutes of Indiana" in 1870. (Two important legal works.) BY REV. WILLIAM A. HOUGHTON Mr. Houghton was the minister of the Evangelical Congre- gational Church from 1843 to 1851. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 325 He wrote the "Semi-centennial of the EvangeHcal Congrega- tional Church and Society in Northborough," in 1882. Upon leaving Northborough he went to Berlin where he wrote the "History of Berlin." "Sermon," preached at the dedication of the Evangelical Congregational Church. BY REV. BENJAMIN H. BAILEY "Dedicatory Address" delivered at the Dedication of the Gale Library Building, June 12, 1895. BY DR. BENJAMIN L. BALL "Rambles in Eastern Asia, including China and Manila, During Several Years' Residence," 1855. (This book was made up from Dr. Ball's diary. The diary is very voluminous and contains matter enough to fill a dozen volumes like the "Rambles." It is now in the possession of Miss Emma A. Barnes, Dr. Ball's niece). "Three Days on the White Mountains. Being the perilous adventure of Dr. B. L. Ball on Mount Washington during October 25, 26 and 27, 1855," Boston, 1856. BY OILMAN BIGELOW HOWE "Genealogy of the Bigelow Family of America, from the Marriage in 1642, of John Bigelow and Mary Warren, to the year 1890," Worcester, 1890. We may add that Mr. Howe has written another book, as yet unpublished, "The Genealogy of Northborough Families down to the Year 1850." BY REV. JOSEPH HENRY ALLEN, D.D. 1. "Memoir of Rev. Hiram Withington," 1849. 2. "Discourses on Orthodoxy," 1849. 3. "The Great Controversy of States and People," 1851. 4. "Hebrew Men and Times," 1861. 5. "Fragments of Christian History," 1880. 6. "Our Liberal Movement in Theology," 1882. 7. "Christian History in its Three Great Periods" (3 vols.), 1882. 8. "An Historical Sketch of the Unitarian Movement since the Reformation," 1894. 9. "Positive Religion," 1891. (?) 10. "Outline of Christian History, A. D. 50 to 1880," 1884. 326 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Translations "The Life of Christ." By Renan. "Antichrist." By Renan. "The Apostles." By Renan. BOOKS BY PROF. WILLIAM F. ALLEN "Slave Songs of the United States," 1867. "Historical Introduction to Ginn's Plutarch," 1886. "Germania and Agricola of Tacitus," 1880. "Outline Studies in the History of Ireland," 1887. "History Topics for High Schools and Colleges," 1888. "Reader's Guide to English History," 1888. "Short History of the Roman People," 1890. Professor Allen also wrote an almost endless number of historical essays and reviews which were published in the maga- zines of the learned societies. After his death, certain of his friends published twenty-one of these historical essays in a memorial volume under the title "Monographs and Essays." THE LATIN BOOKS Who is not familiar with the "Allen and Greenough" series of Latin text books? They have been in constant use in the high schools and colleges throughout the country for fifty years; and they still hold first place. Yet how many of our people know that they originated with Northborough people? Such is the fact, as the following will testify: "Handbook of Classical Geography, Chronology, Mythology and Antiquities," 1861. By William F. and T. Prentice Allen. "Latin Grammar," 1868. By William F. and Joseph Henry Allen. "Latin Reader," 1869. By Joseph Henry Allen. "Latin Lessons," 1870. By Wm. F. and J. H. Allen. "Manual of Latin Grammar," 1870. By W. F. and J. H. Allen. "Latin Primer," 1870. By Joseph Henry Allen. "Latin Lexicon," 1875. By Joseph Henry Allen. "An Introduction to Latin Composition," 1870. By Wil- liam F. Allen. "Annals of Tacitus." Books 1-4, 1890. By William F. Allen. "Latin Composition," 1877. By William F. Allen. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 327 "Latin Grammar," 1872. By Joseph H. Allen and James B. Greenough. "Sallust's Catiline," 1874. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. "Ovid," 1875. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. B. Green- ough. "Preparatory Latin Course," 1875. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. "Latin Selections," 1873. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. "Cicero de Senectute," 1875. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. "Caesar's Gallic War," 1885. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. "Select Orations of Cicero," 1889. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. "Shorter Course of Latin Prose," 1873. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. R. Greenough. "Virgil," 1875. By W. F. and J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. BY PROF. JOHN MINOT RICE Mr. Rice was professor of mathematics at the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis for nearly thirty years. While there he wrote the following books for the use of the cadets: 1. "The Elements of the Differential Calculus Founded on the Method of Rates or Fluxions." Part First. By J. Minot Rice, Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy, and W. Woolsey Johnson, Professor of Mathematics in Saint John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. Printed for the use of the Cadets at the U. S. Naval Academy. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 15 Astor Place, 1874. 2. "The Elements of the Differential Calculus Founded on the Method of Rates or Fluxions." Part Second. By J. Minot Rice, Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy, and W. Woolsey Johnson, Professor of Mathematics in Saint John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. Printed for the use of the Cadets at the United States Naval Academy. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Ofifice, 1875. 3. "An Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus Founded on the Method of Rates or Fluxions." By John Minot Rice, Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy, and William Woolsey Johnson, Professor of Mathematics in Saint 328 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. Revised Edition. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 15 Astor Place, 1879. 4. "An Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus Founded on the Method of Rates or Fluxions." By John Minot Rice, Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy, and William Woolsey Johnson, Professor of Mathematics in Saint John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. Abridged Edition. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 15 Astor Place, 1880. 5. "An Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus Founded on the Method of Rates or Fluxions." By John Minot Rice, Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy, and William Woolsey Johnson, Professor of Mathematics at the United States Naval Academy. Third Edition Revised and Corrected. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 15 Astor Place, 1886. 6. "On a New Method of Obtaining the Differentials of Functions, with Especial Reference to the Newtonian Concep- tion of Rates or Velocities." By Professor J. M. Rice, of the United States Naval Academy, and Professor W. W. Johnson, of St. John's College, Annapolis, Md. Communicated to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences by Professor J. M. Pierce, January 14, 1873. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences by Welch, Bigelow & Co., University Press, Cambridge, U. S., 1873. 7. "On a New Method of Obtaining the Differentials of Functions, with Especial Reference to the Newtonian Concep- tion of Rates or Velocities." By J. Minot Rice, Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy, and W. Woolsey Johnson, Professor of Mathematics in Saint John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. Revised Edition. New York, D. Van Nostrand Publisher, 23 Murray Street and 27 Warren Street, 1875. 8. An article in the Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, volume 7, page 447, 1881, "Wave Motion and the Resistance of Ships." BY PROF. SAMUEL T. MAYNARD 1. "The Practical Fruit Grower," 1886. 2. "Landscape Gardening as applied to Home Decoration," 1899. (This book was published in England, also.) 3. "The Small Country Place," 1908. 4. "Successful Fruit Culture," 1905. Also, numerous arti- cles in Horticultural and Agricultural papers and magazines. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 329 BY EDWIN P. SEAVER 1. "The Formulas of Plane and Special Trigonometry," 1871. 2. "The Professional Training of Teachers," 1890. 3. "The Measure of a Teacher's Efficiency," 1906. In collaboration with George A. Walton, Mr. Seaver wrote: 1. "Key to the Franklin Written Arithmetic," 1878. 2. "The Franklin Written Arithmetic, with Examples for Oral Practice," 1880. 3. "The Metric System of Weights and Measures," 1882. 4. "The Franklin Elementary Algebra," 1882. 5. "New Franklin Arithmetic," 1895. BY MRS. OLIVE E. (FAIRBANKS) TIFFANY "Flora Poems and Others." BY CAROLINE E. MILLIARD "Lessons in Botany." BY JOHN D. ESTABROOK "The Davis Family in Northborough." BY REV. CHARLES S. PEASE "The Life of Luther Rice." (This book has not been pub- lished. The manuscript is in the possession of the Northborough Historical Society.) BY J. ALLEN JOHNSON "The Oscillograph and Its Applications." Published by the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, in March, 1908. It was also published in pamphlet form. BY REV. JOSIAH COLEMAN KENT "Ten Years in Northborough," 1906 PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY J. BARNES, M.D., HARVARD, 1872 (Late Professor of Hygiene, Tufts Medical School.) "Excavation of the Water Basins of Boston." {Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, January 26, 1882.) "Boston's Water Supply." {Boston City Document, 129, 1883.) 330 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "Sewerage Systems and the Epuration of Sewage by Irriga- tion and Agriculture." (Baltimore Sanitarian, September, 1884.) "Sewage, Application to Land the Best Method of Treat- ment." (Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, March 5 and 12, 1891.) "The Arid Atmosphere of Our Houses in Winter." Transac- tions of American Public Health Association. (Phil., 1898, part 2, vol. 4.) "Control of Respiratory Diseases." Annals of Gynecology and Pediatry. (Boston, May, 1908). Many other papers on the subject of sanitation. BY MISS CORA SMALL "History of the Northborough Free Library." CHAPTER XXXIV NORTHBOROUGH IN THE WORLD WAR [Note: Northborough had a part, and a large part, in the great World War. She rose to the occasion grandly, and performed her part in a large- hearted way. Her people were united, and from the beginning to the end, worked together as one man. She went "over the top" in everything — men, money, work. The story of her activities may be told in the usual style of local historians, but such a story would leave much to be desired. Only the names of a few participants could find place in such a record. There must of necessity be a few leading people in such a large work, and their names would naturally occur frequently. But in the present case, where everybody had a part in the successful work of "winning the war," it seems to the author that a different style of narrative would give a more comprehensive and satisfactory record of what the town did and how it did it. During the war the author kept a complete and careful diary of its progress. He wrote down at night everything that was done during the day. Many things that were done have long since been forgotten. Yet they are all necessary to any complete record. He thinks it better, therefore, to tell the story of Northborough 's part in the War in the language of his diary; for that shows the spirit with which the town performed its work.] A GREAT CRISIS February 1, 1917 , Thursday. A few days ago, Germany sent a note to our Government, and to other neutral states, saying that beginning today she is going to engage in a ruthless war with her submarines; that she has established a war zone around the English, French, and Italian coasts, and that she purposes to sink all vessels going to or coming from those countries, including neutral ships. She furthermore warns the United States that she will allow only one American ship to enter and depart from an English port, a week, and that port must he Falmouth. This means that she will break her word to our Government so solemnly given after the sinking of the "Sussex" several months ago. At that time President Wilson told Germany that if German submarines torpedoed a single ship which carried Americans he would break off diplomatic relations with her. Since then more than thirty American lives have been sacri- ficed and the President has done nothing about it. But now, this threat to sink neutral ships has aroused the country, and has created the greatest crisis since the war began. The country is in a ferment over it. 332 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY THE EYES OF THE WORLD February 2, 1917, Friday. The eyes of the world are on Presi- dent Wilson today. Everyone is waiting to see what he will do. It is thought that he will take action either today or to- morrow. Everyone expects him to break off relations with that pirate country. Are we to be drawn into the war at last? WILSON BREAKS WITH GERMANY February 3, 1917, Saturday. President Wilson delivered an address before Congress yesterday at two o'clock. He re- hearsed some of the correspondence he had had with Germany and finally spoke of the German note which I mentioned on February 1. Pie then said in substance, that Germany had not kept her word, and that therefore there was nothing else for him to do but to sever diplomatic relations with her. "This I have done." It was done in this way: At the very moment that the Presi- dent began to address Congress (2 o'clock sharp), a messenger from the State Department appeared at the German Embassy and handed the German Ambassador — Count von Bernstorfif — his passports. This was the President's reply to Germany's insolent note of February 1. The Ambassador was not surprised; in fact, he said later to the newspaper correspondents "there was nothing else the President could do, under the circumstances." In his address to Congress the President said: "I have given the German Ambassador his passports. This is not war. But the first overt act that German submarines commit I shall take the liberty of appearing before you again and ask you to put into my hands the means necessary to defend our national honor." OUR AMBASSADOR February 13,1917, Tuesday. Our Ambassador, JamesW. Gerard, has been held practically a prisoner for a week. He was not al- lowed to leave Germany until that country was assured that we were not holding the crews of her interned ships which are in our ports. His telephone wires were cut so he could not communi- cate with the United States consuls. He was not permitted to communicate with his home government. He finally left Germany on Sunday night. Before allowing him to leave, however, they tried to coerce him into signing a protocol saying that the United States still upheld the treaty of 1828. Of course he refused. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 333 THE "LACONIA" February 27, 1917, Tuesday. The Cunard liner "Laconia" was torpedoed on Sunday night and ten American Hves were lost. Is this the "overt act" that President Wilson has been waiting for? Since the President delivered his address on February 3, two American ships have been sunk, and two or three lives lost. Now comes the sinking of the "Laconia" with the loss of ten American lives. THE "ALGONQUIN" March 14, 1917, Wednesday. Germany sinks an American ves- sel with her notorious submarines. No lives were lost; but the crew of seventeen were placed in jeopardy. The name of the vessel was the "Algonquin." She was fired upon, but as the shots were not effective the officers of the submarine boarded her and blew her up with bombs. She was unprotected and unarmed; and the submarine refused to render any assistance to the wrecked crew. THE OVERT ACT? March 19, 1917, Monday. German submarines sank three American ships yesterday, two of which were sailing westward, and without warning. Does this constitute the "overt act" which President Wilson declared would be the last straw? This makes five since February 3. Is the President waiting for a German warship to sail up the Potomac River and bombard the White House? ONE MORE March 23, 1917, Friday. Another American vessel sunk by a German "U-Brute," as the submarines are now called. This time it is the "Healdton," an oil-laden ship. And she was sunk on that part of the high seas which Germany de- clared to be safe for neutrals. Twenty men were sent to their deaths, seven of whom were Americans. The country is becoming restless. PRESIDENT WILSON CALLS OUT THE NATIONAL GUARD March 26, 1917, Monday. President Wilson called out the National Guard yesterday and today — thirty-four regiments in several states. The purpose of this mobilization is to protect bridges, tunnels, factories, etc., against possible destruction by cranks and other unpatriotic citizens. "An ounce of preven- tion, etc." 334 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY It seemed necessary to record the above incidents because they immediately preceded our entrance into the war, and led directly to it; also, they show that our country did not enter the war hastily, but was fairly forced into it to protect her honor. By this time the whole country was in a ferment and was beginning to prepare itself for the inevitable. In the meantime, President Wilson had been inducted into office for the second time (March 5), and Congress had expired by constitutional limitation. Late in March, the President issued a call for the convening of the new Congress in special session on April 2, at which time it was expected that definite action would be taken. NORTHBOROUGH PREPARES On Monday evening, March 26, 1917, the following gentle- men met at Grand Army Hall to talk over the situation with a view to forming a Committee of Public Safety: Dr. J. M. Stanley, Frank W. Eames, Frederick B. Van Ornum, Ezra H. Bigelow, Harry F. Allen, William R. Frazer, William W. Warren, Clarence N. Nelson, and Frank E. Haskell. Harry F. Allen and Frank E. Haskell outlined the purpose for which the meeting was called. A general discussion ensued, led by Dr. J. M. Stanley. "The sentiment expressed was, that our nation faced a very grave and dangerous international crisis, and that every citizen should prepare himself to be of some service to his town, state, and nation in the impending war with Germany. It was thought best, however, to communicate with the State Authorities on Public Safety before formulating any definite plan of organization for the town." [Public Safety Records]. A temporary organization was effected with Harry F. Allen and Frank E. Haskell, Chairman and Secretary, respectively. After voting, on motion of Mr. Eames, "that the Board of Select- men be asked to communicate with the state authorities to find out how the town could best organize so as to be of most use to the state and nation in the present crisis," and after authorizing the chairman to call another meeting after such information shall have been received, the meeting adjourned. Two days later, March 28, another meeting was held at the selectmen's room, at which the following gentlemen were present: Dr. J. M. Stanley, Dr. J. L. Coffin, Tarbell P. Haskell, Rev. J. C. Kent, Frederick B. Van Ornum, Rev. F. L. Bristol, Holland Coffin, William A. Crossley, Chester W. Hunt, William R. Frazer, Harry F. Carbrey, Harry F. Allen, John W. Allen, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 335 Allison I. Duplissis, Thomas F. Lonergan, Rev. A. T. Ringold, and Frank E. Haskell. In the meantime, literature had been received from the State Public Safety Committee. This was read. And it was voted that the several committees suggested by the State Com- mittee, be raised by our Committee. After further discussion of the general situation, it was voted, on motion of Thomas F. Lonergan, "that we call a mass meeting for sometime in the near future, preferably Wednesday, April 4." The meeting then adjourned. THE NEW CONGRESS CONVENES IN EXTRA SESSION, AND PRESIDENT WILSON SPEAKS April 2, 1917, Monday. The 65th Congress convened in extra session today and President Wilson delivered his long- expected address. He unhesitatingly takes up the guantlet which Germany so impudently threw down. It is a great speech and will go down in history as a great state paper. He tells the world exactly why America enters the war. He gives Germany the greatest excoriation that a nation ever received. It is a knock-out blow from which that country will never recover. He puts Germany exactly where she belongs. The moral effect of this great speech upon the world will be tremendous. In the course of his address President Wilson said : "The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind. It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but the ships and people of other neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and overwhelmed in the same way. There has been no discrim- ination. The challenge is to all mankind. Each nation must decide for itself how it will meet it. The choice we make for ourselves must be made with a moderation of counsel and a temperateness of judgment befitting our character and our motives as a nation. We must put excited feeling away. Our motives will not be revenge or of victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, of human right, of which we are only a single champion. "With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty, / advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to he in fact nothing less than war against the government and people of the United 336 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it; and that to take immediate steps not only to put the country in a more thorough state of defense but also to exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring the Government of the German Em^re to terms and end the war.'' WAR DECLARED In response to this advice of the President, the United States Senate passed the War Resolution, on April 5, by a vote of eigthy-two to six; and the House of Representatives passed it on April 6, by a vote of three hundred and seventy-three to sixty. MASS MEETING IN TOWN HALL April 4, 1917, Wednesday. The following notice, on postal cards, was mailed quite generally to the citizens of Northborough, on March 30 : Gtize n s' Patriotic Meeting, Northborough ARE YOU INTERESTED IN PREPAREDNESS? If so, show it by turning out! If not, come and we will MAKE you interested and arouse your Patriotism on Wednesday, April 4, 1917. Time 8 o'clock / p >, \ To Discuss and Take Place Town Hall \ ^^^P^^^ / Immediate Steps to Help and Protect our Town, State and Country in case of War. We meet to organize Committees on Public Safety to co-operate with those of the State. Come and learn the details. Bring your family and tell your neighbor to do the same! Out of town Speaker. Music. Make it a Big Night — Fill the Hall! Wednesday, at 8. Frank E. Haskell, Temporary Secretary. The above notice brought out an audience that filled our large town hall. (The following account of the meeting is taken from the records of the Public Safety Committee.) The meeting was called to order by the temporary chairman, Harry F. Allen. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 337 Dr. John L. Coffin was then elected permanent chairman, and Harry F. Allen, permanent secretary. Prayer was offered by Rev. A. T. Ringold, pastor of the Baptist Church. Music was furnished by the Northborough Brass Band. Dr. Coffin in a brief introductory address, outlined the purpose of the meeting, and then introduced Mr. Henry H. Chamberlain of Worcester, who was sent out by the State Com- mittee of Public Safety, to explain to the citizens of Northborough the purposes and scope of the organization. He told something of the work as it has been organized in Worcester and offered suggestions as to a similar work in Northborough. Dr. J. M. Stanley was then called on, who spoke of our dangers within and without, and who emphasized the gravity of the situation. Rev. James A. Hurley, pastor of the Catholic Church, spoke on the need of loyalty and the necessity of systematic preparation for whatever need may arise, and he urged all to stand by the President of the United States in this great crisis. George A, Brigham spoke briefly of the town's record for loyalty, and expressed the belief that Northborough would be as loyal in the present crisis as she had been at all other times. Rev. J. C. Kent, pastor of the Unitarian Church, spoke of President Wilson's address to Congress as setting forth very clearly the causes for our country entering the War, and warned us to be careful to distinguish between the German people and the present German government. Mr. Louis P. Howe of Marl- borough spoke briefly on the work of the Red Cross. The meeting then proceeded to raise the following committees: (Two or three names on this list were added by the Executive Committee a little later). Executive Committee: Dr. Josiah M. Stanley, George A. Brigham, Ezra H. Bigelow, Herman L. Sparrow, Rev. James A. Hurley, and the permanent chairman and secretary of the General Committee — Dr. John L. Coffin and Harry F. Allen. Finance Committee: William J. Potter, Harold E. Fitts, Mrs. Sarah E. Emery, and Alfred Thomas. Publicity Committee: Dr. John L. Coffin, Harry F. Allen, and Harry F. Carbrey. Public Works Committee: Ezra H. Bigelow, Martin H. Ryan, and Hiram G. Collins. Food Production and Conservation Committee: George A. Brigham, Frederick B. Van Ornum, Rev. J. C. Kent, Clarence E. Buckley, Herman L. Sparrow, Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball, Mrs. Walter O. Brigham, Mrs. John L. Coffin, Mrs. Noah Wads- worth, Mrs. Alfred Thomas, and Walter O. Brigham. 338 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Home Guards Committee: Allison I. Duplissis, William P. Marshall, Fred J. Proctor, Chester W. Hunt, and Frank E. Haskell. Transportation Committee: Thomas F. Lonergan, John W. Allen, and Harry J. England. Industrial Survey Committee: Thomas H. Blair, Frank W. Eames, and Ralph E. Wadsworth. Correspondence Committee: Rev. Josiah C. Kent, Rev. Andrew T. Ringold, Rev. Frank L. Bristol, and Rev. James A. Hurley. After the singing of "America" by the audience, the bene- diction was pronounced by Rev. Frank L. Bristol. At a meeting of the Executive Committee held on April 18, the following committee was appointed : Volunteer Aid Committee: Miss Abbie Small, Mrs. Stanley Stephenson, Mrs. Henry G. Corey, Mrs. George E. Armour, Mrs. William H. Marshall, and Rev. J. C. Kent. Before the autumn set in some of our young men had entered the military service and had already departed for the military camps. Governor McCall had, in the meantime, established a Soldiers' Information Bureau whose duty it should be to keep track of the service men. And he earnestly requested that every town should raise a local committee with this object in view. The Executive Committee, in compliance with this request, appointed the following: Soldiers' Information Bureau: Rev. J. C. Kent, Miss Abbie Small, and Mrs. William Marshall. On September 26, the Executive Committee appointed Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball a member of the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defence. During the winter of 1917 the United States Government sought to encourage thrift on the part of the children. It did this by issuing Thrift Stamps, which could be purchased at the postoffice for twenty-five cents. These were to be pasted into a book (which the Government furnished), and when a child had sixteen such stamps they could be exchanged for a War Stamp. On January 21, 1918, the Executive Committee appointed the following: Thrift Stamp Committee: Dr. John L. Cofifin, Postmaster Martin H. Ryan, Superintendent of Schools Frederick B. Van Ornum, and Dr. J. M. Stanley. On March 20, 1918, Allyn D. Phelps was appointed agent NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 339 for enrollment of shipbuilders' employees. The following were also appointed: Fuel Committee: Alfred Thomas, George Sherman, and Clarence E. Buckley. On March 27, 1918, Mr. George Sherman was appointed supervisor of Food Supply and John W. Allen as supervisor of Children's Gardens. The various committees got speedily to work and most of them found plenty to do. The Executive Committee especially, was a very busy committee. They held frequent meetings, and every little while had the chairmen of the numerous sub-com- mittees appear before them to give an account of the progress their various committees were making. This work was con- tinued throughout the war. THE AQUEDUCT GUARDED April 6, 1917, Friday. A squad of nine militiamen from the 2nd Regiment came to town today to guard the Aqueduct Bridge at Woodside. This is very important, for if the aque- duct should be destroyed it would cut off Boston's water supply. Thus, is the World War brought to Northborough. This action became necessary, for already many attempts have been made to blow up factories and to cut off water supplies, throughout the country. FLAG RAISING AT WOODSIDE April 18, 1917, Wednesday. There was a flag-raising at the Woodside Mills this afternoon at 5 o'clock. The large flag was purchased by the employees of the Taylor Manufacturing Com- pany, and was hung across the street. Rev. Frank L. Bristol and Rev. J. C. Kent delivered patriotic addresses, and music was furnished by the Northborough Brass Band. Many people were present. FLAG RAISING There was a flag-raising at the Evangelical Congregational Church on Sunday, April 15. After the morning service, the congregation repaired to the lawn in front of the church where a special patriotic service was held and the Stars and Stripes was raised on a staff projecting from over the front entrance of the church. Rev. Frank L. Bristol (who has a son in the service) delivered a telling patriotic address. 340 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY PATRIOTS' DAY, APRIL 19, 1917 Patriots' Day, 1917, will long be remembered in North- borough. It was a beautiful spring day. The employees of the Consolidated Street Railway Company purchased a beautiful flag and raised it over their car barn at 10.30 o'clock. The occa- sion was a notable one. The Northborough Brass Band, the Boy Scouts, the school children, some of the militiamen who are guarding the aqueduct, and a few of the Grand Army men as- sembled in the square, formed a procession and marched to the car barn on South Street. There, a platform had been erected for the speechmaking. The Stars and Stripes was raised to the mast head, a salute was fired by the militiamen, the "Star Spangled Banner" was played by the band and sung by the children, a salute to the flag was given by the children, other patriotic songs were sung, and addresses were delivered by the following speakers: Rev. J. C. Kent, pastor of the Unitarian Church, Mr. Rooney, an officer of the Railroad Men's Union, Rev. James A. Hurley, pastor of the Catholic Church, Rev. Andrew T. Ringold, pastor of the Baptist Church, and Dr. John L. Coffin. All the speakers were imbued with the spirit of the day and delivered their addresses in a vigorous and effective manner. The whole service was one of great dignity and of patriotic fervor ; and the large gathering present felt that the day had been appro- priately celebrated. In the afternoon, at 3 o'clock, a meeting was held in Grand Army Hall (opposite the library) in the interests of the Red Cross Society. More than one hundred people were present. The Hon. Charles G. Washburn of Worcester, gave a very instructive address on the purposes of the society. Mr. Greely of Marlborough gave a talk on the details of organiza- tion, and at the clovse of the meeting a Branch of the American Red Cross was temporarily effected. Altogether, Patriots' Day, 1917, is likely to be long remem- bered in Northborough. BUSY DAYS April 22, 1917. These are busy days for everybody. At the Mass Meeting held on April 4, many sub-committees were appointed for various divisions of the work of the Public Safety Committee, and those committees have been busy ever since planning their respective work. Last Monday evening, April 16, the Home Guard Committee held an open meeting in the town hall and voted to establish a military training school. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 341 Nearly fifty people joined it, and Mr. Frederick A. King has since offered to drill them. On Wednesday evening, April 18, the Executive Committee held a meeting at the Selectmen's room; following which, at the same place, the Committee on Food Conservation held a meeting and formulated certain plans. Among the things this committee did was to appoint its lady members a special committee to work with and through the women of the town. That committee lost no time in getting to work, and today, Sunday, April 22, they had the following appeal read in all the churches: "J'o the Women of Northborough: "In consequence of the great shortage of food throughout the whole world, and the probable embargoes on freights after the Government begins to use the railroads for the transportation of our armies and their supplies, and in behalf of the Committee on Food Production and Conservation, we (the undersigned lady members of aforesaid committee) do hereby implore the women of Northborough to practice rigid economy in their households in the use of food supplies, so as to provide for the coming winter. Preserving, canning, and drying in larger quantities than heretofore is especially necessary during the coming weeks and extending through the entire season of fruits and vegetables, if we wish to avoid the pangs of hunger before another spring. "The co-operation and assistance of this committee is assured to any and all who may desire it in the prosecution of this work. "Signed, Mrs. Blanche E. Kimball, Mrs. Annie W. Coffin, Mrs. Alice L. Brigham, Mrs. Almira A. Wadsworth." FLAG DAY AT UNITARIAN CHURCH May 20, 1917. Flag Day was observed at the Unitarian Church today. A special service was arranged for the occasion which included bugle call, presentation of flag, salute to flag by the Sunday-school, and a patriotic sermon by Mr. Kent. It was a very impressive service. The flag was presented by Mr. Levi Whitcomb on behalf of the donors. Mr. Whitcomb is a veteran of the Civil War and of the Battle of Gettysburg, and was in his Grand Army uniform. It was planned to have two flags, a national and a state; but the latter could not be obtained, owing to the fact that the Government has bought up all the bunting in the country. It is almost impossible to 342 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY buy any kind of a flag at this time. And such as may be bought cost twice as much as they did six months ago. Mr. Kent received the flag from the hand of Comrade Whit- comb and putting it into place, he apostrophized it thus: Our Flag What shall I say to you, old flag? You are so grand in every fold. So linked with mighty deeds of old, So steeped in blood where heroes fell. So torn and pierced by shot and shell, So calm, so still, so firm, so true, My throat swells at the sight of you, old flag. What of the men who lifted you, old flag, Upon the top of Bunker's Hill, Who crushed the Briton's cruel will, 'Mid shock and roar and crash and scream, Who crossed the Delaware's frozen stream. Who starved, who fought, who bled, who died. That you might float in glorious pride, old flag? What of the women, brave and true, old flag. Who, while the cannon thundered wild Sent forth a husband, lover, child; Who labored in the field by day And all the night long knelt to pray, And thought that God great mercy gave If only freely you might wave, old flag? What is your mission now, old flag? What but to set all people free. To rid the world of misery. To guard the right, avenge the wrong And gather in one joyous throng Beneath your folds, in close embrace. All burdened ones of ev'ry race, old flag. Right nobly do you lead the way, old flag; Your stars shine out for liberty. Your white stripes stand for purity. Your crimson claims that courage high For honor's sake to fight and die! Lead on against the alien shore, We'll follow you e'er to death's door, old flag! — Anon NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 343 MEMORIAL DAY, 1917 Memorial Day was observed in town today as usual — exercises in the town hall at 2 o'clock, march to the cemetery and service at the monument. I have never seen anywhere, Memorial Day exercises carried out with greater dignity and reverence and beauty and solemnity than here in Northborough. This was especially true of the service today, for the pall of the Great War seemed to hang over us with its anxious forebodings. We have been having three days of cold, northeast storm. Today, the forenoon was overcast, but the sun came out about two o'clock and smiled benignly upon us during the rest of the day. I think we never appreciated the sunshine more than we did today. The war lent a sombreness to the day which it does not always have. Rev. J. C. Kent, pastor of the Unitarian Church, made that the subject of his oration at the town hall. The hall was well filled, and everybody present seemed to feel the presence of the great calamity. Not since 1861 have we experienced such times as the present. The presence of several National Guards- men in uniform made us all conscious of the fact that our troops will soon be leaving for service in France. PATRIOTIC MEETING June 4, 1917, Monday. A patriotic meeting was held in the town hall this evening under the auspices of the Public Safety Committee. The hall was crowded. It does not take much of an effort to get out an audience these days, for everybody is interested in the war and wants to know what our town is doing. Dr. John L. Coffin, chairman of the Public Safety Committee, presided, with the dignity and felicity for which he is well-known. The following program was rendered : Music: By the Northborough Brass Band. Invocation: By Rev. Frank L. Bristol. Song: By the High School. Address: By Dr. John L. Cofifin. Report of Executive Committee: By Dr. Josiah M. Stanley. Report of Food Production Committee: By George A. Brigham, and Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball. Address: By Mr. Dearth, of Worcester. Report of Committee on Public Works: By Ezra H. Bigelow. Report of Committee on Home Guard: By Allison I. Duplissis. Report of Committee on Transportation: By Thomas Lonergan. 344 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Drill: By Boy Scouts. Song: By High School. Talks on Liberty Bonds: By Ed. J. Sawyer and E. B. Moore, of Worcester. Talk on his recent trip to Europe: By Alfred Thomas. "America": By the audience. Benediction: By Rev. J. C. Kent. The purpose of this meeting was to keep the townspeople informed as to what the Public Safety Committee is doing; and in this purpose it was very successful. For all the committees had been hard at work and had much to report. REGISTRATION DAY June 6, 1917, Wednesday. Yesterday was Registration Day. All the young men in the country between the ages of twenty- one and thirty-one years were obliged to register their names for possible military service. Over ten million men registered in the country, and one hundred thirty-one in Northborough. It was thought that there might be disturbances here and there, but the papers tonight say there was not so much disturbance as there is on a presidential election day. This registration was necessitated by the "Draft Bill" which was passed by Congress a few weeks ago. The President is about to raise a large army for service in France and he very wisely (as I think) demanded a conscription law which would enable him to raise that army by conscription. The volunteer system of raising an army is not a success, especially for a war of such magnitude as the present one. Conscription is the only democratic way — that is fair for all. June 5, 1917, will rank among the important dates in our country's calendar; for this registration I regard as one of the most momentous events that ever took place in our political history : it marks a departure for our country. RED CROSS WEEK The week beginning June 18, was designated as "Red Cross Week." The whole country united in a "drive"* for $100,000,- 000 for the use of that noble society which throughout the war, and after, performed such humane work for the soldiers. The part that Northborough had in this drive is told under section "Red Cross." ♦The word "Drive" in this connection was used very extensively throughout the war. Large sums of money were frequently called for for various purposes and the country united in one big effort for it. These efforts were called "drives." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 345 PRESENTATION OF FLAGS September 23, 1917, Thursday. A very pretty service was held in Grand Army Hall this evening. It was held under the auspices of the "Women's Relief Corps," who called it "Flag Night." The chief feature of the evening was the presentation of two flags by the Corps to Troops I and II of the Boy Scouts. The Rev. A. T. Ringold, pastor of the Baptist Church, gave a most interesting and instructive talk on "What the Flag Means." He presented the subject in such a telling way that it made a deep impression, not only on the Boy Scouts but on the older people as well. It was a very pretty patriotic service which the boys will long remember. WAR LIBRARY FUND October 9, 1917, Tuesday. I presided over a special meeting of the Trustees of the Northborough Free Library this after- noon. Last week there was raised throughout the country one million dollars for the purpose of erecting and equipping libraries in our army camps at home and abroad. Northborough was asked to raise a sum that would amount to five per cent of her population. That would be about $80 or $85. The Trustees set themselves the task of raising $100. The meeting today was called for the purpose of settling accounts. Reports showed a collection of $118. It would have exceeded that sum had I not telephoned the trustees to stop collecting (several days ago), as we already had enough. Our thought was, that it were better to do this, in view of the fact that calls for money are so numerous, and are likely to continue as long as the war lasts. I may add now that in addition to the contribution of money the library contributed several hundred volumes which were specially donated for that purpose. In this matter, too, the contributions were so generous that the trustees were obliged to cry "enough." Y. M. C. A. FUND The Young Men's Christian Association is doing a great work for the soldiers. That work is too diversified to be spoken of in detail; nor is it necessary, for the work is too well-known. The Association started out a few days ago to raise a fund of $35,000,000 throughout the country. The people responded so liberally that when the books were closed they showed dona- tions of more than $50,000,000. 346 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Northborough responded liberally, as usual, contributing $1157. I am increasingly proud of Northborough. Ever since the war began she has over-subscribed her quota in everything. The committee who had charge of this drive were: George A. Brigham, Chairman; Norman B. Potter, Treasurer; C. Mont- ford Brigham, Secretary; George H. Felt, Edward H. Smith, Frederick B. Van Ornum, Samuel L. McCool, Harold Moore, Edwin S. Corey, Harry F. Allen, Martin Ryan, and Frank St. Onge. HALIFAX FUND December 9-16, 1917. The State of Massachusetts has been gathering funds this week to aid the Halifax sufferers. There was a terrible explosion in Halifax Harbor a few days ago. A large vessel laden with war munitions and T.N.T., a powerful explo- sive, was just starting for France when she was run into by another vessel. A frightful explosion ensued which completely destroyed a large part of the city, killing outright 1,200 people, and injur- ing several thousand more, and making 20,000 people homeless. The Public Safety Committee of Northborough held a meeting in the town hall on Sunday afternoon, and after discussing the terrible catastrophe, appointed a special committee to gather funds to aid the sufferers. The committee was as follows : Herbert L. Kimball, for the East District. George Howe, for the South District. Clarence E. Buckley, for the North District. Everett Valentine, for the West District. Fred J. Proctor, for the Center District. Harry Whittaker, for the Chapinville, Woodside District. This committee collected $609.96 — a truly munificent con- tribution, considering the frequency of the calls made upon the town within the past few months. NORTHBOROUGH 'S FIRST SACRIFICE January 24, 1918, Thursday. Northborough has made her first sacrifice to the cause of world-wide democracy, and the frightful cost of the Great War has been brought close home to our people. Three days ago, word came to Dr. Ira C. Guptill that Adolph Christian Nelson had died in a naval hospital at Brooklyn, N. Y., on Sunday, January 20. The news of his death quickly spread, and in a short time the whole town was engulfed in sorrow. Adolph Christian Nelson was born in Concord, Mass., Decem- NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 347 ber 9, 1892, the son of Bernhard and Anna Nelson. As a young boy, he came to Northborough and lived several years in the family of Dr. Ira C. Guptill, in the center of the town, opposite the Northborough Inn (in the house now owned by David E. Place). He always considered Northborough his home, for Dr. and Mrs. Guptill were very fond of him and treated him as they would have treated their own son. Adolph grew up in this town, attended our public schools and was graduated from the Northborough High School in 1912. He was a good boy in every sense of the word, clean in mind and life. He possessed a beautiful spirit which was reflected in his sparkling eyes. It was a pleasure to look into his brilliant eyes. They were frank- ness itself; they never faltered; they concealed nothing; they expressed the cheerful spirit behind them. His schoolmates loved him — as did older people who knew him well, for he was conscientious to the last degree. After leaving the high school he was a student at Clark College in Worcester for some months. Then he went to Cali- fornia where, for a while he was a student at the University of California. He returned to the East in 1916. In April, 1917, he enlisted in the United States Navy a few days after our country entered the Great War. He was stationed at South Boston (at the Commonwealth Pier, which has been converted into a training station). Later he was transferred to the United States Battleship "Georgia." While serving on this -ship he con- tracted inflammatory rheumatism, and was taken to the naval hospital at Brooklyn, N. Y., for treatment. He apparently recovered, and was assigned to the United States ship "Leviathan." But his recovery was only apparent, and within forty-eight hours he was returned to the hospital. But the naval hospital being overtaxed, he was taken to St. Mary's Hospital, nearby. He died there on Sunday morning at 8.55 o'clock, January 20, 1918. He was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery at Concord, Mass., this afternoon, January 24. The service was held in the chapel at 2 o'clock, and was conducted by a chaplain from the naval station at Boston, who was accompanied by a con- tingent of marines. Later, when his body was lowered into the grave, taps were sounded by a bugler — one of the marines. Thus did this young man — Adolph Christian Nelson — who had within a month passed his twenty-fifth birthday, become Northborough 's first sacrifice in the Great War for freedom. Upon learning of Nelson's death, the Chairman of the Public Safety Committee called a meeting of the Executive Committee for Monday evening. Said meeting was held in the selectmen's 348 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY room when the following action was taken: It was voted that a committee of three be appointed to attend the funeral to represent the town. Dr. J. M. Stanley, Chairman, appointed Ezra H. Bigelow, Chairman of the Board of Selectmen; Rev. J. C. Kent, Chairman of the Committee on Correspondence; and George A. Brigham, a member of the Executive Committee. It was then voted that a floral tribute be provided; that a Memorial Service be held on the afternoon of the following Sunday; and that Rev. J. C. Kent be a committee of one to prepare suitable resolutions. I may add now, that the above committee attended the funeral, and that the floral offering took the form of a large anchor, four and one-half feet in height. MEMORIAL SERVICE January 27, 1918, Su?iday. A service in memory of Adolph Christian Nelson was held in the town hall this Sunday after- noon. The meeting was called to order by Ezra H. Bigelow, Chair- man of the Board of Selectmen, who, after stating the purpose of the meeting and officially expressing the town's sorrow at the death of the town's first sacrifice, called upon Dr. John L. Coffin, Chairman of the Public Safety Committee, to act as presiding officer. The following program was then rendered : Singing: By Quartette.* Address: By Dr. John L. Coffin. Singing: By Quartette. Prayer: By Rev. J. C. Kent. Singing: By Quartette. Address: By Rev. A. T. Ringold. Singing, "America": By the audience. Dr. Coffin in his opening address, feelingly expressed the sorrow of the townspeople at the untimely death of this young man who laid his all upon the altar of his country's need. Rev. Mr. Ringold, in his more extended address, reviewed the life of young Nelson from his birth, laying particular stress upon his character. In the course of his address he said: "In purity of spirit, honesty of purpose, gentleness and self- control, our young sailor-boy to be was a shining example to all, even to those much older than himself. He was free from all *The Quartette was composed as follows: Mrs. Frederick B. Van Omum, Mrs. Moore (wife of the High School principal), C. Montford Brigham and Edward A. Jones. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 349 petty and uncleanly habits so common among young men and which they so easily and almost naturally pick up from their elders in the various walks of life. He resisted them, forming his habits from his heavenly citizenship rather than from his earthly associates. Those who knew him best say he refrained his lips, even in boyhood, from the use of slang so common in the every-day life. His clean face and clear look impressed even those who met him casually. One said he was a lad whom if you met him on the street, you would incline to look back and admire the fine spirit shining in his eyes, and from his entire personality. His life was frank and transparent as though there was nothing he needed to conceal." Before the last hymn was sung. Rev. J. C. Kent, on behalf of the Public Safety Committee, presented the following reso- lutions which were unanimously adopted : RESOLUTIONS ''Whereas, God, in his inscrutable Providence hath removed from our midst one of the thirty-five young men whom North- borough has given to the naval and military forces of our country to serve her in the present crisis; and ''Whereas, this event brings the Great War closely honie to our doors by causing us to realize that our small town is an integral part of our great nation ; and "Whereas, this young man constitutes Northborough's first great sacrifice to the cause of 'making the world safe for democ- racy' ; be it "Resolved, that in the death of Adolph C. Nelson the town of Northborough loses one of her brightest and best young men. Though born in another town (Concord) much of his life was spent in Northborough and most of his associations clustered here. He was a product of her public schools, having been graduated from the Northborough High School in 1912. His life was crystal clear. His bright, sparkling eyes reflected the joyous, beautiful spirit behind them. He was beloved by his schoolmates and respected by his elders. His life was untouched by sin, or by the indiscretions so common to youth. "His good blade carved the casques of men, His tough lance thrusteth sure. His strength was as the strength of ten, Because his heart was pure." "Beit "Resolved, that while the town of Northborough makes this great sacrifice with sadness of heart and with full realization of 350 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY future possibilities, it is determined to offer its full measure of patriotism upon the altar of its country's need : but with a prayer that the need for such heart-breaking sacrifices will soon pass away. Be it Resolved, that these resolutions be spread upon the records of the Public Safety Committee, and copies sent to Mr. Nelson's relatives, and to Dr. and Mrs. Ira C. Guptill, his foster parents. MASS MEETING April 11, 1918, Thursday. A mass meeting was held in the town hall this evening under the auspices of the Public Safety Committee. The hall was well filled, as is usual on such occasions, and the people seemed much pleased. Reports of the various sub-committees were given, outlining the work which Northborough had done during the past year. The reports showed that this town had responded to the emergency created by the war in a large-hearted, generous and noble manner. Every call that had been made upon her had been met with alacrity and to the fullness of her ability. Up to the present time she has over-subscribed her quota in everything — men, money and work; and in such a way as to make every lover of the town proud of her. UNITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN November 11-18, 1918. Another "drive" is on throughout the country this week. In order to lessen the number of calls upon the people the following seven organized agencies have united in one big drive, the funds to be appropriated to them in accordance with the relative magnitude of their work: The Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, the Y. W. C. A., the Salvation Army, the American Library Association, the War Camp Community Service. The following committee had charge of the Northborough quota: Frederick B. Van Ornum, Chairman; Ezra H. Bigelow, George A. Brigham, C. Montford Brigham, and Martin Ryan. The amount raised in Northborough by this committee was $4500. A CRUEL REPORT November 7 , 1918, Thursday. This afternoon, a report was circulated throughout the country that Germany had signed the armistice proposals; and the country pretty generally celebrated the good news. But late in the afternoon it was NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 351 officially announced that the report was premature. This was a cruel report, for it could not but increase the mental anguish of the millions of parents and relatives of the boys "over there." The perpetrator of such an outrageous crime (for crime it was, no matter how well-meant) ought to be sum- marily dealt with. PEACE November 11, 1918, Monday. Peace has come to the long- suffering world at last! The armistice was signed by the German envoys early this morning. The news was quickly cabled to America and we Americans lost no time in jumping out of bed and giving vent to our joyous feelings. This is what happened in Northborough. Note. If the personal element seems to be prominent in the following narrative, my readers must remember that this account of the great day is taken bodily from my private journal and was recorded when the joyous excitement was at its height. Doubtless, other people have their recorded impressions, but this is how the day impressed me. It seems well, therefore, to let the narrative stand in the first person. I am writing this at six o'clock in the morning. I was awakened this morning at four o'clock, by the blowing of the fire whistle. The continued blowing finally aroused me to the fact that the long-looked-for day had at last arrived, and that the armistice proposals had really been signed. Just then, William Frazer, janitor of the Baptist Church, began to ring the Baptist bell. I was soon dressed and down stairs. Just as I was about to open my front door the door bell rang. Upon opening it I found Clarence and Gordon Walker, who had come to ring the Unitarian bell. I went over with them, and soon our bell was ringing out the glad news. Presently the Orthodox bell was ringing; and for nearly an hour the three bells and the fire whistle were proclaiming the glad news that the war had ended. In the meantime, Clarence Bailey, our fire chief, had brought out the fire truck, and with two automobiles following him he paraded the streets, clanging the bell and tooting the horns. All is quiet now. I never saw a clearer morning or brighter stars. Even the heavens seemed to rejoice. What a day this is for the world! What a day this is for France, which has suffered for four years! France has endeared herself to the world during this time by her heroic suffering. Never a whine has she allowed to escape from her. So far as her hardships are concerned she has been mute. Noble France! The world loves you! 352 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY At Night. Oh what a day this has been! The very air has been surcharged with a something quite unUke anything experienced before. Everybody has felt it. Even the children have sensed something quite out of the ordinary. And every- body has been happy. Everybody seems to have realized that this day, NOVEMBER 11, 1918, is the greatest day the world ever saw. Personally, I have shed more tears today than in all the rest of my life together. But they were tears of joy. School opened as usual, at nine o'clock. The grammar grades were brought up into the high school and we had one glorious sing — patriotic. After saluting the flag my history class, which comprises just half the school, repaired to the recitation room; but instead of hearing lessons I talked to the class for twenty minutes. I never in all my life talked to any group of people as I talked to those young people. I think I was inspired, if I may be permitted to use that word (I think that every one who talked today was inspired). And I never had a more interested audience. Just then the door opened, and someone said, "We are going to sing again." Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball, Secretary of the School Committee, had come to say that school was to be dis- missed for the day. She brought with her Mrs. Walter O. Brigham, our singing teacher. The two schools were gotten together again, and under the leadership of Mrs. Brigham, we had another song-fest. Then Mrs. Kimball said to me: "Mr. Kent, you must talk to the scholars before they are dismissed." So I talked again — this time to the two schools, and for nearly half an hour. And again I think I was inspired. And again, I had a most attentive audience. Then we saluted the flag once more. Then Mrs. Kimball said to me: "Mr. Kent, we are going down to the Hudson Street School and w^e want you to go with us." I went. There, the principal. Miss Fanny Bemis, had the children of the grades drawn up in a group on the lawn where they sang patriotic songs, while each one held a small flag. Then I talked to those little ones, in a different vein; and upon questioning them I found that they had a clearly-defined idea as to what it was all about. "The war is over; liberty has been won, and our soldiers will soon come home again. Germany has been beaten." Then school was dismissed, after saluting the flag — flags, in this case, for four little children stood facing the group, each holding a large, bright, silk flag. I think the children of all the schools will never forget this day. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 353 Soon after I arrived home Dr. Coffin came and said: "The Public Safety Committee have been holding a meeting while you were in school and have planned a public meeting for this evening in the town hall, and we want you to speak; and we would like to have the church bells rung between twelve and one o'clock." Throughout the rest of the day that "indefinable something" remained in the air. The church bells were rung, as suggested above; and in the evening there was a mass meeting in the town hall. Dr. John L. Coffin presided, and the following program was carried out: Address: By Dr. John L. Coffin. Music: By the Band. Invocation: By Rev. A. T. Ringold. "Star Spangled Banner": By the Audience. Address: By Rev. James A. Hurley. Song, "Marseillaise": By the Audience. Recitation, "France": By Miss Dorothy Green. Song, "Keep the Home Fires Burning." Address: By Alfred Thomas. Address: By Rev. A. P. Van Dusen. "America": By the Audience. Benediction. Father Hurley in his address, paid a fine tribute to the women of America. Mr. Thomas spoke of the unity of the Anglo-Saxon race, and hoped for the permanence of the friendly relations which now exist between England and America. The mass meeting was preceded by an impromptu parade and was followed by a huge bonfire in Assabet Park. LETTERS FROM FRANCE This morning's mail brought me a letter from Corporal John Vincent Carney, and this afternoon's mail one from Sergeant Matthew J. Walsh; both of whom are in France, members of the famous 26th Division. Also, came a post card from Sergeant Holland Coffin, who is also in France. Never were letters more gladly received. If their writers had known that peace was to break upon the world on this day they could not have timed them more accurately. They arrived right in the midst of our celebration and furnished a climax to it. Carney described his entrance into a French city which had been held by the Germans ever since the beginning of the war. He said: 354 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "When we came into the town the natives did not know whether we were friends or enemies, never having seen the American uniform before: but when they saw the French who were following us, fell on their knees in the middle of the street weeping and offering thanks to God for their deliverance. It was the first time I ever saw anybody weeping with joy; and more than one eye in the olive drab was misty." The letter goes on : "A short time ago we made a raid and went through a German barrage with slight casualties. We got in the rear of their posi- tions and started driving them toward our own lines. When we came through, we found our bag contained fifty-four pris- oners. And we didn't have to lose our breakfast to do it, either. I believe, that the Kaiser has a bit more respect for 'America's despicable army,' as he so obligingly called us, at the entrance of the States into this melee." Walsh says in his letter, "Sherman might have called war 'heir in his day; but he should have been with the boys during the past three months to see what a real hell on earth, is. They took this Division out for a rest, after the drive of mid-July; but it was a short and sweet rest (two weeks), and then we went at them once again, and are still pounding at this writing. But we are not kicking as we are here to win and do it up quickly and in the proper way. It gives a fellow an awful sensation when the Huns drop one of those big shells alongside of us, for they seem to be as big as the Northborough town hall. "You can't imagine the feeling that crept over the French people that have been under German rule since 1914, when they saw the American troops coming through the streets of St. Mihiel. And how they slapped us on the back and shook hands with us! It was the happiest moment of our lives to feel that we had the honor of such a great thing. The Germans didn't take time to get their stuff out of the way. Everything was left behind, and we had a glorious time smoking German cigarettes and cigars. Once more the khaki-clad boys were too good for them. They may be good fighters, but the Yanks are better. Nothing left in some of the villages but walls of broken- down buildings. The ruins were laid out so flat in places that the artillery drove right over it. Perhaps you remember reading about the places that changed hands four or five times and were finally kept by us. That's where we had great times with our artillery, for the doughboys like to have a good barrage ahead of them." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 355 VICTORY DAY November 12, 1918, Tuesday. Today was a public holiday by proclamation of Governor McCall, issued yesterday. Cele- brations were held everywhere. Northborough had a parade in the evening — an impromptu affair, but like most impromptu affairs, a howling success. WE BURY THE KAISER Northborough celebrated the signing of the peace armistice by burying the Kaiser. The funeral procession was arranged hurriedly, principally under the direction of Charles O'Connell, starter at the Consolidated Railroad office. The burial was a great success. The procession formed at the junction of Church and Howard Streets, at seven o'clock. It moved on time in the following order: Hearse with bearers — Elmer O. Eldridge, Lincoln E. Smith, Charles H. LaPorte, and George Simpson. Crown Prince, chief mourner (Owen Duffy) — led by a chain by Walter Kelley and Amory Gilbert. Chief Marshall — Ezra H. Bigelow. Marshal's Aids — Wilbur H. Duplissis and Allison I. Duplissis, on horseback. Band. Advance Body Guard for the G. A. R. — George F. Sargent, Moses Marshall, Charles O'Connell, Martin H. Ryan, David B. Scott, Junius Q. Hatch, and Edward L. Eldridge. G. A. R. in two automobiles. Rear Guard for G. A. R. — Boy Scouts. Automobile containing ministers. Rev. J. C. Kent and Rev. A. T. Ringold. High School float. Caged bear with his keeper. Fire Department — Auto Truck, Hook and Ladder, and Hose Wagon. Street railway men in uniform. A few marchers. Automobiles. The procession moved down Church Street to Main; down Main to River; through River to Hudson; up Hudson to Main; up Main to South; up South to Gale; up Gale to Munroe; down Munroe to Main; down Main to the square, where it halted for the burial. 356 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY A grave had been dug in the square during the afternoon. The coffin containing the Kaiser (in effigy) was lowered into it. The burial of such a distinguished personage called for a eulogy. But the Kaiser had distinguished himself in such a reprehensible way that there were few to do him reverence even at his funeral. At last, one man was found who was willing to suffer a possible eclipse of his patriotism rather than that even a man of unsavory reputation should be laid to rest without ceremony. Edward L. Eldridge was that man. Mr. Eldridge is a kindhearted young man who evidently believes that even the worst of sinners has at least one redeeming trait, and he set himself the task of finding that virtue in the late Kaiser. So he volunteered to eulogize the Kaiser. He actually spoke words of praise over the grave of the most despised individual that ever lived in this world. But to do justice to Mr. Eldridge's sanity I must record that the sincerity of his words was seriously questioned by the great crowd of people who heard them. And Mr. Eldridge's conduct encouraged the suspicion. Now, a man who pronounces a eulogy over the grave of a dead man is apt to be in a serious frame of mind. A funeral is no place for laughter. And Mr. Eldridge laughed. In fact, he had hard work to keep from laughing throughout his whole address. Quite naturally there- fore, his auditors concluded that his praise of the Kaiser was mere camouflage. And they laughed too. After the burial the people were asked to gather round the town hall steps to hear the reading of the Kaiser's last will and testament, and a refutation of some of the sentiments they had just listened to. The will was read by Junius Q. Hatch. It was a printed document, procured from I know not where. I shall not reproduce the document here — suffice it to say that each section as read brought forth rounds of applause. George F. Sargent then mounted the steps and after refuting some of the sentiments expressed by Mr. Eldridge in his eulogy at the grave of the Kaiser, told the following story concerning the Kaiser's effort to find a peaceful resting-place for his weary body and his tormented soul. How Mr. Sargent learned these facts he did not divulge. But this is what he said and every- body believed him : "When the Kaiser died he went straight to the celestial city. St. Peter met him at the gate and refused to let him in, but advised him to go to Hades. The Kaiser acted upon the advice and made a bee-line for the designated place. But when his NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 357 Satanic Majesty saw who was there, and fearing that his abode would suffer contamination, he threw up his hands in horror and fairly shouted at the Kaiser, 'This, sir, is a respectable place. We cannot have you here. Begone!' " The poor Kaiser did not know what to do. What would any man do upon finding himself debarred from heaven and shut out of hell? Louis Derosier, Jr., recognizing the Kaiser's dilemma, solved his diflficulty at once. For just then a terrific explosion took place. All eyes turned instantly toward the open grave. The sight that met their gaze beggars description. The Kasier, cof^fin and all, had suddenly risen from the grave in a thousand pieces. Thus by virtue of Louis Derosier's dynamite the Kaiser Wilhelm, would-be ruler of the world, is doomed to wander through space through an endless eternity trying to piece him- self together. Thus did Northborough celebrate the utter defeat of Prussian militarism and the victory of justice. THE PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE HOLDS ITS FINAL MEETING November 18, 1918, Monday. Tonight was an important night in Northborough. The Public Safety Committee which was organized in April, 1917, when our country entered the Great War, and to guide Northborough's participation in that war, held its final meeting and was disbanded. The war being over, there is no longer need for the Committee to continue. The meeting was presided over by Dr. John L. Cofftn, Chairman. In his opening remarks he outlined the work of the committee; then, under his direction the following program was carried out: Music: By the Orchestra. "Star-Spangled Banner": By the Audience. Invocation: By Rev. J. C. Kent. Presentation of Service Flag: By Dr. J. M. Stanley. Presentation of Liberty Loan Flag: By Rev. J. C. Kent. Presentation of Roll of Honor: By George F. Sargent. "Keep the Home Fires Burning": By the Audience. Address! By Rev. James A. Hurley. Song, "Liberty Loan": By Roscoe Sargent. Reading of letters from "over there": By Rev. J. C. Kent. Music: By the Orchestra. Address: By Senator-elect, Francis Prescott of Grafton. 358 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Music: By the Orchestra. Address: By Dr. John L. Coffin. "America": By the Audience. Benediction. Dr. Coffin, in opening the meeting, gave a history of the Public Safety Committee and an account of some of the work it had done. He showed very clearly that Northborough had responded generously to all calls that had been made upon her, and that her part in the great struggle had been such as to reflect much credit upon her. Dr. J. M. Stanley, in presenting the service flag, stated that the flag had been purchased by voluntary subscriptions ($38.50) collected by Harry F. Carbrey, and that the balance had been made up by the committee. He spoke feelingly of the boys who had enlisted from this town saying, they were in many branches of the military service — Army, Navy, Air Service, Merchant Marine, etc. He called attention to the fact that four had been cited for bravery; one had won a French war cross; and that several had been gassed and wounded. He then presented the Service Flag to the town. It was accepted by Ezra H. Bigelow, chairman of the Board of Select- men, in well-chosen words. Mr. Kent, speaking in behalf of the Bond Committee, stated that in the four issues of bonds to date, Northborough had subscribed $195,850. He then presented the Honor Flag to the town, which was likewise accepted by Mr. Bigelow. Father Hurley, in his address, praised the town for the loyal and faithful and willing work it had done throughout the whole period of the war. Mr. Kent then read two letters from France which were re- ceived by him on the day of the great rejoicing, November 11, portions of which are reproduced on a previous page. He then stated that "while it is a pleasant thing to receive letters from the boys 'over there,' we bear in mind at this time that from the beginning of this sad alTair until the very last day, many of our American boys have fallen in battle never to rise again, and that consequently their parents and friends are denied the pleasure of receiving letters from them." He then asked the audience to rise and breathe a silent prayer in memory of those brave boys and their sorrowing parents. This was done, and at its close Mr. Kent said, "Into thy hands, O God, we commend their spirits. Amen." , <~ t •-? -r f '. i n •f i ) t ; < -» r . «. C Hnmfio - J Vi»tmt . . wfu. AlBtaj J. Corrn Hol.i.AMf> LANOia. t^QRAS J Ll KIT. Faiuicis LtARY Fwroiaicn Ui.Lr.»- rB».»ii %. Locitui CfrwfY R Luci&A^. Cdwavo M*C«tV Tl««ITHY MiXTZtB, AiBtirrW, MlUIO rSAOK W. MuiHHir. Tim* E H im N?tss» AsotM C. iir Hf L»o«. CukMirci: N Ntl.SOK.G(9««C W. NOVIHS. HvMAH Paul Eiicm W. PtiMZt C*»i E - PriMXC HCfTMAM PlC*Bll, J»MtS L'. P>C*PO VtllCfHT F !>Hii« l-i'...t M StonI Hffw«i>I> O. STunt WutrMD H Tmis^ Cwxus J. WflUAM B F SiOMiy MATTKtW J. i. MaTO« S. V ttmtSJ iuMtiMtmrs P. AOAMS. Juuus Stows. M«B»tMT A c*iLiiwtt.t.ri SC(MOAU..tH Mavmawb r. lBVIH6.Ahri-.j-, L CABLSim,WAi.TCS H VawOknum. r. R Morris Day's name is an error; it should be Howard F. Day. HONOR ROLL NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 359 THE HONOR ROLL A feature of the program which came as a surprise to the assembled audience, was the presentation of a tablet bearing Northborough's Roll of Honor — the names of all boys who had enlisted into the service from this town. These names were on one side of the tablet. On the reverse side were the names of several Northborough boys who had enlisted from other towns. This tablet had been erected in the square only a short time before the meeting. It is a tablet of some architectural pretensions, 12 x 7 f-eet in size, and was a gift to the town from Robert Whittaker, of the firm, Whittaker & Bacon, who operate one of our mills. After Mr. Sargent presented the tablet he moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Whittaker, which was unani- mously adopted. THE COMMITTEE DISSOLVED The chairman of the evening. Dr. John L. Coffin, in his usual felicitous way, called attention to the fact that, the war being over, the work of the Public Safety Committee was at an end (except that of the sub-committee on correspondence, which was asked to continue its services until all the boys should have returned to their homes), and recommended that the committee be dissolved. And on motion, it was so voted. Previous to declaring the vote, however. Dr. Coffin paid a tribute to Dr. J. M. Stanley (chairman of the Executive Committee), saying that "he had been an indefatigable worker all through the life of the committee." The audience then sang "America," after which, Mr. Kent pronounced the benediction, and this great meeting was at an end. THE STAGE A word should be said as to the appearance of the stage during this meeting. It presented a unique appearance. In addition to the speakers of the evening there sat upon the plat- form a large number of people — representatives of the Grand Army of the Republic, and representatives of the Woman's Relief Corps, an allied organization. It would be difficult to analyze the feelings of those Civil War Veterans and their wives as they witnessed the closing scenes in Northborough of this great World War. They were partici- pants in a similar event more than half a century ago, at the close of what, at that time, was one of the great wars of history; and it is hardly to be supposed that at that time, they could 360 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY have had any idea that in their declining years they would be called upon to rejoice over the close of an even greater war than theirs, in which their own sons and grandsons had participated. The whirligig of time certainly brings about many strange events. In addition to those already mentioned, there were upon the stage a large number of Red Cross and French Relief workers. They were dressed in their costumes — white aprons and caps, which they wore at their rooms while working on war relief — and presented a unique and picturesque appearance. Behind them, on the wall, hung the large Service Flag (before mentioned), over which was draped the always beautiful and inspiring Stars and Stripes. This meeting was a memorable occasion and will never be forgotten by those present. Everyone felt proud of the im- portant part their town had played in this greatest of all world struggles. A SAD CONCLUSION Scarcely had the echoes of this great meeting died away when a telegram was received from the War Department at Washington announcing the death, in France, of Vincent F. Picard. The message was received by Picard's father, but it contained no other information than that the boy was dead. The town's happiness of a few days before was instantly turned to sorrow; and the sorrow was tinctured with considerable irritation because of the War Department's delay in sending the doleful message. Picard died October 9th ; but his parents were not notified until December 17th. And it was a long time after that before any details of the death were forthcoming; and when they did come, they came not from the War Depart- ment, but from a friend of Picard's. In their distracted condition, the Picard family made frantic efforts to obtain some knowledge of their son's death. Address- ing a letter to the Chaplain of the Medical Corps to which Vincent was attached, they received the following from Major Armisted: "Champtille, France, "Jan. 27, 1919. "The Chaplain of the 327th Inf. has given me your letter inquiring about your son, Vincent Picard. It pains me to write you this letter, as Picard had been my Orderly for a long time and was always faithful and performed his duties in the most excellent manner; and I would have written you sooner only NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 361 that I had never received any notice of his death until the Chaplain received your letter. "He was wounded in the Argonne. He had a severe wound in the abdomen and was sent to the hospital after being dressed by one of the doctors at the first aid station. I did not see him after he was wounded as he had been sent to the hospital before I knew he was even wounded. I knew he was seriously wounded, but we could get no report of him from the hospital, so I think he must have died on the way to the hospital and was buried near Apremont. I extend to you my sympathy in your time of trouble, and I want you to realize that in me you have a friend. Picard had been with me until he was like a part of my family, and there is nothing I would not have done for him. . . . "God only knows what we went through in the Argonne; and I feel that every man who came out alive should be thankful to his Creator. Lieut. Sheed, one of my medical officers, was killed ; and I had three men killed and about twenty-five wounded out of forty-eight men. "I want you to remember that while you grieve over the death of your son, I grieve with you, as he was closer to me than any of my men. And also that you can rest assured that he did his duty at all times; and I consider him one of the finest men I ever met. "Your friend, "Jno. R. Armisted, "Major, M. C, U. S. Army." Finally, the family got into communication with Sergeant Earl Keenan, who proved to be an intimate friend of Vincent's. But he could give no information at first, for the reason that he was separated from Picard a short time before the latter's death. But he made diligent inquiry and finally communicated the following letter, which gives all the details which, up to date, had been ascertained. The letter is dated February 17, 1919, and is as follows: "Champtille Haute Saone. "Since writing to you I have gotten into communication with a man named Mitchell who was with Vincent at the time he was wounded. It was on the ninth (October) instead of the eighth which I believe I wrote you. They were both first aid men attached to Co. Fof this regiment (327th Inf.). Late in the afternoon of that day they were working together when shrapnel from a shell which exploded near by struck Vincent in the abdomen, and Mitchell on the head and left arm. Vincent was 362 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY placed on a stretcher at once, and with four Htter bearers carry- ing him they started for the dressing station, over a mile distant. They had gone about a hundred yards when another shell struck almost on them, killing three of the litter bearers and wounding the fourth; but by a miracle didn't touch Vincent or Mitchell. Vincent then, with Mitchell's aid, walked the rest of the way to the aid station, and also had to wade through a stream to get there, as the Boches had blown up all the bridges. "His wound was immediately dressed by one of our doctors (who was himself killed six days later, by a shell) and sent to the hospital. After that I have been unable to find out anything. Mitchell was evacuated on another ambulance to hospital, but never saw Vincent again. "You may rest assured that if Vincent reached the hospital, he received the very best of care. "If you only knew or could imagine, which is quite impossible, what a horrible, terrible thing war is, especially in such a battle as the Meuse-Argonne, I am sure you would see how hard it is to trace the fate of each individual man. The wildest confusion everywhere; and no matter where you went, there was nothing but misery, suffering and death. "We were down in the valley, with the Germans up on the hill where they could see every move we made and fire on us point blank. They made special targets of our dressing stations, as there was always a congestion of wounded around them, and shot the buildings down over our heads. "With kindest wishes, "Very sincerely, "Earl Keenan."* The detailed information in this kind and thoughtful letter afforded comfort to the distressed Picard family and did much to calm their anxious minds. VINCENT F. PICARD Born in Northborough, on King Street, July 25, 1895. Died in France, October 9, 1918. Aged twenty-three years, three months. Son of Frank and Hannah (King) Picard. Was mustered into service, October 5, 1917, at Camp Devens, at Ayer, Mass. ♦Sergt. Keenan stopped at Worcester on his way home from France, to visit the Picards; and while there, drove over to Northborough, where he related the circumstances of Picard's death to the author. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 363 Was transferred to Camp Gordon, Georgia, November 10, 1917. Was transferred to Camp Upton, N. Y., in April, 1918, and soon afterwards embarked for France. Was attached to the Medical Department of the 327th Infantry, 82nd Division. MEMORIAL SERVICE A memorial service was held in his honor, at the town hall, Sunday afternoon, January 12, 1919, at 4 o'clock, under the auspices of the Board of Selectmen. PROGRAM Chairman, Ezra H. Bigelow, Chairman Board of Selectmen. Music, "Abide With Me": By the Choir. Prayer: By Rev. A. P. Van Dusen. Solo, "Oh, Dry Those Tears": By Miss Mary H. Ryan. Scripture Reading: By Rev. A. T. Ringold. Address: By Dr. J. M. Stanley, representing the Public Safety Committee. Address: By Harry F. Carbrey, representing the Fire De- partment of which Picard was a member. Address: By Dr. John L. Cofifin, also representing the Public Safety Committee. Address: By Judge John W. Slattery of Westborough, repre- senting the Foresters, of which Picard was a member. Music, "The Vacant Chair": By the Choir. Address: By Rev. James A. Hurley. Address: By Rev. Josiah C. Kent. Music, "Nearer My God to Thee": By the Choir.* "America": By the Audience. Benediction: By Rev. A. T. Ringold. RESOLUTIONS In the course of the service the following Resolutions were unanimously adopted: "Whereas, God, in his unsearchable Providence, hath caused the ranks of Northborough's contingent to the military forces of the United States in the Great World War to be broken, by taking unto Himself one of their number; and *The choir was composed as follows: Martin H. Ryan, Alfred P. Collard, Miss Alma Carbrey, Mrs. Chester Warren, Miss Mary H. Ryan; Miss Elizabeth Quinn, pianist. 364 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "Whereas, The death of this young man was caused by wounds received on the battlefield, the particulars of which are as yet unknown to us; and "Whereas, This sad event took place on October 9, 1918, one month before the signing of the peace armistice and was not known to his family and friends until December 17th, thus filling all hearts with anxious inquiry; be it "Resolved, That we accept these sad circumstances as one of the unavoidable incidents of war. Be it further "Resolved, That in the death of Vincent F. Picard the town of Northborough loses one of its active and earnest young men — a young man who was born and reared within its precincts, who cherished its traditions, who took his part in its life, and who, by his death, has become part of its patriotic history. Be it further "Resolved, That these Resolutions be spread upon the records of the Public Safety Committee, and a copy, together with the sympathy of the town of Northborough, be sent to Mr. Picard's family." The service today was largely attended, the hall being well filled. The firemen turned out in a body, as did also the Fores- ters and the Lady Companions. There were also present many of the few remaining G. A. R. veterans and several members of the Sons of Veterans. There were also present (and their presence in uniform gave pathetic interest to the occasion) many Northborough boys who had but recently been discharged from the United States military service. Three of them acted as ushers — Martin H. Ryan, Cecil Derosier and Louis Guertin. GENERAL EDWARDS HELD UP IN NORTHBOROUGH January 27, 1919, Monday. General Clarence E. Edwards who commanded the famous 26th Division (the Yankee Division) in the Great War is being entertained in Worcester today. When it became known that he would pass through North- borough on his way to Worcester, an impromptu reception was arranged for him. And this is what was done: the fire whistle was sounded at a given signal, the school children were dis- missed and congregated just east of the railroad crossing. When General Edwards and his party arrived, and saw the children blocking the street at the crossing, he halted his party in front of the library and ordered the flags of his rank and station to be displayed on the front of his automobile. Geo. F. Sargent then saluted him and said: "This gathering. General Edwards, is for the purpose of giving you a welcome to the town of North- NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 365 borough in honor of about one-half of the boys who enlisted from this town and served under your command overseas. We know that your time is limited, but we beg of you to say a few words to us, if you possibly can." General Edwards said in reply, "Mr. Sargent, I find I am a little behind schedule, but will gladly grant the favor." Then Mr. Sargent mounted one running board of the auto- mobile and Mr. Kent, the other, and escorted the General to the square. Owing to the illness of Ezra H. Bigelow, chairman of the Board of Selectmen, Mr. Kent was asked to extend the welcome of the town. Mr. Kent and General Edwards mounted the bench in front of the Honor Roll, and in the few following words, Mr. Kent made the General feel that Northborough was highly honored by his presence. Mr. Kent said: "General Edwards, in the absence of the Chairman of our Board of Selectmen I have been asked to say a few words of welcome to you. And this I do gladly for several reasons: first, because your name is highly honored in this town; second, be- cause many of the boys whose names are on the Honor Roll behind us, served under you in France; third, because at least three of those boys treasure very highly little scraps of paper bearing your signature wherein you cited them for bravery on the field of battle, and which little scraps of paper they will treasure till their dying day; fourth, because of certain letters from the boys 'over there' I have been privileged to see, which, speaking of you, say, 'General Edwards is all right; the boys over here would do anything for him' ; fifth, because you are an officer who has the welfare of your boys very much at heart. For these reasons. General Edwards, the people of this town are proud to have you among them today; and on behalf of them it gives me great pleasure to welcome you." Then, he said, "The school children wish to show their appreciation also." Thereupon, Miss Caroline Lilley of the senior class of the Northborough High School, stepped forward and in a few well- chosen words, on behalf of all the school children of the town, pre- sented General Edwards a bunch of beautiful carnations. As the General took them and lifted them up so that all might see them, a round of applause burst forth. General Edwards thanked Miss Lilley for them and handed them to his wife, who sat in her automobile. Then General Edwards addressed the crowd for ten minutes. He thanked the people of Northborough for their welcome, and paid a glowing tribute to the boys of the 26th Division, many of whom were from Worcester County, and several from 366 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Northborough. He said, "There were no better fighters in France than the boys of the Yankee Division." He took much interest in the Roll of Honor, scanning the names quite closely. He asked Mr. Kent the names of the boys who had been cited for bravery (which Mr. Kent had referred to in his words of welcome). The kindly spirit of the man shone in his face and was mani- fest in his voice. He was modest and democratic, with nothing of that haughtiness which is so often found in a military ofificer of lesser rank. Northborough was indeed proud to welcome this man of high degree. It was a red-letter day for all, but especially for the young people who, we think, will never forget it. Much credit for this event is due to Charles O'Connell, the starter at the car office. It was he who first learned of the General's coming, and aroused interest. And it was he, who, through his scouts, kept us posted as to the movements of the General from the time he left Marlborough. LIBERTY BONDS When it became settled that America must enter the war the Government set itself the stupendous task of raising money to pay the expenses of the war. There was only one way of raising the vast sums necessary for that purpose, and that was the way followed by all governments when called upon to raise large sums of money — the issuance of bonds. The Government accordingly called for a loan of several billions of dollars. Five series were issued in all, and upwards of thirty billions of dollars were raised. Northborough had its part in all these series, and a creditable part. Of the first two series little can be said. The purchase of bonds by the general public was a new experience (it had not been done since the Civil War period more than half a century before) and the people were rather slow at first in understanding their duty in this respect. But before the series was closed the public was wide awake and the amount asked for by the Govern- ment was largely over-subscribed. In Northborough the matter was carried on in a more or less quiet way, but the result showed a sale of $44,600 for the first issue, and $53,350 for the second issue. A more lively interest was taken in the third issue, and a pretty general interest in the fourth and fifth issues, as will be seen by the following pages. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 367 WE RAISE THE "HONOR" FLAG May 15, 1918, Wednesday. The Third Liberty Loan Drive took place early in May, and Northborough, as usual, did herself proud. In recognition of our success we had a service this evening a little out of the usual. It was held on the town hall steps at 7.30 o'clock. In recognition of the fact that towns subscribed the quotas assigned them the United States Government presented such towns with an "Honor Flag." Northborough was among the towns to be thus honored, and the flag was raised on a pole ex- tending from the doorway of the town hall, this evening. The Loan Committee invited me to act as master of ceremonies, which I did. We arranged the following program which was carried out to the satisfaction of everybody. The Boy Scouts were grouped on one side of the steps, and a large number of school children in front. C. Montford Brigham assembled the crowd with his trumpet. The children, under the direction of Mrs. Walter O. Brigham, sang the "Star Spangled Banner." Rev. J. C. Kent gave a short address, in which he called attention to the fact that going "over the top"* is a habit with Northborough which she contracted one hundred and fifty years ago and which she has indulged ever since. He outlined the important events in the town's history wherein the town did her full share, and more. He then called on Dr. J. M. Stanley to speak for the Liberty Bond Committee. Dr. Stanley in well-chosen words, told the story of the Bond Committee — how the town was set down for $50,000, and sub- scribed $78,200. He complimented the "Northborough Woman's Club" and the "Boy Scouts" for the important part they per- formed in raising this money. He called particular attention to the Taylor Manufacturing Company and complimented Mr. Taylor of that company for his patriotic service in the success of the Loan. He made known the fact that Mr. Taylor sub- scribed $13,200 worth of bonds for his employees, so that they all might have an opportunity to buy a bond, paying for them in weekly payments if necessary, and himself giving to his employees a 10% rebate. Dr. Stanley ended his address by presenting the "Honor Flag" to the town. Ezra H. Bigelow, chairman of the Board of Selectmen, accepted the flag and raised it on the staff, making a short address of thanks. ♦"Over the top" is a rK>pular expression just now, and means doing more than one is asked to do. It originated in the title of a popular war book by Guy Empey, in which he describes his experiences in trench warfare. 368 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The children then closed the service by singing, "Keep the Home Fires Burning" (one of the popular war songs). FOURTH LIBERTY BOND LOAN "A Call to Patriotic Duty" "The United States is in this great world war to win. Nothing short of a complete victory over Prussian militarism will satisfy our people. President Wilson has stated and restated this fact in unequivocal terms. The people of our country stand solidly behind their President in his declaration. "But in order that these aims might be attained the Govern- ment must have money, and a lot of it. That money must be provided by the people. To procure a part of that money the Government is about to issue its Fourth Liberty Loan. This bond issue is a clarion call to patriotic duty to every citizen of the country. If this money be not forthcoming through the sale of bonds Congress will be compelled to raise it by means of taxation. Bonds are an investment and pay interest. Taxes do not pay interest. Within ten months the United States will have 5,000,000 men under arms. Those men are sacrificing everything they hold dear, and every one of them stands ready to lay down his life in defence of his country's honor. We who remain at home in the peace and quiet of our vocations must be willing to sacrifice our luxuries in the same great cause. This Fourth Liberty Bond issue affords a fine opportunity for the investment of the abnormally large wages which so many people throughout the country are making in these abnormal times. The war makes these wages possible, and there is every reason in the world why they should be invested in these bonds. "The Government hopes to raise $6,000,000,000 by this Fourth Loan. Northborough's quota is $75,000. To raise this sum will be a big task. But, Citizens, Help Northborough to Do a Big Thing! "The Northborough National Bank stands ready to help. It has made arrangements whereby the small investor may pay for his bonds one dollar down and one dollar a week. Bonds may be paid for in full when purchased or according to the following schedule: 10% with application 20% November 21, 1918 20% December 19, 1918 20% January 16, 1919 30% January 30, 1919 "A house-to-house canvass will be made on Saturday, Sept. 28. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 369 "The first 240 towns that go 'over the top' will have the privi- lege of naming a war vessel or of having tanks named for them. Think what it would mean to the Northborough boys 'over there' to follow a tank bearing the name of their home town! "Let every citizen of Northborough buy a bond on Sept. 28. *"A public meeting will be held in Northborough Town Hall in connection with the Fourth Liberty Loan on Thursday evening, Sept. 26, at 7.45 o'clock. "Signed, Fourth Liberty Bond Committee." September 28, 1918, Saturday. Today is Bond Day. The Government has issued its fourth loan and the campaign for selling the bonds opened today. The Government hopes to raise $6,000,000,000. Northborough's quota is $75,000. The Northborough Committee hoped to raise this amount in one day, and to this end they divided the town into four districts and appointed a committee for each district to make a house- to-house canvass. The foregoing circular was mailed to every family in town a few days ago that the people might know just what is expected of them. The weather today was absolutely perfect. At nine o'clock the church bells rang for a few minutes, as a signal for the committees to start on their patriotic rounds. Everybody en- tered upon the enterprise with enthusiasm. The bank remained open until nine o'clock to receive the returns. At that hour Northborough had filled its quota, and more, too. The total subscription for the day netted the handsome sum of $119,650. So Northborough goes "over the top" once more! This was a big thing for the town to do; but she is getting used to big things. A NOVEL SIGHT April 23, 1919, Wednesday. One of the features employed to interest people in the Victory Bond Loan was a whippet tank. It arrived in town at noon. It is one of the smaller types of tank that was used so successfully in the Great War. It is operated by two men only. It was brought to town in a truck from Worcester, and is going the rounds of the near-by towns advertising the Victory Loan — the fifth and last Liberty Loan, the campaign for which opened two days ago. After the tank was unloaded at the park, it crawled to the square, and circling the fountain, returned to the park. It *This meeting was not held owing to the epidemic of influenza. AH public gatherings were prohibited at this time. 370 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY climbed the steep grade of the park as easily as could be, went over a stone wall and returned to its starting place. It was followed by a large crowd, including the children of the Hudson Street school. Mr. Moore, one of the Bond Committee of Worcester, and Mr. Kent of the Northborough Committee, mounted its side and delivered addresses concerning the Loan. It was certainly a novel sight — that remarkable machine performing its wonder- ful stunts; and it must have made an indelible impression upon the minds of all who saw it. A TRAIN OF WAR RELICS May 5, 1919, Monday. As a means of boosting the "Vic- tory" Liberty Loan the Government is sending out trains of war relics. One came to Northborough this afternoon and remained two hours. It consisted of three cars. One open car contained five or six guns captured from the Germans — the others, all sorts of war relics. The train was accompanied by about a dozen soldiers all of whom had been wounded in battle. One of them made a very touching address, after which the people were invited to pass through the cars to inspect the relics. A large number of people did so. The coming of the train had been advertised beforehand, and its arrival was announced by the church bells and the fire whistle. "VICTORY" LOAN Victory "Our Soldier Boys are returning from the war and as rapidly as possible are resuming their places in civilian life. They are bringing with them scraps of paper signed by the authorities of the United States Army and Navy, testifying to the noble service they rendered to their country. They do not possess, and they never will possess, anything that they will prize more highly. Their honorable discharge papers are badges of honor which will cause their hearts to swell with pride whenever they show them to their friends. And their pride will be justified, for they did a good job AND STUCK TO IT UNTIL IT WAS FINISHED. WE ARE ALL PROUD OF THEM. "But they are now asking (and they have a right to ask), 'Have you civilians finished your job?' And that is a very pertinent question. We cannot look those brave and loyal soldier boys in the face without flinching until we are able to answer their question in the affirmative. "The people of Northborough must answer this question with a loud 'Yes'! NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 371 "Every citizen of Northborough is proud of the way in which this town has responded to the war situation. She has done everything that has been asked of her, and more. But one more call has been made upon her, and she owes it to herself to respond as promptly and as generously to it as she has to all previous calls. Her job will not be 'finished' until she has so responded, and her citizens are wearing the Victory Button. The Victory Button will be a badge of honor to us civilians comparable, in some degree, to the discharge papers of our soldier boys. "In the final Victory Liberty Loan the Government asks for $4,500,000,000. They are short term bonds (four years) and pay interest at the rate of 4f%, which make them a first class investment. "They may be paid for as follows: 10% on application 10% on July 15 20% on August 12 20% on September 9 20% on October 7 20% on November 11 "Northborough's quota is $55,000. "A house-to-house canvass will be made on Wednesday, May 7. "HELP PRESERVE THE REPUTATION OF NORTH- BOROUGH! "Signed, 'Victory' Liberty Loan Committee. Northborough, April 28, 1919." May 16, 1919, Friday. The Treasury Department of our Government has issued a call for another Liberty Loan, which they call the "Victory" Loan. Four and a half billions are asked for. The drive opened on April 21, and continued three weeks. Northborough's quota was $55,000. We did not, how- ever, begin our drive until May 7. That day was set apart for it, and a house-to-house canvass was made. The foregoing circular letter was mailed to every family in town. This loan did not meet with the popular response as did the Fourth Loan of last September, owing to the fact that the war was over. This was true throughout the country. Not- withstanding the seeming lack of interest, however, the loan was largely over-subscribed. Ezra H. Bigelow, the chairman, called the committee together on the evening of May 8, and told us that we had subscribed only $32,000. This was a serious situation which caused the committee much anxiety. The town had been canvassed, yet there was a deficit of $23,000. An 372 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY earnest discussion ensued, and the telephone wires were kept hot for a long time. When we dispersed, at 10 o'clock, the committee themselves had subscribed $16,000 over and above what they had already subscribed, leaving a balance of $7,000. A good deal of hard work was done during the following day, and by night our full quota had been subscribed. More subscriptions came in on Saturday (the drive ended that night), making our entire subscription $66,650, and the number of subscribers, 296. Thus did Northborough go "over the top" in this final drive, and ended her war work by fulfilling the prophecies made for her at its beginning. Much credit for the success of this loan is due to the com- mittee having the matter in charge. They certainly worked hard to prevent Northborough from falling down. Their meeting in the Northborough Bank on the evening of May 8 was an anxious and perplexing one which taxed the ingenuity of those business and professional men as it had seldom been taxed before. They were determined that Northborough should honor herself to the last. And she did. All through the campaign the committee were imbued with the spirit of patriotism to our country and loyalty to our town. They were harmonious in all their actions, and worked together with an eye single to the perpetuation of the patriotic traditions of the town of Northborough. A special word of commendation is due to Ezra H. Bigelow, the chairman. In all these bond drives he worked incessantly- In his capacity as president of the bank he had the handling of all the bonds, which entailed an almost endless amount of routine work. His name must ever be associated with this phase of Northborough's patriotic history. The full committee were: Ezra H. Bigelow, president of the bank; Dr. Josiah M. Stanley; Dr. John L. Cofiin; Rev. Josiah C. Kent; Martin Ryan, postmaster; George A. Brigham, market gardener; George H. Felt, coal and lumber dealer; Clarence E. Buckley, milk farmer; William J. Potter, ex-president of the bank; Rodney Leland, assistant cashier of the bank. LIBERTY LOAN BONDS SUBSCRIBED BY NORTHBOROUGH First loan, $44,600 No. of subscribers, 170 Second loan. 53,350 No. of subscribers. 179 Third loan. 78,250 No. of subscribers, 309 Fourth loan, 119,650 No. of subscribers. 663 Fifth loan, 66,650 No. of subscribers, 296 Total, $362,500 No. of subscribers, 1,617 NORTHBOPOUGH HISTORY 373 THE AMERICAN FUND FOR FRENCH WOUNDED "A. F. F. W." Many Northborough women became interested in war relief work long before our country became a participant in the war. Their work was carried on in the library building and was continued from February 5, 1916, till April 1, 1919. As their work was begun primarily for wounded French soldiers they were known for shortness, as the "French Relief" workers. They did a vast amount of valuable work, which added greatly to the sum total of Northborough 's war work. The following summary of their activities was furnished the author by Miss Cora Small, the secretary-treasurer, of the organization : "The Northborough Women's War Relief Committee was organized February 5, 1916, by delegates from the various women's organizations in town, or those whose membership included women, viz. : the women's societies of the churches, the Woman's Club, Woman's Relief Corps, Grange, Independent Companions of America. "Officers chosen were Mrs. Amy B. Maynard, chairman; Miss Cora Small, secretary and treasurer. "It was decided to work for the French hospitals in con- nection with the American Fund for French Wounded and until work was given up, April 1, 1919, the committee continued its connection with this relief organization. "The meetings were held at the library by permission of the trustees. The average attendance was sixteen, but many women who were unable to attend, worked at home. Sub- committees were appointed for the different branches of work: Miss Emma A. Barnes had charge of the hospital garments; Mrs. Frederick Ireland and Miss Charlotte Jones of the knit- ting; Miss Edith Rice and Miss Marie Barnes of the surgical dressings, and Miss Abbie M. Small of the packing. The number of articles sent from February, 1916, to April, 1919, was 73,269. "The funds for the work were supplied in part by the organiza- tions represented on the committee, but the greater part was donated by individuals or raised by entertainments, food sales, etc. The total amount received was $2,829.27. When the work was discontinued, the balance in the treasury, $250, was given to the A. F. F. W., to help toward the establishment of a memorial hospital at Rheims." Among the public entertainments held under the auspices of this organization may be mentioned the following: 374 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY POP COxNCERT September 17, 1917. The nearest approach to a social fes- tivity that has taken place in Northborough since our country entered the war was a pop concert given in the town hall this evening. It was given under the joint direction of the French War Relief and the Red Cross, by the following committee: French War Relief: Mrs. Samuel T. Maynard, Mrs. Alfred Thomas, Mrs. Thomas H. Blair, Mrs. Waldo Gushing, Mrs. William L. Marshall, and Miss Laura Chabot. Red Cross: Mrs. Robert A. Stone (Ellen Richardson), Mrs. Mary B. Sawyer, Mrs. Patrick A. Quirk, Mrs. Noah Wadsworth, and Fred J. Proctor. The forty-two tables, each seating from four to six people, were prettily decorated with cut flowers. The stage was artistic- ally decorated with hydrangeas, pine, and potted plants. The American, French, and Red Cross flags formed the decoration at the front of the hall. The cleverly devised menus were also decorated with these patriotic emblems. The refreshments, consisting of ices, cake, tonics, nuts, and home-made candies were served by the following members of the Violet Club, dressed in the attractive Red Cross uniform: Agnes Walker, Regina Lanois, Mabel Rogers, Alice Lonergan, Bina Lonergan, May Carney, Myra Lever, and Irene Rogers. Anna Lanois was dressed in the costume of a French peasant. The gayeties of the evening were interspersed now and then by the following guests who furnished delightful entertainment, being introduced by Dr. John L. Coffin in his happiest manner: Mr. Vernon Innett of Worcester, soloist; Mrs. Dorothy Brigham Elderkin of Marlborough, solo dancer; Miss Charlotte Eliot of Marlborough, soloist; Miss Marion Tucker of Westborough, reader; Miss Helen Gates of Shrewsbury, 'cellist; and Mr. Frank Webster of Haverhill, whistler. The entertainment closed with the "Star Spangled Banner," sung by the audience. FROM THE TRENCHES May 16, 1918, Thursday. A lecture was given in the town hall this evening by Sergeant-Major Beasley of the Canadian Army, under the auspices of the American Fund for French Wounded. There was an entertainment preceding the lecture — singing by Jerome L. Van Home, Francis G. Logan, and a quar- tette composed of C. Montford Brigham, Robert Brigham, Mrs. Moore, and Mrs. F. B. Van Ornum. The lecturer had been a long time in the service and had been in the famous battles of Ypres and the Somme. His NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 375 lecture was the most illuminating and the most heart-stirring that we have yet heard in town. He simply talked his ex- periences right out of his heart, and what he said went directly to the hearts of his hearers. THE RED CROSS The Northborough Branch of the American Red Cross had its beginning in Grand Army Hall on the afternoon of April 19, 1917. The initial meeting was held under the auspices of the Ladies' Social Alliance of the Unitarian Church. That organ- ization made arrangements with Hon. Charles G. Washburn, of Worcester, and Mrs. George E. Greeley, of Marlborough, to speak to the people of Northborough in the interests of the Red Cross. A general invitation was extended, in the hope that there would be a sufficient number of our townspeople interested to organize a branch in this town. The meeting proved that Northborough was already awake to the necessity of the great work which the American Red Cross was destined to perform in the great war, for the invitation brought out an audience of upwards of a hundred people. Mr. Washburn, in a very charming manner, gave an historical account of the humanitarian work which that organization had done. His talk was the more interesting and impressive because he had personally seen much of the work he described. Mrs. Greeley outlined the manner in which a branch of the Red Cross might be organized. Both speakers kindled enthusiasm in the minds of the audi- ence to such an extent that it was determined then and there to effect a temporary organization. So the Alliance meeting was brought to a close, and a general meeting opened. The meeting proceeded at once to the business in hand and effected a temporary organization with the following officers: Chairman, Rev. J. C. Kent; secretary, Bancroft Beatley; treasurer, Ezra H. Bigelow; executive committee. Dr. J. M. Stanley, Mrs. Samuel T. Maynard, and William H. Stearns. After instructing the above officers to take the necessary steps to effect a permanent organization, the meeting adjourned. These officers met at the home of William H. Stearns on April 23, when they drew up the following recommendations for a permanent organization : That the chairman should be a woman ; That the secretary should be a woman; That the treasurer should be a man ; 376 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY That there should be an executive committee of three, two of whom should be women, in addition to the chairman, secretary, and treasurer, who should be members ex officio ; That there should be a finance committee of three, all of whom should be men, with the treasurer a member ex officio; That there should be a membership committee of three; That there should be a delegate to the Council; That the executive committee should have power to create committees from time to time as they might be needed. When, finally, the necessary papers were received from head- quarters, a second general meeting was held, in Historical Hall, on May 15. The above recommendations were accepted, and the meeting proceeded to effect a permanent organization. The chairman appointed the following as a nominating committee: Dr. J. M. Stanley, Ezra H. Bigelow, Mrs. Samuel T. Maynard, Mrs. Mary B. Sawyer, and Mrs. George E. Armour. This committee retired, and after a while returned and made the following report, which was accepted, and the nominees were duly elected: Chairman: Mrs. Noah Wadsworth. Secretary: Miss Emma L. Randlett. Treasurer: Ezra H. Bigelow. Delegate to Council of Marlborough Chapter: Miss Fannie Bemis. Executive Committee: George A. Brigham,* Mrs. Frederick A. King, and Mrs. George E. Armour. Finance Committee : William J. Potter, Dr. Josiah M. Stanley, and Alfred Thomas. Membership Committee: Mrs. Frank H. Foster, Mrs. William F. Gilbert, Mrs. C. Montford Brigham, and Miss Helen Fitzgerald. At a later meeting, after the work of the branch was well underway, it was found necessary to create the following offices : Vice-Chairman: Mrs. Norman B. Potter. Vice-Secretary: Mrs. Frank W. Eames. Branch Council: Miss Fannie Bemis, Mrs. Frederick A. King, and Mrs. Thomas H. Blair. THE RED CROSS WAR AND NAVY FUND COMMITTEE When it became definitely settled that the President of the United States in his capacity as President of the American Red *Mr. Brigham resigned at a later meeting and Dr. John L. Coffin was elected in his stead. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 377 Cross was to issue an appeal to the country at large for a fund of one hundred million dollars for the use of that organization, the following gentlemen were appointed a commitee for the purpose of collecting such a quota of that amount as should be assigned to Northborough : Dr. Josiah M. Stanley, Dr. John L. Coffin, Rev. Josiah C. Kent, Ezra H. Bigelow, Martin H. Ryan, Thomas F. Lonergan, and C. Montford Brigham. The committee met at the Northborough Bank (June 14), and organized as follows: Chairman: Dr. Josiah M. Stanley. Secretary: Rev. J. C. Kent. Treasurer: Ezra H. Bigelow. June 18, 1917, Mottday. The secretary was instructed to prepare a statement concerning the purposes of the fund, to be read in the churches on the following Sunday. On June 18, he reported that he had done so, and that the following circular letter had been read in all the churches the day before. It was then voted that the letter be printed and mailed to every family in town. This was done. "2"o tJie People of Northborough: "The President of the United States, in his capacity as President of the American Red Cross, has designated the week beginning June 18, as 'Red Cross Week.' It is purposed to raise during that week, one hundred million dollars for the work of the American Red Cross. The principal work of that society will be the adequate and proper caring for our soldiers who might be injured on the field of battle. To obtain this large sum of money, a personal canvass of every family in the country will be made by committees appointed for that purpose. The sum of money which Northborough is expected to contrib- ute to this fund is $1200. That seems a large amount for our small town to raise; but it should be our duty, and our ambition, and our pride to raise it. Northborough has never failed in patriotism or in philanthropy. Let us see to it that she does not fail at this time. This is the greatest emergency that has ever faced our country. Our soldiers have already begun to cross the ocean, and they will soon be fighting to set the people of the world free. They are willing to give their lives for this purpose. We who cannot go to the battle front have a patriotic duty toward those who do go. We must surround them with every comfort within our power, and provide for them the best 378 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY medical and surgical aid which modern science affords. TO DO THIS IS OUR SACRED DUTY. "Collectors will call upon every family in this town during the coming week. Let each person give liberally, according to his means. "Signed, J. M. Stanley, President "JosiAH C. Kent, Secretary ''Red Cross War Fund Committee.'" The above circular made it plain to the people what their duty in the matter was; and when the collectors called upon them they were ready with their contributions. That the citizens of Northborough accepted their duty is attested by the liberality with which they responded. When the committee made their final report it was made known that the contribu- tions amounted to $1544.96. As the quota for the town was only $1200, it will be seen that the town went "over the top" to the extent of $344.96. But how much did it cost to collect that sum? It is generally supposed, in such matters, that a large part of the collection is eaten up by the cost of collecting it. But that was not true in this case. The secretary reported a bill of $8.99 which included cost of printing circulars, envelopes, stamps, and record book. And even this small bill was not taken out of the collection, but was paid out of the general fund of the Red Cross Society. Every cent of the contribution ($1544.96), therefore, was sent to headquarters at Washington. Headquarters at Washington required that every contribu- tion sent to it should be accompanied with a detailed statement of every contributor to the fund, however small. This require- ment necessitated considerable clerical work, for the various lists had to be copied twice. This work was done without expense by Mrs. Marion W. Parmenter who volunteered her services. How the committee felt about deducting any portion of this fund for expenses is indicated by the following: At a meeting of the committee, held on July 30, 1917, it was stated that the Marlborough Chapter of American Red Cross, of which our Northborough organization is a branch, was contem- plating asking for a rebate from this fund for expenses (the rebate to be used for its local work). Our committee expressed them- selves as not being in sympathy with this idea; and on motion of Mr. Lonergan, the following vote was passed: "That the chairman, secretary, and Dr. Coffin be a committee to draw up NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 379 and present to the Marlborough Chapter, a protest against any of Northborough's contribution being rebated, should the Marl- borough Chapter decide to ask for a rebate." The committee retired, and after a while, returned and presented the following statement: ''To the Marlborough Chapter of the American Red Cross: Gentlemen : "The Red Cross War and Navy Committee of Northborough send you herewith a list of contributors to the Red Cross Fund. The contribution totals $1544.96. The number of contrib- utors is 388. This means that practically every family in Northborough made a contribution. "In transmitting this report we desire to say that our com- mittee is composed of seven representative business and pro- fessional men who personally devoted their time to the collection of this fund. We present no bill of expense. Such expense as was incurred will be taken care of locally. We desire that this fund be transmitted to headquarters at Washington, intact. "We understand that some localities have it in mind to claim a large rebate on account of expenses. This idea meets with no sympathy from our committee. The people of North- borough were given to understand that the full amount of their contributions was to be sent to headquarters, and the com- mittee accepted their offerings with this understanding. We desire to keep faith with the people of Northborough. "Therefore we protest against our offering being incorpo- rated into any amount that might be used as a basis for any bill of expenses that the Marlborough Chapter might choose to make." The above statement was unanimously accepted, and the secretary was authorized to affix the signature of the full com- mittee to it. DANCE FOR THE RED CROSS June 27, 1917, Wednesday. A dance was held at Lake Chauncy this evening for the benefit of the Red Cross. It was a great success. The proprietor of the pavilion made no charge for it; the orchestra donated their services; and there was no expense save for printing the tickets. The net proceeds amounted to just $100. FOOD SALE July 6, 1917, Friday. The Northborough Woman's Club held a food sale on Noah Wadsworth's lawn this afternoon for 380 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY the benefit of the Red Cross. The weather was perfect. The entire proceeds were given to the Northborough Branch of the Red Cross. LAWN PARTY July 27, 1917. A very pretty lawn party was held this evening on Stephen W. Norcross's estate on Hudson Street. It was given under the auspices of the "Violet Club," and for the benefit of the Red Cross. The club is composed of the following young ladies who were anxious to do their "bit" for the war: Agnes Walker, Regina Lanois, Mary Dumont, Ruth LaPorte, Alice Lonergan, Bena Lonergan, Irene Rogers, Mabel Rogers, and Myra Lever. The club was aided by the generous assistance of Mr. and Mrs. Stephen W. Norcross, and Mr. Thomas F. Lonergan. The Marlborough Electric Light Co. furnished light free of charge. The entertainment was furnished by local talent and by several players from Poll's Theatre in Worcester, without charge. The party was very successful in every way and reflected much credit upon the young ladies who managed it. It netted $75, which was turned into the treasury of the Red Cross. LABOR DAY: PENNY DAY September 3, 1917, Monday. Mrs. Noah Wadsworth, chair- man of the Red Cross, hit upon a novel plan for raising money for the Red Cross today. She had six Boy Scouts stationed, two in front of the bank, two in the square, and two in front of the hotel, with small baskets, soliciting contributions from passing automobilists. Very few passed without dropping something into the baskets. One hundred and sixty dollars was raised in this way. MARY BOYLE O'REILLY May 24, 1918, Thursday. Miss Mary Boyle O'Reilly lectured in the town hall this evening under the auspices of the Red Cross. The hall was crowded. Her subject was "One Thou- sand Days Behind the Fighting Lines." Miss O'Reilly spent about three years as a Red Cross nurse — was in all the warring countries, save Germany, and naturally had a full and rich experience. And being a good speaker, she told that experience in such a way that her auditors were able to get a comprehensive grasp of the situation "over there." Her address was punctuated with just enough Irish wit to lighten the sombreness of the subject. Her audience was spellbound. Her's was the most illuminating talk on the war that we in Northborough have yet heard. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 381 The lecture was preceded by a short entertainment which was very effective. There were no decorations whatever on the stage when the entertainment began. But before it closed the stage was very effectively decorated. First appeared Ruth Russell bearing a large Italian flag, accompanied by Mrs. Ethel Moore (wife of one of our high school teachers) dressed in Italian costume. They placed themselves at the right hand corner of the stage where, beneath the folds of that country's emblem, Mrs. Moore sang the Italian national song. Then appeared Irene Rogers, with the English Jack, accompanied by Mrs. Harry Whittaker. They placed themselves at the left- hand corner of the stage while Mrs. Whittaker sang the national hymn of England. Then came Mildred Felt with the tricolor of France, accompanied by Mrs. Alice Warren who sang lustily the soul-stirring French anthem, the "Marseillaise." Finally, came Agnes Walker, proudly bearing aloft the stars and stripes, and Bessie Smith with the ever-blessed banner of the Red Cross. Placing themselves in the center of the stage the vast audience sang, as it had never been sung before in Northborough, our own national anthem — "The Star Spangled Banner." Mrs. Winifred Stone presided at the piano. The audience, of course, was on its feet. After which, the banners were placed in standards, and remained as stage decora- tions throughout the evening. Eight or ten young ladies dressed as Red Cross nurses, sat in a row at the back of the stage. A more effective, and at the same time, inspiring decoration, has seldom been seen on our town hall stage. To Mrs. Noah Wadsworth, the highly efficient chairman of the Northborough Branch of the Red Cross, was due the whole entertainment, decorations and all. FIRST ANNUAL MEETING May 15, 1918, Wednesday. In another place, mention is made of a flag-raising which took place on the town house steps this evening. After this meeting the audience repaired to the hall above when the first annual meeting of the North- borough Branch of the Red Cross was held. The meeting was preceded by a short entertainment — song by Ralph E. Wads- worth; song by Miss Lillian Johnson, of Worcester; reading of a Red Cross poem by Miss Mahoney (one of our teachers), and an address by Mr. George Gaskell, of Worcester. The treasurer's report was of such a nature as to cause the blood of every lover of Northborough to tingle with pride. It stated that more than $2900 was raised and spent during the past year. 382 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The first year of the Northborough Branch of the Red Cross was a highly successful one. And as Mrs. Noah Wadsworth, the chairman, felt herself unable to continue in that office another year, this seems a proper place in which to speak of her connection with the work. The great success of the year's work was due, of course to every one — for everyone responded to the necessary call willingly and gladly. Never before did the people of this town rise to such a stupendous task as they did to this unprecedented call. Men and women, young and old, even the smallest children who seemed to be conscious of some over- hanging calamity, worked and worked and worked, to do some- thing for the boys "over there." But such a great work as was done must have a directing head. Mrs. Wadsworth put herself heart and soul into this work. She worked incessantly, day and night. She gathered about her a corps of willing workers who were eager to work and then work some more. Mrs. Wadsworth is a very conscientious woman, and very exacting, not only upon those who work with her, but upon herself. She set a very high standard and rigidly upheld that standard. No branch in the Marlborough Chapter (to which the Northborough Branch belongs) surpassed the amount and quality of work done by the Northborough Branch. It has been commended by the Marlborough Chapter, by the Worces- ter Chapter, and by the Boston Headquarters. That the fore- going statement is not mere flattery is attested by the following fact : At a big convention of the Red Cross held in Boston a few weeks ago, every local branch was entitled to send one delegate. But the Northborough Branch, because of its quantity and quality of work was asked to send two delegates. Mention should be made too, of Mrs. Robert A. Stone (Ellen Richardson). Mrs. Stone has been chairman of the Entertainment Committee, and as such, has devoted much time, thought, and energy to the getting up of entertain- ments. Dr. J. M. Stanley, also, has been indefatigable in behalf of the Red Cross. He has been a liberal contributor of money; he has placed his automobile at the service of the Branch, carry- ing supplies to and from the Marlborough Chapter, thus saving the cost of expressage; and he has given liberally and willingly of his time. In short, every one who has had anything to do with its management has worked with a will. And it is because of this fact that the year's work has been so successful. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 383 THE SECOND RED CROSS WAR FUND June 6, 1918, Thursday. The President of the United States announced recently that the American Red Cross had decided to make another appeal to the country for a large fund for the benefit of that organization, and that they had appointed the week beginning May 20 for its collection. As in the first "drive," every city and town in the country was apportioned a certain amount to raise. Northborough was asked to raise $1500. The Northborough committee followed the same plan that it found so successful a year ago. The following printed circular was mailed to every family in town : 'To the People of Northborough: "The President of the United States has issued an appeal for $100,000,000 for the work of the American Red Cross. It is hardly necessary to explain why such a large amount of money is needed, for you have read the newspapers diligently during the past year, and have kept in touch with the work of that noble organization. A similar sum contributed a year ago, has been spent wisely, judiciously, and effectively under the direction of a board of managers composed of the most successful business men in the country. That money was used where it was most needed. It carried medical and surgical supplies, and comforts of life into all the army hospitals on the battlefields of Europe. Letters from our boys 'over there' speak in the most grateful terms concerning the work of the Red Cross. That work must be continued throughout the present year, for the need is greater now than ever before. "Northborough has been asked to contribute $1500 toward the new fund. Northborough has responded nobly to all calls that have been made upon her during the present crisis: but there is a special reason why she should respond generously to the present appeal. Fifty of her young men have donned their country's uniform, and many of them are with the colors 'over there,' and have already received their baptism of war. One of them, George W. Nelson, has reflected honor upon the town because of his distinguished bravery and has been awarded the War Cross by the French Army. All of them have sacrificed everything they hold dear, and stand ready to lay down their lives if need be, in defense of their country's honor. One of them has laid down his life. If our boys be willing to make the great sacrifice for us, we should be willing to sacrifice our pleasures — and our money for their comfort and protection. Northborough has never failed in the matter of patriotism. Let us see to it that she does not fail now. 384 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "A HOUSE-TO-HOUSE CANVASS WILL BE MADE DURING THE WEEK BEGINNING MAY 20. "Signed, Dr. J. M. Stanley, Chairman Rev. Josiah C. Kent, Secretary Dr. John L. Coffin Ezra H. Bigelow Martin H. Ryan C. MONTFORD BrIGHAM Thomas F. Lonergan Red Cross War Fund Committee.^' At the appointed time the committee made a personal canvass of every family in town, and the fund was collected as per schedule. There never was greater enthusiasm in giving than was manifested throughout the country during this campaign. Every member of the Northborough committee reports the same tale. We would ring a door bell, say to the person who came to the door: "You are on my Red Cross list," but before we had a chance to say more, the person at the door would say: "Yes, I have been expecting someone to call; come in." And this was the spirit manifested everywhere, save in a very few instances. Collecting money under such conditions was a joy. The result in Northborough was as follows: instead of the $1500 we were asked to contribute, the town of Northborough contributed $2754.32. There was considerable talk everywhere among large em- ployers of labor, "Give a day's pay." And in many places this was done. The children, of course, heard this talk, and at least two of them in our town decided to emulate their elders in this particular. That accounts for the thirty-two cents. Chester F. Warren (aged ten years) and Willard W. Poland (aged nine years) were imbued with a desire to "give a day's pay." They sell papers; and one day the Warren boy made seventeen and the Poland boy fifteen cents, which they turned over to the com- mittee with as much pride and satisfaction as their elders who contributed larger sums. There were five hundred and twenty-three contributors to this fund which means that every family in Northborough (and several members of the family) with one or two exceptions, contributed something. Northborough certainly did herself proud in this matter. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 385 CARNATION DAY June 15, 1918, Saturday. Today was "Carnation Day" in town. A very pretty lawn party was held on Mrs. Sarah E. Emery's lawn, adjacent to the town hall. It was arranged by a group of young ladies of whom Miss Agnes A. Walker was chairman. The soliciting committee consisted of Edna H. Maynard, Ruth H. Russell, Edna M. Burgoyne, and Agnes A. Walker. Carnations were in charge of Ruth H. Russell, Olive Johnson, Esther Bigelow, Pearl E. Bigelow, Mary H. Ryan, Dorothy Russell, Olive Russell, Pauline Peinze, Mildred Felt, Lillian Norcross, and Bertha Bliss of Shrewsbury. Ice cream booths were managed by Edna H. Maynard, Carleton Russell, and Howard Burgoyne. Food tables were in charge of Edna M. Burgoyne and Irene E. Rogers. Laura Chabot had charge of the candy table, and Myra Lever, of the punch bowl. The party was called "Carnation Day" because carnations formed its principal feature. The girls, dressed in Red Cross costumes, waylaid everybody, especially people on the electric cars and people in automobiles, and by their sweet persuasive- ness induced them to "buy a carnation." No one, especially the young men (and at such a time all men are young) could resist the charms of the pretty girls; and before the party was over the girls had disposed of 2100 carnations. The carna- tions were furnished by R. E. Wadsworth & Co., Horists; and at so small a cost that they might be termed a gift. The party netted a profit of $150 for the Red Cross. TAG DAY July 4, 1918, Thursday. The glorious "Fourth of July" was utilized as "Tag Day" today, for the benefit of the Red Cross, Young ladies in Red Cross costumes all along the streets button- holed everybody that came along, automobiles and all, and persuaded them to buy tags. The scheme netted $250. WORK ACCOMPLISHED Work accomplished by Northborough Branch, Marlborough Chapter, American Red Cross, from June 5, 1917, to March 1, 1919: 1087 pairs socks, 653 sweaters, 225 helmets, 405 pairs wristers, 307 mufiflers, 8 afghans (knitted), 117 bandages (knitted, 3 yards), 39 sleeping caps, 739 mitts, 73 sponges. Total of knitted articles, 3713. 105 surgical leggings, 216 surgical shirts, 158 pajama suits, 77 convalescent robes, 4558 handker- chiefs, 308 tumbler covers, 225 pitcher covers, 50 tray cloths, 898 button bags, 16 spreads, 152 toilet and comfort kits, 60 386 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY property bags, 594 layettes, 1500 eye and mouth wipes, 2 women's house gowns, 8 women's skirts, 20 women's chemises, 1 petticoat, 27 boys' underdrawers, 2 girls' dresses, 2 girls' pina- fores, 8 girls' capes, 3 boys' suits, 24 boy's undershirts, 34 men's shirts, 510 comfort pillows, 34 women's jackets, 9 patchwork quilts, 125 Christmas bags, 21 Christmas boxes (inspected, packed and expressed), 1475 pounds used clothes (collected, packed and expressed). Total for sewing, 9752; total for sew- ing and knitting, 13,465. Number of articles made from June 5, 1917, to June 5, 1918, 12,255. Number of articles made from Sept. 1, 1918, to March 1, 1919, 1210. Work accomplished on surgical dressings by Northborough Branch, Marlborough Chapter, American Red Cross, from April 18, 1918, to November 14, 1918, deducting five weeks when rooms were closed. This covers a period of twenty-three weeks working one day each week: 21 abdominal bandages, 39 T bandages, 71 triangular bandages, 89 four- tailed bandages, 52 many-tailed bandages, 824 carrel wipes, 800 sponges, 4523 appli- cators, 603 tampons, 65 cotton pads (8 x 12), 88 cotton pads (12 X 24), 22 scultetus bandages, 19 splint straps, 28 shot bags (small), 31 shot bags (large), 100 gauze wipes (4 x 4), 50 com- presses (4 X 8), 322 compresses (16 x 18), 280 packet cases, 1120 gauze compresses (4x6), 280 plaited bandages, 280 front line packets (red label), 267 compresses (4^x9), 27 influenza masks, 100 oakum pads (large), 57 oakum pads (small), 280 pads of absorb- ent and non-absorbent cotton (4x6). Total number of surgical dressings, 8150. Several of these bandages consumed the whole day to complete one. Each front line packet (red label) con- tained: 1 plaited bandage 7 feet long, 2 inches wide; 4 compresses (4x6); 1 pad of absorbent and non-absorbent cotton (4 x 6) ; 2 tampons, 1 applicator. Knitting 3,713 Sewing 9,752 Surgical 8,158 Sum total 21,623 Upon the retirement of Mrs. Wadsworth on May 15, 1918, Miss Emma L. Randlett became chairman of the Northborough Branch and the good work was continued under her direction. THE JUNIOR RED CROSS The Northborough Branch of the Junior Red Cross was organized soon after our country entered the war. The purpose of the organization was to interest the school children NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 387 in relief work by making them feel that they had an important part in "winning the war." Mrs. Marion W. Parmenter was chairman and Mrs. Ezra H. Bigelow, secretary-treasurer. Through the untiring efforts of these officers the children of Northborough rose grandly to the occasion and accomplished a great deal of work. They made quilts, afghans, children's layettes, scarfs, and sweaters. In the earlier days they worked primarily for the destitute children of Belgium, but later they did other work. They helped to fill Christmas bags for our soldiers "over there," and they made scrap books for the enter- tainment of the soldiers in the hospitals. One thing they made, and of which they were very proud, was a quilt made entirely by the boys. All through the war the children seemed to have an adequate sense of the terrible calamity that had fallen upon the world. Truly, the children of Northborough, in common with the children of the country, performed an heroic part in bringing the war to a successful close. THRIFT STAMPS War Saving Stamps Throughout the entire period of the war the children were made to feel that they had an important part to play in that great event. To this end, the Government asked the children to furnish money to help "win the war." It enabled the children to do this, by issuing "thrift stamps" which could be bought for twenty-five cents each, these to be pasted into a book and converted into a war stamp when sixteen had been thus purchased. On January 21, 1918, the Public Safety Committee appointed the following Thrift Stamp Committee: Dr. John L. Coffin, Martin H. Ryan, Frederick B. Van Ornum, and Dr. J. M. Stanley. Postmaster Ryan reports that during the year 1918, the amount of War Savings Stamps sold was $7922.59; and amount of Thrift Stamps sold was $1979.75. RECEPTION TO THE RETURNING BOYS February 2, 1919, Sunday. Soon after the armistice was signed (November 11, 1918), the demobilization of the soldiers began, and the boys in the home camps soon found their way home. A little while ago, Governor McCall appointed a committee to wel- come the returning soldiers and sailors. This committee sent out a letter to every city and town in the state asking that local committees be appointed for that purpose, and that formal receptions be held on the first Sunday of each month, beginning with February, and continuing until all had returned. 388 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY In compliance with this request the Selectmen of North- borough appointed the following committee to extend a warm welcome to the Northborough boys: Dr. John L. Cofifin, Chairman Mrs. C. Montford Brigham Dr. Josiah M. Stanley Miss Cora Small George A. Brigham Rev. James A. Hurley Ezra H. Bigelow Rev. A. P. Van Dusen Mrs. Noah Wadsworth Rev. A. T. Ringold Mrs. George E. Armour Rev. J. C. Kent The first "welcome home" was given this evening, February 2, and a warm welcome it was. Twenty-six of the boys were present, who, with young ladies attending them, lined up in front of the stage as follows, while a large number of the townspeople greeted them with a vigorous handshake and with hearty words of welcome home: Herman and Walter Peinze Clarence Harrington Louis Guertin Lieut. Charles Brigham Francis and Frederick Leary Martin H. Ryan Amory Gilbert Lieut. Hosmer Kimball Cecil Derosier Walter Kelley Arthur and James Irvine George Gauvin Edward B. Maynard Lieut. Carl Peinze Fred Robinson William A. Richards Walter Chabot Edward A. Lucies Herbert A. Stone Winfred Stone Harlan Kimball Elmer T. Bemis James Callahan John Danckert Miss Miriam Parmenter Miss Mabel Harrington Miss Lillian Guertin Miss Dorothy Corey Miss Laura Leary Miss Mary Ryan Miss Louise Eldridge Miss Florence Felt Miss Alice Lonergan Miss Lucy Kelley Miss Fannie Bemis Miss Corinna Gauvin Miss Edna Maynard Miss Ruth Russell Mrs. Fred Robinson Mrs. William A. Richards Miss Laura Chabot Miss Helen Carbrey Miss Edna Burgoyne Miss Mabel McCabe Miss Sawyer Miss Mary Bemis Miss Julia Callahan Miss Theresa Danckert After the reception the people were called to order by Dr. John L. Coffin, in his usual felicitous manner, and the blessing of God was invoked by Rev. A. T. Ringold, pastor of the Baptist Church. Then was sung the following group of songs, under the NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 389 leadership of Mrs. Walter O. Brigham: "The Star-Spangled Banner," "When Johnny Comes Marching Home," "Battle Hymn of the Republic." Then Dr. J. M. Stanley, in an admirable address, welcomed the boys to their home town. He reminded them, that, while they did not have the privilege of going overseas and fighting on the battle-front, they prepared themselves to do so and would have gone had not the war been brought to such an abrupt end. "Your spirit and ambition were identical with the spirit and ambition of those who did go 'over there,' and it was that spirit that counted." He told the boys that they were the better prepared to become useful citizens in the future because of the military training they had received. Then followed the singing of another group of songs: "Onward Christian Soldiers," "Come Thou Almighty King," "America the Beautiful." Then another group of songs: "The U. S. A. For- ever," "The Marseillaise," "America." Then followed a benediction by Rev. J. C. Kent, pastor of the Unitarian Church. After the literary and musical program, refreshments were served to the boys and their young lady attendants. The "canteen" was in charge of Mrs. George E. Armour, Mrs. C. Montford Brigham, Mrs. William L. Wadsworth, and Miss Annie Heath. The stage was tastefully decorated with small evergreen trees and a small khaki tent around which were grouped a number of boy scouts. Music was furnished by an orchestra composed of Albert Carr, Gordon Ringold, Francis Logan, and Miss Myra Lever. THE BOYS FROM "OVERSEAS" BEGIN TO ARRIVE April 6, 1919, Sunday. There was great rejoicing in the square this evening. Just before nine o'clock the fire alarm sounded eight strokes, twice. That meant that one of the boys of the 26th Division (the Yankee Division) had arrived from Camp Devens. The church bells soon were ringing, and the fire alarm sounded at intervals until twelve o'clock. By that time five of the boys had arrived as follows: Corp. Frank Miller Corp. Ernest Blakeley Dennis Weagle Corp. John Vincent Carney Sergt. Clarence N. Nelson 390 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY And glad they were to set foot on Northborough soil once more! (They had been absent eighteen months.) And if the noise was any indication of the feelings of the large crowd that soon gathered, then the boys must have felt sure that North- borough was glad to see them. The boys arrived in Boston from France yesterday and the day before, and went direct to Camp Devens, in Ayer. Being so near home, they could not stay away any longer, so they obtained furloughs and came home. They were royally entertained by William Ellsworth at his restaurant. He gave them all they could possibly eat (without charge, of course), while others loaded them down with cigars, cigarettes, and candy. And everybody gave them the glad hand. Nothing was too good for them. Miller and Blakeley had been badly "gassed" in battle; Nelson slightly, and Carney badly wounded. But all had fully recovered and were in good spirits. AN IMPROMPTU AFFAIR April 11, 1919, Friday. Dr. Stanley called me up on the 'phone about six o'clock and told me that the people wanted an impromptu automobile parade this evening in recognition of another returning soldier— Harold Burbank, who returned this afternoon — and that they wanted me to make a speech. Of course I said, "Yes, I'll be there." At nine o'clock the pro- cession started from the center, headed by Dr. Stanley's new auto containing Dr. Stanley, Dr. Coffin, and myself. There were sixteen autos and trucks in line, all heavily loaded. One of them contained the remnants of the Northborough Band (the band came to an untimely end during the war, owing to the fact that many of its members had entered the military service). The procession moved to the homes of all the returned over- seas soldiers which were serenaded and before which quantities of red fire was burned. Soon after the procession started, it began to rain, and before long it was raining hard. But rain did not dampen the ardor of the serenaders. The homes of the soldiers being widely separated we traversed the whole town before we broke up. Before starting, Mr. Kent made a short address at the fountain, and at each home he extended the welcome of the town. There was much enthusiasm in this impromptu afifair, and I am sure that the boys appreciated the warmth and genuineness of this "Welcome Home." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 391 ANOTHER IMPROMPTU AFFAIR April 14, 1919, Monday. Another of the boys arrived in town this afternoon, from Camp Devens, and the fire alarm welcomed him as it had the others. This evening there was a demonstra- tion in the square. A platform was erected, a piano brought from the Assabet Hotel, and remnants of the Northborough Band brought together. The church bells rang and the fire alarm tooted. Music was provided, and speeches made by Sergeant Walsh and others. It was a spontaneous welcome which must have brought cheer and satisfaction to the heart of Sergeant Walsh after his eighteen months of service in France. Walsh is a member of Battery E, 102nd Field Artillery and, with the rest of the famous Yankee Division, saw nine months of continuous fighting. BELLS RING AGAIN May 10, 1919, Saturday. The bells and fire alarm rang out again this afternoon at two o'clock and at six o'clock. Eben W. Paul arrived home from Camp Devens, having been away from home since July 2, 1917. He was attached to the famous 2nd Division of the Regular Army, which division saw much severe fighting in France. Paul had served a three years' enlistment in the Regular Army before his present enlistment, and saw service in Vera Cruz in 1916, at the tinie when our army was occupying that Mexican port. At six o'clock Corp. Julius K. Adams arrived from France, where he had been attached to the Tank Corps. MORE BELLS May 14, 1919, Wednesday. The bells and fire alarm rang out again today at 6.45 o'clock to welcome the return of Sergt. Francis Gilbert from overseas. June 15, 1919, Sunday. Irving S. Balcom was welcomed home from the Navy at noon today, by the usual ringing of church bells, and the eight whistles of the fire alarm, twice repeated. At eight o'clock this evening, a similar welcome was extended to James J. Buchanan of the 104th Regiment, 26th Division. 392 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Celebration In Honor of Her Returning Soldiers and Sailors By the Town of Northborou^h, Mass. Tuesday, June 17, 1919 So it's home again, and home again, America for me! My heart is turning home again, and there I long to be, In the land of youth and freedom beyond the ocean bars. Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars. Oh, it's home again, and home again, America for me! I want a ship that's westward bound to plough the rolling sea. To the Blessed Land of Room Enough beyond the ocean bars. Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars. — Henry Van Dyke. Welcome Home Committee Dr. John L. Coffin Mrs. C. Montford Brigham Dr. J. M. Stanley Miss Cora Small Ezra H. Bigelow Rev. James A. Hurley George A. Brigham Rev. A. T. Ringold Mrs. Noah Wadsworth Rev. A. P. Van Dusen Mrs. George E. Armour Rev. J. C. Kent IN MEMORIAM ADOLPH C. NELSON VINCENT F. PICARD They Died in a Just Cause NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 393 Northborough is proud of her soldiers and sailors. They have added lustre to her patriotic traditions and have become an unforgetable part of her history. She followed them with prayerful interest during the progress of the World War, and now that they have returned to her she welcomes them with open arms. She appreciates her obligation to them and has set apart the seventeenth of June as a day in which to do them honor. She hopes and believes that her "Welcome Home" day will con- stitute one of the great days in their lives, and that as the years go by they will look back upon it with honorable pride. All hats off to the Soldier and Sailor Boys on June 17 1 PROGRAM Ringing of church bells at sunrise and sunset. 9 o'clock. Grand parade will form on Church Street. This parade has been carefully thought out so as to symbolize the many phases of activity in which the town engaged during the war. Attention is called to two special features: on the way down, the parade will halt in the square, where a suitable service will be held in memory of the two Northborough boys who made the supreme sacrifice in the war; on the way back, the parade will again halt in the square, when the ser- vice flag will be dedicated. 11 o'clock. Band concert in the Park. 12.30 o'clock. Dinner at the town hall. This din- ner will be complimentary to the soldiers and sailors and their families. 3 o'clock. Literary exercises in the town hall. The official welcome of the town will be extended by Ezra H. Bigelow, chairman of the Board of Selectmen, and Rev. J. C. Kent. Responses will be made by some of the boys who served in France. Address by Col. John F. J. Herbert, of Worcester, commander of the 102nd Field Artillery. 8 to 9 o'clock. Reception and concert in town hall. 9 o'clock. Grand military ball. 394 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY NORTHBOROUGH WELCOMES HER OWN June 17, 1919, Tuesday. Today was a gala day for North- borough, but especially for her returning soldiers. Northborough rose to the war situation admirably. She went "over the top" in everything. Everybody felt that he must do his "bit" to help "win the war," and he did it. We question whether the activ- ities of this town during the Great War have been surpassed by any other town of its size and resources in the country. Every- body worked. Everybody bought bonds. Everybody con- tributed to the many "drives" for money. There was almost no entertainment given in this town during the entire period of the war save for the benefit of the Red Cross and the French Relief Fund. Lately the boys have been coming home. On the first Sunday in February we held a reception for them in the town hall. But we decided at that time that we would have no more monthly receptions (as the original plan was), but that we would wait until a large number of the boys were home and then have an all-day celebration in their honor. June 17 was fixed upon as a suitable time for such celebration. We hoped that by that time a larger number of the boys would have returned. So it proved. There were seventy-seven in the service and fifty-three of them were here today. The committee had worked hard to perfect plans for such a Welcome Home as the boys would not soon forget. We have every reason to believe that we accomplished our purpose. First, a word as to the weather. The day before was uncom- fortably warm. Today opened with a cloudy sky, considerable fog, and, in the early morning, a heavy mist. The fog and mist soon disappeared, but the clouds hung over us until about noon; but they were not threatening at any time. The tempera- ture was just right for comfort. The church bells and fire alarm were rung at sunrise, and everybody was up bright and early. The first feature of the program was a grand parade. As early as eight o'clock the floats began to move up Church Street toward the point of mobil- ization (junction of Church and Pleasant Streets). By nine o'clock they were all there and the procession began to move. This parade was a thing of beauty. It was mostly a float parade, being designed to symbolize the many phases of activity in which the townspeople engaged during the war. It was conceived by Dr. J. M. Stanley, who put into it every moment of his spare time for many weeks. There were two very interesting features of the parade: on TOWN 0.- NORTHBOfiO 38ATEFUL RFCOSNniON PATRIOTIC SERVICE IN -THE- WORLD WAR ' . I9I7-I9I9 ▼ WAR MEDAL Given by Northborough to her World War Veterans on "Welcome Home Day," June 17, 1919 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 395 the way down town the parade halted in the square, where a simple but solemn service was held in memory of the two boys who had made the supreme sacrifice. The soldiers then encircled the grass plot, taps were sounded, during which two Grand Army men, John F. Hart and Orin M. Bailey, deposited laurel wreaths at the base of a floral shaft. Not a word was spoken by any one. The recall was then sounded, and the parade moved on. On its way back, the parade halted again in the square, and a large service flag, hung over the street was dedicated. Appro- priate songs were sung by the school children and a dedicatory address delivered by Ezra H. Bigelow, chairman of the Board of Selectmen. Then took place a most interesting feature, which was not listed on the printed program. The band headed a procession of the soldiers, and Red Cross, and French Relief workers, and moved to Assabet Park. The soldiers were drawn up in line on one side of the tennis court, with the ladies on the oppo- site side facing thern. The band stationed itself on the slope behind and furnished music. Rev. A. T. Ringold then made a befitting address, and called out the boys' names— one by one. As his name was called, the soldier advanced two or three paces and halted. Then the young lady who stood opposite him, advanced and pinned upon his left breast a beautiful bronze medal — a token of the town's pride in her soldier boys. Vincent F. Picard's medal was given to his mother — and not a few cheeks were wet with tears as Mr. Kent, chairman of the Soldier's Information Bureau, performed this delicate service. This feature of the program consumed upwards of an hour. The khaki uniforms of the soldiers, and the white costumes of the ladies, with the golden glow of the sun streaming over all made a beautiful and impressive scene which those who be- held it will treasure in their memory for a long time to come. A complimentary dinner to the soldiers and their families was held in the town hall at twelve-thirty o'clock; after which the more formal literary exercises took place. Dr. John L. Cofifin presided over these exercises, and in a short but effective address made it plain to the boys that Northborough was glad to have them home again. Ezra H. Bigelow, on behalf of the Board of Selectmen, and Rev. J. C. Kent, on behalf of the townspeople, extended a formal welcome home. These formal words were hardly necessary, for the boys, long before they were pronounced, knew that their town was as glad to have them home as they were glad to be home. 396 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY A stirring address was then given by Col. John F. J. Herbert of Worcester, Commander of the 102nd Field Artillery, under whom, three of our boys — ^Walsh, Burbank and Walls, served in France. The burden of his address was "100% Americanism." It was a moving address which held the audience spellbound for half an hour. RECEPTION AND BALL At seven-thirty o'clock the returned service men, the young ladies in attendance and the reception committee, met at the town hall preparatory to the opening of the reception. The boys, in uniform, were stationed on either side of the hall, with the young ladies, gowned in white, with red, white, and blue sashes floating from the right shoulder, directly in front of them. The hall was decorated in a unique manner: the side walls were covered with picturesque war posters. Old Glory covered the wall behind the stage, on either side of which was the word "Welcome" in gilt letters, so arranged that it had the appearance of being suspended in mid-air. The front of the stage was banked with laurel, while the corners of the stage were adorned with great bunches of this same beautiful flower, and with flags of the Allied nations. Allied flags, suspended from the gallery, gave a brilliant effect to the rear of the hall. The ceiling was almost hidden by bunting of harmonious tones gracefully festooned from its center to its four corners. The arrival of Major Foley, of Worcester, was one of the pleasant features of the evening. He was quickly taken in charge by Dr. Coflin who in turn, placed him in charge of Miss Mildred Felt to be introduced. The reception over, the military ball began at nine o'clock, Capt. Frank E. Haskell leading the grand march. It was a brilliant occasion — such as is seldom seen in North- borough, and a fitting close to a day of great rejoicing. The following young ladies were in the reception line: Mildred Felt, Bessie Smith, Louise Eldridge, Esther Bigelow, Sarah Nelson, Theresa Danckert, Hazel French, Lucy Lonergan, Olive Johnson, Elsie Norcross, Laura Sparrow, Margaret Walker, Anna Tilley, Dorothy Corey, Marie Parmenter, Ruby Lilly, May Richardson, Pearl Bigelow, Daisy Balcom, Laura Leary, Miriam Parmenter, Caroline Lilly. Reception Committee Mrs. Noah Wadsworth Miss Cora Small Mrs. George E. Armour Mrs. C. Montford Brigham NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 397 Decorating Committee Mrs. Noah Wadsworth Miss Cora Small Mrs. George E. Armour Mrs. C. Montford Brigham Ball Committee Martin Ryan Harry F. Carbrey Frank W. Eames Mrs. Arthur H. Johnson Mrs. Moses Marshall Mrs. Frank W. Eames Sub-Committee Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Wadsworth Miss Alice C. Eames Miss Eva Chabot Miss Agnes A. Walker Harry F. Allen Newell's Orchestra of eight pieces furnished music for both reception and ball. WELCOME HOME PARADE Section I. The Selectmen — on Horseback. Ezra H. Bigelow — Allison I. Duplissis — Walter O. Brigham Public Safety Committee Decorated auto containing the following members of the committee: Edwin S. Corey, William J. Potter, Walter B. Mayo, Rev. A. T. Ringold, and Rev. A. P. Van Dusen. Driver — Clarence Brault, a discharged sailor. Registration of American Manhood A two-horse float driven by Walker Russell. Harry F. Allen, Robert G. Brigham, Everett Mentzer, John McCabe, Clarence Garfield, Fred Kay, Willis E. Wheeler, John K. Mills, William O'Brien, Candido Spencer, Marcelino Roberto. G.A. R. Two autos driven by Norman B. Potter and Edward Logaji. Guilford P. Heath, Orin M. Bailey, Daniel Sawyer, John F. Hart, William Watterson, John D. Holbrook, Bemis, Wil- liam H. Warren. Battery B Band of Twenty-five Pieces Returned Soldiers and Sailors There were about sixty returned soldiers and sailors, led by Capt. Frank E. Haskell. 398 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Section II. Northhorough Branch of the American Red Cross Miss Agnes A. Walker, marshal. Miss Louise Hatch, Miss Addie Jones, Miss Ruth Pollard, Miss Jessie Hedley, Mrs. Eva Whittaker, Miss Myra Lever, Miss Louise Hodgkins. Flag Squad Miss Ruth Russell, Mrs. Elizabeth Bigelow, Miss Louisa Eldridge, Miss Laura Chabot, Miss Irene Rogers, Miss Anne Lanois, Miss Mabel Rogers, Miss Victoria Van Horn, Miss Florence Felt, Miss Dorothy Corey, Miss Ruth LaPorte, Miss Gertrude Picard. Knitting Bag Squad Miss Edith DeArmond, Miss Helen Beck, Miss Hazel Schofield, Miss Jessie Gushing, Miss Miriam Parmenter, Miss Daisy Balcom, Miss Ayre, Miss Laura Leary, Mrs. Caroline Garfield, Miss Corinna Gauvin, Miss Sarah Nelson, Mrs. Bezie Mitchell, Miss Isabel Sawyer, Miss Lillian Guertin, Miss Edna Burgoyne. Red Cross Rest Room Mrs. John W. Kellette, Mrs. Walter Russell, Mrs. Carrie Lever, Mrs. Moses Marshall, Mrs. Fred Hadley, Mrs. Frank W. Fames, Mrs. Mary Wadsworth, Mrs. Elizabeth Bigelow, Mrs. Edwin S. Corey, Mrs. Clarence E. Buckley, Miss Olive Warren, Mrs. Henry W. Paul. Red Cross Float Representing a popular war poster, "The Greatest Mother in the World." Mrs. Sallie Proctor. William Smith, driver. Women's Relief Corps A two-horse float driven by George Chapdelaine, containing Miss Ada Harrington, Miss Olive Warren, Mrs. Henry G. Warren, Mrs. Howard Lincoln, Mrs. Howard Bailey, Mrs. Sarah Corey, Mrs. Edmund Lawrence, Mrs. William Horsford. Sons of Veterans Henry G. Warren, commander. George E. Proctor, Fred J. Proctor, Charles Proctor, George P. Walls, George H. Newton, Howard E. Bailey, Chester A. Smith, Tarbel P. Haskell, Joseph Ross, Arthur G. Corey. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 399 A merican Fund for French Wounded Led by Mrs. Samuel T. Maynard as color bearer. Miss M. Evelyn Potter, Miss Charlotte Winsor, Miss Marie Barnes, Miss Ruth Holmes, Miss Louisa Coffin, Miss Helen Corey, Miss Ebba Juline, Mrs. Eva Freeze, Miss Kittie Burke, Miss Lizzie Scott, Miss Marion Richardson, Miss Elizabeth Green, Mrs. Sarah E. Emery, Miss Emma A. Barnes. Float Impersonating France, Miss Olive Johnson; A. F. F. W., Mrs. Andrew T. Ringold, Miss Abbie Small; French refugees. Miss Charlotte Jones, Thelma Spear, Leo Collard; French surgeon, Rodney Leland; wounded soldier, Lloyd Scribner; driver, John Garrity. Section HL (Floats representative of army departments) Army Depots (1) Noah Wadsworth's auto, driven by William L. Wads- worth. (2) Herman Peinze's auto driven by Roland Peinze. (3) Chabot & Duplissis, two-horse float driven by Hermon Sparrow. (4) Herbert L. Kimball's auto, driven by John Norton. (5) Albert Carr's auto driven by owner, accompanied by Herbert A. Whitcomb. Airplanes (1) R. E. Wadsworth & Co., auto, driven by Ralph E. Wadsworth and accompanied by Stanley Wadsworth. (2) Whittaker and Bacon's auto, driven by Harry Whittaker, accompanied by Albert Parthow. Photography Exhibit by William A. Crossley. Auto driven by Edward H. Smith, accompanied by Ruth Potter, Mrs. Victor Gauvin, Anna Miller, and Dorothy Russell. Air Messengers — Carrier Pigeons Exhibit by Charles Bigelow. Auto driven by Charles Bigelow. Repair and Construction Exhibit by Geo. E. Armour. Auto driven by J. Wilbur Warren, accompanied by George E. Armour and Joseph Muchard. 400 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY A rmy A musements Represented by the Foresters and Independent Order of Companions. Two-horse float driven by Herbert Brigham. Harry Ells- worth, Mr. and Mrs. James Burke, Mrs. Alice Warren, Mrs. Mary Bouvier, Thomas L. White, Francis Gallagher, Mr. Carpenter, Noah Brady, George Brady. Truck driven by Thomas O'Brien. Katherine Walsh, Catherine Ellsworth, Alma Carbrey, Helen Carbrey, Gertrude Brady. Auto driven by George H. Felt. Occupants, John Dyer, F. S. Alexander, Lieut. Harold E. Nash, Francis Riley, Charles E. O'Donnell. Truck driven by Charles DeWolfe, accompanied by K. C. Serry, George McCrea. Auto driven by Lieut. Wm. Boswell. John Galvin, Peter Danckert, Alfred Collard. Canteen — Represented hy the Churches Auto driven by Andrew Hardy. Occupants, Mrs. Frank H. Foster, Mrs. Woodcock, Mrs. Myron Stone, Miss Mabel Van Ornum, Miss Ella Trudeau, Howard Potter, Stanley Pond. Northhorough Fire Department Hook and Ladder, Hose Carriage, Chemical Truck. Mail Service — Rural Delivery Auto driven by Ralph F. Fiske, accompanied by Mrs. Ralph F. Fiske and Chesterfield Fiske. Army Mess — Truck Medical Department Ambulance driven by George H. Tighe of Marlborough, accompanied by Dr. Mark P. Stanley and a little Red Cross dog. Auto float driven by Clarence Walker for Claude T. Shattuck, druggist. Section IV. Bond Sales — Represented hy the Bank Two-horse float driven by Doris H. Lever. Occupants, Leota M. Leland, Leona V. Leland, Esther Bigelow, Pearl Bigelow, Mildred Felt. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 401 Thrift Stamps — Represented by the Postoffice Auto driven by Mary H. Ryan. Occupants, Dorothy Dodd, Olive Russell, Ethelyn Carbrey. Allied War Fund Drive — Represented by W. C. T. U. Auto driven by Frederick Franklin. Occupants, George Irving Franklin, Doris Brazier, Catherine Burke, Florence Hatch, Edwin Lawrence, John O'Brien, Willard Pollard. Growth of Wool Auto driven by Everett Valentine. Occupants, live sheep and clipped fleece. Converting Wool into Supplies Two-horse float, showing machinery and first steps in manu- facturing. Taylor Manufacturing Co., truck driven by Leroy Jones. Accompanied by Morris Hagan, showing finished products. Agriculture — Represented by Northborough Grange Motto: "The Farmer Feeds them All." Uncle Sam, Harry L. Trimble; America, Viola Burso; Ceres, Goddess of Grains and Cereals, Mrs. Myrtle Chapdelaine; Pomona, Goddess of Fruits, Mrs. Margaret Brennan; Flora, Goddess of Flowers, Mrs. Helen A. Trimble; Farmerette, Debo- rah Hildreth; Junior Farmer and Farmerette, Master Ernest Phelps and Marion F. Buckley. Driver, Henry Bowie. Conservation of Food One-horse float representing fruits of victory, driven by Dowy Worden, overseas soldier from Boylston. Occupants, Caroline Lilly, Mary Bemis, Anna Carlson, Bessie Smith, Julia Holteen. Section V. Worcester City Brass Band in U. S. uniform. Twenty-five men and leader. Foresters, Carrying U. S. Flag (horizontally) Walter Gauvin, Frank Bertrand, Edmund LaPorte, Sey- mour LaPorte, George Gauvin, John Bruso, Frank Mosso, Hermis H. Derosier, Edward Woodward, Edward E. Sabourin, Daniel M. Ettinger, Joseph A. Gaucher. 402 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Flags of Twenty-six Allied Nations Herbert Bruso, John W. Allen, Harry England, John Prest, John Rogers, Raymond Brady, Ubert Zeh, O. Elmer Eldridge, Edward Eldridge, Waldo Bemis, Ernest Blakely, Howard Bur- goyne, Frank W. Eames, Thurston Russell, Victor A. Seaton, Clarence E. Buckley, Chester Warren, Alexander McClintock, Ernest Moore, Arthur Gauvin, Francis Ferguson, Lyle Blakely, Arthur Bruso, Carrol Blakely, Clevis Stone. Section VI. Peace Conference — "The Big 4" — Represented by the Northborough Historical Society Limousine driven by Stanley Whittaker; Noah Wadsworth represented President Wilson; George F. Sargent represented Clemenceau, Premier of France; Charles W. Sibley represented Lloyd George, Premier of England; Frederick A. King repre- sented Orlando, Premier of Italy. The League of Nations — Represented by the Northborough Woman's Club Two-horse fioat, driven by Virginia Shutte. Occupants: Mrs. Harry Carbrey, represented Peace; Mrs. Edward Eldridge, America; Mrs. Elmer Valentine, England; Mrs. Arthur Johnson, France; Mrs. Fred Hadley, Italy; Miss Julia Coffin, Japan. Boy Scouts Under command of Walter Stone. Carried a banner with the motto, "The Boys of Today are the Men of Tomorrow." Richard Kimball, Roswell Pond, Everett Nelson, Edward Nelson, Albert Nelson, William Felt, Howard Foss, Frank Foss, Howard Shattuck, Joseph Smith, Bailey Brennan. School Children Boys and girls representing School Gardening, Junior Red Cross, with four mounted aids. Many children on an auto float. MORE WELCOMING BELLS June 18, 1919, Arthur Boucher returned from overseas. July 13, 1919, Frank Falby returned. July 19, 1919, Miss Flora B. Murray returned. She served as a Red Cross nurse in France and in Germany. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 403 July 23, 1919, Sidney Walls returned. He did not return with the 26th Division in April, but spent four months at the University of Caen, in France. August 2, 1919, Arthur Bouvier returned. August 14, 1919, Esdras J. Trudeau returned. He is a U. S. Marine. Spent several months in France and Germany with the army of occupation. August 26, 1919, George W. Nelson returned. He belonged to the 26th Division. August 30, 1919, Henry P. Woodward returned. He is the last of the overseas boys to return. September 11, 1919, Harold Brigham returned. He is a U. S. Marine, and was stationed at Haiti for some time. October 24, 1919, Albert W. Mentzer returned. He is a U. S. Marine and was stationed at Haiti. October 29, 1919, Ernest Williams returned. He was in the navy. All the boys listed above were welcomed home by the ringing of the church bells and the tooting of the fire whistle. WELCOME HOME— SUPPLEMENTARY December 30, 1919, Tuesday. A supplementary Welcome Home service was held this evening, in honor of the soldiers who have arrived home since our celebration on June 17. A turkey dinner was given the boys at the Northborough Inn at six- thirty. After the dinner there was speaking by Ezra H. Bigelow, chairman of the Board of Selectmen, Dr. John L. Coffin, chair- man of the Public Safety Committee, and Rev. J. C. Kent, chair- man of the Correspondence Committee. The dinner over, we adjourned to the town hall where a public reception was held, from eight till nine o'clock; this in turn, was followed by a dance which lasted from nine till one o'clock. This service was held under the auspices of the Recep- tion Committee the same committee that had charge of the cele- bration on June 17, last. This reception constitutes the last chapter of Northborough's war record. Late in January, 1920, Bertrand L. Schofield returned. He was the last of the Northborough boys to return. 404 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY NORTHBOROUGH MEN IN THE WORLD WAR, SEVENTY-SEVEN ENLISTMENTS Adams, Julius K., unmarried; son of Rufus and Nellie S; born in Northborough, Aug. 20, 1894; enlisted July 12, 1918, at Marlborough. Was sent to the Rhode Island State College at Kingston where he studied truck mechanics for ten weeks. Was made a Corporal, Oct. 28, 1918. Thence to Camp Colt at Gettysburg, Pa., one month; thence to Camp Mills, Long Island one week; embarked on the "Leviathan" for overseas, landing at Liverpool; thence by train to Southampton and boat to Cherbourg, France; thence to Longes, the tank center, where he remained until about Christmas; thence to Coblenz, Ger- many, where he remained until Feb. 17, 1919, when he left his outfit and went to the hospital. In hospital about six weeks. Returned to France, embarked on the "Kroonland" at St, Nazaire for Hoboken, arriving April 29, 1919; thence to Camp Devens at Ayer, Mass; in hospital again, one month. Dis- charged June 5, 1919. Rank, Corporal. Balcom, Irving S., unmarried; son of Norman J. and Dora L.; born in Northborough, Feb. 24, 1890; enlisted Nov. 21, 1917, at Boston. Reported at Bumkin Island, Boston Harbor, Dec. 3; transferred to Boston Navy Yard, Jan. 4, 1918; transferred to Submarine Chaser No. 264, Jan. 14, 1918; fitted out Chaser, and sailed for coast running service ofT coast of Maine, Feb. 28, working from bases located at Jonesport and Eastport; called from Maine to hunt submarines that were sinking ships ofT Cape Cod, July 4; put into New London to be fitted out for foreign service, Sept. 28; sailed from New London, Oct. 24, arriving at Bermuda Oct. 28 (reason of delay, heavy storm) ; left Bermuda Oct. 30, arriving at the Azores, Jan. 4, 1919, and arrived at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, Jan. 19; thence to San Domingo, Haiti, arriving Feb. 6; thence to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, arriving March 1 ; thence to New Orleans, arriving April 30; transferred ashore for transfer to Boston, June 3; dis- charged June 23, 1919. Rank, Quartermaster, First Class, Navy. Bemis, Elmer T., unmarried; son of Elwyn H. and Martha A.; born in Northborough, Dec. 7, 1894; enlisted Dec. 7, 1917, at Fort Slocum, N. Y.; thence to San Antonio, Texas, arriving Dec. 17 ; was assigned to the Flying Service, 681st Aero Squadron, 1st Co. Concentration Brigade; served in that capacity until Jan. 23, 1919, when he left Kelley Field for Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., where he was discharged Jan. 30, 1919; was in hospital most of the time. Rank, Private. Blakely, Ernest C, unmarried; son of Daniel and Lexandie; born in Northborough, Nov. 15, 1897; enlisted July 12, 1916, in NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 405 Co. I, 5th Mass. Infantry (an Attleboro Co.); was in service on the Mexican Border from July 15 to Oct. 31, 1916; was still a member of the 5th Mass. when war was declared, April, 1917; was called out July 25, 1917; the State Militia was taken over by the U. S. Army same day; reported at headquarters of his Co. at Attleboro where he remained about two weeks; thence to Camp McGinniss, Framingham; here, the 5th and 9th Mass. regiments were combined, forming the 101st Regt. U. S. Army; remained until Sept. 6; thence to Hoboken, N. J where he embarked on the "Pastores" Sept. 7, for France; arrived at St. Nazaire, Sept. 21; was in camp about ten days; thence to Neuf- chateau where he was in training until Feb. 6, 1918; thence to the fighting line; was in action as follows: Chemin des Dames, Feb. 7 to March 19, 1918; Toul Sector, April 1 to June 26; Soissons-Chateau-Thierry Sector; Vaux Defensive, July 8 to July 18; Vaux Offensive, July 15; Ainse-Marne Offensive, July 18 to July 25; St. Mihiel Offensive, July; St. Mihiel Sector, Sept. 15 to Sept. 23; Verdun Sector, Oct. 10 to Oct. 23; Meuse- Argonne Offensive, Oct. 23 to Nov. 11, 1918. Was gassed May 31, 1918; was at the front lines when the Armistice was signed, Nov. 11. Began hike of eleven days to Millieres, Nov. 13 ; remained about two months; thence to Le Mans; embarked on the "America" forhome, at Brest, arriving at Boston, April 5, 1919; thence to Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass.; discharged April 28, 1919; 26th or Yankee Division. Rank, Corporal, from July 25, 1917. BoDREAu, Francis P., unmarried; son of Peter and Rosanna; born in West Warren, Mass., Sept. 26, 1897; enlisted Aug. 15, 1918, at Worcester; Coast Artillery; went to Fort Slocum, N. Y., where he remained about three weeks; thence to Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, where he was transferred to the 49th Batt., 6th Anti-aircraft Sector; thence to Camp Mills, Long Island; embarked on the ship "Plassey" at Hoboken, Sept. 25; arrived at Liverpool Oct. 9; thence to Southampton; thence to Le Havre, France; thence to Fort de-Stain, Anti-aircraft training school; remained there until the Armistice was signed (Nov. 11); thence to Brest; left Brest Dec. 29 for home landing at New York, Jan. 10, 1919; thence to Camp Merritt, N. J.; thence to Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, where he was discharged Feb. 2, 1919. Rank, Private. Boucher, Arthur J., married; son of Eugene and Dora; born in Marlborough, Mass., July 10, 1893; enlisted at Marl- borough, Oct. 4, 1917; Artillery; assigned first to Ammunition Train; transferred to Supply Train then to Automobile School; then to Engineers Depot Replacement; then to 132nd Engineers; then to 116th Ammunition Train; went first to Camp Devens, at 406 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY Ayer, Mass. ; embarked on ship "Ajana," July 12, 1918, landing at Liverpool; thence to France; returning, embarked at St. Nazaire, arriving at Newport News, June 9, 1919; thence to Camp Lee, Va., where he was discharged June 17, 1919. Rank, Private. 76th Division. BouviER, Arthur H., married; son of Charles and Mary; born in Northborough, Feb. 22, 1893; enlisted Sept. 18, 1917, at Marlborough; went to Camp Devens where he remained about three weeks; thence to Camp Gordon, Atlanta, Ga.; remained seven months; while there he was assigned to C. Batt., 320th Artillery; then to Camp Mills, N. Y.; embarked at Hoboken on the ship "Camelia," landing at Liverpool about June 25, 1918; then to France via Southampton landing at Havre; then to Camp at La Coutine, remaining several months; then to St. Aigan; here he was annexed to the Provisional Cook Co.; then to Marseilles for embarkation, but there not being room on the "President Wilson" (the last boat to sail from that port) for his unit, he went to Brest where he embarked on the U. S. Battleship "Missouri," July 15, 1919; landed at Newport News, Va., July 26; thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged July, 1919. Rank Private. 82nd Division. Brigham, Charles C, unmarried; son of Walter O. and Alice L.; born in Northborough, Aug. 16, 1898; was a student at the Springfield, Mass., Y. M. C. A. College; was recom- mended by the President of the College to receive training that he might become an instructor in the College in the fall of 1918; enlisted July 28, 1918; was sent to Plattsburg Barracks for instruction; while there was commissioned 2nd Lieut, in the U. S. Army; on Sept. 20, reported for duty at first station, Student's Army Training Corps at Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y.; remained there until unit was disbanded Nov. 8, 1918; received special orders to report without delay at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., Nov. 11; was instructor there until the Student's Army Training Corps was dis- banded, Dec. 18; was discharged Dec. 23, 1918. Rank, 2nd Lieut. Brigham, Harold M., unmarried; son of Walter O. and Alice L.; born in Northborough, April 6, 1900; was a student at the High School of Commerce in Worcester, Mass.; applied for enlistment at Worcester, Aug. 7, 1918; was examined in Boston; enlisted at Paris Island, S. C, Aug. 21, 1918; remained nearly three months; thence to Naval Training Station at Great Lakes, 111., for purpose of studying aerial gunnery; thence to Miami, Florida, where he was attached to Platoon G, Aviation Force; thence to Port au Prince, Haiti, where he remained until Aug. 24, 1919, when he was transported to Philadelphia Naval NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 407 Station, where he was discharged Sept. 10, 1919. Marine Corps, unattached. Rank, Private. Bristol, Carroll L., unmarried; son of Rev. Frank L. and Annie; born in Uxbridge, Mass., Oct. 21, 1895; enhsted May 18, 1917, at Fort Strong, Boston; Batt. B, 51st Artillery (Coast Artillery); embarked for overseas Aug. 14, 1917; landed in England Sept. 2; landed in France Sept. 16, 1917; was in camp at Mailley.six months; went to front April 2, 1918; remained at front until Armistice was signed (Nov. 11) ; was in the famous St. Mihiel Drive. Discharged, Feb. 14, 1919. Rank, First Class Private. Buchanan, James J., unmarried; son of James J. and Margaret; born in Providence, R. I., April 5, 1895; enlisted June 30, 1916 in Co. F, 6th Mass. Militia; mustered into United States service April 6, 1917, at Westfield, Mass., on which date the 6th Mass., 2nd Mass., and part of the 8th Mass. regiments were taken over and combined into the 104th Regt. U. S. Army; entrained at Westfield for Montreal Sept. 25, 1917; embarked for Halifax within four hours; remained at Halifax one week, waiting for a convoy; embarked on British Ship "Corsican" Oct. 2, 1917; arrived at Liverpool, Oct. 25; thence to Camp Borden, where he remained one week; thence to Southampton; thence across the channel in the "Archangel," arriving at Le Havre; thence to training camp at Pompierre where he remained from Oct. 1917, to Feb. 1918; thence to the battlefront. Was in battle, Chemin des Dames; was in Toul Sector from April 4 to about July 1; Chateau-Thierry, July 4; went into the reserves to July 28; went "over the top" July 18; Verdun Sector from Oct. till after the Armistice was signed. Started Nov. 15, 1918, on a five-day hike to Montigney-le-Roi; left his Division in Dec. 1918, for police duty; went to Meuse where he entrained for Luneville; was in a detachment that was sent to Troyes; thence to Luneville; thence to Strasburg; remained in Strasburg about three months; called back to Luneville where his company was reformed; thence to Le Mans where he remained one week; thence to Brest; left Brest May 27 on the "Freedom," landing at Newport News about June 9, 1919; thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged June 21, 1919. Rank, First Class Private. 26th Division. BuRBANK, Harold R., unmarried; son of Francis H. and Catherine J.; born in Northborough, Dec. 16, 1893; enlisted at Worcester, May 12, 1917; Batt. E, 102nd Field Artillery; went to Paxton, remaining five days; thence to Boxford, Mass., remain- ing from July 30 to Sept. 22, 1917; thence to New York, where he embarked on the "Finland," Sept. 24 for overseas; arrived at St. Nazaire, France, Oct. 5, and remained there ten days; thence 408 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY to Camp Coetquidan where he remained until Jan. 30, 1918; entrained for Soissons (Chemin des Dames Sector) ; took position in hne Feb. 6, 1918; left that Sector March 20, arriving at Toul April 4; left Toul June 29 for Chateau-Thierry, arriving July 4; left Chateau-Thierry Aug. 5, for Chalon, where he rested ten days; thence to St. Mihiel, arriving Sept. 8; took part in that famous drive; left St. Mihiel Oct. 11, arriving at Verdun Oct. 14; was at Verdun when the Armistice was signed; left Verdun Nov. 16, and after resting in several places throughout the winter finally arrived at the Le Mans area; left there for Brest March 29, 1919; left Brest April 1 and arrived at Boston April 10, went at once to Camp Devens, where he was dis- charged April 29, 1919. Rank, Cook. 26th Division. BuRGOYNE, George Herbert, unmarried; son of George H. and Elizabeth M., born in Northborough May 28, 1898; enlisted at Boston, Aug. 31, 1918, in the Merchant Marine; went first to East Boston; was transferred to Norfolk, Va., about the end of Oct.; remained there until Dec. 19, 1918; came home on short furlough; was discharged from the Merchant Marine service Dec. 23, 1918, and enlisted in the regular Navy, same day. Rank, Seaman. Rank in Navy, Machinist's Mate. Caldwell, Albert J., unmarried; son of Walter A. and Susan K.; born in Beverly, Mass., Jan. 21, 1897; enlisted in the Navy, served on the "South Haven," "Birmingham," in the Atlantic home service, and on a battleship in the Pacific home service; released. Caldwell, Frederick W., unmarried; son of Walter A. and Susan K.; born in Beverly, Mass., Oct. 12, 1885; enlisted Dec. 16, 1918, in the Merchant Marine; discharged March 25, 1919. Boston service-yeoman. Engineer Dept. Carlson, Walter M., unmarried; son of Samuel H. and Blenda; born in Holliston, Mass., April 26, 1899; was a student in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, entering in the fall of 1917; enlisted Oct. 1, 1918, in the S. A.T. C. (Student's Army Training Corps), at Amherst, Mass.; discharged Dec. 11, 1918. Carney, John Vincent, unmarried; son of Peter J. and Catherine; born in Northborough, April 7, 1892; enlisted at Wor- cester, May 26, 1917, in Co. G, 9th Mass., Infantry; went to Camp McGinniss, Framingham; while there, the 9th and 5th Mass., regiments were absorbed into 101st regt., U. S. Army; left Framingham, Sept. 6, 1917, for Hoboken where he embarked on the "Henry B. Mallory" for overseas; landed at St. Nazaire, France, Sept. 20, remaining six days; thence to Neufchateau remaining until Jan. 30, 1918; thence to Chemin des Dames NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 409 Sector where he remained from Feb. 7 to March 21; thence to the Toul Sector, April 2, remaining until June 28; was in the Battle of Seicheprey, Fleurry, occupation of the Aisne-Marne Sector July 6 to July 18, Battle of Vaux, Aisne-Marne Offensive July 18 to Aug. 6, 1918, St. Mihiel Offensive Sept. 12 to 15, Occupation of Troyon Sector Sept. 16 to Oct. 8, with raid on Bois de-W'arville, Oct. 2; Meuse-Argonne Offensive Oct. 15 to 23; was severely wounded in the right shoulder in Belleau Wood Oct. 23 ; was cited for bravery Oct. 2 ; in Base Hospital No. 50 until Jan. 28, 1919 when he returned to his outfit which was then at Millieres; then to the Le Mans Sector, remaining until March 22, 1919; thence to Brest; embarked at Brest March 28, on the "America" and arrived at Boston April 5, thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged April 28, 1919. Rank, Cor- poral. 26th Division. Chabot, Walter F., unmarried; son of Joseph W. and Sadie; born in Northborough, Oct. 1, 1892; enlisted in the U. S. Na\'y, at Charlestown Navy Yard, June 1, 1918; went to Hingham train- ing camp; remained six months; transferred to the Commissary School at the Receiving Ship at Commonwealth Pier, South Boston; made the rating of Commissary Steward; returned to Receiving Ship at Charlestown Navy Yard; then was trans- ferred to revenue cutter "Oppington," remaining three weeks; then back to Receiving Ship at Boston, where he was released Jan. 27, 1919. Rank, First Class Cook. Chief Petty Officer. Coffin, Holland, unmarried; son of Dr. John L. and Annie W.; born in West Medford, Mass., March 25, 1890; enlisted at Boston, Aug. 30, 1917, in the Medical Department; went first to Fort Ethan Allen, Vt., where he remained from Sept. 1 to Nov. 21, 1917; thence to Camp Merritt, N. J., remaining from Nov. 22 to Dec. 17; while there he was assigned to U. S. Base Hospital No. 66 (located at Neufchateau, France); embarked at Hoboken for Glasgow, arriving Dec. 31; thence to Winchester, England, where he remained until Jan. 10, 1918; thence to Havre, via Southampton, arriving Jan. 11; thence to Neuf- chateau; thence to Gondrecourt, remaining from Jan. 15 to Jan. 25; returned to Neufchateau where he remained from Jan. 25, 1918 to Jan. 11, 1919; arrived at St. Nazaire Jan. 16; left St. Nazaire Jan. 30, landing at Newport News, Va. : thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged Feb. 27, 1919. Rank, Sergeant. Crooker, Maurice N., unmarried; son of Alvah W. and Etta L.; born in Shrewsbury, Mass., Feb. 9, 1918; was sent to Wentworth Institute, Boston, remaining from May 1 to July 1, taking courses in military training and sheet metal working; 410 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY thence to Edgeworth Arsenal, Edgeworth, Md., (where the Government manufactured poison gas and filled incandescent bombs); transferred to Camp Devens Dec. 21, where he was discharged, Dec. 23, 1918. Chemical Warfare Service. Rank, First Class Private. Danckert, John J., unmarried; son of Daniel and Mary; born in Northborough, Dec. 23, 1897; enlisted at Boston, Aug. 17, 1918, in U. S. Marine Corps; went to Paris Island, S. C, where he was attached to the 349th Co., and on Oct. 23, was put into the 9th Replacement Batt.; left that day for Quantico, Va., where he was discharged Jan. 14, 1919. Rank, Private. Day, Howard F., unmarried; son of James F. H. and Cora B.; born in Shrewsbury, Mass., Oct. 20, 1893; enlisted April 27, 1918, at Marlborough; went to Camp Devens; left July 3, 1918 for overseas, landing at Bordeaux; was in hospital most of the time; embarked for home, Dec. 25, 1918; then to Camp Mills; thence to Camp Upton where he was discharged Jan. 15, 1919. Was attached to Co. L, 302nd Regt. 76th Division. Rank, Private. DeArmond, Roy W., unmarried; son of John W. and Elizabeth; born in Westborough, Mass., Jan. 15, 1892; enlisted at Marlborough, April 22, 1918; went to Camp Devens; assigned to Ammunition Train; left Camp Devens July 12 for Montreal; embarked on the "Ajana" for overseas; landed at Liverpool, July 31 ; thence to Winchester; thence to Southampton, where he embarked for France, landing at Cherbourg; thence to Bordeaux; thence to St. Amand; thence to Ange where he remained until Feb. 2, 1919; thence to Mulkein, Germany, remaining in that district until May 21; embarked at St. Nazaire June 3, arriving at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 15; thence to Camp Mills; thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged June 23, 1919. Rank, Private. Was attached to Ammunition Train and to Co. B, 315th Engineers. 76th Division. Derosier, Philias Cecil, unmarried; son of Arthur and Matilda; born in Northborough, Nov. 8, 1897; recruited at Worcester, Aug. 7, 1918, in 38th Headquarters Co., Coast Artillery; went to Fort Slocum, N. Y., mustered into service Aug. 15; remained there until Sept. 12; thence to Fort Hamilton, N. Y., remaining until Oct. 14; thence to Camp Eustace, Va.; thence to Camp Stuart; returned to Fort Hamilton, Nov. 20, where he was discharged Dec. 10, 1918. Rank, Private. Eldridge, Howard St. George, unmarried; son of Frederick G. and Alice; born in Brighton, England, May 6, 1880; enlisted March 12, 1917 in Naval Reserve, at Boston; was assigned to the U. S. S. "Actus," remaining ten days; thence to \J. S. S. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 411 "Shada"; on this boat went to Bay of Fundy looking for sub- marine bases; remained on "Shada" until Aug. 1917; passed examination for Ensign but was rejected on account of heart; appointed Chief Boatswain's Mate; then assigned to the U. S S. "Cossack" on which boat he did dispatch and patrol duty in Massachusetts Bay until Feb., 1919; took command of the boat "Warbug," doing dispatch and patrol duty; while on this boat he received his warrant as Boatswain, Aug. 19; in Oct. 1918, received orders to proceed to Brest, but while waiting at N. Y. the Armistice was signed; thence to Key West, Florida; when he left Key West was in charge of all the S. P. Boats in the 7th Naval District as Fleet Commander; thence to Savannah; was put on inactive duty, April 7, 1919. Rank, Boatswain. Fontaine, Arthur, married; son of Louis and Philomen; born in Worcester, Mass., Nov. 9, 1896; enlisted Aug. 26, 1918, at Marlborough, in 2nd Batt. Field Artillery R. R.; went first to Camp Jackson, S. C; thence to Newport News where he em- barked for overseas, Oct. 28, 1918; landed at Brest Nov. 9, and remained there one week; thence to Camp Hunt at Le Courneau; thence to Camp Desouge where he remained eight weeks; thence to camp at Genecart ; thence to Pauliac ; returned to Camp Desouge (on account of measles) ; remained fourteen days, then back to embarkation camp at Genecart; sailed May 8, 1919, and arrived at Newport News May 20; thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged May 29, 1919. Replacement troops with per- mission to wear insignia of 41st Division. Rank, Private. Gauvin, George F., unmarried; son of Joseph and Mary; born in Northborough, Feb. 29, 1896; enlisted July 23, 1918, at Marlborough; went to Camp Devens; assigned first to 151st Depot Brigade, later transferred to Co. E, 73rd Regt. Dis- charged Jan. 17, 1919. Rank, Private. Gilbert, Amory T., unmarried; son of William F. and Sarah L.; born in Northborough, April 28, 1900; enlisted at Boston in the Merchant Marine, Aug. 20, 1918; was assigned to the "Meade"; transferred to the "Governor Dingley," Aug. 21; made several trips to Maine; transferred back to the "Meade," Sept 30; Oct. 16, was shipped to New Bedford where he was assigned to the "Wallaston"; remained there three weeks for repairs, then to Fore River, Quincy, for further repairs; released Nov. 9, 1918. Discharged June 18, 1919. Rank, Boatswain's Mate. Gilbert, Francis P., unmarried; son of William F. and Sarah L.; born in Barre, Mass., Aug. 3, 1897; enlisted at Worcester, May 11, 1918, Signal Corps, Co. A, 309th Regt.; went first to Fort Slocum, N. Y., where he remained about ten days; thence to College Park Radio School, Maryland; July 23, left 412 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY for Camp Sherman, Chilicothe, Ohio; thence to Camp Mills, Long Island, Aug. 24; embarked for overseas Sept. 9, and arrived at Glasgow Sept. 21; thence to Winchester; thence to Southampton; thence to Cherbourg, France; thence to Neuvic, where he remained until Oct. 13; thence to Commercy; thence to Chaumont, Gen. Pershing's headquarters; remained there until Nov. 23; thence to Chorcheverany, where he remained until Feb. 14, 1919; thence to Cubzac Deponts; left there April 17, for embarkation camp at Genecart; sailed April 21 on "H. R. Mallory"; arrived at Hoboken May 1, 1919; thence to Camp Mills, Long Island, where he was discharged May 14, 1919. Rank, Sergeant. GuERTiN, Louis H., unmarried; son of George A. and Mena; born in Shrewsbury, Mass., Aug. 5, 1896; enlisted at Marlborough, Sept. 3, 1918; went to Camp Devens where he was assigned to 4th Co., 1st Batt. Depot Brigade. Discharged Dec. 11, 1918. Rank, Private. Harrington, Clarence W., unmarried; son of Charles S. and Lillian; born in Northborough, Dec. 26, 1896; enlisted Sept 2, 1918 at Camp Devens; remained at Camp Devens about one month, when he was assigned to Coast Artillery, Batt. B, 33rd Regt. ; thence to Fort Andrews, Boston ; thence to Fort Strong, Boston; thence to Camp Eustace, Richmond, Va., where he was discharged Dec. 23, 1918. Rank, First Class Private. Haskell, Frank E., unmarried; son of Tarbell P. and Mattie M.; born in Worcester, May 17, 1893; enlisted in United States Regular Army, June 5, 1917; commissioned 2nd Lieut., June 5, 1917; 1st Lieut., Aug. 27, 1917; Captain, March 27, 1918; went first to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, July 15, 1917, where he was attached to the 3rd Provisional Officers' Battalion; remained there until Sept. 22; thence to Eagle Pass, Texas, where he was attached to Co. H, 3rd Infantry; he left there Dec. 1, and reported to the 13th Machine Gun Batt., at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, which was assigned to the 5th Division; organized Co. B. which he commanded from Dec. 3 to Dec. 9, 1917, and from Feb. 22, 1918, to May 4, 1918; left San Antonio for overseas April 5, 1918, embarking at New York on the "Philadelphia," April 16; landed at Liverpool April 28; thence to Winchester, same day; left Winchester for Southampton, April 30; crossed the Channel on the "Prince George" and landed at Le Havre, May 1; thence to training ground at Fontaine-sur-Aube; remained in training until June 1; from June 1 to 29 attended Second Corps School at Chatillon-sur-Leine; arrived at Gerardner in Alsace, headquarters of 5th Division, July 1; joined Battalion at Lanoline same day; remained in the line in this Sector till July 7, 1918; moved with NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 413 half of Co. B to Camp Nicholas, same Sector ; remained there until July 15, when he moved to new Division headquarters at St. Die; in the line at Chapelle St. Marie July 20 to 22; transferred to Machine Gun Batt., July 21; attached to Co. C, 15th Machine Gun Batt., July 23; was with Co. C. until July 31; returned to Batt. headquarters at St. Die on special duty Aug. 1 to Aug 5; from Aug. 5 to Aug. 19 commanded Co. A., 15th Batt., in the line; from Aug. 19 to Oct. 2 was in command of Co. D, 15th Batt., in the line; thence to Uriemenil; thence to Blainville in Lorraine; thence to St. Jean; thence to Orches; relieved from organization on order from the War Dept. Oct. 2 and started for home; left Brest on the "Leviathan" Oct. 9, and arrived in New York, Oct. 16; thence to Camp Hancock in Georgia; appointed Assist. Adj. of the Machine Gun School Dec. 5, 1918, which position he held till April 9, 1919; examined for permanent commission (Jan., 1919); commissioned as permanent 1st Lieut. Inf. Feb. 8, 1919; thence to Machine Gun at Camp Benning, Ga., April 2 ; appointed Assist. Camp Adjutant April 9, 1919 ; granted a fourteen days' leave in order that he might return home to marshal the "Welcome Home Celebration" June 17, 1919. Hughes, Emile J., married. Irvine, Arthur E., unmarried; son of Joseph and Bertha. Jones, Lindsey L., unmarried; son of Arthur H. and Mary T.; born in Leominster, Mass., Dec. 26, 1889; enlisted at Syra- cuse, N. Y., in regular army, July 4, 1917; attached to Machine Gun Batt., Co. D, 5th regt. in August; remained at Syracuse about ten weeks; thence to New York City where he embarked for Halifax; remained over night; next day embarked for over- seas, arriving at Liverpool; thence to Southampton; thence to Le Havre; thence to Gondrecourt; thence to Haute-Marne; went to trenches at St. Mihiel about April 1, 1918; thence to region around Chateau-Thierry where he remained during the month of June; was wounded July 2, 1918, in above-mentioned region ; was taken to Evacuation Hospital No. 7 ; thence to Base Hospital No. 3, where he remained until Nov. 1; thence to Blois, a replacement Camp; was put into Prisoner of War Escort Co., 117, near Tours; left there about the middle of Jan., 1919, for St. Aignon (a camp); then was put into Casual Co. No. 974; thence to Brest; embarked for home, on battleship "Nebraska," arriving at Boston, March 10, 1919; thence to Camp Devens, where he was discharged March 17, 1919. Rank, Private. 2nd Division. Kelley, Walter F., unmarried; son of Michael J. and Mary; E.;born in Medford, Mass., June 23, 1899; enlisted in Merchant Marine service at Boston, Aug. 20, 1918; assigned to the S. S. 414 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "Meade," U.S. Army Transport; was transferred to the "Governor Dingley," Aug. 21; made several trips to Maine; thence to Norfolk, Va., arriving Oct. 9; was transferred, Oct. 10, to United States Shipping Board ship, "President"; was transferred to coastwise coal boat "Lake Licking," Oct. 17, serving as ordinary seaman; made several trips back and forth, and left the boat at Boston, Nov. 5, 1918; discharged. Rank, Seaman. Kimball, Harlan W., unmarried; son of Herbert L. and Blanche E.; born in Newark, N. J., Nov. 14, 1900; was a student at Tufts College; enlisted in the Student Army Training Corps, Sept. 24, 1918; remained in that Corps until the signing of the Armistice, Nov. 11, when the Corps was disbanded; discharged, Nov. 18, 1918. Rank, Private. Kimb.^ll, Hosmer R., unmarried; son of Herbert L. and Blanche E.; born in Jersey City, N. J., Sept. 19, 1898; enlisted at Plattsburg, N.Y., July 31, 1918, in the Officers' Training Corps; was commissioned 2nd Lieut. Sept 18; was sent to Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Cambridge, as an instructor and Company Commander; remained there until he was discharged, Jan. 25, 1919. Rank, 2nd Lieut. Lanois, Esdras J., unmarried; son of Adam P. and Elizabeth; born in Northborough, Oct. 13, 1890; was a physician; enlisted in the Medical Corps of the United States Navy, May 3, 1917; was commissioned 2nd Lieut, same day; was stationed at Naval Hospital at Chelsea, Mass., from May 3, to Aug. 7, 1917; was transferred to Naval Hospital at Portsmouth, N. H., where he remained from Aug. 7, 1917 to July 18, 1918; from July 18 till Oct. 12, 1918, was on the United States Ship "Madawaska"; and from Oct. 12, 1918 to July 4, 1919, was on the U. S. S. "Mercury" ; both of these ships were transports engaged in trans- porting troops overseas; and both were German ships interned in American ports during the war and were taken over by our Government when the United States entered the war; up to July 4, 1919, Lanois had made nine trips each way; he is still in service (July 4, 1919). Rank, 2nd Lieut. Leary, Francis, unmarried; son of John P. and Henrietta; born in Millbury Mass., Sept. 15, 1891; enlisted at Worcester in the Medical Corps, June 14, 1917; went first to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont, where he remained two months; thence to Fort McHenry, Baltimore, where he remained until Aug. 1, 1918; was transferred to Field Artillery (Machine Gun Outfit) and sent to Camp Jackson in S. C; thence to Camp Devens, Jan. 3, 1919, where he was discharged Jan. 10, 1919. Rank, Private. Leary, Frederick, unmarried; son of John P. and Henrietta. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 415 Was a twin brother to Francis, and both managed to keep together during their whole term of enhstment. Rank, Private. LiLLEY, Frank S., unmarried ; son of Charles E. and Emma N. ; born in Patten, Maine, Aug. 13, 1897; enlisted at Marlborough, Mass., Sept. 7, 1918; was sent to Wentworth Institute, Boston, Sept. 9, where he remained until Oct. 28; thence to Camp Amatol, N. J., where he remained until Jan. 27, 1919; thence to Delaware General Ordnance Depot at Pedricktown, N. J., where he was discharged March 31, 1919. Rank, Private. Lucius, Dewey R., unmarried; son of Andrew and Julia; born in Templeton, Mass., March 6, 1897; enlisted at Marl- borough, Mass., Sept. 19, 1918; was sent to University of Ver- mont to study auto mechanics; remained there until he was discharged, Dec. 7, 1918. Rank, Private. Lucius, Edward A., married; son of Andrew and Julia; born in Peterboro, N. H., Aug. 7, 1888; enlisted at Marlborough, Oct. 18, 1918; went to Fort Slocum, N. Y., where he remained until he was discharged, Dec. 11, 1918. Rank, Private. Mackey, Timothy J., unmarried; son of William and Ellen born in Worcester, Oct. 11, 1889; enlisted in regular army in 1911 Cavalry, 6th Regt.; was in the expedition to Vera Cruz in 1914 re-enlisted in regular army June 25, 1916, at Worcester; went first to Fort Slocum, N. Y. ; thence to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont; attached to 2nd Cavalry; remained six months; transferred to the Recruiting Service, stationed at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., remaining one year, ten months; transferred to Infantry Re- placement Troops at Camp Lee, Va., Sept. 1, 1918; thence to Camp McClellan, Alabama; thence back to Fort Slocum; made Sergeant in 1917. Maynard, Edward B., unmarried; son of Prof. Samuel T. and Amy B.; born in Amherst, Mass., May 29, 1898; enlisted in the Students' Army Training Corps while a student at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Oct. 10, 1918; continued his connection with that Corps until it was disbanded, soon after the Armistice was signed. Discharged Dec. 31, 1918. Rank, Sergeant, from Nov. 1, 1918. Mentzer, Albert W., unmarried; son of Thornton E. and Mary E.; born in Boylston, Mass., Oct. 31, 1890; enlisted at Boston in the U. S. Marine Corps, June 4, 1918; went first to Paris Island, S. C; mustered into service June 13; remained there until July 8; thence to Charleston, S. C.; embarked for Haiti, July 12; arrived there July 26; remained there until Feb. 20, 1919; thence to the town of Hinche, where he did guard duty; 416 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY thence to San Michiel, remaining two weeks; called back to Hinche, where he helped to quell an insurrection; was in hospital from June 20 till July 8, 1919; on duty at Cape until Oct. 30, when he started for home; landed at Charleston, S. C, Oct. 17, where he was discharged Oct. 20, 1919. Rank, Private. Miller, Elliot J., unmarried; son of Eli and Fanny; born in Shrewsbury, Mass., Jan. 9, 1902; enlisted in Co. F, 6th Mass. Infantry, May 27, 1917; was transferred to Co. B, 104th Inf., 26th Division (the 6th Mass. was taken over by the U. S. and became part of the 104th) ; went to Camp Bartlett at Westiield, Mass.; while at Westfield he was transferred from the 26th Division to Supply Co. 39th, 4th Division; remained at Westfield four months; thence to Camp Wadsworth, S. C, where he was transferred to Co. D, 17th Machine Gun Batt., 6th Division; remained about six months; transferred to the 4th Casuals at Camp McClelland, Alabama; thence to Camp Devens, where he was discharged March 26, 1919. Rank, Private. Miller, Frank W., unmarried; son of Alexander and Margaret; born in Northborough, Feb. 21, 1885; enlisted at Framingham, June 25, 1916, in Co. I, 5th Infantry; his regiment was called out soon after our country entered the war and went into camp at Framingham, Mass. ; while there the 5th and 9th Mass. regiments were taken over and merged into the 101st U. S. Inf.; thence to Hoboken where he embarked on the "Pastores" for overseas. Sept 7; landed at St. Nazaire, Sept. 21, 1917; thence to the Neufchateau area where he remained in training four months; thence to the front; Aisne, Chemin des Dames from Feb. 7 to March 19, 1918; Toul Sector from April 1 to June 26; his whole Battalion was in the raid, night of May 30; was gassed in this raid; was in hospital one week, then was sent to a convalescent camp; afterw^ards, was attached to 3rd Co., Headquarters Batt. (Engineers' outfit) ; remained with this Batt. until Armistice was signed, Nov. 11; returned to Co. I, 101st Inf. at Chaumont area where he remained two months (was in Toul when Armistice was signed) ; thence to the Le Mans area, remaining two months; thence to Brest; embarked at Brest, March 30,1919, arrived at Boston April 6; thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged April 28, 1919. Rank, Cor- poral, from July 24, 1917. 26th Division. Murphy, Joseph, unmarried; born in Lawrence, Mass., Dec. 15, 1896; enlisted at Marlborough, Aug. 29, 1918, in Co. D, 73rd Inf., 12th Division, went to Camp Devens; discharged, Jan. 29, 1919. Rank, Private. Murray, Flora B., Miss; unmarried; daughter of George H. and Lucy A.; born in Northborough, July 7, 1893; enrolled as a NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 417 Red Cross Nurse, July 5, 1918, at Worcester; called into service July 22; went to Camp Devens; while there Red Cross nurses were taken over by the U. S. Army; remained there until Oct. 23; thence to New York for mobilization ; was assigned to Replace- ment Unit No. 7; embarked for overseas Nov. 11, 1918, on the English ship "Oxfordshire" (this was the last ship to be convoyed), landed at Liverpool, Nov. 26; thence to Southampton; thence across the channel to Le Havre; thence to Menes, a hospital center; thence to Trener; remained at Evacuation Hospital No. 12 until May 17 when she went to No. 19 as a patient; embarked at St. Nazaire June 16, 1919; landed at Newport News, June 29; thence to Foxhill Hospital at Staten Island; relieved from duty Aug. 19, 1919. Nelson, Adolph C, unmarried; son of Bernhard and Anna; born in Concord, Mass., Dec. 9, 1892; enlisted in the Navy in April, 1917; was stationed first at Commonwealth Pier, Boston; was then assigned to the U. S. S. "Georgia"; remained on the "Georgia" until Sept., when on account of illness, he was trans- ferred to the Naval hospital at Brooklyn, N. Y.; having seem- ingly recovered his health he was assigned to the U. S. S. "Levia- than"; two days after this assignment he was returned to the Naval hospital at Brooklyn, but owing to crowded conditions there he was transferred to St. Mary's hospital, near by; he died there Jan. 20, 1918, thus becoming Northborough's first sacri- fice in the Great War. Rank, Seaman. Nelson, Clarence N., unmarried; son of Charles A. and Marion R.; born in Northborough, Feb. 24, 1895; enlisted in Co. A, 2nd Mass. Militia, March 21, 1916; was in the expedition to the Mexican Border from June 19 to Nov. 4, 1916; his company was called out March 15, 1917, three weeks before war against Germany was declared ; was sent to Curtis Pond in Worcester to guard the Boston & Albany bridge; then to Lancaster to guard the Nashua River bridge; then to Green Hill Park in Worcester for battalion drill; thence to Camp Bartlett at Westfield, Mass.; at Westfield, the 2nd Mass. Inf. was incor- porated into the 104th U. S. Inf.; entrained for Montreal Oct. 4, 1917; embarked at Montreal on the S. S. "Scotian" for overseas; held at Halifax one week, waiting for a convoy; sailed from Halifax Oct. 1 1 ; landed at Liverpool ; thence to Southampton ; thence to Le Havre; thence to training area at Neufchateau; thence to the front lines, Feb. 4, 1918. Battles and engagements: Chemin des Dames Sector Feb. 8 to March 20; Toul Sector April 1 to June 14; Marne Salient (Pas Finis Sector), July 4 to Aug. 1; Aisne-Marne Offensive July 18 to July 23; St. Mihiel Offensive Sept. 12 to Sept 15; Troyon Sector, P. C. Meringa, 418 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Sept. 14 to Oct. 6; Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 14 to Nov. 11, 1918. After the Armistice he went to Dammartin; thence to the Le Mans area; thence to Brest (in January) ; embarked on the Mt. Vernon, and arrived in Boston early in March, 1919; thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged April 28, 1919. Rank, Sergeant, from July, 1918. Co. A, 104th Inf., 26th Division. Nelson, George W., unmarried; son of Charles A. and Marion R.; born in Northborough, Dec. 6, 1896; enlisted in Co. F, 6th Mass. Inf., at Marlborough, March 28, 1916; Company called out March 29, 1917, before war was declared; went first to Fitch- burg, then to Boston, doing guard duty at both places (factories and bridges); thence to Camp Darling at Framingham; thence to Camp Devens; thence to Camp Bartlett at Westfield; there he was assigned to Co. K, 104th U. S. Inf. (made up partly from the 6th Mass. which had been taken over) ; left for New York, Oct. 2, where he embarked on the "Aurania" for overseas; landed at Liverpool about Oct. 18; thence to Southampton, Le Havre and Pompierre ; remained in latter place until Feb. 6,1918; thence to the front lines; Soissons Sector; Chemin des Dames Sector, February and March ; Bois-Braile, fighting five successive nights; another sector, remaining until the latter part of June; July 4, in Belleau Wood (Chateau-Thierry front) ; was in the Chateau-Thierry drive that began July 18; then to St. Mihiel (two days) but was not in that battle; on account of illness was sent to Base Hospital No. 44, where he was when the Armis- tice was signed; returned to his outfit in December; transferred to Central Records Office in Feb., 1919, and remained there until Aug. 6; then to Brest, where he embarked for home Aug. 13, on the ship "Nansemond," reaching New York Aug. 23; thence to Camp LTpton, where he was discharged Aug. 25, 1919. He was the first man of his regiment to bring in a German prisoner (at Bois-Braile), for which feat he received a French War Cross, and 300 francs from his Division Headquarters. Rank, First Class Private. 26th Division. NoviNS, Hyman, unmarried; born in Russia, July 15, 1898; enlisted at Boston in the regular army, early in 1917, and was attached to Batt. B, 21st Field Artillery. He was a Russian Jew, who, at the time of his enlistment was working as a farm hand on the Arthur Z. Norcross farm. The writer was in correspondence with him for several months but finally lost track of him. Paul, Eben W., unmarried; son of Henry W. and Clara E.; born in Northborough, March 9, 1884; enlisted in regular army at Fort Slocum, New York, May 3, 1912; was in the Expedi- tionary Force to Vera Cruz, Mexico, from April 28 to Nov. 23, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 419 1914; discharged May 2, 1915. Re-enlisted in U. S. Regular Army July 3, 1917, at Syracuse, N.Y. ; was assigned to Co. B, 38th Inf.; volunteered to the 5th Machine Gun Batt., July, 1917; went overseas with that Batt., sailing on the "Carmania," Sept. 22 ; (the German Government offered $50,000 for the sinking of this boat — the Captain was a good one and the boat a fast one) ; arrived at Liverpool Oct. 2; thence to Southampton; thence to Le Havre, arriving Oct. 7; thence to Beaumont, Gondrecourt, and Soul Court where he remained in training until Feb., 1918; thence back to Gondrecourt, and thence to Verdun Sector. Battles, engagements, etc.: Verdun Sector; St. Mihiel — went "over the top," Sept 12, in Pershing's great drive; Champaign Sector; Chateau-Thierry; Argonne-Meuse Oct. 30 to Nov. 10; sent to the rear in the afternoon of Nov. 10, and was there when the Armistice was signed, Nov. 11 ; was in France from Sept. 22, 1917, to April, 1919; embarked for home on the "Nansemond" arriving at Newport News, Va., April 28, 1919; left Camp Stuart May 5, arrived at Camp Devens May 6, where he was dis- charged May 10, 1919. Rank, Private. Co. L, 23rd Regt., 2nd Division. Peinze, Carl E., unmarried; son of Herman M. and Minnie; born in Northborough, June 17, 1895; enlisted at Boston, Sept. 28, 1917, in the Balloon Section of the Aviation Corps; reported at Fort Omaha, Neb.; completed studies and was recommended for 2nd Lieut. Dec. 6; was sent to San Antonio, Texas, to qualify as a free balloon pilot, Jan. 1, 1918; reported back at Omaha Jan. 29, having passed course and holding license No. 341; commissioned 2nd Lieut. Feb. 11; assigned as instructor in aerial observation work early in March; organized 74th Balloon Co. Aug. 28, and was made commander of it; entire Company was transferred to Fort Crook, Nebraska, Nov. 5; was relieved as Company Commander late in November and reported back at Fort Omaha: attached to 75th Balloon Co. Discharged at Fort Omaha, Jan. 15, 1919. Rank, 2nd Lieut. Peinze, Herman L., unmarried; son of Herman M. and Minnie; born in Northborough, Nov. 27, 1892; enlisted June 14, 1918, at Marlborough, Mass.; went to Training Detachment at Newton Technical School; left there Aug. 12 for Camp Jackson, S. C, arriving Aug. 15; was assigned to Radio School, 7th Regt., as Instructor; the 7th Regt. was made the 10th in Sept.; remained at Camp Jackson until Jan. 3, 1919, when he was transferred to Camp Devens where he was discharged Jan. 10, 1919. Rank, Corporal, from Oct. 1918. Peinze, Walter A., unmarried; son of Herman M. and Minnie; born in Northborough June 5, 1898; enlisted in the 420 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Student Army Training Corps, Oct. 29, 1918; was assigned to Wentworth Institute, Boston, where he remained until he was discharged, Dec. 5, 1918. Rank, Private. PicARD, James Leo, unmarried; son of Frank and Hannah; born in Northborough, Oct. 9, 1891 ; enUsted in U. S. Navy, May 7, 1918; called into service Oct. 9; went to Training Station at Hingham, Mass., where he remained three weeks; then to Commonwealth Pier, South Boston; Feb. 16, 1919, went to Bay Ridge Receiving Ship, at Bay Ridge, N. Y., where he remained until June 8; sent back to Receiving Ship at Hingham, Mass., where he was discharged, June 16, 1919. Rank, First Class Molder. PiCARD, Vincent F., unmarried; son of Frank and Hannah; born in Northborough, July 25, 1895; enlisted at Marlborough, Mass., Oct 5, 1917; was attached to the Medical Corps of the 327th Inf.; went first to Camp Devens;was transferred to Camp Gordon, Ga., Nov. 10; transferred to Camp Upton, N. Y., April 1918; soon afterwards he embarked for overseas; he was mortally wounded in the Argonne Forest, and died Oct. 9, 1918. Rank, Private. Richards, William A., married; son of Charles and Jane (Lucies); born in Elmpoint, North Dakota, Nov. 22, 1882; enlisted March 12, 1918; was attached to 1st Battalion, Co. C, United States Guards; went first to Fort Slocum, N. Y., where he remained ten days; thence to Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y., where he remained three weeks; made Corporal April 12, 1918; thence to Erie Basin, Brooklyn, where he remained until Jan. 1, 1919, doing guard duty along the waterfront; made Sergeant, June 1, 1918; thence to Camp Dix Jan. 1, 1919, where he was discharged Jan. 10, 1919. Rank, Sergeant. Ryan, Martin M., unmarried; son of Martin H. and Sarah E., born in Northborough, Aug. 11, 1896; enlisted at Marl- borough, Oct. 22, 1918; was assigned to the Coast Artillery, 4th Headquarters Co.; went to Fort Rodman, New Bedford, Oct. 22, and remained there until he was discharged, Dec. 19, 1918. Rank, Private. ScHOFiELD, Bertrand L., Unmarried; son of Obed E. and Cassie; born in White Rock, N. S., Aug. 6, 1895; enlisted at Worcester, June 10, 1917; went to Fort Ethan Allen, Vt., where he was sworn into service; was assigned to the Medical Corps; remained there until Aug. 19, when he was transferred to Camp Beauregard at Alexandria, La.; arrived there Aug. 23, and remained until May 31, 1919; was transferred to General Hospital No. 19, at Oteen, N. C; remained there until Jan. 19, 1920, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 421 when he was transferred to Camp Dix, N. J., where he was dis- charged Jan. 22, 1920. Rank, Sergeant. He was the last of the boys to return to Northborough. Smith, Leslie H., unmarried; son of Edwin L. and NelHe; born in Northborough, Jan. 31, 1900; enhsted in the Merchant Marine, Aug. 31, 1918, at Boston; was stationed on the ship "Meade"; transferred to the "Governor Cobb," and then back to the "Meade" again; made several trips to Maine and several to New York; enlisted as a steward: later was transferred to the Band. Discharged, April 30, 1919. Stone, Herbert A., unmarried; son of George D. and Lucy A.; born in Bolton, Mass.,Nov. 30, 1886; enlisted Aug. 6, 1918, at Marlborough; was attached to the 73rd Machine Gun Co.; went to Camp Devens where he remained during his enlistment. Discharged, Jan. 29, 1919. Rank, Private. Stone, Howard D., unmarried ; son of Walter H. and Ruth A. ; born in Northborough, March 18, 1895; enlisted in Co. K, 8th Mass. Inf., Nov. 1913; was discharged in April, 1916; re-enlisted in same Co. and Regt., June 1916; went with the Expeditionary Force to the Mexican Border in June, 1916; returned, Nov. 1916; with his regiment he was called out in July, 1917; went to camp at Westfield, Mass.; in Aug., the 8th Mass. became part of the 103rd U. S. Inf.; left Westfield, Sept. 25, for France, stopping in England fourteen days; landed at Le Havre, remaining over night; next day went to Liffal le Grand, where he remained until Feb. 5, 1918; then to Soissons front in the Chemin des Dames Sector, remaining forty-eight days; then to Apremont, Toul Sector; then to Mont Sector; thence to Chateau-Thierry, in the great drive; then in the St. Mihiel drive; thence to Verdun where he remained about three weeks, taking part in "the worst fighting I ever saw"; was at Verdun when the Armistice was signed ; four days after the Armistice, started on a ten days' march to Montigny-le-Roi; remained there until Feb., 1919; then to the Le Mans area, remaining one month; thence to Brest; embarked on the S. S. "America," and arrived in Boston, April 1; thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged April 28, 1919. Rank, Cook. 26th Division. Stone, Winfred H., unmarried; son of Walter H. and Ruth A.; born in Northborough, Feb. 1, 1890; was called before the Draft Board but did not pass the physical examination; offered himself as a volunteer to go to Vancouver and was accepted ; started for Vancouver June 21, 1918; was attached to the 65th Aero Squadron (the Government took over the sawmills there, and got out material for airships) ; from Vancouver he went to Raymond, Wash., where he remained four months; then he 422 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY returned to Vancouver, remaining until Jan., 1919; thence to Camp Devens, arriving Jan. 21; was put into 1st Co. Casual Infantry, and was discharged. Jan. 24, 1919. Rank, First Class Private. Trudeau, Esdras J., unmarried; son of Joseph and Mar- garet; born in Northborough, Sept 16, 1895; enlisted at Worces- ter, May 10, 1918, in United States Marines, 80th Co., 6th Regt.; went to Paris Island, S. C; qualified as a sharpshooter and got a medal for same; remained there until Oct. 18, when he went to New York and embarked on the ship "Pocahontas" for overseas; landed at Brest, France, Nov. 3; was put into the 4th Brigade, Marines, Nov. 4; remained in the vicinity of Brest waiting for transportation; was slated for the front, but the signing of the Armistice on Nov. 11 caused the plans to be changed; then began to drive the Germans out of France; the Germans kept about twelve hours ahead ; followed them through Northern France, Belgium and Luxemburg into Germany; was in the Army of Occupation from Dec. 12, 1918 to July 18, 1919, stationed in the vicinity of Coblenz; started for Brest, July 18; embarked at Brest on the S. S. "George Washington," and arrived at New York Aug. 3, thence to Camp Mills, Long Island. He paraded in New York with the 2nd Division, Aug. 8; that same night he started for Quantico, Va.; he paraded with the 5th and 6th Regts. of Marines in Washington which were reviewed by Presi- dent Wilson, Aug. 12; was discharged at Quantico, Aug. 13, 1919. Rank, Private. 2nd Division. Van Ornum, Frederick B., married; son of James B. and Emily; born in Russell, N. Y., March 31, 1870; enlisted as instructor in the Educational Corps, at Beaune, France, April 16, 1919; went over as a Y. M. C. A. Secretary with the purpose of doing educational work among the American soldiers; embarked at New York, Feb. 26, 1919, on the S. S. "Matsonia," and arrived at Brest, March 8; thence to Paris for instruction at Y. M. C. A. headquarters; reported at Beaune, April 7; taken into U. S. Army April 16; established a Post School and carried it through a period of one month, when orders were issued closing all educational activities among the Expeditionary Forces, June 3; returned to Beaune; thence to Brest where he embarked on the U. S. S. "Pretoria," arrived in New York, July 12 ; was discharged July 13, 1919. Walker, William B., unmarried; son of David A. and Ehzabeth B.; born in Forfar, Scotland, Oct. 12, 1890; enlisted in U. S. Marines, May 10, 1918; went to Paris Island, S. C; remained there until June 13, when he was transferred to Norfolk, Va.; was discharged there, March 24, 1919. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 423 Walls, Francis Sidney, unmarried; son of George P. and Delia A.; born in Northborough, Dec. 18, 1895; was a student at Boston University when he enlisted in the 2nd Mass. Field Artillery Band, at Lawrence, June 1, 1917, for service in the National Guard; went to Boxford, Mass., for training; while at Boxford the National Guard was taken over by the Federal Government and his unit became the 102nd Field Artillery Band; left Boxford Sept. 21 for Hoboken where he embarked for over- seas Sept. 22; landed at St. Nazaire, France; then to Camp Coetquidan for training; then to first battlefront, Chemin des Dames, Soissons Sector, where he remained from Feb. 5 to March 21, 1918; was in Battle of Seicheprey, April 21, in the Toul Sector; Battle of Xivray, June 16; second Battle of the Marne (Chateau-Thierry), July 18, 1918; St. Mihiel Drive, Sept. 12, 1918; Verdun, Argonne Forest, Oct. 12 to Nov. 11, 1918; remained with the 102nd F. A. Band (which became the Divisional Band about June 16, 1918) until Feb. 27, 1919; the 26th Division left France late in March and early in April, 1919, but Walls did not return with them; he took advantage of the Government's offer to send college students to European colleges, and became a student at the University of Caen, at Caen, France, remaining from March 1 to June 30, 1919; then to Brest, where he embarked for home July 7, arriving at Hoboken July 13; thence to Camp Mills where he was discharged July 22, 1919. Rank, 2nd Class Musician. 26th Division. The 102nd F. A. Band was the only mounted American Band in France. It was the first American Band to play in the citadel of Verdun. President Wilson took dinner with the officers of the 26th Division on Christmas Day, 1918, at Montigny-le-Roi, and the 102nd F. A. Band was chosen to furnish music on that occasion. Walls had the honor of playing a cornet solo on that occasion. Walsh, Matthew J., unmarried; son of James and Mary; born in Salem, Mass., May 6, 1895; enlisted at Worcester, May 12, 1917, in Batt. E. 102nd Field Artillery; went to Paxton, remaining five days; thence to Boxford, Mass., remaining from July 30, to Sept. 22; thence to New York where he embarked on the "Finland" Sept. 24, for overseas; arrived at St. Nazaire, France, Oct. 5, and remained there ten days; thence to Camp Coetquidan where he remained until Jan. 30, 1918; entrained for Soissons (Chemin des Dames Sector) ; took position in line Feb. 6; left that Sector March 20, arriving at Toul April 4; left Toul, June 29 for Chateau-Thierry, arriving July 4; left Chateau- Thierry, Aug. 5, for Chalon, where he rested ten days; thence to St. Mihiel, arriving Sept. 8; took part in that famous drive; left 424 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY St. Mihiel, Oct. 11, arriving at Verdun Oct. 14; was at Verdun when the Armistice was signed (Nov. 11); left Verdun, Nov. 16, and after resting in several places throughout the winter finally arrived at the Le Mans area; left there for Brest March 29, 1919; embarked at Brest, April 1, and arrived at Boston, April 10; thence to Camp Devens where he was discharged April 29, 1919. Rank, Sergeant. 26th Division. Weagle, Dennis W. S., married; son of Howard and Ellen; born in Marlborough, Dec. 24, 1893; enlisted in Co. F, 6th Mass. Inf., March 23, 1915; was called out March 30, 1917, about a week before war was declared; went to Fitchburg for guard duty, remaining ten days; then to Boston, guarding bridges, etc., remaining until June 28; then to Camp Darling at Framingham, remaining about ten days; then to Camp Devens; while at Camp Devens the 6th Mass. was taken over and became part of the 104th U. S. Inf., he being attached to Co. K; left for Camp Bartlett, Westfield, Mass., latter part of Aug.; entrained for New York Oct. 2; thence by boat to Halifax where he em- barked on British ship "Aurania" for overseas, arriving at Liverpool Oct. 17; thence to Southampton; thence to Le Havre, arriving Oct. 21; thence to Pompierre, a training area; remained in that area until Feb. 6, 1918, when he went to the front where he participated in the following battles, engagements, etc.; Chemin des Dames Sector, Feb. 8 to March 20; Toul Sector, April 1 to June 14; Bois Braile Defensive, April 10 to April 14; Marne Salient (Pas Finis Sector), July 4 to Aug. 1; Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18 to July 23; St. Mihiel Offensive, Sept 12 to Sept. 15; Troyon Sector (P. C. Marengo), Sept. 14 to Oct. 5; Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 4, to Nov. 11, 1918; after the Armistice was signed his unit spent two days burying the dead; then a nine days' hike to a rest camp where he remained two months; then to the Le Mans area, remaining until March 20, 1919; then to Brest, where, after five days, he embarked March 27, on the "Mt. Vernon," arriving at Boston, April 4; thence to Camp Devens, where he was discharged, April 28, 1919. Rank First Class Private. 26th Division. The 104th Regt. was decorated by General Petain of the French Army. Williams, Ernest A., unmarried; son of John and Marietta; born in Worcester, Jan. 23, 1899; enlisted at Boston, April 7, 1917, in the U. S. Navy; was assigned to the Receiving Ship "Georgia," then to the training station at Newport; was then transferred to Admiral Sims' barge, on which he remained about four months; was then transferred to the U. S.S. "Recruit," which was doing recruiting duty at New York City, remaining NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 425 about four months; thence to the Receiving Ship at New York; was then transferred to the U. S. S. "Canandaigua," a mine layer, on which he spent five months laying mines in the North Sea; was then transferred to the Receiving Ship at Norfolk, Va., where he remained about one week; was then transferred to the U. S. S. "Westgate," which was engaged in the Army Freight Service; the "Westgate" was sunk off Halifax on the night of Oct. 7, 1918, by one of our own ships which was moving about trying to avoid German submarines. Williams was in the water from 2 A.M. till 7 A. M., when he was rescued by the U. S. S. "Am.erican." He was then transferred to the Receiving Ship at New York, where he remained about four months; was transferred to the U. S. S. "New Mexico," Jan. 15, 1919 (while on this ship Williams was First Musician); the "New Mexico" was sent to Brest, France, for the purpose of assisting in convoy- ing President Wilson from France to Boston (his first return); then to Hampton Roads where the fleet was divided into the "Pacific" and "Atlantic" fleets; the "New Mexico" was assigned to the "Pacific Fleet," being made its Flagship; sailed up the west coast as far as Vancouver, then down to Los Angeles, where he left the ship and proceeded across country to the Receiving Ship "Boston," at Hingham, Mass., where he was discharged Oct. 29, 1919. Rank, Seaman, First Class. Wheeler, Milton S., unmarried; son of Orin M. and Lillian A.; born in South Lancaster, Mass., April 15, 1897; enlisted at Marlborough, July 17, 1918; went to Camp Devens, where he remained during the full term of his service; was attached to the Medical Corps. Was discharged, May 25, 1919. Rank, Sergeant. Woodward, Henry P., unmarried; son of Henry F. and Mary E.; enlisted at Framingham, Aug. 14, 1917; went to Fort Slocum, N.Y., remaining one week; then to Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., remaining one week; then to Camp Lee, Va., where he was attached to the 305th Engineers; remained there until March 15, 1918; thence to Hoboken, where he remained until the 7th Machine Gun Batt. arrived when he was attached to it; embarked on the "Aquitania" April 2, for overseas, and arrived at Liver- pool, April 10; thence to Le Havre via Southampton, arriving April 15; thence to training area at Le Ferte sur Aube, remaining until May 30; first action at Chateau-Thierry, May 31 (the 7th Machine Gun Batt. was the first American unit to enter the town), and the Batt. was not relieved until June 5; thence to Charly, where they rested four days; thence to "Hill 204," throwing indirect fire to permit the Infantry to advance, remaining two days, then back to Charly for three days; then to rest camp at Vielles Maison for two weeks; from June 17 to 426 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY July 15 was at or near Pertibout; July 15 the Batt. was called upon to help defend the Marne, and was stationed at Caurboin, but did not get into action, "though it did not get the full benefit of the German barrage"; reached the St. Mihiel salient early in Sept., and took part in that famous drive of Sept. 12, his Batt. being stationed at Nonsard; then participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the last American offensive; after the Armistice the 3rd Division became a part of the Army of Occupation, and Woodward was stationed near Coblenz ; remained there until Aug. 9, 1919; then to Brest; embarked on the U. S. S. "Huron" Aug. 13 and arrived at Hoboken, Aug. 23; then to Camp Merritt, N. J.; then to Camp Devens, where he was discharged, Sept. 2, 1919. Rank, First Class Private, 3rd Division, 7th Machine Gun Battalion. Celebration IN COMMEMORATION OF THE One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary OF THE INCORPORATION OF THE TOWN OF Northborou^K, Massachusetts Wednesday and Thursday, August Sixteenth and Seventeenth Nineteen Hundred and Sixteen Note: This, and the following 7 pages reproduce an eight- page souvenir program which was gotten out for the occasion. 428 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY General Committee Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent, President George F. Sargent, Secretary Ezra H. Bigelow, Treasurer Hermon L. Sparrow Ezra H. Bigelow > Board of Selectmen Allison I. Duplissis Francis M. Harrington* Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent Rev. Frank Louis Bristol Rev. James A. Hurley Edwin S. Corey George A. Brigham Arthur A. Phelps Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball Hazon Leighton Mrs. S. Stanley Stephenson Harry F. Allen Curtis H. Burdett Fred A. Leonard Guilford P. Heath Mrs. Edwin S. Corey Asa B. Fay George F. Sargent Dr. John L. Coffin Martin H. Ryan Walter B. Mayo Miss Kate Ellsworth Thomas L. White Frederick B. Van Ornum Prof. Samuel T. Maynard Noah Wadsworth Clarence E. Buckley William J. Potter Dr. Josiah M. Stanley Thomas H. Blair Henry F. Carbrey Reception Committee Mr. and Mrs. Hermon L. Sparrow Mr. and Mrs. Ezra H. Bigelow Allison I. Duplissis Miss Freda Duplissis Dr. and Mrs. John L. Coffin Prof, and Mrs. Samuel T. Maynard Asa B. Fay Mr. and Mrs. Walter B. Mayo Dr. and Mrs. Henry J. Barnes Mr. and Mrs. Noah Wadsworth Dr. Josiah M. Stanley Mr. and Mrs. George F. Sargent Rev. and Mrs. Frank L. Bristol Rev. and Mrs. Andrew T. Ringold Rev. James H. Hurley Miss Helen T. Fitzgerald Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent Miss Ivy A. Kent Mr. and Mrs. Guilford P. Heath Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Thomas Miss Anna M. Seaver Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Van Ornum Mr. and Mrs. George A. Brigham Mr. and Mrs. Edwin S. Corey Mrs. Harriet H. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. George H. Felt Honorary Members of Reception Committee Mrs. Harriet Fay Fayerweather Mrs. Lucy J. Wilson Miss Ellen Williams Mrs. Annie D. Fairbanks Mrs. Sarah F. Searle Miss Mary P. Brigham Mrs. Francis M. Howe Nathaniel S. Brigham George B. Wood Walter Valentine Mr. and Mrs. Theodore C. Woodward Lorenzo Sanderson Mrs. Mary Martha Fawcett Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Wood Gilman B. Howe Mrs. M. Anna Wood ♦Deceased. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 429 Honorary Members of Reception Committee — Children The following named children, all between five and ten years of age, all born in Northborough, and now pupils in our public schools {1916), have been made Honorary Members of the Reception Committee. Mary E. Phelps Margaret J. McGrath Helen Flibbert Bernice A. Asquith Elizabeth J. Walker Lucy Hildreth Harold W. Sargent Howard P. Shattuck Bernard Warren Charles S. Ellsworth Carl H. Carlson Francis G. Duffy Francis S. Goddard RoUand G. Corey Harold E. Codd Ruth W. Sparrow Lillian Norcross Doris M. Krause Florence E. Hatch Florence E. Mitchell Pauline Peinze Ernest R. Derosier Edward H. Ross Norman H. Smith Robert A. Nelson Philip W. Kimball Roland J. Mosso Harvey E. Schofield Gordon H. Crossley Charles A. Bailey Program Committee Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent George F. Sargent Dr. John L. Coffin Clarence E. Buckley Martin H. Ryan Mrs. Edwin S. Corey Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball Literary Committee George A. Brigham Prof. Samuel T. Maynard George F. Sargent Rev. Frank Louis Bristol William J. Potter Frank W. Fames Fred A. Leonard Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent Invitation Committee Miss Abble M. Small Miss Kate Ellsworth Mrs. Henry G. Corey Music Committee Edwin S. Corey Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball Fred A. Leonard William B. Walker William H. Casey Publicity Committee Harry F. Allen Herbert G. Bruso Committee on Sports O. Elmer Eldridge Miss Fanny Bemis Miss Marjory Corey Business Men's Committee Dr. Josiah M. Stanley Thomas H. Blair Henry F. Carbrey 430 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Decoration Committee Allison I. Duplissis William L. Wadsworth C. Montford Brigham Committee on Children's Parade Miss Alice C. Eames Miss Elizabeth Ryan Miss M. Evelyn Potter Miss Laura Chabot Miss Fanny Proctor Pageant Committee Dr. John L. Coffin Mrs. Walter O. Brigham Mrs. Edwin S. Corey Mrs. John F. Johnson Albert Asquith Committee on Historical and Civic Parade Grand Marshal, Harry Worcester Smith George A. Brigham James T. Carbrey Arthur A. Phelps Mrs. Marion W. Parmenter Mrs. Mary B. Sawyer Miss Kate Ellsworth Hazon Leighton Guilford P. Heath Mrs. S. Stanley Stephenson Rev. J. C. Kent Harry F. Allen Dr. Josiah M. Stanley Curtis H. Burdett Thomas H. Blair Fred A. Leonard Henry F. Carbrey Dinner Committee Wilbur H. Duplissis Chester E. Hildreth Henry W. Paul Miss Ada A. McClure Frank J. Russell PROGRAM Sunday, August 13 Special services in the churches at 10.45. Special service in the Unitarian Church at 3 o'clock. A tablet to the memory of the Rev. John Martyn, the first minister of the Town, will be dedicated. Address by Miss Emma Eliza- beth Brigham, of Brookline, a lineal descendant of Rev. John Martyn. Wednesday, August 16 Ringing of church bells at sunrise, five minutes. Ringing of church bells at sunset, five minutes. Concert by the Northborough Band, 8.30 o'clock, at Assabet Park. Children's parade at 9.30 o'clock. Will form on Church Street. Sports for children from 10.30 to 12 o'clock, at Assabet Park. Old Home Day Exercises at 2 o'clock at Assabet Park. George A. Brigham, Master of Ceremonies. Addresses by present and former residents. Ball game, 3.30 o'clock, at Mitchell's Field. Reunion of Northborough High School Association, 3.30 o'clock, at the High School. Reception for elderly residents and their friends, 3.30 o'clock, at the Northborough Free Library. Literary exercises in the Town Hall at 8 o'clock. Historical address by Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent. NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY 431 Thursday, August 17 Ringing of church bells at sunrise, five minutes. Ringing of church bells at sunset, five minutes. Historical and civic parade. Forms on Church Street at 7.30 o'clock. Including bands, historical and civic floats, fire engines, societies, and other features. Sports for young people at 10 o'clock, at Assabet Park. Dinner at Town Hall at 12.30 o'clock. Concert by the Worcester City Band, 1.30 to 2 o'clock, at Assabet Park. Literary exercises at Assabet Park at 2 o'clock. Rev. Frank Louis Bristol, Master of Ceremonies. Dedication of flag-staff and flag raising, with address by Governor Samuel W. McCall. Addresses by Hermon L. Sparrow, Chairman Board of Selectmen; George H. Woodman, Chairman Westborough Board of Selectmen; Louis Farley Mayor of Marlborough. Grand historical pageant at 8 o'clock at Mitchell's Field. INFORMATION Information An information Bureau has been located in the Selectmen's Bureau Room in the Town Hall. Rest Rooms Grand Army Hall on East Main Street, Historical Hall on South Street, and the churches, have been designated as rest rooms for the comfort and convenience of our guests. It is hoped that visitors will make liberal use of these rooms. Registration Registration blanks may be found at the above-named rest rooms. It is particularly requested that all visitors register their names and present address. These blanks will be bound into a book and preserved as a souvenir of the celebration. Nurse A trained nurse, with full equipment, will be on duty during both days of the celebration. She will be located in the parlor of the Evangelical Congregational Church on East Main Street. Reception All elderly residents of the Town are invited to meet and receive their friends at the Northborough Free Library from 3.30 to 5 o'clock on August 16; also to review the parade on August 17. Public The Northborough Free Library will be open for inspection Library on both days, from 10 to 12 o'clock. HISTORIC PLACES, EVENTS AND PEOPLE OF NORTHBOROUGH, MASSACHUSETTS History Marlborough was settled in 1654 and incorporated in 1660. It included, at that time, what is now Southborough, West- borough, Northborough, and Hudson. All these towns, with the exception of Northborough, were set off from Marlborough at different times. West- borough was set off and incorporated in 1717, and it included what is now Northborough. Two settlements grew up in widely separated parts of the town, one of which was in the north part. This settlement was made a precinct in 1744, and was set off as a separate town under the name of North- borough in 1766. It is the 150th anniversary of this event which the Town is celebrating at this time. 432 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Brigham's John Brigham was the first settler in Northborough. He Mill erected a sawmill on Whitney Street (opposite Bush's Pond) in 1675, probably. Lived in a hut nearby; later, built a house on the Boylston Road (near Eli Sanderson's place). Samuel Was one of twenty-six forts erected by Marlborough for the GOODENOW'S protection of its people against the Indians. All families Garrison were assigned to one or another of these forts, and were sup- posed to take refuge in them in times of danger. Goodenow's Garrison was situated on the Marlborough Road, near the Balcom place. Population Four families, Samuel Goodenow, whose house is located IN 1707 above; Nathaniel Oakes, who lived on the place now owned by Miss Ada McClure; Gershom Fay, who lived on the Boylston Road, opposite the head of Pleasant Street, and Jonathan Forbush, who probably lived in the vicinity of Little Chauncy. The Mary Mary Goodenow was a daughter of Samuel Goodenow and Goodenow lived in the Garrison House. One day in August, 1707, she Tragedy and Mary Fay, wife of Gershom Fay, were in the fields gather- ing herbs, when they were surprised by a party of Indians. They fled to the house and Mrs. Fay reached it. But Mary Goodenow, being lame, was overtaken. She was taken across the brook to a wooded hillside where she was scalped. Her remains were buried on the spot, where they were found a few days later. Her grave is marked by a marble monument. The North The number of families in the north part of Westborough Precinct gradually increased until, in 1744, they numbered 38. So they petitioned the General Court to be made a separate precinct. Their petition was granted October, 1744. The first precinct meeting was held in the house of Colonel William Holloway (now owned by Frederick A. King). The First The first meeting-house was built in 1745 and stood a few Meeting- feet west of the present Unitarian Church. It was a very House crude building, but answered its purpose until 1808. When the present imposing building was erected, the old meeting- house was sold at "vendue" to a Mr. Underwood, who owned the place on the Westborough Road (recently owned by Mrs. Tilley). He took it down and re-erected it on his place. It now forms the central portion of the Tilley barn. The Old The house on Whitney Street, now owned by Miss Ada Parsonage McClure, is known as "The Old Parsonage." It was built by Rev. Peter Whitney in 1780, and occupied by him until his death in 1816. It is on the site of a former house which burned down. The site was used as a parsonage continuously from 1746 to 1816. The Minute Three or four hours after the news of the Battle of Lexing- Men ton reached town, a company of fifty Minute Men under command of Captain Samuel Wood, left Northborough for Boston. They had the proud distinction of taking part in the Battle of Bunker Hill, on June 17, 1775. Luther Rice Luther Rice was a missionary and educational pioneer. Born in Northborough in 1783, educated in our district schools, Leicester Academy, Williams College, and Andover Theological Seminary. Was one of the five students first to be appointed as foreign NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 433 missionaries from America. Returned from India to organize the American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society. Founded Columbian College (now George Washington University) in Washington, D. C, and for fifteen years was its treasurer. Died in 1836. A preacher of remarkable eloquence and one of the honored pioneers in the missionary and educational movements of the nineteenth century. "Honest" John Davis, born in Northborough, 1787; graduated from John Davis Yale, 1812; prominent lawyer in Worcester; served in Con- gress, 1825-34; Governor of Massachusetts, 1834; United States Senator, 1835-41; Governor of Massachusetts, 1841-43, and Senator again 1845-53. JUDAH MONIS Judah Monis was the first Christian Jew in North America. He was born in Italy in 1683. Came to New York in 1715, where he was a merchant for five years. Came to Boston in 1720. Leading ministers of Boston took a great interest in him because of his extended know- ledge of the Hebrew language and history. Was appointed instructor of Hebrew at Harvard College in 1721, which position he held forty years. In 1722 he became an apostate to his Jewish religion — became a Christian and was publicly baptized at the College. In 1724 he married Abigail Marret, of Cambridge, who was a sister of Rev. John Martyn's wife. Upon the death of his wife, Mr. Monis came to Northborough where he lived in the family of Mr. Martyn, until his death in 1764. He is buried in the old cemetery. Ministers OF Rev. John Martyn, 1746-67; Rev. Peter Whitney, 1767- THE Town 1816; Rev. Joseph Allen, 1816-32. The town engaged the ministers and paid their salaries. Mr. Whitney wrote the first "History of Worcester County" ever published, in 1793. Dr, Allen wrote the "History of Northborough," in 1826. Town The North Precinct of Westborough was set off as a separate Incorporated town on January 24, 1766. At that time there were about eighty families. The new town was given the name North- borough. It enjoyed all the privileges of a town except that of sending a representative to the General Court. That privilege was not granted until 1775. Early One of the first things the town did after its incorporation Schools was to take measures to provide suitable educational advan- tages. In 1770 the town was divided into four "squadrons," or districts. In 1780, four schoolhouses were built, one in each district. That same year a private school, the Northborough Seminary, was estab- lished. It stood in front of the present home of Miss Ellen Williams. The Baptist The Baptist Church was organized in 1827. First services Church held in Deacon Seth Grout's shop. Was called, in derision, "The Gospel Shop." First church, built in 1828, is now the tenement house at the corner of School and Summer Streets. Present church erected 1860. First minister was Rev. Jonathan E. Forbush. The Evan- Was organized in 1832. First house of worship, at the junc- GELICAL Con- tion of Church and Pleasant Streets, is now the residence of GREGATIONAL Miss Ellen Williams. Present church built in 1847. Rev. Church Samuel A. Fay was the first minister. St. Rose Had its origin in the home of Cornelius MacManniman, Church where mass was first said in June, 1843. Thereafter, mass was said at regular intervals, until 1886, when the Mission was made a parish, and Rev. James McCloskey its first priest. Church was built in 1883. 434 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Town Hall The first Town Hall was built in 1822, and stood a few feet southeast of the present high school. It burned down in 1870. The present building was erected in 1868. The Bank The Northborough National Bank was organized in 1854. George C. Davis was its first president. Fire Engine The first fire engine was purchased in 1847. It is still in existence. Railroads The railroad was first operated in 1856. It was known as "The Agricultural Railroad." Northborough, at that time, was the terminus of the route. The Worcester and Marlborough Street Railroad opened for traffic in 1897. The Town's Dr. Stephen Ball was the first physician in the Town of First Northborough. He died in 1798, "in a fit of the apoplex," Physician as his gravestone tells us. Public The Northborough Free Library was founded in 1868. It Library contains nearly 14,000 volumes. The library building was the gift of Cyrus Gale, and was dedicated in June, 1895. The celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of the town of Northborough, Massachu- setts, had its inception in the following vote passed at the Annual Town Meeting on March 1, 1915: under Article 17: "It was moved by Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent that the town of Northborough observe its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary which befalls in the year 1916; and that the follow- ing be a committee to fix the time, and make all necessary arrangements for a suitable celebration: "The Honorable Board of Selectmen as it shall be composed after today's election : "The Town Clerk who shall be elected today. (Francis M. Harrington was elected.) "The Town Treasurer who shall be elected today. "JosiAH Coleman Kent, Pastor of the First Congregational Unitarian Church. "Frank L. Bristol, Pastor of the Evangelical Congregational Church. "James A. Hurley, Pastor of St. Rose Catholic Church. "Edwin S. Corey, representing the Baptist Church. "George A. Brigham, President of the Northborough Histori- cal Society. "Arthur A. Phelps, Master of the Northborough Grange. "Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball, President of the Northborough Woman's Club. "5 "Hazon Leighton, Commander of Joe Johnson Post 96, G. A. R. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 435 "Mrs. Stanley Stephenson, representing the Woman's Relief Corps. "Harry F. Allen, representing Joseph H. Proctor Camp, No. 71, S. of V. "Curtis H. Burdett, President of the Odd Fellows' Club. "Fred A. Leonard, President of the Assabet Club. "Thomas L. White, representing the Foresters. "Guilford P. Heath, representing the Masons. "Mrs. Edwin S. Corey, President of the W. C. T. U. "Miss Kate Ellsworth, President of the Lady Foresters. "Martin H. Ryan, representing the School Committee. Asa B. Fay, George F. Sargent, Prof. Samuel T. Maynard, Noah Wadsworth, Walter B. Mayo, Dr. John L. Coffin." The motion was adopted. Also the following vote under Article 18: "Also moved by Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent, that the town appropriate a sum of money not to exceed five hundred dollars to defray the expenses of celebrating its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary in the year 1916." This motion was adopted unanimously. DEDICATION OF TABLET The anniversary celebration really began on Sunday after- noon, August 13, with a service in the Unitarian Church, when a tablet to the memory of the Rev. John Martyn, the town's first minister, was dedicated. There had long been on the church walls memorial tablets commemorating the services of Rev. Peter Whitney and Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D., the town]s second and third ministers, and the Church looked upon this anniversary season as an appropriate time in which to memo- rialize the first minister. Accordingly, steps were taken some months before with this end in view. The committee appointed for the purpose procured a simple bronze tablet, embordered by a mahogany frame, and had it erected on the south wall of the church between the two doors. The inscription thereon reads as follows : To The Memory OF REV. JOHN MARTYN FIRST MINISTER OF THIS TOWN 1746 - 1767 436 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY The weather was perfect, and at the appointed hour for the service, the church was well-filled with an interested group of people. The following program was carried out: Organ Voluntary: Miss Belle Duplissis. Anthem: Union Choir. Hymn: Congregation. Scripture reading: Rev. Andrew T. Ringold. Prayer: Rev. Frank Louis Bristol. Solo: Miss Marie Barnes. Unveiling and Dedication of Tablet: Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent. Address: Miss Emma Elizabeth Brigham. Anthem: Union Choir. Hymn: Congregation. Benediction: Rev. Josiah Colemen Kent. Miss Brigham of Brookline, Mass., who delivered the excellent address on "Rev. John Martyn," is a lineal descendant of Mr. Martyn. It is an interesting coincidence, that at the time of this service Mr. Kent's pastorate over this church coincided, almost to a day, with that of Rev. John Martyn, the first minister — nearly twenty-one years. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 16 The day opened clear, cool, and beautiful. The inhabitants of Northborough were awakened from their slumbers by the ringing of church bells, which told them that the gala occasion for which they had long waited had at last arrived. At eight o'clock the inhabitants of the town gathered at Mt. Assabet where the Northborough Brass Band gave the following concert: 1. On Jersey Shore, March. Pryor 2. El Capitan, March. Sousa 3. Popular Ragtime Number. 4. Rose of the Orient, Waltz. Ivanovici 5. Memories. Van Alstyne THE CHILDREN'S PARADE (All the children in town were invited to take part in this parade.) The children's parade formed on Church and Whitney Streets, and on the Unitarian Common. The vestry and parlor of the church were used as dressing rooms. THE ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY MEDAL NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 437 The parade started promptly on schedule time, 9.30 o'clock. It was headed by the Northborough Brass Band and was led by an automobile decorated with yellow pompoms, containing the Superintendent of Schools, Frederick B. Van Ornum, and the School Committee: Edwin S. Corey, Chairman; Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball, Secretary; Rev. Josiah Colemen Kent. The parade was made up of three sections, the first composed of Mother Goose characters; the second, representing the four seasons; and the third, of miscellaneous features. THE FIRST DIVISION The first division was led by Mother Goose who was dressed in the regulation costume. After her came the following: 'T/ze Three Bear s^^ Float. This was a large wagon drawn by two horses, and decorated with cedar trees to represent a forest, the bears' house showing among the trees. The three bears were impersonated by children dressed in bear costumes. ''The Four and Twenty Blackbirds^ ^ Float This was a large wagon on which was a huge pie filled with small children representing blackbirds. At the back overlooking the pie were the king and queen, dressed in royal robes, and seated upon a throne. The decorations of this float were white and gold. 'Vld King Cole'' Float Another large float representing King Cole's court. The king, dressed in court costume, was seated upon a throne, attended by pages and entertained by his "fiddlers three," all in appropriate costume. The colors used on this float were violet and yellow. "Peter, Peter, Pumpkin Eater* ^ A small float in the form of a large pumpkin, in which rode Peter's wife, Peter himself drawing the vehicle. Both were dressed in suitable costumes. ''The Three Wise Men of Gotham*^ A small float representing a large bowl floating on a blue ea. In the bowl were three wise men dressed in quaint garments and carrying telescopes. 438 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY After the floats came the rest of the characters, all dressed in typical costumes, as follows: ''The Queen and Knave of Hearts,'" and pages. "The Milk Maid." "Simple Simon." "Jack and Jill." "Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary." "Little Bo-Peep." "Little Miss Muffet." "Old Mother Hubbard." "Red Riding Hood." "Little Boy Blue." Following the Mother Goose division came several pony- teams. They were decorated with flowers and bunting, and were followed by twelve girls dressed in white tarleton carrying flags. THE SECOND DIVISION The second division consisted of four large floats repre- senting the seasons. Each float was preceded by two boys carrying a sign naming the season: "Spring" The "Spring" float was decorated with green and white cheesecloth, fringed tissue paper and Easter lilies. Under an arch of lilies were three girls dressed in white, personifying "Spring" and her attendants. With them were eight little children (the youngest who took part in the parade). Following this float were sixteen children carrying a May- pole. "Slimmer" The "Summer" float was in the form of a pergola, on which blossomed several hundred pink roses. The girl who personified "Summer" was dressed in white with garlands of roses. Her attendants wore pink tarleton. This float was followed by twelve girls carrying pink sun- shades. "Autumn" "Autumn" was represented by a chrysanthemum float, all in yellow. "Autumn" wore a light yellow gown trimmed with chrysanthemums. Her attendants were dressed in orange and yellow tarleton. After this float marched Troop 1, Northborough Boy Scouts, carrying a large horizontal flag. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 439 "Winter'' "Winter" was a large float representing a typical New- England home decorated for the Christmas festivities, with Santa Claus and a Christmas tree as prominent features. On the float were several children who shouted "Merrie Christmas," as they passed along. THE THIRD DIVISION This division was made up of miscellaneous features. It was headed by an ox cart driven by Philip Kimball (aged seven years) . This was followed by numerous children dressed in varying costumes, trundling wheelbarrows, carts, doll carriages, veloci- pedes, etc., all tastefully decorated, and many of them contain- ing dolls, favorite toys, and pets. The parade formed on Whitney and Church Streets, marched to Main Street; down Main to Summer; up Summer to School; over School to Main; up Main to South; and over South Street to Assabet Park, where it disbanded. The May-pole was then wound by sixteen children. Every precaution was taken for the safety of the children. Experienced men volunteered to drive the floats. The route of the parade was well policed and guards escorted the pro- cession. Not the slightest accident occurred to mar the happi- ness of the occasion. The following children took part in the parade: Olive Johnson Everett Nelson Miriam Parmenter Ira Dumont May Richardson Gordon Ringold Marion Rogers Bailey Brennan Esther Bigelow Julian Goddard Margaret Walker Walter Stone Ruth Le Porte Ubert Zeh Bessie Smith Charles Bigelow Laura Sparrow Raymond Brady Florence Benoit Henry Derosier Pearl Bigelow William Felt Louise Foster Evy Gauvin Charlotte Garfield Albert Nelson Louise Mosso Elmer Norcross Elsie Norcross Harold Rice Anna Tilley Douglas Williams Lorna Derby Melvin Smith 440 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Leona Leland Leota Leland Marie Parmenter Marion Rice Ethel Ross Bertha Smith Katherine Booth Catherine Burke Gertrude Carey Alice Norcross Dorothy Stearns Marion Zeh Dorothy Bailey Annie Caskie Florence Hatch Dorothy Hyde Minnie Forbes Dorothy Brown Viola Bussy Josephine O'Brien Olive Russell Oiva Tikkamer Martha Tikkamer Agnes St. Germaine Dorothy Russell Madelaine Bailey Ruth Goodale Grace Schofield Margaret Asquith Annie Walker Mary Le Porte Ella Lawrence Theresa Cashin Mildred Rice Esther Sparrow Isabel Sawyer Laura Guertin Elizabeth Burke Florence Mitchell Pauline Peinze Catherine Woodcock Helen Fredericks Margaret McGrath Mary Phelps Narair Kazarian Bernice Asquith Charles Bruso Clifford Bussy Benjamin Carey Gordon Crossley Donald Derby James Duffy Charles Ellsworth Stanley Fiske Eric Holdsworth Philip Kimball John O'Brien Francis Carey Goodwin Duffy Luther Eldredge Francis James John Maxwell Roland Mosso Donald Nichols Willard Poland Ernest Guertin Frank Forbes Harvey Sargent Ernest Derosier Lloyd Warren Robert Nelson Charles O'Brien Albert O'Brien Edwin Proctor David Proctor Richard Fiske William Le Porte Thomas Brady Richard Kimball James Painton Henry Schutte Arthur Gauvin William Connors Vernon Bigelow Robert Frazer Charles Zeh Russell Tilley Thomas Cobb Albert Burke William Rice Frank Krause Chester Warren NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 441 Olive Brown Chesterfield Fiske Allen Johnson Harold Sargent Helen KelHher Francis Goddard Irene Kelliher Howard Shattuck Elizabeth Walker Nathan Brennan Hilda Sawyer Robert Proctor Annie Rice Kenneth Painter Lillian Norcross Carroll Blakely Thelma Spear Charles Booth Ethelyn Carbrey Philip Booth Mildred Sweet Paul Booth Virginia Schutte John Potter Eames Hannah King Paul Parmenter Lola King Melvin Painton Clarence Walker Calvin Hyde Edward Nelson Cedric Valentine ATHLETIC EVENTS The Committee appointed bj^ the General Committee met at Historical Hall, May 25, 1916, and organized as follows: President, Fred A. Leonard; Treasurer, Marjorie M. Corey; Secreatry, William H. Casey. Other members of the Committee were William B Walker, O. Elmer Eldridge, Fannie M. Bemis. After several meetings at which the subject of prizes and programme were discussed, the following officers of the Athletic Meet were appointed: starter, William B. Walker; referee, James J. Burke; announcer, George S. LaPorte; inspectors, Frank W. Eames, D. Leo Sullivan; custodian of prizes, Fred A Leonard; judges, Walter H. Gleason, Thomas W. Humphrey, Edward A. Logan, and Ralph W Fiske; timers, Thomas J. Canty, FVederick W. Porter, H. W. Smith; clerk of course, Edras J. Trudeau; chief field judge, Ezra H. Bigelow; field judges, Hermon L. Sparrow, Allison L Duplissis, O. Elmer Eldridge; measurers, William E. Wadsworth, Frank St. Onge; scorers, Fannie M. Bemis, Edward L. Eldridge; press, Herbert G. Bruso. 442 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY PROGRAM OF EVENTS ATHLETIC CARNIVAL To be given by the Town of Northborough, Mass. in connection with the ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY Wednesday and Thursday, August 16th and 17th, 1916 One Hundred and Two Prizes to be Awarded. Games at 10 o'clock each day Wednesday Events for girls: seventy-five-yard dash; forty-yard dash. Girls under fourteen: forty-yard dash. Girls under 10: Potato race; hoop race; obstacle race. Events for boys under fourteen: seventy-five-yard dash; forty- yard dash; three-legged race; sack race; leap frog race; running high jump; running broad jump; standing broad jump. Special event (open) : seventy-five yard dash for girls. Thursday Events for men: one hundred-yard dash; two hundred and twenty-yard dash, four hundred and forty-yard run ; eight hundred and eighty-yard run; mile run; five-mile run; running high jump; running broad jump; standing broad jump; pole vault; shot put. Events for boys over fourteen: one hundred-yard dash; two hundred and twenty-yard dash; three-legged race; running high jump; running broad jump; standing broad jump. Special events open to men: one hundred-yard dash; two hundred and twenty-yard dash; five mile run. The track events started at the junction of Gale and South Streets and were run over the various streets of the town to the starting point. The field events were carried out on Assabet Park on land especially prepared, at the southeast corner of the park. Both the track and field events were sanctioned by the NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF THE AMATEUR ATHLETIC UNION and were conducted according to the rules and regulations of the Union. The weather on August 16 and 17, 1916, was ideal for these athletic contests The various events were run off on schedule time and were much enjoyed by the crowds of people present. NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY 443 AWARD OF PRIZES The award of prizes was as follows: Forty-yard dash for boys under ten years, won by William LaPorte; Walter Derosier, second; Chesterfield Fiske, third. Time, six and one-quarter seconds. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Forty-yard dash for girls under ten years, won by Elizabeth Walker; Helen Lane, second; Elizabeth Burke, third. Time seven and two-fifths seconds Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Forty-yard dash for girls under fourteen years (open), won by Priscilla Chestenay; Margaret Walker, second; Martha Tikkamer, third. Time six and one-fifth seconds. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Three-legged race, forty-yards for boys under fourteen years, won by Harold Rice and Henry Derosier; William Rice and Walter Derosier, second; Bailey Brennan, and Charles Zeh, third. Time, eight and three-fifths seconds Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Hoop race, seventy-five yards for girls, won by Priscilla Chestenay; Margaret Walker, second; Elizabeth Walker, third. Time, sixteen and two-fifths seconds Prizes: first, gold bronze medal, second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Sack race, seventy-five yards for boys under fourteen years, won by Harold Rice; Henry Derosier, second; Arthur Leland, third. Time nineteen and one-fifth seconds. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Seventy-five-yard dash for girls (local), won by Elizabeth Walker; Grace Schofield, second; Elizabeth Burke, third. Time twelve and four-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Leap-frog race, seventy-five yards for boys under fourteen years, won by Nelson Phillips and William. LaPorte; Walter and Henry Derosier, second; Bailey Brennan and Charles Zeh, third. Time, thirty-seven seconds Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. 444 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY Seventy-five-yard dash for boys under fourteen years: won by Arthur Leland; Ovide Lanois, second; Harold Rice, third. Time, ten and two-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Seventy-five-yard dash for girls (open), won by Hilda Lane; Elizabeth Walker, second; Priscilla Chestenay, third; Time twelve and two-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Forty-yard dash for boys under fourteen years (open), won by Charles McDonald, Westborough; Joseph Coughlin, second; James Whittall, Worcester, third. Time, six and two-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Field Events Potato race for girls, won by Margaret Walker; Elizabeth Walker, second; Helen Lane, third. Time, one minute, five seconds. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Standing broad jump, for boys under fourteen years, won by Arthur Leland; Henry Derosier, second; Harold Rice, third. Distance, seven feet, one inch. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon Running broad jump, for boys under fourteen years, won by Arthur Leland; Harold Rice, second; Henry Derosier, third. Distance, thirteen feet, six inches Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Running high jump for boys under fourteen years, won by Arthur Leland; Nelson Philips, second; Harold Rice, third. Height, three feet, six and one-half inches. Prizes: first, gold bronze medal; second, gold bar and red ribbon; third, gold bar and white ribbon. Obstacle race for girls — no entries — cancelled. On the afternoon of the sixteenth at three-thirty there was a game of baseball between the "ALLSTARS" of Northborough (an improvised team) and the Denholm and McKay team of Worcester. The playing in many instances was brilliant and resulted after eleven innings in a victory for the Northborough team, administering to their opponents their first defeat of the season. As this was the first and last appearance of the "ALL- NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 445 STARS" it may be readily seen that their season was a remark- ably successful one. Score: Northborough 3, Worcester 2; 11 innings. The lineup of the two teams was as follows: Northborough Allstars Denholm and McKay Brown, 2nd Cairns, SS H. Ellsworth, 3rd Soloman, LF Chapdelaine, LF Blow, 3rd Eager, SS Lameraux, CF Rhodes, RF Cotton, RF Walker, 1st Taylor, 1st Bannister, CF Smith, 2nd Cole, C Lanois, C Bennett, P Ryan, P Umpire, Geo. A. Martin, Worcester EXERCISES AT ASSABET PARK, AT 2 P. M. Introductory remarks of George A. Brigham, as presiding officer at the exercises in Assabet Park on the afternoon of August 16, 1916, the first day of Northborough's one hundred and fiftieth anniversary celebration. ''Ladies and Gentlemen: — I am glad, on this first day of our celebration to see such a large number of people present, thus showing your interest in the one hundred and fiftieth anni- versary of our town. This is Old Home Day, and we come together today in the capacity of citizens, resident, and non- resident. Very few present today remember or took part in the one hundredth anniversary, which the town celebrated fifty years ago, and a good many of the families prominent in town at that time are probably without representation here today. Your committee has found in its correspondence with many former residents of the town a strong interest in the old home town, and a desire to participate in its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary celebration. There have gone out from families in Northborough from time to time, men and women who have become prominent in all walks of life. Some of them, without any training except that given them in the Northborough schools, have proved that the opportunities for education in Northborough were more than the average in a country town. The churches have been strong in their moral influence in this community, and it seems to me that the pastors have been men of more than usual ability, located in a town of this size. This influence, it seems to me, has had a marked effect on the quality of citizens the town has turned out. 446 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "Among other professional men, that in my opinion have been influential in the life of the community were: Samuel Clarke, town lawyer, town treasurer, and selectman for many years; a man of sterling character and unquestioned integrity; Doctor Henry J. Barnes, a man who enjoyed a very large practice both in Northborough and the surrounding towns. This was before the day of the automobile, and it required three or four horses to cover his practice. His two-wheeled gig and his pleasant face were a familiar sight on the streets of the town for a good many years. Doctors Henry A. Jewett and Joshua J. Johnson, with Dr. Barnes enjoyed a large practice and were prominent men in the life of the community. "Now we have quite a number who have consented to give short addresses this afternoon, and so without taking any further time I will introduce to you Mr. Hermon L. Sparrow, chairman of the Board of Selectmen, who will give the address of welcome. MR. SPARROW Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: We are gathered here today to celebrate the one hundred and fiftieth birthday of our Town of Northborough; and I, in behalf of the officers of the town extend to you all a hearty welcome." Mr, Brigham: "The clergymen of Northborough have always had a very important part in the making of the town's history. Dr. Allen, it will be remembered, was the historian at the town anniversary fifty years ago, and was for a long time prominently identified with the history of the town. Many other clergymen have shown their interest in many different ways. We have present with us today one, who for seven years as pastor of the Baptist Church was very active and efficient in his interest for the welfare of the town. He was one of the founders of the Histori- cal Society, which for nearly ten years has been gathering and preserving much valuable material of great interest to the town. "I take great pleasure in introducing to you as our first speaker this afternoon. Rev. Charles Stanley Pease, of Conway, formerly pastor (1903-10) of the Northborough Baptist Church. THE FAY FAMILY IN NORTHBOROUGH Mr. Pease said: "My mother, whose maiden name was Rowena Fay, was a direct descendant through paternal ancestors from Gershom NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 447 Fay, the early settler in Northborough. For this reason as well as for many others, I shall always feel a peculiar interest in the town, and I am proud to speak on this occasion as a representa- tive of my mother's family. "Gershom and Mary (Brigham) Fay began married life about 1702 on the farm now owned by Mr. Theodore Woodward. Mrs. Fay's sister, Sarah, married Samuel Goodenow, Jr., and lived not far away on the Marlborough road by Stirrup Brook. The Goodenow home was fortified as a place of refuge for the sparsely settled neighborhood in case of attack by Indians. I need not dwell upon the thrilling and tragic incidents associated with this spot. Every child in school has heard about the Indian attack in 1707, the killing of Mary Goodenow, and the heroic defense of Mrs. Gershom Fay. "In 1714 Mr. and Mrs. Fay removed to a location about a mile west of the present village of Northborough. The site of this second home is still plainly marked by a cellar place and a giant elm of over a century's growth. Here Gershom Fay died in 1720, leaving four sons and three daughters. In the course of time the farm of many acres was divided among the children who, in turn added to their possessions by purchase until practically all of the land lying between the church green and Ball Hill was owned by the Fays. Gershom, Jr., the eldest son, lived on the farm now owned by Chandler Rice. Silas, the second son, lived on the farm now owned by Thornton Mentzer. Timothy had what is now the Allen farm, while Paul, the youngest, in- herited the old homestead. Asa Fay, a son of Paul, built a new house about 1795, a little nearer to the village, and this house somewhat enlarged, is still standing. The farm to which it belongs is the original farm of Gershom and Mary Fay. It has been occupied successively by five generations of Fays. "But the Fays in Northborough were more than land owners. Gershom, Sr., was an office holder in the town of Marlborough, and also in Westborough, after that town was set off from Marl- borough in 1717. Hisson, Timothy, heldabouteveryofficewithin the gift of his town as did his grandsons, Thaddeus, and Nahum. Nahum Fay was town clerk and chairman of the Board of Select- men for forty years continuously. Timothy Fay represented this town on the famous Committee of Correspondence at the outbreak of the war for independence, and, although sixty years of age, enlisted, and took part in the battle of Bunker Hill. His older brother, Gershom, Jr., was incapacitated by age for army service but contributed four .sons and four grandsons. Reckoning from Gershom, Sr., and Mary (Brig- ham) Fay, two sons, six grandsons, and four great-grandsons 448 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY were soldiers of the Revolution. In the Civil War this town was honorably represented by Lieut. Asa B. Fay and his brother, Hiram, also by several others who were descendants of the Fays, though of different name. "In education the Fays have been leaders. Thaddeus was one of the promoters and largest contributors for the old Semi- nary established in this town in 1779. Nahum Fay, his cousin, was a public school teacher for forty years, and two of Nahum's sons followed the same profession. Rev. Barnabas M. Fay, a grandson of Nahum was a noted teacher in his day, closing his life's work as the founder and principal of an institution for the deaf and blind in the state of Michigan. "The religious influence of the family has been felt from the beginning. Gershom, Sr., was identified with the church in Marlborough before Westborough was incorporated, and at the time of his death in 1720 was serving as one of the building committee for the new church in Westborough. His heroic wife left at his death with seven children, the oldest but seventeen, receives her highest tribute in the character of these children. Dr. Joseph Allen in his sermon at the centennial of the North- borough Church made particular mention of the four sons of Gershom and Mary Fay as being active members at the time of its formation. When the present Congregational Church was organized in 1832, Asa Fay donated land for the meeting house at the corner of Church and Pleasant Streets. His brother Nahum became the first deacon, and Rev. Samuel A. Fay, a grandson of Deacon Nahum, became the first pastor. Of the direct descendants of Gershom and Mary Fay, the pioneer settlers, six of the name of Fay became ordained ministers. "This, in merest outline, is the story of the old Fay family in Northborough. Of all their broad acres not a farm is now owned by a Fay. Only one descendant of this name now lives in your town — your honored citizen Lieut. Asa B. Fay. This numerous and influential family is likely to be identified in local annals chiefly with the beginnings of the community's life. But it is because they and such as they have lived that we have so much wherein to rejoice today." Mr. Brigham: "Another clergyman who served the Congregational Church about the same length of time that Mr. Pease served the Baptist, and a man who, by his interest, his word, and by his work was always ready to aid every good cause in the interest of the town was the Rev. Albert D. Smith, of Milton. Mr. Smith was a man of a very humorous disposition and your presiding ofificer NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 449 remembers receiving a line through the mail from Mr. Smith, thanking him for a small gift to the effect that he was like the man, who, upon receiving a bottle of branched cherries from a friend said that while he liked the cherries very much, he appre- ciated still more the 'spirit in which they were sent!' " REV. A. D. SMITH "I never had so much pride in Northborough and my connec- tion with it as I have had today. I never saw it look so beautiful before. Every lawn is shorn, all premises are neat and trim, every house is decorated. All the men are as nicely shorn and shaven as the lawns. Even the barber told me he had had an unusual run of business for the last few days and expected a slack time when the celebration was over. Every part of the celebration has been a success up to the present moment, and it seems that there is nothing needed that has not been anticipated and provided for. A wonderful spirit of good-will and cordiality is all-pervasive. "It is all a testimony to the power there is in unity. This has been brought about only because differences have been forgotten, and all have worked heartily together to the honor of the town. It is just an earnest of what can be done in towns like this when people will work together in unity. "It does not seem to me a mere happening or the conventional thing that the flag and bunting figure so largely in the decorations. There is a greater unity than that of the workers of the town, a unity of which the town is a part. We are proud to be a part of the grand Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and prouder to be a part of our great country, the United States of America. So above and beyond all else, we place the banner of our country, honoring in our town celebration our state and our nation. "I am glad and proud to be present at this time, and to have by the courtesy of your committee a part in this observance; and I see in its success and the factors which have made that success not only possible but actual, a prophecy of excellent things for the future of Northborough." Mr. Brigham: "Another former pastor of the Congregational Church, a man who by his kindly disposition and his interest in all the residents of the town, regardless of church affiliation, and who, when he left the town, was missed not only by his own parish but by the whole community was Rev. Edwin L. Chute, now of Paxton. 450 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Mr. Chute is present with us this afternoon and has consented to say a few words at this time." (Mr. Chute's address was not written and therefore cannot be reproduced.) Mr. Brigham: "The one whom I shall introduce as our next speaker is at the present time pastor of a church that represents a large part of our town's population, and while he has been here but a short time he has shown an interest in everything that makes for good citizenship. Rev. James A. Hurley, of Saint Rose's Catholic Church will now address you." REV. JAMES A. HURLEY Rector of St. Rose's Catholic Church "Having been a resident of Northborough for a comparatively brief period, I presume that I have been called upon as the leader of the local Catholic community to be the spokesman for members of the Catholic Church, who have settled here, particularly during the last fifty years. Speaking personally, I must describe my stay in Northborough for the passing four years as most agreeable, marked by good-will and kindness in every direction. So taking it for granted that my experience is not exceptional, I make bold to bring a word of felicitation in behalf of all members of St. Rose's Church locally resident or elsewhere located at present as loyal upholders of Northborough — old home. As pastor of St. Rose's, and representative of the Mother Church, newest in Northborough, oldest in the Christian world — I wish also to say a pregnant word. "Doubtless had a Catholic priest appeared on the slope of Assabet one hundred and fifty years ago, he would have had less welcome than the native Indian. At that time, there were fewer Catholics by several hundred in the state of Massa- chusetts than there are in Northborough today, and North- borough is one of the least populous Catholic parishes in the State. In the whole British Colony of North America, except- ing Quebec recently added by conquest, there were only some thousands of Catholics. Today they number more than one half of Massachusetts' 3,700,000 population. We Catholics do not stand on numbers but we are ready and equipped to maintain the best Massachusetts tradition and high quality of citizenship. That tradition and quality are founded on a discipline of obedi- ence to law and legitimate authority, on unswerving reverence for the maintenance and increase of the family, high-graded in NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 451 moral and physical power. No institution in the world is better qualified and endowed to go along and guide this Commonwealth in all loyalty and devotion than the Catholic Church. Standing steadily upon past greatness, we as Catholics look forward for an even more glorious Massachusetts of the future." Mr. Brigham: "I believe this completes the list of clergymen with us who are listed as speakers this afternoon. In its early history North- borough had several families who became prominent not only in the state but in the nation. It may not be known to everyone present today that Northborough furnished a Governor for this Commonwealth. Gov. John Davis, often referred to as 'Honest' John Davis, served as Governor in 1834-35. The Davis family were always prominent in the affairs of Northborough, filling from time to time all the public offices with credit to the family name. We have with us a member of this family; a man, who, by his education and business associations has come in contact with and made friends with prominent men, not only in this country but also in Europe. I take great pleasure in introducing to you Mr. George D. Davis, of Newton, who will speak to you on the Davis family." GEORGE D. DAVIS '^Mr. Chairman: I wish to extend to all citizens of this, my native town my congratulations upon the splendidly broad public spirit they have shown in preparing the celebration of this day. Your committee have, apparently, arranged for the support for this occasion of our old friend Probabilities and, surely, he has proved true to his obligations, for who could ask for more perfect climatic conditions. "I congratulate the gentlemen who have preceded me in addressing you for they, each and several, were handicapped by the fact that they were no more than stepsons or sons-in- law of Northborough. However, they did their best under the cir- cumstances and, certainly their best was good. Somewhere about three score years ago the stork left at a house on the south side of yonder hill, in the rapidly increasing family of one James and Lucy M. Davis, a third son to whom they gave the name of George, which happening was communicated to the then Town Clerk who proceeded to make a record of the momen- tous event. Just prior to my starting on my last trip over the water, it occurred to me, that some curious official might meet 452 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY ft me on the frontier of his country and insist upon knowing, not only of what country I was a citizen but, in what country I was born. I therefore asked my old school-fellow, Noah Wads- worth, to procure for me a certified copy of the record of my birth and that document I hold in my hand as official evidence that I am a genuine Northborian. "Many of you, my friends, have been told by your parents that you were born in Northborough and, having faith in the integrity of your forebears you believe that such was the case, but, seriously, how many of you have the slightest evidence that would be accepted by a judge to prove the place or date of your birth? You unfortunates can have not the remotest conception of the satisfaction I feel now that I know not only where I was born but also the names of both of my parents. "But, joking aside, we know that Northborough was placed upon the map no less than a century and a half ago. What has kept it on the map during all the intervening years? It was not your beautifully rolling country and fertile fields. It was not this rugged old hill that we all, perhaps unconsciously, love, whose summit is often up among the clouds and upon whose side old Dr. Allen with his band of Washingtonians some seventy years ago emptied a rum barrel. It was the character, the integrity and the diligence of the men and women who have lived upon the land and have brought up their generally large families. It then, naturally follows, my friends, that both the responsibility and duty of not merely keeping the reputation of this town at its present level but to make it year by year a more desirable place of residence rests squarely upon your shoulders. "Whenever I visit the old town and see so many faces that are unfamiliar to me a feeling of regret possesses me that I am not able to pass the time of day and give a handshake to those splendid men and women I knew so well when I was a boy. Practically all of them lie over there in God's acre. All, as far as I know, lie there save one dear old lady who taught me my catechism half a century ago. As she approaches her century, she sits at a nearby window with a smile and a pleasant word for everyone that she ever knew — a veritable benediction to all. "I knew but slightly those that lived in the northern and eastern portions of Northborough, while those that lived in the central and southern portions I knew well, and a feeling of deep regret comes over me when I find those who are strangers to me occupying the former homes of my old friends. "Do you, my schoolfellows, realize the changes that have NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 453 taken place during the past half century? Note some of these changes : "Starting up Straw Hollow way there was our old friend, George Williams and his family. Do you not recall the Ball family, three of whose sons became well-known professional musicians? Going up the valley we find today, as I am told, the descendants of the Brigham and Mentzer families that we once knew. Coming eastward were the Lincoln, the Bartlett and the Fay families, and as we proceed we come upon the home of everyone's friend, old Parson Allen who, upon a mere pittance in the way of a salary, eked out by the profit derived from keeping a private school, brought up four sons and three daughters. All of these sons were college educated and all became men of note and of distinguished ability. Then, still moving eastward, we come upon Wilder and Warren Bush, John Stone, Dexter Bartlett, the genial, and crossing the railway tracks we find the 'effervescent' Charles Rice and the patriarchal Captain Anson and John Rice. There was young Cyrus Gale, and how well we remember Doctor Barnes, the one who, I well remember, drove in his single-seated chaise, and to whom I never dared to speak. Over the way was the home of Captain Gale, adjoining which was that of Abraham Seaver, and further along the homes of Samuel Wood and Squire Clark, and uncle Thad Mason, while again over the way were the homes of Dr. Jewett and Milo Hildreth. There were many other townsmen whose names and faces I well remember, but time will permit only the mention of a portion of their names. There were Charles and Cyrus Potter, George Valentine, Nathaniel Brigham, George Barnes, George C. Davis, Charles and Fred Brigham, Jonas Hastings, Zebadiah Adams, and Horace Batchelor, John Craw- ford, town clerk for many years, and Hezekiah Crosby and others, while on the main road to Worcester was Tyler Harrington and others. With but very few exceptions none of those I have named have left as residents of Northborough any male descend- ant by whom to perpetuate their name, and, as far as I have been able to ascertain, even these few exceptions have no sons. "There was at one time no less than forty-two members of my branch of the Davis family living in Northborough. Today there is not one person, save one lady whose mother was borrija Davis, has one drop of Davis blood in his veins. I am not familiar with the genealogy of any of the families I have mentioned except that of my own, and that of Parson Allen, who were my mother's near relatives. "In the year 1895, Horace Davis, the youngest son of Governor John Davis, published a genealogy of the Northborough branch 454 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY of the Davis family. For several years, both previous and subsequent to the date of this publication, I devoted much of my time to researches among the Davises. In the year 1908, my cousin, John Davis Estabrook, who at that time owned and occupied the house built by George C. Davis, published further particulars of the Davises. From these two publications and from the result of my personal researches, I have gathered certain data concerning the Northborough family which I submit for your information. "In the year 1781, but fifteen years after this town was incor- porated, a young man whose name was Isaac Davis purchased what was at that time known as the Tomlin place on Milk Porridge Plain in the southern part of this town. Here he started the business of tanning leather and continued to increase his already existing family of four boys. This business he and his descendants continued for nearly one hundred years. I suspect that this business must have been a profitable one for, while Parson Allen in one of his historical sketches stated that the business in leather amounted to as much as twenty thousand dollars, annually, my grandfather, one of the sons of this Isaac, died some seventy five years ago, leaving to his eleven sons and daughters something over one hundred thousand dollars. "Isaac Davis represented Northborough in the State legisla- ture for twelve years. In the year 1786 his constituents, after they had chosen him as a delegate to a political convention, instructed him to see first, that the court of Common Pleas be abolished and — second, that the whole body of lawyers be annihilated. I have no scruples in telling you that Isaac Davis did not succeed in carrying out his instructions. "Of the sons of Isaac, the eldest two, Phineas and Joseph, joined and latterly succeeded to the business of their father which, during the middle period of Isaac's life, included the manufacture of boots and shoes. "Phineas built the house in which his daughter, Mrs. Wells, lived and died. Phineas was the father of eleven children, one of whom was Isaac Davis, who was the Mayor of Worcester, and a prominent banker in that city for many years. "Another son of Isaac was himself Isaac, who, for a time, resided elsewhere than in Northborough, but who returned and, with the assistance of his brothers, Phineas and Joseph, con- structed a cotton-mill on the Assabet river. Later this mill was sold to the Northborough Cotton Manufacuring Company. Soon thereafter, Isaac and his brothers built and operated a NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 455 cotton-mill further down the river where now is the village of Chapinville. "Still another son of the original Isaac was Joseph who was my grandfather. He was colonel of a regiment of militia that drilled annually on the muster field, that large field on the left side of the Westborough road just before one crosses the so-called Cobb Bridge. For this regiment old Parson Allen served as chaplain. Colonel Davis served the town both as representa- tive to the General Court and as senator. He married Lydia Ball of Northborough and by her he had nine children, while by his second wife he had two children. "One of his sons was George C. Davis who for many years was the president of the Northborough Bank; was a trustee of the State Reform School, and filled with credit many other posts of responsibility. "The fifth son of Isaac was John who became a lawyer and practiced his profession in Worcester. At an early age he entered political life in which he made a record that, it is probable has never been duplicated in the entire State of Massachusetts, for John Davis, who was almost universally known as "Honest John," was for four terms the Governor of this Commonwealth; he served three terms as senator of the United States and was a colleague of Daniel Webster, and pronounced his eulogy in the senate chamber; further, he was for five terms a repre- sentative in Congress. "Ex- vice-president Hamlin once said to me upon the occa- sion of our dining together in London, 'I sat for many years beside John Davis of Massachusetts in the Senate of the United States and I knew him intimately. He was not a brilliant man, but he had an uncommon amount of good sense, and although he did not often address the Senate, when he did rise to speak the senators listened and rarely did one depart for the cloak room.' "John Davis's son, John C. B. Davis, acted as secretary of the Geneva Alabama Claim Commission. He was minister of the United States to Germany. He was Assistant Secretary of State of the United States and for many years acted as a judge of the Court of Claims in Washington as did his nephew who was still another John. So this, then is a skeleton sketch of some mat- ters that concerns the Northborough Branch of the Davis family. "It was my hope that there were others here present who would tell us something that their forebears had contributed to the prosperity and welfare of the town, but, as far as I can discern, I am the only genuine son that is expected to speak to you this afternoon. 456 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY "It is our privilege as Northborians to obtain such satisfaction as is possible from the fact that there have lived within the limits of the town so many men and women of marked ability and strength of character the impress of whose lives appear all about us. "Let the memory of those lives be an incentive to those of us who love the old town, not only to maintain but to enhance its reputation in every way open to us. "My grandfather was born in Northborough. My father was born in Northborough, and I was born in Northborough. I wish my children had been born in Northborough. "I have, during the past forty years, enjoyed the wonderful scenery and works of art of many countries. I have met and have known well, men and women of many nationalities and yet, strange as it may appear to many of you who have become weary of what you regard as the monotony of country life and have so much wished for the opportunity to visit foreign countries, it is both my wish and expectation that I shall pass the end of my days in this, my native town of Northborough." Mr. Brigham: "Next in importance to the churches in a community like ours are the public schools. The schools of Northborough have been not only a matter of interest but of considerable pride. We have had from time to time teachers who have taken unusual interest, not only in school management, but in all affairs which concerned town welfare. Prominent among these was Mr. Robert I. Bramhall, who was principal of our high school several years; now superintendent of schools in Holden, Paxton, and several other towns. He became not only a strong friend of the scholars, but also a very popular man among the townspeople. Mr. Bramhall while here wore no hat a large part of the time, but made it apparent to everyone with whom he came in contact, that there was something under where the hat ought to be. Mr. Bramhall." (Mr. Bramhall's address was not written.) Mr. Brigham: "Doctors as well as clergymen have figured to a considerable extent in the making of Northborough's history. Some of us heard in a paper read before the Historical Society concerning the three Doctors Ball, who were prominent in town affairs fifty or more years ago. We have had for more than twenty years a doctor as a resident of our town who, while not a local NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 457 practitioner, has as a specialist in Boston, received a good deal of prominence in his line. Dr. John L. Coffin has, for a number of years been a trustee of the Westborough Insane Asylum, part of this time being chairman of trustees, and in such capacity delivered lectures before Medical Societies and other organiza- tions throughout the state, thus becoming well known among prominent men of the state. "Dr. Coffin will now address you." (Unfortunately, Dr. Coffin's address was not written and hence cannot be reproduced.) Mr. Brigham: "Nearly thirty years ago there came to Northborough a young man who shortly before had received his diploma and become a full-fledged M.D. As residents of this town we have seen him develop not only to a very prominent place in this community but also as a family physician in many homes in Worcester County towns; also being called into consultation by many prominent physicians throughout the state. Doctor Josiah M. Stanley has become not only a medical advisor in the families of this town, but is a personal friend of nearly everyone in the community. He has also shown a strong spirit of interest in town affairs serving as a member of the Business Men's Com- mittee which has been a great factor in preparing for this cele- bration. His success in his profession has been far above the ordinary which is shown by his practice, which exceeds many times that of the average country physician. It is with great pleasure that I can present Dr. Stanley to you at this time." DR. STANLEY "Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The Master of Cere- monies has asked me to give a short resume of the Town of Northborough as I found it when I came here, and of the changes which have since taken place. "As a preface to my remarks, I will say that on the morning of the 25th of December, 1888, Santa Claus presented me to the town of Northborough as a Christmas gift, and through the tolerance of her citizens I have remained here. "The scenic beauty of the town, with lofty hills to the east the north and the west, together with the liberal and hospitable character of her people, made a deep and lasting impression upon me. "At that time (as now) Northborough was a prosperous 458 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY agricultural and manufacturing town of about two thousand in- habitants. Her farmers were chiefly engaged in the production of milk for the Boston market. In those days she not only handled her own milk but also most of the milk from the adjoining towns, thereby becoming quite an important milk-receiving station for the city of Boston. I believe that the present C. Brigham Milk Company of Boston had its birth in the town of North- borough. Later some of her farmers began to specialize in market gardening, and still later in floriculture, pony and sheep raising. It is interesting to know that many of her young farmers are college-bred men. Her industries consisted of woolen-mills and shell factories. All of her old manufacturers are dead, and their places have been filled by younger men, who (in most instances) have gone into new lines of manufacturing, so that the relative commerical importance of her industries remains about the same. "Contrary to the general opinion, Northborough is slowly becoming a business town, and the preparation for this anni- versary has brought out the fact that we now have between sixty and seventy different businesses and trades, many of which will be represented in our parade tomorrow. "Her merchants likewise have undergone a great change, only two of her original ones being now in business. "Probably her professional men (which includes ministers, lawyers and doctors) have undergone the greatest change of all, there being from this whole class only one representative now living in the town who was here thirty years ago. A great number of ministers and doctors have come and gone in the meantime. "Her schools have been centralized and placed under the supervision of a school superintendent. In order to accomplish this centralization a new and modern building was erected for the accommodation of the primary and intermediate grades. The same high standard of education has been maintained throughout, and the height of this standard is best shown by the number of brilliant men and women who have been sent out from these schools into all walks of life. "Her representatives to the General Court have usually been very able men, some of whom are still living and with us to-day. "The physical features of the town have undergone some changes. In addition to the schoolhouse before referred to, a public library, known as the Free Library, and a public park, known as Assabet Park, have become acquisitions of the town. Both the library and the park were donations from NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 459 Cyrus Gale. Some years ago the metropolitan viaduct which connects the great Wachusett reservoir at Clinton with the city of Boston was constructed through the northeastern part of the town. About the same time trolley line connections with Worcester, Marlborough, and Westborough were established. And a little later electric lights replaced the old oil lamps on our streets. "The character of the people, however, has changed more than the town. The old proud, aristocratic and conservative element, which much preferred a rural to a manufacturing town, has passed away, and in its place a new and progressive type has come. Also the old lyceum-trained town-meeting orator has gone. He was a past master in the science of debate and fought many a wordy battle in the town hall at our March meetings, much to the amusement of the younger and less capable element. He occupies a place in history unique to himself, and looms out of the past in vivid contrast with the corresponding class of to-day who is much more of a politician than an orator. The whole people seem to have lost much of the old-time aristocracy and conservatism, and to have acquired a more enterprising spirit, with a larger outlook for the business growth of the town. "In looking backward over a period of thirty years, we see that the old town and her people have materially changed; still, neither the beauty of the town nor the hospitablecharacter of her people has suffered much in consequence thereof. "I am proud to be a citizen of Northborough, and I thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for your kind attention, and you. Master of Ceremonies, for the opportunity to address them." Mr. Brigham: "Now we have with us today a man born in Marlborough who has always been interested in all affairs connected in any way with the welfare of our town. A man who has become deeply interested in local family history and who has spent a good deal of time tracing the genealogy of the early families of the town. And a man of whom I believe it could be truthfully said, 'He knows more about the early history of the early families than members of those families themselves.' He was town clerk for a number of years and as such showed adaptability to the office, found in very few men. The idea of the formation of our local Historical Society originated with him and the Rev. J. C. Kent. He has been connected with the Manufacturers' Department of the United States Census Bureau at Washington for many years, and at the present time is entrusted with the management of a very important part of that division. It is with great 460 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY pleasure that I introduce to you, Mr. Gilman B. Howe of Wash- ington and Northborough." MR. GILMAN B. HOWE "Afr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It certainly gives me great pleasure to be with you today, and meet so many of my old friends and acquaintances, although I am not a native of North- borough. I was born in the town of Marlborough, where many of my ancestors were among the earliest settlers of that old town, for among them I find the names of Brigham, Rice, Fay, Goodenow, Eager, Barnes, Morse, Bigelow, and Howe, the last named, being the first settler of the town, so that, I feel that I am closely related to many of the old families, who were among the early settlers of this part of the old town. Your president has asked me to speak a few words concerning the records of this town. As some of you know, I have been more than ordinarily interested in public records for many years, and especially have I been interested in the records of this town, and I endeavored during the twelve years that I held the position of town clerk in this town, to make those records as complete as possible. It has been my privilege during the past twenty-five years, to have visited and have access to the public records in a large number of cities and towns in this and other states, and I can say that the records of this town compare very favorably with those of other towns in this state; and right here I want to say that the vital records of the cities and towns in the state of Massachusetts are the best kept and are the most complete of any state in this Union. "As some of the speakers who have preceded me, have spoken of their ancestors among the early settlers of this town, I would like to speak of some of the earlier settlers whose family names have now disappeared from our rolls. I refer particularly to some of those who came here in the early part of the eighteenth cen- tury, of the Scotch-Irish emigration, and of which our early town records give but little information. There were a few of those Scotch-Irish that made their home in this town. Of these John McAllister was the first to come. He came soon after 1720 and settled on the farm, afterwards owned and occupied by the late Marshall J. Maynard. There he lived and died. From the church and probate records, we learn that he had a family of twelve children, that he was twice married. His first wife died about 1728 or 1729, and he soon after married a Margaret Johnson. We do not learn of the exact date of death of either him or his wife, but from his will and a codicil attached, the will being dated January 6, 1769, and probated March 24, 1769, we NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 461 learn that both he and his wife died between those dates. Of the children, the eldest daughter, Elizabeth, married John Hudson and lived in Berlin and Marlborough, and became the grand- mother of the late Hon. Charles Hudson of Lexington. All of the other children moved to distant places, one son, Isaac, moved to Marlborough, N. H.; Samuel moved to Warren, Mass.; and another son moved to the western part of the state. Another of these families, was that of Samuel Gamwell, who came here previous to 1730, and settled on the farm afterwards owned by the late George H. Murray. He was three times mar- ried, and had a large family, all of whom left town soon after the Revolution, one son going to Middlefield and another to Chester. He died January 25, 1788, aged 84 years. The families of John and William Carruth, were the next to come to this town, they came soon after 1730, and settled on the place now owned by our esteemed President of the Day. They were weavers by trade, and family tradition says they were half-brothers, John Carruth married Jemima Russell of Lexington. From the Church Records we find that they had a family of eleven children. He was one of the original members of the church that was organized in 1746, and was prominent in town affairs. His eldest son, John, settled on the old homestead, while the rest of the children, with the exception of the daughter, Sarah, moved from town. James settled in that part of Templeton, now Phillipston; Jonas settled in Petersham. Nathan went to Brookfield, and was the ancestor of Gen. Sumner Carruth, and Judge William Ward Carruth, of Newton. Joisah moved to Rutland, Vt., where some of his descendants are now living. Ephraim died in the army in the French and Indian War, and William died in the army, 1778. "William Carruth the half-brother of John, lived in town a few years, but in 1745 he moved to Shrewsbury, and lived there a few years, and in 1753 he moved to Barre, Mass., where there are descendants now living. "John Mahan a native of the North of Ireland, came to this country about 1750, and settled in Worcester, where he married in 1755, Mary Gamwell, daughter of Samuel Gamwell of this town. They resided in Worcester where all his children were born, but finally three of his children came to this town. His daughter, Rebecca, married John Crawford of Boylston, two of his sons, Samuel and David came to this town. Samuel married Grace Harrington, in 1784 and died here in 1791. His widow married for her second husband, Asa Fay, and was the grandmother of our esteemed townsman, Asa B. Fay. David Mahan married Mary Bigsby, and settled in the north part of the town, where he 462 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY had a large family. Jane the eldest daughter, married the late Elijah Fitch Valentine, of this town, but the family name has now disappeared from our town. "There is one other family that I would like to speak of that has been closely identified with the history of this town since 1800, and that is the Crawford family. John Crawford probably came to this country about 1730 and settled in that part of Shrewsbury, now Boylston, on the Falby farm on Ball Hill. Again the town records give us but little light. But from other records we find that he had a son, William, who married Mary Dunsmore of Lancaster, and resided on the old homestead. On the breaking out of the Revolution, he like a few of the leading citizens of this town, sympathized with the mother country and accordingly the town of Shrewsbury ordered that his firearms be taken away, and that he be confined to the limits of his farm, except on Sundays, when he was allowed to attend church. Later he went to the Provinces, where he remained, leaving his son, John, with his grandfather, who remained on the old homestead. John, the grandson, married Rebecca Mahan and lived on the old place, until 1800, when he bought the farm of Jonathan Fassett in Northborough, where he lived until his death. By his first wife he had four daughters, one of whom was the mother of the late John C. Wyman, and another Rebecca, was the mother of our fellow-townsman, Walter Valentine. By his second wife, he had one son, the late John B. Crawford, who was your genial town clerk for thirty-seven years, and was my immediate predecessor in that office. "I feel that I may have wearied you with my somewhat rambling remarks, but I wanted to speak concerning a few of the earlier settlers, of whom the early records give so little information. I thank you for your kind attention." Mr. Brigham: "The last speaker of the afternoon is a man who is well known to nearly everyone present. A man who for many years as a pro- gressive farmer showed his business capacity in the management of alTairs in nearly all important town offices. He afterward represented this district in the Massachusetts Legislature. I take pleasure in introducing to you at this time Mr. Guilford P. Heath, of Northborough." (Mr. Heath's address was not written.) WEDNESDAY EVENING In the evening a large audience assembled in the town hall to listen to an historical address by Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent. Dr. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 463 John L. Coffin presided in a very felicitous manner, and finally introduced Mr. Kent as "one who had the history of the town at his finger tips, he having begun to study that history ten minutes after he first came to town." Mr. Kent spoke for an hour and a half entirely from memory, in the course of which he rehearsed in brief, many of the interest- ing events of the town's history. Mr. Kent's address can not, therefore, be reproduced. But it may be said that this present volume is an amplification of it.* THURSDAY, AUGUST 17 The second day of the celebration was a continuation of the first, so far as the weather was concerned, and both days were absolutely perfect. The people of Northborough were up early, and the town was soon filled with visitors from abroad. It is estimated that 5,000 strangers were in town by nine o'clock, all eager to see the Grand Parade, which had been talked about so long. The parade was scheduled to start at 8 o'clock, and it is worthy of note that it started "on time." It moved over the following route: The following is a copy of printed cards dis- tributed beforehand. ROUTE OF PARADE Celebration of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town of Northborough, Mass. August 17th, 1916 Parade forms (Historical on Church St., Business Men's Floats on Pleasant St., and Societies on Howard St.) at 7.30 a.m. Starts at 8 o'clock, sharp. Down Church to Main, Main to South, South to Summer, Summer to Main, Main to River, River to Hudson, down Hudson to Allen, Woodside, up Allen to Main, up Main to Town Hall Sq., Point of Disbandment. The Parade will consist of Bands, Historical and Civic Floats, the Town Fire Engine and Apparatus, and Societies. Forming part of this Parade will be the Floats representing the Business Men of Northborough, who have at their own expense engaged the Wor- cester City Band which will head their section and be retained for the benefit of the day's entertainment. With the compliments of The Business Men of Northborough. ♦See "Introduction." 464 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The official reviewing stand was on Noah Wadsworth's lawn, opposite the Northborough Bank. PARADE FORMATION Police Grand Marshal, Harry Worcester Smith Selectmen on Horseback Northborough Band First Division — Historical Formed on Boylston Street Second Division — Fire Department — Boy Scouts Formed on the Green at the junction of Boylston and Pleasant Streets Third Division — Societies — Worcester Drum Corps Formed on Howard Street Fourth Division — Business Men Marshal, Dr. J. M. Stanley Worcester City Band Formed on Pleasant Street Floats THE GRAND HISTORICAL AND CIVIC PARADE So many compliments on this parade have been received that the committee feel justified in using the word "Grand" as part of its name. Northborough, which never does things by halves, surely did herself proud on this occasion. Seldom has a parade of such magnitude been seen in a small town; and never, we believe, has a more beautiful one been seen anywhere. It was a "float" parade almost wholly, and was a revelation to every one who witnessed it. Harry Worcester Smith, of Grafton, who marshaled it, wrote the president of the General Committee the day after: "The many hours of preparatory work, thought, and detail of your committee and the difi^erent committees in charge of the parade must have been well repaid by the splendid turnout. The Telegram has to be patriotic and stand up for Worcester, otherwise it would have told the truth by saying that it was the best parade ever given in Worcester County, Worcester included; and in point of historic revelation, from the early days to the present truthfully depicted, I cannot believe that in all America has it been surpassed." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 465 This is high praise; but it comes from one who has had large experience in such matters, and who knows a good parade when he sees one. The Worcester Telegram on the following day devoted much space in praise of it; and the Westborough Chronotype decXd^red it to be the "largest and best parade ever seen in any of the smaller towns of Worcester County." There were in all, seventy-seven floats in the parade and there was not a commonplace one among them. The many societies and individual business men vied with one another to produce the best float, and their combined efforts certainly did produce a parade which for beauty and harmony has never been surpassed in these regions. For obvious reasons the committee cannot single out special floats for particular commendation, but in the description which follows they have permitted the managers of all the features of the parade to tell their own stories. The first section of the parade was naturally the "Historical Division." It consisted of nine floats which attempted to illustrate the various historical episodes in the history of the town. They were placed in the order of their occurrence. This division was under the direction of Mr. Kent. Then followed the Fire Department, under the direction of Harry F. Carbrey, chief engineer. The five pieces of, apparatus were arranged chronologically, in the order of their acquisition by the town, beginning with the old "Volunteer," the first fire engine the town ever owned. Then followed the various societies which were also placed chronologically. Then came the "Business Men's Division," headed by the Worcester City Band. This was the largest division, and consisted of fifty-two floats representing that number of business enterprises carried on in the town. This was indeed a revela- tion, for no one supposed that there were half that number of businesses in the town. But the energetic leadership of Dr. Josiah M. Stanley (who had charge of this division) brought that number to light, and succeeded in interesting them all in the enterprise. HISTORICAL DIVISION Float No. 1. Columbia Entered by Wilbur H. Duplissis. The float was draped with bunting and ropes of fringed paper in the national colors, and was ornamented with flags and stars. It was drawn by four large handsome horses (aggre- gate weight, 8200 lbs) which, with their fine harnesses, were loaned for the occasion by Mr. O. A. Kelly, of Worcester. 466 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Columbia and the thirteen original states were represented by the following young girls, robed in white, with shoulder bands bearing the state names, Columbia carrying a large silk flag, and her companions, shields: Columbia, Faith Duplissis; Massachusetts, Gertrude Picard; New Hampshire, Miriam Parmenter ; Rhode Island, Hazel French ; Connecticut, Emily Duplissis; New York, Mildred Moore; New Jersey, Pearl Bigelow; Pennsylvania, Anna Carlson; Maryland, May Richardson; Delaware, Irene Rogers; Virginia, Ruth La Porte; North Carolina, Marion Rogers; South Carolina, Dorothy Corey; Georgia, Sarah Nelson. Float No. 2. JohnBrigham's Mill Entered by the Brigham Family. This float was historical in every sense of the word. John Brigham (sometimes called "Dr.") was the first settler of North- borough. He was of the second generation of Brighams in America. A man of many parts, he added to his accomplish- ments the art of surveying. In this capacity he rendered signal service to the new town of Marlborough; and as a recom- pense, the town in 1672 gave him a large tract of land extending from the present village of Northborough, westward to the Ball Hill Road. This was known as the "Coram Farm." Hudson, the historian, says, John Brigham erected a sawmill on Howard's Brook, before King Philip's War, in 1675. This mill was burned by the Indians within a few years. In 1684, he having received a grant of land from the "Plantation of Sudbury," moved from Northborough to Sudbury. In the float, John Brigham's weather-beaten mill "with its rude flutter wheel" was represented surrounded by a growth of pines. John, in buckskin suit and cap, was at work in the mill, but constantly on the watch for his skulking foe, he often rushed out with his old flintlock in time to see savage faces of the Red Men disappear among the trees. John Brigham was represented by George A, Brigham (of the ninth generation). The Indians were represented by Walter G. Brigham and Harold Brigham (of the eleventh generation), and by David Brigham (of the twelfth generation). Float No. 3. The Thomas Goodenow Garrison Entered by the Assabet Club. This float represented the Thomas Goodenow Garrison at the time of the Indian attack in 1707. Mrs. Fay and Mary Goodenow had been out in the fields gathering herbs when they were surprised by a band of Indians. They fled to the garrison NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 467 and Mrs. Fay reached it. But Mary Goodenow being lame, was captured and scalped. The Indians then made an attack on the garrison. This float represented the attack. The characters were represented as follows : Mrs. Fay, Dorothy Wood ; Mary Goodenow, Ruth Russell. Indians: William B. Walker, chief; Carl W. Eldridge, William A. Ray. The float was driven by John Vinton. Float No. 4. An Early Settler' s Home Entered by the Northborough Historical Society. The exhibit presented by the Northborough Historical Society represented an early settler's home. It was a log cabin with portholes on either side through which any attack upon it might be repulsed. In front of the cabin were various household implements as follows: An old-fashioned dash churn, an old kettle suspended by a tripod, and several old seats. Above the door was a large sign, "Early Settlers." The family consisted of Mrs. Howard Hildreth and her two children, Lucy and Fanny; Helen Ringold and Charles W. Sibley, the latter with his trusty gun on his knees ready to defend his little household, if neces- sary. They were all dressed in old-fashioned costumes. The float was tastefully decorated with evergreen. Driver — John Garrity. Float No. 5. A Spinning Bee Entered by the Lady Foresters. This float represented an interesting episode which took place in 1769. Two years after the Rev. Peter Whitney settled in Northborough the good ladies of the parish took it into their heads to give him and his young wife a donation party. The donations consisted of wool yarns, linen, sheets, etc. — all of their own spinning. The Worcester paper of the time said it was the largest "quantity of such material that any minister of the neighborhood had ever received. This float repre- sented this event. It was decorated in red, white and blue, and was drawn by two bay horses with white feet. It was made to represent a room. In one corner was a fireplace, with an old lady sitting before it, knitting. Five young ladies dressed in old-fashioned costume and with powdered hair were seated about the room spinning, knitting, and reading. The float was managed by Miss Kate Ellsworth. Those taking part were as follows: Miss Mabel McCabe, Miss Katherine Walsh, Miss Maud Ellsworth, Miss Kittie Ellsworth, Miss Helen Carbrey, Miss Theresa Cashin, and Harold Sargent. Driver — Daniel Ettinger. 468 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Float No. 6. Old Stage Coach Entered by the Northborough Woman's Club. This old stage coach represented the old stage-coach days and the coach, or stage, which was run for many years between Marlborough and Worcester. The coach used was owned by Mr. C. T. Sherer, of Worcester, and many people believe it to be the original one in which they made their trips to Worcester, years ago; but if not the original one it is very much like it, and was lettered across the top as the old one used to be: "Marlborough, Northborough, Shrewsbury and Worcester." Mrs. Thornton E. Mentzer, chairman of the committee chosen by the Woman's Club, knowing of this coach, hired it for this occasion. It was driven by Mr. Henry Blakely, assisted by Mr. Charles Bigelow, and Mr. Fred French. It was drawn by four buff horses belonging to Mr. Everett Mentzer and Mr. Charles Bigelow. The passengers who rode inside the coach were Miss Emma A. Barnes, Miss Emma L. Randlett, Mrs. William F. Gilbert, Mrs. Rufus Adams, Mrs. George H. Felt, Mrs. William S. Phillips. Those who rode on top were Mrs. George E. Armour, Mrs. Moses Marshall, and Mrs. Thornton E. Mentzer. All these ladies, members of the Northborough Woman's Club, were dressed in old-fashioned costumes, as were also the drivers. Two small boys, Carol Blakely and Vernon Bigelow were delighted with the privilege of riding part of the way (they were sons of the drivers). This coach attracted much attention. It was purchased a few days later and presented to the Northborough Historical Society. Float No. 7 . Seiving Straw Entered by the Woman's Relief Corps. The historic event which this float represented concerns itself with the formation of the "Young Ladies' Library" in 1817. This library was one of the predecessors of the present Northbor- ough Free Library. To obtain money for the founding of this library the young ladies of the parish were accustomed to meet once a week and sew straw. This float represented that practice. It was tastefully decorated with the national colors and ground hemlock. It bore a banner embordered with twisted ropes of red, white and blue, on which were the dates "1886-1916," the former being the date of organization of the Woman's Relief Corps. It was in charge of Mrs. Hattie M. Warren and Miss L. Josephine Corey. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 469 Those who rode in the float were Mrs. Mary Bailey, Mrs. Hattie Wood, Mrs. Rosa Warren, and Mrs. Lydia Leighton, all of whom were dressed in old-time costumes. The driver was George Newton. Float No. 8. The Old Oaken Bucket Entered by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. This float was quite a novelty. It represented a large well and well-sweep and was tastefully decorated with temperance banners. The ladies were prepared to serve ice-cold water to the people along the route of the parade. It was under the direction of Mrs. Fannie Howe Hildreth and Mrs. Wilhelmina Peterson, who were assisted by two girls, Margaret Walker and Isabel Sawyer. Frank Foster, driver. A great disappointment befell two other girls who had made all arrangements to assist — Deborah Hildreth and Frances L. Fisher. "Mumps" visited them at an inopportune moment and put a veto upon their youthful enthusiasm. They were able to see the celebration (from afar) but were not permitted to take part in it. Float No. 9. Agricultural Implements of Ye Olden Time Entered by the Northborough Grange. This float was as unique as it was instructive. Contrasted with the implements of our modern time, it showed the wonderful progress of agriculture since the days of our fathers. It con- sisted of a two-wheel hay cart drawn by oxen, and was decorated in a very rustic manner. In the cart were many agricultural implements of ye olden time, among which were a wooden mold board plow, a spike tooth, a harrow, a grain cradle, a scythe, a dash churn, and many other things. The oxen were loaned by Elmer Coffeen, superintendent of the Lyman School; the cart and some of the implements, by Thornton E. Mentzer. The driver, Chester E. Hildreth, was picturesquely dressed in antique costume. It is interesting to note that Mr. Hildreth took part in the centennial celebration in 1866. THE SECOND DIVISION The Fire Department The exhibit of the Northborough Fire Department was under the direction of the enigneers: Harry F. Carbrey, chief; Arthur H. Johnson, first assistant; Clarence E. Bailey, second assistant. 470 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The apparatus appeared in the following order: 1. The Old Volunteer. This old hand-tub is the first fire engine the town ever owned. It was driven by Henry Bonner of Marlborough, who is the driver of the Hook and Ladder Truck of that city. He was given a leave of absence by the chief of the Marlborough Fire Department that he might perform this service. Mr. Bonner spent his boyhood days in Northborough. 2. The Assabet. The Assabet hand-tub was driven by Joseph Derosier. He was accompanied by Isaac Richards. 3. The D. F. Wood Hook and Ladder Truck. Driver — Arthur Bruso. 4. The Cyrus Gale Hose Wagon. Driver — Alexander Breault, accompanied by Leo Sullivan, fireman of the department, and Frank Mosso, steward. 5. The Extinguisher Wagon. Driver — Charles Bouvier, accompanied by Philip E. Miller. The horses were furnished by Alexander Breault and Henry P. Mayo. The Boy Scouts The Boy Scouts were led by Walter Stone, riding a Shetland pony, and carrying the national flag. Troup 1, of Northborough Clarence E. Bailey, scoutmaster; Gordon B. Ringold, patrol leader; Everett Nelson, assistant patrol leader; Melvin L. Smith, secretary; Charles W. Felt, bugler; Edward Nelson, treasurer; Robert Eraser, Elmer Norcross, William Felt, Charles Bigelow, Ubert Zeh, J. Bailey Brennan, and Albert Nelson. Troup 52, of Shrewsbury Raymond D. Fletcher, assistant scoutmaster; Donald Bowen, Charles Boutelle, Everett Condon, Albert Cormier, Fred Daniels, Warren Field, Edmund Gates, Earl Jenkins, Eric Jenkins, Roland Hamlet, George McMurray, Lawrence Parker, Frederick Pierce, Raymond Sawtelle, and Raymond Woodburn. Priscilla LaPorte Priscilla LaPorte rode in her decorated pony wagon, which was driven by Julian Goddard. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 471 Gertrude Hickey Gertrude Hickey of Shrewsbury rode in her pony cart. She was escorted by CorneHus Bresnahan, also of Shrewsbury, riding a pony. THIRD DIVISION— SOCIETIES Civil War Veterans Float entered by Joe Johnson Post 96, G. A. R. By vote of the Parade Committee, Joe Johnson Post 96, G. A. R. was given precedence over all others in the "Societies Division." This float was a large one fourteen feet long, seven feet wide, and five feet high. It was appropriately decorated with the national colors, red, white and blue. On either side, the story of Northborough's patriotic devotion was told in the following inscription, which extended the entire length of the float: northborough with a population of 1500 Furnished 143 Men for The Civil War In the center was a raised platform on which stood the "Goddess of Liberty" (represented by Miss Annie M. Heath) supporting "Old Glory" with her right hand, the staff resting on the floor. Seated in comfortable chairs were the following fifteen comrades of Post 96, all dressed in their G. A. R. uniforms: George W. Allen, John F. Johnson, Henry H. Burdett, Hazon Leighton, William N. Bemis, Cyrus H. Mentzer, Orin M. Bailey, Daniel R. Sawyer, Asa B. Fay, Walter Valentine, Peter Gamache, William H. Warren, John F. Hart, Levi Whit- comb, and Guilford P. Heath. John D. Holbrook of General Sedgwick Post 79, of Holyoke The float was driven by Ernest Brown of Westborough. The Spirit of Northborough Float entered by the Sons of Veterans. Joseph H. Proctor Camp 71, Sons of Veterans, entered a large float drawn by four horses, which represented "The Spirit of Northborough." Uncle Sam stood in the center holding the "stars and stripes." Around him stood a guard of twelve men (six groups of two each) representing the soldiers sent from Northborough to the various wars in which our country 472 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY has been engaged: 1776, 1812, 1846, 1861, 1898, 1916. The float was decorated with the national colors. Those taking part were : Frederick B. Van Ornum, who represented Uncle Sam, William W. Warren, Harry F. Allen, George E. Proctor, Edward W. Proctor, Chester Smith, Eben W. Paul, Winfred H. Stone, Tarbel P. Haskell. Allyn D. Phelps, Henry G. Warren, George P. Walls, Lloyd Brigham, Fred J. Proctor. Float entered by the Northborough Woman's Club. The float entered by the Northborough Woman's Club was decorated in the Club color, lavender, combined with white and a quantity of juniper. A large platform wagon was pro- cured from Herbert L. Kimball. With the help of George E. Armour, a huge umbrella, belonging to Mrs. James Burke, was erected in the center. The umbrella was covered with white and was decorated with numberless sprays of Wistaria and green leaves. Mrs. Mary B. Sawyer, president of the Club, Mrs. Herbert L. Kimball, ex-president, Mrs. Elworth P. Daniels, secretary, Mrs. Frank Foster, treasurer, and Mrs. Norman B. Potter, chairman of directors, all dressed in white and with lavender sashes over their shoulders, sat under the umbrella. Jared Bushy, dressed wholly in white even to hat and shoes, drove the float, which was drawn by his pair of handsome grey horses, decorated with lavender and white rosettes. The com- mittee chosen by the Club to plan this float were: Mrs. Thornton E. Mentzer, Mrs. George E. Armour, Mrs. Irene A. Hyde, Mrs. Robert A. Stone, and Miss Emma L. Randlett. The committee were assisted by Miss Emma A. Barnes and Mrs. Frank Foster. Float entered by the Camp-fire Girls. The float of the Owaissa Camp-fire Girls was arranged on a large auto truck. It was a mass of feathery green asparagus. In the center rose a sturdy young pine tree, which is one of the symbols of the organization. Yellow letters and sprays of golden glow gave a touch of color to it. The truck was driven by its owner, Philip G. Hilliard, who was dressed in the costume of an Indian chief. Beside him were seated Miss Rhoda A. Hartwell who represented an Indian princess, and Miss Katherine Booth. Seven of the Camp-fire Girls in cere- monial costume represented the seven crafts as follows: Miss Fanny M. Bemis (guardian), homecraft; Miss Caroline Lilley, healthcraft; Miss Irene Cobb, handcraft; Miss Olive Johnson, woodcraft; Miss Elizabeth Hilliard, nature-lore; Miss Daisy A. Balcomb, business-lore; Miss Ruby Lilley, patriotism. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 473 Suffrage Under the Stars and Stripes Float entered by the Woman Suffragists. This was an auto float. The body of the car was covered with fine green fern fronds and yellow roses, all dotted with blue butterflies. There were large bouquets at right and left of the windshield ; and white clematis climbing from one corner followed a willow wand which extended over the engine. On the engine was mounted a feathered blue-bird, an emblem of happiness. On the back seat sat Mrs. Samuel T. Maynard and Mrs. William H. Stearns, holding aloft the "Suffrage Flag"; while on the front seat rode Mrs. Ida V. Van Horn supporting "Old Glory." All was indicative of "unity of spirit in the bond of peace." The car was decorated by Mrs. Ida V. Van Horn. The First A mericans Float entered by the Foresters. The float entered by the Foresters represented the early inhabitants of America. It was decorated with red, white and blue bunting. It was drawn by four horses covered with white blankets, and was driven by William Falby who represented Uncle Sam. The occupants of the float, all representing Indians, were: Edward C. Sabouran, Arthur Bouvier, Seymour Le Porte, Joseph Gauvin, Edmund Le Porte, James McGrath. Feature No. 2. In addition to the float mentioned above, the Foresters entered another interesting feature. This was an enormous American flag carried horizontally. This flag was as wide as the street. The men at the corners of the flag were dressed in costume; all the others wore dark trousers, white shirts and straw hats. The flag was carried by the following men : Edward Woodward, Walter Gauvin, Henry Woodward, Cyrus Derosier, Joseph Gaucher, Daniel Sullivan, Charles Bruso, George Gauvin, George Gauvin, 2nd, John Ryan, Arthur Chapdelaine, James Carbrey, Edward Le Porte, Harry Ellsworth, Harold Burbank, Frank Mosso, Frank Bodreau, Frank Walsh, Paul Simmons. The following boys also walked in connection with this feature: Arthur Gauvin, Johnny Rogers, Everett Gauvin, Arthur Le Porte, Ovid Lanois, Henry Derosier, and Julian Goddard. Our Order Float entered by The Woman's Relief Corps. (The Woman's Relief Corps was also represented in the his- torical division.) 474 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY The float entered by the Woman's Relief Corps represented the patriotic order of that name. It was a large float and was decorated with the national colors, red, white and blue. At the four corners stood Miss L. Josephine Corey, Miss Olive Warren, Mrs. Mary Newton and Mrs. Lizzie Estabrook, the color bearers of the order, holding aloft the stars and stripes. A banner reading "Woman's Relief Corps No. 73,1886-1916," was also borne aloft. In addition to the color bearers already mentioned, the following members of the order rode in the float, each one carrying a small parasol trimmed with the national colors: Mrs. Gertrude Lincoln, Mrs. Eric Rice, Mrs. Ella Mon- tague, Mrs. Irene Mentzer, Mrs. Lelia Clapp, Mrs. Hattie Warren, Mrs. Silvia May, Mrs. Mabel Felton, and Miss Ada Harrington. The driver was John W. De Armond. Floats entered by The Northborough Grange. Float No.l This float was decorated with lattice work, evergreen, and pink roses, and was meant to represent the "Grange" which stands for agriculture. Certain words of the Grange ritual, "Since God placed man on the earth agriculture has existed," were represented by Harold Fitts, who was dressed as "Father Time." The members of the Ladies' Degree Team dressed in Grecian gowns represented the following characters: Ceres, goddess of cereals. Miss Myrtle Johnson; Pomona, goddess of fruit. Miss Edna Fraser; Flora, goddess of flowers, Miss Ruth Sparrow; Ceres' assistants, Mrs. Hermon L. Sparrow, Mrs. Harry Trimble, Mrs. Willis E. Wheeler, Miss Marion F. Wheeler; goddess of music. Miss Marion Daniels; goddess of astronomy. Miss Elizabeth F. England; shepherdesses, Miss Emma M. Cutler, Mrs. Harold Fitts. This float was in charge of Mrs. May C. Wheeler, Master of Ladies' Degree Team of Northborough Grange, P. of H., No. 119. Driver— Willis E. Wheeler. Float No. 2 The sides of this float were of white lattice work and were decorated with evergreen and red roses. On the platform was a large sheaf of wheat and other emblems of the order. Mrs. Arthur H. Johnson in an appropriate costume, represented "America," and George H. Felt impersonated "Uncle Sam." The float was driven by Charles A. Davis, who was dressed in white. NOTE. — The Northborough Grange was also represented in the His- torical division, Float No. 9. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 475 Float entered by the Loyal Temperance Legion. The body of this float and its canopy top were draped in white, the drapings being held in place by gilt rosettes. On each side of the body were large initial letters of the parent organiza- tion, W. C. T. U., in gilt, and at each end of the top were the letters L. T. L., also in gilt. Along each side of the top was one of the Legion's mottoes — "For God and Home and Native Land," — in gilt lettering. Those who rode in the float were as follows: Mrs. Marion W. Parmenter, leader; Bertha Smith, Norman Smith, Agnes Carlson, Carl Carlson, Madeline Bailey, Melville Bailey, Lorna Derby, Hazel Martin, Florence Mitchell, Helen Fredericks, Marie Parmenter, Elsie Norcross, Alice Nor- cross, Grace Codd, Grace Schofield, Annie Rice, Russell Tilley, John O'Brien, Chester Warren and Willard Poland. All who rode in the float, including the driver, were dressed in white. A white banner with gilt letters L. T. L., was carried. The float was drawn by two white, blind horses driven by Walker Russell. Mr. Russell also took part in the centennial cele- bration in 1866. BUSINESS MEN'S DIVISION This division of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary parade was organized and financed by the business men of Northborough, under the direction of their special committee, composed of Thomas H. Blair, Dr. Josiah M. Stanley, and Henry F. Carbrey, and consisted of fifty-two floats which included all but seven of the business interests in the town. Each float very uniquely and appropriately represented the business or trade of the one entering the same, and was chronologically assigned to its position in the line. It is interesting to know that the preparation for this anniversary brought out the fact that there were seventy different businesses and trades in Northborough. The Worcester City Band consisting of twenty-five pieces and a drum major under the direction of Fred B. Cunningham, furnished music for the occasion, and after the parade it was turned over to the General Committee for concert work in the afternoon. This section was marshaled by Dr. Josiah M. Stanley who rode in his decorated automobile, the design of which was emblematical of the medical profession. He was accompanied by Mrs. Almira A. Wadsworth, dressed in the uniform of a pro- fessional nurse. 476 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Marshal's Float Dr. Josiah M. Stanley Dr. Stanley's roadster was completely draped with white and green bunting, arranged in numerous puffs, plaits and loops to soften the effect, white being used for the background and green for the trimmings. Erected over the seat was a white umbrella from which were gracefully looped white and green streamers to the front and rear ends of the car. Other streamers of the same colors ran from the body to different parts of the machine, and to the large panel on either side of the body was attached the green cross of the medical profession. Rosettes of white and green were used where necessary to improve the beauty of the design. Here and there white pond lilies with their green foliage appeared as if carelessly thrown onto the car. The wheels were hidden from view by circles of white with centres of green. The bonnet supported a miniature pond arising from which were reeds, cat-o-'nine-tails, pond lilies and other aquatic plants. Nestling among the lily-pads were little naked doll babies, and standing in the midst of all was a white stork with lily blossoms and a naked doll baby suspended from his bill, presenting the appearance of their having just been plucked from the pond beneath. Float No. 1 The first float represented the United States Postofifice. It was an open air landau, draped with red, white and blue, decorated with small flags, with a large American flag hanging from the back; on each door was a sign "U. S. Mail." The occupants of the landau were Postmaster Martin H. Ryan, costumed as Uncle Sam; Assistant Postmaster Mary H. Ryan, representing the Goddess of Liberty; Rural Carrier Dorrance H. Lever and daughter, Marjorie; Mrs. Dorrance H. Lever and Miss Elizabeth S. Ryan. The landau was drawn by four black horses from the Carter stable of Marlborough, driven by Dr. E. W. Bradley of Marlborough. Float No. 2 "NoRTHBOROUGH NATIONAL BaNk" This was an exact reproduction on a small scale of the bank building, made on a wooden frame covered with building paper painted to simulate bricks. On either side of the length of NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 477 the eaves was a long placard of white with the following inscrip- tion in black lettering: OLDEST IN THIS SECTION Paid Stockholders in Dividends 1854-NORTHBOROUGH BaNK-1865 During Fifty-one Years 1865-NORTHBOROUGH NATIONAL as a National Bank, $319,000 Bank-1916 Has Never Failed to Pay a Capital $100,000 Semi-annual Dividend Surplus and Profits $59,000 Since Organization in 1854 The float was drawn by four gray horses driven by Chester A. Howe, of Berlin. Float No. 3 Grocery and Dry Goods business established by John Wads- worth, January 1, 1863, and continued under the same firm name to the present time, by his son, Noah Wadsworth. A large wagon owned by Mr. Hillis, of Shrewsbury, and drawn by two pair of crossed-matched horses owned by Mr. Hillis and driven by his own teamster, Mr. F. Hacky. The wagon was draped with white bunting and white crepe paper; upon each side was a crescent-shaped sign bearing the incription, "J. Wadsworth & Company, "with the dates 1863-1916. The top was decorated with cut-outs of "King Arthur Flour" ; the interior carried a tastefully arranged counter displaying groceries on one side and dry goods on the other. The occupants were Mr. Noah Wadswoth, the proprietor; Mr. Hugh Norton, a former clerk; Miss Florence Howe of Quincy, a former teacher in our public schools, representing "Walter Baker's Chocolate," wearing a Dutch costume and carrying, on a tray, a cup of cocoa; Clarence Walker and Howard Potter appropriately garbed, represented the"Gold Dust Twins," and caused much merriment along the route. Float No. 4 Represented the "Old Way" 1766, and the "New Way" 1916 A two-horse wood -wagon, on one end of which was a buck-saw and hand-saw, on the other a gasoline engine with a circular saw. Team was owned and driven by James J. Wood, aged seventy-one years and nine months, and a resident of North- borough for seventy-one years. 478 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Float No. 5 A meat and provision cart ornamented in national colors, owned and driven by A. E. Wallace. The horses wore white blankets with the inscription 1871— A. E. Wallace— 1916 Float No. 6 A covered wagon, representing an ice cream parlor, owned and driven by George B. Wood, the oldest citizen in the parade and a participant in the centennial celebration, fifty years ago. The color scheme was purple Wistaria blossoms on a white background, about five hundred blossoms being used; white crepe paper curtains were looped back on either side of the wagon to give the effect of a room, within which, seated on white chairs around a white table were the Misses Olive Russell, Ethelyn Carbrey, Florence Hatch, and Mildred Sweet, all dressed in white ; on the top of the wagon was the sign : 1876— Ice Cream— 1916 Float No. 7 Warren Brothers Poultry Supplies 1884 northborough rendering works 1916 Auto truck driven by A. L. Warren, trimmed with red, white and blue bunting and United States flags. Business, rendering and poultry supplies. Float No. 8 Geo. F. Sargent, Shoe De.\ler A monster shoe, five feet long and over two and one-half feet high, mounted on a platform float. The wheels were decorated with large red, white and blue stars, and with bunting. The body, base, skeleton frame, and shoe were also trimmed with red, white and blue bunting, with trimmings to match. Opposite either end of the seat was a sign "Sargent's Family Shoes." The float was driven by William R. Eraser, and inside the shoe rode Master "Tommy" Cobb, a colored boy ten years old, the son of Samuel Cobb. "Tommy" distributed stickpins along the route as souvenirs. Float No. 9 A very neat miniature modern Japanese bungalow, on a float driven by Charles H. Bailey, accompanied by Fred LeRoy Charles E. Bailey, Agnes A. LeRoy, Dorothy F. Bailey, Ethel E. Bailey, and Helen M. Hanson. Business, C. H. Bailey, carpen- ter and builder. One of the very attractive floats. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 479 Float No. 10 A large wagon and an automobile, both trimmed with bunting and green bows, represented Herman L. Peinze's grocery and provision business. All the commodities of each business were well advertised on the floats. This business originally started in 1889, in the old Ball store, situated where the Public Library now stands; from there was moved to the Stratton store on Main Street, and finally to its present location, formerly owned by C. Brigham & Co. Auto driven by Herman L. Peinze, and wagon by Fred C. Franklin, accompanied by Dorothy Russell and Pauline Peinze. Float No. 11 A wagon covered with savin as a foundation, in which were placed sixty-five dozen variously shaded Shirley poppies. In the wagon were carpenters' tools and benches, to represent the business of Charles Richardson, carpenter and builder. Float No. 12 KiNGSTHORPE PoNY FaRM PuRE BrED ShETLANDS Represented by a pair of black ponies, drawing a wagon decorated with cut paper, making the wheels solid disks of red, white and blue. Driven by Clevis Stone, accompanied by Elizabeth Woods. Float No. 13 Float No. 13, represented the market-garden and dairy business of George A. Brigham, who has raised farm products in Northborough and marketed them in Worcester for nearly forty years. The float consisted of a one-horse express wagon with lake body, and yellow-and-black running gear, carrying two slanting tiers of fresh vegetables in new bushel-boxes. Two boxes each of tomatoes, summer-squash, bunched beets, and Williams-Red apples constituted the load, with ten shining eight-quart milk cans filling up the rear, to represent the dairy end of the business. The wheels were decorated with red, white and blue bunting; each box of vegetables had four tiny American flags in the corners, while the whole wagon was liberally decorated with flags and asparagus greenery. Even the horse had her share in the decoration, for there were two small flags in her bridle, while the whip carried its bow of red, white and blue. Float No. 13 was driven by Mr. William L. Goddard of Littleton, Mass. Float No. 14 A wagon newly painted for the occasion, and which had been used to carry produce to market for twenty-six years, 480 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY represented the farm and garden business of Edwin S. Corey. The wagon was piled high with bushel boxes marked asparagus, lettuce, celery, apples, and milk, the principal products of the farm and garden. Float No. 15 George H. Burgoyne, Blacksmith A decorated automobile representing a blacksmith shop, in which was a horse being shod, and a man working at an anvil. Float No. 16 A low milk delivery wagon, owned and driven by Curtis H. Burdett, decorated with asparagus foliage and white Wis- taria blossoms; carried as living advertisements of the quality of the milk, two pretty young children, John Potter Eames and Thelma Spear, standing in the doors on either side of the wagon under the announcement "We drink Burdett's Milk." Streamers of red, white and blue hung from the saddle and bridle of the horse. Float No. 17 Blair & Company This was very simple and consisted entirely of elevated signs, with shelf on top displaying samples of the cash register which is their principal of today. To illustrate the time of T. H. Blair's activity in the town, the following lettering appeared on each side of the wagon : "America Camera Mfg. Co., 1896 to 1900." "Whiting Manufacturing Company, 1900 to 1913." "Blair Light Company, 1910 to 1914." "Blair & Company, 1913 to 1916." This carriage was drawn by a single horse, driven by Clarence Harrington. Float No. 18 Samuel Buckley & Son Holstein-Fresian High-Grade Cattle and Milk Color scheme black and white, corresponding to the well- known color of the cattle. A long, low platform wagon with canopy top in black and white. The central figure of the exhibit was the Holstein cow, Lady Elizabeth, 132565 H. F. H. B., with an A. R. O. record NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY 481 of 510 pounds of milk and 24.1 pounds butter in seven days. By her side was Miss Bessie Smith, dressed as a Holland milk- maid. On the front part of the wagon was a fine Holstein calf, beside which were seated Mr. Buckley's two daughters, Marion aged four, and Eleanor aged two. Over this group was the sign "Products of Holstein Milk." Over the whole float was the sign "Chestnut Hill Farm, Samuel Buckley & Son," and on the edge of the canopy the legend, "The Holstein-Fresian Cow. Best by every test." Manager of the farm, Clarence E. Buckley, dressed in black and white, drove the float. Float No. 19 Claude T. Shattuck, Druggist and Apothecary A motor truck, driven by Joseph E. Murray, with Howard P. Shattuck as passenger. The color scheme was a combination of white, lavender and gold. On a raised platform in the center was a large mortar and pestle, with a druggist's show bottle at each corner. The draping consisted of white bunting, over which was lavender arranged in festoons and trimmed with gold rope. The name, C. T. Shattuck, in letters of gold, appeared on either side. A bank of lavender- colored streamers in spirals led from the elevated platform in the center to the top of the frame supporting the drapery. Over the hood of the motor was a frame-work on which the plan of twisted streamers continued to be carried into effect. Back- ward from the seat and reaching to the rear was a canopy top, convex in form, and covered with the same spiral lavender streamers. The supports were wound with white garlands. This float was designed and constructed without professional assistance. The color effect was agreeably emphasized by the bright sunlight on the morning of the parade. Float No. 20 George H. Felt & Company, Dealers in Coal & Lumber A two-ton Packard coal truck, trimmed with various colors, and driven by Charles A. Nelson. Float No. 21 W. F. Gilbert, Confectionery and Ice Cream The automobile representing the news room of William F. Gilbert was draped with yellow and white chrysanthemums, and also yellow and black drapings. The hood of the machine was covered with a blanket of yellow and black paper woven into a 482 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY checker-board effect. Streamers of yellow and black paper were draped from the top of the machine to the radiator. A string of the blossoms followed the outline of the body of the machine, and the lights were also outlined with chrysanthemum blossoms. The spokes of the wheels were covered with yellow paper, and then massed with yellow and white blossoms. A sign represent- ing the business was on each side of the machine, while another worded," Gilbert's News Room," was attached to the back of the machine. The occupants of the machine were Francis and Amory Gilbert, sons of William F. Gilbert, who wore coats advertising Moxie. Float No. 22 The Valley Farm A motor truck float on which was a pen trimmed with garlands of National colors. In the pen were a young Ayrshire bull, two Shropshire sheep, and a lamb representing the specialties of the farm. Float driven by the owner, Everett Valentine. Float No. 23 BiGELOw & St. Onge, Plumbers A canopied float with color scheme of amber and blue. The wagon was tastefully draped, and on one side was the sign" Plumb- ing" and on the other "Heating." On the wagon was a platform on which was displayed a complete modern bathroom, with tiled floor, bathtub, lavatory and seat in vitreous china. The horse was tastefully ornamented with a blanket and trappings, carrying out the color scheme and was driven by the junior partner, Mr. St. Onge. The owners received many compliments on this float. Float No. 24 E. F. Daniels, Groceries A delivery wagon, decorated with small flags and the wheels covered with red, white and blue paper. On either side of the wagon, slanted toward a central frame-work were bags of flour "Russell's Regular" on one side, and "Onward" on the other. Above this were paper cartons of the "Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co." The horse wore a cover on which was printed in black "Onward Flour. Best by Test." Team was driven by Charles W. Frazier, accompanied by Henry C. Russell. Float No. 25 Harry F. Carbrey, Painter and Decorator A float representing a small cottage frame house ten by six, painted colonial yellow with white trimmings, and sage green NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 483 roof and blinds, decorated with bunting, and climbing vines. Driven by George Palmer, son of George Palmer, Bartlett Street. Float No. 26 James Carbrey, Fish and Sea Food A float, the body of which was covered with green sea-foam bunting on which were cardboard fishes, representing fish in the water. The wheels were covered with green and white bunting. Drawn by a white horse covered with a green blanket to match the float. Driven by the owner, James Carbrey. Float No. 27 Moses Mosso, Manufacturer Violin Trimmings A horse-drawn float decorated with the national colors, and violins and violin trimmings. On the float were machines in operation receiving their power from the rear wheels. Machine operated by Moses Mosso; team driven by Harry LeBlanc. Float No. 28 Paul & Carbrey, Painters and Decorators A canopied wagon, trimmed with lavender and white, the sides with crepe paper drawn aside to represent curtains, showing inside, samples of wall-paper. The wheels were covered with lavender and white bunting, and the wagon had a sign on each side advertising the business. Float No. 29 Deerfoot Farm Dairy, Wholesale and Retail Milk Business A two and one-half ton "White" auto truck, decorated. Driven by Robert D. Mahoney and Clarence Potter. Float No. 30 Hillside Poultry Farm Auto truck in national colors, owned and driven by J. W- Warren, containing eggs, broilers and roasters, live and dressed poultry. Float No. 31 J. E. Armour, Blacksmith and Farrier A truck decorated in red, white and blue, on the center of which was an immense horseshoe. Finger rings made from horseshoe nails were distributed along the route as souvenirs. 484 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Float No. 32 Marion C. Fitts, Florist A pony cart owned and driven by Miss Virginia Schutte, accompanied by her brother, Master Henry Schutte. The pony cart was covered with evergreen as a background with flowers and ribbons festooned around, and set in among the green. A bride's shower bouquet of sweet peas streamed from the rear, while mounted on a large cross decorated with evergreen, sweet peas and white streamers, was the sign "Marion C. Fitts, Florist," inlaid in white. Boutonnieres of sweet peas were thrown out along the route. Float No. 33 S. L. McCooL, Hardware Dealer The float was trimmed with the national colors, red, white, and blue. The body of the float was draped with bunting, with festoons of red, white and blue crepe paper filling in the sides. An array of Wadsworth Howland paints and oils. Perfection Blue Flame Oil Stoves and articles of hardware were displayed from the float, which was driven by the owner, Mr. McCool, accompanied by Miss Jennie Regan of Gardner, Mass., and Miss Mildred Brown, Baldwinsville, Mass. Float No. 34 William F. Ellsworth, Ice Cream and Restaurant Float to represent an aeroplane, decorated in Nile green and white. Float No. 35 Albert J. Carr, Northborough Grist Mill. Grain Dealer A one-horse wagon, driven by Henry J. Gauvin accom- panied by Evelyn M. Carr, Elinor B. Carr, Margaret E. Asquith, and Bernice A. Asquith. It was drawn by "Brownie," a high- spirited steed, who wore a new nickel-trimmed harness. The frame work was prettily decorated with festoons and streamers of green, corn-color and white bunting, woven neatly around printed signs, advertising specialties. The wagon was loaded with hay, grain and shavings. Float No. 36 R. E. Wadsworth & Company, commercial florists of Northborough, displayed Float No. 37 in the business men's section using their Locomobile truck. A canopy six feet high was erected over the body and extended out over the driver's NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 485 seat. Green and white bunting was used for the background and for the wheels. The canopy and posts were covered with traiHng woodbine and asparagus fern. Long ropes of garden asters, purple and white, pink and white, and cerise and white, were draped from the top of the canopy to the sides, bottom and back of the body, and from the front, ropes of blue delphinium and ever- lasting, swinging down to the windshield, were caught and con- tinued down to the front of the float. The headlights were brilliant with crimson and white sweet peas. Many loose asters with fern were used all over the body. Mr. Ralph E. Wadsworth and Mr. William P. Marhsall occupied the driver's seat, Mr. Wadsworth driving. In the back were Mrs. Ralph E. Wadsworth, Master Stanley E. Wads- worth and Mrs. William P. Marshall. All were dressed in white. Float No. 37 Entered by W. A. Crossley proprietor of "The Spa" was built on a heavy express wagon, newly painted, therefore running gear was not decorated. Four five-foot posts were run up from each corner and frame run from post to post. This was decorated with white bunting edged with green and green rosettes, and draped in loops, twice over sides, and once on ends. A two-tier platform, covered with bunting, was built over floor of wagon and on this were cut-outs and signs advertising confectionery, stationery, cameras, and grape juice. Signs on top of each side read, "The Spa." Fans advertising the business were distributed along the route of the parade. The float was driven by George Chapdelaine, Gordon H. Crossley riding with him. Float No. 38 Whitaker & Bacon, Wool, Worsted, and Woolen Waste and Shoddies An auto truck decorated with red, white and blue paper and American flags. Driven by Harry Whitaker accompanied by Alfred Partelo. Float No. 39 American Gill Screw Company A decorated automobile driven by the owner, W. Holdsworth, accompanied by Mrs. E. Holdsworth, Master E. Holdsworth, and Miss E. Holdworth. 486 NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY Float No. 40 Sparrow & Company's float, advertising poultry supplies, feeds, flour, etc., although not at all elaborate, was rather striking on account of the bright newly painted wagon with red body and yellow wheels, drawn by "Nellie," a light bay, and the heaviest horse in the town of Northborough, who wore a new harness with shining brass trimmings, and was driven by John Norton who was dressed entirely in white. On either side of the wagon, grain in white saqks was neatly arranged and fastened. Above that were banners advertising some special brands of feeds, from the top of which festoons of roses were hung, reaching to the corners of the wagon. Float No. 41 Daniel F. Danckert, Farmer A milk wagon decorated in national colors driven by John Danckert. Float No. 42 W. J. Chabot, Provisions A decorated provision wagon, driven by W. J. Chabot. Float No. 43 Proctor Preserve Company, Stephen W. Norcross, Treasurer and Manager Manufacturers of jams and marmalades, wax refiners, manu- facturers of composition wax, and dealers in beeswax, paraffin, ceresine and floor wax. A decorated automobile driven by Earl R. Blakely exhibited specimens of the products. Float No. 44 Taylor Manufacturing Company Decorated automobile loaded with yarns and cloth, driven by Chas. Atkins, accompanied by John P. Leary. Float No. 45 John W. Allen, Hardware Merchant Automobile truck. The platform on the rear was trimmed with hemlock boughs entwined with goldenrod. A canopy made of hemlock boughs and goldenrod extended over the driver's seat and hood. A sign bearing the owner's name rested against the windshield. On the platform which was covered NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 487 with green boughs and goldenrod was a bicycle grindstone which was operated by a man who was grinding a scythe, and suspended above his head was a sign bearing the word, "Hard- Wear." The driver of the truck was Arthur H. Johnson, with the owner beside him; Mr. Eli Sanderson operated the grindstone. Float No. 46 White Garage, Harold Foss, Proprietor A Cadillac covered truck decorated with American flag and bunting, and displaying signs advertising "Firestone" tires, "Socony" gasoline and oil. Truck loaded with tires and auto- mobile accessories, was driven by Harold Foss. Float No. 47 J. E. Murray, Ice Business A two-horse truck decorated in the national colors, driven by Frank Goddard. Float No. 48 The Northborough Inn A decorated automobile driven by James Hanson and accompanied by Mrs. F. E. Atwood, Mr. and Mrs. C.E.Atwood, and son Loren Atwood. Float No. 49 W. D. WoRSFOLD, Blacksmith A perfectly new express wagon driven by Mr. George Beck. Float No. 50 Louis Derosier, Stone Mason and Blasting A one-horse float driven by Hermis Derosier, representing the use of high explosives in masonry and farming. Float No. 51 New England Telephone & Telegraph Co. An automobile float trimmed with the national colors and bearing the slogan "Safety First." The float was occupied by Miss Anna M. Morrill, chief operator of Westborough, Mr. F. J. Bennet, local manager, Mr. W. H. Caverhill, wire chief of Marlborough, and the resident agent, Mr. W. H. Stearns. 488 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY AFTER THE PARADE THE FOLLOWING SPORTS TOOK PLACE- Thursday, August 17, 1916 One hundred-yard dash (local), boys over fourteen, won by Derosier; O'Dell, second; A. Gilbert, third. Time, twelve seconds. Prizes: first, silver medal; second, golden bronze medal; third, bronze medal. Eight hundred and eighty-yard run (open), won by Burke, B. A. A.; Colby, second; O'Neil, third. Time: two minutes and fourteen and three-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, silver cup; second, gold medal; third, silver medal. One hundred-yard dash (local), men, won by Ryan; F. P. Gilbert, second; Phillips, third. Time, eleven seconds. Prizes: first, silver cup; second, gold medal; third, silver medal. Four hundred and forty-yards run (local), men, won by Phillips; Burgoyne, second; McCabe, third. Time, fifty-five seconds. Prizes: first, silver cup; second, gold medal; third, silver medal. Two hundred and twenty-yard dash (local), boys over fourteen years, won by C. Derosier; O'Dell, second; A. Gilbert, third. Time, thirty minutes and three-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, silver medal; second, golden bronze medal; third, bronze medal. One hundred-yard dash (open), men, won by Morrissey, B. A. A.; Prout, B. A. A., second; Foley, B. A. A., third. Time, ten and one-fifth seconds. Prizes: first, gold medal; second, silver medal; third, golden bronze medal. Mile run (local), men, won by Burgoyne; Brigham, second; Time, five minutes and twenty-four and four-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, silver cup; second, gold medal. One hundred-yard dash (open), boys over fourteen years, won by C. Derosier; O'Dell, second; Gilbert, third. Time, three seconds. Prizes: first, silver medal; second, golden bronze medal; third, bronze medal. Two hundred and twenty-yard dash (local), men, won by Ryan; F. P. Gilbert, second; Phillips, third. Time, twenty- four and two-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, silver cup; second, gold medal; third, silver medal. Three-legged race, boys over fourteen years, won by C. Derosier and O'Dell; A. Gilbert and H. Derosier, second; Con- nors and LaPorte, third. Time, fourteen seconds. Prizes: first, silver medal; second, golden bronze medal; third, bronze medal. Two hundred and twenty-yard dash (open), men, won by NORTH BOROUGH HISTORY 489 Morrissey, B. A. A.; Prout, B. A. A., second; Nelson, third. Time twenty-two and two-fifths seconds. Prizes: first, gold medal; second, silver medal; third, golden bronze medal. Five mile run (open), men, won by Hennigan, Dorchester A. A.; O'Neil, B. A. A., second; Gregory, third. Time, twenty- eight minutes and forty-three and one-fifth seconds. Prizes: first, silver cup; second, silver cup; third, silver cup. The field events at Assabet Park resulted as follows: Pole vault, won by Harwood, B. A. A.; Hodgkins, second; Derosier, third. Height ten feet. Prizes: first, gold medal; second, silver medal; third, golden bronze medal. Standing broad jump (men), won by Walker; Phillips, second. Distance, nine feet and six and one-quarter inches. Prizes: first, gold medal; second, silver medal. Sixteen pound shot-put (men), won by Walker; Wadsworth, second; Phillips, third. Distance, thirty-four feet and five and a half inches. Prizes: first, gold medal; second, silver medal. Standing broad jump (local), boys over fourteen years, won by C. Derosier; Gilbert, second; O'Dell, third. Distance, seven feet nine inches. Prizes: first, silver medal; second, golden bronze medal; third, bronze medal. Running broad jump (local), men, won by Walker; Prout, second; Colby, third. Distance, seventeen feet and nine and a half inches. Prizes: first, gold medal; second, silver medal; third, golden bronze medal. Running broad jump, boys over fourteen years, won by A. Gilbert; O'Dell, second. Distance, fourteen feet and nine inches. Prizes: first, silver medal; second, golden bronze medal. High jumps for boys over fourteen years, won by O'Dell; Gilbert, second; Derosier, third. Height, four feet and four and a half inches. Prizes: first, silver medal; second, golden bronze medal; third, bronze medal. High jump for men, won by Walker; Colby, second; Phillips, third. Height, five feet. Prizes: first, gold medal; second, silver medal; third, golden bronze medal. The above athletes who participated in the games on these days were all registered men, as the meet was sanctioned by the New England Association of the Amateur Athletic Union. All athletes who took part in the events and were termed as novices received handicaps in all the events they entered. All handicapping was done by the official handicapper, Frank X. McGrath, Boston. William H. Casey, Secretary of Committee on Sports. 490 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY THURSDAY AFTERNOON AT ASSABET PARK Band Concert The following concert was rendered by the Worcester City Band, Fred B. Cunningham, Director, at Assabet Park, on Thursday afternoon, August 17: "Second Connecticut March." Resues "Old Kentucky Home," With variations for all instruments. Overture, "The Bridal Rose." C.Lacelle "Ragging the Scale," March. Edward Claypoole "Star-Spangled Banner." Francis Scott Key "New Colonial." Hall Cornet Solo: By Archie Campbell. "The Perfect Day." Bond The last number was given at the close of the literary exer- cises, and a more appropriate number could not have been selected. The weather throughout the day had been absolutely perfect, and aside from the weather, no untoward incident had occurred to mar the happiness of the occasion in the slightest degree. DEDICATION OF THE FLAG STAFF One of the interesting features of the anniversary program was the dedication of the flag staff at Assabet Park. This took place on Thursday afternoon, August 17. At the town meeting held on March 6, 1916, under Article XVIII, the following vote was passed: ''Voted, that the Town of Northborough purchase and erect a flag staff at such place as may be decided upon by the selectmen. Also, that the town purchase a suitable national flag therefor, and that a sum of money not to exceed $260 be appropriated for this purpose." The selectmen put the matter into the hands of Dr. John L. Coffin and Rev. Josiah Coleman Kent, they having made the preliminary investigation as to the cost of the same. They made arrangements with the Lexington Flag Staff Company, of Boston for furnishing and erecting the staff, and the contract was carried out in a satisfactory manner. The staff is of Oregon pine, stands ninety feet above the ground, and is painted with three coats of white paint. The raising of the flag was a beautiful ceremony which will never be forgotten by the large number of people who witnessed it. The flag was folded by Rev. Andrew T. Ringold and Charles E. Bailey, and was raised by Charles E. Bailey and Harry F. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 491 Allen. In the meantime, Joe Johnson Post No. 96, G. A. R., in full uniform under command of Commander Hazon Leighton, encircled themselves around the base of the staff. All heads were bared and the vast audience rose to its feet as the flag was slowly raised to the masthead. Just before it reached the masthead, the Worcester City Band, which had been giving a concert, suddenly struck up "The Star-Spangled Banner." Upon reaching the top the halliards were given the proper twist and the heavy flag dropped limp and clung to the staff. Just at that moment and as though by magic, the breeze carried it out to its full length, and "Old Glory" floated there in the breeze, a thing of beauty. The audience, which up to that time, had been quiescent, suddenly broke forth into a round of applause. The heart of every one present seemed to be touched as with coals from off the altar of patriotism. That new flag, floating so proudly on high, thrilled everyone with patriotic ardor. LITERARY EXERCISES After the flag-raising the following literary exercises took place. Rev. Frank Louis Bristol, was master of ceremonies. He said : ''Ladies and Gentlemen, Fellow Citizens and Friends: We are here at this time to continue our celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth birthday of our town and to receive the greetings from those who have come to join with us in our festivities. There are very few of us at most that can look back and see and remember one hundred and fifty years. I am not here to try to do that. For not being as aged as the eloquent speaker of last evening, our ancient historian, I shall not try to conjure up the past but simply live in the present, and look a little toward the future, as we listen to the well wishes of our welcome guests. But first we will receive a word from one of our own townspeople. I take pleasure in presenting to you Mr. Hermon L. Sparrow, chairman of Northborough's Board of Selectmen." Mr. Sparrow welcomed the people in a few well-chosen words and Mr. Bristol proceeded: "Some years ago it was my lot to dwell in the State of Michigan. It was at a time when one of those large forest fires swept over two of the counties of the state, driving many people from their homes. At the same time a political campaign was being carried on. One of the nominees was the then present Governor Jerome; and another was a candidate named Begole. The latter was a wealthy man, and as funds were being sent to the stricken region Begole telegraphed 'Let no one suffer; call on me.' At 492 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY the election Begole was elected. Shortly after there was a banquet in East Saginaw to which Ex-Governor Jerome and Governor Begole were invited. Jerome was there ; Begole could not be present. He was expected to respond to the toast 'The State of Michigan,' and Jerome was asked to take his place. He began by saying 'Let no one suffer; call on me.' We expected our Governor McCall with us today, but he could not be present. But we have one who is always ready and can always say in every emergency, 'Let no one suffer; call on me.' I take great pleasure in introducing to you the Hon. Albert P. Langtry, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts." SPEECH OF HON. ALBERT P. LANGTRY "Governor McCall regrets exceedingly his inability to be present here today and sends his greetings and best wishes to all the people of Northborough. "Of all the flags flung to the breeze In all the lands beneath the sun; Of all the flags on all the seas, I claim but one, I love but one. "There may be other flags for some Which seem to be of equal worth. But as for me that flag spells 'home' — It is the dearest flag on earth. "I love Old Glory most, because No king can claim her as his own. And from her spring great eagle claws When anyone suggests a throne. "Baptized was she in blood of men. And consecrated by the tears Of brave, though weeping women, when They sent their loved ones forth with cheers. "The men who raised that flag waged war; They bled, they died, without complaint; They knew what they were fighting for; They gave themselves without restraint. "And so it is that here and now We hoist thee, old Red, White and Blue, And underneath thy folds we vow We'll fight for you; we love but you. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 493 "There are four epochs in the history of America, the first being signalized by the landing of the Pilgrims and the Puritans on this rock-bound coast. No people ever had a harder struggle to get an existence than did these hardy men and women, but they came to America so that they could worship God as they wanted to worship God. After the colonies had been established they felt that they were oppressed by Great Britian; they rebelled against taxation without representation, and the War of the Revolution resulted; and after the war this great country was established. Later, as the result of the existence of slavery in the Southern states, the country was divided and we had the Civil War, the greatest war ever known up to that time. It was a family quarrel, but a most bitter one. It developed the greatest man in the United States, yes, in my opinion, the greatest man the world ever knew — ^Abraham Lincoln. You have many poor children in Northborough, but not one brought up under such adverse circumstances as was Lincoln, and by his own efforts he climbed to the highest position in the world. His career says to every American if you have the right kind of grit you also can climb toward the top. Fifty years ago America was a third-rate nation. Today from a business standpoint it is the greatest nation in the world. Recently, in the North Station in Boston I saw a placard on which was given the relative sizes of the American and the European armies and navies. Our army was represented by only a spot on the map, while our navy ranked third; but the bag of gold which represented the richest of the nations showed that the United States is many times richer than any other country. All this prosperity has come to us in half a century. We have seen millionaires spring up upon all sides, and we who are prosperous among the American people must not forget those hardy sons who labor with their muscles for two, three or four dollars a day and for eight, nine or ten hours a day. Don't you realize when they see a man going by in his five thousand-dollar automobile to the golf links that they must think that there is an unequal division of the wealth of the world, and that they must hold that it is unfair that they should labor from morning till night for just enough to exist, while others lie in the lap of luxury? Some day these men will realize their power and when they do the rest of the country will have to take heed. "We want no hyphenated Americans. What we want is American Americans. A clergyman was walking through the North End of Boston recently, and seeing a little fellow, thought he could tell by his appearance to what nationality he belonged. 494 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY and said 'Are you an Italiano?' and the boy threw back his shoulders and repHed 'No, sir, I am an Americano.' There is the making of a first-class American citizen in that boy. I have the greatest faith in the future of these men who come from foreign climes. We people who are born in America have no appreciation of liberty because we have taken it as a matter of course, but many of the foreign-born citizens come from countries where oppression was the rule and they fully appreciate American liberty. And if the Star-Spangled Banner is ever attacked those men will be found standing shoulder to shoulder with us Americans fighting for this country. "It is a curious thing that this, the most prosperous country in the world, is never prepared for war. In '61 the North was absolutely unprepared and for two years while we were becom- ing prepared the South had the better of the argument; but after we became prepared, then the North won. In the Spanish War in '98 America was again unprepared. Wealthy men in Boston who saw visions of a demolition of the city by a Spanish fieet, removed their valuables to Worcester, and now again the country is absolutely unprepared. We have sent thousands of young men to the Mexican border and we have left at home women and children greatly in need of help. This affair with Mexico may amount to nothing, but we of the home guard must remember that these young men enlisted for war exactly the same as if war did exist. I am politically opposed to President Wilson, but I want to thank him for keeping us out of war ; but if war does come, the motto of every loyal American will be one flag, one country, and one president. "The army of '61 was made up of boys seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, and twenty years of age and the army of 1916 is another army of boys. Many — very many — of the boys of '61 never returned and if we had a war with Mexico, very many of our boys would not return. "Into a ward of the whitewashed walls, Where the dead and the dying lay. Wounded by bayonet shells and balls, Somebody's darling was borne one day, — Somebody's darling, so young and brave, Wearing yet on his sweet, pale face, Soon to be hid in the dust of the grave. The lingering light of his boyhood's grace. "Matted and damp are the curls of gold. Kissing the snow of that fair young brow; NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 495 Pale are the lips of delicate mould, — Somebody's darling is dying now. Back from his beautiful blue-veined brow- Brush his wandering waves of gold, Cross his hands on his bosom now, — Somebody's darling is still and cold. "Kiss him once for somebody's sake, Murmur a prayer, soft and low; One bright curl from its fair mates take. They were somebody's pride, you know; Somebody's hand hath rested there — Was it a mother's soft and white? Or have the lips of a sister fair Been baptized in those waves of light? "God knows best; he has somebody's love; Somebody's heart enshrined him there; Somebody wafted his name above Night and morn on the wings of prayer; Somebody wept when he marched away, Looking so handsome, brave and grand; Somebody's kiss on his forehead lay, Somebody clung to his parting hand. "Somebody's watching and waiting for him, — Yearning to hold him again to her heart; And there he lies, with his blue eyes dim. And the smiling, childlike lips apart; Tenderly bury the fair young dead, Pausing to drop on his grave a tear; Carve on the wooden slab at his head : 'Somebody's Darling slumbers here.' "The greatest institution in the world is the church and it is the institution that is most easily neglected. Take your automobile and go into the country, perhaps through a wooded strip where the houses are a half a mile apart, and of a sudden come to a clearing and you see a little white church with its spire pointing to Heaven. Around it are clustered half a dozen houses and you instinctively feel that if you were to rap on the front door of any one of those houses you would get a Christian welcome. The church stands for law, order, and good govern- ment and where no churches exist you always find the opposite. There are a hundred and sixty-eight hours in the week. Did 496 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY you ever stop to think that the church asks but one? You have plenty of time for golf, theatres, cards, and dancing. How easy it is to find an excuse for not going to church. I believe that all churches are working for a common purpose and that all Christians should work together. Practically all of us inherit our religious creeds. My father and mother were Universalists. When I was a child I went to a Universalist Sunday-school. Naturally, when I grew up I went to the Universalist Church. In that church I have heard able men tell why my religion is better than any other and they have satisfied me and I have never looked into any other religion. There isn't the slightest doubt in my mind that if my father and mother had been Con- gregationalists, I would be a Congregationalist; if they had been Catholics, I would be a Catholic, and if they had been Jews, I would be a Hebrew. "It is ungentlemanly and unpatriotic to call people of different nationalities by nickname. You hurt their feelings and accom- plish absolutely nothing. Because a person is black it is con- temptible to call him a nigger and you always want to remember that the accident of birth made you white. Had your parents been black, you too would be a nigger. To call the Irish tads and micks, and the Jews sheenies, is contemptible. I know very many Jewish people who are among the best people of my acquaintance. They have the faculty of making money while all the rest of us are striving to make money, and a lot of us are jealous of the Jews because they are more clever at the trick. "I believe that each one of you is a patriot. I believe that each one of you is willing, if need be, to fight for his country, to fight for the Star-Spangled Banner — "Your flag and my flag! And, O, how much it holds — Your land and my land — Secure within its folds! Your heart and my heart Beat quicker at the sight! Sun-kissed and wind-tossed, Red and blue and white, The one flag — the great flag — The flag for me and you — Glorifies all else beside — The red and white and blue." Mr. Bristol: "Some years ago a noted member of Congress from the State NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 497 of Connecticut was speaking from the floor of Congress, when he said : 'The best country in the world is the United States of America; the best state in the United States is Connecticut; the best town in Connecticut is Norwich; and the best house in Norwich is my house.' I want to change that a Httle and say: The best country in the world is the United States of America; the best state in the United States is Massachusetts; the best town in Massachusetts is Northborough ; and the best member of the House of Representatives is our representative, the Hon. John Jacob Rogers, Congressman from the F'ifth District. I take great pleasure in presenting to you our Congressman, the Hon. John Jacob Rogers." SPEECH OF HON. JOHN JACOB ROGERS ''Friends of Northborough: I esteem it a very great privilege to be permitted to be with you today, and to take a small part in the exercises attending the celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Northborough. I esteem it, too, a privilege to be the representative in Congress of a town like this, for it is just such New England communities which represent the best in our modern life, and strive unceas- ingly to keep vigorously alive our worthiest American traditions, and our finest American manhood and womanhood. "Northborough is older than the United States; she was a thriving town before even the boldest and the most prophetic among the colonists foresaw the Declaration of Independence and the separation from the mother country. And yet, almost at the moment of her birth, came the first tangible evidences out of which the analyst might have constructed Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Yorktown. "The Seven Years' War had been waged in Europe from 1756 to 1763. Among its major consequences had been, through the genius of Frederick the Great, the advent of Prussia as a world power. It had driven the French from India and from the North American continent. With a narrowness and pro- vincialism of view which perhaps were natural a century before Atlantic cables and fast steamers, the American colonies knew this great world-struggle as the 'French and Indian War.' After peace was agreed upon in 1763, England found herself powerful but poor. She thought it but fair that the colonies, which had greatly benefited by the war, should bear some of its financial burdens. So, under Grenville, the prime minister of the day, the Stamp Act came to be passed in 1764. It was to go into effect November 1, 1765. But a storm of violent dissent and 498 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY anger rose all over the colonies. The protest against 'Taxation without Representation' took tangible form, not to be ignored. The Grenville ministry went out of office in July, 1765, and a new ministry of moderate Whigs, under Lord Rockingham, succeeded. This ministry deemed the protests of the colonies not unreasonable, and so, in March, 1766, the obnoxious Stamp Act was repealed, without ever having, practically speaking, gone into effect. "A quotation from a Boston newspaper of the day describes the reception in America of the tidings of the repeal : "GLORIOUS NEWS" "Boston, Friday 11 o'clock, 16th May, 1766. This "instant arrived here the Brig Harrison, belonging to "John Hancock, Esq.; Captain Shubael Coffin, in 6 Weeks "and 2 Days from London, with important news, as follows: 'From the London Gazette. 'Westminster, March 18th, 1766.' (Then follows the account of the repeal). "When the King went to the House of Peers to give 'the royal assent, there was such a vast concourse of 'people, huzzaing, clapping hands, etc., that it was several 'hours before his Majesty reached the House. Immedi- 'ately on his Majesty's signing the royal assent to the 'Repeal of the Stamp Act, the merchants trading to 'America dispatched a vessel which had been in wait- 'ing to put into the first port on the continent with 'the account. "There were the greatest rejoicings possible in the 'City of London, by all ranks of people, on the total ' Repeal of the Stamp Act. The ships in the river displayed 'all their colours, illuminations and bonfires in many 'parts. In short, the rejoicings were as great as was 'ever known on any occasion. "It is said the Acts of trade relating to America would 'be taken under consideration and all grievances removed. 'The friends to America are very powerful, and disposed 'to assist us to the utmost of their ability. Captain Blake 'sailed the same day with Captain Coffin and Capt. 'Shand a fortnight before him, both bound to this port. "It is impossible to express the joy the town is now in 'on receiving the above great, glorious and important 'news. The bells in all the churches were immediately 'set a ringing, and we hear the day for a general rejoicing 'will be the beginning of next week." NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 499 "So Northborough came into being in the midst of these stirring times, and almost at the moment of the first conspic- uous victory of the colonies against their parent. She comes naturally by a love of freedom and a sense of high patriotic duty. "But the victory was short-lived. The Rockingham ministry lasted but a year, and August, 1766 — one hundred and fifty years ago, almost to a day — it gave way to a ministry under William Pitt, now made Earl of Chatham. 'Had Pitt retained his mastery, all might have gone well; but his health failed, his leadership became a mere form, real power fell to other men with no wide, perceiving vision like his own, and America was presently put once again in revolutionary mood.' "It may be said that that change of ministry, one hundred and fifty years ago, made inevitable the Revolutionary War. And so it may be said with equal truth that the birthday of Northborough was also the birthday of the new nation. " It is interesting to note how the half-century cycles of North- borough's history have been connected with great wars. The year 1766 closely followed the Seven Years' War and presaged the Revolutionary War. The year 1816, its fiftieth birthday closely followed the end of our 'Second War for Independence,' the War of 1812, and the immeasurably greater European War which culminated in Waterloo and the downfall of Napoleon. The year 1866, its hundredth anniversary, was but a few months after the forces of the Confederacy laid down their arms and ended our great Civil War. And the present year of grace witnesses the mightiest conflict, whether from the standpoint of nations and men engaged, of casualties, of money, or of issues, in the whole history of the world. "These half-century periods are noteworthy, too, because they epitomize the entire history of the United States. Seventeen hundred and sixty-six marks the budding of the spirit of Inde- pendence which came to full fruition less than a decade later. Eighteen hundred and sixteen marks the assumption by the infant nation of a dignified, permanent place among the powers of the world, and the throwing off of the shackles which had hitherto hampered its trade and its operations upon the Atlantic Ocean. "Because a true appreciation of a wise course for the future demands an examination of the events of the past, and because there seems to be a singular coincidence in many respects between the position of the United States in 1816 and her position in 1916, I wish here to digress for a moment to examine the state of 500 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY our commercial relations with Europe at the close of the Napole- onic Wars. Let me quote the words of President Wilson in his 'History of the American People,' (vol. Ill, pages 239-242). "'Peace changed the very face of trade. . . . English merchants poured their goods once again into the American ports, so long shut against them by embargoes and war. ... It was manifestly a menace to every young industry that a flood of English imports should continue to pour into the country at the open ports. The remedy was a protective tarifif. . . . Every State in the Union except Delaware and North Carolina was represented by at least one member in the vote which established it. Men of the most diverse views and interests united in wishing to give the country not only political but also economic independence.' "The method of 'dumping' English goods into the United States, to which President Wilson refers, was explained in the English Parliament by Lord Brougham, the ablest English statesman of his day: 'It is well worth while to incur a loss upon the first exportation in order, by the glut, to stifle in the cradle those rising manufacturies in the United States which the war has forced into existence contrary to the natural state of things.' "Horace Greeley thus describes the condition of things prior to the tariff act passed a hundred years ago : ' ' 'At the close of the second war with England, peace found this country dotted with furnaces and factories which had sprung up under the precarious shelter of embargo and war. Those not yet firmly established found themselves suddenly exposed to a relentless and determined foreign competition. Great Britain poured her fabrics far below cost upon our markets in a perfect deluge. Our manufactures went down like grass before the mower, and our agriculture and the wages of labor speedily followed. Financial prostration was general and the presence of debt was universal. In New England fully one-fourth of the prosperity went through the sheriff 's mill. . . . In New York the leading merchants in 1817 united in a memorial to Congress to save our commerce as well as our manufactures from utter ruin by increasing the tariff duties. "Will any one deny that there is a striking parallelism between our situation in 1816 and our situation in 1916 or '17 — or whenever the war in Europe comes to that end for which we all yearn? "Then as now Europe had engaged in a frightful and devastat- ing conflict. With the advent of peace she will seek to build up NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 501 her trade at the expense of the United States, just as she did a century ago. It is true that we were engaged as a participant in the war of a hundred years ago, while we are — up to the present time at least — looking upon the present conflict as a neutral. But that does not, I think, alter the nature of the problem with which we shall be confronted when the war comes to an end. We must prepare to meet that problem. It is not for me, in this company, and at this time, to argue the nature of the solution; it is perhaps sufficient to state the parallel and leave you to consider the proper remedy. "So much for 1816. As 1766 marked the beginnings of the first war for independence, and as 1816 marked the beginning of the era of industrial and commercial independence, 1866 marked the beginning of an undivided nation. The abolition of slavery and the denial for all time of the right of a state or of a group of states to secede from the nation were the twofold con- tribution of the men who wore the blue in the Civil War. It is a pleasure and an honor to see so many of that host of the army of the republic in this gathering today. We are always proud to acknowledge the undying debt we owe them. "The year 1866 — the centenary of Northborough's birth, marks, then, the latest stage of our national development. A strong, free, united people have prospered mightily in the last fifty years. The war of 1898 brought us new responsibilities — the responsibilities of an empire added to those of a nation. For the last twenty years we have — whether we like it or not — become truly a world-power. But this was evolution; it could not have been long delayed. The Monroe Doctrine was one cause; the cable, the fleet steamer, and the annihilation of space by science were also potent. We have not grown larger — the world has grown smaller. The news of the repeal of the Stamp Act took six weeks to reach Boston when Northborough was born; now we know in a few seconds what London, Paris, Berlin, Petrograd, or Tokio are doing and saying. "So we have grown to man's estate; with a man's thoughts, a man's duties, a man's privileges, and a man's temptations. We have, as a nation, striven to keep the faith; let not our great prosperity of the moment benumb our sensibilities or render us incapable of right thinking and right living. The true New England town, of which Northborough is typical, has been a powerful bulwark for good. "Friends, you, in celebrating this day, are doing more than a local service; you are playing a national part as well. You are aiding in upholding the traditions of an institution which is 502 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY potent and far-reaching. I close as I began ; I congratulate you upon this glorious day and this splendid gathering; I thank you for allowing me to take part in your exercises; and I hope that I may greet you all when Northborough's span of life measures two hundred years." Mr. Bristol: "We are always glad to go to our grandparents atThanksgiving time, and on other festal occasions, and see all the loved ones in the family circle, but today instead of going to the old homestead to meet the dear ones there, our grandmother has sent her representative to visit us in our own home, and bring us words of cheer. I will introduce to you John Rice, Esq., who brings to us words of greeting from our grandmother, the City of Marl- borough." JOHN RICE '^Mr Chairman, and Friends of Northhorough: I regret to announce the illness of Mayor Farley, of Marlborough, who expected to be present today as a representative of the City of Marlborough, which is the mother of all the borough towns. "As the representative of the City of Marlborough I thank you very kindly for the invitation to be present and speak to you. "The history of the Town of Northborough, in the early days, is really a part of the history of Marlborough because you did not separate from your mother town until your mother was about one hundred years of age. I viewed the parade and exhibits along the Main Street of your town this morning, and there passed through my mind how the old Indian trail had changed to a town road and finally had now become the State Highway from Boston to New York. I thought of the wonderful progress made by your local bank, and the dividends paid during the last half century are a tribute to the honor and integrity of the men who have guided that institution. I looked through your old town reports and I read the names of honored citizens who have come and gone since the town was founded, and I think today with regret that those who made it possible for this town to endure, cannot view through human eyes the fruits of their labors. "As I look out from this hillside across the village, the several church spires convince me that the morals of the town are well guarded and that the people of Northborough live in an honest and upright community. From where. we are now gathered you can see the hilltops of Marlborough, like ever-watching NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 503 sentinels, patiently guarding and guiding her daughter who launched into a career of her own a century and a half ago. "The history of the colonial days is the history of the families of the Rices and the Brighams and the Fays. As time went on and changes occurred, new peoples have moved into your midst to aid and assist the sons of your forefathers in conducting the civic and business affairs of the town. "One of the pleasantest sights to greet our eyes today was the patriotic demonstration at the unfurling of the American flag. Some call it Old Glory, some call it the Star-Spangled Banner, but it is the same flag which the hands of Betsy Ross wove into a robe of glory. May this flag forever wave on the hilltops and church spires of Northborough. "The history of any town is but a representation of the thought and influence of its leading men in the days which have gone by, and it must be said that the history of Northborough reflects nothing but the honor, the integrity and the morality of thought- ful and conscientious men. "The message I bring from your mother. City of Marlborough, is that you may forever endure a progressive community in which your citizens live amongst each other in peace and harmony; each thoughtfully and carefully fulfilling his or her place in the world, to the end that the morals and the civic welfare of this community shall always become the object of admiration. "If the spirits of the illustrious dead can ever participate in the cares and concerns of this community, may they look down with scrutiny upon the conduct of all citizens to see to it that you never deviate from those paths of honesty and morality which it was their wont to instill into the history of this com- munity." Mr. Bristol: "Young people after a certain number of years generally leave the old home and set up housekeeping for themselves. After they are settled in their new home they love to have the parents come and visit them to show what good housekeepers they are. Sometimes towns do the same thing. As a rule one of the young people generally changes her name. It is the same generally with towns; but when this town left the old home and set up housekeeping for herself she did not change her family name but still adheres to the borough. Today, after those few short one hundred and fifty years our mother sends to greet her child and bid her God-speed. We are happy to welcome and intro- duce our mother's delegate, Mr. M. H. Walker, of Westborough." 504 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY M. H. WALKER, WESTBOROUGH "It is altogether fitting that the mother town should be represented at the celebration of the daughter's one hundred and fiftieth birthday, and it gives me great pleasure to bring her congratulations and good wishes. "When Northborough was set off she took away nearly one- half of the territory of Westborough and no inconsiderable portion of the inhabitants. "Naturally her leaving the old home caused regret and perhaps some feeling of bitterness, but all this soon passed away, and the mother came to be proud of the growth and prosperity of the new town and from that time on the most cordial and friendly feeling has been maintained. "Beyond question Northborough has compared favourably with other towns of the Commonwealth in all material things, and also in those higher and nobler things which has made our Commonwealth our pride and glory. "Before the incorporation, while yet a precinct of the old town, a church and schoolhouse were built, and a minister and school- master were provided. "From this beginning, a warm and earnest interest in religion and education was maintained, and no sacrifice has been deemed too great for these vital things. "Not only has a deep interest been felt in all that concerned the town, but the interests of the state and nation as well. "When the events immediately preceding the beginning of the War of the Revolution occurred, Northborough was among the first to respond to the call with men and means. "A full company of Minute-Men marched for Concord on the day of the fight there on the 19th of April, 1775. All through the long and sometimes disheartening contest her faith and courage never failed. "In the war of 1812-14 she had her full share. When Presi- dent Lincoln called for volunteers to preserve the Union, North- borough responded nobly, sending her full quota and more, some of these becoming members of regiments distinguished for their valor on many hard-fought fields. "Had not her sons and others like them answered to their country in her time of peril, we should not stand today under our beloved flag you have unfurled here. "May the future deal as kindly with you as the past has done, and your sons be as ready to answer calls of duty and service as have the fathers, and your children of each succeeding genera- NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 505 tion grow to be as honest, intelligent, patriotic and God-fearing as they." Mr. Bristol: "We are pleased to have with us today our representative to the Great and General Court of Massachusetts from this district. I present to you Hon. A. W. Whiting, of Clinton." (Mr. Whiting's address was not written.) Mr. Bristol: "There is present in our midst on this occasion one who was present fifty years ago at the one hundredth anniversary, and who spoke a few words of greeting at that time. I think he has a few words for us today, when we and he are fifty years older. I present to you Mr. W. E. Parkhurst, of Clinton." (Mr. Parkhurst's address was not written.) THE PAGEANT The celebration was brought to a close on Thursday evening, August 17, with a remarkable pageant illustrating the town's history. It is deeply regretted by the committee that a detailed account of this feature cannot be given. It was intended to record the event in detail, including the names of all those who participated in it. But for some unaccountable reason those names were not kept. All that we can say is, the pageant was a remarkably beautiful affair which drew to the grounds thou- sands of people. It is estimated that five hundred automobiles were parked in the enclosure. The following program will give an idea of the magnitude of the event: NORTHBOROUGH PAGEANT Mitchell's Field Marlborough Road August 17, 1916, Eight O'clock P.M. Audience to occupy the slope east of the field; audience is respectfully requested to keep off the field itself. I Episode 1. Indian warrior on guard; enter tribe of Nipmuck Indians; campfire; scout indicates approach of a white man. Episode 2. Enter John Brigham, the first white settler; after some parleying he is allowed to pass; later John Brigham's build- ing is burned. 506 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Episode 3. Mrs. Fay and Mary Goodenow attacked by a party of Indians while gathering herbs in the meadow; Mrs. Fay escapes; Mary Goodenow is killed. Interlude II Episode 1. Settlers on their way to church. Episode 2. The Dames school. Ill Postman arrives bringing news of the activity of the British ; Minute-Men called to arms; Addressed by Parson Whitney; Departure of the Minute-Men. Tableau: "Spirit of 76." IV Tableau: Industries of Northborough. V Farewell to Gov. John Davis. VI Tableau representing Civil War ; celebration at close of the war. VII Tableau; Singing "Hymn to Northborough"; "America." Audience requested to join in the singing. The celebration was brought to a close by the singing of the following : HYMN TO NORTHBOROUGH By JosiAH Coleman Kent Dear Northborough, our native town, Set in the midst of hill and vale. Upon thy beauty we look down And all thy grandeur proudly hail. Thou art to us a mother, fair; With kindly mien, and pride of birth Thou holds't us in thy tender care By virtue of thine own true worth. Thou taught us virtue we should heed. And righteousness to ever seek; To look to God in ev'ry need. And seek his strength to guide our feet. Thy children now with thought aright Unite to sing thy glorious praise, And vindicate thy faultless sight That placed in us so much of faith. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 507 THE POLICE DEPARTMENT The following statement was rendered to the committee by Chief Carbrey shortly after the celebration : "The Northborough Police Department, consisting of Harry F. Carbrey, Chief, Solomon A. Goddard and Shepley P. Sawyer, were assisted during the celebration by special police appointed by the selectmen, as follows: Charles Winthrop Gibson, Charles H. LaPorte, Clarenc.e E. Bailey, and Lewis H. Smith of North- borough; Thomas Prescott, James Finneran and Alfred Harper, of the Worcester Police Department; and Bertrand Mitchell and Hugh McNiff, of the Marlborough Police Department. "The parade was led by the Northborough police. Every- thing moved off in a very orderly manner; not a person was seen under the influence of liquor during the two days of the cele- bration; no arrests were made, and the only disturbance that occurred was the ordering out of town of an objectionable fakir." THE NORTHBOROUGH BRASS BAND Louis A. Wheeler (Marlborough), Leader C. Montford Brigham Walter Peintze Walter O. Brigham Francis G. Logan Solomon Goddard Leslie H. Smith Thomas White Albert Carr Ernest Moore Frank Lilley Lorin Harrington Charles Brigham Norman B. Potter Elmer T. Bemis Stephen W. Norcross Waldo Bemis Martin M. Ryan Julian Goddard Lindsey Jones Elmer Odell Sidney Walls Hector Marcheterre Fred Kilborne, of Westborough Fred Pidgean, of Clinton George Crowe, of Westborough Fred Byron, of Hudson O. D. Wheeler, of Marlborough A TRAINED NURSE In planning the details of the celebration it was the desire of the committee to take all necessary precautions against accidents, sickness, etc. And to this end the committee voted to engage a trained nurse, who should be on duty during both days of the celebration. When this matter was brought to the attention of the Northborough Woman's Club that club very generously offered to assume entire responsibility for the nurse. 508 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY They accordingly appointed a committee — Mrs. Noah Wads- worth, to make all necessary arrangements for the same. Mrs. Wadsworth procured a nurse with full equipment. She estab- lished her headquarters in the parlor of the Evangelical Congre- gational Church (through the courtesy of the Standing Committee of the church), and was on duty during both days of the cele- bration. We are happy to record, however, that the only duty she was called upon to render was to bind up a slight scratch which was caused by some one falling out of a float. The expense to the Northborough Woman's Club was ten dollars. The nurse was Miss Anna M. Hunt, of Worcester. HOW THE PEOPLE WERE FED How to feed a large number of people on any festive occasion is always a serious problem. It was so to our Anniversary Committee. But they finally settled the matter by appointing a committee to investigate the feasibility of employing a caterer. The committee was composed as follows: Wilbur H. Duplissis, Chairman Miss Ada A. McClure Fr^\nk J. Russell Henry W. Paul Chester E. Hildreth This committee made a careful investigation. They con- sulted caterers in Boston, Worcester, Framingham, and other places, and finally reported that Caterer F. O. Anderson of Hudson would furnish a dinner consisting of cold ham, tongue, and roast beef, hot mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes, sliced cucumbers, tomatoes, hot rolls, tea and coffee, assorted cake, ice cream and sherbet, for sixty cents per plate — the committee to furnish a hall, tables and waiters. He stipulated however, that he should be guaranteed the sale of two hundred and fifty tickets. The committee recommended that Mr. Anderson's offer be accepted. The General Committee accepted the recommendation, and appointed this investigating committee as a permanent Dinner Committee with full power of action. This proved to be the right thing to do; for the sequel showed that about five hundred tickets were sold long before dinner time, and at 12.30 o'clock that number of people sat down and enjoyed a dinner that was satisfactory in every way. RECEPTION AT THE PUBLIC LIBRARY FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE At a meeting of the Reception Committee the thought was expressed that there are a good many elderly people in the town, NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 509 representatives of some of the old families, and others, who have helped to make the town what it is, who are closely connected with its history and traditions, but who are, on account of their age, debarred from taking an active part in the anniversary program. The committee, believing that they should have part in the festivities of this gala occasion, consequently voted to hold a reception for them at the Public Library, on the after- noon of Wednesday, August 16 (which day was designated on the program as "Old Home Day"), that they might have an opportunity to meet their friends comfortably, pleasantly, and without fatigue. The following committee was chosen for that purpose: Mrs. Samuel T. Maynard Mrs. Sarah E. Emery Mr. AND Mrs. Thomas H. Blair Mrs. Rose Bowden Dr. and Mrs. John L. Coffin Miss Cora Small Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Thomas Individual invitations were sent to all elderly residents of the town, so far as the committee could learn of them. They were invited to meet at the library from three-thirty to five o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, August 16, to meet their friends, and also to view the parade on the morning of August 17. The committee took great pleasure in making the arrange- ments. They were cordially assisted by others in entertaining and serving their guests. The reception proved a success far beyond anything the committee had hoped. The weather was perfect in every way. The guests began to arrive soon after three o'clock and con- tinued to come till the library was taxed to its utmost. A table was daintily laid in the trustees' room from which the guests were served light refreshments, cooling drinks and hot tea. Everyone was asked to register, and all were given an oppor- tunity to meet the arriving guests and be introduced to one another. It was an occasion long to be remembered. The attractive, unique setting of the library rooms, the older guests, many of whom had thought their reception days had passed, enjoying the festivities as much as ever, the meeting of old friends, the out-of-town visitors conversing together in interested groups, all made a picture of significant interest. The older residents were the honored guests of the occasion; but as others arrived they were introduced to them, and many an old friend or acquaintance was revealed in the meeting. Guests continued to arrive all the afternoon, and departing, felt that they would long remember this interesting and appropriate part of the Old Home Day celebration. 510 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY THE BOY SCOUTS Troop 1, Northborough, Boy Scouts of America, rendered valuable service during both days of the celebration and re- flected much credit upon themselves. On Tuesday, August 15, they, under the leadership of their scoutmaster, Clarence E. Bailey, pitched camp on Mt. Assabet that they might be the better prepared for service. They found plenty of work to do, and they did it with that willingness and loyalty which have come to be characteristic of the Boy Scout creed. On Wednes- day, August 16, they assisted the anniversary committees by running errands. They also took part in the children's parade, carrying a large flag. On August 17, they again assisted the committees at the town hall, and in keeping the crowd back during the athletic contests. They also took part in the grand parade. In this, they had the co-operation of Troop 52, of Shrewsbury, marching under the direction of Assistant Scout- master Fletcher. On August 18 they assisted Park Com- missioner William R. Frazer in clearing the park of paper and other rubbish. Then they broke camp. The boys had their enjoyment of the celebration in helping others. Troop 1, of Northborough, was made up as follows: Clarence E. Bailey, Scoutmaster Gordon B. Ringold, Patrol Leader Everett Nelson, Assistant Patrol Leader Melvin L. Smith, Secretary Charles W. ¥e\t, Bugler Edward Nelson, Treasurer Robert Frazer Ubert Zeh Elmer Norcross J. Bailey Brennan William Felt Albert Nelson Charles Bigelow REUNION OF THE HIGH SCHOOL ASSOCIATION Provision was made on the anniversary program for the reunion of schools, societies, families, etc. Advantage was taken of this opportunity by the High School Alumni Association. The forty-fifth annual reunion of this association was held on the afternoon of Wednesday, August 16, in the high school build- ing and on the church green. The officers of this association were President, Herbert A. Whitcomb Vice-President, Frank Russell Secretary, Fanny Bemis Treasurer, Harry F. Allen NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 511 Executive Committee Mrs. Frank Eames Miss Annie Heath Mrs. C. Montford Brigham Josiah L. Moore Norman B. Potter After the usual business had been disposed of an hour of unusually interesting reminiscences of school days was in- dulged in, among the speakers being DeWitt Farwell, Frederick H. Johnson, Frederick K. McKenzie, Justin Bemis, J. Allen Johnson, Mrs. Hattie Adams Gibson, George Green, Robert I. Bramhall, Mrs. Hortense Stone Corey, William Green, Mrs. Ida Brooks Colburn, Dr. Harry Loud, Mrs. Alice Rathburn Harvey, James E. Corey, Mrs. Amy Barnes Maynard, and Nelson G. Howard. Everyone was especially glad to see two former teachers, Nelson G. Howard and Robert I. Bramhall, and to listen to their pleasant reminiscences. Mr. Howard was principal of the school from 1893 to 1896, and Mr. Bramhall from 1909 to 1912. After the speaking a pleasant social hour was spent in the re- newal of acquaintances and in the enjoyment of light re- freshments. There was an unusually large number of alumni and friends present, and all agreed that this was the most interesting re- union that the Association had ever held. TOWN OFFICERS, 1916 Moderator, George F. Sargent Town Clerk, Harry F. Allen Treasurer, Norman B. Potter Collector of Taxes, Frank Gates Selectmen Assessors Hermon L. Sparrow Walter O. Allen Allison I. Duplissis Herbert L. Kimball Ezra H. Bigelow Walter J. Bigelow Overseers of the Poor School Committee Elwyn H. Bemis Edwin S. Corey Hiram G. Collins Blanche E. Kimball Charles A. Bigelow Josiah C. Kent Constables Water Commissioners Henry F. Carbrey Wilbur H. Duplissis Solomon A. Goddard Louis J. Burdett Shepley P. Sawyer Curtis H. Burdett 512 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Park Commissioners Charles Henry Rice Samuel T. Maynard William R. Frazer A uditors Chester E. Hildreth Bertis E. Thayer Sarah E. Emery Anna E. Sargent Cora Small C. Helen Downer Trustees of the Gale and Wood Funds Ezra H. Bigelow Fred J. Proctor Justin W. Bemis Trustees of the Hasting Fund Clarence E. Buckley George A. Brigham William J. Potter Fence Viewers Lewis F. Stratton Guilford P. Heath Thornton E. Mentzer Trustees of the Public Library Josiah C. Kent Clarence E. Buckley John L. Coffin Thomas H. Blair Walter B. Mayo Trustees of the Gas sett Fund George A. Brigham Philip G. HiUiard Norman R. Potter Cemetery Commissioners Charles Henry Rice Cyrus H. Mentzer Walter B. Mayo Registrars of Voters Robert G. Brigham Seymour LaPorte Charles H. LaPorte Harry F. Allen Engineers of Fire Department Harry F. Carbrey Clarence E. Bailey Arthur H. Johnson Tree Warden, Tarbel P. Haskell Superintendent of Streets, Walter J. Bigelow Superintendent of Water Works, Wilbur H. Duplissis Sealer of Weights and Measures, Allyn D. Phelps Inspector of Animals, Everett C. Valentine Inspector of Slaughtering, Horace Chase APPENDIX 514 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY TOWN OFFICERS FROM 1744 TO 1765 NORTHBOROUGH WAS A PRECINCT OF WESTBOROUGH Precinct Committee (Corresponding to Selectmen) James Ball, 1744. Capt. James Eager, 1744-54. Lieut. William HoUoway, 1744-49; 51; 55. Matthias Rice, 1744-47; 55; 57; 59- 63. Jonathan Livermore, 1744-52; 54- 55; 62-64. Bezaleel Eager, 1745-46; 50-57; 59-64. Jesse Brigham, 1745; 49; 60. John McAllister, 1746. Nathan Ball, 1748; 50; 52-56. Thomas Billing, 1749 Jacob Rice, 1750; 52; 56-58; 60- 61; 63. Samuel Wood, 1751-60. Timothy Fay, 1753; 58-65. Daniel Mahan, 1754. Josiah Bowker, 1755, 57. Levi Brigham, 1756. James Eager, 1756. Jothan Bartlett, 1758. Paul Newton, 1758; 62; 64. John Carruth, 1759. Thomas Goodenow, 1761. Henry Gassett, 1764-65. Stephen Tenney, 1765. John Martyn, Jr., 1765. Jesse Maynard, 1765. Selectmen Josiah Rice, 1766-68. Jacob Rice, 1766-68; 70. Bezaleel Eager, 1766; 68-75. Timothy Fay, 1766-68; 71-74. Jesse Brigham, 1766-67. Levi Brigham, 1767-70; 74-78; 83. Paul Newton, 1769-74; 75-78; 85. Henry Gassett, 1769-70; 75-78; 83. Stephen Tenney, 1769. Jonathan Bruce, 1771. John Martyn, 1771. Dr. Stephen Ball, 1772-73; 83. Seth Rice, Jr., 1772; 74-80; 82; 85- 86; 88-89. John Ball, 1775; 80-81; 85; 87. Samuel Wood, 1775 in the army; 81-82. Timothy Brigham, 1776-77. Thaddeus Fay, 1778-81; 83-87; 90 Jethro Peters, 1779. Artemas Brigham, 1779; 88-89. Solomon Goddard, 1779-80. Abraham Monroe, 1780-82. Francis Eager, 1781-82; 87-89. Amos Rice, 1782. Isaac Davis, 1783-84; 86-88; 90-94; 96. Gillam Bass, 1784-87. Joel Rice, 1784. Samuel Gamwell, Jr., 1784. Eliphalet Warren, 1786. Nathan Green, 1788; 91-94. Hollon Maynard, 1788-90. Nahum Fay, 1789-94; 1819-28. Holloway Taylor, 1790-94. Oliver Eager, 1791-94-96; 1806-18. John Wyman, 1795-96. James Keyes, 1795-1801. Winslow Brigham, 1797-1800; 1806-09. Silas Bailey, 1797-1800. Samuel Allen, Jr., 1797-99; 1806-08. John Winslow, 1800-01. Stephen Sibley, 1801-03. Silas Bruce, 1801-05. Jonas Badcock, 1802-05. Thomas L. Whitney, 1802-05. John Crawford, 1804-05. Jothan Bartlett, 1806-11; 27-33; 36-38. Samuel Seaver, 1809-12; 1816-18. Jonas Bartlett, 1810-11; 16-17; 27- 29- 34-38. William Whitney, 1812-15. Windsor Stratton, 1812-14. William Eager, 1813-14; 16-18. Henry Hastings, 1815; 19-20. Moses Norcross, 1815. Jonathan Bartlett, 1818. Joseph Davis, 1819-23; 34-35. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 515 Selectmen (^continued) Abel Warren, 1819-25. Gill Bartlett, 1819-20. Jonas Ball, 1821-23. Benjamin Monroe, 1821-24; 31-33; 37—38 Prentice keyes, 1824-26; ii; 37; 42. Jeremiah Hunt, 1824. Amory Barnard, 1825-26. Lewis Monroe, 1825-26. Gill Valentine, 1826. Phineas Davis, 1827-30. Thaddeus Mason, 1827-30. Cyrus Gale, 1829; 31-33. Samuel Fisher, Jr., 1830-35; 39; 44. Jacob Pierce, 1830. James Maynard, 1831-32. Joel Bartlett, 1834-36; 39-43; 47- 48; 51-52. Dana Eager, 1834; 40-44; 48. Holloway Bailey, 1835-39; 43. Stephen Howe, 1836. Paul Newton, 1838. Lewis Fay, 1839. John Rice, 1839. John R. Miller, 1840-41. Caleb Maynard, 1840-41. Edward B. Bartlett, 1840. Henry R. Phelps, 1841. Stephen W. Norcross, 1843; 58-59. Eben D. Blake, 1844-45. Elmer Valentine, 1844^5. Cyrus Gale, 1845-46; 82. Silas Haynes, 1845. William Stratton, 1845; 47-48. George H. Williams, 1846; 60-62. John Glazier, 1846; 54-56. James Potter, 1846-48. William T. Haven, 1846. Samuel Seaver, 1847-48. Abraham W. Seaver, 1849-50. Samuel Clark, 1849-59; 64r-65; 74- 76; 78-79. John F. Fay, 1849-50. James Davis, 1849. Henry Barnes, 1849-50. George Barnes, 1850-52; 57-58; 66- 68. George C. Davis, 1851-53; 55-57. Albert Goodrich, 1851-52. Henry G. Colburn, 1853. Jonathan Bartlett, 1853-54. Wilder Bush, 1853. Milo Hildreth, 1854. Samuel I. Rice, 1854; 71-73; 77. George G. Valentine, 1855-56; 63-68. John Stone, 1855-56. William A. Bartlett, 1857-58. John Winch, 1857-58. Harwood Proctor, 1859. T. N. Woodward, 1859. Warren T. Bush, 1860-63; 69-70; 80. Lewis Fay, 1860-61. John B. Parker, 1860-62. Richard W. Newton, 1860-63. William A. Bartlett, 2nd, 1862-65, Warren E. Moore, 1863-65. William Burdett, 1864-65. Dana Rice, 1866-68. Nathaniel Randlett, 1866-68; 78-80. Sam'l Wood, Jr., 1866-68; 89. L. L. Moore, 1869-70. A. B. Howe, 1869-71. Charles Potter, 1871-72; 85-86. Henry Kenney, 1872-73. Jonas S. Bigelow, 1873. David F. Wood, 1874-75. Curtis Rice, 1874-76. Cyrus Potter, 1876-77; 81. E. W. Pierce, 1877. Cyrus H. Mentzer, 1878-80; 82- 84; 95. Ezra W. Chapin, 1881. Charles A. Rice, 1881. Noah Wadsworth, 1882-84. Sumner Small, 1883. Arthur E. Wood, 1884. Josiah Proctor, 1885-86; 90-92.. John D. Boyden, 1885-86. John L. Allen 1887-88. Asa B. Fay, 1887-88; 97-1901. Theodore C. Woodward, 1887-88. Guilford P. Heath, 1889-98. Charles D. Swett, 1889. William S. Harrington, 1891-96. Walter Valentine, 1892-94. Edwin S. Corey, 1895. James T. Learned, 1895-1900. Walker Russell, 1896. William J. Potter, 1897-99. George A. Brigham, 1900-05. Allyn D. Phelps, 1901-06. George W. Allen, 1902-04. John K. Mills, 1905-07. Thomas H. Blair, 1906. John W. Allen, 1907-09. Herman M. Peinze, 1908-10. Henry H. Cook, 1909. Lewis F. Stratton, 1910-12. 516 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Selectmen {continued) Philip G. Hilliard, 1911-13. Allison I. Duplissis, 1915-21. Clarence E. Buckley, 1912-17. Walter O. Brigham, 1917-21. Hermon L. Sparrow, 1915-20. Ezra H. Bigelow, 1916-21. Town Clerks (For the Precinct) Jonothan Livermore, 1744-50; 54- Bezaleel Eager, 1760-62. 55; 63-64. John Martyn, Jr., 1765. Samuel Wood, 1751-53; 56-60. Town Clerks (For the Town) Timothy Fay, 1766-69; 71-72; 74. Bezaleel Eager, 1770. Zephaniah Briggs, 1773. Samuel Wood, 1775. Part of year. Paul Newton, 1775-77. Jethro Peters, 1778-80. Gillam Bass, 1781-87. Nahum Fay, 1788-1829. Jonas Bartlett, 1829-31. Cyrus Gale, 1831-34. Martin L. Stow, 1834-35. Anson Rice, 1835-38. Martin L. Stowe, 1838-43. John B. Crawford, 1844-66. John L. Stone, 1867-1870. A. S. Waite, 1871-72. Noah Wadsworth, 1873. Short time only. A. S. Waite, 1873. Anson Rice, 1874. John B. Crawford, 1875-87. Gilman B. Howe, 1888-99. Francis M. Harrington, 1900-15; died. Harry F. Allen, 1915-21. Assessors (For the Precinct) Jonathan Livermore, 1744-48; 50- 52; 54-55; 62-64. Thomas Goodenow, 1 744-48 ; 50-53 ; 56-57; 59-61. Thomas Billings, 1744; 46; 48. Josiah Bowker, 1745; 49. Bezaleel Eager, 1747. Joshua Townsend, 1749. Timothy Fay, 1749-50; 60-62; 65. Jacob Rice, 1751; 53; 63; 65. Samuel Wood, 1752-58; 60; deceased. Stephen Tenney, 1754. Paul Newton, 1755-59; 62; 64. John Martyn, Jr., 1758; 61; 63-65. Jesse Brigham, l759. Jesse Maynard, 1760. Assessors (For the Town) Jacob Rice, 1766-67. Timothy Fay, 1766-68; 72-74. Levi Brigham, 1766. Thomas Goodenow, 1767. Paul Newton, 1768-71; 76; 83-89. Timothy Brigham, 1768. John Martyn, 1769-70. Seth Rice, Jr., 1769-70; 72-76; 77-79; 85-90. John Taylor, 1771. Samuel Wood, 1771. Zephaniah Briggs, 1772. Artemas Brigham, 1772; 74-78; 80-81. Jethro Peters, 1775-79. Gill Bartlett, 1815. John Eager, 1816-17. Jonas Ball, 1818-19. Prentice Keyes, 1820-21; 27-29; 31-32; 34; 38-39. Taylor Maynard, 1820. John F. Fay, 1822-24; 27; 38-39; 41. Cyrus Gale, 1823-25; 41; 43. Gill Valentine, 1826. Joel Bartlett, 1827-32; 34-37; 40; 45-46. Samuel Fisher, Jr., 1828. Holloway Bailey, 1829; 2>i. Seth Rice, 1830. Hollon Maynard, 1832-33; 36-37; 41. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 517 Assessors {continued) Amos Rice, 1779-81; 95; 96. Nahum Fay, 1780; 82. Abraham Wood, 1781-82; 95. Dr. Stephen Ball, 1781. Nathan Green, 1782; 84-86; 90-94. Isaac Davis, 1783 — declined. Benjamin Wilson, 1783. Gillam Bass, 1783-86. Samuel Gamwell, Jr., 1783. Reuben Badcock, 1787. Oliver Eager, 1788-94; 1801; 09-14. James Keyes, 1790-94; 1801-1807; 1811-15; 23. Antepas Brigham, 1795-98. William Eager, 1797-1800; 1804- 1807; 10; 13-14; 24-26 Asaph Rice, 1799-1800; 22; 30. Jonas Bartlett, Jr., 1801-03; 08-09; 15-19; 21-22. Jothan Bartlett, 1808-09. Phineas Davis, 1810-12; 16-19-21; 25-26; 31; 33. Leonard Barnes, 1860-62. John B. Parker, 1863-65. Walter Gale, 1866. Asa B. Fay, 1867-68. Columbus Eames, 1869-70. J. L. Stone, 1869-70. William A. Bartlett, 1st, 1871-75; 79. Jonas S. Bigelow, 1871; 79; 86-88; 93-95. Richard R. Gates, 1872-76. Charles A. Rice, 1873-76; 91-93. F. Henry Corey, 1876-77. Levi W. Moore, 1877-82. Josiah Proctor, 1881. Guilford P. Heath, 1881-82; 86- 88; 91-93; 98-1909. E. W. Wood, 1883-84. Ira Lawrence, 1883-84. John L. Allen, 1886-90. Sumner Small, 1889. Silas Bruce, 1834-35. Samuel Wood, 1835. Stephen Howe, 1836. Edward B. Bartlett, 1837-iO; 42; 50. Horace S. Fiske, 1840. Anson Rice, 1842; 44; 47; 51; 57-59. Caleb Maynard, 1843; 52. Ashley Bartlett, 1842; 44-48; 50-52. George C. Davis, 1843-53. Franklin D. Bartlett, 1844. John B. Crawford, 1845^7; 82-85. Samuel Clark, 1848-50; 53-65; 69- 71; 80. Samuel I. Rice, 1848; 66. William Seaver, 1849. George G. Valentine, 1851-56; 63- 65; 68. George Barnes, 1854; 60-62; 66; 80. George A. Gale, 1855. George H. Williams, 1857. Warren T. Bush, 1856; 67. William A. Bartlett 2nd, 1858-59. Gilman B. Howe, 1889-92; 95-98; 98-1901. Edwin S. Corey, 1890-91. Lorenzo Sanderson, 1891. Charles E. Johnson, 1892-95. Simon Goodell, 1894-96. Edgar S. S. Ashley, 1895-97. John A. Eames, 1896. George K. Adams, 1897-99. John D. Boyden, 1900-01. Josiah L. Moore, 1900-02; 03-05; 13. Hazon Leighton, 1901-04. Edward H. Smith, 1905-10. Walter O. Allen, 1906-14. Willis E. Wheeler, 1913-16. Hermon M. Peinze, 1914-15. Herbert L. Kimball, 1915-20. Allyn D. Phelps, 1917-20. Walter J. Bigelow, 1916-21. Elmer Valentine, 1920-21. William J. Potter, 1920-21. Collectors Simeon Hay ward, 1744. William HoUoway, 1745. Josiah Bowker, 1746. Jacob Rice, 1747, declined. James Eager, 1747. Peletiah Rice, 1748. Levi Brigham, 1749. Samuel Allen, 1750; resigned. Thomas Billings, 1750. John Carruth, 1751. Asa Parmenter, 1797; 1806. Jonas Bartlett, Jr., 1798-99. William Henderson, 1800. John Crawford, 1801-02. David Mahan, 1807-12. Henry Hastings, 1808-09; 16-17. Silas Bailey, 1810. Nathan Green, 1811. Abel Warren, 1813-14. Stephen Howe, 1815. 518 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY Collectors (continued) Seth Hudson, 1752; resigned. Nathan Ball, 1752. Seth Hudson, 1753. Jesse Brigham, 1754. Samuel Gamwell, 1755. George Oak. 1756. Jonathan Green, 1765. Asa Goodenow, 1784; 86; 88-90. Nathan Rice, 1785. John Ball, 1787; 1803. Joseph Carruth, 1791-94; 1804-05. Silas Keyes, 1795-96. Samuel Seaver, 1818; 19-35. Prentice Keyes, 1836. Jonas Bartlett, 1837-38. Abraham W. Seaver, 1839-45. George Barnes, 1846-49. Cyrus Gale, Jr., 1850-56. Samuel Clark, 1857-86. Francis M. Harrington, 1887. Edward W. Wood, 1888-92. C. Henry Rice, 1893-1900. Frank Gates, 1901-05; 08-21. John W. Allen, 1906-07. Treasurers Bezaleel Eager, 1744-52; 60. Timothy Fay, 1753-55; 61-65. Jacob Rice, 1756-59; 66-68. Levi Brigham, 1769-70. Thaddeus Fay, 1771-89. Capt. Samuel Wood, 1790-94; 1807. Cyrus Gale, Jr., 1850-56. Samuel Clark, 1857-87. William J. Potter 1888-95; 1905-10. C. Henry Rice, 1896-1900. Col. William Eager, 1808-09. Stephen Williams, 1810-17. Samuel Seaver, 1818-19; 35. Prentice Keyes, 1836. Jonas Bartlett, 1837-38. Abraham W. Seaver, 1839-45. George Barnes, 1846-49. Fred J. Proctor, 1901-04. Ezra H. Bigelow, 1911-15. Norman B. Potter, 1916-21. Committee of Correspondence Capt. Bezaleel Eager, 1773-74. Dr. Stephen Ball. 1773. Timothy Fay, 1773. Seth Rice, Jr., 1774. Levi Brigham, 1774. Gillam Bass, 1774; 78-80; 82. John Ball, 1774; 76. Thaddeus Fav, 1776-77. Joel Rice, 1776; 81. Amos Rice, 1776-77. Artemas Brigham, 1776-77. Jethro Peters, 1776-77. Nathan Green, 1776; 79-81. Abraham Wood, 1777. William Badcock, 1778. Solomon Goddard, 1778; 83. Eliphalet Warren, 1778-79; 83. John Carruth, 1778-79. Deacon Paul Newton, 1779. Abraham Wood, 1780. JohnWyman, 1780. Francis Eager, 1780. Lieut. Seth Rice, 1781. Henry Gaschet, 1781. Nahum Fay, 1781. Hollon Maynard, 1782. Lieut. David Monroe, 1782. NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY 519 HEADS OF FAMILIES United States Census — 1790 Free White Males Free White All of 16 Years and Free White Males Females Including Other Upwards, Including Under 16 Years Heads of Families Free Heads of Families Persons Allen, Samuel .... 1 _ 2 Allen, Samuel, Jr. 2 3 4 Babcock, William 1 - 1 Badcock, Jonas . . 1 1 5 Badcock, Reuben 1 3 4 Bailey, Patience . . - - 4 Ball, John 4 1 6 Ball, Stephen .... 3 3 5 Bartlett, Antipas . 2 3 7 Bartlett, Mary . . . 3 - 4 Billings, Thomas. . 1 — 1 Billings, Silvanus . 2 5 5 Bowker, Josiah . . 2 - 2 Bowker, Solomon 1 1 5 Brigham, Artemas 2 2 3 Brigham, Daniel . 1 2 3 Brigham, Gardner 1 1 2 Brigham, Jesse . . . 1 - 1 Brigham, Jesse, Jr. 1 3 1 Brigham, John . . . 1 - 1 Brigham, Jonah . . 1 1 2 Brigham, Winslow 2 3 6 Brooks, Martha . . - 1 4 Bruce, Jonathan . 2 - 4 Carruth, Jemima . — — 2 Caruth, John 3 1 1 Chandler, Thomas 1 5 5 Child, Phineas. . . . 1 _ _ Cobb, Jacob 1 - 2 Cobb, Stephen .... 2 - 2 Conn, Jonathan . . 1 1 1 Cowden, Beaver . — — _ 4 Davis, Isaac 5 3 5 Davis, Ruth _ — 1 Eager, Francis. . . . 2 2 6 Eager Nathan . . . 1 1 2 Eager, Oliver .... 2 1 4 Fairbank, Josiah . 1 1 1 Fay, Abraham. . . . 2 2 4 Fay, Adam 2 3 1 Fay, Asa 1 _ 2 Fay, Nahum 1 3 1 Fay, Thaddeus . . . 3 2 4 Fay, Timothy .... 1 3 2 Fuller, Lydia .... — 1 2 Gamwell, Samuel . 2 1 3 Gassett, Henry . . 3 1 3 Gassett, Winslow . 2 _ 1 Gates, John 1 1 2 Gleason, Richard . 4 1 3 Goddard, Solomon 1 - 2 520 NORTHBOROUGH HISTORY HEADS OF FAMILIES (continued) Free White Males of 16 Years and Upwards Including Heads of Families Goodenow, Asa . . • Gould, Joseph .... Green, Nathan .... Harrington, Caleb . Henderson, Samuel Henderson, Thomas How, Isaac Hudson, Elijah . . Hudson, Elisha . . Hunt, Jeremiah. . . Keyes, James Keyes, Thomas . . • Livermore, Jonathan Mahan, Samuel .... Martyn,John Monis Maynard, Abner Maynard, David. Maynard, Hollon Mixter, Joseph . . Monroe, Abraham Monroe, David . Moose, Samuel . . Newton, Ezekiel Newton, Moses . Newton, Nathan. Newton, Paul Newton, Paul, Jr. . Newton, Timothy . . Parmenter, Joel . . . Rice, Amos Rice, Calvin Rice, Eber Rice, Ezra Rice, Joel Rice, Joseph Rice, Josiah Rice, Seth Rice, Seth, Jr. ... Rice, Silas Sartwell, Zachariah Seaver, Joseph .... Seaver, Richard . . Segar, Caleb Smith, Daniel .... Taylor, Holloway . Warren, Eliphalet . Warren, Lydia . . . . Wheelock, Jesse . . . Whitney, Peter,Rev Wood, Abraham . Wood, Samuel ... Wyman. John ... 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 2 1 2 2 Free White Males Under 16 Years Free White All i